
mahabharata

mahabharata (;, ",) hinduu matamlo puraatana bharatadesamloni rendu pradhana samskruta itihaasaalo okati, marokati" ramayanam ". idhi kurukshetra yuddhamlo rendu bandhuvula samuuhaala madhya jarigina poraatam mariyu kouravulu, pandava yuvarajulu, vaari vaarasula bhavitavyaalanu vivaristundi.
indulo naalugu "jeevita lakshyalu" ledhaa "purushartha" (12.161) charcha vanti taatvika mariyu bhakti amsaalu kooda unnaayi. mahabharata" looni pradhana rachanalu mariyu kathalalo "bhagavadgeeta", damayanti katha, sakuntalaa katha, puruurava mariyu oorvashi katha, savitri mariyu satyawan katha, kacha mariyu devayani katha, rishasrunga katha mariyu "ramayanam" yokka sankshipta roopam unnaayi, ivi tarachugaa vaari swantha rachanaluga pariganinchabadataayi.
saampradayakamgaa, "mahabharata" rachayita vyasa anie aapaadinchabadindi. daani chaaritraka perugudala mariyu kuurpu poralanu vippadaniki aneka prayatnaalu jarigaayi. mahabharatamlo ekkuva bhaagam bahusha cree. puu. 3va sataabdam mariyu cree. puu. 3va sataabdam madhya sankalanam cheyabadindi, puraatana samrakshinchabadina bhagalu cree. puu. 400 kante ekkuva paatavi kaavu. eee grandham bahusha prarambha gupta kaalam () natiki daani tudi roopaaniki cherukundi.
mahabharata" anedi telisina athi podavaina mahakavya padyam mariyu dheenini "ippativaraku raasina athi podavaina padyam" gaa varninchaaru. daani podavaina samskaranalo 100,000 kante ekkuva "shlokaalu" ledhaa 200,000 kante ekkuva vyaktigata padya panktulu (prati shlokam oka dvipada) mariyu podavaina gadya bhagalu unnaayi. mottam 18 laksala padaalatoe, "mahabharata" anedi "iliad" mariyu "odissie" kalipina podavu kante padhi retlu ledhaa ramayanam yokka podavu kante naalugu retlu ekkuva. doubleu. zhe. johnson prapancha nagarikata sandarbhamlo "mahabharatam" yokka praamukhyatanu baibil, khurran, hommer rachanalu, greeku natakam ledhaa vilium shakespeare rachanalatho poolchaaru. bharatiya sampradaayamlo dheenini konnisaarlu aidava vaedam anie pilustaaru.
vachana charitra mariyu nirmaanam.
eee itihaasam saampradayakamgaa vyaasa maharshi kii aapaadinchabadindi, athanu kooda eee itihaasamlo oka pradhana paatra. vyaasa dheenini "itihaasa" () gaa abhivarninchaadu. vaeda kaalamlooni goppa upaadhyaayulu mariyu vaari vidyaarthulandarinii gurtinche guru-shishya sampradaayaanni kooda ayana vivarinchaadu.
mahabharata" looni modati vibhagam vyaasa aadesaaniki anugunamgaa grandhaanni vraasinadi ganesha anie perkondi, ayithe dheenini panditulu eee itihaasaaniki taruvaati anuvaadamgaa bhaavistaaru mariyu "vimarsanaatmaka sanchika" loe ganesha assalu ledhu.
eee puraanam katha nirmaanamloo kathanu upayogistundi, dheenini frametales anie pilustaaru, idhi aneka bharatiya mataparamaina mariyu matetara rachanalalo prachuryam pondindi. dheenini modata vyaasa shishyudaina vaisampayanudu, pandava yuvaraju arjunudi muni manavadu ayina janamejaya rajuku "takshashila" vadda pathinchaadu. eee kathanu chaalaa samvatsaraala taruvaata, naimisha adavilo sounaka kulapati raaju kosam 12 samvatsaraala tyaagam chestunna rushula samavesaniki ugrashrava southi anae vruttiparamaina kathakudu mallii pathistaadu.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo kontamandi indologistlu eee vachananni nirmaanarahitamainadigaa mariyu astavyastamainadigaa abhivarninchaaru. herman oldenberg asalu padyam okappudu apaaramaina "vishaada shakti" nii kaligi undavacchani bhaavinchaadu, conny puurti paataanni "bhayankaramaina gandaragolam" gaa kottiparesadu."moritz winternitz (" "gesshichte derr vichakshanaarahita saahityam" "1909)" "kevalam saahityaparamaina vedantavettalu mariyu vikruta rachayitalu matrame vibhina muulam yokka bhaagaalanu kramabaddheekarinchani mottamgaa kalapagaligevaaru" "anie bhaavinchaaru".
vruddhi mariyu taggimpu.
mahabharata" paie parisoedhana vachanamlooni poralanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu thedhee cheyadaaniki apaaramaina krushi chesindi. prastuta "mahabharata" looni konni amsaalanu vaeda kaalaaniki chendinavigaa gurtinchavacchu. mahabharata" nepathyam eee itihaasam yokka muulam "chaalaa prarambha vaeda kaalam taruvaata" mariyu "modati bharatiya 'saamrajyam' cree. puu. moodava sataabdamloo udbhavinchadaaniki mundu sambhavinchindani suuchistumdi.sii."idhi" cree. puu. 8va ledhaa 9va sataabdam nundi chaalaa dhooramlo laeni thedhee ".sii."avakaasam undhi. "mahabharata" anedi rathayaathrikula noti dwara prasaram cheyabadina kathagaa praarambhamaindi. akshara-paripuurnamgaa samrakshinchaalsina vaedaala maadirigaa kakunda, eee mahakavyamu oka prajaadarana pondina rachana, dheeni paaraayanakaarulu bhasha mariyu shaililo maarpulaku anivaryamgaa anugunamgaa untaaru", kabatti eee dynamic text yokka mottamodati 'manugada' bhagalu eee mahaakaavyaaniki mana vadda unna mottamodati 'bahya' suuchanala kante paatavi kaavani nammutaaru, veetilo kristupurvam 4 va sataabdam naati paanini vyaakaranamlo oka suuchana undhi ashtadhyaayee 4:2:56. "mahabharata" yokka modati goppa vimarsanaatmaka edition sampadakudu vishnu suktankar ilaa vyaakhyaaninchaaruh "oka muula rakam mariyu" stema kodikam "aadhaaramgaa oka drava vachananni asalu aakaaramlo punarnirminchadam gurinchi aalochinchadam panikiraadu. appudu emi saadhyamavutundi? andubaatulo unna manuscript material aadhaaramgaa "cherukogalige vachanam yokka puraatana roopaanni" punarnirminchadam matrame maa lakshyam."aaa manuscript sakshyam daani bhouthika kuurpu mariyu bharatadesa vaataavaranaanni batti kontha alasyam, conny idhi chaalaa vistrutamainadi.
mahabharata" (1.1.61) 24,000 shlokaala pradhana bhaganni vaeru chestundih adanapu dviteeya amsaaniki viruddhamgaa "bharata" sarainadi, ayithe "aswaalayana gruhasuutra" (3.4) idhe vidhamaina vyatyaasaanni chooputundi. eee grandham yokka kaneesam moodu punarlekhanaalu saadhaaranamgaa gurtinchabaddaayih vyaasaaniki aapaadinchabadina 8,800 shlokaalatho "jaya" (vijayam), vaisampayan pathinchina 24,000 shlokaalatho "bharata", chivaraku 100,000 shlokaalatho ugrashrava southi pathinchina "mahabharata". ayithe, zaan brockington vanti kontamandi panditulu, "jaya" mariyu "bharata" anevi oke vachananni suuchistaayani, 8,800 shlokaalatho "jaya" siddhaantaanni "deeparvan" (1.1.81) looni padyaanni tappugaa chadavadaaniki aapaadinchaarani vaadinchaaru.
18 mariyu 12 sankhyalanu nokkicheppina adhikaarika suutraala taruvaata eee pedda paatham yokka savarana jarigindi. iteevali bhagala jodimpu "spitzer manuscript" nundi "anusheelana-parva" mariyu "viraata parva" lekapovadam dwara teedeeni kaligi undavacchu. manugadalo unna athi puraatana samskruta grandham kushanu kaalam (cree. sha. 200) naatidi.
embihech vadda oka paatra cheppe daani prakaram. 1.1.5, eee puraanam yokka moodu samskaranalu varusaga "manu" (1.1.27), "ashtika" (1.3, upa-parva 5), ledhaa "vasu" (1.57) thoo prarambhamayyayi. eee samskaranalu sambhaashanhala yokka okadaanini, aapai maroka 'frame' amarikalanu jodinchadaaniki anugunamgaa untaayi. vasu" samskarana frame settingulanu tolaginchi vyaasa puttuka gurinchi vivaraalatoe praarambhamavutundi. ashtika" samskarana braahmana saahityam nundi "sarpasatra" mariyu "aswamedha" vishayalanu jodistundi, "mahabharata" anae paerunu parichayam chestundi mariyu vyaasanu rachana rachayitagaa gurtistundi. eee cherpula yokka reductorlu bahusha pancaratrin panditulu, vaaru oberlies (1998) prakaram daani tudi reduction varaku vachanampai niyantrananu konasaaginchaaru. ayithe "bheeshma-parva" loe hoona gurinchi prastaavinchadam valla eee parvam 4va sataabdamloo savarinchabadi undavacchani suuchistumdi.
aadhi-parvamlo janamejaya paamu bully ("sarpasatra") undhi, daani prerananu vivaristuu, unikilo unna anni paamulanu enduku naasanam cheyalane uddesamto unnayo, inca enduku unnappatikee, ippatikee pamulu unikilo unnaayi anae vishayanni vivaristundi. eee "sarpasatra" amsaanni tarachugaa "nepathya aakarshana" (minkovsky 1991) dwara "mahabharatam" yokka samskaranaku jodinchina swatantra kathagaa pariganinchaaru, mariyu vaeda (braahmana) saahityamto pratyekinchi daggari sambandhaanni kaligi unnatlu pariganinchaaru. panchavinsa braahmana (25.15.3 vadda) oka "sarpasatra" yokka adhikaarika poojaarulanu lekkistundi, veerilo "mahabharata" yokka "sarpasatra" yokka rendu pradhana paatralu, dhrutharaashtra mariyu janamejayya paerlu, alaage "mahabharata" looni paamu paeru ayina taksha, sambhavistaayi.
bhaaratadesamlo itihaasa kavitvam yokka prarambha jaadalalo" okatigaa pariganinchabade "suparnakhyana" anae chivari vaeda kaalapu padyam, "mahabharata" yokka "aadhi parva" loe "aashtika parva" loe cherchabadina garuda yokka vistarinchina puraanaaniki paatha, chinna puurvagaami.
chaaritraka suuchanalu.
bharata" mariyu "mahabharata" sammelanam gurinchi telisina mottamodati suuchanalu paanini ("fl") yokka "ashtadhyayee" (suutram 6.2.38) nativi."cree. puu. 4va sataabdam) mariyu" "aswaalayana gruhasuutram" "(3.4.4)". dheeni ardham "bharata" anie piluvabade pradhana 24,000 shlokaalu, alaage vistarinchina "mahabharata" yokka prarambha samskarana cree. puu. 4 va sataabdam natiki rachinchabaddaayi. ayithe, paanini eee mahakavyanni "bharata" anie suuchimchi itara vishayalanu vivarinchadaaniki kooda upayoginchara anedi khachitamgaa teliyadu. albrecht webber bharatula rugveda tega gurinchi prastaavinchaaru, ikkada oka goppa vyaktini "mahaa-bharata" gaa perkonabadi undavacchu. ayithe, paanini "mahabharata" loe paatra poeshinchae paatralanu kooda prastaavinchinanduna, eee itihaasamlooni konni bhagalu ayana kaalamlone telisi undavacchu. maroe amsam emitante, paanini "mahaa-bharatam" yokka uchchaarananu nirnayistundi. ayithe, "mahabharata" nuu vaeda uchchaaranalo pathinchaledu.
greeku rachayita deo chrysostome () hommer kavitvam bhaaratadesamlo kooda paadabadutundani nivedinchaaru. chaalaa mandhi panditulu dheenini eee teedeeloo "mahabharata" unikiki saakshyamgaa teesukunnaru, dheeni bhagalu ledhaa athani muulaalu "iliad" kathatho gurtinchabadataayi.
mahabharata" looni aneka kathalu shaastreeya samskruta saahityamlo tama pratyeka gurtimpulanu pondaayi. udaaharanaku, gupta raajavamsam yugamlo jeevinchinatlu nammutunna prakhyaata samskruta kavi kaalidaasudu (Калидас) rachinchina abhignaanasakuntala, "mahabharata" kuu puurvagaami ayina katha aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi. kaalidaasudiki mundu jeevinchaadani nammutunna bhasudu raasina samskruta natakam urubhanga, bheemudu thana todalanu cheelchadam dwara duryodhanudini champadam aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi.
khoh (satna jilla, madhya pradesh) nundi mahaaraaju sharvanatha (533-534 CE) yokka raagi-phalaka saasanam "mahabharata" nuu "100,000 shlokaala sekarana" ("saata-sahasri samhita") gaa varnistundi.
18 parvaalu ledhaa pustakaalu.
mahabharata eee krindi shlokamtho praarambhamavutundi mariyu vaastavaaniki prati parvam praarambhamlo eee prasamsa cheyabadindihi
"oom! atyanta unnatamaina purushudu ayina narayana, nara (arjunudu) laku, alaage saraswati devataku kooda namaskarinchina taruvaata, jaya anae padaanni uchcharinchaali."
nara-narayanulu iddaru puraatana rushulu, veeru shree vishnuvulo bhaagamainavaaru. naara anedi arjunudi munupati jananam mariyu narayana snehitudu, ayithe narayana shree vishnu avataaram, tadwara shree krishna munupati jananam.
18 parvaluga vibhajinchadam eee krindi vidhamgaa undih
chaaritraka sandarbham.
kurukshetra yuddham yokka chaaritrakata aspashtamgaa undhi. chaalaa mandhi charitrakaarulu kurukshetra yuddham naati teedeeni cree puu 10va sataabdapu inupa yugam bharatadesam varaku anchanaa vestunnaru. kristupurvam 1200 nundi 800 madhya kaalamlo kuru rajyam raajakeeya saktiki kendramgaa unna inupa yugam (vaeda) bhaaratadesamlo eee itihaasam yokka nepathyam chaaritraka udaaharananu kaligi undhi. aaa kaalamlooni vamsa sangharshana "jaya" kuu preranagaa undi undavacchu, dheeni aadhaaramgaa "mahabharata" corpus nirminchabadindi, oka sikhara yuddhamtho, chivariki oka yugayuga sanghatanagaa pariganinchabadindi.
puraana saahityam "mahabharata" kathanaaniki sambandhinchina vamsavali jaabitaalanu andistundi. puraanaala aadharalu rendu rakalu. modati rakamaina, pareekshita (arjunudi manavadu) jananam mariyu mahapadma nanda (400-329 BCE) pattabhishekam madhya 1015 (ledhaa 1050) samvatsaraalu unnayani pratyaksha prakatana undhi, idhi bharata yuddhaaniki sumaru cree. puu. 1400 anchanaa vestundi. ayithe, idhi vamsaavaliloo jabita cheyabadina rajulaku sagatuna sudeergha palananu suuchistumdi.
rendava rakam puraanaalaloo adheesimakrishna (pareekshituni manavadu) mariyu mahapadma nanda kaalaala madhya samaantara vamsapaaramparyaala vislaeshanha. tadanugunamgaa pargitor sagatuna 10 ververu raajavamsaala jaabitaalato 26 taraalanu anchanaa vaesaadu, mariyu oka paalana sagatu vyavadhiki 18 samvatsaraalu anie bhaavinchi, aadisimakrishna cree. puu. 850 anchanaaku cherukunnadu, tadwara sumaru cree. puu. 950 bhaarata yuddhaaniki cherukundi.
bii. bii. kristupurvam 836 teedeeni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki laal sagatu paalana gurinchi marinta sampradaayavaada oohatho adhe vidhananni upayoginchaadu, mariyu paint chesina budidarangu saamaanu (pii. zii. doubleu) pradaesaala nundi puraavastu aadhaaraalatho dheenini paraspara sambandham kaligi unnadu, pii. zii. doubleu kalakhandalu mariyu mahakavyamlo perkonna pradaesaala madhya anubandham balamgaa undhi. zaan kii dheenini dhruvikarinchaadu mariyu bhaarata yuddham kosam cree. puu. 950 kooda istaadu.
archaeoastronomy paddhatulanu upayoginchi sanghatanalanu thedhee cheyadaaniki chesina prayatnaalu, yea bhagalu enchukoobadataayi mariyu vaatini elaa ardham chesukobadatayi anae daanipai aadharapadi, cree. puu. 4 va sataabdam chivari nundi 2 va sahasraabdi madhya varaku anchanaalu unnaayi. 4va sahasraabdi chivari teedeeki aryabhatta (6va sataabdam) dwara grahala samyogaala aadhaaramgaa "kaalhi yugam" shakam gananalo oka udaaharana undhi. mahabharata" yuddham kosam cree puu 3102 fibravari 18naa aryabhata thedhee bharatiya sampradaayamlo vistrutamgaa vyaapinchindi. konni muulaalu dheenini bhoomi nundi krushnudu adrusyamainatlu gurtinchaayi. shaka 556 = 634 CE naati rendava pulakesi yokka aihole saasanam, bharata yuddham jarigi 3735 samvatsaraalu gadichayani, mahabharata yuddham yokka teedeeni cree. puu. 3137 gaa perkondi.
vruddha garga, varahamihira mariyu kalhana praatinidhyam vahistunna khagola saastravettalu mariyu charitrakaarula maroka saampradaaya paatasaala, cree. puu. 2449 naati "kaalhi yugam" shakam taruvaata 653 samvatsaraala taruvaata bhaarata yuddhanni unchindi. varaahamihiruni "brahmat samhita" (6va sataabdam) prakaram, yudhishtira cree. sha. 78 loe praarambhamayye shaka shakam praarambhaaniki 2526 samvatsaraala mundu jeevinchaadu. idhi yudhishtira (anduvalla, mahabharata yuddham) nuu 2448-2449 BCE (2526-78) chuttoo unchutundi. kontamandi panditulu varahamihira perkonna "shaka" calender yuganni itara yugaalato gurtinchadaaniki prayatninchaaru, conny atuvanti gurtimpulu kristupurvam modati sataabdamloo varahamihiranu unchaayi, idhi 5va sataabdapu khagola shaastravetta aryabhattanu suuchistunnanduna asadhyam. spashtamgaa varaahamihirapai aadhaarapadina kalhana yokka "raajatarangini" (11va sataabdam), kaalhi yugam praarambhamaina 653 samvatsaraala taruvaata paandavulu abhivruddhi chendaarani kooda perkondi; "dwaapara yugam" chivarilo bharata yuddham jarigindani namme prajalu moorkhulu anie kalhana jatachestaadu.
saaraamsam.
eee rachana yokka pradhana katha kuru vamsam paalinchina hastinapura rajyam simhasana kosam jarigina rajavamsa poraatam. eee poraatamlo palgone kutumbamloni rendu anushangika saakhalu kouravulu mariyu paandavulu. kutumbamlo senior saakha kaurava ayinappatikee, pedda paandavaina yudhishtira kante peddavaadu duryodhanudu. duryodhanudu, yudhishtirulu iddaroo simhasananni vaarasatvamgaa pondhe modati varusalo unnatlu paerkonnaaru.
eee poraatam kurukshetra goppa yuddhamlo mugustundi, dheenilo paandavulu chivariki vijayam saadhistaaru. eee yuddham bandhutvam mariyu sneham yokka sanklishta sangharshanhalanu, kutumba vidheyata mariyu saraina vaati kante praadhaanyatanicche vidhi, alaage viruddhamaina sandarbhaalanu srushtistundi.
mahabharata" krishna maranam, athani raajavamsam mugimpu, pandava sodarula swargaaniki aarohanato mugustundi. idhi manavjati yokka nalgava mariyu chivari yugamaina "kaalhi yugam" yokka hinduu yuganiki prarambhanni kooda suuchistumdi, dheenilo goppa viluvalu mariyu goppa aalochanalu kuppakulayi mariyu prajalu saraina charya, naitikata mariyu dharmam yokka puurti raddu vaipu payanistunnaru.
paatha taraalu.
janamejaya raaju puurveekudu, hastinapura raaju ayina santanu, gangaa devathatho swalpakaalika vivaham kaligi unnadu mariyu devavrata (taruvaata bheeshmudu, oka goppa yodhudu anie pilavabade) anae kumarudu unnadu, athanu varasudu avtadu. chaalaa samvatsaraala taruvaata, raaju santanu vetaku vellinappudu, athanu matsyakaarula adhipati kumarte satyavatini chuusi, aame tandrini aame chetini adugutaadu. santanu thana maranam taruvaata satyavati yokka kaboye kumarudini rajuga chestaanani vaagdaanam cheyakapothe aame tandri vivaahaaniki angeekarinchadaaniki niraakaristaadu. thana tandri gandaragolaanni parishkarinchadaaniki, devavratudu simhaasanampai thana hakkunu vadulukovadaaniki angeekaristaadu. yuvaraju pillalu vaagdaanaanni gowravinchadam gurinchi matsyakaaruniki khachitamgaa teliyakapovadam valla, devavrata thana tandri vaagdaanaaniki haamii ivvadaaniki jeevitakaala brahmacharya pratigna kooda chestaadu.
santanuku satyavati dwara iddaru kumaarulu, chitrangada mariyu vichitravirya unnaaru. santanu maraninchina taruvaata chitrangada raaju avtadu. athanu chaalaa takkuva kaalam paatu sanghatana laeni jeevitaanni gaduputuu maranistaadu. chinna kumarudu vichitraveerya hastinapuranni paripaalistaadu. intalo, kaashee raaju hastinapur raaja kutumbaanni aahvaninchadaanni nirlakshyam chestu, thana mugguru kumartelaku swayamvaraanni erpaatu chestaadu. yuva vichitravirya vivaham erpaatu cheyadaaniki, bheeshmudu mugguru yuvaraanulu amba, ambika, ambaalikala svayamvaraaniki aahvaaninchakundaane haajaravutaadu, vaarini apaharinchadaaniki munduku veltaadu. vichitraviryanu vivaham chesukovadaniki ambika, ambaalika angeekaristaaru.
ayithe, athi pedda yuvarani amba, bheeshmudu vaari swayamvara vadda oodinchina shaalva raajunu vivaham chesukovalanukuntunnani bheeshmaaniki teliyajestundi. bheeshmudu aamenu shaalva raajunu vivaham chesukovadaniki vadili vellanistaadu, conny shaalva aamenu vivaham chesukovadaniki niraakaristaadu, inca bheeshmudi chetilo athani avamananni chuusi telivigaa chustadu. amba appudu bheeshmanu vivaham chesukovadaniki tirigi vastaadu, conny athanu brahmacharya pratigna kaaranamgaa niraakaristaadu. amba kopamgaa maari, aame dusthitiki bheeshmudini baadhyudini chesi, ataniki chedhu satruvu avtadu. aame thana tadupari jeevitamlo atanni champestanani pratigna chestundi. taruvaata aame drupada raaju kii sikhandi (ledhaa sikhandini) gaa punarjanma pondhi, kurukshetra yuddhamlo arjunudi sahayamtho bheeshmudi pathanaaniki kaaranamavutundi.
paandavulu, kaurava yuvarajulu.
vichitravirya vaarasulu lekunda chinnatanamlone maraninchinappudu, satyavati thana modati kumarudini vitantuvulatoe pillalanu kanamani tandri vyaasanu adugutundi. pedda, ambika, atanni chusinappudu thana kallu moosukuntundi, kabatti aame kumarudu dhrutharaashtrudu andhudigaa janminchaadu. ambaalika atanni chusinappudu laetha rangulo mariyu raktarahitamgaa maarutundi, anduvalla aame kumarudu paandu laetha rangulo mariyu anaarogyamtho janmistaadu (paandu anae padaaniki 'kaamerlu' anie kooda ardham kaavacchu). modati iddaru pillala saareeraka savaalla kaaranamgaa, satyavati marosari prayatninchamani vyaasanu adugutundi. ayithe, ambika mariyu ambaalika badulugaa vaari panimanishini vyaasa gadiki pamputaaru. vyaasaku panimanishi dwara moodava kumarudu vidurudu puttadu. athanu aarogyamgaa putti, "mahabharata" looni telivaina paatralalo okarigaa edigaadu. athanu raaju paandu mariyu raaju dhrutharaashtrulaku pradhana mantrigaa (mahamantrulu ledhaa mahaatmulu) panicheestaadu.
yuvarajulu peddayyaaka, dhrutharaashtrudu bheeshmudiche rajuga pattabhishekam cheyabadabotunnappudu, vidura jokyam chesukuni, andhudu raaju kaaledani nokki cheppadaniki rajakeeyaala gurinchi thana gnaanaanni upayogistaadu. endukante oka andhudu thana prajalanu niyantrinchaledu mariyu rakshinchaledu. dhrutharaashtruni andhatvam kaaranamgaa aaa simhasananni paanduku ivvabadutundi. paandu kunthi mariyu madrini rendusaarlu vivaham chesukuntadu. dhrutharaashtrudu gaandhaara yuvarani gaandhaareeni vivaham chesukuntadu, aame thana bhartha anubhavinche badhanu anubhavinchadaaniki thana jeevitaantam kallu moosukundi. aame sodarudu sakuni dheeniki kopamgaa undi, kuru kutumbampai prateekaaram teerchukuntaanani pratigna chestaadu. okaroju, paandu adavilo vishraanti teesukuntunnappudu, ataniki oka adavi jantuvu sabdam vinapadutundi. athanu sabdam disalo baanam vestaadu. ayithe, jinka musugulo laingika charyalo nimagnamaina kindama rushini baanam taakindi. athanu paandu laingika charyalo palgonte, athanu chanipotadani sapistaadu. paandu thana iddaru bhaaryalatho kalisi adaviki padavee viramana chestaadu, athani andhatvam unnappatikee athani sodarudu dhrutharaashtrudu aaa taruvaata paripaalistaadu.
ayithe, paandu vruddha raani kuntiki, oka pratyeka mantraanni upayoginchi yea devudinainaa praardhinchagalamani durwasa maharshi oka varam icchaaru. kunthi eee varaanni nyaayaaniki devudu ayina dharmanni, gaali devuniki vaayuni, kumaarulaku swargaaniki prabhuvaina indranu adagadaniki upayogistundi. aame eee devatala dwara yudhishtira, bheemudu, arjunudu anae mugguru kumaarulaku janmanistundi. kunthi thana mantraanni yuva raani maadreetho panchukuntundi, aame ashwini kavalala dwara kavalalu nakula mariyu sahadevulanu kaligi untundi. ayithe, paandu mariyu maadri premalo padataaru, paandu maranistaadu. paschaattaapamto madri aatmahatya chesukuntundi. kunthi aaa aiduguru sodarulanu penchutundi, appati nundi vaarini saadhaaranamgaa pandava sodarulu anie pilustaaru.
dhrutharaashtruniki vanda mandhi kumaarulu, mariyu oka kumarte-duhsala-gandhari dwara unnaaru, veerandaroo yudhishtiruni jananam taruvaata janminchaaru. veeru kaurava sodarulu, vaarilo peddavaadu duryodhanudu, rendavaadu dushasana. itara kaurava sodarulu vikarna, sukarna. pandava sodarulaku, vaariki madhya unna satrutvam, satrutvam, vaari yavvanam nundi purushatvam varaku kurukshetra yuddhaaniki daariteestundi.
lakshgraham (laksha gruham).
vaari talli (maadri) mariyu tandri (paandu) maraninchina taruvaata, paandavulu mariyu vaari talli kunthi hastinapur raajabhavanaaniki tirigi vastaaru. yudhishtiranu dhrutharaashtrudu thana sabhikula nundi gananeeyamaina ottidiki gurai yuvarajuga niyaminchaadu. dhrutharaashtrudu thana kumarudu duryodhanudu raaju kaavaalani korukunnadu mariyu athani aasayaanni nyayanni kaapaadataaniki addukatta veyaalani korukunnadu.
paandavaalanu vadilinchukovadaaniki sakuni, duryodhanudu, dushaasanaalu kutra pannaru. laksha, neyyi vanti mandey padaarthaalatho rajabhavananni nirminchadaaniki vaastusilpi purochananu sakuni pilustaadu. appudu athanu paandavulu mariyu raani talli kuntini akkada undataaniki erpaatu chestaadu, daanini tagalabettaalani anukunnadu. ayithe, paandavulanu vaari telivaina maama vidura heccharistaadu, athanu oka sorangam tavvadaaniki oka mainarnu pamputaadu. vaaru surakshitamgaa tappinchukuni daakkovachhu. eee samayamlo bheemudu hidimbi anae rakshasudini vivaham chesukuntadu, ataniki ghatotkacha anae kumarudu unnadu. hastinapurlo paandavulu, kunthi chanipoyinatlu bhaavistunnaaru.
droupadi thoo vivaham.
vaaru daakkunnappudu paandavulu paanchaala yuvarani droupadi chetula kosam jarugutunna swayamvara gurinchi telusukuntaaru. braahmanula maaruveshamlo paandavulu eee sanghatananu chuudataaniki vastaaru. intalo, appatike droupadini preminchina krishna, arjunudi kosam chusukomani chebutaadu (ippudu chanipoyinatlu nammutunnappatiki). oka saktivantamaina ukku villunu teesi, paikappupai oka lakshyanni kalchadam, idhi diguva chamurulo daani pratibimbam chustunnappudu kadulutunna krutrima chepa yokka kannu. prajaadarana pondina samskaranallo, anni yuvarajulu viphalamaina taruvaata, chaalaa mandhi villunu ettalekapovadamto, karnudu prayatnaaniki veltaadu, kaani suutanu vivaham chesukovadaniki niraakarinche droupadi addukuntundi (idhi mahaabhaaratamlooni vimarsanaatmaka edition nundi taruvaata interpolationga tolaginchabadindi). dheeni taruvaata pootiiloo vijayam saadhinchi droupadini vivaham chesukovadaniki arjununiki naayakatvam vahinchina braahmanulaku swayamvaraanni teravabadutundi. paandavulu intiki tirigi vacchi, arjunudu oka pootiiloo gelichaadani, vaaru tirigi teesukuvacchina vaatini chuudataaniki tama dhyanam chese talliki teliyajestaaru. chudakunda, arjunudu geluchukunna vaatini daanamgaa bhaavinchi tamalo taamu panchukomani kunthi vaarini adugutundi. aaa vidhamgaa, droupadi aiduguru sodarulaku bharyaga maarutundi.
indraprastha.
vivaham taruvaata, pandava sodarulanu hastinaapuraaniki tirigi aahvaanistaaru. kuru kutumba peddalu mariyu bandhuvulu raajya vibhajanaku charchalu jaripi madhyavartitvam chestaaru, paandavulu paamula raaju takshaka mariyu athani kutumbam nivasinche adavi adavini matrame pondaalani mariyu demand chestaaru. paanduvulu kashtapadi panicheyadam dwara indraprastha bhuubhaagaaniki kotta adbhutamaina rajadhaanini nirminchagalaru.
dheeni taruvaata koddikaalaanike, arjunudu paaripoyi, taruvaata krishna sodari subhadranu vivaham chesukuntadu. yudhishtira rajuga thana sthaanaanni sthaapinchukoevaalanukuntaadu; athanu krishnudi salaha teesukuntaadu. krishna ataniki salaha istaadu, tagina tayari mariyu kontha vyatiraekatanu tolaginchina taruvaata, yudhishtira "rajasuya yagnam" vedukanu nirvahistaadu; anduvalla athanu raajulalo pramukhudiga gurtinchabaddadu.
paandavulu vaari kosam maaya danaava chetha oka kotta rajabhavananni nirminchaaru. vaaru tama kaurava bandhuvulanu indraprasthaaniki aahvaanistaaru. duryodhanudu rajabhavanam chuttoo nadustuu, oka niganigalade neelanu neellu anie porapaatu chestaadu, lopaliki adugu pettadu. thana porapaatu gurinchi cheppina taruvaata, athanu oka cheruvunu chuusi, adhi neeru kaadani bhaavinchi lopaliki padataadu. bheemudu, arjunudu, kavalalu mariyu sevakulu atanini chuusi navvutaaru. samskruta itihaasamlo, duryodhanudini avamaaninchina paandavulu (yudhishtira tappa) ayinappatikee, prajaadarana pondina roopaantaraalalo, eee avamananni droupadi anie tappugaa aapaadinchaaru. eee avamaanamtho kopamgaa, paandavula sampadanu chuusi asuyatho, duryodhanudu sakuni salaha meraku paachikala aatanu nirvahinchaalani nirnayinchukuntaadu. migilina paandavulu aadavaddani salaha ichinappatikii eee salahanu yudhishtirudu angeekarinchaadu.
paachikala aata.
duryodhanudi maama ayina sakuni ippudu oka paachikala aatanu erpaatu chestaadu, load chesina paachikalatho yudhishtiruniki vyatiraekamgaa aadataadu. shakuni paachikalalo mayajalam undedi, endukante avi athani thobuttuvula emukalatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. paachikala aatalo, yudhishtirudu thana sampada mottaanni, aaa taruvaata thana rajyaanni kolpotadu. yudhishtira appudu thana sodarulanu, tananu, chivaraku thana bharyanu baanisatvaaniki gurichestaadu. santoshinche kouravulu paandavulanu vaari nissahaya sthithilo avamaanistaaru mariyu mottam sabha mundu droupadini battalu vippadaniki kooda prayatnistaaru, kaani droupadi dustulanu krishna nirodhistaadu, athanu aame dustulanu adbhutamgaa antulenidigaa chestaadu, anduvalla daanini tolaginchalekapoyadu.
dhrutharaashtrudu, bheeshmudu mariyu itara peddalu eee paristhitini chuusi digbhraantiki guravutaaru, kaani hastinapuramlo iddaru yuvarajulaku chotu ledani duryodhanudu mondigaa unnadu. ayana korikaku viruddhamgaa dhrutharaashtrudu maroe paachikala aataku aadesistaadu. paandavulu 12 samvatsaraalu bahishkarinchabadaali, 13va samvatsaramlo vaaru daachabadaali. vaaru bahishkarinchabadina 13va samvatsaramlo kouravulu vaarini kanugonte, vaaru maroe 12 samvatsaraala paatu bahishkarinchabadataaru.
bahishkarinchi tirigi vellandi.
paandavulu padamudu samvatsaraalu pravaasamlo gaduputaaru; eee samayamlo aneka saahasakrutyaalu jarugutaayi. eee kaalamlo paandavulu devatalu icchina aneka daivika aayudhalanu pondaaru. vaaru bhavishyat sangharshana kosam pottulanu kooda siddham chestaaru. vaaru tama chivari samvatsaraanni raajaa viraata aasthaanamlo maaruveshamlo gaduputaaru, mariyu vaaru samvatsaram mugisina ventane kanugonabadataru.
vaari bahishkarana mugimpulo, vaaru krushnanu tama doothagaa chesukuni indraprasthaaniki tirigi raavadaaniki charchalu jarapadaniki prayatnistaaru. ayithe, eee sampradimpulu viphalamayyayi, endukante vaaru bahishkarinchabadina 13va samvatsaramlo kanugonabaddaarani, vaari rajyam tirigi raavadampai ekaabhipraayam ledani duryodhanudu abhyantaram vyaktam chesaadu. appudu paandavulu indraprasthampai tama hakkulanu prakatinchukuni kouravulato poraadaaru.
kurukshetralo yuddham.
irupakshaalu tama sahaayaaniki vistaaramaina sainyanni pilipinchi, yuddham kosam kurukshetralo varusalo nilabadataayi. panchaala, dwaraka, kaashee, kekaya, magadha, matsya, chedi, paandyulu, telinga, mathura yadulu mariyu parama kaambojulu vanti konni itara vamsaala rajyalu paandavaalato anubandham kaligi unnaayi. kaurawala mitrulalo praagjyotisha, anga, kekaya, sindhudesha raajulu (sindhu, saavira, sivulatoe sahaa), mahishmati, madhyadesamlo avanti, madra, gaandhaara, bahlika prajalu, kambojulu mariyu aneka itara raajulu unnaaru. yuddham prakatinchabadataaniki mundu, balarama abhivruddhi chendutunna sangharshanapai thana asantruptini vyaktam chesi, teerthayaatraku bayaludaeraadu; anduvalla athanu yuddhamlone palgonadu. krishna arjunudiki saarathigaa (saarathi) poraatamlo palgontadu mariyu vaari vaipu pooraadataaniki kouravulaku abhira gopalato kuudina narayani senanu andistaadu.
yuddhaaniki mundu, arjunudu, pratyarthi sainyamlo thana taata bheeshma, guruvu dronatho sahaa thana daayaadulu, bandhuvulu unnaarani gamaninchi, poraatam gurinchi teevramaina sandehaalu kaligi unnadu. athanu niraasaloo padi pooraadataaniki niraakaristaadu. eee samayamlo, krishna eee mahaakaavyamloni prasiddha bhagavadgeeta vibhaagamlo oka dhaarmikamaina prayojanam kosam poradatam kshatriyudigaa thana kartavyaanni gurtuchestadu.
praarambhamlo yuddham yokka saahasopetamaina bhaavaalaku kattubadi unnappatikee, irupakshaalu tvaralo avamaanakaramaina vyuuhaalanu avalambistaayi. 18 rojula yuddham mugimpulo paandavulu, satyaki, kripa, ashwatthaama, krutavarma, yuyutsu, krishna matrame manugada saaginchaaru. yudhishtirudu hastinapur raaju avtadu mariyu athani vamsam patanam aasannamaindani gandhari krushnudini sapistaadu.
paandavula mugimpu.
eee maaranahomaanni chusina taruvaata, thana kumaarulandarinii kolpoyina gandhari, thana kutumbam yokka ilanti vinaasanaaniki sakshiga undataaniki krushnudini sapistundi, endukante yuddhanni apagala daivika mariyu saamarthyam unnappatikee, athanu alaa cheyaledu. 36 samvatsaraala taruvaata phalinche saapaanni krushnudu angeekaristaadu.
intalo tama rajyaanni paalinchina paandavulu, pratidee thyajinchaalani nirnayinchukuntaaru. tokkalu mariyu dustulu dharinchi vaaru himalayaniki velli, vaari saareeraka roopamlo swargam vaipu ekki velataaru. oka veedhi kukka vaaritho prayaanistundi. sodarulu mariyu droupadi okkokatigaa vaari maargamlo padipotaru. prati okkaroo porapaatlu chestunnappudu, yudhishtira migilina vaariki vaari pathanaaniki kaaranaanni istaadu (droupadi arjunudiki paakshikamgaa undedi, nakula mariyu sahadevulu vyardham mariyu vaari roopaanni chuusi garvapadataru, mariyu bheema mariyu arjunudu vaari balam mariyu viluvidya naipunhyaala gurinchi garvapadataru). maaranahomaanni nivaarinchadaaniki anni prayatnaalu chesina sadgunavantudaina yudhishtira matrame, kukka migili undhi. kukka tananu taanu yama devudu (yama dharmaraja anie kooda pilustaaru) anie velladinchi, aapai atanni paataala prapanchaaniki teesukuvelutundi, akkada athanu thana thobuttuvulanu mariyu bharyanu chustadu. pareeksha yokka swabhaavaanni vivarinchina taruvaata, yama yudhishtiranu tirigi swargaaniki teesukelli, atanni paataalalokaaniki bahirgatam cheyadam avasaramani vivaristaadu, endukante (raajyaanthe narakam dhruvam) yea palakudaina kaneesam okasari paataalalokaanni sandarsinchaalsi untundi. vaari duracharala prakaram kontha samayam paatu paataala prapanchaaniki guraina tarvaata athani thobuttuvulu mariyu bhaarya swargamlo athanitho chaerataarani yama ataniki haamii istaadu.
arjunudi manavadu pareekshitudu vaari taruvaata paalistaadu mariyu paamu karratho maranistaadu. kopamgaa unna athani kumarudu janamejayya, paamulanu naasanam cheyadaaniki paamu bully ("sarpasatra") cheyaalani nirnayinchukuntaadu. eee tyagamlone ayana puurveekula katha aayanaku vivarinchabadindi.
samavesam.
mahabharata" loe karna, paandavulu, droupadi mariyu dhrutharaashtrula kumaarulu chivariki swargaaniki ekki "devatala sthithini saadhinchaaru", mariyu "nirmalamaina mariyu kopam nundi vimukti"-kalisi kattubadi unnaarani paerkonnaaru.
theemlu.
kevalam yuddham.
mahabharata" "dharmayuddham", "kevalam yuddham" gurinchi siddhaantam yokka modati udaaharanalalo okati, taruvaata prapanchavyaaptamgaa charchinchabade aneka pramaanaalanu vivaristundi. kathalo, aiduguru sodarulalo okaru yuddham valla kalige badhanu eppudaina samarthinchavachaa anie adugutaaru. thobuttuvula madhya sudeergha charcha jarugutundi, "aanupaatamlo" (rathaalu aswikadalam meeda daadi cheyalevu, itara rathaalu matrame; baadhalo unna vyaktulapai daadi cheyavu), "kevalam" (vishapuuritamaina ledhaa mulla baanaalu laevu), "nyaayamaina kaaranam" (kopam kaaranamgaa daadi cheyavu), mariyu bandheelanu mariyu gayapadina vaarini nyaayamaina chikitsa vanti pramaanaalanu erpaatu chestundi.
anuvaadaalu, samskaranalu mariyu utpanna rachanalu.
anuvaadaalu.
mahabharata" yokka modati bengali anuvaadaalu 16va sataabdamloo udbhavinchaayi. hoogleaki chendina (ayana rachana samayamlo chittaganglo unna) kavinder parameshwar ledhaa sylhet kuu chendina shree sanjay dheenini modata bengaaleeloki anuvadinchara anedi vivadaspadamga undhi.
rajmanameh" anae paerutoe "mahabharata" yokka pertian anuvaadam, akbar aadesaala meraku, 18va sataabdamloo faizi mariyu abad all-khadir badaayuni roopondinchaaru.
modati puurti aangla anuvaadam kisari mohan ganguli raasina victorian gadya samskarana, idhi 1883 mariyu 1896 madhya prachurinchabadindi (munshiram manohar laal prachuranakartalu) mariyu emm. enn. dhath (motilal banarsidas prachuranakartalu). chaalaa mandhi vimarsakulu ganguli chesina anuvaadam asalu vachananiki nammakamgaa undani bhaavistaaru. ganguli anuvaadam yokka puurti paatham public domainlo undhi mariyu aanlainlo andubaatulo undhi.
1898loe prachurinchabadina romesh chander dhath raasina prarambha kavitva anuvaadam "mahabharatam" yokka pradhana itivruttaalanu aangla padyamgaa kudistundi. kavi p chesina puurti itihaasam yokka taruvaata kavita "transcreation" (rachayita vivarana) aanglamloki. laal, puurtayimdi, mariyu 2005loe kalakattaaloni raitars workshop dwara prachurinchadam praarambhinchindi. pii. laal anuvaadam anedi padyaala vaareegaa padyaala vaareegaa uchchaarana kaanidi, mariyu rachana yokka anni parayanalalo ("vimarsanaatmaka sanchika" loe unnavi matrame kaadu) anni shlokaalanu cherchina yea bhashalonaina unna ekaika sanchika. prachurana project 2010 loe puurti kaavadaaniki pranaalika cheyabadindi. paddenimide samputaalalo padahaaru ippudu andubaatulo unnaayi. daa. pradeep bhattacharyudu pii. laal samskarananu "vidyaasamsthalalo 'vulgate' anie pilustaaru". ayithe, idhi "khachitamgaa anuvaadam cheyaledani" varninchabadindi.
vividha chetulato anuvadinchabadina puurti itihaasaanni aangla gadyamloki anuvadinche project, newyork university press prachurinchina clay samskruta library nundi 2005loe kanipinchadam praarambhinchindi. anuvaadam "vimarsanaatmaka sanchika" paie aadhaarapadaledu, conny vyaakhyaata neelakantaku telisina samskaranapai aadharapadi undhi. prastutam anchanaa vesina 32-valuemla edition yokka 15 valuemlu andubaatulo unnaayi.
bhaarata vaeda panditudu sripad damodar satwalekar mahabharata vimarsanaatmaka sanchikanu hindeeloki anuvadinchaaru, dheenini bhaarata prabhutvam aayanaku ketaayinchindi. ayana maranam taruvaata, eee panini srutiseel sharma chepattadu.
bharatiya aardhikavetta bibeck debroy kooda padhi samputaalalo sankshiptam kaani aangla anuvaadaanni raasaaru. valume 1: aadhi parva marchi 2010loe prachurinchabadindi, chivari rendu valuemlu december 2014loe prachurinchabaddaayi. abhinav agarwal debroy anuvaadaanni "puurtigaa aanandadaayakamainadi mariyu aakattukune paandityamu" gaa paerkonnaaru. edava samputi sameekshalo, bhattacharyudu, anuvaadakudu vimarsanaatmaka sanchika kathanamlo antaraalanu tagginchaadani, conny anuvaada lopaalanu kooda gurtinchaadani paerkonnaadu. hindustan kaalaaniki chendina gautam chikarmen" "ekkada debroy mariyu ganguli rendoo alasipotayo akkada pradhana paatralanu vivarinchetappudu visaeshanhaalanu upayoginchadam jarugutundi" anie raasaaru.
vimarsanaatmaka sanchika" aadhaaramgaa puurti itihaasam yokka maroka aangla gadya anuvaadam, university off chikago press prachurinche paniloo undhi. dheenini indologist zhe. praarambhinchaaru. eah. bii. vaan beautenen (pustakaalu 1-5) mariyu, vaan beautenen maranam valla erpadina 20 samvatsaraala viramam taruvaata aneka mandhi panditulu konasagistunnaru. james ell. fitzgerald anuvadinchina pustakam 11 mariyu pustakam 12 yokka modati sagam. david guitomer pustakam 6nii anuvadistunnaru, gyaarii tub pustakam 7nii anuvadistunnaru, christopher minkovsky pustakam 8nii anuvadistunnaru, alf hiltebeatel pustakaalu 9 mariyu 10nii anuvadistunnaru, fitzgerald pustakam 12 yokka rendava bhaganni anuvadistunnaru, patrick olivelle pustakam 13nii anuvadistunnaru, fred smith pustakam 14-18 nuu anuvadistunnaru.
ramesh menan, vilium buck, aarr. keey. narayan, sii. rajagopalachari, kamala subramaniam, keey. emm. munshi, krishna dharmam, romesh sii. dhath, bharadwaja sharma, zaan dii. smith mariyu shahron maas.
"vimarsanaatmaka edition".
1919 mariyu 1966 madhya, poonheloni bhandarkar oriental research institute panditulu bharatadesam mariyu vidaesaala nundi vacchina eee puraanam yokka vividha vraatapratulanu polchi, mahabharata "vimarsanaatmaka sanchika" nuu 19 samputaalalo 13,000 pageelalo 47 samvatsaraala kaalamlo, taruvaata maroe rendu samputaalu mariyu aaru suuchika samputaalalo "harivamsa" nuu roopondinchaaru. prastuta mahabharata adhyayanaalalo saadhaaranamgaa suuchana kosam upayoginche vachanam idhi. eee rachananu konnisaarlu "mahabharata" yokka "puunhae" ledhaa "poona" edition anie pilustaaru.
praantiiya samskaranalu.
eee rachana yokka aneka praantiiya samskaranalu kalakramena abhivruddhi chendaayi, ekkuvagaa chinna vivaraalalo matrame bhinnamgaa untaayi, ledhaa padyaalu ledhaa anubandha kathalu jodinchabadataayi. veetilo tamila veedhi naatakasaala, terukkuttu mariyu kattaikkuttu unnaayi, veetilo natakalu droupadipai drushti saarinchi "mahabharata" yokka tamila bhasha samskaranala nundi itivruttaalanu upayogistaayi.
bhaarata upakhandam velupala, indoneshiyaalo, 11va sataabdamloo raaju dharmavangsa (990-1016) aadhvaryamlo puraatana javalo kakavin bhaaratayuddham anae paerutoe oka samskarana abhivruddhi cheyabadindi, taruvaata idhi poruguna unna baali dveepaaniki vyaapinchindi, idhi netikee hinduu majority dveepamgaa migilipoyindi. idhi javanese saahityam, nrutya natakam (wayang wang) mariyu wayang needa tolubomma pradarsanalaku saaravantamaina vanarugaa maarindi. mahabharata" yokka eee javanese version asalu bharatiya version nundi koddigaa bhinnamgaa untundi. maroe mukhyamaina vyatyaasam emitante, kathaamsamlo pradhana paatrala viduushakudaina sevakulu ayina punakavaanlanu cherchadam. eee paatralalo semar, petruk, gareng mariyu bagang unnaayi, veeru indonesia prekshakulaku chaalaa ishtapaddaru. 11va sataabdamloo rachinchina arjunavivaha vanti puraatana javalo abhivruddhi cheyabadina konni spin-off episodelu kooda unnaayi.
paddenimide "parvaalalo" enimidi manugadalo unna "mahabharata" yokka kavi version indonesia dveepamaina baalilo kanipistundi. dheenini aanglamloki daa. ii. gusti puttu falgunadi.
vyutpanna saahityam.
2va ledhaa 3va sataabdapu samskruta naataka rachayita ayina bhasudu, duryodhanudu mariyu bheemudi madhya jarigina poraatam gurinchi "maarabhaarata", "urubhanga" (virigina toda) loe rendu bhagalapai rendu natakalu rachinchagaa, "madhyamavyayoga" ("madhyalo unnadi") bheemudu mariyu athani kumarudu ghatotkacha chuttoo undhi. 20va sataabdapu modati mukhyamaina natakam, 1955loe vacchina dharamveer bharati rachinchina "andha yugam" ("andha yugam"), idhi "mahabharatamlo" kanugonabadindi, idhi aadhunika kashtalu mariyu asantruptiki aadarsavantamaina muulam mariyu vyakteekarana rendoo. ibraheem alkajito praarambhinchi, dheenini aneka mandhi darsakulu pradarsinchaaru. vii. ess. khandekar yokka maraathee navala, "yayati" (1960), mariyu girish karnad yokka toli natakam "yayati" (1961) "mahabharata" loe kanipinche raaju yayati katha aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabaddaayi. bengali rachayita, naataka rachayita buddhadeva boses mahabharatamlo "aanamnee angana", "pradhama paartha", "kalasandhya" anae moodu naatakaalanu rachinchaaru. pratibha rae 1984loe droupadi drukpatham nundi yagnaseni anae paerutoe avaardu geluchukunna navala raasaaru. taruvaata, chitra benerjea divakaaruni 2008loe "" anae paerutoe ilanti navala raasaaru. gujaraatii kavi chinu mody bahuka paatra aadhaaramgaa sudeergha kathana kavitvam "bahuk" raasaaru. singapurku chendina bharatiya rachayita ayina krishna udayashankar, eee itihaasam yokka aadhunika punaraksharalu, mukhyamgaa aaryavarta chronicles syries vanti aneka navlalanu raasaaru. suman pokhrel rae navala aadhaaramgaa droupadiki vyaktigateekarinchi, aaa sannivesamlo ontarigaa teesukoni oka solo natakam raasaaru.
amar chitra katha "mahabharata" yokka 1,260 paejeela comic book versionnu prachurinchindi.
cinema mariyu televisionlo.
bharatiya chalanachitra rangamlo, 1920 naati eee itihaasam yokka aneka chalanachitra samskaranalu roopondinchabaddaayi. "mahabharatam" nuu kooda shyam benegal "kaliyug" loe tirigi ardham chesukunnaru. prakash jhaa darsakatvam vahinchina 2010 chitram rajneeti paakshikamgaa "mahabharata" nundi prerana pondindi. 2013 animated anusarana bharatadesapu atyanta khareedaina animated chitramgaa rikaardunu kaligi undhi.
1988loe, bii. aarr. chopra "mahabharata" anae television sireesnu roopondinchaaru."dheeniki ravi chopra darsakatvam vahinchaaru, mariyu bharatadesa jaateeya television (dooradarshan) loe prasaram cheyabadindi. adhe samvatsaram dooradarsanlo "mahabharat" pradarsinchabadutunnappudu, adhe samstha yokka itara television show, shyam benegal darsakatvam vahinchina "bharat aek khoj", "mahabharata" yokka 2-episodela sankshipta roopaanni choopinchindi, idhi pani yokka vividha vivaranala nundi teesukobadindi, avi padinavi, nrutyam chesinavi ledhaa pradarsinchinavi. paaschaatya prapanchamlo, eee itihaasam yokka prasiddha pradarsana peater brook yokka tommidi gantala natakam, idhi 1985loe avignanlo pradarsinchabadindi mariyu daani aidu gantala chalana chitra version "dhi mahabharata" (1989). 2013 chivaralo "mahabharata" starr plus loe prasaram cheyabadindi. dheenini swastik productions private limited nirminchindi.
mahabharata" paie asampoornamaina prajectulalo rajkumar santoshi raasinadi okati, mariyu satyajit rae pranaalika chesina naatakeeya anusarana unnaayi.
jaanapada samskrutilo.
prati samvatsaram uttarakhandloni garhwal praantamloo, graamastulu "pandava leela" nuu pradarsistaaru, idhi nrutyam, gaanam mariyu parayana dwara "mahabharata" nundi bhagala yokka aachaarabaddhamaina punarnirmaanam. leala" anedi samvatsaramlo oka saamskrutika highlight mariyu saadhaaranamgaa november mariyu fibravari madhya pradarsinchabadutundi. eee praantamlooni jaanapada vaayidyaalu, dhol, damou mariyu rendu podavaina buuralu bhankur, eee charyatho paatu untaayi. autsaahikulu kaani, nipunulu kaani natulu, vaari paatrala aatmalu "kaligi unnappudu" tarachugaa aakasmika nrutyamloki pravesistaaru.
jaine version.
mahabharata" yokka jaina samskaranalanu "harivamsapurana" (harivamsa katha) "trisaastisalakapuruusha charitra" (63 mandhi pramukha vyaktula charitra), "paandavacharita" (paandavula jeevitaalu) mariyu "pandavapurana" (paandavula kathalu) vanti vividha jaina grandhaalalo chudavachu. munupati praamaanika saahityam nundi, "antakrdasa" (8va phirangi) mariyu "vrushnidaasa" ("upangagama" ledhaa dviteeya phirangi) loe neminatha (22va teerthankara), krishna mariyu balarama kathalu unnaayi. professor. hinduu puraanaalaloo vale kakunda, jaina puraanaalaloo baladeva, vasudeva paerlu balaramudu, krushnulaku matrame parimitam kaaledani padmanabha jaini paerkonnaadu. badulugaa, vaaru rendu vibhina vargaala saktivantamaina sodarula paerlugaa panicheestaaru, veeru jaina vishwodbhava shaastram yokka samaya chakraala prati ardhabhaagamlo tommidi saarlu kanipistaaru mariyu sagam bhoomini sagam chakravartulugaa paripaalistaaru. eee sodarula jabita yokka muulaanni bhadrabahu swami (cree puu 4 va-3 va sataabdam) raasina jinnaacharita nundi jainiki telustundi. jaina vishwodbhava shaastram prakaram balaramudu, krishna, jarasandha anevi baladeva, vasudeva, prativaasudaevuni tommidava, chivari samuuhaalu. pradhana yuddham mahabharatamu kaadu, conny krishna mariyu jarasandha (prativaasudaevulu vaasudevulache champabadataru kabatti krishna chetha champabadataru) madhya yuddham. chivariki, paandavulu mariyu balaramulu jaina sanyasuluga tyaagam chesi swargamlo punarjanma pondutaaru, marovaipu krishna mariyu jarasandha narakamlo punarjanma pondutaaru. karma chattaniki anugunamgaa, krushnudu thana dopideelaku (laingika mariyu himsaatmaka) narakamlo punarjanma pondutaadu, ayithe thana dushta maargaala kosam jarasandha. professor. bahusha ayana prajaadarana kaaranamgaa, jaina rachayitalu krushnaku punaravasam kalpinchadaaniki aasakti chuupina avakaasam undani jaini angeekarinchaaru. taruvaati ardha kaalachakramlo narakamlo thana karma kaalam mugisina tarvaata, krishna jaina teerthamkarudigaa punarjanma pondhi vimukti pondutaarani jaina grandhaalu anchanaa vaestunnaayi. krishna, balaramudu 22va teerthamkarudu neminatha samakaaleenulu, dayaduluga chuupabaddaaru. eee katha prakaram, krishna yuva neminath vivahanni ugrasena kumarte rajematito erpaatu chesaadu, conny neminatha, vivaha vindu kosam vadhinchaalsina jantuvula patla saanubhooti chuuputuu, akasmaattugaa ooregimpunu vidichipetti prapanchaanni tyajinchaadu.
saamskrutika prabhavam.
bhagavadgeeta" loe, krishna oka yodhudu mariyu yuvarajuga thana vidhulanu arjunuku vivaristaadu mariyu vividha yoga mariyu vedaanta tatvaalanu udaaharanalu mariyu saaruupyatalatoe vivaristaadu. idhi "geetha" nuu tarachugaa hinduu tatvasaastraaniki sankshipta maargadarsigaa mariyu jeevitaaniki aacharanaatmaka, sweeya-niyantrana maargadarsigaa varninchadaaniki daariteesindi. marinta aadhunika kaalamlo, swami vivekananda, netaji subhash chandrabose, baall gangadhar tilak, mahatma gandhi mariyu aneka mandhi itarulu bhaarata swaatantrya udyamaaniki sphuurtinivvadaaniki eee grandhaanni upayoginchaaru.
idhi aadhunika hindhi saahityamlooni aneka rachanalaku kooda prerananichindi, veetilo karma mariyu athani sangharshanhala chuttoo kendrikrutamai unna "mahabharata" yokka kuurpu ayina ramadhari singh dinakar yokka "rashmirati" vantivi unnaayi. idhi 1952loe vraayabadindi, 1972loe pratishtaatmaka ghnaanapeet avaardunu geluchukundi.

