hohocom

hohocom () anedi uttara america nairuti praantamloo prastutam arizona, united states mariyu meksikoolooni sonoralo bhaagamaina oka samskruti. idhi cree. puu. 300 mariyu 1500 madhya unikilo undhi, bahusha cree. puu. 300 lone saamskrutika puurvagaamulu undevaaru. eee samskrutini aacharinche sanghaalu sambandham kaligi unnaya ledhaa rajakeeyamgaa aikyamgaa unnaya anae daanipai puraavastu saastravettalu vibhedistunnaru. sthaanika moukhika sampradaayam prakaram, hohocom samajalu dakshina arizonaloni chaaritraka akimel mariyu tohono odhaam puurveekulu kaavacchu.
samskruti yokka muulam charchaneeyaamsamgaa undhi. chaalaa mandhi puraavastu saastravettalu idhi sthaanikamgaa ledhaa madhyaamerikaalo udbhavinchindani vaadinchaaru, ayithe idhi uttara pueblo samskruti dwara kooda prabhaavitamaindi. hohocom sthaavaraalu hohocom praantaanni daati, thoorpuna goppa mydaanaala varaku mariyu paschimaana pasiphik teeram varaku vistarinchina vaanijya margallo unnaayi. hohocom samajalu gananeeyamaina mottamlo olasalanu pondaayi. konni sanghaalu snacketown vanti mukhyamaina marketlanu sthaapinchaayi. sonoran edaari yokka kathinatvam samajampai atyanta prabhaavavantamaina karakamga undavacchu. vaanijya kendraalalo saamskrutika marpidi unnappatikee, swayam samruddhi mariyu sthaanika vanarulaku praadhaanyata ivvabadindi.
aadhunika phoenixlo, hohokamlu vaati pedda ettuna neetipaarudala netvarklaku prasiddhi chendaayi. phoenix metropolitan praantamloo vaari kaaluva network, paschima ardhagolamlo atyanta sanklishtamainadi. puraatana kaaluvalalo kontha bhaagam uppu nadhi project kosam punaruddharinchabadindi mariyu nagaram yokka neetini sarafara cheyadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. asalu kaaluvalu muriki guntalu mariyu saadhaarana nirvahana avasaram; prastutam upayogamlo unnavi kaankreetutoo kappabadi untaayi. hohocom samajam koolipoyinappudu, muriki kaaluvalu marammatu cheyabadaledu. european-american sthiranivaasulu taruvaata konni kaaluvalanu nimpaaru, marikonni punaruddharinchabaddayi, morman maargadarsakulu erra parvatam sameepamlo messa yokka lehi praantamloo sthirapaddaaru.
jaateeya udyaanavana seva prakaram, "hohocom" anae padam odham bhasha nundi teesukobadindi, mariyu dheenini puraavastu saastravettalu sonoran edaarilo nivasinchina prajala samuuhaalanu gurtinchadaaniki upayogistaaru. itara puraavastu saastravettalu praacheena arizona oyasamerica sampradaayamlo bhaagamgaa gurtinchadaaniki ishtapadataaru, badulugaa hohokamnu oyaasaamerikanlu anie pilustaaru. ayinappatikee, nairuti puraavastu shaastram prakaram, america nairuti mariyu uttara mexico yokka naalugu pradhana samskrutulalo hohocom okati.
hobocum, huhugam mariyu huhukam vanti aneka adhikaarika spelling rakalu unnaayi. aksharakramalu saadhaaranamgaa parasparam maarchukogalavani bhaavistaaru, conny vatiki ververu ardhaalu untaayi. undhi puraavastu shaastravetta harrold ess. eee praantamlooni itarula nundi hohocom samskrutini gladwin vaeru chesindi. diguva gilaa loyalo taanu tavvutunna avasheshaalanu vargeekarinchadaaniki, samskruti kosam prastutam unna odhaam padaanni, "huhu-cuum", daani saadhaarana tappu anuvaadamlo "andaruu vaadukunnaru" ledhaa "poeyina vaaru" anie vartimpajesaaru. adevidhamgaa, adevidhamgaa, puraavastu shaastravetta hardy odham anae padaanni "huhugam" anie anuvadinchaaru, dheeni ardham "nasinchinadi"."ayithe," "huhugam" "anedi gatha maanava jeevitaanni suuchistumdi, sidhilaala vanti vastuvulanu kaadu". anduvalla, puraavastu padam "hohocom" nuu "huhugam", antey puurveekulu mariyu vaarasula gowravam anie ayomayam chendakudadu.
sameeksha.
hohocom samajam pradhanamgaa phoenix pareevaahaka praantamlooni gilaa mariyu diguva uppu nadhi paarudalalato mudipadi undhi.
phoenix pareevaahaka praantam hohocom pradhana praantam, mariyu hohocom anchulu hohocom samskruti vistarinchina prakkane unna praantaalu. samishtiga, core mariyu peripherrilu grater hohocom praantiiya vyavasthanu yerparuchukunnayi, idhi arizonaloni uttara ledhaa eguva sonoran edaarilo aakraminchindi. hohokam kooda mogolan anchu varaku vistarinchindi.
hohocom core nadula vembadi undhi, mariyu pradhana vaanijya sthaanam loe nivasinchedi. diguva kolarado nadhi vembadi mariyu dakshina californialo unna patayan, meksikoolooni sonora yokka trincheras, thoorpu arizonaloni mogolan samskruti, nairuti nyuu mexico, vaayuvya chihuvahuva, mexico, mariyu uttara arizonaloni puurveekula pueblonela madhya vaanijyam jarigindi. cree. sha. 900 nundi 1150 varaku, poruguna unna chaako samajam uttara arizona antataa mariyu nairuti kolado mariyu dakshina utaahloki vaanijyaanni prothsahinchindi. eee vaanijya vyavasthalu eee praantam antataa vaanijyaanni penchaayi, kolado peethabhoomi, uttara arizona mariyu phoenix praantam antataa vastuvulu prayaaninchaayi.
hohocom neetipaarudala vyavasthalu cree. sha. 1300 natiki nairuti praantamloo atyadhika janaabhaaku maddatu icchaayi. icchaayi saantaa cruze nadhi vembadi tuckson pareevaahaka praantamloo oka pradhana puraavastu thravvakamlo panichestunna puraavastu saastravettalu, hohocom puurveekulu ayi undagala samskrutini, prajalanu gurtinchaaru. eee charitrapurva samuuham kristupurvam 2000 lone dakshina arizona aakraminchi undavacchu, prarambha vyavasaya kaalamlo mokkajonnanu pandinchi, edaadi podavunaa nischala gramalalo nivasinchi, adhunaatana neetipaarudala kaaluvalanu abhivruddhi chesindi.
hohokamlu uppu mariyu gilaa nadula neetini vyavasayam kosam veerlatho kuudina saadhaarana kaaluvala kalagalupunu nirminchadaaniki upayoginchaaru. cree. sha. 800 nundi 1400 varaku, vaari neetipaarudala vyavasthalu puraatana thoorpu, eejipt mariyu chaina sanklishtatatoe pootii paddayi. avi saapekshamgaa saralamaina sadhanalu mariyu injaneering saanketika parignaanaanni upayoginchi nirminchabaddaayi, ayinappatikee kotha mariyu buradanu samatulyam chestu mailuku konni adugula chukkalanu saadhinchaayi. hohokamlu vividha rakaala patthi, pogaaku, mokkajonna, beans mariyu squashnu saagu chesi, aneka rakaala adavi mokkalanu pandinchaaru. hohocom kalakramanusaram chivaralo, vaaru vistrutamaina podi-vyavasaya vyavasthalanu kooda upayoginchaaru, pradhanamgaa aaharam mariyu peechu kosam kittali pandinchadaaniki. vaari vyavasaya vyuuhaalu niraasrayulaina edaarilo keelakam, mariyu graameena janabhanu sanklishtamaina pattana kendraalugaa sameekarinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchaayi.
deerghachaturasraakaara pithhouselu vanti munupati hohocom desheeya vaastusilpam yokka aneka lakshanaalu, prarambha nirmaana kaalamlo tuckson pareevaahaka praantam nundi saapekshamgaa chekkuchedarakunda natabaddayi. hohocom kalakramanusaram, vyaktigata gruhalu saadhaaranamgaa naela mattam kante diguvana tavvabaddaayi, 12 nundi 35 chadarapu meterla plaastar ledhaa compact antastulu kaligi undevi mariyu goda-pravaesaaniki sameepamlo ginne aakaaramlo, bankamatti-rekula poyyi undedi. cree. sha. 600 natiki, madhya americatho saaruupyatalanu kaligi unna oka pratyaekamaina hohocom nirmaana sampradaayam udbhavinchindi, veetilo porugu sekarana mariyu vaanijya pradaesaalugaa kooda panichesina balcartlu vantivi unnaayi. cree. sha. 1150 natiki, pithousela sthaanamlo kendra praamganaalatoo kuudina sammelanam shaililo bhoomi paina unna nirmaanaalu undevi. cree. sha. 1200 natiki, deerghachaturasraakaara platformla dibbalu nirminchabadutunnaayi.
hohokam khananam paddhatulu kalakramena maarutuu undevi, conny dahanam anedi hohokam core yokka nirvachinche saamskrutika lakshanam. porugu samaajaalato vaanijyam ledhaa valasala dwara saamskrutika paraspara charyanu suuchimchadaaniki puraavastu saastravettalu dahana samskaaraalanu upayoginchaaru. tuxonloni khandantara pradaesamloe unna mogolan oka udaaharana. praarambhamlo, thoorpuna poruguna unna dakshina mogolan samskruti maadirigaane, pradhana paddhati vangina inhumation. chivari nirmaanaatmaka mariyu puurva classic kaalaala natiki, hohocom vaari mrutulanu dahanam chesaaru, idhi diguva kolarado nadhi vembadi paschimaana chaaritraka patayan samskrutilo namodu cheyabadina sampradaayaalaku chaalaa pooli untundi. eee aacharam yokka vivaralu kontavaraku marinappatiki, sumaru cree. sha. 1300 varaku hohocomlo dahanam pradhana aacharamgaa undipoyindi.
charitra.
hohocom kalakramanusaram (hcs) anedi hohocom charitranu mukhyamaina saamskrutika maarpula dasalugaa vibhajinche puraavastu nirmaanam. idhi rendu pradhana vyakteekarana paddhatulanu upayogistundih glavinian mariyu saamskrutika kshitijamu. rendodi, mesoamericalo upayoginche kalakramanusaram gala anusarana, idhi gladvinian pathakamlo antarleenamgaa unna vivaranaatmaka pakshapaataanni nivaarinchadaaniki vartinchabadutundi (i.ii. payineeru, valasarajyalu, nischala kaalalu).
hcs mariyu daani calendarical referencenu sthaapinche paddhatulu hohocom core praantaaniki matrame vartistaayi, idhi phoenix, arizonatho anubandhinchabadina gilaa-uppu nadhee pareevaahaka praantam, aaa praantam velupala unna praantaalaku kaadu, hohocom periferries anie pilustaaru. eee praantaalalo, praathamika kaalapu hodaalu konasaaginchabadataayi; ayithe, sthaanika dasalu tarachugaa gananeeyamaina thedaalanu gamaninchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi, mariyu kontavaraku, vaari puurveekula pueblone mariyu mogolan poruguvaariche prabhaavitamaina sanghaalanu suuchistaayi.
maargadarsaka/nirmaana kaalam (1-750 CE).
mokkajonna mariyu beans raitulagaa, prarambha hohokam madhya gilaa nadhi vembadi chinna graamaala shrenini sthaapinchaaru. eee sanghaalu saagu cheyadagina bhoomiki sameepamlo undevi, eee kaalam praarambhamlo podi vyavasayam sarvasaadhaaranam. saadhaaranamgaa lothu kante takkuva neeti baavulu, gruha neeti sarafara kosam tavvabaddaayi. prarambha hohocom gruhalu vangi unna kommalatho, kommalu ledhaa rellatho kappabadi, bhaareega puusina burada mariyu andubaatulo unna itara padaarthaalatho nirminchabaddaayi.
hohocom kotta saagu mokkala samuuhaanni pondadamtho panta, vyavasaya naipunhyam mariyu saamskrutika merugudalalu cree. sha. 300 mariyu 500 madhya perigayi, bahusha aadhunika mexico praantamlooni prajalatho vaanijyam nundi. eee konugollalo patthi, teparii bean, seeva mariyu jaak beans, kusha mariyu warty squash mariyu nairuti pigveed unnaayi. bhootam jaatulanu aaharam mariyu peechu kosam vaelaadi samvatsaraalugaa nairuti prajalu sekarinchaaru, mariyu sumaru 600, hohocom bhootam, mukhyamgaa "bhootam murfai" ("hohocom bhootam"), raathi, podi naela yokka pedda praantaalalo saagu cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. neetipaarudala praantaalalo pandinche aaharaanni penchadaaniki bhusepu hohokamku pradhana aahara vanarugaa maarindi. injaneering nadhi neeti labhyatanu meruguparichindi mariyu nivaasitulu neetipaarudala kosam kaaluvalanu tavvaaru. vaanijya netvarklaku aadharalalo manhi, gulph off california nundi vacchina gundlu mariyu central mexico nundi vacchina chiluka emukalu unnaayi. vittanaalu mariyu dhanyalu raathi "manos" mariyu "metates" paie tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. cree. sha. 300 kii kontakaalam mundu seramics kanipinchaayi, nilva mariyu vanta kosam upayoginche errati godhuma rangu kundalu, mariyu dahana avasheshaala kosam kantainarlugaa upayoginchabaddaayi. karma upayogam kosam utpatti cheyabadina padaarthaalalo kaalchina matti maanava mariyu janthu bommalu mariyu dhoopam dahanam chesevi unnaayi.
valasarajyala/puurva classic kaalam (750-1050/1150).
abhivruddhi anedi valasarajyala kaalam yokka pradhana lakshanam. ummadi praamganamloo illa samuuhaalu teravadamtho gramalu peddavigaa perigayi. pedda gruhalu mariyu marinta alankarinchabadina samadhi vastuvulalo saamaajika stareekaranaku konni aadharalu unnaayi. praantam mariyu kaaluva vyavasthalu vistarinchaayi, pogaaku mariyu kittali utpatti praarambhamaindi. mexican prabhavam perigindi. pedda samajalalo, modati hohocom baall kortulu nirminchabaddaayi mariyu atalu mariyu vedukalaku kendra binduvulugaa upayoginchabaddaayi. inupa rangu gala slipnu jodinchadam dwara kundalanu alankarinchaaru, idhi oka vilakshanhamaina erupu-paie-buff saamaanu utpatti chesindi.
nischala kaalam/saakatan dasha (950-1050/1150).
marinta janabha perugudala gananeeyamaina maarpulanu teesukuvacchindi. neetipaarudala kaaluvalu mariyu nirmaanaalu peddavigaa marai mariyu marinta nirvahana avasaram. ekkuva bhoomi saagu cheyabadindi, nairuti pigveed pandinchabadindi. inti roopakalpana kaaliche adobto kappabadina post-reinforced pitt-houselugaa abhivruddhi chendindi. rancheria lanty gramalu saadhaarana praamganaala chuttoo perigayi, mataparamaina karyakalapalu periginatlu aadharalu unnaayi. rotte mariyu maamsam vandadaaniki pedda saadhaarana ovenlu upayoginchabaddaayi.
chetipanulu chaalaa suddhi cheyabaddaayi. cree. sha. 1000 natiki, hohokamlu assid chekkadam, pitch thoo shellanu doubing cheyadam mariyu puliyabettina cactus rasamtho tayaaru chesina acidlo snanam cheyadam vanti vaatilo praaveenyam pondina modativaaru. chetivruttulavaaru shell, raayi mariyu emukala nundi aabharanaalanu tayaaru chesi, raathi bommalanu chekkadam praarambhinchaaru. patthi vastraala pani abhivruddhi chendindi. errati-meeda-buff kundalu vistrutamgaa utpatti cheyabaddaayi.
eee vruddhi samsthanu, bahusha adhikaranni penchaalsina avasaranni tecchipettindi. praantiiya samskruti vistrutamgaa vyaapinchindi, mexican sarihaddu sameepamlo nundi uttaraana verde nadhi varaku vistarinchindi. oka unnata taragati unnatlu, alaage hastakalaakaarulaku saamaajika hodha periginatlu telustondi. madhya meksikoolooni maadirigaane platfam dibbalu kanipistaayi, mariyu unnata vargamtho sambandham kaligi undavacchu mariyu konni mataparamaina karyakalapalanu kaligi undavacchu. mexican hridaya praantam nundi vaanijya vastuvulalo raagi gantalu, mojaayiklu, raathi addaalu mariyu makaavlu vanti alankarinchabadina pakshulu unnaayi.
classic kaalam (1050/1150-1450 CE).
eee kaalanni saadhaaranamgaa vruddhi mariyu saamaajika maarpula kaalamgaa pariganistaaru. okappudu samskrutiki kendramgaa unna snacketown samajam akasmaattugaa vidichipettabadindi. eee pedda graamamlo konni bhagalu kaalipoyinatlu anipistundi, mariyu adhi ennadoo tirigi aakraminchabadaledu. eee kaalamlo uppu-gilaa pareevaahaka praantamloo pedda mariyu pratishtaatmaka nirmaanaalu kooda nirminchabaddaayi. veetilo platfam dibbalu mariyu goppa illu kaligina pedda, deerghachaturasraakaara, adob-godala sammelanaalu unnaayi, udaaharanaki casa grande sidhilaala jaateeya smaaraka chihnam vadda kanugonabadindi. adanamgaa, vistruta sandarbhamlo hohocom prabhaavaaniki sambandhinchina aadharalu gananeeyamgaa taggai.
santan dasha (1050-1150 CE).
eee dasha praarambhamlo glavinian pathakamlo bhaagamgaa pratipaadinchabadindi, conny iteevala chaalaa mandhi hohocom puraavastu saastravettala nundi anukuulamgaa ledhu. eee abhipraayaaniki praathamika kaaranam emitante, okappudu santon redd-aann-bufga vargeekarinchabadina hohocom buff ware rakam ippudu sacaton ledhaa casa grande redd-aann-buffs yokka chivari roopamgaa jabita cheyabadindi. alankarinchabadina kundala kosam upayoginche vistruta shreni nauka roopaalu medatho kuudina golaakaara jaadi kosam paaraveyabaddaayi. hohocom buff vastuvula utpatti mariyu vadakam gananeeyamgaa taggutaayi. uttara mexico nundi mudi shell sekarana mariyu vaanijyam mariyu daani tayari aabharanalugaa chesindi. pithhousela nundi pitroomlaku maarpu mariyu uttara mexicolo upayoginchina udaaharanala maadirigaane golaakaara spindle sudigundala parichayam jarigindi. bhavana paramgaa, eee episode saapekshamgaa akasmaattugaa mariyu vistrutamgaa aneka hohocom gramalanu vidichipetti ledhaa marchadam mariyu swalpakaalika janabha ksheenatanu kaligi undhi. vistaaramaina antargata maarpulu, hohocom baall court vyavasthanu tiraskarinchadam, mariyu peripherrilu pradhana praantam vaipu yuddhaaniki sambandhinchina bahiranga suuchanalanu pradarsinchadam, taruvaata vaari saamskrutika punarekeekarana, idhi chaalaa mukhyamaina episode anie suuchistumdi.
soho dasha (1050/1150-1300 CE).
eee dasaku roganirdhaarana syramic rakam casa grande redd-aann-buff. eee hohocom buff ware pratyaekamgaa medatho kuudina jaadeelatoo vargeekarinchabadindi, idhi parimita rakaala rekhaganita mariyu vachana designlatho alankarinchabadindi. eee kunda rakam florence mariyu sacaton, arizona madhya gilaa nadhee pareevaahaka praantamlooni aneka pradaesaalaloo tayaaru cheyabadinatlu telustondi. bhuubhaagam yokka pradhana saamskrutika upasamharana, mariyu punarvyavastheekarana yokka rendu mukhyamaina bhagalu unnaayi. modati punarvyavastheekarana cree. sha. 1150 loe jarigindi mariyu janabhalo swalpa perugudala mariyu pitroom nirmaanaanni daadaapu saarvatrikamgaa sweekarinchadam dwara vargeekarinchabadindi. eee prarambha gottalu mandapati adob plaastartho kappabadina padaipoye padaarthamthoo nirminchabaddaayi mariyu lopali godala yokka besal bhaagam tarachugaa nitaruga unna palakalatho kappabadi undedi. puurva classic kaalam naati graamaala maadirigaane, eee prarambha classic kaalam naati gruhalu bahiranga praamganaala chuttoo samuuhamgaa undevi. eee praamgana samuuhaalu pedda kendra pradaesaaniki sameepamlo samuuhamgaa undevi, veetilo tarachugaa chinna platfam dibbalu undevi. eee platfam dibbalu deerghachaturasraakaaramlo undevi, avi balavantam cheyabadina taruvaata adob godalaku edurugaa undevi, mariyu krimirahita matti ledhaa puurva classic chettha dibbala nundi vachhe chettatho nindi undevi. atipedda gramalalo, kendra pradaesamloe chinna platfam dibbalu undevi. pedda communitylu marinta dattamgaa aakraminchabadi unnanduna chinna mariyu madhya taraha sthaavaraala sankhya tagginatlu telustondi.
sivano dasha (1300-1350/1375 CE).
casa grande redd-aann-buff utpatti konasaginappatiki, eee dasanu vargeekarinche kundala rakam salado polychrome, pradhanamgaa gilaa polychrome. eee syramic rakam sthaanikamgaa tayaaru cheyabadindi ledhaa vaanijya samanuga sekarinchabadindi. eee dasalo uttara mexicolo kanipinche udaaharanala maadirigaane "kaamal" parichayam kooda undhi, mariyu pakshi aakarapu dishtibommala utpatti kooda undhi. mukku plugs, locketlu, chevi ungaraalu, kankanaalu, necklacelu mariyu adhunaatana shell inless vanti adhika-sthaayi vyaktulatoe sambandham unna anyadesa raayi mariyu shell kalakhandala udaaharanalu-eee dasalo aabharanaala roopakalpana mariyu tayari daani atyunnata sthaayiki cherukunnayani suuchistunnaayi. itara mukhyamaina parinamalalo erra saamaanu sekarana mariyu tayari gananeeyamgaa peragadam, mariyu gilaa nadiki uttaraana unna praantamloo daadaapu saarvatrikamgaa inumation khananam cheyadam, rendoo chaaritraka odhaam upayoginche paddhatulu mariyu sampradaayaalanu pooli untaayi.
cree. sha. 1300 taruvaata ventane, 13va sataabdamloo diguva verde, tonto pareevaahaka praantam mariyu kushaburdu pareevaahaka praantamloo anubhavinchina vidhamgaa hohocom gramalu punarvyavastheekarinchabadda. eee sammelanaalu pedda, deerghachaturasraakaara bahya godatho koodi undevi, ivi paakshikamgaa (konnisaarlu puurtigaa) vibhajana godalatho vaeru cheyabadina prakkane unna praamganaalu mariyu plaajaala shrenini chuttumutty undevi. prati praamganam okati nundi naalugu pedda, deerghachaturasraakaara, adob-godala gottalanu kaligi undavacchu, ivi bahusha aneka upayoga nirmaanaalatoo mudipadi undavacchu. mottammeeda, eee sanghaalu 5 nundi 25 adob-godala sammelanaala saapekshamgaa sanklishta samuuhaalachae vargeekarinchabaddaayi, ivi oke chaalaa pedda mariyu baga nirminchina sammelanam chuttoo samuuhaparachabaddaayi, ivi tarachugaa platfam dibba ledhaa goppa illu vanti pedda samaja nirmaanaanni kaligi untaayi. casa grande sidhilaala jaateeya smaaraka chihnamlo samrakshinchabadinatlugaa, goppa gruha nirmaanaalu atipedda samajalalo matrame nirminchabaddaayi. eee raathi ledhaa adob bhavanalu naalugu antastula varaku undevi, veetini bahusha nirvaahaka ledhaa mataparamaina unnatavargaalu upayoginchevi. khagola pariseelanalaku anugunamgaa vaatini kooda nirminchi undavacchu. mexicotho vaanijyam ksheeninchinatlu telustondi, conny uttara mariyu thoorpuna pueblo prajala nundi vaanijya vastuvulu perigayi.
cree. sha. 1350 mariyu 1375 madhya, hohocom sampradaayam saktini mariyu sthirathvaanni kolpoyindi, mariyu aneka atipedda sthaavaraalu vadiliveyabaddaayi. vaataavarana maarpu spashtamgaa hohocom vyavasayanni baga prabhaavitam chesindi, tadwara daani pedda samajalanu chedaragottindi. 14va sataabdam madhyalo padepade varadalu uppu nadhi mattanni baga lothugaa chesi, kaaluvala talalanu naasanam chesaayi, veeti nirantara vistaranaku eguva bhaagamlo avasaram erpadindi. tvaralo, adanapu varadalu eee vistaranalalo bharti cheyaleni bhaagaalanu tolaginchaayi, idhi vandala mailla kaaluvalanu samarthavantamgaa nirupayogamgaa chesindi. jalasaastram mariyu bhougolika aakrutilo vyatyaasaala kaaranamgaa, eee prakriyalu gilaa nadhee pareevaahaka praantamlooni hohocom neetipaarudala vyavasthalapai takkuva prabhavanni chupayi, ayinappatikee ivi kooda vadaliveyabaddaayi. hohocom chinna samuhaluga vibhajinchabadindi, mariyu 1350 mariyu 1400 madhya 100 mandiki 2 garishta retutho janabha koddigaa taggindi. chinna samuuhaalanu gurtinchadam kashtam kabatti eee ksheenata gatamlo chaalaa ekkuvagaa anchanaa veyabadindi. maanava janabha konasaginchabadindane aadharalu maarani vaeta jantuvula janabha.
polvoran dasha (1350/1375-1450 CE).
eee dasalo gilaa mariyu tonto polychromlatho salado polychrome vistrutamgaa upayoginchadam mariyu tayari jarugutundi. cree. sha. 1375 taruvaata, hohokam diguva uppu nadhi pareevaahaka praantamlooni chaalaa gramalu mariyu kaaluva vyavasthalanu vidichipettindi. eee praantam aakramitamgaane konasaagindi, conny chaalaa chinna sthaayilo. migili unna konni gramalu chaalaa chinnavi, mariyu diguva raani creak paarudala minaha, gilaa nadhi venta kendrikrutamai unnaayi. eee kaalam hohocom saamskrutika patanam taruvaata mariyu aadhunika odhaam yokka jaatiparamaina aavirbhavamlo oka klishtamaina dasha.
syramic sampradaayam.
madhya arizonalo mottamodati nischala vyavasaya sthaavaraalu kristupurvam 1000 nundi 500 varaku unnaayi, ayinappatikee modati seramics kristupurvam 300 loe hohocom perugudalaku mundu kanipistaayi.
kontamandi puraavastu saastravettalu kundalu akasmaattugaa kanipinchadam anedi phoenix praantamloki kotta vaanijyam ledhaa valasalu anie ardham, dheeni phalitamgaa hohocom perigindi. itara puraavastu saastravettalu aneka nirvachinche, saamskrutika lakshanaalanu ippatike sthaanika vyavasaya samajalalo hohokam perugudala dwara vargeekarinchaaru. anduvalla, kundalu hohokam muulaalapai vivaadaaniki aajyam posukovadaniki sahaayapadataayi.
samajalu sthaanika vanarulanu upayogistunnanduna, hohokam kundala padaartham sthaanaanni batti maarutundani okappudu bhaavinchaaru. iteevala, swabhaavampai adhyayanalu kundala tayari mariyu vyaparam chese vividha muulaalanu velladinchaayi. vividha kaalaalaku chendina aneka paaletlu, gilaa bend praantamloo kanugonabaddayi. hohokam chaalaa kaalam paatu oke praantamloo undipoyaaranedaaniki idhi nidarsanam.
hohocom seramics oka pratyaekamaina saadaa, erupu mariyu alankarinchabadina bufware sampradaayam dwara nirvachinchabaddaayi mariyu coiling anae saanketikatanu upayoginchi tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. oka chinna, chakkati bankamatti punaadi varusa kaayilsto anusandhaaninchabadindi. eee coils nuu teppinchi, teddu mariyu kaddeeni upayoginchi aakaaramlo tayaaru chestaaru. hohocom saadaa mariyu errati vastuvulu pradhanamgaa micatius, fillight ledhaa squa peak shist, alaage granite, quartz, quartjite mariyu arcosic isukatho sahaa vividha rakaala padaarthaalatho samasheetoshnamgaa undevi. vislaeshanhaatmakamgaa, upayoginchina temper rakam aadhaaramgaa, veetini vaati tayari yokka bhougolika amarika aadhaaramgaa vargeekaristaaru, mariyu veetini gilaa (gilaa nadhee pareevaahaka praantam), wingfield (agua fria pareevaahaka praantam, uttara paridheeyam ledhaa diguva verde praantam), peasteva sikharam (uppu nadiki uttaraana phoenix metro praantam), dakshina parvatam (uppu nadiki dakshinaana phoenix metro praantam), ledhaa uppu (uppu ledhaa verde nadhee pareevaahaka praantaalu) saadaa mariyu erra vastuvulu anie pilustaaru.
saadaa vastuvula uparitalaalu kontavaraku sunnitamgaa undevi mariyu chaalaa varaku itara khanijalu ledhaa bankamatti thoo palish cheyabaddaayi ledhaa jaaripoyaayi. naalaalanu kaalchina taruvaata, ivi konnisaarlu laetha ledhaa muduru godhuma, buudida, narinja varaku unde ranguloki marai. taruvaata, ginnela lopali bhagalu nalla carbonus padaarthamthoo jaaripoyaayi. loha aadhaarita varnadravyam thoo hohocom erra vastuvulu jaaripoyaayi, avi oodanu kaalchina tarvaata erupu ranguloki marai. alankarinchabadina hohokam kundala tayari saadaa vastuvula tayaareeni pooli undedi. ayithe, bankamatti merugaina naanhyata kaligi undi, kaaliche mariyu parimita mottamlo chaalaa mettagaa neelamattam chesina micatius skist mariyu vruksha padaarthaala chinna kanaalatoe samasheetoshnamgaa undevi.
saamskrutika vibhajanalu.
hohocom, puurveekula pueblo (anasaji), mogolan ledhaa patayan vanti saamskrutika lebullanu puraavastu saastravettalu charitrapurva prajala madhya saamskrutika vyatyaasaalanu nirvachinchadaaniki upayogistaaru. samskruti paerlu mariyu vibhaagaalanu samskruti nundi samayam mariyu sthalam rendinti dwara vaeru cheyabadina vyaktulu ketaayinchaaru. saamskrutika vibhajanalu swabhaavam prakaram ekapakshamgaa untaayi, ivi panditya vislaeshanha mariyu prachurana samayamlo andubaatulo unna dayta meeda matrame aadharapadi untaayi. avi kotta samacharam mariyu aavishkaranala aadhaaramgaa matrame kakunda, shaastreeya samaajamlo vaikharulu mariyu drukpathaalu maarutunnappudu kooda maarpuku lobadi untaayi. puraavastu vibhaganni oka nirdishta bhasha samuuhaaniki ledhaa "tega" vanti raajakeeya samsthaku anugunamgaa bhavinchalemu.
nairutilo aadhunika saamskrutika vibhaagaalanu upayogistunnappudu, prastuta samavesalalo moodu nirdishta parimitulu unnaih
pradhana pradhana praanta gramalu mariyu nagaralu.
hohokam yokka nijamaina kolata vaari bhouthika samskruti mottam nundi matrame pondavacchu. vaari pradhana janabha kendraala sameeksha ledhaa marinta samuchitamgaa, pradhana gramalu ledhaa pedda nagaraala sameeksha nundi idhi uttamamgaa pondabadutundi. oka ummadi saamskrutika vyakteekarananu panchukunnappatiki, eee pradhana gramalalo prati okkati aavirbhavam, perugudala mariyu chivariki parityaagam yokka pratyaekamaina charitranu kaligi undhi. puraavastu anveshana yokka roopurekhalatho sahaa, hohocom pradhana praantam anie pilavabade atipedda mariyu atyanta mukhyamaina charitrapurva gramalu, pattanaalu mariyu nagaraala sankshipta vivaranalu krinda ivvabaddaayi.
snack town.
snacketown anedi praacheena puurva classic kaalapu sthaavaram mariyu hohocom samskruti praantam yokka pradhana bhaagamlo kendrikrutamai unna pramukha samajam. nedu, snacketown 21 october 1972naa congress adhikaram pondina arizonaloni santon sameepamlo unna hohocom pima jaateeya smaaraka chihnamlo undhi. undhi mariyu mallee mallee nirvahinchina tavvakaalalo eee pradaesamloe cree. puu. 300 nundi cree. puu. 1050 varaku nivaasitulu nivasinchinatlu velladaindi. 11va sataabdam praarambhamlo daani ettulo, snacketown hohocom samskruti mariyu vilakshanhamaina hohocom buff ware utpatti rendintikee kendramgaa undedi. emil hourie nirvahinchina chivari tavvakaala taruvaata, eee pradaesam puurtigaa bhoomitho tirigi pondabadindi, bhoomi paina aemee kanipinchaledu.
mottammeeda, snack town rendu baall kortulu, aneka chettha dibbalu, oka chinna utsava dibba, oka pedda central plaza, aneka pedda community illu mariyu vandalaadi nivaasa pithhouselu kaligi undhi mariyu kaneesam aneka vaela mandiki nilayamgaa undavacchu. snacketown vidichipettina taruvaata, saadhaarana parisaraallo aneka chinna sthaavaraalu sthaapinchabaddaayi mariyu cree. sha. 14va sataabdam prarambham varaku aakraminchabadi konasagayi. hohokam pima jaateeya smaaraka chihnam bharatiya samajam (grick) bhoomi meeda undhi mariyu girijana yajamanyamlo undhi. idhi daadaapu (6.9 chadarapu kii. mea) vistarinchi undhi. eee atyanta sunnitamaina charitrapurva pradaesaanni prajalaku teravakudadani grick nirnayinchindi.
grave-casa grande.
mottammeeda, grater grave-casa grande sait madhya gilaa nadhi loyalo unna atipedda hohocom samaajaaniki praatinidhyam vahistundi. rendu praadhamika kaaluvala (uttaraana, kenal casa grande mariyu dakshina kenal coolidge) madhya unna eee samajam kalakramena aneka ververu puraavastu pradaesaalugaa namodu cheyabadindi. veetilo casa grande, grave, vaahki inn graamam mariyu horwat pradaesaalu unnaayi. puurva classic mariyu classic kalalalo aakraminchabadina eee pradaesaalaloo prati okkati rendu nundi 20 pedda nivaasa praantaalatoo koodi undedi. mottammeeda, grater grave-casa grande puraavastu pradaesam rashtra maargam 87 loe kendrikrutamai undhi mariyu aadhunika nagaramaina coolidge, arizonaku ventane uttaraana undhi.
chaalaa mandhi pariseelakulu casa grande sidhilaala jaateeya smaaraka chihnam madhyalo kanipinche naalugu antastula goppa inti vaipu aakarshitulavutaaru. coet prajalu kanipinchadaaniki mundu, eee bhaarii nirmaanaanni siyal tiu-utak shivan (manhi nayakudu) ledhaa "pradhana manhi" anie piluvabade oka mukhyamaina adhipati nirminchaadani akimel odhaam moukhika sampradaayam namodu chesindi. puraatana hohokam bhaashalo, coolidgeku uttaraana dorikina goppa illu mariyu sambandhita charitrapurva sidhilaalanu samishtiga "shivan vaahki" anie pilustaaru, dheeni ardham aksharala "padubadina illu" ledhaa "raaju/adhipati graamam" anie ardham. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo fraank russell namodu chesinatlugaa, aneka odhaam moukhika sampradaayaalu suvuki odhaam ledhaa "raabandu prajalu" padagottadaaniki mundu, siyal tiu-utak casa grande samaajamlo mukhyamaina nayakudu anie perkonnaayi. eusebio francesco chainees (tandri kino) kino) madhya gilaa nadhi loyaku vacchi, appatike shidhilaavasthalo unna, padubadina eee goppa smaaraka gruhanni kanugonnadu. daani paristhiti unnappatikee, taruvaata jesuit missionarylu mariyu athanu 17va sataabdam chivari nundi 18va sataabdam madhya saamuhikamgaa nirvahinchadaaniki goppa gruhanni upayoginchaaru.
adolph bandelier bandelier casa grande sait yokka central locus ledhaa compound eah vadda classic period architecture yokka modati vivaranaatmaka puraavastu pataalu mariyu vivaranalalo okadaanni andinchaadu. jesse walter phoonkes mariyu cosmos mindelef eee praantam gurinchi marinta vivaranalu icchaaru. 1906 mariyu 1912 madhya, konni pradaesaalu eee pradaesamloe tavvakaalu mariyu sthireekarananu nirvahinchaayi. nirvahinchaayi, harrold gladwin grave mariyu casa grande saitlalo aneka chettha dibbala stareekruta pareekshalanu tavvaaru. smaaraka chihnaniki prastuta pravesha dwaaraaniki sameepamlo, rashtra maargam maargam thoorpuna, casa grande sait yokka anchuna unna adob-godala sammelanam ayina sakatan 9:6 (jipi) yokka bhaagaalanu kooda ayana nirvachinchi, tavvaaru. orther woodward mariyu irvin haydon aadhvaryamlo vaan bergen-laas angels museum yaatra dwara 1930 mariyu 1931 madhya saapekshamgaa pedda ettuna tavvakaalu jarigaayi. eee project grave sait vadda oka parshil meeda kendrikrutamai undhi, mariyu casa grande jaateeya smaaraka chihnam yokka eshaanya muulaloe unna compound eff. mottammeeda, 172 samadhulu mariyu lakshalaadi kalakhandalu, sumaru 60 pithouselu, aneka guntalu, 27 adob pitroomlu mariyu oka baall kortnu eee project samayamlo tavvaaru ledhaa pareekshinchaaru.
1933 mariyu mariyu russell hustings aadesinchina poura nirmaanaala paripalana dwara smaaraka chihnam yokka aagneya muulaloe adanapu tavvakaalu jarigaayi. 15 pithouselu, moodu guntalu, 32 samadhulu mariyu naalugu chettha dibbala bhagala tavvakam smaaraka chihnam cover chesina praantamloo gananeeyamgaa pedda puurva classic mariyu prarambha classic kaala bhagala unikini pradarsinchindi. ayinappatikee, ippativaraku atipedda mariyu atyanta samagramaina puraavastu prayatnam northland research ink dwara nirvahinchabadindi.1995 nundi 1997 varaku, 87 mariyu 287 rashtra maargaalaku samaantaramgaa unna casa grande, grave mariyu horwat saitlaloni bhagalalo oka parshil meeda. eee prajectunu douglus craigg darsakatvam vahinchindi, dheeni phalitamgaa 247 pithhouselu, 24 pitroomlu, 866 guntalu, 11 kaaluva amarikalu, baall court mariyu naalugu adob-godala sammelanaala bhagalu, alaage 158 samadhulu mariyu 400,000 kalakhandala recovery jarigindi.
eee prajectula phalitaala aadhaaramgaa, grater grave-casa grande sait charitranu kaneesam kontha khachitatvamto punarnirminchavachhu. eee mukhyamaina graamam yokka puttuka saapekshamgaa chinna, vruttaakaara plaajaala shreni chuttoo erpaatu cheyabadina aneka pithhousela samuuhaalatoe mudipadi unnatlu telustondi. ivi aarava sataabdam CE nativiga kanipistaayi, ivi coolidge kaaluva vyavastha yokka vaalu venta mariyu ventane paiki unnaayi. cree. sha. enimidava sataabdam natiki, chellacheduruga unna eee kugramam dakshinaana daadaapu oka kilometre vistarinchi, poojaarulu mariyu adhipatula kosam puurti sthaayi vesavi nivasamga abhivruddhi chendindi. eee samayamlo, eee sthaavaram chinna bahiranga praamganaala chuttoo samuuhamgaa dattamgaa nindina inca vivikta pithhousela samuuhaalanu kaligi undhi. eee nirmaanaalu oka pedda kendra plazanu varninchaayi. plazaku prakkane madhya taraha baall court undedi, mottam meeda, eee graamam aneka chinna bayati sthaavaraalatho anubandhamgaa undedi.
10va sataabdamloo, pradhana sthaavaraaniki paschimaana kaneesam rendu pedda dviteeya gramalu mariyu sumaru dozenu kotta gramalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. snacketown vidichipetti, puurva classic nundi classic kaalaalaku maaradamtho, grater grave-casa grande community atipedda mariyu atyanta mukhyamaina hohocom janabha kendraalalo okatigaa maarindi. daani ettulo, grave-casa grande graamam sumaru 100 chettha dibbalu, aneka vandala nivaasa pithouselu mariyu naalugu ledhaa aidu baall kortulanu penchindi. madhya gilaa nadhi vembadi daani parimaanam, sanklishtata mariyu praamukhyatatoo sambandham lekunda, eee sthaavaram hohocom samskrutiki sambandhinchinadigaa, snacketown anubhavinche hodaanu ennadoo pondaledani anipinchindi. eee sthaavaram yokka paschima bhaagam peragadamtho, thoorpu bhaagamlo pedda bhagalu ksheeninchi, vidichipettabaddayi. cree. sha. 1300 natiki, eee graamamlo sumaru 19 adob-godala nivaasa samudaayaalu, aneka pitroom samuuhaalu, oka platfam dibba, oka goppa illu mariyu aneka chettha dibbalu undevi. prastutam casa grande shidhilaavasthalo unna graamamlo chaalaa bhaagam unnanduna, 14va sataabdam madhyakaalam taruvaata, idhi vaegamgaa ksheeninchadam praarambhinchindi. sumaru cree. sha. 1400 ledhaa 1450 loe, polvoran dasaku sambandhinchina takkuva sthaayi vrutti minaha mottam sthaavaram vidichipettabadindi.
nedu, grave-casa grande pradaesamloe daadaapu 60 saatam vyavasaya mariyu vaanijya abhivruddhi kaaranamgaa naasanam cheyabadindi, tavvakaalu jarigaayi ledhaa pattini pandinchadaaniki upayoginche polaala kinda saapekshamgaa chekkuchedarakunda undhi. undhi desham yokka mottamodati puraavastu nilvagaa sthaapinchabadina, sthaapinchabadina jaateeya smaaraka chihnamgaa prakatinchabadina casa grande sidhilaala jaateeya smaaraka chihnamlo eee okappudu bhaarii sthaavaramlo 40 saatam kanugonavacchu. sandarsakulu vivaranaatmaka kendraanni aasvaadinchavachchu, oka sthiramaina shidhilaala madhya nadavavacchu mariyu 1932 nundi muulakaala nundi pratyaekamaina aadhunikamgaa kanipinche paikappu dwara rakshinchabadina goppa intini nisitamgaa chudavachu.
pueblo grand.
central phoenix sameepamloni pueblo grande museum archaeological paarkulo samrakshinchabadina sidhilaalu mariyu kalakhandala pradarsanalu unnaayi. prakkane unna loya metro light-railu nirmaanam track venta puraavastu anveshanalu namodu cheyabaddaayi.
goppaga.
arizonaloni mesalo unna messa grande sidhilaalu cree. sha. 200 nundi 1450 varaku puurva classic mariyu classic kalalalo aakraminchina maroka pedda hohocom gramanni suuchistaayi. eee sthaavaram chaalaa mukhyamainadigaa kanipinchinappatikii, nairuti puraavastu brundam (swat) nirvahinchina mapping mariyu sthireekarana prajectulu kakunda dheeniki chaalaa takkuva puraavastu pani undhi. messa grande shidhilaala vadda swat yokka anivaarya swachchanda seva 1990la madhyalo praarambhamaindi mariyu netikee konasagutondi.
puurva classic chivari mariyu prarambha classic kalalalo daani sikharagra samayamlo, eee sthaavaram 20 vivikta nivaasa praantaalanu kaligi undi, aneka vandala ekaraalanu kaligi undavacchu. nedu, bhaarii pattana abhivruddhi kaaranamgaa, graamam yokka uparitala avasheshaalu paatha mesa aasupatriki paschimaana unna 6.4-acre paarsilgaa tagginchabaddaayi. eee sthalamlo pedda adob sammelanam sidhilaalu mariyu tommidi meterla etthu, saapekshamgaa chekkuchedarakunda, platfam dibba unnaayi. grater phoenix metro praantamloo migili unna chivari moodu hohocom platfam dibbalalo idhi okati matrame. eee parshil 1980la madhyalo praja yaajamaanyamloki badilee cheyabadindi, anduvalla praamganam mariyu dibba naasanam kaaledu mariyu prati samvatsaram october-mae nela terichi unde pariveshtita pradaesamloe puurti sandarsakula kendram undhi.
laas kolinas mariyu laas harnos.
aadhunika tempe nagaramlo unna arizona, laas harnos yokka hohocom sthaavaram (spanish "laas harnos" nundi, antey 'ovens') praarambhamlo praarambhamlo fraank kushing dwara parisoedhimchabadimdi. pattana vistaranatoe, 1970luu, 1980la chivaralo mariyu 1990la antataa adanapu tavvakaalu nirvahinchabaddaayi. eee samagra puraavastu prajectula phalitaalu, snack town mariyu pueblo grande maadirigaane, oka pedda puurva-shaastreeya mariyu praacheena-kaala graamam rendintinee, kontha chinna sthaayilo, namodu chesaayi. laas harnos cree. sha. 400 loe praarambhamainatlu telustondi, sait yokka paschima anchuna, poojaari daaktarku paschimaana mariyu maaku dakshinaana unna deerghachaturasraakaara pithhousela chinna samuuhamgaa.
kalakramena, laas harnos sthaavaram thoorpu mariyu aagneya praantaalaku pedda dviteeya kaaluvala shreni venta vistarinchindi. snacketown yokka atyunnata sthaayiki samakaaleenamaina saakatan dasalo puurva classic vrutti yokka ettulo, eee sthaavaramlo oka pedda baall court, oka pedda central plaza, aneka adhikaarika dahana samadhulu, aneka chettha dibbalu mariyu aneka vandala nivaasa pithouselu undevi. maaku 60 kii dakshinaana mariyu poojaari doctor kuu thoorpuna unna praantamloo 50 puurva classic kaalapu pithhousela vivaranaatmaka tavvakam, nivaasa nirmaanam mariyu antargata sthalam yokka kriyaatmaka viniyogaaniki sambandhinchi amoolyamaina samacharanni andinchindi. puraavastu consulting services limited kuu sambandhinchina adanapu samacharam. laas harnos vadda puurva classic vrutti yokka tavvakam eee krindi pradaesamloe chudavachu.
cree. sha. 11va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 12va sataabdam praarambhamlo janabha nashtam mariyu samaja punarvyavastheekarana swalpakaalam taruvaata, laas harnos classic kaalamlo thoorpu mariyu dakshina praantaalaku maaradam konasaaginchindi. eee pedda graamam kontavaraku kolukunnatlu kanipistundi, soho chivarilo ledhaa sivano dasala praarambhamlo, cree. sha. 1277 nundi 1325 varaku, mallee mallee oka mukhyamaina sthaavaramgaa maarindi. eee samayamlo, laas harnos, ippudu maaku 60 kii dakshinaana mariyu baseline rodku uttaraana unna hardy doctorpy kendrikrutamai undhi, indulo sumaru 15 nivaasa praamganaalu, oka pedda central plaza, anubandha sammelanamtho kuudina pedda deerghachaturasraakaara platfam dibba, aneka pedda chettha dibbalu mariyu aneka aruvu guntalu mariyu inhumation mariyu dahana samadhulu unnaayi.
cree. sha. 14va sataabdam madhyakaalaaniki mundu, aagneyamlo aneka mailla dhooramlo unna laas muertos perugudalato, laas harnos samajam vaegamgaa ksheeninchinatlu kanipistundi. parimaanam mariyu praamukhyata baga tagginappatikee, cree. sha. 1400 mariyu 1450 madhya samarthavantamgaa vidichipettabade varaku nagaram aakraminchabadi konasaagindi, alaage diguva uppu nadhi pareevaahaka praantam kooda. nedu, aadhunika ravana, nivaasa mariyu vaanijya abhivruddhi kaaranamgaa laas harnos graamamlo ekkuva bhaagam naasanam cheyabadindi ledhaa tavvakaalu jarigaayi. okappudu mukhyamaina eee hohocom nagaram yokka uparitala avasheshaalu paatha gwadalupe graama smasaanavaatikalo dorikina aneka takkuva chettha dibbala avasheshaalu.
puraavastu pradaesaalu.
hohocom pima jaateeya smaaraka chihnam minaha eee krindi hohocom puraavastu pradaesaalu mariyu museumlu prajalaku terichi unnaayi.

