myoon tomography

myoon tomography ledhaa mugraphy anedi myoonla coolumb scotteringlo unna samacharanni upayoginchi valuemla yokka rendu ledhaa trimiteeya chitraalanu roopondinchadaaniki cosmic rae myoonlanu upayoginche oka saanketikata. ex-raela kante muans chaalaa lothugaa chochukupotayi kabatti, siti scanning vanti ex-rae aadhaarita tomography kante chaalaa mandapati padaartham dwara muans tomographyni chithrinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. bhoomi yokka uparitalampai unna muyan pravaham sekanuku maanava chethi parimaanam unna praantam gundaa oke muyan velutundi.
velutundi abhivruddhi chendinappati nundi, myoon tomography aneka roopaalanu teesukundi, veetilo atyanta mukhyamainavi myoon transmission radiography mariyu myoon scottering tomography.
cherukoleni antargata nirmaanam yokka saandratanu nirnayinchadaaniki lakshya parimaanam gundaa vellae myoonla sankhyanu track cheyadam dwara mugraphy myoonlanu upayogistundi. mugraphy anedi suutrapraayamgaa radiography (ex-raelatoe imaging) maadirigaane unde saanketikata, conny chaalaa pedda vastuvulanu survey cheyagala saamarthyam kaligi untundi. adhika saandrata kaligina padaartham kante takkuva saandrata kaligina padaarthamloo muans sankarshana chendhe, aagipoye mariyu ksheeninche avakaasam takkuvagaa unnanduna, adhika saandrata kaligina praantaalatoo poliste ekkuva sankhyalo muans lakshya vastuvula takkuva saandrata gala praantaala gundaa prayaanistaayi. parikaraalu prati sanghatana yokka pathaanni record chesi, oka mugramnu utpatti chestaayi, idhi aneka kilometres mandam varaku vastuvula gundaa vellina tarvaata prasaram cheyabadina myoonla phalita sankhyala maatrukanu pradarsistundi. saandrata paramgaa chithreekarinchabadina vastuvu yokka antargata nirmaanam, mugramlanu mugraphic chitraalugaa marchadam dwara pradarsinchabadutundi.
muon tomography imagerlu vyaapti chendani prayojanaala kosam rahadari ravana vahanalu mariyu cargo containerlalo anhu padaarthaanni gurtinche prayojanaala kosam abhivruddhilo unnaayi.
carbon sequestration kosam upayoginche sambhaavya bhoogarbha pradaesaalanu paryaveekshinchadaaniki myoon tomographyni upayoginchadam maroka anuvartanam.
vyutpatti mariyu upayogam.
myoon tomography" anae padam "tomography" anae padam meeda aadharapadi undhi, idhi puraatana greeku "tomos" "cutt" mariyu "" graph "" draayingnu kalapadam dwara utpatti cheyabadina padam "."eee saanketikata saampradaaya radiographytho chithreekarinchaleni pedda-sthaayi vastuvula cross-sectional chitraalanu (projection chitraalu kaadu) utpatti chestundi. kontamandi rachayitalu eee vidhananni mugraphy yokka upasamitigaa chuustaaru.
"mugraphy" kii hiroyuki keey paeru pettaru. emm. tanaka. mugraphy" anae padaaniki rendu vivaranalu unnaih (eah) praathamika kanamaina myoon mariyu greeku γραφ ε (graph) "droying" kalayika, kalisi "myoonlatho droying" anae ardhaanni suuchistumdi; mariyu (bii) "myoon" mariyu "radiography" yokka sankshipta kalayika."eee paddhatulu sambandham kaligi unnappatikee, radiography meterla scalepy vastuvula lopali bhaganni chithrinchadaaniki ex-raelanu upayogistundi, ayithe mugraphy hectorla nundi kilometres scalepy vastuvula lopali bhaganni chithrinchadaaniki muyan lanu upayogistundi.
mugraphy aavishkarana.
puurvagaami saanketikatalu.
carle david anderson mariyu seth nedermeyer nedermeyer cosmic kiranaala nundi muans utpatti cheyabadatayani kanugonna iravai samvatsaraala taruvaata, australian bhouthika shaastravetta ii.pii. georg, gattegaa-munyang sorangam (manchu parvataala jalavidyut pathakamlo bhaagam) yokka raathi bhaaram yokka areal saandratanu cosmic rae myoonlatho kolavadaniki mottamodati prayatnam chesaadu. athanu geiger counternu upayoginchaadu. detector paina unchina rock overbirden yokka areal saandratanu kolavadamlo athanu vijayam saadhinchinappatikii, mariyu pradhana namuunaala nundi phalitaanni vijayavantamgaa saripolchinappatiki, geiger counterlo disaatmaka sunnitatvam lekapovadam valla, imaging asadhyam.
asadhyam oka prasiddha prayogamlo, luis alvarez gijaaloni chefren pyramidlo daachina gadula kosam vetakadaaniki myoon transmission imagingnu upayoginchaadu, ayithe aaa samayamlo edhee kanugonabadaledu; taruvaata chesina prayatnam goppa pyramidlo gatamlo teliyani shoonyatanu kanugondi. anni sandarbhaallo muans shoshana gurinchi samacharanni cosmic rae kanaalu daatina padaartham yokka mandam yokka kolatagaa upayoginchaaru.
modati mugram.
modati mugramnu mugramnu american bhouthika shaastravetta luis walter alvarez netrutvamloni brundam utpatti chesindi, athanu nirmaanamloo daachina gadula kosam vetakadaaniki khafrey pyramid yokka beljoni gadilo gurtinche parikaranni erpaatu chesaadu. pyramid gundaa vellina taruvaata athanu myoonla sankhyanu namodu chesaadu. eee kanaala tracking saanketikata yokka aavishkaranatoe, athanu muyan yokka vachhe koonaala vidhiga mugramnu utpatti chese paddhatulanu roopondinchaadu. utpatti cheyabadina mugramnu computer anukaranala phalitaalato poolchaaru, mariyu aneka nelala paatu upakaranam piramidku guraina tarvaata chefren pyramidlo daachina gadulu levani ayana nirdhaarinchaaru.
film mugraphy.
tanaka mariyu niva maargadarsaka rachanalu anhu emulsionnu upayoginche film mugraphyni srushtinchaayi. anhu emulsionla bahirgatam agniparvatam disalo teesukobadindi, aapai kottagaa kanugonna scanning microscopeto vislaeshimchabadimdi, kana maargaalanu marinta samarthavantamgaa gurtinche uddesyamto custom nirminchabadindi. film mugraphy mugraphy kriyaaseela agniparvatam yokka modati antargata imagingnu pondadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi, idhi asama agniparvatam yokka magma maargam yokka nirmaanaanni velladistundi.
real time mugraphy.
chendanidi, alvarez samuuham vaari pyramid prayogam kosam digital reed avt thoo spark chaambarlanu upayoginchindi. upakaranam nundi tracking dayta beljoni chhambarloni ayaskanta teppai undhi, taruvaata daetaanu ibm 1130 computer dwara vislaeshimchaaru, taruvaata varusaga ine shams vishwavidyaalayam mariyu laurence radiation prayogasaalalo unna sidisi 6600 computer dwara vislaeshimchaaru. khachitamgaa cheppalante ivi nija samaya kolatalu kaavu.
nija-samaya mugraphyki muyan yokka gathi saktini aneka electronluga maarchadaaniki muyan sensorlu avasaram, muyan sanghatanalanu chalana chitrampai rasayana marpuluga kakunda electronic detaga proses cheyadaaniki. electronic tracking daetaanu taginanta computer praasesartho daadaapu takshaname proses cheyavachu; dheeniki viruddhamgaa, myoon tracklanu gamaninchadaaniki mundu film mugraphy daetaanu abhivruddhi cheyali. myoon pathaala yokka nija-samaya tracking nija-samaya mugramlanu utpatti chestundi, idhi film mugraphytho pondadam kashtam ledhaa asadhyam.
adhika resolution mugraphy.
micromegas detector 0.3 mimi positioning resolution kaligi untundi, idhi skintlator aadhaarita upakaranam (10 mimi) kante ekkuva parimaanam kaligi untundi, tadwara mugramla kosam merugaina koneeya resolutionnu srushtinche saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi.
applications.
bhoogarbha shaastram.
agniparvata visphotanaalanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki magma gadula chitraalanu roopondinchadaaniki muyan lanu upayoginchaaru. kanetada nagamine "mariyu itarulu."cosmic rae attenuation radiography dwara agniparvata visphotanaala anchanaapai kriyaaseela parisoedhananu konasaginchandi. minato oka pedda aalaya dwaranni radiograph cheyadaaniki cosmic rae kountlanu upayoginchindi. emil frez "mariyu itarulu."naanhyata niyantrana prayojanaala kosam seesiyam iodide sphatikaala dwara cosmic kiranaala muans marganni track cheyadaaniki tomographic paddhatulanu upayogistunnatlu nivedinchabadindi. eee adhyayanaalannii migilina vaati kante takkuva saandrata kaligina chithrinchina padaarthamloo kontha bhaganni kanugonadam meeda aadharapadi unnaayi, idhi kuharanni suuchistumdi. eee rakamaina samacharanni pondadaaniki myoon transmission imaging atyanta anukuulamaina paddhati.
paddhati, geovanni leone mariyu athani brundam agniparvata visphotana tarachudanam anedi churukaina agniparvatamlo sameepa uparitala vaahika dwara kadile agniparvata padaartham mottaaniki sambandhinchinadani velladinchaayi.
vesuvius.
myuu-rae project mugraphyni upayoginchi vesuvius chitraanni roopondistondi, idhi 79 AD visphotanaaniki prasiddhi chendindi, idhi pompey mariyu herculaniumtho sahaa sthaanika sthaavaraalanu naasanam chesindi. myuu-rae prajectuku istituto nazionale dii fisica nuclear (infan, italian national institute pharr nuclear physics) mariyu istituto nazionale dii geophysica ii vulconologia (italian national institute pharr geophysics und evalconology) nidhulu samakuurustaayi. chivari sariga eee agniparvatam agniparvatam visphotanam chendindi. italii, france, america mariyu japaanlooni saastravettalu abhivruddhi chestunna agniparvatam lopala "chudatam" eee project lakshyam. agniparvataalu eppudu visphotanam chendutayo baga ardham chesukovadaniki eee saanketikatanu prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna agniparvataalaku vartimpajeyavachu.
inca.
etna agniparvatam yokka magma maargaala antargata chitraalanu roopondinchadaaniki austry austry project mugraphyni upayogistondi. 1669 chivari pedda visphotanam vistrutamaina nashtanni mariyu sumaru 20,000 mandhi maranaanni kaliginchindi. magma pravahalanu mugraphytho paryaveekshinchadam anedi bhavishyat visphotanaala nundi lava yea dhisha nundi vidudala avtundo anchanaa vaeyadaaniki sahaayapadavachhu.
augustu 2017 nundi october 2019 varaku, antargata agniparvata karyakalapalanu soochinche saandrata sthaayilalo vyatyaasaalanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki etna bhavanam yokka time sequential mugraphy imaging nirvahinchabadindi. eee parisoedhana yokka konni phalitaalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih bilam naela kuulipoevadaaniki mundu kuharam erpadatam yokka imaging, bhoogarbha fracture gurtimpu mariyu 2019 loe kotta vent erpadatam yokka imaging, idhi churukuga maarindi mariyu taruvaata visphotanam chendindi.
stromboli.
upakaranaalu stromboli agniparvatam sameepamlo daetaanu sekarinchadaaniki anhu emulsionlanu upayogistaayi. emulsion tracking upakaranam (opera prayogam) thoo ausilation project samayamlo abhivruddhi chendina emulsion scanning merugudalalu film mugraphyki daariteesaayi. itara mugraphy kana trackerla maadirigaa kakunda, anhu emulsion vidyut lekunda adhika koneeya spashtatanu pondagaladu. emulsion aadhaarita tracker december 2011 nundi stromboli vadda daetaanu sekaristondi.
sekaristondi 5 nelala kaalamlo, stromboli agniparvatam vadda anhu emulsion mugraphyni upayoginchi oka prayogam jarigindi.  emulsion sinimaalu italeelo tayaaru cheyabaddaayi mariyu italii mariyu japaanlalo vislaeshimchabaddaayi.    eee chitraalu agniparvatam sikharaagramlo takkuva saandrata kaligina praantaanni velladinchaayi, idhi "skiara dell fuco" vaalu (aneka kondachariyalu virigipadataaniki muulam) yokka sthirathvaanni prabhaavitam chestundani bhaavistunnaaru.
neekosam.
2010 nundi, fraanslooni nidraanamaina agniparvatam, puyy dii dome vadda mugraphic imaging survey nirvahinchabadindi. idhi agniparvatam yokka dakshina mariyu thoorpu vaipula neerugaa unna prastuta moosivesina bhavana nirmaanaalanu parikaraala pareeksha mariyu prayogaala kosam upayogistondi. praathamika mugraphlu gurutvakarshana imagingto dhruveekarinchabadina puyy dii dome paina gatamlo teliyani saandrata lakshanaalanu velladinchaayi.
french mariyu italian parisoedhanaa samuuhaalu 2013-2014 loe ummadi kolatanu nirvahinchaayi, eee samayamlo merugaina detector designla kosam vividha vyuuhaalu pareekshinchabaddaayi, mukhyamgaa nepathya sabdaanni tagginche vaati saamarthyaalu.
bhoogarbha neeti paryaveekshanha.
pradhana varshapaata sanghatanalaku pratispandanagaa bhoogarbhajalaaniki mugraphy mariyu kondachariyalu virigipadatam praantamloo raathi kosam santrupta sthaayi paryaveekshanhanu vartimpajesaaru. kolata phalitaalanu borehole bhoogarbhajala sthaayi kolatalu mariyu raathi nirodhakathatho poolchaaru.
himaaneenadaalu.
madhya european alps loe unna alech himaninadam yokka paie bhaganni survey cheyadam dwara himaninadam adhyayanalaku mugraphy yokka vartimpajeyadam modata pradarsinchabadindi. 
praarambhinchindi, japan/swiss sahakaram switzerlandloni jungfra praantamlooni nitaruga unna alpine vaataavaranamloo kriyaaseela himaaneenadaala krinda raathi jyaamitini nirnayinchadaaniki eegar himaninadam aadhaaramgaa pedda ettuna mugraphy imaging prayogaanni nirvahinchindi. 5-6 double side coated emulsion filmlu lakshyita himaninadam kinda unna railway sorangam yokka 3 praantaalalo shielding kosam steinless steel plaetlatoe framelalo erpaatu cheyabaddaayi.  emulsion chitraala nirmaanam switzerlandlo jarigindi mariyu vislaeshanha japaanlo jarigindi.
antarleena raathi kotha mariyu himaninadam mariyu raathi madhya daani sarihaddunu modatisaarigaa vijayavantamgaa chithreekarinchavachhu.  eee paddati raathi kotha yokka upa-himanadeeya vidhanalapai mukhyamaina samacharanni andinchindi.
maining.
triumph mariyu daani spin-off company ideon technologylu parisrama-praamaanika borholsto saadhyamayye euranium deposit saitla sarvela kosam pratyaekamgaa roopondinchina mugraphnu abhivruddhi chesaayi. 
sivil injaneering.
aanakattalu vanti pedda sivil injaneering nirmaanaala lopali bhaganni mariyu vaati parisaraalanu bhadrata mariyu pramaada nivaarana prayojanaala kosam mapp cheyadaaniki mugraphy upayoginchabadindi. yukelo alfreton paatha sorangam sorangam nirminchabadindi) paina unna daachina nirmaana shaftla gurtimpuku mugraphy imaging vartinchabadindi.
anhu reactorlu.
fukushima anhu vipattu valla debbatinna anhu reactorla paristhitulanu parisoedhinchadaaniki mugraphyni vartimpajesaaru, mariyu daani daadaapu-puurti karigipoyina sthithini nirdhaarinchadaaniki sahaayapadindi.
anhu vyardhaala imaging.
hanikaram kaani anhu vyardhaala lakshanaala kosam mariyu podi nilva containerla lopala kharchu chesina indhanam yokka anhu padaartha ganana kosam tomographic paddhatulu prabhaavavantamgaa untaayi. cosmic muans anhu vyardhaalu mariyu podi nilva containerla (dsc) paie dayta yokka khachitatvanni meruguparustaayi. dsc yokka imaging anhu padaartha ganana kosam iaa gurtinche lakshyanni minchipoyindi. kenadaalo, kharchu chesina anhu indhanam taginanta rediyodhaarmika sheetaleekaranaku veelugaa naamamaatrapu 10 samvatsaraala kaalaaniki pedda kolanulalo (indhana bay ledhaa tadi nilva) nilva cheyabadutundi.
anhu vyardhaala lakshanaala kosam savaallu mariyu samasyalu chaalaa podavugaa cover cheyabaddaayi, krinda sangrahinchabaddayih
eee samasyalannintiki lekkimpu chaalaa samayam mariyu krushini teesukuntundi. vyardhaala lakshanaalanu, radiation cooling mariyu vyardhaala container yokka paristhitini anchanaa vaeyadaaniki myoon tomography upayogapadutundi.
laas alamos concreat reactor.
2011 vesavilo, laas alamos vadda myoon minee tracker (mmt) upayoginchi reactor mokup chithreekarinchabadindi. mmtlo sealed drift tubelatho tayaaru chesina rendu muyan trackerlu untaayi. pradarsanalo, concreetu mariyu seesam yokka bhouthika amarika gundaa vellae cosmic-rae muans; reactor maadirigaane padaarthaalu kolustaaru. mackup loe concreat shielding blackla yokka rendu poralu mariyu madhyalo oka lead assembly unnaayi; oka tracker ettulo vyavasthaapinchabadindi mariyu maroka tracker maroka vaipu naela sthaayilo vyavasthaapinchabadindi. moodu mailla dveepa reactor yokka karigina core aakaaramlo sankuvu shoonyathatho kuudina seesam concreat godala dwara chithreekarinchabadindi. myoon sanghatanalanu sekarinchadaaniki moodu vaaralu pattindi. vislaeshanha sameepa vidhana binduvu aadhaaramgaa cheyabadindi, ikkada track jatalanu lakshyam yokka madhya-samatalaaniki anchanaa veyabadindi mariyu chellacheduruga unna konam koodali vadda roopondinchabadindi. pratipaadita fukushima myoon tracker (fmt) kosam fukushima daichi vadda oohinchina daanikante gananeeyamgaa chinnadi ayinappatikee, eee pareeksha vastuvu vijayavantamgaa chithreekarinchabadindi.
fukushima application.
marchi 11,2011naa, sunami taruvaata vacchina oka 9.0-magnitude bhookampam, fukushima daichi vidyut karmagaramlo konasagutunna anhu sankshobhaaniki kaaranamaindi. reactorlu sthireekarinchabadinappatiki, puurti moosivetaku reactorlaku nashtam entha varaku mariyu ekkada jarigindane daani gurinchi ghnaanam avasaram. japan prabhutvam 2011 decemberlo colled shutt down prakatinchindi, mariyu anhu subhraparachadam mariyu upasamharana yokka kotta dasha praarambhinchabadindi. ayithe, korlaku entha nashtam jarigindane vaastavika anchanaa mariyu karigina indhanam yokka sthaanam gurinchi ghnaanam lekunda reactorlanu kuulchivaeyadaaniki pranaalika veyadam kashtam.
reactor core lopali bhaagamlo radiation sthaayilu ippatikee chaalaa ekkuvagaa unnanduna, nashtanni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki evarainaa lopaliki vellae avakaasam ledhu. surakshita dhooram nundi nashtam yokka paridhini chuudataaniki fukushima daichi tracker (efditi) pratipaadinchabadindi. myoon tomographytho konni nelala kolatalu reactor core pampineeni chuuputaayi. daani nundi, reactor tolagimpu kosam oka pranaalikanu roopondinchavacchu; tadwara project yokka samayanni chaalaa samvatsaraalu tagginchavachhu.
augustu augustu, nirnayam sains international corporationku nirnayam sains yokka muyan tracking detectorla vaadakamtho fukushima daichi anhu samudaayam yokka punaruddharanaku maddatu ivvadaaniki shiba corporation (toshiba) kuu oppandam labhinchindi.
reactor tanikheelo paarisraamika mugraphy oka anuvartanaanni kanugondi. 2011 tohoku bhookampam mariyu sunami kaaranamgaa debbatinna fukushima daichi anhu vidyut plantlo anhu indhanaanni gurtinchadaaniki dheenini upayoginchaaru.
vyaapti chendanidi.
chendanidi santakam chesina anvastra vyaapti nirodhaka oppandam (enn. pii. tii) anvaayudhaala vyaapti nirodhamlo oka pradhana dasha. enn. pii. tii. kinda, anvaayudhaalu laeni deshaalu, itara vishayaalatoepaatu, anvaayudhaalu ledhaa itara anvaayudhaalanu kaligi undatam, tayaaru cheyadam ledhaa pondadam nishedhinchabaddaayi. anvaayudha deshaalatho sahaa santakam chesina vaarandaruu mottam anhu niraayudheekarana lakshyaaniki kattubadi unnaaru.
samagra anhu-pareeksha-nishedha oppandam (sii. tii. bii. tii) yea vaataavaranamloo ayina anni anhu paelullanu nishedhistundi. myoon tomography vanti sadhanalu anvaayudha padaartham aayudhamgaa maaradaaniki mundu daani vyaaptini aapadaniki sahaayapadataayi.
america, russia santakam chesina kotta prarambha oppandam anhu aayudhagaaraanni moodava vanthu varaku tagginchaalani lakshyamgaa pettukundi. dhruvikaranalo aneka logistical mariyu saanketikamgaa kashtamaina samasyalu untaayi. paraspara tanikheela vijayaniki warhead imaging yokka kotta paddhatulu keelaka praamukhyata kaligi untaayi.
aneka mukhyamaina kaaranaala valla oppandam dhruvikarana kosam myoon tomographyni upayoginchavacchu. idhi oka nishkriyaatmaka paddhati; idhi manavulaku surakshitamainadi mariyu warheadku krutrima radiological motaadunu vartimpajeyadu. cosmic kiranaalu gaama ledhaa ex-raela kante chaalaa ekkuva chochukupotayi. warheadlanu gananeeyamaina rakshana venuka mariyu astavyastata samakshamlo oka containerlo chithreekarinchavachhu. bahirgatam chese samayalu vastuvu mariyu detector aakruteekaranapai aadharapadi untaayi (optimize chesinatlayithe konni nimishalu). pratyeka anhu padaartham (snm) gurtimpunu vishwasaneeyamgaa dhruveekarinchavachu, mariyu vivikta snm vastuvulanu lekkinchi, sthaanikeekarinchavachchu, ayithe vastuvu roopakalpana mariyu kuurpu yokka sunnitamaina vivaraalanu bahirgatam cheyakunda vyavasthanu roopondinchavacchu.
freeportlo unna multy-mode passive detection system (emm. emm. pii. dii. ess) port scanner, bahamas kavacha anhu padaartham, alaage paeludu padaarthaalu mariyu nishedhita padaarthaalu rendintinee gurtinchagaladu. scanner oka cargo container gundaa velladaaniki taginanta peddadi, idhi minee myoon tracker yokka scale-up versionga maarutundi. idhi skaan cheyabadina daani yokka 3-dii chitraanni utpatti chestundi.
anhu aayudhaala vyaaptini nivaarinchadaaniki emm. emm. pii. dii. la vanti saadhanaalanu upayoginchavacchu. vyaapti chendani prayatnaalaku sahaayapadataaniki odarevulalo, ledhaa nagarallo, andarpaasulu ledhaa prabhutva bhavanala pravesha dwaralalo kooda vishwa kiranaala surakshitamaina conny samarthavanthamaina viniyogaanni amalu cheyavachu.
puraavastu shaastram.
eejiptu pyramidlu.
pyramidlu, alvarez prayogam jarigina 35 samvatsaraala taruvaata, eejipt, france, kenada mariyu japan nundi antarjaateeya saastravettala brundamtho kuudina skaan pyramids project, gija pyramid complexenu survey cheyadaaniki mugraphy mariyu thermography imaging paddhatulanu upayoginchadam praarambhinchindi. praarambhinchindi, eee prajectulo palgonna saastravettalu gija yokka goppa pyramid yokka goppa gallery paina "skaan pyramids bigg woyd" anae pedda kuharanni kanugonnaru. kanugonnaru, cosmic-rae myoonlanu upayoginchi khufu pyramidlo "carridar aakarapu nirmaanam" kanugonabadindi. dheeniki "skaan pyramids north faces carridar" anie paeru pettaru.
mexican pyramidlu.
prapanchamlooni 3va atipedda pyramid, puraatana nagaramaina teothihuvaakaanloni mexico nagaraniki sameepamlo unna suuryuni pyramid, mugraphytho survey cheyabadindi. pyramid lopala cherukoleni gadulu oka teotihuwakan palakudi samadhini kaligi undagalava anie kanugonadam eee brundam yokka preranalalo okati. upakaranaanni bhagaluga ravana chesi, aapai pyramid kinda neerugaa bhoogarbha gadiki daariteese chinna sorangam lopala tirigi kalapabadindi. sumaru 60 meterla vedalpu unna takkuva saandrata praantam praathamika phalitamgaa nivedinchabadindi, idhi kontamandi parisoedhakulaku pyramid nirmaanam balaheenapadi undavacchani mariyu adhi koolipoye pramaadam undani suuchimchadaaniki daariteesindi.
daariteesindi, yuu. ess. national sains foundation yuu. ess-mexico international groupuku chichen itjaaloni atipedda pyramid ell castilloni parisoedhinchadaaniki mugraphyki grant ichindi.
enty. ekia.
2 muyan detectorlu, myuu-rae mariyu mimalatho enti ekia (naples, italylo) bhoogarbha soramgaalalo trimiteeya mugraphy prayogam jarigindi, idhi 2 telisina kuharaalanu vijayavantamgaa chithreekarinchindi mariyu oka teliyani kuharanni kanugonnadi.  8va sataabdamloo praarambhamaina mottamodati naples sthaavaram bhoogarbhamlo unna chota enti echia undhi.  bhoogarbha soramgaalalo 3 ververu pradaesaala nundi kolatalanu upayoginchi, teliyani kuharam kosam upayogistundi punarnirmaanam srushtinchabadindi.  eee prayogaaniki upayoginchina paddhatini puraatana pradaesaala nirmaana samagratanu tanikhi cheyadaaniki mariyu telisina pradaesaalaloo daachina chaaritraka praantaalanu kanugonadaaniki itara puraavastu lakshyalaku vartimpajeyavachu.
chaina yokka saamraajya gadulu.
beijing saadhaarana vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chendina yuanyuan liu mariyu aame brundam chaina modati chakravarthy yokka bhoogarbha gadini chithreekarinchadaaniki mugraphy yokka saadhyatanu chuupimchaaru.
graha shaastram.
maars.
maars yokka bhoogarbha shaastram vanti grahaantara vastuvula chitraalaku mugraphyni samarthavantamgaa amalu cheyavachu. vishwa kiranaalu anekam mariyu bahya antarikshamlo sarvavyaapti chendutaayi. anduvalla, bhoomi yokka vaataavaranamloo cosmic kiranaala paraspara charya ayanlu/messon lanu utpatti chestundi mariyu taruvaata muyanluga ksheenistundi, idhi itara grahala vaataavaranamloo kooda sambhavistundani anchanaa veyabadindi. maars yokka vaataavaranam aacharanaatmaka mugraphy kosam kshitija samaantara muyan fluxnu utpatti cheyadaaniki saripotundani lekkinchabadindi, idhi bhoomi yokka muyan fluxes kuu samanam. bhavishyattulo, maars kuu bhavishyat antariksha missionloo adhika-resolution mugraphy upakaranaanni cherchadam aacharaneeyamgaa undavacchu, udaaharanaku maars rover lopala. manchu ledhaa neeti muulaalanu survey cheyadaaniki martin nirmaanaala saandrata yokka khachitamaina chitraalanu pondadam upayoginchavacchu.
chinna soura vyavastha sareeraalu.
nassa vinootna adhunaatana bhavanalu (niyak) karyakramam" ippudu chinna soura vyavastha sareeraala (ssbs) saandrata nirmaanaalanu imaging cheyadaaniki mugraphyni upayoginchavacchaa anie anchanaa vese prakriyaloo undhi. ssbs bhoomi yokka vaataavaranam kante takkuva muyan fluxnu utpatti chestaayi, konni 1 kimmy ledhaa anthakante takkuva vyaasam unna vastuvula mugraphyni anumatinchadaaniki saripothayi. eee kaaryakramamlo prati sambhaavya lakshyaaniki muyan fluxnu lekkinchadam, imaging anukaranalanu srushtinchadam mariyu atuvanti missionku tagina marinta telikapati, compact upakaranaanni nirminchadamlo injaneering savaallanu parigananaloki teesukovadam vantivi unnaayi.
hydrospheric mugraphy.
hyper-kilometres jalaantargaami deep detector (hetch. keey. emm. ess. dii. dii) nuu neeti aduguna tube nirmaanaalatoo mugraphic sensor modules yokka sarala shrenulanu kalapadam dwara sahetukamaina kharchulatho samudram kinda svayampratipattigaa mugraphic pariseelanalanu nirvahinchadaaniki oka saanketikatagaa roopondinchaaru.
samudragarbha mugraphylo, bhoomi-aadhaarita mugraphy kante lakshyamgaa unna bhaarii drava padaarthaalu mariyu munigipoyina ghana padaarthaala sariiraalatoe kuudina ledhaa lopala unde samaya-aadhaarita dravyarashi kadalikalanu marinta khachitamgaa chithreekarinchavachhu. vaataavarana peedana vaividhyaala kaaranamgaa muyan fluxes yokka samaya-aadhaarita hecchutaggulu samudrapu neeti "inverse barometric effect (ibe)" dwara samudrapu adugubhaagamlo mugraphy nirvahinchinappudu anachiveyabadataayi. tuphaanu madhyalo kanipinche ottidi vanti takkuva vaataavarana ottillu samudrapu neetini peelchukuntaayi; marovaipu, adhika vaataavarana ottillu samudrapu neetini krindiki nedataayi. anduvalla, myoon yokka barometric ottidi hecchutaggulu ekkuvagaa samudra mattaala vadda ib dwara bharti cheyabadataayi.
carbon sangraham mariyu nilva.
carbon capture mariyu storage (sisi) yokka vijayam nilva containerlalo padaarthaalanu vishwasaneeyamgaa kaligi undagalagadampai aadharapadi untundi. sisi la kosam mugraphyni paryaveekshanha saadhanamgaa upayoginchaalani pratipaadinchabadindi.  pratipaadinchabadindi, 2 nelala adhyayanam sisi mugraphy paryaveekshanha yokka saadhyaasaadhyaalaku maddatu ichindi. idhi britainlo bolby gani pradaesamloe lothaina boru randhramlo puurtayimdi.
saanketika vaividhyaalu.
myoon scottering tomography (emm. ess. tii).
myoon scottering tomographyni modata criss morris mariyu athani brundam laas alamos national laboratory (laan) loe pratipaadinchaaru. eee saanketikata lakshyam nundi vachhe mariyu bayataku velle myoonlanu track cheyadam dwara myoon yokka rutherford scottering muulaanni gurtinchagaladu.  adhika anhu sankhya padaarthaalaku radiation podavulu takkuvagaa untaayi kabatti, adhe maargam podavulaku pedda chedaragotte koonaalu aasinchabadataayi, eee saanketikata nirmaanaala lopala padaarthaala madhya vyatyaasaalanu gurtinchadaaniki marinta sunnitamgaa untundi mariyu anduvalla kaanti padaarthaala lopala daachina bhaarii lohalanu chithrinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. marovaipu, eee saanketikata bhaarii padaarthaala lopala unna shoonya nirmaanaalu ledhaa telikapati padaarthaalanu chithreekarinchadaaniki anukuulamgaa undadu.
laan mariyu daani spinoff company desition sciences anhu padaarthaalanu gurtinchadaaniki pedda truckulu mariyu itara nilva containerla lopali bhaagaalanu chithrinchadaaniki emm. ess. tii saanketikatanu vartimpajesaayi. ammakapu nilva sthalamlo anhu vyardhaala containerla drudatvaanni paryaveekshinchadaaniki emm. ess. tii. nii upayoginchina ilanti vyavasthanu glassgo vishwavidyaalayam mariyu daani spin-off company lincos saanketikatalo abhivruddhi chesaaru.
muyan scottering tomographytho, prati kanaaniki incoming mariyu avtgoing pathaalu rendoo punarnirminchabadataayi. euranium ledhaa takkuva anhu sankhya kaligina padaartham vanti adhika-jedd padaartham nepathyamlo adhika anhu sankhya kaligina padaarthaalanu kanugonadaaniki eee saanketikata upayogakaramgaa undani choopabadindi.< laas alamoselo eee saanketikata abhivruddhi chendinappati nundi, konni ververu companylu dheenini aneka prayojanaala kosam upayoginchadam praarambhinchaayi, mukhyamgaa naukaasrayaalaloki pravesinche anhu sarukunu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu sarihaddulanu daatadaaniki.
laas alamos jaateeya prayogasaala brundam portable minee myoon tracker (mmt) nuu nirminchindi. eee muyan tracker moosivesina aluminium drift tubela nundi nirminchabadindi, ivi iravai naalugu vimanaluga vargeekarinchabaddaayi. drift tubelu aneka vandala micrometers vilakshanhamaina khachitatvamto x mariyu y loe kana akshaamsaalanu kolustaayi. mmtni pyaalet jaak ledhaa fork lift dwara tharalinchavachhu. oka anhu padaartham kanugonabadithe, muppunu sarigga anchanaa vaeyadaaniki daani nirmaanam yokka vivaraalanu kolavagalagadam mukhyam.
enty bahula scottering radiographyni upayogistundi. shakti nashtam mariyu cosmic kiranaalanu aapadamtho paatu coolumb scottering jarugutundi. koneeya pampinhee anedi aneka oke chedaragotte phalitame. idhi pedda konam single mariyu bahuvachanam nundi thokalatho aakaaramlo gassian koona pampinheeki daariteestundi. chaarj cheyabadina kana kiranaalatoe radiographic samacharanni pondadaaniki scottering oka kotta paddhatini andistundi. iteevala, cosmic rae muans nundi chedaragotte samacharam matrubhumi bhadrata anuvartanaalaku radiography yokka upayogakaramaina paddhatigaa choopabadindi.
bahula chedaragottadaanni mandam periginappudu mariyu paraspara charyala sankhya ekkuvagaa marinappudu koneeya chedaragottadaanni gassianga roopondinchavacchu. bahula scottering dhruva-deerghachaturasraakaara pampinheelo aadhipatya bhaagam ekkada undhi
suutram _ 1
ikkada "θ" anedi muyan scottering konam mariyu "θ0" anedi scottering konam yokka praamaanika vichalanam, idhi sumaruga ivvabadutundi
suutram _ 2
muyan momentum mariyu vegam varusaga "p" mariyu "β", c anedi kaanti vegam, x anedi scottering medium yokka podavu, mariyu "x0" anedi padaarthaaniki radiation podavu. koneeya pampineeni vivarinchadaaniki dheenini cosmic rae momentum spectramtho anusandhaaninchaalsina avasaram undhi.
aaa chitraanni appudu appudu upayoginchi punarnirminchavachhu. eee ranlalo input mariyu avtput vektarlu, formula _ 3 inn mariyu formula _ 3 avt prati incident partical kosam untaayi.
prasaara radiographyni (attenuation paddhati) saadhaaraneekarinchadaaniki core sthaanaaniki anchanaa veyabadina sanghatana pravaham upayoginchabadindi. ikkada nundi lekkalu fluxes yokka atyunnata koonaaniki saadhaaraneekarinchabadataayi.
myoon momentum integrated tomography system.
pedda mariyu dattamaina vastuvulanu chithrinchadaaniki cosmic rae muyan lanu upayoginchadam valla vividha prayojanaalu unnappatikee, i.ii.anhu indhanam mariyu anhu reactorlu, vaati vistruta anuvartanaalu tarachugaa samudra mattam vadda sahajamgaa takkuva muyan fluxes dwara parimitam cheyabadataayi, sumaru 10,000 10,000. eee parimitini adhigaminchadaaniki, rendu mukhyamaina parimaanaalu-scottering konam, "θ" mariyu momentum, "p"-prati muyan sanghatanaku kolata samayamlo kolavali. kshetramlo cosmic rae muyan vegaanni kolavadaniki, bahula-pora peedana gyaas cherenkov radiatorlanu upayoginchi feeled cheyagala muyan spectrometer abhivruddhi cheyabadindi mariyu muyan spectrometer-tomography merugaina muyan scottering tomography teermaanaalanu chooputundi.
muyan ganana akshasambandha tomography (myuu-catt).
myuu-catt anedi upayogistundi mugraphy chitraanni roopondinchadaaniki bahula project cheyabadina mugraphic chitraalanu militam chese oka saanketikata. suutrapraayamgaa, idhi sareeram yokka trimiteeya antargata chitraalanu pondadaaniki radiology (pilli skaanlu) loe upayoginche vaidya imaging maadirigaane untundi. vaidya pilli scannerlu lakshya vastuvu chuttoo tirige ex-rae generatornu upayogistundagaa, myuu-catt lakshya vastuvu chuttoo bahula detectorlanu upayogistundi mariyu sahajamgaa sambhavinche myoonlanu probga upayogistundi. upayogistundi chitraalanu punarnirminchadaaniki myuu-catt pariseelanala nundi eee daetaaku tomographic punarnirmaana saanketikata ledhaa viloma samasya vartinchabadutundi.  
muu-catt daani uttara vaalupai pedda pyroclastic mariyu lava pravaahaaniki kaaranamaina gatha visphotanaaniki sambandhinchina kriyaaseela agniparvatam yokka bilam naela krinda virigina john yokka trimiteeya sthaanaanni velladinchindi.
cosmic rae inspection mariyu passive tomography (lipi).
cosmic rae inspection mariyu passive tomography (lipi) detector anedi kenadian muyan tomography project, idhi muyan scottering sanghatanalanu track chestundi, adhe samayamlo muyan momentamnu anchanaa vestundi. script detector podavugaa untundi mariyu daani dravyarashi untundi. detector maas loe ekkuva bhaagam myoon momentum spectrometers undhi, idhi myoon tomographyki sambandhinchi scriptku pratyaekamaina lakshanam.
kenadaaloni ottavaloni carleton vishwavidhyaalayamlo prarambha nirmaanam mariyu praarambhamaina taruvaata, script detectornu kenada limited yokka chaak nadhi prayogasaalala anhu saktiki marcharu.
sarihaddu bhadrata anuvartanaala kosam gurtinche samayam, myoon tomography image resolutionpy parimitulu, anhu vyardhaala nilva dhruvikarana mariyu myoon gurtinchadam dwara antariksha vaataavarana pariseelanapai parimitulanu script detector prastutam pariseelistoondi.
saanketika amsaalu.
eee upakaranam myoon-tracking parikaram, indulo myoon sensorlu mariyu recording media untaayi. mugraphy parikaraalalo upayoginche aneka rakaala muyan sensorlu unnaih plaastik skintilatorlu, nuclear emulsionlu ledhaa vaayu ayaneekarana detectorlu. recording madhyamam film, digital magnetic ledhaa electronic memory. ganankaparamga taginanta mugramnu roopondinchadaaniki avasaramaina myoon sanghatanalu namodu cheyabade varaku, prati myoon maargamlo sagatu saandratanu pradarsinche mugraph (post prosessing) srushtinchabade varaku, parikaram lakshya parimaanam vaipu nirdesinchabadutundi, myoon sensaarnu bahirgatam chestundi.
prayojanaalu.
saampradaaya bhougolika bhouthika sarvela kante mugraphyki aneka prayojanaalu unnaayi. modata, myoonlu sahajamgaa samruddhiga untaayi mariyu vaataavaranam nundi bhoomi yokka uparitalam vaipu prayaanistaayi. eee samruddhiga unna muyan fluxes daadaapu sthiramgaa untundi, anduvalla mugraphyni prapanchavyaaptamgaa upayoginchavacchu. rendavadi, mugraphy yokka adhika-viruddha spashtata kaaranamgaa, mottam valuemlo 0.001% kante takkuva chinna shoonyatanu vaeru cheyavachu. chivaraku, krutrimamgaa utpatti cheyabadina sanketalapai aadharapadatam kante sahaja problanu upayoginchadam valla itara imaging paddhatula kante eee upakaranam chaalaa takkuva shakti avasaralanu kaligi untundi.
prakriya.
mugraphy rangamlo, transmission coefficient anedi incident muyan fluxes meeda vastuvu dwara prasaram yokka nishpattigaa nirvachinchabadutundi. open-skye myoon energy spectranku padaartham dwara myoon yokka paridhini vartimpajeyadam dwara, vastuvu dwara prasaram cheyabadina incident myoon fluxes yokka bhinnam yokka viluvanu vislaeshanhaatmakamgaa pondavacchu. vaerae shakti kaligina muyan vaerae paridhini kaligi untundi, idhi padaartham aagipoye mundu sambhavinchina muyan daatagala dhooram gaa nirvachinchabadindi. udaaharanaku, 1 tev energy muans 2500 mea neeti samaanamaina (mea.) yokka nirantara mandaginche ujjaayimpu paridhini (csda paridhi) kaligi untaayi.doubleu.ii.) silika dioxidelo ayithe paridhi 400 meterlaku tagginchabadutundi.doubleu.ii. 100 jev myoons kosam. padaartham bhinnamgaa unte eee paridhi maarutundi, udhaa.zii.1 tev myoon 1500 mea. la csda paridhini kaligi untundi.doubleu.ii. naayakatvam vahinchaaru.
mugramnu yerparuchukune sankhyalu (ledhaa taruvaata rangulu) myoon sanghatanala prasaara sankhya paramgaa pradarsinchabadataayi. mugramloni prati pixel anedi upakaranam yokka koneeya spashtata aadhaaramgaa rendu dimensional unit. mugraphy saandrata vaividhyaalanu vaeru cheyaleni drugvishayaanni "valume effects" antaaru."pedda mottamlo takkuva saandrata kaligina padaarthaalu mariyu adhika saandrata kaligina padaarthaala yokka sannani pora muyan fluxlo adhe attenuationku karanamainappudu valume prabhavalu sambhavistaayi. anduvalla, valume prabhaavaala nundi utpannamayye tappudu daetaanu nivaarinchadaaniki, valume yokka bahya aakaraanni khachitamgaa nirnayinchi, daetaanu vislaeshimchadaaniki upayoginchaali.

