united states admirality chattamlo navikudi hodha

admiralty chattamlo navikudi hodha samudra kaarmikulaku vaetanaala chellimpu, pani paristhitulu mariyu 1920 naati merchant merine act (johns act) kinda pani pradaesamloe gayalaku parishkaralu mariyu "anarhatvam" mariyu "nirvahana mariyu nayam" siddhaantaalu vanti rakshanalanu andistundi. eee nivaaranalaloo prati okkati "navikudu" hodaaku oke pramaanaalanu kaligi untaayi. navikudu" hodaanu kaligi undatam valla samudra udyogulaku hodha laeni vaariki andubaatulo laeni prayojanaalanu andistundi. ayithe, "navikudu" evaro nirnayinchadam sanklishtamainadi.
charitra.
navikudu" anae padaanni satabdaalugaa naavikaadala chattamlo upayogistunnaru. yuu.ess. aaa samayamlo tama teerpula dwara aaa hodha unnavaariki andubaatulo unna parishkaralu mariyu padam yokka nirvachananni kortulu parimitam chestune unnaayi. ossiola" loe hodha unnavaariki andubaatulo unna parishkaralanu sangrahinchadaaniki supreenkortu mukhyamgaa prayatninchindi. 
kortu nirvahana mariyu nivaarana mariyu anarhamaina parishkaralanu krodikarinchindi, conny nirlakshyaaniki sambandhinchina parishkaralapai vaari teerpu congressku antagaa nachaledu. maroka sibbandi nirlakshyam valla jarigina gayalaku naavikulu kolukolemani, "yajamani ledhaa sibbandiloni yea sabhyudi nirlakshyaaniki nashtapariharanni tirigi pondadaaniki vaariki anumati ledani" kortu perkondi.
seamens act mariyu johns act.
1915 naati merchant merine act (naavikula chattam) "ossiyolaalo" teerpuku pratispandanagaa undhi. idhi naavikulaku nirlakshya charyanu srushtinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. 1915 chattam yokka §20 ilaa andinchindihi "boardu oodaloo ledhaa daani sevalo jarigina edainaa gaayaaniki nashtapariharanni tirigi pondadaaniki edainaa daavaalo command unna naavikulu vaari adhikaaramlo unna vaaritho thoti sevakulagaa pariganinchabadaru."
pariganinchabadaru.", congress johns chattanni aamodinchindi, idhi athani udyogam samayamlo "gayapadina yea navikudikaina" nirlakshyamgaa charya teesukoovadaaniki kaaranaanni andistundi. chelentis vii loe supreenkortu yokka munupati teerpuku pratispandanagaa eee chattam paakshikamgaa aamodinchabadindi. luckenbatch ess.ess. koo.", idhi gayapadina agnimaapaka sibbandiki parishkaralanu andinchaledu endukante idhi thoti sevakudigaa kakunda sibbandilo sabhyudiga pariganinchabade oka unnata adhikari valla sambhavinchindi. 
eee chattam kinda parishkaralanu korukune vaaru "naavikulu" anie johns chattam korutundi, conny eee padaanni nirvachinchadu. yuu.ess. 1920 chattam aamodinchabadinappati nundi nyaayasthaanaalu tama teerpulalo eee padaanni ardham chesukovadaniki prayatninchaayi. justice sandra day oo 'connor thana "mcdermott international, ink" loe cheppinatlugaa. vii. vilander "abhiprayam, navikudu" anedi kala yokka samudra padam. "vilander" "johns chattam aamodinche varaku saadhaarana samudra chattamlo congress eee padaanni" "sthirapadina ardham" "gaa upayoginchadaanni ardham chesukuntadu".
johns chattaniki mundu eee padaanni upayoginchadam chaalaa vistrutamgaa undedi, indulo "naavikulu mariyu anni rakaala ooda adhikarulu matrame kakunda bartenderlu, cabin boys, vadrangulu, chhambar maids, clerklu, vantavaallu, kooparlu, diverlu, vaidyulu, dredge varkarlu, injaneerlu, agnimaapaka sibbandi, matsyakaarulu, haarpoonarlu, gurrapu swaareedaarulu, vyaakhyaatalu, mesanlu, tunnarlu, sangeetakaarulu, pailatlu, anucharulu, radeo operatorlu, seal vetagallu, stevardulu, surveyarlu mariyu veyitarlu" kooda unnaaru.
yuu.ess. supreme kortutho sahaa nyaayasthaanaalu "international stevedering koo" varaku navikudi hodaanu swechchagaa ardham chesukovadam konasaginchayi. vii. haverty", chattam prakaram stevedore oka "navikudu" anie kortu teerpu icchinappudu. justice olivar vendell homes, juuniyar. eee padaanni saadhaaranamgaa upayogistunnanduna, stevedorlu 'naavikulu' kaadani gurtinchabadindi. ... conny padaalu anuvainavi... oke samudra vidhullo nimagnamaina purushulaku rakshananu ooda dwara kakunda stevedore dwara niyaminchabadina pramaadaaniki anugunamgaa maaradaaniki congress ishtapuurvakamgaa anumatinchindani memu nammalemu."congress eee padaanni marinta vistrutam cheyalanukuntundane thana oohalo taanu tappu anie justice homes ventane kanugonnadu. oka samvatsaramlone, congress "asthiramaina" teerpuku pratispandistuu, "edainaa nauka yokka yajamaanulu ledhaa sibbandi kakunda itara samudra kaarmikulanu vaari yajamaanulaku vyatiraekamgaa kaarmikula parihara parihaaraaniki parimitam cheyadaaniki" long shoar und harber workers compensation act (elhetchdabluca) nuu amalu chesindi.
"swanson vii. marra brothers, ink.", elhetchdabluca bhuu kaarmikulaku upasamanam kaligistundani mariyu johns chattam" "edainaa nauka yokka yajamani ledhaa sibbandiki upasamanam kaligistundani spashtam chesindi".
"vilander".
vilander" kii mundu, yuu.ess. samudra karmikudu "navikudu" hodaaku arhula kaadaa anie chuudataaniki nyaayasthaanaalu tarachugaa rendu pareekshalalo okadaanni anusarinchaayi.
robinson" pareeksha "oka navikudu ooda yokka paniteeruku ledhaa daani lakshyam yokka saadhanaku dohadapadinda" anie chuudataaniki jarigindi. johnson vii. nundi pareeksha. zaan eff. udyogi" "nauka yokka ravana paniteeru nirvahana, operation ledhaa sankshemaaniki gananeeyamaina sahakaram andinchada" "anedi beasley const.
vilander" loe, oo 'connor, johns chattam aamodinchabadina samayamlo, "oka vyakti daani uddesyaanni pempondinchadaaniki oodaloo udyogam cheyalsina avasaram matrame undhi", mariyu "johns chattam navigationlo navikudu sahayapadavalasina avasaram ledani sthaapinchindi".
"chandris, ink. vii. latsis ".
", "navikudu" hodaaku evaru arhata pondutaaru anae prasnanu supreenkortu mallee edurkondi. chandris, ink. vii. ayithe, oo 'connor mallii majority abhiprayanni vrasadu mariyu ikkada johns chattam kinda navikudiga arhata saadhinchadaaniki avasaramaina rendu amsaalanu nirdesinchaaduh "karmikudi vidhulu ooda yokka paniteeruku ledhaa daani mission saadhanaku dohadam cheyali, mariyu karmikudu navigationlo unna noukaku (ledhaa gurtinchadagina naukala samudaayam) connectionnu kaligi undaali, idhi daani vyavadhi mariyu daani swabhaavam rendinti paramgaa gananeeyamgaa untundi."
nirvachanam.
eee pratyeka rakshanalanu andinche saasanaalalo "navikudu" nirvachinchabadaledu kabatti, saasanaalanu ardham chesukune kesu chattanni vislaeshimchi, saadhaarana niyamanni teesukuraavadam avasaram. 
navikudiga arhata pondadaaniki, oka samudra udyogi samudra aadhaarita udyogi ayi undaali mariyu ooda paniki kontha sahakaram andinche "master ledhaa ooda sibbandilo sabhyudu" ayi undaali. nauka yokka navigation ledhaa ravaanaalo udyogi sahayam cheyavalasina avasaram ledhu, conny udyogi "navigationlo unna noukaku (ledhaa atuvanti naukala gurtinchadagina naukaadalaaniki) daani vyavadhi mariyu daani swabhaavam rendinti paramgaa gananeeyamaina connection kaligi undaali".
ayithe, 46 yuu prakaram.ess.sii.ess. 10101 (3), navikudu antey (shaastreeya sibbandi, sailing paatasaala bodhakulu ledhaa sailing paatasaala vidyaarthulu minaha) oka nowkaloo yea hodaalo ayina nimagnamai ledhaa niyaminchabadda vyakti.
adanamgaa, johns chattam prakaram navikudiga arhata pondadaaniki, oka samudra karmikudu thana kereerlo 30 saatam naukayana jalaallo oodaloo gadipina undaali.

