
basillus thuringensis

basillus thuringiensis (ledhaa bii. tii) anedi gram-positive, matti-nivaasa bacteria, idhi prapanchavyaaptamgaa saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche jeeva purugumandulu. "bii. thuringiensis "anedi vividha rakaala chimmatalu mariyu seethaakokachilukala gongali purugula pegullo, alaage aaku uparitalaalu, jala vaataavaranaalu, jantuvula malam, keetakaalu adhikamgaa unde vaataavaranaalu mariyu pindi millulu mariyu dhanyam nilva soukaryaalalo kooda sahajamgaa sambhavistundi. sii" thoo panichese prayogasaala prayogaalalo "cadra calidella" vanti itara chimmatalu kooda parannajeevigaa maaradam gamaninchabadindi. calidella, "eee paraannajeevi kaaranamgaa chaalaa chimmatalu vyaadhigrastamayyaayi.
sporulation samayamlo, aneka biti jaatulu delta endotoxins anie piluvabade christal proteinlanu (proteinasius cherikalu) utpatti chestaayi, ivi purugumandula charyanu kaligi untaayi. idhi vaatini purugumandulugaa upayoginchadaaniki daariteesindi, mariyu iteevala biti mokkajonna vanti biti janyuvulanu upayoginchi janyuparamgaa savarinchina pantalaku daariteesindi. ayithe, aneka sphatika-utpatti chese bii. tii jaatulaku purugumandula lakshanaalu undavu. upajaatulu "isrelensis" saadhaaranamgaa domalu mariyu fungus gnats niyantrana kosam upayogistaaru.
vishapuurita yantraamgaa, "krai" proteins lakshya tegulla madhya-pregu (epithelial) kanaala porapai nirdishta graahakaalato bandhistaayi, phalitamgaa avi pagilipothayi. vaari pegulo tagina grahakaalu laeni itara jeevulu (maanavulu, itara jantuvulu mariyu lakshyamgaa laeni keetakaalato sahaa) "krai" protein dwara prabhaavitam kaavu, anduvalla biti dwara prabhaavitam kaavu.
vargeekarana mariyu aavishkarana.
1902loe, "bii. thuringiensis "nuu mottamodata pattu purugulalo japanese sericultural injanir kanugonnaru. ayana daaniki "bii" anie paeru pettaru. sotto, "japanese padaanni upayoginchadam, ikkada basillary pakshavaataanni suuchistumdi. 1911loe, german suukshmajeevasaastraveetta ernst berliner dheenini thuringialoni pindi chimmata gongali purugulalo (anduvalla nirdishta paeru thuringiensis, thuringian) anae vyaadhiki kaaranamani vaeru chesinappudu daanini tirigi kanugonnadu. "bii. sotto "taruvaata" bii "gaa tirigi ketayinchabadindi. thuringiensis varr. "soto".
1976loe robbert eah. jakharian "bii" jaatilo plasmid unnatlu nivedinchaaru. thuringiensis "mariyu endospore mariyu christal nirmaanamloo plasmid yokka prameyaanni suuchimchimdi. "bii. thuringiensis "anedi" bii "thoo daggari sambandham kaligi untundi. serius, "eah matti bacteria, mariyu" bii. anthraxis, "aantraaksku kaaranam; eee moodu jeevulu pradhanamgaa vaati plasmidlalo bhinnamgaa untaayi. eee jaatiki chendina itara sabhyula maadirigaane, eee muuduu endosporelanu utpatti cheyagala saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi.
jaatula samuuha sthaanam.
"bii. thuringiensis "nuu" basillus serius "samuuhamloo unchaaru, idhi vividha rakaluga nirvachinchabadindih edu daggari sambandham unna jaatulu" bii. serius "sensu stricto" ("bii. seres ")," bii. antrasis, "bii. thuringiensis, "bii. micoids, "bii. sudomycoids, "mariyu" bii. cytotoxicus "; ledhaa" basillus serius "sensu laato loe aaru jatulugah" bii. wehenstephanensis, "bii. micoids, "bii. sudomycoids, "bii. seres, "bii. thuringiensis, "mariyu" bii. anthrasis ". eee samuuhamloo "bii.tii."bii" thoo marinta daggari sambandham kaligi untundi.sii. ii."idhi" bii "kii marinta suduuramgaa sambandham kaligi untundi.doubleu.", bii.emm.", bii.pii.", mariyu" bii.sii."
upajaatulu.
bii" yokka aneka dozenla gurtimpu pondina upajaatulu unnaayi. thuringiensis ". saadhaaranamgaa purugumandulugaa upayoginche upajaatulalo "bii" unnaayi. thuringiensis "upajaatulu" kurstaki "(bii. tii. keey), upajaatulu" isrelensis "(bii. tii. ii) mariyu (bii. tii. eah). konni bii. tii. ii vamsaalu clonalga untaayi.
janyusaastram.
konni jaatulu "bii" loe enterotoxinsnu utpatti chese adhe janyuvulanu kaligi untaayi. serius, "mariyu kabatti mottam" bii "saadhyame. serius sensu laato samuuham enteropathogenluga unde avakaasam undavacchu.
aaa "bii" proteins. thuringiensis "" krai "janyuvula dwara encode cheyabadinanduku prasiddhi chendindi. bii" yokka chaalaa jaatulalo. thuringiensis, "eee janyuvulu plasmid meeda untaayi (maroe maatalo cheppalante" krai "anedi chaalaa jaatulalo chromosome janyuvu kaadu). eee plaasmidlu poyinatlayithe adhi "bii" nundi vaeru cheyalenidi avutundi. serius "gaa" bii. thuringiensis "kii itara jaatula lakshanaalu laevu. plasmid marpidi "bii" lopala sahajamgaa mariyu prayogaatmakamgaa gamaninchabadindi.tii."mariyu madhya" bii.tii."mariyu rendu generlu", bii. serius "mariyu" bii. micoids ".
plcr anedi chaalaa virus kaarakaala yokka anivaarya transcription regulator, idhi lekapovadam valla virus mariyu vishapuuritatanu baga taggistundi. konni jaatulu sahajamgaa nishkriyam cheyabadina plcr thoo vaari jeevita chakranni puurti chestaayi. idhi heptapeptidetho paatu rendu-janyu operanlo sagam. popper anedi "bii" loe koram sensing loe bhaagam. thuringiensis ".
bii. tii. keey" eah. tii. sii. sii 33679 thoo sahaa vividha jaatulu vistruta pii. ex. oo1-lanty kutumbaaniki chendina plaasmidlanu kaligi untaayi. (pxo1 kutumbam a "b. trunadhaanyaalu-± 330kb podavutho kuudina saadhaarana kutumbam. avi pxo1 vyadhikaaraka dveepam sthaanamlo pxo1 nundi bhinnamgaa untaayi.) purugu paraannajeevi "bii. tii. keey" hetch. dii. 73, pii. ex. oo. 2 lanty plasmid (pii. bii. tii. 9727) nuu kaligi untundi, idhi 35 keey. bii. vyadhikaaraka dveepam pii. ess. oo. 2 nuu kaligi undadu, vaastavaaniki gurtinchadagina virus karakalu laevu. (pxo2 kutumbaaniki vyadhikaaraka dveepam pratyaamnaayam ledhu, badulugaa pxo2loe aaa bhaagam ledhu.)
bii" yokka janyuvulu. trinadhaanyaala samuuhamloo rendu rakaala intraanlu undavacchu, avi samuuham I mariyu samuuham II anie piluvabadataayi. "bii.tii "jaatulu vividha rakaluga 0-5 samuuhaalu mariyu 0-13 samuuhaalu kaligi untaayi.
nirdishta paryaavarana pradaesaalaku anugunamgaa undataaniki chromosome-plasmid saha parinaamam jariginda ledhaa anedi nirdhaarinchadaaniki inca taginanta samacharam ledhu.
bii" thoo saadhaaranam. trunadhaanyaalu "conny ippativaraku marekkada kanipinchaledu-jaatula samuuhamlooni itara sabhyulatho sahaa-efflux pump bisi3663," enn "-asil-amaino-assid amidohydroles bisi3664, mariyu methyl-sweekarinche chemotoxis protein bisi5034.
proteim.
idhi daggari saapeksha "bii" kii samaanamaina proteom vaividhyaanni kaligi untundi. serius ".
bii. tii. cotton proteinlo 'christal protein' untundi.'
purugumandula charya yokka yantraangam.
sporulation meeda, "bii. thuringiensis "christal proteins ledhaa krai proteins anie piluvabade rendu rakaala protein purugumandula delta endotoxins (δ-endotoxins) yokka spatikaalanu yerparustundi, ivi" krai "janyuvulu mariyu sait proteinla dwara encode cheyabadataayi.
krai taxins lepidoptera (chimmatalu mariyu seethaakokachilukalu), diptera (eegalu mariyu domalu), colioptera (beatles) mariyu hymenoptera (kandireegalu, theneteegalu, cheemalu mariyu saaflailu), alaage nematodlaku vyatiraekamgaa nirdishta karyakalapalanu kaligi untaayi. anduvalla, "bii. thuringiensis "jeeva purugumandulu mariyu purugula nirodhaka janyuparamgaa savarinchina pantala utpattiki krai taxins yokka mukhyamaina nilvagaa panichestundi. keetakaalu vishapuurita spatikaalanu teesukunnappudu, vaati alkaleen jeerna margalu karagani spatikaalanu vikruteekaristaayi, vaatini karigevigaa chestaayi mariyu tadwara keetakaala pegulo kanipinche proteagelatho kattirinchadaaniki anukuulamgaa untaayi, ivi sphatikam nundi vishanni vidudala chestaayi. aaa taruvaata krai taxin purugula gut sell membrane loki choppinchabadutundi, idhi jeernavyavasthanu stambhimpajesi, randhraanni yerparustundi. purugu tinadam manesi aakalitho chanipotundi; sajeevamaina bii. tii. bacteria kooda purugunu valasarajyam cheyavachu, idhi maranaaniki dohadam chestundi. maranam konni gantalu ledhaa varalalo sambhavistundi. bii" kii haani kaliginche larwala madhya pregu bacteria avasaram kaavacchu. thuringiensis "purugumandula charya.
a "b. bii. tii. ess. aarr. 1 anie piluvabade thuringiensis yokka chinna aarr. enn. yea. nematode pravartanaa rakshanalanu nivaarinchadaaniki krai5baa taxin transcript yokka arbs saitku bandhinchadam dwara host velupala unnappudu krai5baa taxin vyakteekarananu nissabdam chestundi. nissabdam phalitamgaa bacteria teesukovadam "sii" dwara perugutundi. elegans ". btsr1 yokka vyakteekarana appudu teesukunna tarvaata taggutundi, phalitamgaa krai5baa taxin utpatti mariyu host maranam jarugutundi.
1996loe bii. tii. loe maroka taragati purugumandula proteins kanugonabaddayi vrukshajanya purugumandula proteins (vip;). vip proteins krai proteinlatho sequence homologyni panchukovu, saadhaaranamgaa oke graahakaala kosam potipadavu, mariyu konni krai proteinla kante ververu keetakaalanu champutayi.
2000loe, kri protein yokka kotta upa samuuham, parasporin, purugumandulu laeni "bii" nundi kanugonabadindi. thuringiensis "verucheyabadutundi. parasporin samuuham yokka proteins "bii" gaa nirvachinchabaddaayi. thuringiensis mariyu sambandhita bacterial parasporal proteins haemolitic kaani, conny cancer kanaalanu pradhaanyamgaa champagala saamarthyam kaligi untaayi. janavari 2013 natiki, paaraasporinlu aaru upa kutumbaalanu kaligi unnaih ps1 nundi ps6 varaku.
tegulla niyantranalo bijaamsaalu mariyu proteinla vadakam.
bii" dwara utpatti cheyabadina bijaamsaalu mariyu spatikaakaara purugumandula proteins. 1920la nundi purugula tegullanu niyantrinchadaaniki thuringiensis upayoginchabadutondi mariyu tarachugaa drava sprelugaa vartinchabadutundi. vaatini ippudu diapel mariyu thuraiside vanti vaanijya paerlatoe nirdishta purugumandulugaa upayogistaaru. vaati vishishtata kaaranamgaa, eee purugumandulu paryaavarana anukuulamainavigaa pariganinchabadataayi, maanavulu, vanyapraanulu, paragasamparkalu mariyu chaalaa itara prayojanakaramaina keetakaalapai takkuva ledhaa etuvanti prabhavam chuupavu, mariyu sendriya vyavasaayamlo upayoginchabadataayi; ayithe, eee utpattula kosam maanyuvallalo aneka paryaavarana mariyu maanava aarogya heccharikalu unnaayi, mariyu aidu aamodinchabadina jaatula 2012 european regulatory peer review kanugonabadindi, ayithe manavulaku mariyu paryaavaranaaniki takkuva vishapuuritam anae konni vaadanalaku maddatu ivvadaaniki dayta undhi, eee vaadanalaloo chaalaa varaku samarthinchadaaniki dayta saripodu.
keetakaalu bii. tii. kii nirodhakatanu abhivruddhi chestunnanduna, ledhaa jeevi lakshanaalanu savarinchadaaniki utparivartanalanu balavantam cheyalane korika erpadatam ledhaa christal parimaanaanni meruguparachadaaniki mariyu purugumandula karyakalapalanu penchadaaniki, ledhaa host paridhini vistarinchadaaniki, marinta prabhaavavantamaina suutreekaranalanu pondadaaniki homolagus recombinant genetic injaneeringnu upayoginchadam vanti kotta bii. tii jaatulu kalakramena abhivruddhi cheyabadataayi mariyu pravesapettabadataayi. prati kotta jaatiki oka pratyaekamaina sankhya ivvabadutundi mariyu yuu thoo namodu cheyabadutundi.ess. daani tallidandrula jaatulu, pratipaadita purugumandula viniyoga namuunaa mariyu jeevi janyuparamgaa savarinchabadina vidhanam mariyu paridhi" aadhaaramgaa janyu maarpu kosam epa mariyu anumatulu ivvavacchu. samyukta rashtraallo sendriya vyavasayam kosam aamodinchabadina bii. tii. suutreekaranalu sendriya padaarthaala sameeksha samstha (omri) websitelo jabita cheyabaddaayi mariyu aneka vishwavidyaalaya podigimpu websitelu sendriya vyavasaayamlo bii. tii. beejaamsam ledhaa protein tayaareelanu elaa upayoginchaalo salaha istayi.
tegulla niyantrana kosam mokkala janyu injaneeringlo bii. tii. janyuvula upayogam.
belgian company mokkala janyu vyavasthalu (ippudu bayer crop sainslo bhaagam) "bii" nundi "kekalu" janyuvulanu vyakteekarinchadam dwara purugula sahanam thoo janyuparamgaa savarinchina pantalanu (pogaaku) abhivruddhi chesina modati samstha (1985loe). thuringiensis "; phalitamgaa vachhe pantalalo delta endotoxin untundi. bii. tii pogaaku eppuduu vaanijyeekarinchabadaledu; pogaaku mokkalu janyuparamgaa marchadam sulabham mariyu aahara sarafaraalo bhaagam kaananduna janyu maarpulanu pareekshinchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi.
vadakam.
1985loe, paryaavarana parirakshana samstha surakshitamgaa aamodinchindi, idhi americalo aamodinchabadina modati maanava-savarinchina purugumandulanu utpatti chese pantagaa nilichindi, ayinappatikee aneka mokkalu pogaaku, coffey mokkalu, coco, patthi mariyu nalla valnut vanti sahajamgaa purugumandulanu utpatti chestaayi. idhi 'kotta aaku' bangaalaadumpa, aasakti lekapovadam valla 2001loe dheenini market nundi tolaginchaaru.
1996loe, european mokkajonna korike mariyu sambandhita jaatulanu champesinadigaa aamodinchabadindi; tadupari bii. tii janyuvulu pravesapettabaddaayi, ivi mokkajonna ververu larvalanu champai.
pantalugaa roopondinchina mariyu vidudala kosam aamodinchabadina bii. tii. janyuvulalo, ontarigaa mariyu perchabadinavihi cry1a.105, cryab, crife, krai2ebi, krai3bibi1, krai34ebi1, krai35ebi1, macrey3eah mariyu vip, mariyu injaneering pantalalo mokkajonna mariyu patthi unnaayi.
vip utpatti cheyadaaniki janyuparamgaa savarinchina mokkajonnanu modatisaarigaa 2010loe uslo aamodinchaaru.
bhaaratadesamlo, 2014 natiki, iravai aaru million ekaraalanu aakraminchina edu millionlaku paiga patthi raitulu dattata teesukunnaru.
monsanto brazilian market kosam glyphosate-resistance janyuvunu abhivruddhi chesindi, idhi 2010loe brazilian regulatory prakriyanu puurti chesindi.
 - pratyaekamgaa "populus" sankarajaatulu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. keetakaala saakaahaaram valla avi takkuva aaku nashtanni anubhavistaayi. ayithe phalitaalu puurtigaa sanukoolamgaa levuh saakaahaarula nashtam tagginappatikee, etuvanti perugudala prayojanam lekunda, uddesinchina phalitam-merugaina kalapa digubadi-saadhinchabadaledu; vaati pradhana tegullalo okati ippatikee janyumaarpidi chetlanu vetaadutundi; anthe kakunda, vaati aaku chettha janyumaarpidi vishaala kaaranamgaa bhinnamgaa kullipotundi, phalitamgaa sameepamloni jala purugula janabhalo maarpulu vastaayi.
bhadrata adhyayanalu.
mokkala-vileenam cheyabadina rakshakaluga bii. tii. taxins vadakam aaharalalo upayogam kosam vaati bhadrata mariyu paryaavaranampai sambhaavya analochita prabhaavaala gurinchi vistrutamaina anchanaa veyavalasina avasaranni prerepinchindi.
aahara pramaada anchanaa.
krai proteinlanu kaligi unna janyuparamgaa savarinchina mokkala padaarthaala viniyogam yokka bhadratapai aandolanalu vistrutamaina aahara pramaada anchanaa adhyayanaalalo parishkarinchabaddaayi. vishapuurita yantraamgaa, "krai" proteins lakshya tegulla madhya-pregu (epithelial) kanaala porapai nirdishta graahakaalato bandhistaayi, phalitamgaa avi pagilipothayi. lakshya tegullu pradhanamgaa aaku mariyu komma padaartham dwara vishaniki gurikaavadamtoe, mokkajonna ginjalalo trace mottaalatoe sahaa mokka yokka itara bhagalalo kooda krai proteins vyakteekarinchabadataayi, ivi chivariki maanavulu mariyu jantuvulu rendinti dwara viniyoginchabadataayi. ayithe, vaari pegulo tagina grahakaalu laeni itara jeevulu (maanavulu, itara jantuvulu mariyu lakshyamgaa laeni keetakaalato sahaa) "krai" protein dwara prabhaavitam kaavu, anduvalla ivi biti dwara prabhaavitam kaavu.
toxicology adhyayanalu.
krai proteins kaligina utpattula viniyogam valla maanava aarogya pramaadaanni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki janthu namuunaalu upayoginchabaddaayi. united states environmental protection agency elukala teevramaina noti aaharam adhyayanalanu gurtinchindi, ikkada 5,000 mg/kilola shareera baruvu kante ekkuva motaadulu etuvanti pratikuula prabhaavaalaku daariteeyaledu. telisina itara vishapuurita proteinlapy parisoedhanalu, biti taxins ksheeradaalaku vishapuuritamainavi kaavani suuchistunnaayi. dasabdalapatu "bii" vadakam nundi gamaninchina vishapuuritam lekapovadam valla toxicology adhyayanala phalitaalu marinta balopetam ayyayi. thuringiensis "mariyu daani spatikaakaara proteins purugumandula sprega.
allergy adhyayanalu.
kotta protein parichayam sunnitamaina vyaktulalo allergy pratispandanala sambhaavyata gurinchi aandolanalanu levanettindi. telisina allergy kaarakaala bioinformatic vislaeshanha, bii. tii taxins viniyogam phalitamgaa allergy praticharyala gurinchi aandolana ledani suuchimchimdi. adanamgaa, suddhi chesina bii. tii. proteinnu upayoginchi charma prick pareeksha phalitamgaa autopic rogulalo kooda taxin-nirdishta ige pratirodhakaala gurtinchadagina utpatti jaragaledu.
jeernakriya adhyayanalu.
aaharalalo teesukune bii. tii. taxins yokka vidhini anchanaa vaeyadaaniki adhyayanalu nirvahinchabaddaayi. anukarana gastric dravaalaku guraina koddi nimishaallone biti taxin proteins jeernamavutaayani choopabadindi. jeerna dravaalalo proteinla asthirata anedi krai proteins allergy karakalu kaavadaaniki avakaasam ledani adanapu suuchana, endukante chaalaa telisina aahara allergy kaarakaala ksheenatanu nirodhistaayi mariyu chivariki chinna pregulalo grahinchabadataayi.
paryaavarana pramaada anchanaa.
paryaavarana pramaada anchanaa lakshyam kaani jeevulapai analochita prabhavam undadani mariyu janyuparamgaa savarinchina pantalalo biti vadakam vanti kotta padaartham vadakam phalitamgaa sahaja vanarulanu kalushitam cheyakunda chudatam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. lakshya panta tegulla velupala etuvanti pratikuula prabhavalu undakunda chusukovadaniki janyuparamaina mokkalanu pandinche vaataavaranaalapai biti taxins prabhavam anchanaa veyabadindi.
paryaavaranamloo sthirathvam.
mokkala kanajaalaala nundi bii. tii. taxins perukupovadam, puppodi chedaragottadam mariyu muulaala nundi pratyaksha sraavam valla paryaavaranampai kalige prabhaavampai aandolanalu parisoedhimchabaddaayi. bii. tii. vishapadaardhaalu mattiloo 200 rojulaku paiga, sagam jeevitakaalam 1.6 nundi 22 rojula madhya konasaagavacchu. chaalaa varaku vishanni praarambhamlo paryaavaranamlooni suukshmajeevulu vaegamgaa ksheenimpajestaayi, ayithe konni sendriya padaarthaala dwara grahinchabadataayi mariyu ekkuva kaalam konasaagutaayi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, konni adhyayanalu, vishapadaardhaalu mattiloo konasagavani paerkontunnaayi. neeti vanarulalo bii. tii. vishapadaardhaalu perukupoye avakaasam takkuvagaa untundi, conny puppodi shed ledhaa matti pravaham vaatini jala paryaavarana vyavasthalo jama cheyavachu. chepa jaatulu bahirgatamaite biti taxins kuu gurayye avakaasam undadu.
lakshyam kaani jeevulapai prabhavam.
biti proteinla vishapuurita swabhaavam aneka pradhana panta tegullapai pratikuula prabhavanni chooputundi, ayithe vishapuurita padaarthaalatho sambandham kaligi unde prayojanakaramaina lakshyam kaani jeevula bhadratanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki paryaavarana pramaada anchanaalu nirvahinchabaddaayi. monarch seethaakokachiluka vanti lakshyam kaani lepidopteranlalo vishapuuritatvampai vistrutamaina aandolanalu saraina bahirgata lakshanaala dwara niroopinchabaddaayi, ikkada lakshyam kaani jeevulu janabhapai pratikuula prabhavanni chuupadaaniki taginanta mottamlo biti vishapadaarthaalaku gurikavadam ledani nirdhaarinchabadindi. matti-nivaasa jeevulu, vaerla exudates dwara biti taxins kuu gurayye avakaasam undhi, biti pantala perugudala dwara prabhaavitam kaavu.
purugula nirodhakata.
bahula keetakaalu "bii" kuu nirodhakatanu abhivruddhi chesaayi. thuringiensis ". november 2009loe, monsanto saastravettalu gulabi bolverm bharatadesamloni gujaraatlooni konni praantaallo modati taram biti kaatanku nirodhakatanu kaligi undani kanugonnaru-aaa taram oka biti janyuvunu, "krai1esi" nuu vyaktam chestundi. prapanchamlo ekkadainaa monsanto dhruveekarinchina biti nirodhakata yokka modati udaaharana idhi. monsanto pratispandistuu bahula biti proteinlatho rendava taram pattini pravesapettindi, idhi vaegamgaa sweekarinchabadindi. modati taram bii. tii. kaatanku bolverm nirodhakata australia, chaina, speyin mariyu united stateslo kooda gurtinchabadindi. adanamgaa, hawai, america khandam mariyu aasiyaaloni diamond byaak chimmata yokka kshetra janabhalo bii. tii. kii pratighatana namodu cheyabadindi. cabage looparloni adhyayanalu membrane transporter ebisi2loe mutation anedi biti "krai1esi" kii nirodhakatanu andinchagaladani suuchimchaayi.
dviteeya tegullu.
aneka adhyayanalu bii. tii. pattini sweekarinchina konni samvatsaraalalone "peelche tegullalo" (ivi bii. tii. taxins dwara prabhaavitam kaavu) perugudalanu namodu chesaayi. chainaalo, pradhana samasya miridlatho undhi, ivi konni sandarbhaallo "biti patthi saagu nundi anni prayojanaalanu puurtigaa naasanam chesaayi". peelche tegulla perugudala sthaanika ushnograta mariyu varshapaata paristhitulapai aadharapadi untundi mariyu adhyayanam chesina gramalalo sagam perigindi. eee dviteeya keetakaala niyantrana kosam purugumandula vaadakamlo perugudala, bii. tii. patthi sweekarana kaaranamgaa mottam purugumandula vaadakamlo taggudala kante chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi. chainaalooni aidu provinceulalo jarigina maroe adhyayanamlo, iteevali adhyayanalu suuchimchinatlugaa, itara praantaalalo parisoedhanaloo nivedinchina daanikante bii. tii. patthi saagulalo purugumandula vadakam taggadam gananeeyamgaa takkuvagaa undani kanugonnaru, affids, saaleedu purugulu mariyu lygus doshaalu vanti abhivruddhi chendutunna dviteeya tegullanu niyantrinchadaaniki kalakramena marinta purugumandula spraying avasaramani suuchimchimdi.
2002 mariyu 2008 madhya chinna bharatiya polaalalo nirvahinchina oka survey prakaram, bii. tii. pattini sweekarinchadam valla adhika digubadi mariyu takkuva purugumandula vaadakaaniki daariteesi, kalakramena taggutuu, bhaaratadesamlo ilanti samasyalu nivedinchabaddaayi, veetilo mellie bugs mariyu affids rendoo unnaayi.
vivaadaalu.
bii. tii. vadakam chuttoo unna vivaadaalu janyuparamgaa savarinchina aneka aahara vivaadaalalo chaalaa vistrutamgaa unnaayi.
lepidopteron vishapuuritam.
biti mokkajonna nundi puppodi chakravarthy seethaakokachilukanu champagaladane vaadana biti pantalatho mudipadi unna atyanta pracharam pondina samasya. eee patrika bii. tii. mokkajonnaku vyatiraekamgaa bahiranga gandaragolam mariyu pradarsanalanu srushtinchindi; ayithe 2001 natiki yuu. ess. dii. eah. samanvayamtho chesina aneka tadupari adhyayanalu "atyanta saadhaarana rakaala bii. tii. mokkajonna puppodi polaallo keetakaalu edurkone saandratalaloo monarch larvalaku vishapuuritam kaadu" anie nokki cheppayi."adevidhamgaa", bii. africa mariyu dakshina airopalo haanikaramaina tegulu karyakalapala kaaranamgaa "spodoptera littoralis" larva perugudalanu niyantrinchadaaniki thuringiensis "vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadindi. ayithe, ess. littoralis "bii yokka aneka jaatulaku nirodhakatanu choopinchindi. thuriginesis "mariyu konni jaatula dwara matrame samarthavantamgaa niyantrinchabaddaayi.
adavi mokkajonna janyu misramam.
2001loe "nature" loe prachurinchabadina oka adhyayanam prakaram, meksikoolooni oksaka anae mokkajonnalo daani muulam madhyalo biti kaligina mokkajonna janyuvulu kanugonabaddayi. 2002loe prachurinchabadina maroka "prakruti" patrika munupati kaagitam yokka mugimpu viloma polymerase golusu praticharya valla kalige oka kalakhandam yokka phalitam anie mariyu "asalu kaagitam prachurananu samarthinchadaaniki andubaatulo unna aadharalu saripovu" anie perkondi."patrika mariyu" "prakruti" "yokka apuurvamaina notisupai gananeeyamaina vivaadam jarigindi".
2005loe jarigina tadupari pedda ettuna jarigina adhyayanamlo oksaakaalo janyu mishramaaniki sambandhinchina aadharalu dorakaledu. 2007loe jarigina oka adhyayanamlo 25 namuunaala samajalalo rendu (8 saatam) loe unna raitula polaala nundi vacchina 208 namoonaalalo rendu (0.96%) mokkajonnalo vyakteekarinchabadina janyuvulanu marche proteins kanugonabaddaayani kanugonnaru."mexico yuu. ess nundi gananeeyamaina mottamlo mokkajonnanu digumati chesukuntundi.ess.graameena raitulalo adhikaarika mariyu anadhikaarika vittana networkla kaaranamgaa, janyu marpidi mokkajonna aaharam mariyu aahara jaalaalaloki pravesinchadaaniki aneka sambhaavya margalu andubaatulo unnaayi. oka adhyayanam meksikoolooni namuunaa kshetraalalo chinna-sthaayi (sumaru 1 saatam) janyuroopa marpidi shrenulanu pravesapettinatlu kanugondi; idhi taruvaati taram mokkalaku vaarasatvamgaa vacchina eee pravesapettina janyu padaarthaaniki anukuulamgaa ledhaa vyatiraekamgaa aadharalu dorakaledu. aaa adhyayanam ventane vimarsinchabadindi, sameekshakudu ilaa vraasaaru, "janyuparamgaa, edainaa mokka transgenic kaanidi ledhaa transgenic ayi undaali, anduvalla oke transgenic mokka yokka aaku kanajaalam kosam, 100% kii daggaragaa unna GMO sthaayini anchanaa vaestaaru. tama adhyayanamlo, rachayitalu aaku namuunaalanu gmo sthaayilu sumaru 0.1 saatam unnappatikee janyuparamgaa vargeekarinchadaaniki enchukunnaaru. ilanti phalitaalu sanukoolamgaa tappugaa ardham chesukobaddayani mariyu prayogasaalalo kalushyanni soochinche avakaasam undani memu vaadistunnaamu."
kaalanee koolipoye rugmata.
2007 natiki, kaalanee koolipoye rugmata (sisidi) anae kotta drugvishayam uttara america antataa theneteegala daddurlanu prabhaavitam cheyadam praarambhinchindi. kotta paraannajeevulu, purugumandula vadakam mariyu bii. tii. transgenic pantala vadakam vanti sambhaavya kaaranaalapai prarambha oohagaanaalu unnaayi. madhya-atlantic theneteegala pempakam parisoedhana mariyu podigimpu consortium, bii. tii. pantala nundi puppodi theneteegalanu pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chestundanedaniki etuvanti aadharalu kanugonaledu. yuu. ess. dii. eah. prakaram, "janyuparamgaa savarinchina (zii. emm) pantalu, saadhaaranamgaa bii. tii. mokkajonna, sisidiki kaaranamani cheppabadindi. conny gm pantalanu ekkada naatutaaru mariyu sisidi sanghatanala namuunaa madhya etuvanti sambandham ledhu. alaage, 1990la chivari nundi gm pantalu vistrutamgaa naatabadutunnaayi, conny sisidi 2006 varaku kanipinchaledu. adanamgaa, switzerland vanti gm pantalanu naatadaaniki anumatinchani deshaalalo sisidi nivedinchabadindi. german parisoedhakulu oka adhyayanamlo bii. tii. puppodiki gurikavadam mariyu "nosema" kuu rajipade roganirodhaka shakti madhya sambhaavya sahasambandhaanni gurtinchaaru."sisidi yokka asalu kaaranam 2007loe teliyadu, mariyu saastravettalu dheeniki aneka teevrataram chese kaaranaalu undavacchani nammutaaru.
beata-exotoxins.
bii" yokka konni isolates. thuringiensis "beata-exotoxin anie piluvabade purugumandula chinna anuvula taragatini utpatti chestundi, dheeniki thuringiensin anae saadhaarana paeru. oisidi roopondinchina ekaabhipraaya patram ilaa chebutondih "beata-exotoxins manavulaku mariyu daadaapu anni itara rakaala jeevitaalaku vishapuuritamainavi anie mariyu daani unikini" bii "loe nishedhinchaaru. thuringiensis "suukshmajeevula utpattulu". thuringiansinlu nucleoside analogues. elukalu mariyu bacterialo anni rakaala jeevulaku saadhaaranamaina prakriya ayina rna polymerase charyanu avi nirodhistaayi.
itara atidhulu.
keetakaalu kakunda itara jantuvula avakaasavaada vyadhikaarakam, necrosis, pulmonary infection mariyu/ledhaa phud poisoning kaligistundi. idhi entha saadhaaranamo teliyadu, endukante ivi ellappuduu "bii" gaa pariganinchabadataayi. trunadhaanyaalu infections mariyu arudugaa "krai" mariyu "sait" proteinla kosam pareekshinchabadataayi, ivi "bii" nii vaeru chese ekaika karakam. bii" nundi "thuringiensis". serius ".
purugumandula proteinlaku (bii. tii taxins) kotta naamakaranam.
basillus thuringiensis ikapai purugumandula proteinlaku ekaika muulam kaadu. bacteria purugumandula protein vanarula kendram (bpprc) vidyaavaettalu, niyantrakaalu mariyu parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi sibbandiki vaegamgaa vistaristunna purugumandula proteinla rangampai samacharanni andistundi. 

