
maarpu

chaaritraatmakamgaa ouf ledhaa off anie kooda piluvabade changing anedi airopa antataa jaanapada kathalalo kanipinche maanavula lanty jeevi. itara yakshinulu dongilinchina maanava (saadhaaranamgaa oka pillavadu) sthaanamlo vadiliveyabadina oka adbhutam anie nammutaaru. 
vivarana.
maarpu anedi saadhaaranamgaa aneka lakshanaala dwara gurtinchadaginadi, ivi samskruti nundi samskrutiki maarutuu untaayi. 
airish puraanamloo, oka adbhuta pillavadu anaarogyamtho kanipinchavacchu mariyu saadhaarana bidda vale parimaanamlo peragakapovacchu, mariyu gaddam ledhaa podavaina dantaalu vanti mukhyamaina saareeraka lakshanaalanu kaligi undavacchu. vaaru tama spashtamaina samvatsaraalaku minchina medhassunu kooda pradarsinchavacchu, alaage asaadhaaranamaina antardrushtini kaligi undavacchu. oka maarpu tananu taanu gurtinchagala oka saadhaarana maargam emitante, adhi ontarigaa undani bhavinchinappudu asaadhaarana pravartananu pradarsinchadam, antey dookadam, nrutyam cheyadam ledhaa oka vaayidyam vaayinchadam vantivi-eee chivari udaaharana airish mariyu scottish puraanaalaloo matrame kanipistundi.
"oka maanava biddanu aneka kaaranaala valla teesukovachhuhu sevakudigaa vyavaharinchadam, maanava bidda patla prema ledhaa duruddesam. chaalaa tarachugaa yakshinulu pillalanu marpidi chesukuntaarani bhaavinchaaru. arudaina sandarbhaallo, adbhuta vyaktula yokka chaalaa vruddhulu maanava sisuvu sthaanamlo marpidi cheyabadataru, tadwara paatha adbhutam daani maanava tallidandrulache kodil cheyabadi, soukaryamgaa jeevinchagaladu. talakrindulugaa unna kotu ledhaa terichina inupa kattera vanti saadhaarana aakarshanhalu, pillavadu nidristunna chota vadiliveyabadataayi, vaatini nivaarinchaalani bhaavinchaaru; itara charyalalo pillalapai nirantaram nigha unchadam kooda undhi."
jaanapada rachayita dii. ell. ashliman thana vyaasam 'changelings' loe paarisraamika puurva airopalo kutumba manugada yokka oka amsaanni marchagala kathalu vivaristaayani pratipaadinchaadu. oka raitu kutumbam yokka jeevanaadhaaram tarachugaa prati sabhyudi utpaadaka shramapai aadharapadi untundi, mariyu kutumbam yokka korata vanarulapai shaashwata paarudalagaa unna vyaktiki andinchadam kashtam. "eee duradrushtakara pillala tallidandrulu vaari nirantara unikilo mottam kutumbam yokka jeevanopaadhiki muppu undani chusarani, maarpula teevra aakali chaalaa tarachugaa prastaavinchabadutundane vaastavam suuchistumdi. maarutunna kathalu sisumaraname tarachugaa empika cheyabadina parishkaram anie soochinchadamlo itara chaaritraka aadhaaraalaku maddatu istayi."
yakshinulu kooda vayojana maanavulanu, mukhyamgaa kottagaa vivaham chesukunna mariyu kotta tallulanu teesukuntaaru; yuvakulanu yakshinulanu vivaham chesukovadaniki teesukuvelataaru, kotta tallulanu tarachugaa yakshinula sisuvulanu narsu cheyadaaniki teesukuvelataaru. tarachugaa oka pillavadiki badulugaa oka vayojana vyaktini teesukunnappudu, dongilinchabadina maanavuni sthaanamlo oka logg vanti vastuvunu vadili, aaa vyaktilaa kanipinchadaaniki mantramugdulanu chesaaru. maanavula sthaanamlo unna eee vastuvu jabbupadi maraninchinatlu anipistundi, maanava kutumbam khananam chesinatlu anipistundi, jeevinchi unna manavudu yakshinulalo unnadu. oka vayojanuraalu thana kutumbamlo maarpu tecchindani bhaavinchina atyanta prasiddha kesulalo bridget cleary okati; aame bhartha thana 'nijamaina' bharyanu tirigi ivvamani yakshinulanu balavantam cheyadaaniki prayatninchinappudu aamenu champadu.
function.
madhyayuga scandinavialo trolls tama sonta rakamaina vaari kante maanavulache penchabadatam marinta gouravapradamainadani bhaavinchi, tatphalitamgaa tama sonta pillalaku maanava pempakaanni ichhe avakaasaanni sadviniyogam chesukuntaarani nammutaaru. oka pillavadu baptism pondina tarvaata-anduvalla catholic vishwaasamloki pravesinchinanduna-trolls daanini apaharinche shakti laenivaaru kabatti, trolls baptism pondani pillalanu matrame teesukuntaarani kondaru vishwasinchaaru.
maanava pillalu mariyu yuvatulalo andam, mukhyamgaa andagatte juttu mariyu neelam ledhaa vendi kallu vanti prakaasam ledhaa pratibimbamnu rekettinche lakshanaalu, yakshinulanu aakarshistaayani chebutaaru, endukante avi bahusha eee lakshanaalalo viluvainaviga kanipistaayi.
scottish jaanapada kathalalo, pillalu narakam dasaamsamloo adbhuta pillala pratyamnaayamgaa undavacchu; idhi "tomm linn" yokka yakshaganam nundi baga telusu.
saadhaarana scottish puraanaala prakaram, vaari mukham antataa kaul (amneotic poralo bhaagam) thoo janminchina bidda maarutundi, mariyu tvaralo maranistaadu ("phay puttuka").
adbhuta pillalu manugada saaginchadaaniki maanava paalu avasaramani itara jaanapada kathalu chebutunnayi. eee sandarbhaalalo navjata sisuvunu maanava talli peelchukodaaniki oka adbhuta sisuvutoe maarchabadutundi, ledhaa maanava tallini adbhuta sisuvulaku paalu ivvadaaniki adbhuta prapanchaaniki tirigi teesukuvelataaru. adbhuta pillalanu prapanchamloki teesukuraavadaaniki maanava mantrasaanulu avasaramani kooda bhaavistaaru.
konni kathalu taamu manushulu kaadani marchipoyi maanava jeevitaanni konasaginche maarpula gurinchi chebutaayi. ayithe, konni kathalalo marchipokapoyina maarpulu, bahusha maanava kutumbaanni heccharika lekunda vadili, vaari adbhuta kutumbaaniki tirigi vastaayi. teesukunna maanava bidda tarachugaa adbhuta kutumbamtho eppatikee undavacchu. maarpu yokka vidhitho anusandhaaninchabadinatlu bhaavistuu, vaari maarpunu kevalam aranyaaniki vadulugaa marche kutumbaalu unnaayi.
kontamandi jaanapada rachayitalu yakshinulu aakramanadaarulache daachabadina airopaloni vividha praantaala nivaasula ghnaapakaalu anie nammutaaru. vaastavaaniki maarpulu sambhavinchaayani vaaru bhaavinchaaru; daakkunna prajalu aakramita aakramanadaarula aarogyakaramaina pillala kosam tama sonta anaarogya pillalanu marpidi chesukuntaru.
jaanapada kathalalo.
corn wall.
kaarnvaalloni menn-aann-toll raallaku adbhuta nivaaranalu cheyagala adbhutam ledhaa pixi samrakshakudu untaarani chebutaaru. oka sandarbhamlo, talli thana nijamaina biddanu tirigi pondadaaniki oka maarutunna sisuvu raayi gundaa vellaadu. dushta pixilu aame biddanu marcharu, mariyu raallu vaari mantraanni tippagaligaayi.
germany.
germanylo, maarpunu "wetchselbalg", "wetchselkind", "keel cope" ledhaa "dick cope" (chivaridi bhaarii medalu mariyu maarpula talalanu suuchistumdi) anie pilustaaru.
germanylo maarpunu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu bharti chesina nijamaina biddanu tirigi ivvadaaniki aneka paddhatulu telisinavi
german jaanapada kathalalo, aneka sambhaavya tallidandrulu maarpulaku prasiddhi chendaaru. avih
ireland.
irelandlo, oka sisuvunu asuyatho chudatam-"sisuvunu atigaa chudatam"-pramaadakaram, endukante adhi appudu yakshinula saktilo unna sisuvunu pramaadamloo padesindi. aaa vyakti oka aasiirvaadaanni jodinchakapothe, oka mahila ledhaa purushudini mechukovadam ledhaa asuyapadatam kooda pramaadakaram; samarthavanthamaina mariyu andamaina vaaru pratyeka pramaadamloo unnaaru. mahilalu mukhyamgaa parimita sthithulalo pramaadamloo unnaru kotta vaduvu ledhaa kotta talli kavadam.
mantalo oka maarpunu unchadam valla adhi poga gottanni paiki dhooki maanava biddanu tirigi istundi, conny kaneesam oka katha oka tallini maanava biddatho thana intiki vacchina oka adbhuta mahila, itara yakshinulu marpidi chesaarani, mariyu aame thana sonta biddanu korukunnarani chebutuu, oka maarputho kanugonnatlu vivaristundi. gudla chippalu tayaaru cheyadam dwara aascharyakaramaina mataga maaradam katha kooda wales loe vale irelandlo cheppabadindi. vividha puraanaalu oka adbhuta kidnaparnu oodinchadaaniki itara maargaalanu vivaristaayi. okati "gyrim agus coisrisim thu" (neenu ninnu aasiirvadistunnaanu) ledhaa "devudu ninnu aasiirvadistaadu" anie aravadam, idhi dongilinchadaaniki prayatnistunna biddanu adbhutam vidichipettadaaniki kaaranamavutundi. pillavaadini evaru unchutaarane daanipai vaadanaloo tananu taanu choppinchukovadam maroka saadhyamayye vyuuham; "naaku ivvandi" anie arustuu pillavaadini tirigi maanavudiki vidudala cheyadaaniki adbhutaanni mosagistundi.
konni sandarbhaallo, maarpulanu pratyaamnaaya adbhuta pillaluga pariganinchaledu, badulugaa paatha yakshinulanu maanava prapanchaaniki chachipovadaniki teesukuvacchaaru.
maarpulaku sambandhinchina airish puraanaalu saadhaaranamgaa adhe suutraanni anusaristaayih oka tailor antey modata maarpunu gamaninche vyakti, oka adbhuta vaayidyaanni byaag pipes ledhaa itara parikaranni cherchadam mariyu oka kitikee dwara maanava biddanu apaharinchadam.
aadhunika airish ammai paeru, seophra, antey oka elwish ledhaa maarutunna bidda, idhi seobra (í) nundi udbhavinchindi, dheeni ardham adbhutaalu (/yakshinulu). avos sii, "siabra" (saadhaaranamgaa "sheevra" gaa aanglamlo varninchabadindi), chedu mariyu allarlaku gurayye avakaasam undhi. ayithe, alster jaanapada paata 'dhi garton mothers lallaby' kooda "sheevra" nuu kevalam "aatma" ledhaa "adbhutam" anie ardham kosam upayogistundi.
manishi yokka dveepam.
eee ail off myaan loe yakshinulaku sambandhinchina puraanaalu mariyu muudanammakaala yokka vistruta sekarana undhi, mariyu oohinchina maarpulaku sambandhinchi aneka jaanapada kathalu sekarinchabaddaayi. sofiya morrison, thana "manks fairie tales" (david nutt, london, 1911) loe "dhi fairie chiled off close nee lii" kathanu kaligi undhi, idhi oka pedda mariyu asaantigala fairie chiled kosam fairylu marchukunna oka pillala katha. 18va sataabdam praarambhamlo ail off myaan loe nivasinchina aangla kavi mariyu sthalaakruthi shaastravetta georg waldron, tanaku choopinchina oka prasiddha maarpu kathanu udaharinchaaru, bahusha vaarasatvamgaa vacchina janyu rugmatato unna pillavadu
"swargam kinda intha andamaina mukham edhee undakapovachhu; conny aidu nundi aaru samvatsaraala madhya, aarogyamgaa kanipinchinappatikii, athanu nadavadaniki ledhaa nilabadataaniki chaalaa dhooramlo unnadu, athanu yea okka keellanu kadilinchalekapoyadu; athani avayavalu athani vayassuku chaalaa podavugaa unnaayi, conny aaru nelala sisuvu kante chinnavi; athani rangu sampuurnamgaa sunnitamainadi, mariyu athanu prapanchamlo atyuttama juttu kaligi unnadu; athanu eppuduu matladaledu, edavaledu, aemee tinaledu, mariyu chaalaa arudugaa chirunavvu chudagaligadu, conny evarainaa atanni adbhuta-aatma anie pilichinatlayithe, athanu kopamgaa mariyu thana kallanu aaa maata cheppina vaaripai antha shraddhaga unchukuntaadu, athanu vaatini chustadu. athani talli, ledhaa kaneesam athani talli, chaalaa paedavaarainanduna, tarachugaa bayataku velli, rojanta atanni vidichipetti vellaadu. poruguvaaru, utsukatato, tarachugaa kitikeelo athanu ontarigaa unnappudu elaa pravartistaado chuudataaniki chuusaaru, vaaru chesinappudalla, vaaru atanni navvutuu, atyanta aanandamgaa kanugonadam khaayam. idhi yea narula kante athanu tanaku ekkuva santoshakaramaina samstha laenivaadu kaadani vaaru teerpu cheppela chesindi; mariyu eee ooha marinta sahetukamgaa anipinchindi, athanu eppuduu antha murikigaa migilipothe, aame tirigi vacchina stree atanni subhramgaa mukham chuusi, athani juttu atyanta khachitatvam mariyu chakkadanamtho duvvukundi."
lothattu scatland mariyu uttara ingland.
aanglo-scottish sarihaddu praantamloo, elves (ledhaa yakshinulu) "elph kondalu" (ledhaa "adbhuta kondalu") loe nivasinchevaarani nammutaaru. aloukika jeevulapai eee nammakamtho paatu vaaru pillalanu, mariyu peddalanu kooda aatmatho dhooram chesi, vaarini vaari swantha prapanchaaniki tirigi teesukellagalarani abhiprayam (elphame chudandi). tarachugaa, oka sisuvunu laakkoni, daani sthaanamlo sisuvu yokka anukaranatho, saadhaaranamgaa maga vayojana elph, talli dwara peelchabadutundani bhaavinchaaru. nijamaina sisuvuku dayyaalu baga chikitsa chestaayi mariyu vaarilo okarigaa perugutaayi, ayithe maarutunna sisuvu asantrupti chendhi alasipotundi. aneka moolikalu, salves mariyu vittanaalanu adbhuta-prajalanu kanugonadaaniki mariyu vaari designlanu nivaarinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. oka maarpunu balavantamgaa bahirgatam cheyadaaniki, adhi maatalo aascharyapovaali ledhaa navvinchaali anie kooda nammutaaru.
oka kathalo oka talli thana biddanu teesukoni maarchinatlu anumaaninchindi, oka roeju oka poruguvadu intiki parugettutuu "ikkadaku randi, meeru oka drushyaanni chuustaaru!" anie arichinapudu adhi sarainadani niroopinchabadindi. yonder anedi oka 'alov' (i.ii. "adbhuta konda agnilo undhi"). dheeniki, aaa yavvanapu purushudu lechi, "nannu vadulutundi! naaku bhaarya mariyu byrnes emi vastaayi?"mariyu chimney nundi bayataku vacchaadu.
19va sataabdam praarambhamlo liddesdaleni nucastilton sameepamlo bireholm vadda, robbert elliot ledhaa "little hobby oo 'dhi castilton" anie piluvabade oka marugujju, athanu maarutunna vyaktigaa prasiddhi chendaadu. itara abbayilache dooshinchabadinappudu athanu thana galli (oka pedda katthi) geeyadaaniki mariyu vaatini pampadaaniki venukaadu, ayithe athanu kaallaloo chaalaa chinnavadu kabatti vaaru saadhaaranamgaa atanni bayataku teesi tappinchukuntaaru. ayithe, athanu dhairyavanthudu, mariyu thana poruguvadu, aaru adugula moodu angulaala () vilium scott, oka drudamaina mariyu balamaina sarihadduvaadu, thana paerunu dooshinchaadani vinnapudu, athanu aaa vyaktini thana intiki ahvaninchadu, atanni metlu ekkinchi, ataniki dvandvayuddhaaniki savaalu chesaadu. scott hadavidiga tirogamanaanni oodinchaadu.
chiled ballad 40, "dhi queen off elfland 's nauries", kotta talli apaharananu varnistundi, idhi maarpula jaanapada kathalanu geestundi. idhi mukkaluga unnappatikee, indulo talli yokka dukkham mariyu raani thana biddaku nadiche varaku nursing chesthe aamenu thana sonta biddaku tirigi istanani raani vaagdaanam chestundi.
polland.
mamuna ledhaa boginki anedi oka slavic aatma, idhi puttina pradaesamloe pillalanu (vaarini odmiansga maarustundi) marpidi chestundi. mamuna vadilipettina maarpulaku gamaninchadagga bhinnamaina roopaanni kaligi unnatlu cheppabadindi; asadhaaranamgaa pedda udaram, asadhaaranamgaa chinna ledhaa pedda thala, oka kunche, sannani chetulu mariyu kaallu, ventrukala sareeram mariyu podavati panjaalu. maanava sisuvutoe poliste mamuna changelings kooda vaari modati pallanu akalamga pondutaayi.
mamuna kidnap cheyakunda oka biddanu rakshinchadaaniki, talli sisuvu manikattu chuttoo erra ribbannu kattesi, daani talapai erra topeeni petti, chandrakanti nundi dhooramgaa unchutundi. itara nivaarana paddhatulalo suuryaastamayam tarvaata diaperlanu kadukkovadam mariyu sisuvu nidristunnappudu vaari talanu eppuduu tippadam vantivi unnaayi. ayinappatikee, oka biddanu mamuna teesukunnappatiki, daanini tirigi ivvamani aamenu balavantam cheyadaaniki oka maargam undhi. talli maarutunna biddanu oka midn vaddaku teesukelli, birch stickto koradaatho kottesi, daani meeda gudla chippa nundi neetini poestumdi, "needi teesukondi; naadhi tirigi ivvandi" anie arichedi."saadhaaranamgaa, mamuna thana sonta bidda kosam badhapadatadu mariyu maanava sisuvunu daani talli vaddaku tirigi istaadu.
scandinavia.
nordic saampradaaya nammakamlo, pillalanu marpidi chesukunnadi trolls ledhaa bhoogarbha praantaalaku chendina jeevulu anie saadhaaranamgaa nammutaaru. 
scandinavian jaanapada kathalalo chaalaa varaku atindriya jeevulu inumuku bhayapadevaarani cheppabadinanduna, scandinavian tallidandrulu tarachugaa oka jatha kattera ledhaa oka katthi vanti inupa saadhananni trolls dwara apaharinchabadakundaa nirodhinchadaaniki baptism pondani sisuvu yokka ooyalapai unchutaaru. atuvanti charyalu unnappatikee, oka maanava biddanu inca teesukunte, tallidandrulu maradanni krooramgaa pariganinchadam dwara, koradaatho kottadam ledhaa vedichesina poyyilo choppinchadam vanti paddhatulanu upayoginchi biddanu tirigi teesukuraavaalani balavantam cheyavachani nammutaaru. kaneesam oka kesulo, ovenlo thana biddanu champinanduku oka mahilanu kortuku teesukellaaru. sweedanlo, oka biddaku paeru pettadaniki mundu gadini agnini veliginchaalani, inca, biddanu snanam cheyadaaniki upayoginche neetini bayataku visireyakudadani, endukante eee rendu jaagrattalu pillavaadini trolls chetha teesukokunda nirodhistaayi.
oka swedish kathalo, maanava talli thana kodukunu tirigi pampinchadaaniki veelugaa maarpunu ("boartbiting") krooramgaa cheyamani salaha ivvabadindi, conny aame niraakaristundi, daani swabhaavam telisinappatikii amayaka pillavaadini durviniyogam cheyalekapoyindi. aame bhartha aame maarpidini vidichipettaalani korinappudu, aame niraakaristundi, mariyu athanu aamenu vadilivestaadu-aaa taruvaata athanu vaari kodukunu adavilo kalustaadu, swechchagaa tirugutunnadu. thana talli eppuduu maarpidiki krooramgaa lenanduna, troll talli eppuduu athani patla krooramgaa vyavaharinchaledani, mariyu aame tanaku atyanta priyamainadaanni, thana bhartanu tyaagam chesinappudu, vaaru aamepai tamaku adhikaram ledani grahinchi atanni vidudala chesaarani kumarudu vivaristaadu.
eee kathanu swedish pillala katha rachayita helena nibelome 1913 pustakam "bland tamter ochh troll" loe "bortbittingarna" gaa tirigi chepparu. (idhi chitram dwara chithreekarinchabadindi), oka yuvaraanini trolls kidnap chesi, troll talli korikalaku vyatiraekamgaa vaari swantha santhaanamtho bharti chestaaru. vaari kotta thallidandrulatho maarpulu perugutaayi, conny iddarikee alavaatu padatam kashtamgaa untundih maanava ammai thana bhavishyat varudu, oka troll prins patla asahyinchukuntundi, ayithe troll ammai thana jeevitam mariyu aame nistejamaina maanava bhavishyat varudi dwara visugu chendindi. vaari jeevita paristhithulatho kalata chendina vaariddaruu adavilo daari tapputaaru, daanini gamaninchakundaa okarinokaru daatutaaru. yuvarani kotaku vastundi, akkada raani ventane aamenu gurtistundi, mariyu troll ammai pani chestunnappudu biggaraga sapistunna oka troll mahilanu kanugontundi. aaa troll ammai taanu chusina itara vyaktula kante aaa troll mahila chaalaa saradaagaa undani, thana nijamaina kumarte tirigi vachindani aame talli santoshamgaa chustundani cheptaadu. maanava ammai mariyu troll ammai iddaroo oke roeju santoshamgaa vivaham chesukuntaru.
speyin.
asturias (uttara speyin) loe, nadulu, fountainlu mariyu sarassula sameepamlo nivasinche oka vidhamaina vanadevata ayina zona gurinchi oka puraanam undhi, konnisaarlu vaari prayaanaalalo prayaanikulaku sahayam chesevaaru. eee janaalu atindriya soundaryamtho kuudina chinna aada yakshinulugaa bhaavinchabaddaaru. vaaru konnisaarlu maanava sisuvulatoe marpidi cheyabadina "janinos" anae sisuvulanu prasavinchagalaru-konni puraanaalu idhi vaaru baptism pondadaaniki anie paerkontaayi, marikondaru idhi jaana paalu utpatti cheyalenanduna anie paerkonnaaru. oka maanava sisuvu nundi "jaanino" nuu vaeru cheyadaaniki, konni kundalu mariyu guddu gundlanu poyyiki daggaragaa unchaalani puraanam chebutondi; oka jaanino ilaa chebutundihi "neenu vanda samvatsaraala kritam janminchaanu, appati nundi neenu agni sameepamlo chaalaa guddu gundlanu chudaledu!"anie paerkonnaaru.
wales.
vaelsloo maarutunna bidda ("plentin cale" (paadandi.), "plant cale" (pl.)) praarambhamlo maanava biddanu pooli untundi, dheeniki badulugaa dheenini marcharu, conny kramamga roopaanni mariyu pravartanalo chedugaa perugutundihi chedu lakshanaalu, vikrutamaina, chedu swabhaavam, arustuu mariyu korukutaku ivvabadutundi. idhi saadhaarana medhassu kante takkuvagaa undavacchu, conny daani pillala kante ekkuva ghnaanam mariyu telivi kaaranamgaa samanamga gurtinchadaginadi kaavacchu.
oka maarpunu gurtinchadaaniki upayoginche saadhaarana maargam gudla chippalo kutumba bhojanaanni vandadam. aaa pillavadu, "neenu ook mundu akaarnu chushanu, conny neenu ilanti vaatini eppuduu chudaledu" anie arichi, adrusyamavutaaru, asalu maanava bidda dwara bharti cheyabadataru. pratyamnaayamgaa, ledhaa eee gurtimpunu anusarinchi, biddanu vaedi poyyilo unchadam dwara, vaedi mantapai paaralo pattukovadam dwara ledhaa nakka todugulo snanam cheyadam dwara durviniyogam cheyadam avasaramani bhaavistunnaaru.
chaaritraka recordulo.
inglaandku chendina modati charless raaju (1600-1649) chinnatanamlo thana "pivish swabhaavam" kaaranamgaa maaraarani pukaarlu vachayi, mariyu oka nursemide thana mancham pakkana oka vyakti rahasyamgaa kanipinchi nidristunna sisuvu ooyalapai oka angee vaesaadani perkondi.
andhavishwaasulu chese marpuluga gurtinchabadina pillalu tarachugaa durviniyogam cheyabaddaaru ledhaa hatya cheyabaddaaru, konnisaarlu kottadam, agni ledhaa neetiki gurikavadam ledhaa itara pareekshala dwara vaari nijamaina swabhaavaanni oppukovalasi vastundani nammutaaru. 
19va sataabdapu rendu kesulu maarpulapai nammakanni pratibimbistaayi. 1826loe, anne roche, matladaleni ledhaa nilabadaleni naalugu samvatsaraala baaludu maikhel leheeni moodusaarlu flesklo snanam chesaadu; athanu muudavasaari munigipoyaadu. aame kevalam adbhutaanni athani nundi tarimikottadaaniki prayatnistunnaanani pramaanam chesindi, mariyu jurie aamenu hatya nundi nirdoshigaa prakatinchindi. 1895loe, bridget clearyni aame bhartha mariyu daayaadulatoe sahaa aneka mandhi vyaktulu, kontakaalam anaaroogyam (bahusha pneumonia) tarvaata champaru. sthaanika kathakudu jaak dunney, pelli pelli pelli anie, oka adbhutam anie aaropinchaadu. aame bhartha maikhel aamenu nijamgaa oka adbhutamani nammutunnada anedi charchaneeyaamsam; kopamtho thana bharyanu hatya chesina tarvaata athanu "adbhuta rakshana" nuu roopondinchaadani chaalaa mandhi nammutaaru. hantakulu hatyaku badulugaa narahatyaku doshigaa nirdhaarinchabaddaaru, endukante maranam taruvaata kooda vaaru oka maarpidini champarani, tananu taanu vidaakulu teesukoledani namminchaarani vaaru paerkonnaaru.
airopa velupala.
africa.
thoorpu nigerialoni igbo prajalu saampradayakamgaa, aneka mandhi pillalanu kolpoyina stree, adhi nirjeevamgaa unnaa ledhaa baalyamlone unnaa, "ogbanje" anae haanikaramaina aatma dwara himsimchabadutumdani, adhi mallee mallee punarjanma pondindani vishwasinchaaru. ogbanje" nundi tananu taanu vimukti chesukovadaniki saadhaaranamgaa suuchimchina paddhatullo okati daani "ii-uwa" nuu kanugoni naasanam cheyadam, idhi oka khananam cheyabadina vastuvu, daanini martya prapanchaaniki kattadam.
sikil-sell raktaheenatato badhapaduthunna pillala nashtanni vivarinche prayatnamgaa "ogbanje" kathalu udbhavinchaayani chaalaa mandhi panditulu ippudu nammutaaru. netikee, teevramaina sikil-sell raktaheenatato janminchina pillalalo, mukhyamgaa taginanta vaidya vanarulu laeni aafrikaaloni praantaalalo shishu maranam sarvasaadhaaranam.
european changing mariyu igbo "ogbanj" madhya saaruupyata enthagaa gurtinchabadindante, igbos taamu tarachugaa eee padaanni aanglamloki "changing" gaa anuvadistaaru. abiku" anedi igbolandku paschimaana unna sambandhita yoruba prajalalo "ogbanje" yokka sthuulamaina saaruupyata.
aadhunika prapanchamlo.
off anae padaaniki ardham vikrutamaina ledhaa moorkhamaina vyakti, idhi chaaritraatmaka aangla padam "ouf" nundi udbhavinchindi. idhi, kramamga, madhya aanglam "alven" mariyu "elven" nundi udbhavinchindani, chivariki elph kosam paatha norse padam "alfar" nundi udbhavinchindani nammutaaru.
vaidya vivaranalu.
aadhunika panditulu vaikalyamtho, abhivruddhi vikalaangulatoe ledhaa neurodivergent pillalanu vivarinche prayatnamlo abhivruddhi chendina konni maarutunna kathalanu oohinchaaru.
vividha itihaasaalo maarpula vivaranhatho saripoye lakshanaalu ledhaa vaikalyalalo spina baifida, systic fibrosis, pku, progeria, down syndrome, homosystinuria, villiams syndrome, hurler syndrome, hunter syndrome, autism spectrum desorder, proder-villie syndrome mariyu cerebral palsy unnaayi. abbayilalo puttukatho vachhe lopaala yokka ekkuva sambhavam maga sisuvulanu yakshinulu teesukune avakaasam ekkuvagaa undane nammakamtho sambandham kaligi untundi. aadhunika tallidandrulaku prasavampai ekkuva anchanaalu unnayani, "pillalu eee anchanaalanu andukokapothe, tallidandrulu konnisaarlu vaerae rakshasudini nindistaarani manastatvavetta stewart vais raasaaru."regressive autism anie piluvabade oka paristhiti, ikkada pillalu vaari prarambha samvatsaraallo saadhaaranamgaa abhivruddhi chendutaaru mariyu taruvaata autism yokka lakshanaalanu choopinchadam praarambhistaaru, dheenini maarutunna pillala gurtulato kooda polchavachhu.
mukhyamgaa, autistic pillalu vaari vintha, konnisaarlu vivarinchaleni pravartana kaaranamgaa maarutunnatlugaa ledhaa selph-childranga gurtinchabadatarani soochinchabadindi. udaaharanaku, eee anubandham yakshinulu tarachugaa chindina vittanaala vanti vishayalanu lekkinchadaaniki oka obsessive prerana kaligi unnatlu enduku vivarinchabadutundo vivarinchavacchu. eee lekkimpu aasakti autistic samskrutilo oka sthaanaanni kanugondi. kontamandi autistic peddalu prapanchamlo vaari sthaanaanni kolpoyina anubhavaala kaaranamgaa maarpulatoe (ledhaa grahaantaravaasulu vanti itara pratyaamnaayaalu) gurtinchadaaniki vacchaaru. (neelirangu pillala nakilee shaastreeya kotta yugam bhavananu polchandi.)
prakrutilo.
aneka jaatula pakshulu, chepalu mariyu keellanoppulu kramam tappakunda santaana paraannajeevi ledhaa paraspara santati maarpidini abhyasistaayi. tama pillalanu sontamgaa penchukune badulu, vaaru tama gudlanu maroka goodulo vaestaaru, tama pillalanu penchadam yokka bharanni sandehinchani tallidandrulapai vadilivestaaru, ivi puurtigaa maroka jaatiki chendinavi. tarachugaa, daadi chese jaatulu daani "savati thobuttuvula" kante twaragaa podugutaayi mariyu vaegamgaa perugutaayi, chivariki chaalaa varaku poeshanhanu teesukuvastaayi mariyu vaastavaaniki host jaatula yokka yuvakulanu vaari sonta goodu nundi bayataku nettadam dwara "tolaginchavacchu".

