
lignite

lignite (latin "lignum" antey "kalapa" nundi udbhavinchindi) tarachugaa godhuma boggu anie pilustaaru, idhi sahajamgaa sampeedana peat nundi erpadina mruduvaina, godhuma, mandey, avakshepana raathi. idhi 25-35% chuttoo carbon kantentnu kaligi undhi, mariyu saapekshamgaa takkuva ushna content kaaranamgaa boggu yokka atyalpa rankga pariganinchabadutundi. bhoomi nundi tolaginchinappudu, idhi chaalaa ekkuva temanu kaligi untundi, idhi daani takkuva carbon kantentnu paakshikamgaa vivaristundi. lignite prapanchavyaaptamgaa tavvakam cheyabadutundi mariyu aaviri-vidyut utpatti kosam daadaapu pratyaekamgaa indhanamgaa upayoginchabadutundi.
lignite kosam dahanam itara sthaayi boggu kante vidudalayye carbon dioxide mariyu sulfur parimaanaaniki takkuva vaedini utpatti chestundi. phalitamgaa lignite maanava aarogyaaniki atyanta haanikaramaina boggu. muulaanni batti, sahajamgaa sambhavinche rediyodhaarmika padaarthaalatho sahaa vividha vishapuurita bhaarii lohaalu lignitelo undavacchu, ivi daani dahanam nundi utpatti ayye boggu fly yashlo migili untaayi, idhi aarogya pramaadaalanu marinta penchutundi.
lakshanaalu.
lignite godhuma-nalupu rangulo untundi mariyu podi buudida rahita praatipadikana 60-70 saatam carbon kantentnu kaligi untundi. ayithe, bituminus bogguku 6-12 saatamtoe poliste, daani swaabhaavika thema konnisaarlu 75 saatam varaku untundi mariyu daani buudida parimaanam 6-19 saatam varaku untundi. phalitamgaa, daani carbon content sweekarinchina praatipadikana (i.ii.sahajamaina thema mariyu khanija padaartham rendintinee kaligi untundi) saadhaaranamgaa kevalam 25-35 saatam matrame.
lignite yokka shakti parimaanam thematho kuudina, khanija-rahita praatipadikana 10 nundi 20 mj/kilola (chinna tannuku 9-17 million btu) varaku untundi. united stateslo viniyoginche lignite yokka shakti parimaanam, andukunna praatipadikana sagatuna (13 million bii. tii. yuu/tunn). australialoni victorialo viniyoginche lignite yokka shakti parimaanam, nikara tadi praatipadikana sagatuna (8.2 million bii. tii. yuu/tunn).
lignite loe adhika sthaayi asthira padaartham untundi, idhi adhika sthaayi boggula kante gyaas mariyu drava petrolium utpattulugaa marchadanni sulabhataram chestundi. duradrushtavasaattu, daani adhika thema mariyu aakasmika dahanaaniki gurikavadam ravana mariyu nilvalo samasyalanu kaliginchavacchu. godhuma boggu nundi neetini tolaginche prakriyalu nalla boggu maadirigaane aakasmika dahana pramaadaanni taggistaayi, godhuma boggu yokka calorific viluvanu nalla bogguku samaanamaina indhanamgaa penchutaayi mariyu 'dattamaina' godhuma boggu yokka udgaara profilenu chaalaa nalla boggula maadirigaane ledhaa merugaina sthaayiki gananeeyamgaa taggistaayi. ayithe, temanu tolaginchadam valla tudi lignite indhanam kharchu perugutundi.
gaaliki gurainappudu lignite vaegamgaa ksheenistundi. eee prakriyanu "slacking" ledhaa "slackening" antaaru.
upayoginchandi.
chaalaa varaku lignitenu vidyuttunu utpatti cheyadaaniki upayogistaaru. ayithe, vyavasaayamlo, parisramalo, alaage aabharanaalalo kooda chinna mottaalanu "jett" gaa upayogistaaru. inti vaedi cheyadaaniki indhanamgaa daani chaaritraka upayogam nirantaram taggutuu vachindi mariyu ippudu vidyuttunu utpatti cheyadaaniki daani upayogam kante takkuva praamukhyata kaligi undhi.
indhanamgaa.
lignite tarachugaa uparitalaaniki sameepamlo unna mandapati padakalalo kanipistundi, idhi ganiki chavakaga untundi. ayithe, takkuva shakti saandrata, kuppakulipoye dhorani mariyu saadhaaranamgaa adhika thema kaaranamgaa, godhuma boggu ravana cheyalekapoyindi mariyu adhika boggu gradelatho poliste prapancha marketlo vistrutamgaa vartakam cheyabadadu. idhi tarachugaa ganulaku sameepamlo unna vidyut kendraalalo, australia yokka latrobe loya mariyu texasloni luminant yokka montisello plant mariyu martin lake plant vanti vaatilo kaalchiveyabadutundi. pradhanamgaa adhika thema mariyu godhuma boggu yokka takkuva shakti saandrata kaaranamgaa, saampradaaya godhuma boggu aadhaarita plantla nundi carbon dioxide udgaaraalu saadhaaranamgaa polchadagina nalla boggu plantla kante megawatt-gantaku chaalaa ekkuvagaa utpatti avtayi, prapanchamlone atyadhika-udgaara karmagaram marchi 2017loe moosivese varaku australia yokka hazelwood power station. saampradaaya godhuma boggu plantla operation, mukhyamgaa strip mainingtho kalipi, paryaavarana samasyala kaaranamgaa rajakeeyamgaa vivadaspadamga undhi.
germany prajaasvaamya ganatantram shakti swayam samruddhiga maaradaaniki lignite meeda vistrutamgaa aadhaarapadindi, chivariki daani shakti avasaraalalo 70 saatam lignite nundi pondindi. petroliyaaniki badulugaa bergius prakriya ledhaa fisher-tropsh samslaeshanha dwara lignite oka mukhyamaina rasayana parisrama aahara stock, idhi 1970laloe soviet union vidhaanamlo maarpu taruvaata kathinamaina currency kosam digumati chesukovalasi vachindi, idhi gatamlo market raetla kante takkuva dharalaku petroliyamnu pampinhee chesindi. thoorpu german saastravettalu lignitenu lohasastra upayogaalaku (adhika ushnograta lignite coque) anuvaina kokga kooda marcharu mariyu railway networklo ekkuva bhaagam aaviri railla dwara ledhaa vidyudeekarinchina linela dwara lignite paie aadharapadi undedi, ekkuvagaa lignite nundi utpannamaina saktitoe nindi undedi. diguva pattika prakaram, thoorpu germany swatantra rashtramgaa unikilo ekkuva bhaagam lignite utpattilo atipeddadi.
2014loe germany yokka saktilo 12 saatam mariyu mukhyamgaa germany yokka vidyuttulo 27 saatam lignite vidyut plantla nundi vachindi, ayithe 2014loe greeslo lignite daani vidyut avasaraalalo 50 saatam andinchindi. 2038 natiki lignitenu dasalavaareegaa tolaginche pranaalikalanu germany prakatinchindi. european union nundi ottidi vacchina taruvaata chivari boggu karmagaram 2025loe moosiveyabadutundani grease dhruveekarinchindi mariyu punarutpaadaka saktilo bhaareega pettubadulu pettaalani yochistondi.
inti vaedi.
lignitenu inti vaedi kosam kattelaku pratyamnaayamgaa ledhaa kalapatho kalipi upayoginchaaru. aaa upayogam kosam dheenini saadhaaranamgaa bricketlalo nokkutaaru. kalinappudu adhi visurutunna vaasana kaaranamgaa, adhika viluva gala gatti boggutho poliste lignite tarachugaa paedha prajalaku indhanamgaa bhaavinchabadindi. germanylo, inti merugudala dukaanaalu mariyu suupar marketlalo tudi viniyogadaarulaku bricketlu ippatikee takshaname andubaatulo unnaayi.
vyavasaayamlo.
vyavasaayamlo lignite paryaavarana prayojanakaramaina upayogam undhi. lignite paryaavarana anukuulamaina matti savaranagaa viluvanu kaligi undavacchu, bhaarii lohala labhyatanu taggistuu mattiloo katayan marpidi mariyu bhaswaram labhyatanu meruguparustundi mariyu vaanijya keey humates kante merugainadi kaavacchu. vidyut plantlalo lignite dahanam dwara utpatti ayye lignite fly yash kooda matti savarana mariyu eruvulugaa viluvainadi kaavacchu. ayithe, vyavasaayamlo lignite utpattula deerghakaalika prayojanaalapai kathinamaina adhyayanalu laevu.
mokkala tegullanu anichivese jeeva niyantrana suukshmajeevula saagu mariyu pampinhee kosam kooda lignitenu upayoginchavacchu. carbon mattiloo sendriya padaarthaanni penchutundi, jeeva niyantrana suukshmajeevulu rasayana purugumandulaku pratyaamnaayaanni andistaayi.
"leonardite" anedi humic aamlaalatoe samruddhiga unde matti conditioner, idhi lignite gaalitho sambandham vachinappudu sahaja aakseekarana dwara erpadutundi. eee prakriyanu pedda ettuna krutrimamgaa punaraavrutam cheyavachu. takkuva paripakvam chendina gyloid (kalapa aakaaramlo) lignite kooda adhika mottamlo humic yaasidnu kaligi untundi.
buradanu thravvadamlo.
quaterinary amaintho praticharya amine-treated lignite (eah. tii. ell) anae utpattini yerparustundi, idhi drilling samayamlo dravam nashtanni tagginchadaaniki buradanu thravvadamlo upayoginchabadutundi.
paarisraamika adhishoshakamgaa.
lignite paarisraamika adhishoshakamgaa sambhaavya upayogaalanu kaligi undavacchu. methylene neelam yokka daani adhishoshanam prastutam parisramalu upayogistunna kriyaaseela carbonla paridhiloo undani prayogaalu chuupistunnaayi.
aabharanaalalo.
jett anedi ratnamgaa upayoginchina lignite yokka oka roopam. kristupurvam 10,000 naati mottamodati jett kalakhandalu mariyu jett nuu britainlo noothana silaayuga kaalam nundi roman britton chivari varaku necklesslu mariyu itara alankaranalalo vistrutamgaa upayoginchaaru. victorian britainlo jett swalpa punaruddharananu anubhavinchindi.
bhoogarbha shaastram.
lignite paakshikamgaa ksheeninchina mokkala padaartham ledhaa peat perukupovadamto praarambhamavutundi. taginanta thema, bhoomi uparitalam nemmadigaa taggadam mariyu nadulu ledhaa mahaasamudraala valla bhangam kaliginchani praantaalalo peat chaalaa sulabhamgaa perukupotundi. peat chittadi neelalu aneka rakaala vaataavaranaalu mariyu bhougolika paristhitulalo kanipistaayi. eee paristhitulalo, eee praantam neetitho santruptamai untundi, idhi chanipoyina mokkala padaarthaanni kappi unchutundi mariyu vaataavarana oxygen dwara ksheenata nundi rakshistundi. vaayurahita bacteria peetnu ksheenimpajeyadam konasaginchavacchu, conny eee prakriya nemmadigaa untundi, mukhyamgaa aamla neetilo. peat itara avakshepaalato khananam cheyabadina tarvaata, jeeva ksheenata tappanisarigaa aagipotundi, inca marinta maarpulu perigina ushnograta mariyu khananam nundi vachhe ottidi phalitamgaa untaayi.
lothaina khananam mariyu vaedini anubhavinchani peat nundi lignite erpadutundi. idhi pradhanamgaa jeevarasaayana ksheenata dwara diguva ushnogratala vadda erpadutundi. indulo humification untundi, dheenilo suukshmajeevulu peat nundi hydrocarbonlanu velikiteestaayi mariyu humic aamlalu erpadataayi. humic aamlalu paryaavaranaanni marinta aamlamgaa chestaayi, idhi marinta bacteria kshayam retunu nemmadistundi. lignitelo humification ippatikee asampuurnamgaa undhi, boggu sub-bituminus sthaayiki cherukunnappudu matrame puurtavutumdi. lignite erpadinappudu sendriya padaarthamloo atyanta vilakshanhamaina rasayana maarpu c = o mariyu c-o-r kriyaatmaka samuuhaala sankhyalo padunaina taggimpu.
lignite niksheepaalu saadhaaranamgaa adhika-sthaayi boggula kante chinnaviga untaayi, vaatilo ekkuva bhaagam trutheeya kaalamlo erpaddaayi.
velikiteeta.
lignite tarachugaa uparitalaaniki sameepamlo unna mandapati padakalalo kanipistundi. vividha rakaala uparitala tavvakaalanu upayoginchi veetini velikiteese kharchu takkuva, ayithe idhi teevramaina paryaavarana nashtaniki daariteestundi. united states mariyu itara deshaalalo unna nibandhanala prakaram, tavvakam puurtayina tarvaata uparitala tavvakam chesina bhoomini daani asalu utpaadakataku punaruddharinchaali.
samyukta rashtraalalo lignite yokka strip maining uparitala padakala paridhini sthaapinchadaaniki drillingtho praarambhamavutundi. paie matti mariyu upa mattini sarigga tolaginchaali mariyu gatamlo tavvina praantaalanu tirigi pondadaaniki ledhaa bhavishyat punaruddharana kosam nilva cheyadaaniki upayoginchaali. excovator mariyu truck overbirden tolagimpu lignite padakalanu bahirgatam cheyadaaniki dragline overbirden tolagimpu kosam praantaanni siddham chestundi. veetini pratyaekamgaa amarchina tractorlanu ("boggu ripping") upayoginchi vibhajinchi, aapai mundu loaderlanu upayoginchi diguva dump truckulalo load chestaaru.
lignite tolaginchabadina tarvaata, punaruddharanalo gani chedipoyina vastuvunu asalu bhuu uparitalam (sumaru asalu aakruti ledhaa eosi) yokka aacharanaatmakamaina anchanaaku daggaragaa vargeekarinchadam untundi. upa matti mariyu paie matti punaruddharinchabadataayi mariyu bhoomini vividha gaddi thoo tirigi vittanaalu vaestaaru. uttara dakotalo, maining karyakalapalu mugisina tarvaata kaneesam padeella paatu maining companyki vyatiraekamgaa oka paniteeru baand unchabadutundi, bhoomi puurti utpaadakataku punaruddharinchabadindani haamii ivvadaaniki. 1977 yokka uparitala ganula niyantrana mariyu punaruddharana chattam dwara ganula punaruddharana kosam oka bandham (eee roopamlo avasaram ledhu) US loe avasaram.
vanarulu mariyu nilvalu.
australia.
australialoni victorialoni latrobe loyalo sumaru 65 billion tannula godhuma boggu nilvalu unnayani anchanaa. eee deposit prapanchamlooni telisina nilvallo 25 saataaniki samanam. boggu poralu 98 meterla mandam varaku untaayi, bahula boggu poralu tarachugaa 230 meterla varaku vaastavamgaa nirantara godhuma boggu mandaanni istayi. poralu chaalaa takkuva adhika bhaaram (10 nundi 20 meterlu) thoo kappabadi untaayi.
japan mariyu australia prabhutvaala maddatutoe kawasaki bhaarii parisramala netrutvamloni bhagaswamyam godhuma boggu nundi hydrojannu velikiteese pani praarambhinchindi. draveekruta hydrogen ravaanaadaaru "suiso sarihaddu" dwara japanku ravana cheyabadutundi.
uttara america.
uttara americalo atipedda lignite niksheepaalu gulph coast lignitelu mariyu fort union lignite feeled. gulph teeram lignitelu texas nundi alabama varaku gulph tiiraaniki samaantaramgaa nadiche oka bandlo unnaayi. fort union lignite feeled uttara dakota nundi suscotchevan varaku vistarinchi undhi. rendoo lignite yokka mukhyamaina vaanijya vanarulu.
rakalu.
lignitenu rendu rakaluga vibhajinchavachhu. modatidi gyloid lignite ledhaa shilaja kalapa mariyu rendava roopam compact lignite ledhaa perfect lignite.
gyloid lignite konnisaarlu saadhaarana kalapa yokka drudhatvam mariyu roopaanni kaligi unnappatikee, mandey chekka kanajaalam goppa maarpunu anubhavinchindani chudavachu. idhi trituration dwara chakkati podigaa tagginchabadutundi, mariyu potash yokka balaheenamaina draavanam yokka charyaku samarpinchinatlayithe, idhi gananeeyamaina parimaanamlo humic aamlanni istundi. leonardite anedi lignite yokka aakseekarana roopam, indulo adhika sthaayi humic aamlam kooda untundi.
jett anedi vividha rakaala aabharanaalalo upayoginche gattipadina, ratnam lanty lignite roopam.
utpatti.
germany atipedda lignite utpattidaarugaa undhi, aaa taruvaata chaina, russia mariyu united states unnaayi. mottam yuu loe lignite vataa 8 saatam.ess. 2019loe boggu utpatti.

