
liang nishedhinchandi

baan liang (saampradaaya chainees; pinyin "baan liang") anedi chainees saamrajyam yokka modati ekikruta currency, idhi kristupurvam 378 lone modata mudrinchabadindi mariyu modati chakravarthy kinn shhi huwang dwara kristupurvam 210 loe chaina yokka modati ekikruta currenciega pravesapettabadindi (eee saasanam unna naanhelu ekikaranaku mundu kinn raashtramlo ippatike pampinhee cheyabadinappatiki). idhi madhyalo oka chadarapu randhramtho gundramgaa undedi. aaa teedeeki mundu, chainaalo vividha rakaala naanhelu upayoginchabadevi, saadhaaranamgaa bladelu (katthi dabbu, spade dabbu) ledhaa itara panimutla roopamlo, ayithe chadarapu randhraalatho kuudina gundrani naanheelanu cree puu 249 loe kinn aaripoye mundu jou rashtram upayoginchedi.
baam liang anedi "sagam tyle" (χ2), ledhaa pannendu juu (, sumaru 0.68 graamulu) kuu anugunamgaa untundi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa padhi nundi aaru graamula madhya baruvu untundi, idhi dadapuga greeku state kuu anugunamgaa untundi.
eee gundrani naanhelatho currency praamaaneekarana anedi kinn saamrajyam samayamlo baruvulu mariyu kolatalanu ekikrutam chese vistruta pranaalikaloo bhaagam. paschima hohn raajavamsam kri. puu. 118loe chivariki vu juu nagadu naanhela dwara bharti cheyabade varaku baan liang naanheelanu upayoginchadam konasaagindi.
charitra.
kinn yokka sthithi.
nishedha liang naanhelu chainees saamraajyaaniki puurvam nativi mariyu modata yuddhamlo unna raashtraala kaalamlo kinn rashtram dwara veyabaddaayi; eee naanhelu vastra dabbutho paatu pampinhee cheyabaddaayi. kinn rashtra nanelapai chainees aksharalu "juu jhang yii liang" ("mutyaalu (gundrani naanhelu) bhaarii oka liang") chekkabadi undavacchu, idhi oka rakamaina lott sankhyalu kaavacchu, ayithe itara prarambha rashtra quin sagam tyle ledhaa oka "zii" (χ, χ) baruvu kaligi untundi, idhi aaru "juu". 1 tyle naanhelu gundrani madhya randhram kaligi untaayi, mariyu sagam tyle naanhelu chadarapu randhram kaligi untaayi. eee prarambha gundrani naanelannintikii venuka vaipu khaliga undedi.
yuddhamlo unna raashtraala kaalaaniki chendina byaan liang nagadu naanhelu saadhaaranamgaa 32 mariyu 34 millimetres madhya vyaasam mariyu 8 graamula baruvunu kaligi untaayi. kinn rashtram utpatti chesina baan liang nagadu naanhelu deerghachaturasraakaara madhya randhraalanu kaligi untaayi, taruvaata nagadu naanhelu chadarapu randhraalu mariyu aneka munupati hwankianlu gundrani randhraalanu kaligi untaayi. 
eee yugamlo banliang nagadu naanhelu rendu mukkala acchulalo veyabaddaayi mariyu eee acchulu okesari 6 nagadu naanheelanu utpatti cheyagalavu. eee casting paddhati nanelapai oke oka spruni migilchindi. 
kinn shakam naati banliang nagadu naanhelalo saadhaaranamgaa chinna mudrala lipilo vraayabadina saasanaalu untaayi, pedda mudrala lipilo chinna sankhyalo untaayi. kinn baan liang nagadu naanhela sthithilooni aksharalu niluvugaa podavainavi mariyu "liang" (02) aksharam yokka paie kshitija samaantara stroke chinnadi. satabdaalugaa mudra lipi marinta abhivruddhi chendindi, hohn raajavamsam kaalamlo utpatti cheyabadina baan liang nagadu naanhelalo kanipinche vidhamgaa paie kshitija samaantara rekha podavugaa maarindi.
kinn raajavamsam.
chakravarthy kinn shhi huwang vividha "poraadutunna rajyalanu" jayinchi, cree puu 221 samvatsaramlo chainanu ekikrutam chesi kinn raajavamsaanni erpaatu chesaadu. kotta kinn raajavamsam yokka kendra saktini ekikrutam cheyadaaniki, kinn shhi huwang vividha rashtraallo unikilo unna vividha lipulu, baruvulu mariyu kolatalanu praamaaneekarinchadaaniki munduku sagaru. chaina dravya vyavasthanu kendreekarinchadaaniki mariyu praamaaneekarinchadaaniki, kinn shhi huwang prastutamunna dabbu roopaalanu raddu chesindi. appudu ayana kinn raajavamsam yokka kotta dravya vyavasthalo rendu anchela vyavastha untundani, indulo bangaaramtho chesina "adhika" currency (<unk>) mariyu kaamsyamtho chesina "takkuva" currency (<unk>) untundi, idhi baan liang. 
kinn raajavamsam yokka baan liang nagadu naanem anni rakaala currencylanu praamaaneekarinchae maargamgaa pravesapettabadindi mariyu daani paeru dheenini pratibimbistumdi endukante idhi ellappuduu sagam tyle baruvutho untundi; eee naanhelu ekkuvagaa kaamsyamtho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, ayithe vendi nishedha liang roopaantaram unikilo unnatlu telisindi. kinn yokka praamaanika "baruvulu mariyu kolatalu" (<unk>) prakaram, oka tyle 24 "juu" (sumaru 14.4 gramulaku samanam). baan liang" nagadu naanem, antey "sagam liang" ledhaa "sagam tyle", anduvalla baruvu 7.2 graamulu untundi. banliang nagadu naanhelu soulabhyam kosam thaadutho naanheelanu teese sampradaayaanni marinta pravesapetti, dheeniki kaaranam chadarapu randhramtho gundrani aakaram, bhavishyat chainees naanhelu 1910laloe republic off chaina prarambha rojula varaku konasagayi. 
kinn raajavamsam shakam nishedha liang nagadu nanelapai vraayabadina saasanam annee mudra lipilo podavaina mariyu irukaina aksharaalato vrayabaddayi, ivi praathamika freehand shaililo vrayabaddayi. prarambha nishedha liang nagadu naanhelu sarigga puurti kaaledu, antekakunda eee naanhelu vaati anchulu tarachugaa mruduvugaa daakhalu cheyabadananduna chaalaa gundramgaa undavu.
hohn raajavamsam.
hohn raajavamsam nishedham samayamlo liang naanhela utpatti konasaagindi, conny kinn kinda sthaapinchabadina bangaaru karenseeni tileslo koliche nundi "zin" () loe kolichedigaa maarchabadindi, idhi dadapuga 10.000 nishedham liang naanhela viluva kaligina oke zin-viluva kaligina bangaaru naanemnu tayaaru chesindi. bhaarii byaan liang naanheelanu upayoginchadamlo saadhaarana prajalaku asoukaryam eduravadamtho hohn prabhutvam "elm seed" () byaan liang naanhelu anie piluvabade chinna byaan liang naanheelanu private utpattiki anumatinchindi. hohn raajavamsam banlianglu taruvaata rimlanu jodinchinanduna banliang naanhela roopakalpana kooda maarutundi, ayithe anni kinn raajavamsam samskaranalu rimlesga unnaayi. 
creepoo 186va samvatsaramlo, ledhaa saamraagni luu yokka 5va samvatsaramlo, prabhutvam adhikarikamga nishedha liang yokka baruvunu 8 "juu" gaa nirnayinchindi mariyu saasanam ippudu mataadhikaari lipilo vraayabadindi. 
creepoo 182loe, ledhaa saamraagni luu aarava samvatsaramlo, hohn raajavamsam prabhutvam 2.4 "juu" baruvutho liang nagadu naanheelanu nishedhinchadam praarambhinchindi. eee nagadu naanhela vyaasam kevalam 20 millimetres matrame undedi, mariyu avi pedda chadarapu madhya randhram dwara vaeru cheyabaddaayi. vaastavaaniki avi munupati nishedha liang naanem yokka aidava vanthu matrame viluvainavi kabatti, vaatini saadhaaranamgaa "5 bhagalu nishedha liang nagadu naanhelu" (<unk> Â) anie pilustaaru.
kristupurvam 175va samvatsaramlo, ledhaa chakravarthy wenn aidava samvatsaramlo, hohn raajavamsam prabhutvam nishedha liang nagadu naanhela baruvunu 4 "juu" gaa nirnayinchindi. eee nagadu naanhelu saadhaaranamgaa 23 mariyu 25 millimetres madhya vyaasam kaligi untaayi mariyu avi 3 graamulu ledhaa anthakante takkuva baruvunu kaligi untaayi. konni 4 "jhu" baan liang nagadu naanhelu bayati anchunu kaligi untaayi, ayithe eee rakamaina baan lianglo chaalaa takkuva sankhyalo chadarapu madhya randhram chuttoo unna bayati anchu mariyu lopali anchu rendoo untaayi. 
chivariki naanhela private utpatti aardhika vyavasthalo pedda antaraayaaniki daariteesindi, prabhutvam pedda byaan liangnu utpatti cheyavalasi vachindi; chivariki, hohn prabhutvam byaan liang parimaanam mariyu baruvunu 2.4 juu nundi 4 juu varaku marchadam konasaaginchindi. kristupurvam 119loe chakravarthy vu, nishedha liang naanheelanu "shaan juu" nagadu naanhelaku anukuulamgaa tolaginchaalani aadesinchaadu, veetini kristupurvam 118loe "vu juu" () naanhela shreni bharti chesindi. itara saasanaalatoe nagadu naanhela dwara bharti cheyabadinappatiki, hohn raajavamsamlo nishedha liang vyaapti konasaagindi.
vaividhyaalu.
vaari utpatti kaalamlo aneka rakaala banliang naanhelu veyabaddaayi, ekkuvagaa baruvu mariyu parimaanamlo, konni adanapu randhraalanu kaligi unnaayi, marikonni saadhaarana lipilo vraasina saamraagni luu aadhvaryamlo vesina hohn raajavamsam naanhelu ledhaa kinn raajavamsamlo venditho tayaaru chesina arudaina banliang, inupa roopaantaram mariyu hohn raajavamsamlo pradhana roopaantaram vanti vividha faantlalo vrayabaddayi. liang baan" (β) naanhelu anie piluvabade riverse saasanam kaligina oka roopaantaram kooda veyabadindi, riverse saasanaalu kaligina nagadu naanheelanu "chuwan zing" (β) anie pilustaaru.
yuddhamlo unna raashtraala kaalamlo kinn raashtraaniki chendina banliang naanhelu saadhaaranamgaa 32 nundi 34 millimetres vyaasam gala 8 graamula banliang naanheelanu kaligi undagaa, kinn raajavamsam kaalamlo anni banliang naanhelu saadhaaranamgaa 6 graamula baruvunu kaligi undi, sumaru 31.7 millimetres vyasanni kaligi undevi. hohn raajavamsam shakam naati baan liang naanhelu saadhaaranamgaa kinn baan liang naanhela kante chinnavi, hohn raajavamsam prabhutvam naanhelaku baruvu pramaanaalanu nirantaram marchadam valla aaa yugam nundi aneka rakalu unnaayi. 
paschima hohn raajavamsam vaividhyaalu.
paschima hohn raajavamsam vaividhyaalu 
vendi nishedham liang nagadu naanhelu.
1950laloe, shanxiloni zian nagaraniki sameepamlo ekkado oka pradaesamloe aneka nishedha liang nagadu naanhelu velikiteesaaru. travvakaallo kanugonna nagadu naanhelalo oka mukhyamaina vendi namuunaa undhi, eee nagadu naanem mukhyamgaa 66 millimetres vyaasam, 7 millimetres mandam mariyu 96.15 graamula baruvunu kaligi undhi, saadhaaranamgaa 32 mariyu 34 millimetres madhya vyaasam mariyu kevalam 8 graamula baruvu kaligina kaamsyamtho tayaaru chesina chaalaa rashtra quin baan liang nagadu naanhelatho poliste. 
eee vendi nishedha liang nagadu naanemnu 20va sataabdapu atyanta prasiddha chainees naanhela sekaranadaarulalo okarigaa gurtinchadagina maa dingziang (<unk>) konugolu chesaaru. maa dingziang eee namuunaanu zian nagaramloni oka snehitudu mariyu thoti naanhyataa shaastravetta nundi pondaadu. eee rakamaina naanem yokka ekaika namuunaa idhi mariyu idhi 2011 samvatsaramlo vaelamloe $334,103 (ledhaa 2,070,000 yuvan) kuu samanamga vikrayinchabadindi. 
maa dingziang jeevitakaalamlo eee vendi banlong nagadu naanemnu mecchukune avakaasam labhinchina vaarilo luvo bojavo (<unk>), sunn ding (<unk>), lii veexian (<unk>) vanti aaa kaalamlooni itara prasiddha mariyu pramukha chainees naanhela saastravettalu unnaaru. 
gwan hanneng () thana pustakam "baan liang hubi thu shuvo" () loe, eee pratyaekamaina vendi byaan liang nagadu naanem yokka telisina chaayaachitraalu mariyu chettanu jagrattagaa pariseelinchina taruvaata, eee namuunaa aakseekarana kaaranamgaa daadaapu rendu sahasrabdaluga spashtamgaa khananam cheyabadindani, nagadu naanem meeda undani, alaage daani venuka bhaagamlo konni chinna pagullu unnayani, vaatini krutrimamgaa jodinchalemani ayana paerkonnaaru. inca, baan liang nagadu naanhela utpatti prarambha hohn raajavamsam varaku konasaginappatiki, adhi yuddhamlo unna raashtraala kaalamlo srushtinchabadi undavacchani, endukante namoonaalo oke spru untundi mariyu rendu mukkala acchunu upayoginchi veyabadi undedani gwan henheng paerkonnaadu. eee namuunaa yokka spru 17 millimetres mariyu naanem diguvana undhi, antey idhi casting acchula eguvana unna rendu nagadu naanhelalo okati ayi undaali. eee vendi nishedham liang kinn rashtram dwara vaeyabadataaniki maroka kaaranam emitante, daani aakaram mariyu daani roopaanni rendoo aaa kaalaaniki chendina nishedham liang nagadu naanhelatho sthiramgaa untaayi, udaaharanaku daani madhya randhram hohn kaalamlo niyaminchinatlugaa chaturasraaniki viruddhamgaa oka deerghachaturasram aakaaramlo untundi, mariyu eee namuunaa yokka eguva mariyu diguva kshitija samaantara rekhalu kooda winn nishedham liangku vilakshanhamaina vampu muulalanu kaligi untaayi. 
"drilling holes" liang nagadu naanheelanu nishedhinchandi.
konni byaan liang nagadu naanhelu randhraalu veyabadinatlu kanugonabaddayi, eee nagadu naanhelalo konnintiloo oka adanapu randhram matrame veyabadi undagaa, marikonnintilo rendu randhraalu unnaayi. eee nagadu naanhelu modata "chaina numismatics" () yokka 2010 sanchikalo modati sanchikalo namodu cheyabaddaayi, indulo "jhangjiachuwan prefecture travvakaalu 'drilled hole' baan liang" anae sheershikato oka vyaasam undhi. 2006 vesavilo taanu iteevala kanugonna daadaapu rendu vandala liang nagadu naanheelanu konugolu chesi, velikiteesaanani rachayita eee vyaasamlo vivarinchaadu. vaayuvya chainaalooni gansu provinceloni jhangjiachuwan huyy swayampratipatti kaligina counteeloo eee nagadu naanhelu tavvabaddaayi. eee nishedha liang nagadu naanhelu chaalaa mukhyamainavi endukante avi munupati yea chainees naanhela saahityamlo namodu cheyabadaledu. 
vyaasam rachayita prakaram, eee "drilling hole" banlong nagadu naanhelu yuddha raashtraala kaalam madhya nundi chivari varaku ekkado kinn rashtram dwara utpatti cheyabaddaayi. eee "drilling randhraalu" ekkuvagaa chainees aksharalu unna praantaala velupala kanipistaayi mariyu 2010 vyaasam rachayitalu avi ippatike veyabadina tarvaata vaatilo drilling cheyabaddaayani bhaavistaaru, antey eee randhraalu paelavamaina tayari prakriya phalitamgaa levani ardham. 
2010 vyaasam rachayita prakaram eee nishedha liang nagadu naanheelanu aabharanamgaa ledhaa lackettuga upayoginchadaaniki uddesinchinavi kaavu endukante eee adanapu drilling randhraalanu asoukaryamgaa off-center placement cheyadam valla nagadu naanem sarigga velaadadeeyabadadu. 
primaltrek" website yokka gyaarii ashkenazi prakaram, saampradaaya chainees samskrutilo naanhelu sampadatho mudipadi unnanduna, eee nishedha liang nagadu naanheelanu khananam vastuvulugaa upayoginchi undavacchu. inca, eee randhraalu paschima hohn raajavamsam samayamlo konni nishedha liang nagadu nanelapai kanipinchina "nakshatraalu" (σ, chukkalu), "chandrulu" (σ, ardhachandraalu), mariyu "suuryulu" (γ, vruttaalu) laku puurvagaami ayi undavacchani gyaarii ashkenazi oohinchaaru, ivi chainees naanhela aakarshanhala yokka aadima roopam, endukante eee chihnalu kramamga marinta sanklishtamgaa marai, chivariki hohn raajavamsam kaalamlo nijamaina chainees naanhela aakarshanhalu mariyu taayettulugaa abhivruddhi chendutaayi. 
drilling hole" nishedha liang nagadu naanhelu 23 nundi 33 millimetres vyaasam mariyu 1 graamu nundi 8 graamula baruvu varaku untaayi. 
praivetgaa cast byaan liang nagadu naanhelu.
hohn raajavamsam prarambha kaalamlo (cree. puu. 1), chakravarthy dhanavanthulu mariyu saktivantamainavaarini liang nagadu naanheelanu praivetgaa nishedhinchaalani aadesinchaadu. eee praivetugaa utpatti cheyabadina nagadu naanhelu parimaanamlo takkuvagaa mariyu baruvulo teelikagaa undevi, veetini "elm seed baan liang nagadu naanhelu" (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′) anie pilustaaru. eee "elm seed" nagadu naanhelalo konni 10 millimetres vyaasam varaku chinnavi mariyu kevalam 0.40 graamula baruvu matrame kaligi undevi. 
konni praivetugaa utpatti cheyabadina nishedha liang nagadu naanhelalo chadarapu madhya randhram paina "iravai" (2) kosam chainees aksharalu choppinchabaddaayi ledhaa chekkabaddayi. eee rakampai prastuta oohagaanaalu emitante, ilanti sankhyalu vaastavaaniki nagadu naanem yokka "viluva" (ledhaa viluva) nuu suuchimchavu, conny eee sankhyalu ippatikee teliyani konni "parimaanam" ledhaa "kolata" nuu suuchistaayi. 
deng tong (<unk>) hohn raajavamsaaniki chendina chakravarthy ventho sannihita vyaktigata sambandhaanni kaligi unna oka dhanavanthudaina vyaapaaravaetta. 3 samvatsaraala kaalamlo, chakravarthy wenn deng tong nuu praivetgaa nishedhinchabadina liang nagadu naanheelanu utpatti cheyadaaniki anumatinchaadu. saamraajya prabhutvam adhikarikamga vesina naanhela nundi thana nagadu naanheelanu vaeru cheyadaaniki, deng tong eee baan liang nagadu naanhela chadarapu madhya randhram paina mariyu krinda adanapu lohanni jodinchaadu. ekkuva" loham (ledhaa viluva) unnanduna, deng tong dwara praivetugaa utpatti cheyabadina eee nishedha liang nagadu naanhelu marinta "aanandaanni" (±) testayani nammutaaru. 
inupa nishedham liang nagadu naanhelu.
paschima hohn raajavamsam samayamlo chaina mottamodata inupa nagadu naanheelanu (taikian) upayoginchadam praarambhinchi undavacchu, 1955 mariyu 1959 samvatsaraala madhya huna nagaralaina hengyang mariyu changshalo paschima hohn sakapu samaadhulalo aneka inupa nishedha liang nagadu naanhelu velikiteesina taruvaata idhi nirdhaarinchabadindi. inupa nishedha liang nagadu naanhela itara namuunaalu kooda sichuwan provincelo velikiteesabaddaayi.
naanhyataasaastram.
chaaritraatmakamgaa nishedhinchabadina liang naanhelu naanhela samaajamlo chaalaa arudugaa undevi, conny vaatilo chaalaa varaku 1990laloe tavvakam chesi chaina nundi egumati cheyabadinanduna vaati dharalu natakeeyamgaa taggadamtho avi nedu chaalaa saadhaaranam ayyayi.
bahya linkulu.
 

