
paatasaalaku chendinadi

paatasaalaku chendina atyanta saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche nirvachanam 1993loe parisoedhakulu karol gudenov mariyu cathleen grady raasina oka vidya vyaasam nundi vachindi, vaaru paatasaalaku chendina "paatasaala saamaajika vaataavaranamloo vidyaarthulu vyaktigatamgaa angeekarinchabadina, gowravinchabadina, cherchabadina mariyu itarulache maddatu pondinatlugaa bhaavinche meraku" paatasaalaku chendinadani varninchaaru."paatasaala nirmaanamloo okari paatasaalato anusandhaaninchabadina anubhooti mariyu anubandham untaayi. idhi okari paatasaala sanghamtho prameyam mariyu anubandhaanni kooda kaligi untundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, tama paatasaala vaataavaranamloo unnatlugaa balamaina bhaavam laeni vidyaarthulanu tarachugaa paraayeekarana ledhaa asantruptigaa varnistaaru. paatasaala anusandhanam, paatasaala anubandham mariyu paatasaala nischitaarthamtho sahaa paatasaalaku chendina vaatitho parasparam marchukogalige aneka padaalu vidya parisoedhanaloo unnaayi.
vidyaaparamaina sadhana mariyu prerana, vyaktigata lakshanaalu, saamaajika sambandhaalu, janabha lakshanaalu, paatasaala vaataavaranam mariyu paatyetara karyakalapalalo palgonadam vanti aneka kaarakaala dwara paatasaalaku chendinadi nirnayinchabadutundi. vidyaasambandhamaina phalitaalu, manasika sardubaatu, sreyassu, gurtimpu nirmaanam, manasika aarogyam mariyu saareeraka aarogyamtho sthiramgaa mudipadi unnanduna paatasaalaku chendina vidyaarthulaku gananeeyamaina chikkulu unnayani parisoedhana suuchistumdi-idhi vidyaarthula abhivruddhilo praathamika amsamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. okari paatasaalaku chendina bhavana koumaaradasalo unnavaariki mukhyamgaa mukhyamainadigaa pariganinchabadutundi, endukante vaaru parivartana mariyu gurtimpu erpade kaalamlone untaaru, mariyu eee kaalamlo paatasaalaku chendinavi gananeeyamgaa taggutayani parisoedhanaloo kanugonabadindi.
1993loe abhivruddhi cheyabadina psychological sense off school membership (pssm), vidyaarthulu paatasaalaku chendina anubhootini yea sthaayilo anubhavistunnaro telusukovadaaniki teesukunna charyalalo okati. neenu edainaa manchigaa unnappudu ikkadi prajalu gamanistaaru" vanti prakatanalatho vaaru enthavaraku angeekaristaaro ledhaa ekibhavincharu anae vishayanni vidyaarthulu anchanaa vaestaaru."2003loe, vyaadhi niyantrana mariyu nivaarana kendraalu oka antarjaateeya samavesanni nirvahinchaayi, ikkada paatasaala anusandhaanaalapai vistruta prakatnanu vaari paatasaalato sambandhaala bhavanni mariyu sambandhaanni penchadaaniki vyuuhaala samuuhamgaa abhivruddhi chesaaru.
praabalyam mariyu patham.
chaalaa mandhi vidyaarthulaku paatasaalaku chendina bhavalu levani parisoedhanalu suuchistunnaayi. antarjaateeya vidyaarthi madimpu (pisa) karyakramam 2003 nundi prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna vidyaarthulaku chendina paatasaala mariyu asantruptini parisoedhimchimdi. vaari iteevali dayta sekarana 2018 loe jarigindi. 79 deshaalu mariyu aardhika vyavasthala nundi 32 millionla 15 samvatsaraala vayassu gala (15 samvatsaraala 3 nelala mariyu 16 samvatsaraala madhya vayassu 2 nelala) sumaru 600,000 mandhi vidyaarthulu pisa 2018 loe palgonnaru. vaari vislaeshanhalu prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna vidyaarthulaloo gananeeyamaina sankhyalo paatasaalaku chendina balamaina bhavalu levani velladinchaayi. sagatuna, survey chesina mottam vidyaarthulaloo moodinta oka vanthu mandhi taamu tama paatasaalaku chendinavaaramani bhaavinchaaru. adanamgaa, aidugurilo okaru paatasaalalo bayati vidyarthila bhaavistaarani mariyu aarugurilo okaru ontarigaa unnatlu vaaru kanugonnaru. chaalaa vidya vyavasthalalo, saamaajika-aardhikamgaa paatasaalaku chendina vidyaarthulu takkuvagaa bhaavinchaaru. 2015 mariyu 2018 madhya paatasaalaku chendina sagatu vidyaarthi 2 saatam taggindi. taamu paatasaalaku chendinavaarani bhaavinchani vidyaarthula saatam 2003 nundi perigindi, idhi prapanchavyaaptamgaa paatasaala ksheenata dhoranini suuchistumdi.
aneka vibhina parisoedhanaa adhyayanaalalo suuchimchinatlugaa, vidyaarthulu peddayyaaka paatasaalaku chendinavi taggutaayi. latin america, asea mariyu airopa nundi vacchina vidyaarthulatho kuudina oka adhyayanamlo, parisoedhakulu kaari gillen-oo 'neel mariyu andrew phuligni baalyamlo, vidyaarthulu saadhaaranamgaa unnata sthaayi paatasaalalaku chendinavaarani kanugonnaru. ayithe, vidyaarthulu madhya paatasaala mariyu koumaaradasaloki maarina tarvaata, paatasaalaku chendina vaari avagahana gananeeyamgaa taggutundi. adevidhamgaa, oka pratyeka adhyayanam prakaram, madhya paatasaala nundi unnata paatasaalaku maaradamlo vidyaarthula paatasaala taggudala kanipinchindi; eee vidyaarthulu nispruha lakshanaalalo perugudala mariyu saamaajika maddatu ksheenatanu kooda pradarsinchaaru, idhi paatasaalalo ksheenataku kaaranaalu ledhaa parinamaluga pariganinchavacchu. eee dhorani aneka itara adhyayanaalalo punaraavrutamaindi, vidyaarthulu koumaaradasaku cherukunna tarvaata paatasaalaku chendinavi taggutayani suuchistumdi.
nirnayaadhikaarulu.
k dwara 51 adhyayanala (n = 67,378) yokka meta-vislaeshanha. paatasaalanu prabhaavitam chese aneka vyaktigata mariyu saamaajika sthaayi karakalu unnayani allen mariyu sahacharulu (2018) gurtinchaaru. eee pradhana itivruttaalalo vidyaaparamaina amsaalu, vyaktigata lakshanaalu, saamaajika sambandhaalu, janabha lakshanaalu, paatasaala vaataavaranam mariyu paatyetara karyakalapalu unnaayi. paatasaalaku chendina aneka nirnayaatmaka amsaalaku, vaarilo prati okkariki vidyaarthi yokka anubandha bhaavamtho paraspara sambandham unde avakaasam undhi. antey, avi puurvagaamulu ledhaa parinaamaalu rendinti vale panicheestaayi.
vidyaaparamaina karakalu.
parisoedhana anedi vidyaaparamaina kaarakaala prabhavanni namodu chesindi (i.ii. vidyaarthula paatasaalapai saadhinchina vijayam, prerana, drudhatvam, paatasaalalo aasakti). vidyaaparamaina sadhana, ledhaa paatasaalalo okari naipunyaalu mariyu saamarthyaalu, paatasaalaku chendina gananeeyamaina anchanaga gurtinchabaddaayi. udaaharanaku, vidyaavishayaka saadhanaku oka saadhaarana kolata ayina vidyaarthula grade point sagatulu (gpa) paatasaalaku chendina vaatitho sanukoolamgaa mudipadi unnayani parisoedhanalu niroopinchaayi. dheeni ardham adhika gplu unna vidyaarthulu unnata sthaayi paatasaalalaku chendinavaaru. adhyayanalu vidyaarthula paatasaalaku chendina nirnayakaalugaa vidya prerana yokka aneka charyalanu kooda kanugonnayi. vidya prerana anedi homework puurti cheyadam, lakshyalanu nirdesinchadam, vijayam yokka nireekshana, mariyu taragati gadilo krushi mariyu nischitaartham vanti pravartanalanu kaligi untundi. karol gudenov mariyu cathleen grady eee vidya prerana yokka upa-vibhagalalo prati okkati paatasaalaku chendina vidyaarthula avagahana yokka mukhyamaina predictorlugaa kanugonnaru. iteevali parisoedhanalu eee phalitaalanu pratiroopam chesaayi, paatasaalaku chendina bhavalanu pempondinchadamlo vidya prerana mukhyamaina paatra pooshistundani suuchistunnaayi. adanamgaa, vidyaarthulu paatasaala viluvanu grahinchadam vaari paatasaalanu prabhaavitam chestundih vaaru tama ketaayimpulu mariyu vidyanu bodhanaatmakamainavi, ardhavantamainavi mariyu viluvainaviga grahinchinappudu, vaaru ekkuva paatasaalaku chendinavigaa nivedinche avakaasam undhi.
vyaktigata lakshanaalu.
vyaktigata lakshanaalu vidyaarthula vilakshanhamaina lakshanaalu, lakshanaalu, vyaktitvam, bhavodvegalu mariyu lakshanaalanu suuchistaayi mariyu paatasaalaku chendina gananeeyamaina nirnayadhikaramga sthiramgaa gurtinchabaddaayi. vyaktigata lakshanaalanu sanukoolamgaa ledhaa pratikuulamgaa vargeekarinchavachhu. aatmagouravam, sweeya-samarthatha, saanukuula prabhavam mariyu samarthavanthamaina bhavodvega niyantrana vanti saanukuula vyaktigata lakshanaalu vidyaarthula paatasaalaku chendina bhavanni pempondinchadamlo sahaayapadataayani choopabadindi. anni itara vyaktigata kaarakaalato poliste vidyaarthula aatmagouravam paatasaalapai atyadhika prabhavanni chooputundani zin maa chesina oka adhyayanam kanugondi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, aandolana, nispruha lakshanaalu, perigina ottidi, pratikuula prabhavam mariyu manasika anaaroogyam vanti pratikuula vyaktigata lakshanaalu paatasaalaku chendina vidyaarthula avagahananu tagginchavachhu. bhavodvega asthirata vidyaarthula vidya anubhavalanu pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam cheyadam dwara paatasaalanu marinta prabhaavitam chestundi.
saamaajika sambandhaalu.
saamaajika sambandhaalu oka paatasaalalo unnatlugaa vidyaarthula bhavalanu pempondinchadamlo palgontayi. paatasaalaku chendina mariyu thootivaaru, upaadhyaayulu mariyu thallidandrulatho saanukuula saamaajika sambandhaala madhya pedda, saanukuula sahasambandhaalu unnaayi. eee vanarula nundi maddatu, angeekaaram mariyu prothsaaham vidyaarthulu tama paatasaalato anusandhanam avtarane bhavananu pempondinchukovadaaniki sahaayapadataayi.
sahacharulu.
paatasaalaku chendina vidyaarthula abhivruddhiki pratyaksha sahakaramga thoti sambandhaalanu gurtinchaaru. sahacharulatho saanukuula saamaajika sambandhaalalo angeekaaram, anusandhanam, prothsaaham, vidyaaparamaina mariyu saamaajika maddatu, vishwaasam, saannihityam mariyu shraddhagala bhavalu untaayi. thoti sambandhaalalo ituvanti lakshanaalu vidyaarthula paatasaalaku chendina bhavalanu gananeeyamgaa sulabhataram chestaayi. vidyaarthulu tama sahacharulache tiraskarinchabadinappudu ledhaa maddatu laenippudu, vaaru aandolana, ottidi mariyu paraayeekarananu anubhavinchavacchu. idhi paatasaalalo vaari avagahananu maarustundi, endukante paatasaala vaataavaranam ippudu avaanchaneeyamgaa mariyu badhakaramga anipistundi, tadwara paatasaalanu gurtinchadam mariyu anusandhaaninchadam kashtataram chestundi.
tallidandrulu.
thallidandrulatho sambandhaalu vidyaarthula paatasaalaku chendina bhavalapai gananeeyamaina prabhavalanu chuuputaayi, endukante tallidandrulu saadhaaranamgaa vidyaarthulaku modati saamaajika sambandhaalanu andistaaru. tallidandrula saanukuula sambandhaalalo tallidandrulu vidyaaparamaina mariyu saamaajika maddatu, aarogyakaramaina sambhaashana, prothsaaham, karuna, angeekaaram mariyu bhadrata andinchadam unnaayi. tallidandrulu-pillala sambandhaalalo ituvanti lakshanaalu vaari paatasaala vaataavaranamtho vaari grahinchina sambandhaanni prabhaavitam cheyadam dwara vidyaarthula paatasaala bhavananu pempondinchadaaniki chuupimchabaddaayi.
upaadhyaayulu.
paatasaalalo vidyaarthula bhaavaalaku upaadhyaayulu mukhyamaina sahakaruluga gurtinchabaddaaru. aneka vidya adhyayanalu sahacharulu ledhaa tallidandrula maddatutoe poliste paatasaalaku chendina upaadhyaayula maddatunu balamaina predictorga gurtinchaayi. upaadhyaayulu surakshitamaina mariyu aarogyakaramaina taragati gadhi vaataavaranaanni abhivruddhi cheyadam dwara, vidyaaparamaina mariyu saamaajika maddatunu andinchadam dwara, thotivaarilo gowravaanni pempondinchadam dwara mariyu vidyaarthulanu nyayamga chusukovadam dwara paatasaalaku chendina vaarini pempondinchadaaniki sahaayapadavachhu. upaadhyaayulu snehapuurvakamgaa, sameepinchadaginavaarugaa undatam dwara mariyu vaari vidyaarthulatho connect avvadaniki prayatninchadam dwara paatasaalaku chendina bhavalanu kooda prothsahinchavachhu. vidyaarthula paatasaalanu prothsahinche bodhanaa paddhatulalo paranjaanu neerchukoevadam, saanukuula pravartanalu mariyu paniteerunu prasamsimchadam, taragati gadilo vidyaarthulaku svayampratipattini anumatinchadam mariyu vidyaarthula adhika anchanaalanu kaligi undatam vanti vidyaaparamaina ottidini upayoginchadam vantivi unnaayi.
janabha lakshanaalu.
lingam.
linga mariyu paatasaala madhya sambandham chaalaa varaku asampuurnamgaa undhi endukante parisoedhana viruddhamaina phalitaalanu ichindi. aneka adhyayanalu paatasaalaku chendina avagaahanallo linga vyatyaasaalanu kanugonnayi konni parisoedhanalu purushulatho poliste streelaku paatasaalalo unna bhavana ekkuvagaa undani suuchistunnaayi, ayithe itara adhyayanalu vyatiraeka prabhavanni kanugonnayi mariyu purushulu streela kante unnata paatasaalaku chendinavaarani nirdharinchaayi. itara parisoedhanalu paatasaalaku chendinavi lingam dwara assalu prabhaavitam kaavani niroopinchaayi.
jaathi mariyu jaathi.
lingam maadirigaane, paatasaalaku chendina jaatipai mariyu jaathi prabhaavampai konni parisoedhanalu rendinti madhya gananeeyamaina sambandhaanni kanugonnayi, ayithe itara parisoedhanalu eee phalitaalaku viruddhamgaa unnaayi. udaaharanaku, oka adhyayanamlo tellajati vidyaarthulatho poliste nallajati vidyaarthulu paatasaalalo takkuva bhavalanu anubhavistaarani kanugonnaru, ayithe, itara parisoedhanalu dheeniki viruddhamaina namuunaanu kanugonnayi ledhaa paatasaalaku chendina jaatipai etuvanti mukhyamaina prabhavanni kanugonaledu.
paatasaala vaataavaranam.
paatasaala vaataavaranam vaaru paatasaalaku chendinavaarani bhaavinche vidyaarthulaku gananeeyamaina parinaamaalanu kaligistundi. paatasaala vaataavaranam anedi paatasaala yokka paryaavaranam mariyu naanhyathatho sambandham unna bhavalanu vistrutamgaa suuchistumdi; idhi bhouthikamgaa (udhaa.zii. bhavanala taginanta), saamaajika (udhaa.zii. vyaktula madhya sambandhaalu), mariyu vidyaaparamaina koonaalu (udhaa.zii. bodhana naanhyata). paatasaala vaataavaranam paatasaalaku chendina vaari paatasaalato sambandham mariyu anubandham yokka bhavalanu daani maddatu (ledhaa lekapovadam) dwara prabhaavitam chestundi. paatasaala vaataavaranamloo oka mukhyamaina amsam paatasaala bhadrata, idhi paatasaalalo vidyaarthulu entha surakshitamgaa bhaavistaaro. indulo paatasaala yokka bhadrata vidhanalu, kramasikshana upayogam, bedirimpu praabalyam mariyu nyaayabaddhata vanti chararaasulu untaayi. paatasaala bhadrata anedi paatasaalaku chendina mukhyamaina nirnayakamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. paatasaala bhadrata gurinchi unnata avagahanalu paatasaalaku chendina vaari gurinchi ekkuva bhavalanu kaligi unna vidyaarthulatho mudipadi untaayi.
paatyetara karyakalapalu.
paatyetara karyakalapalalo palgonadam valla paatasaalaku chendina vidyaarthula avagahananu sanukoolamgaa prabhaavitam cheyavachani parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi. udaaharanaku, rendu paatyetara karyakalapalalo palgonna vidyaarthulu rendu kante takkuva taragatulalo palgonna vidyaarthulatho poliste paatasaalaku chendina bhavalanu ekkuvagaa nivedinchaarani parisoedhakulu casey nifescend mariyu sandra graham kanugonnaru. itara adhyayanalu eee sambandhaanni punaraavrutam chesaayi, paatasaalaku chendina vaatini abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki paatyetara karyakalapalalo palgonadam yokka praamukhyatanu ettichuupaayi. paatyetara karyakalapalu vidyaarthulu mariyu vaari sahacharula madhya sahakaara mariyu deerghakaalika paraspara charyalanu andinchadam dwara paatasaalaku chendina vaatini prabhaavitam cheyavachu.
saamaajika-paryaavarana drukpatham.
paatasaalaku chendina aneka nirnayakaalanu saamaajika-paryaavarana namoonaalo bhaavinchavachchu. branfenbrenner yokka saamaajika-paryaavarana vyavasthala siddhaantam (1979) nundi sweekarinchabadina allen mariyu sahacharulu (2016) abhivruddhi chesina "paatasaala yokka saamaajika-paryaavarana namuunaa", paatasaala vyavasthanu mottam mariyu paatasaalaku chendina bahula mariyu dynamic prabhaavaseelulanu vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. eee namuunaa vaari paatasaala vaataavaranamloo vidyaarthulanu chitreekaristundi. antargata vruttaalu paatasaalanu prabhaavitam chese jeeva mariyu vyaktigata sthaayi lakshanaalanu vivaristaayi. eee karakalalo jeevasambandhamaina lakshanaalu mariyu bhavodvega sthirathvam mariyu vidya prerana vanti vyaktigata lakshanaalu unnaayi. suukshma vyavastha itarulatoe, mukhyamgaa upaadhyaayulu, sahacharulu mariyu thallidandrulatho sambandhaala dwara suuchimchabadutumdi. mesosystem anedi paatasaala yokka rojuvaaree karyakalapalalo jarige paatasaala vidhanam mariyu paddhatulanu suuchistumdi mariyu exosystem anedi vistruta paatasaala samajanni kaligi unde vistruta sthaayini suuchistumdi. sthuula vyavastha bhougolikamgaa oka paatasaala unna chota, bahya saamaajika vaataavaranam mariyu charitra, chattam mariyu prabhutva aadhaarita praadhaanyatalu vanti itara kaarakaala dwara prabhaavitamayye paatasaala yokka saamskrutika sandarbhaanni vivaristundi.
parinaamaalu.
manasika aarogyam mariyu sardubaatu.
paatasaalaku chendina vidyaarthulu vaari manasika aarogyam mariyu sardubaatuku aneka parinaamaalanu kaligi untaaru. vidyaarthulu paatasaalaku chendina bhavanni ekkuva anubhooti chendutunnappudu, vaari manasika aarogyam mariyu sreyassu merugupadutundani parisoedhanaloo telindih vaaru ekkuva sthaayi bhavodvega sthirathvam, takkuva sthaayi niraasa, taggina ottidi mariyu aanandam mariyu garvam vanti saanukuula bhavodvegala perugudalanu pradarsistaaru. paatasaalaku chendina bhavalu kooda aatmagouravam, sweeya-bhavana mariyu sweeya-viluvanu anchanaa vestaayani choopabadindi. paatasaalaku chendina vidyaarthulu marinta saanukuula jeevita parivartanalanu kooda anubhavistaaru, ivi manasika aarogyam mariyu sardubaatuku mukhyamaina chikkulanu kaligi untaayi.
marovaipu, paatasaalaku chendina balamaina bhaavam laeni vidyaarthulu aneka pratikuula manasika mariyu manasika aarogya phalitaalaku gurayye pramaadam undhi. paatasaalalo tamakunna bhavana laeni vidyaarthulu aandolana, niraasa, pratikuula prabhavam, aatmahatya aalochanalu mariyu mottam manasika anaaroogyam abhivruddhi chendadaaniki gananeeyamgaa ekkuva pramaadam kaligi untaaru. idhi vaari saamaajika tiraskarana mariyu paraayeekarana bhavalanu kooda penchavacchu.
vidyaaparamaina abhivruddhi mariyu phalitaalu.
paatasaalaku chendina bhavalu vidyaaparamaina abhivruddhi mariyu vidyaarthula phalitaalapai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chuuputaayi. paatasaalaku chendinadi vidyaarthula vijayam yokka nireekshana, paatasaalalo krushi mariyu paatasaala mariyu vidya yokka grahinchina viluvaku sambandhinchinadi. paatasaalalo mariyu paatyetara karyakalapalalo nischitaartham mariyu bhagaswamyam rendintinee penchadaaniki paatasaalaku chendina ekkuva bhavalu chuupimchabaddaayi. adevidhamgaa, paatasaalaku chendinadi paatasaala patla ekkuva nibaddhatato mudipadi untundi. grade point sagatulalo perugudala dwara chuupabadinatlugaa, paatasaalaku chendina balamaina bhavalu mottam vidya paniteeru mariyu vijayanni meruguparustaayani kooda choopabadindi. paatasaalalo unna bhavana kooda vidyaaparamaina sweeya-saamarthyaanni meruguparustundi, ledhaa maroe maatalo cheppalante, paatasaalalo vijayam saadhinchagala saamardhyampai vidyaarthula nammakanni meruguparustundi.
paatasaalaku chendina pratikuula vidya phalitaala prabalyanni kooda tagginchavacchani parisoedhanalu suuchimchaayi. paatasaalaku chendina ekkuva bhavalu poraatam, bedirimpu mariyu vidhvamsaka charya vanti durviniyogam mariyu dushpravartana taggadamtho mudipadi untaayi. idhi paatasaala haajarunu meruguparachagaladu, idhi troomsey mariyu gairhajaru yokka tarachudanaanni taggistundi. paatasaalaku chendinadi undatam valla vidyaarthulu paatasaala nundi tappukune avakaasam kooda taggutundi, tadwara paatasaala puurti ayye raetlu merugupadataayi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, paatasaalaku chendina bhaavam laeni vidyaarthulu paatasaala nundi vidipovadaaniki mariyu tappukune avakaasam unnanduna ekkuva pramaadam undhi.
saareeraka aarogyam.
paatasaalaku chendinavi vidyaarthula saareeraka aarogyampai aneka prabhavalanu chuuputaayi. paatasaalaku chendina bhavalanu kaligi unna vidyaarthulu stroke ledhaa vyaadhi vachhe pramaadaanni taggistaaru. paatasaalalaku chendina vidyaarthulu kooda takkuva maranaala retutho mudipadi unnaaru. adanamgaa, paatasaalaku chendina avagahanalu, padaartham mariyu pogaaku vadakam mariyu prarambha laingikatatoe sahaa pramaada-teesukune pravartanalatho gananeeyamaina viloma sambandhaanni kaligi untaayi. maroe maatalo cheppalante, unnata sthaayi paatasaalalanu kaligi unna vidyaarthulu pramaadakara pravartanalalo palgone avakaasam takkuvagaa untundi.
charyalu.
paatasaalaku chendina vaatini anchanaa vaeyadaaniki aneka charyalu upayoginchabadutunnaayi. atyanta saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche charyalu
psychological sense off school membership (pii. ess. ess. emm).
paatasaalaku chendina atyanta saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche kolata paatasaala sabhyatvam (pssm) sthaayi yokka manasika bhaavam, idhi 1993loe karol gudenov chae abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. eee sthaayi paatasaala nepadhyamlo vidyaarthula yokka anubandham mariyu sabhyatvam yokka bhavalanu kolustundi, vidyaarthulu paatasaalalo vaari vyaktigata bhavalu mariyu anubhavaalaku sambandhinchi 18 amsaalaku pratispandistaaru. idhi anni vayasula mariyu jaateeyatala vidyaarthulatho upayoginchadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. vidyaarthulu 1 nundi 5 varaku unna sthaayilo amsaalaku samadhanam istaaru, ikkada 1 anedi "assalu nijam kaadu" anie suuchistumdi mariyu 5 anedi "puurtigaa nijam" anie suuchistumdi. paatasaalalo vaari saamaajika sambandhaalalo angeekaaram, vidyaaparamaina mariyu saamaajika maddatu, viluva mariyu santrupti gurinchi vidyaarthula avagahananu kolavadaniki eee amsaalu uddesinchabaddaayi. vidyaarthulu pratispandinche amsaalaku eee krindi konni udaaharanalu unnaih "neenu edainaa manchigaa unnappudu ikkadi prajalu gamanistaaru", "" itara vidyaarthulu naa abhipraayaalanu teevramgaa teesukuntaaru "," mariyu "neenu eee paatasaalalo nijamaina bhaagamgaa bhaavistunnaanu"."parisoedhanaloo pii. ess. ess. emm adhika praamaanikata mariyu viswasaneeyatanu kaligi undani kanugonnaru, idhi paatasaalaku chendina viluvaina mariyu kriyaatmaka kolatagaa daani hodaanu dhruveekaristundi.
kaumara sambandhaala yokka kolata (hetch. emm. yea. sii).
kaumara sambandhaala (hetch. emm. yea. sii) yokka hemingway kolatanu 1999loe maikhel carcher nirminchaaru mariyu pratyaekamgaa koumaaradasalo unna paatasaala kolatagaa parisoedhanaloo upayoginchabadindi. indulo 1 ("assalu nijam kaadu") nundi 5 ("chaalaa nijam") varaku 74 amsaalu unnaayi. idhi koumaaradasalo unnavaari anusandhanam gurinchi avagahananu ledhaa maroe maatalo cheppalante, vaaru pondhe nirdishta mariyu saadhaarana saamaajika maddatu rendinti yokka prameyam mariyu madimpu, moodu upa-vargalalo pariseelistundih saamaajika anusandhanam, vidya anusandhanam mariyu kutumba anusandhanam. saamaajika anusandhanam anae amsam koumaaradasalo vaari snehitulu, porugu mariyu sweeya sambandhaala patla vaari bhavalanu kolustundi. vidyaavishayaka anusandhanam koumaaradasalo vaari paatasaala, upaadhyaayulu, sahacharulu mariyu vidyaavishayaka swabhaavam patla unna sambandha bhavanni anchanaa vestundi. chivaraku, kutumba anusandhanam bhaagam koumaaradasalo vaari tallidandrulu, thobuttuvulu, matam mariyu puurveekulatoo anusandhanam yokka bhavalanu anchanaa vestundi. paatasaalaku chendina amsaalanu koliche amsaalalo pratyekamgaah "neenu paatasaalalo unnappudu naa gurinchi naaku manchi anubhooti kalugutundi", "" naa taragatiloni itara vidyaarthulatho neenu baga kalisipotanu "mariyu" neenu paatasaalalo undatam aanandistaanu "."eee sthaayi prapanchavyaaptamgaa koumaaradasalo unnavaariki saadhaaraneekarinchadaginadigaa kanugonabadindi.
paatasaala anusandhaana sthaayi (scs).
jill hendrickson lohmier mariyu steven doubleu. lii 2011loe paatasaala anusandhaana sthaayini (scs) moodu vibhina vargalalo vidyaarthula sahacharulu, vayojanulu mariyu paatasaala sambandhaalanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki srushtinchaaruh saadhaarana maddatu (anubandham), nirdishta maddatu (sambandham), mariyu nischitaartham (anusandhanam).eee pramaanamloo 1 nundi 5 varaku sthaayilo samarpinchina 54 sweeya-nivedika amsaalu unnaayi, ikkada 1 'assalu nijam kaadu' mariyu 5 'puurtigaa nijam' anie suuchistumdi. konni amsaalalo "naa paatasaalalooni vidyaarthulu okarikokaru sahayam chesukuntaru", "neenu naa paatasaalalo clubbulu ledhaa jatlu vanti karyakalapalalo chaalaa nimagnamai unnaanu", "naa paatasaalalooni upaadhyaayulu vaari vidyaarthula gurinchi shraddha vahistaaru", mariyu "naa sahavidyaarthulatho samayam gadapadam naaku ishtam."vividha vayasula mariyu jaatulato sahaa vibhina janabha nundi vacchina vidyaarthulaku scs saadhaaraneekarananu choopinchindi.
paatasaala nischitaartham sadhanam (sea).
paatasaala nischitaartham parikaram (sea) nuu james aapil tunn, sandra christenson, dongjin kimm mariyu amee reschley 2006loe roopondinchaaru mariyu saadhaaranamgaa paatasaalaku chendina avagahanalanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki upayogistaaru. idhi paatasaala vaataavaranamloo vidyaarthula abhignaa mariyu prabhaavaatmaka nischitaarthaanni koliche "gattiga angeekarinchadam" nundi "gattiga angeekarinchadam" varaku naalugu-paayintla sthaayilo 35 amsaalanu kaligi untundi. amsaalanu aaru upa-domainlugaa vargeekarinchaaruh "bhavishyat lakshyalu mariyu aakaankshalu, paatasaala pani yokka niyantrana mariyu auchityam, bahya prerana, abhyaasaaniki kutumba maddatu, abhyaasaaniki thoti maddatu mariyu upadhyaya-vidyaarthi sambandhaalu."eee samstha nundi vachhe amsaalaloo" "mottam meeda, naa upaadhyaayulu naatho bahirangamgaa mariyu nijaayiteegaa untaaru", "" "naaku avasaramainappudu naa paatasaalalooni vidyaarthulu naa kosam untaaru", "" "naaku paatasaalalo samasyalu unnappudu, naa kutumbam/samrakshakulu daani gurinchi telusukoovaalanukuntaaru", "mariyu" "naa taragatulalo neenu emi neerchukuntunnaanu anedi naa bhavishyattuku mukhyamainadi"."
abhyasam kosam prabhavalu.
2003loe, vyaadhi niyantrana mariyu nivaarana kendraalu (sidisi) paatasaalaku chendina vidyaarthula avagahananu balopetam cheyadaaniki vyuuhaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki oka antarjaateeya samavesanni nirvahinchaayi. vaaru paatasaala anusandhaanaalapai vistrutamaina prakatnanu abhivruddhi chesaaru, idhi vaari paatasaalaku chendina mariyu vaaritho anusandhanam penchadaaniki eee krindi vyuuhaalanu gurtinchindihi
nipunulaina parisoedhakulu, prabhutvam, vidyaavaettalu mariyu marinni muulaalanu upayoginchi paatasaalaku chendina mariyu anusandhaanata gurinchi samagramaina, kramabaddhamaina sameekshanu nirvahinchadam dwara 2009loe sidisi taruvaata wing spread declaration panini munduku teesukellindi. eee pani paatasaalalo unnatlugaa vidyaarthula avagahananu penchadaaniki naalugu adanapu vyuuhaalanu roopondinchindih
abhyasam kosam vidyaarthi sthaayi prabhavalu.
vidyaarthi sthaayi jokyalu kooda paatasaalaku chendina bhavanni penchavacchu. avakaasaalu vidyaarthulaloo paatasaalaku chendina bhavanni kooda penchavacchani parisoedhana suuchimchimdi. vidyaarthi yokka anubandhaanni pempondinchadaaniki kanugonabadina aneka vyaktigata lakshanaalanu vidyaarthulaku bodhinchavachhu mariyu tadwara vaari paatasaala anubandhaanni samardhinchadaaniki nivaarana yantraamgaanni andinchavacchu. udaaharanaku, bhavodvega niyantrana, edurkogala naipunyaalu, vyaktula madhya naipunyaalu mariyu vidya preranaku sambandhinchina naipunyaalu bodhinchadam anedi paatasaalaku chendina vidyaarthula bhaavaaniki maddatu istundani parisoedhanalu suuchistunnaayi.

