
cobul (bhoogarbha shaastram)

oka cobul (konnisaarlu oka coblestone) anedi oka gulakaralla kante pedda mariyu oka bandaralla kante chinna kana parimaanam kaligi unnatlu yuden-ventworth scalepy nirvachinchabadina raathi samuuham. itara pramaanaalu oka cobul parimaanaanni bhinnamgaa nirvachistaayi. pradhanamgaa cobelsto tayaaru chesina raatini sammelanamgaa pilustaaru. coblestone anedi cobles aadhaaramgaa nirminchina nirmaana samagri.
vyutpatti.
coblestones anie kooda piluvabade cobals, vaati paerunu cobe anae padam nundi pondaayi, dheeni ardham gundrani mudda. eee padam german "" thala "" anae padaaniki marinta sambandhinchinadi. chester gowarth thana 1922 kaagitamlo cobulsnu "cobul boulders" gaa paerkonnaadu, idhi yuden-ventworth scaleku aadhaaramgaa maarindi.
vargeekaranalu.
vistrutamgaa upayoginche crumbean phai parimaanaalalo, cobulsnu −6 nundi −8 φ varaku unde raathi samuhaluga nirvachistaaru. eee vargeekarana yuden-ventworth parimaana pramaanaaniki anugunamgaa untundi, idhi cobulsnu daani nundi vyaasamtho kuudina clastluga nirvachistundi. eee sthaayilo, kankanaalu vyaasamlo koliche gulakaraalla kante peddavigaa mariyu bandaralla kante chinnaviga untaayi, veeti vyaasam madhya nundi untundi. yuden-ventworth scalepy, cobuls yokka akshararahita bhinnam kankaragaa vargeekarinchabadindi, ayithe pradhanamgaa cobuls thoo kuudina lithified namuunaa oka sammelanam. us national research council avakshepanapai kamitee saadhyamaithe, inn situ cobulsnu vaati muulam prakriya dwara gurtinchaalani sifaarasu chesindi (udhaa.zii., vichchinnam dwara cobals", "exfoliation dwara" modalainavi.).
1800la chivaralo mariyu 1900la madhyakaalam praarambhamlo, aden-ventworth scale vistrutamgaa sweekarinchadaaniki mundu, parimaana vargeekaranalu kalisi kante pedda kanaalannintinii "kankara" ledhaa "raallu" gaa vargeekarinchevi. itara pramaanaalu oka cobul parimaanaanni yuden-ventworth kante konchem bhinnamgaa nirvachinchaayi; british pramaanaala samstha oka cobul nuu vyaasamlo unde edainaa clastga suuchistumdi, ayithe united states department off agriculture yokka nirvachanam cobuls yokka shrenini suuchistumdi mariyu iso praamaanika paerlu vyaasamlo untaayi.
kudumulu yokka nirvachanamtho sahaa, aden-ventworth sthaayini meruguparachadaaniki vividha prayatnaalu jarigaayi. 1968loe, dii. zhe. cobul" hodaanu "chinna cobul" (nundi vyaasam kaligina kanaala kosam) mariyu "pedda cobul" (nundi vyaasam unna kanaala kosam) anae rendu bhinnaluga upavibhajana cheyaalani doglas pratipaadinchaaru. 1999loe terrens sii raasina oka patrika. blair mariyu zaan zii. pedda kankara dhanyalanu vismaristuunae, uden-ventworth mariyu crumbean pramaanaalu isuka dhaanyaala adhyayanaaniki chaaritraka praadhaanyatanu icchaayani mcferson vaadinchaaru. vaaru "fine cobuls" nuu (−6 nundi −7 φ) varaku vyaasam unnavigaa mariyu "mutaka cobuls" nuu (−7 nundi −8 φ) varaku vyaasam unnavigaa nirvachinchaalani pratipaadinchaaru. 2012loe, saiman zhe. blat mariyu kenneth paie cobul hodaanu puurtigaa tolaginchaalani suuchimchaaru, daani sthaanamlo varusaga blair mariyu mcferson yokka fine mariyu mutaka cobles kuu samaanamaina parimaanamlo "chaalaa chinna bolled" mariyu "chinna bolled" hodaanu bharti cheyaalani suuchimchaaru.
settingulu.
pravahalalo sambhavinchinappudu, parvata loya pravahalalo madhyastamgaa nitaruga unde cobbles kanipinche avakaasam undhi. cobals kooda himaaneenadaala dwara ravana cheyabadataayi mariyu itara rakaala avakshepanala maadirigaane jama cheyabadataayi. pottu neetitho veyabadi unte, isuka mariyu gulakaraallu vanti suukshmamaina kanaalu puurtigaa kottukupoyi, bandaraallu mariyu cobuls matrame migili untaayi. shingle beach anae padam chinna nundi madhya taraha cobuls ledhaa gulakaraallatoe kappabadina beechnu suuchistumdi (chakkati isukaku viruddhamgaa). himanadeeya ravana cheyabadina kudurulu pattika aakaram mariyu parshwa koonaalapai diguva vikarna chaaralatho sahaa aneka gurtinche lakshanaalanu panchukuntaayi.
cobul sammelanaalu ondru muulam kaavacchu ledhaa "raathi himapaataala" utpatti kaavacchu, idhi ekikrutam kaani koblu mariyu kankara phalitamgaa erpade oka rakamaina sidhilaala pravaham. atuvanti raathi himapaataalalo, baga gundramgaa unde cobuls vaati takkuva rolling gharshana kaaranamgaa chaalaa dhooram prayaaninchavacchu. ondru prakriyala utpatti ayinappudu, cobul sammelanam yokka maatrukalo kankara mariyu mutaka isuka untaayi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, pravaaha-niksheepaalu gala sammelanaala maatrikalu pradhanamgaa burada.

