
tabna

toobune ledhaa thubune anae puraatana paerlatoe kooda piluvabade tobne (βοβνα), algerialoni batna provincelo naasanamaina maajee nagaram, idhi aadhunika nagaramaina barikaku dakshinaana undhi. eee sthaanam nundi, idhi okappudu hodna praantam yokka thoorpu bhaganni niyantrinchagaa, paschimaana mama 'silaa undedi. idhi roman saamrajyam kaalam nundi islaamik madhya yugaala varaku abhivruddhi chendindi, 11va sataabdamloo baanu hilal chetha tolaginchabadi naasanam cheyabade varaku, aaa taruvaata chivaraku daanini vidichipettaru.
nedu puraavastu saastravettalu sarigga namodu cheyani vidhamgaa, tobna sidhilaalu vistrutamaina praantaanni akraminchayi mariyu byzantine koota avasheshaalatho paatu 950 meterla x 930 meterla vistiirnamloo unna goda jaadalu unnaayi.
charitra.
2019 natiki puraavastu saastravettalu tobna pradaesaanni sarigga adhyayanam cheyaledu. saadhaaranamgaa chuttupakkala hodna praantaaniki kooda idhe vartistundi. 1949loe prachurinchabadina algerialo zeane baradez yokka vaimanika sarvelu, eee pradaesam yokka modati vaimanika chitraalanu andinchaayi. eee samacharam nundi, athanu nagaram chuttoo unna roman rahadari netvarknu punarnirminchadaaniki krushi chesaadu. tobna paerunu prastaavinchae oke oka mylurayi matrame kanugonabadindi; idhi nikibus (engavus) kuu puraatana rahadaaripai undhi mariyu "[eah thu] bonis" anae saasanaanni kaligi undhi. chuttupakkala rahadari network punarnirmaanam ekkuvagaa eee praantamlooni itara mailurallapai namodu cheyabadina dhooraala nundi alaage vaati sthaanaala nundi anchanaa veyabadindi.
roman tubune modata septimius severus aadhvaryamlo munisipiyamgaa maarindi. cree. sha. 427loe, count boniface nagaramlo unna samayamlo hippo yokka augustinnu kalusukunnadu.
puraatana kaalam chivaralo, tobna "limes tubuninsis" anie piluvabade sainika jillaaku kendramgaa undedi, idhi africa yokka adhikara paridhiloo padahaaru "preposity limitis" loe okatigaa notitia dignititatamlo jabita cheyabadindi. justinian paalanalo ikkada oka koota nirminchabadindi. eee koota netikee manugadalo undhi; idhi madhyastamgaa parimaanamlo undhi, chuttupakkala maidaanam kante kontha ettulo undhi. 680la natiki, idhi berber raaju kasilaku sthaavaramgaa maarindi, byzantine adhikarulu angeekarinchaaru. gatamlo tobna africa rakapokalaku kendramgaa undedi, conny 600la madhya natiki aaa karyalayam upayogamlo ledhu.
byzantine tobna numedia mariyu mauretania sejeriensis (mauretania citifensis) praavinsula sarihaddulo undhi. taruvaata, muslim charitrakaarudu abu bucker all-maaliki tobna ifricia yokka paschima parimitiloo undani bhaavinchaadu.
islaamik madhya yugaalalo tobna oka mukhyamaina nagaramgaa undedih bhougolika shaastravetta all-bakri dheenini kairovan mariyu sijilmassa madhya magreblo atyanta mukhyamaina nagaram anie pilicharu. all-bakri eee nagaram chuttoo ituka goda, smaaraka dwaaraalu unnayani abhivarninchaaru. tobnaku aidu dwaaraalu unnaih paschimaana, baab khaqan; thoorpuna, baab fath (dwaaraalatoo); dakshinaana, baab taahudha (inumutho tayaaru cheyabadindi) mariyu baab all-zadeed; mariyu uttaraana, baab kurama. nagaraniki dakshinaana koota undhi, indulo khajanalu gala gadulu, byzantine kaalaaniki chendina oka totte, oka jaami maseedu mariyu governor rajabhavanam ("dhaar all-imara") unnaayi.
godala lopala, tobna pradhana veedhi thoorpu-padmara (roman decumanus maximusku anugunamgaa "simat") nadichindi mariyu dukaanaalu mariyu marketlatho varusalo undedi. vistrutamaina shivaaru praantaallo nagara godala velupala marinni marketlu undevi, veetilo atyanta mukhyamainavi paschimaana undevi. oka hammam kooda undedi. arabbulu, sainyamlo panichestunna pertianlu, berberlu, roman aafrikanlu, ekkuvagaa berber santatiki chendinavaaru, kontha roman puurveekulatoo sahaa tobnalo pariseelanaatmaka janabha undhi. ibn haakal mariyu all-bakri iddaroo nagaramloni arabbulu mariyu roman aafrikanla madhya teevramaina satrutvam gurinchi vyakhyaaninchaaru, arabbulu taahudha mariyu setif arabbulalo mitrulanu korukuntaru mariyu roman aafrikanlu biscra praantamloo mitrulanu korukuntaru.
godalaku velupala vistrutamaina shivaaru praantaalu, oka smasaanavaatika (thoorpuna), neetipaarudala thotalu mariyu polaalu undevi. eee nagaraniki oyud bitham neetitho neetipaarudala cheyabadindi; all-bakri prakaram, "idhi pongi pravahinchina pratisaaree, shivaaru praantamlooni anni thotalu mariyu polaalaku neeru andistundi mariyu nivaasitulaku samruddhiga pantalanu andistundi."pradhana pantalalo godhumalu, barley, avise mariyu patthi unnaayi. itara pandlatho paatu pandla thotalu kharjuralu pandinchaayi, 10va sataabdam varaku pasuvulu mariyu gorrela pempakam undedi.
rendu sataabdaala paatu c. cree. sha. 700 loe, tobna muslim palakulaku pradhana vyuuhaatmaka kendramgaa undedi, idhi jabb praantaaniki rajadhaanigaa panichesindi. dheeniki oka rakshana dalam ("jund") mariyu kottagaa nirminchina godalu unnaayi, idhi kawariz mariyu taruvaata kutama tega sabhyulatho sahaa tirugubaatudaarulaina berberlaku vyatiraekamgaa pooraataalaku pradhana "point dii 'appuy" gaa panichesindi. tobna yokka oka sainika governor ibraheem ibn all-aghlab, aghlabid raajavamsaanni sthaapinchaadu, idhi oka sataabdam paatu ifricianu paripaalinchindi.
cree. sha. 906loe, aghlabid adhikaram chivari samvatsaraallo, kutama tegalo pedda sankhyalo anucharulanu sameekarinchina ismaily missionary abu abdullah all-shhi 'ii dalaalu tobnanu muttadinchaayi. byzantine saamrajyam naati nirmaanaalatoo paatu muttadi samayamlo madamalatho tananu taanu rakshinchukunna pedda aghlabid rakshana dalamtho tobna balaparachabadindi. aboo abdullah yokka kutama sainyam godaku saapparlanu pampindi, dheenini "dabbaba" (vaachyamgaa "croller") ledhaa rakshana paikapputho kottadam dwara rakshinchaaru. nagara goda vembadi unna gopuraalalo okadaanni koolchiveyadamlo saapparlu vijayam saadhinchaaru, mariyu kutamalu eee ullanghana dwara nagaramloki pravesinchagaligaaru. rakshakulu ventane longipoyaru; ibn idhari dheenini 293 aah (905-906 CE), dhu all-hizza chivarilo jariginatlu namodu chesaaru.
tobna appudu fatimida khalifa saamrajyamlo bhaagamaindi. paschimaana genata tega fatimidlaku satruvulu, mariyu 927loe, vaarini adupulo unchadaaniki, fatimidlu marinta paschimaana, msila vadda kotta praantiiya rajadhaanini sthaapinchaaru. aaa vidhamgaa tobna daani poura mariyu sainika praamukhyatanu chaalaa varaku kolpoyindi. daani nivaasulalo chaalaa mandhi paschimaana missilaku makaam marcharu, aardhika karyakalapalu ksheeninchaayi. genatatho jarigina yuddhalu kooda vyavasaya abhivruddhiki aatamkam kaliginchaayi.
zirid raajavamsam aadhvaryamlo, tobnaku fulful ibn sayed ibn khazroon anae genata governor unnadu, aayananu 992loe all-mansur ibn buluggin niyaminchaaru mariyu 996loe athani varasudu badis ibn mansur tirigi dhruveekarinchaaru. ayithe, 999loe, puurti tirugubaatu chesi, prateekaaramgaa, badis nagaranni dochukunnadu. 1017loe, badis varasudu all-muiz, all-mansur sodarudu, hammadid raajavamsam vyavasthaapakudu hammad ibn buluggin madhya shanti oppandam, tobnapai niyantrananu hammadidlaku ichindi, mariyu hammad kumarudu all-khaidnu daani governorga niyaminchaaru. hammadi paalanalo, tobna kontakaalam punaruddharinchabadina sreyassunu pondindi.
idhi 11va sataabdam madhyalo, baanu hilal eee praantampai daadi chesinappudu mugisindi. ibn khaldun vaaru teesukuvacchina vidhvamsam gurinchi vivarinchaaduh tobna mariyu misila rendintinee tolaginchi, naasanam chesina taruvaata, baanu hilal caravancerois, pattanaalu, gramalu mariyu polaalapai daadi chesi, vaatini puurtigaa neelamattam chesaaru.
tabna ennadoo kolukoledu. idhi tirigi janasaandrata kaliginapudu, idhi biscracku anukuulamgaa daani praamukhyatanu kolpoyindi, mariyu ventane adhi puurtigaa vidichipettabadindi.
christian dioces.
roman saamrajyamlo bhagamainappudu, ippudu alzeriaga unna bhoobhaagamlo "tubune" anie piluvabade rendu pattanaalu undevi. idhi roman provins ayina mauretania sijerensislo bhaagamgaa unnanduna dheenini "mauretanialo tubene" anie pilustaaru. marokati (aadhunika tabna pattanam) nuu "tubene inn numedia" anie pilustaaru, endukante idhi roman provins off numedialo undhi. morselli vanti rachayitalu vaariddarikee "tubune" anae aksharakramanni upayogistaaru, conny catholic charchi yokka naamamaatrapu sease jabita vaarilo rendavadaanni (aadhunika tobnaku anugunamgaa) "numedialo thubune" gaa suuchistumdi.
akkada rendu paerlu oke settlementku sambandhinchinavi kooda unde avakaasam undhi.
mauretanialo tubene.
tolemy perkonna eee pattanamlooni bishapla paerlu aevee bhadraparachabadaledu. 484loe uttara african bishaplanu vetagallu carthage cheyadaaniki pilipinchinappudu sea khaliga undhi.
numedialo tubene/thubune.
hippo mariyu alypius yokka augustein bahusha 421loe roman adhikaarika subhavaartanu kalusukovadaniki mariyu "anagarikula nundi saamrajyaanni rakshinchadam dwara charchiki seva cheyamani" prothsahinchadaaniki eee pattanaaniki "numedia lothulo" vellaaru.
479loe vetagallu pedda sankhyalo kaathaliklanu akkada bahishkarinchaaru. tobna anie piluvabade daani sidhilaalu, algerialoni constantine vibhaagamlo, romanla "saline tubenances" ayina choat ell hodnaku paschimaana, sahara dwaaraala vadda unnaayi. avi chaalaa vistrutamainavi, endukante varusaga moodu pattanaalu romanlu, byzantinelu mariyu arabbula aadhvaryamlo ververu pradaesaalanu akraminchayi. koota avasheshaalatho paatu, atyanta visaeshamaina smaaraka chihnam ippudu maseedugaa upayoginchabadutunna charchi.
bishaplu.
numedialo tubene/thubune yokka mugguru bishaplu telisinavaaru. seyint nemacianus carthage council (256) loe sahayapaddadu. seyint sipriyan tarachugaa athani lekhalalo athani gurinchi matladatadu, mariyu athanu thana sonta paerutoe mariyu ganulaku thanatho paatu khandinchabadina vaari paerita sipriyanku raasina lekha mana vadda undhi. 360loe tixterlo athani aaraadhanaku oka saasanam sakshyam istundi, mariyu "roman amaraveerula shaastram" september 10naa athani gurinchi prastaavinchindi. maroka bishop chresconius, athanu bullah regianu vidichipettina taruvaata seenu swaadheenam chesukunnadu mariyu carthage council (411) loe sahayam chesaadu, akkada athani pratyarthi donatist protasius. moodavadi, reprotus, 484loe vetagallache bahishkarinchabadindi.

