
nayakatva siddhaantaaniki pratyaamnaayaalu

nayakatva siddhaantaaniki pratyaamnaayaalu steven kerr mariyu zaan emm modata abhivruddhi chesina nayakatva siddhaantam. germier mariyu december 1978loe samsthaagata pravartana mariyu maanava paniteerulo prachurinchabadindi.
vividha paristhitula karakalu nayakudi pravartanalanu meruguparacagalavu, tatastheekarinchagalavu ledhaa pratyaamnaayam cheyagalavani siddhaantam perkondi (denne hartog & coopman, 2001). grahinchina paddati samasyala kaaranamgaa lopaala kosam idhi vimarsalanu andukundi. anubhavika parisoedhana adheena phalitaalanu anchanaa vese daani saamardhyaaniki mishrama phalitaalanu ichindi.
muulam.
samvatsaraalugaa, parisoedhakulu aneka nayakatva siddhaantaalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. 1970laku mundu, lakshana nayakatva siddhaantam mariyu maarga-lakshyam siddhaantam anevi rendu bhaareega parisoedhinchabadina siddhaantaalu. (denne hartog & coopman, 2001). naayakatvam vahinchagala saamarthyam anedi kontamandiki sahajamgaa unde lakshanam, itarulaku laeni lakshanam anie lakshana nayakatva siddhaantam yokka pratipaadakulu abhiprayapaddaru. nayakula nundi vaarini vaeru chesina lakshanaalu mariyu saamardhyaalanu velikiteese prayatnam jarigindi. nayakatva shaili anedi parisoedhakulu teesukunna maroka konam. eee vidhaanaaniki maddatudaarulu naayakatvam vahinche saamarthyam sahajamainadani nammaledu, badulugaa idhi evarainaa neerchukoogala pravartanala samiti (denne hartog & coopman, 2001).
1970la madhyalo, aakasmika namuunaa mariyu maarga-lakshyam siddhaantaaniki goppa parisoedhana ankitam cheyabadindi. paristhitini batti vividha nayakatva sailulu ekkuva ledhaa takkuva prabhaavavantamgaa untaayani aakasmika namuunaa perkondi. (denne hartog & coopman, 2001; fideler, 1965). tama nayakudi pravartana tamaku bhavishyat santruptini testundani grahinchinatlayithe, tama naayakuditho sahacharulu santrupti chendutaarani maarga-lakshyam siddhaantam pratipaadinchindi. pani panulanu puurti cheyadam valla vaariki santrupti kalugutundani, nayakudu saraina sikshana, maddatu, bahumatulu, maargadarsakatvam andiste, vaaru tama nayakudiche prerepinchabadataru. evari siddhaantamtoe gananeeyamaina phalitaalanu kanugonalekapovadamto chiraaku tirigi pareekshalu mariyu kotta vidhaanaala abhivruddhiki daariteesindi, veetilo yea paristhitulu nayakudini avasaram chesayo mariyu edhi avasaram ledani prasninchadam (denne hartag & coopman, 2001).
prastuta nayakatva siddhaantaalatoe thana chirakunu bahirangamgaa vyaktam chesina parisoedhakulaloo steven kerr mariyu anae harlan okaru. 1970laloe, kerr ohiyo state universitylo nayakatva parisoedhanaloo churukuga palgonnadu. kerr samsthaagata swaatantryam vanti prastuta pratipaadita adheena nirmaanaalanu adhyayanam chestu, pariseelana mariyu prarambha nirmaanam (ohiyo rashtra nayakatva adhyayanalu munduku tecchina) vanti pratipaadita nayakatva nirmaanaalanu adhyayanam chestu unnadu.
samsthaagata swatantrulaina adheena adhikarulu oka samsthatho mudipadi unnatlu bhaavincharu mariyu nayakudi pravartana vanti samstha yokka lakshanaala dwara prerepinchabadataaniki badulugaa antargatamgaa prerepinchabadataru. nayakulu tama sonta paatralanu mariyu lakshyanni saadhinchadamlo tama adheena paatralanu spashtam cheyadaaniki nirmaanaanni praarambhinchadamlo unnata sthaayini kaligi untaaru. kerr mariyu sahacharulu aneka adhyayanalu gananeeyamaina moderatorlu kanugonnatlu gamaninchaaru, ivi prarambha nirmaana nayakudi pravartana mariyu adheena phalitaala madhya sambandhamlo paatra poeshinchaayi. udaaharanaku, oka pani aspashtamgaa unnappudu, nayakudiki prarambha nirmaanam mariyu adheena santrupti madhya sambandham pani spashtamgaa unte kante balamgaa undedi. eee phalitaalu nayakudi pravartana mariyu adheena phalitaala madhya sambandhaanni prabhaavitam chese chararaasulu unnayani, sambandhaanni balamgaa ledhaa balaheenamgaa chestayani spashtam chesaayi.
1973loe, adhipati phalitaalapai nayakudi prabhavanni tagginche pani nepadhyamlo naayakatvam kosam pratyaamnaayaalanu roopondinchina modati vyakti kerr. tadupari prachuranalu kerr mariyu germier yokka 1978 peparku daariteesaayi, idhi nayakatva siddhaantaaniki pratyaamnaayaalanu aavishkarinchindi. eee kaagitam udyoga vaataavaranamloo rendu rakaala amsaalanu pradarsinchindihi pratyaamnaayaalu mariyu tatastheekaranalu. eee amsaalu nayakudi pravartana mariyu adheena phalitaala madhya sambandhamlo moderatorluga panicheyaalani pratipaadinchabaddaayi.
siddhaantam modata pratyaamnaayaalanu adheena lakshanaalu, pani yokka lakshanaalu mariyu samstha yokka lakshanaalugaa vargeekarinchindi. howell, dorfman, & kerr adheena vargeekarana paramgaa siddhaantamlo maarpunu pratipaadinchaaru. pramaanampai vaati prabhavam aadhaaramgaa moderatorlu samuuhaparachabadaalani vaaru vaadinchaaru. asalu siddhaantam ippatike pratyamnaayaalugaa panichese moderatorlu mariyu tatasthakaarulugaa panichese moderatorlu pratipaadinchindi. howell mariyu sahacharulu veetiki merugudalalanu jodinchaaru.
nayakatva siddhaantaaniki pratyaamnaayaalu 1980la chivari varaku bhaareega parisoedhinchabadina praantamgaa undevi, appudu parivartana nayakatva parisoedhanaloo ekkuva bhaagam nayakatva parisoedhana kendramgaa maarindi.
nirvachanalu.
nayakatva siddhaantaaniki pratyaamnaayaalu.
nayakatva siddhaantaaniki pratyaamnaayaalu vividha paristhitula karakalu nayakudi pravartanalanu meruguparacagalavu, tatastheekarinchagalavu ledhaa pratyaamnaayam cheyagalavani paerkontaayi (denne hartog & coopman, 2001).
pratyaamnaayaalu.
pratyaamnaayaalu anevi adheena adhikaarulaku naayakatvaanni anavasaramgaa chese chararaasulu, mariyu adheena adhikarulu tama nayakudipai aadhaarapade paridhini taggistaayi.
penchutundi.
enhancerlu anevi adheena phalitaalapai nayakula prabhavanni balopetam cheyadaaniki upayogapade chararaasulu (denne hartog & coopman, 2001)
tatastheekaranalu.
tatasthakaalu anevi adheena phalitaalapai nayakudi prabhavanni balaheenaparachadaaniki ledhaa nirodhinchadaaniki upayogapade chararaasulu (denne hartag & coopman, 2001)
kolichenduku upayoginche pramaanaalu.
kerr mariyu germier.
vividha pratyaamnaayaala prabhavalanu kolavadaniki asalu sthaayini kerr mariyu germier abhivruddhi chesaaru. vaaru mottam 55 amsaalatoe padamudu subscales kaligi unna prasnaapatram dwara nayakatva pratyaamnaayaalanu anchanaa vaesaaru. vastuvulu 1 (daadaapu ellappuduu asatya ledhaa puurtigaa asatya) nundi 5 (daadaapu ellappuduu nijam ledhaa daadaapu puurtigaa nijam) varaku likert scalelo undevi.
subscale ivi unnaih
kerr mariyu germier eee subscales loe tommidini prayogasaala nepadhyamlo pareekshinchaaru mariyu avi swatantramgaa unnayani mariyu taginanta antargata vishwasaneeyathalanu kaligi unnayani kanugonnaru. icchina pani paristhitiloo naayakatvaaniki pratyaamnaayaalu enthavaraku unnayo ledhaa lenayo vivarinche sulabhamgaa ardham chesukogala daetaanu subscales utpatti chestayani vaaru paerkonnaaru. vaaru pooliisu adhikaarulanu upayoginchi kshetra sthaayilo tama subscalesnu pareekshinchaaru mariyu subscales viswasaneeyata yokka aamodayogyamaina pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa unnayani, bhavishyat adhyayanaalalo nayakatva nirmaanaaniki pratyaamnaayaala chellubaatunu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki upayoginchavacchani nirdhaarinchaaru.
padsacoff, neehaf, mackenzie mariyu villiams.
podsacoff, neehaf, mackenzie mariyu villiams nayakatva namuunaaku pratyaamnaayaalanu pareekshinche adhyayanalu siddhaantaaniki puurtigaa maddatu ivvaledani, dheeniki oka kaaranam pratyaamnaaya nirmaanaalanu kolavadaniki kerr mariyu germier abhivruddhi chesina sthaayi yokka naanhyata anie nammutaaru. dheeniki pratispandanagaa, vaaru naayakatvam kosam pratyaamnaayaala yokka vaari swantha 74-amsaala kolatanu roopondinchaaru. vaari sthaayini pareekshinchadaaniki, vaaru daanini 372 mandhi vyapara vidyaarthulaku icchaaru. savarinchina kolata yokka cycometric lakshanaala yokka vaari vislaeshanhalu vaati sthaayi kerr mariyu germier yokka sthaayi kante unnatamainadani velladinchaayi, idhi savarinchina sthaayi yokka merugaina dimentiality mariyu viswasaneeyata dwara rujuvu cheyabadindi.
parinaamaalu.
pratyaamnaaya chararaasulu adhipati phalitaalanu anchanaa veyaleni nayakudi pravartanalanu andinchaalani kerr mariyu germier pratipaadinchaaru. pratyaamnaayaala yokka eee lakshanaanni pareekshinchina parisoedhakulu mishrama phalitaalanu kanugonnaru.
paniteeruku sambandhinchi abhiprayanni ichhe panulu udyoga santruptito pratikuulamgaa sambandham kaligi unnayani aasupatri sibbandito kuudina oka adhyayanam kanugondi. saadhaarana punaraavruta pani panulu samsthaagata nibaddhatato sambandham kaligi untaayi. antargatamgaa santruptikaramaina pani, samsthaagata suutreekarana mariyu samanvaya pani samuuhaalu pratyaamnaayaalu, ivi udyoga santrupti mariyu samsthaagata nibaddhata rendintitho gananeeyamgaa sambandham kaligi unnaayi. ayithe, pratyaamnaayaalu adheena udyoga santrupti ledhaa samsthaagata nibaddhatapai nayakudi prabhavanni nirodhinchaayani ledhaa bharti chesayani vaaru takkuva aadhaaraalanu kanugonnaru. pratyamnaayamgaa upayoginchina ekaika pratyaamnaayam samsthaagata suutreekarana, idhi adheena udyoga santrupti mariyu samsthaagata nibaddhatanu vivarinchadamlo nayakudi pravartana yokka anchanaa saktini bharti chesindi.
maroe adhyayanam vividha rakaala udyoga paristhitulalo 265 mandhi nayakula kosam panichestunna 1,235 mandhi udyogulanu pariseelinchindi. vaari parisoedhanalaloo antargatamgaa santruptikaramaina panulu adheena santruptiki sanukoolamgaa sambandhinchinavani, pratiphalaala patla udaaseenata samsthaagata nibaddhataku pratikuulamgaa sambandhinchinadani, samsthaagata suutreekarana paatra aspashtata yokka adheena avagaahanalaku pratikuulamgaa sambandhinchinadani unnaayi. eee adhyayanamlo parisoedhakulu naayakatvaaniki pratyaamnaayaalu adheena phalitaalanu anchanaa veyadamlo upayogapadatayani nirdhaarinchaaru, ayithe nayakula pravartanalu mariyu pratyaamnaayaalanu ellappuduu kalisi adhyayanam cheyali endukante vaaru kalisi vaari namoonaalo mottam vyatyaasaalalo moodinta oka vanthu gurinchi vivarinchaaru.
deone mariyu sahacharulu nirvahinchina iteevali adhyayanam 940 mandhi sahacharula nundi daetaanu sekarinchindi. munupati adhyayanalu pratyaamnaayaalu, enhancerlu mariyu neutralizerlanu moderatorluga pareekshinchaayane vaastavamtho asantrupti chendina vaaru, pratyaamnaayaala prabhavanni madhyavartulugaa alaage moderatorluga pareekshinchaaru. vividha rakaala pratyaamnaayaalu mariyu phalitaalanu pariikshistuu, pratyaamnaayaalu oka vyatyaasaanni kaligistayane chaalaa balaheenamaina aadhaaraalanu matrame parisoedhakulu kanugonnaru mariyu udyogi phalitaalanu anchanaa veyadamlo nayakula pravartanalu matrame mukhyamaina chararaasulu anie nirdhaarinchaaru.
padsacoff, mackenzie mariyu bommer oka meta-vislaeshanhanu nirvahinchaaru, dheenilo vaaru 22 adhyayanala phalitaalanu teesukunnaru, idhi nayaka pravartanalu mariyu adheena phalitaala madhya sambandhampai naayakatvaaniki pratyaamnaayaala yokka pradhana prabhavanni pariseelinchindi. nayakula pravartanalanu matrame parigananaloki teesukovadam kante, nayakula pravartanalu mariyu pratyaamnaayaala prabhavam rendintinee parigananaloki teesukoni siddhaantaaniki maddatu ichhe aadhaaraalanu vaaru kanugonnaru.
applications.
swayampratipatti gala pani samuuhaalu.
baas (1990) swayampratipatti gala pani samuuhaalu adhikaarika naayakatvaaniki pratyamnaayamgaa undavacchani suuchimchimdi. eee drushtaamtamlo, udyogulu tama rojuvaaree panini nirvahinchadaaniki baadhyata vahinche samuhaluga vibhajinchabaddaaru (antey.ii. vegampai saamuuhika niyantrana, panula pampinhee, viraamaala vyavastheekarana, niyamakam mariyu sikshana; gulosen, 1972). oka tayari nepadhyamlo 8 nundi 12 mandhi dukaana-antastu udyogula swayampratipatti gala pani samuuhaalanu amalu cheyadam valla konni paryaveekshaka sthaanaalanu tolagistuu, udyogula antargata mariyu bahya udyoga santrupti rendintinee sanukoolamgaa prabhaavitam chesindani oka pakshika-pareeksha kanugondi.
sweeya nirvahana.
sweeya-nirvahananu thoresen mariyu mahoni (1974) nirvachinchaaru, oka vyakti saadhaaranamgaa pravartinchani vidhamgaa pravartinchinappudu sambhavistundi, mariyu aaa vyakti aaa pravartananu konasaaginchaalani nirdesinche bahya saktulu laevu.
sweeya nirvahanaku sweeya pariseelana avasaram (udhaa.zii., phonelo itarulatoe charchinchina daani yokka logg unchadam), lakshyaala vivarana (udhaa.zii.okari swantha schedule mariyu praadhaanyatalanu nirnayinchadaaniki baadhyata vahinchadam), vyuuhaalanu soochinchadam (udhaa.zii., nishkramana dwara oka check avt boardu unchadam, oka udyogiki vaaru ekkadiki velutunnaro mariyu vaaru eppudu tirigi vastaarani aasistunnaaro vaari kaaryadarsiki teliyajeyamani gurthu cheyadaaniki), rehearsal (udhaa.zii., khaataadaarulaku okari pradarsananu record cheyadam mariyu avasaramaina vidhamgaa diddubaatlu cheyadam), sweeya-moolyaankanam (udhaa.zii.pani naanhyata mariyu parimaanaanni track cheyadaaniki oka chaartnu upayoginchadam), mariyu sweeya-balavantam (panula paniteeruku antargata bahumatulanu nirminchadam dwara saadhinchadam; baas, 1990; maanj & sims 1980). eee vyuuhaalanu naayakatvaaniki pratyamnaayaalugaa ardham chesukovacchu. oka pani vishayamlo oka supervisor oka adheena sthaayi vyakti purogatini paryaveekshinchaalsina avasaram undataaniki badulugaa, oka adheena sthaayi vyakti paina perkonna viewhalalo okadaanni upayoginchadam dwara sweeya-nirvahana cheyavachu. idhi supervisor maargadarsakatvaanni adheenasthulaku anavasaram chestundi.
parisoedhanatoe vimarsalu mariyu paddati samasyalu.
saadhaarana muulam pakshapaatam.
deone mariyu sahacharulu, munupati adhyayanaalalo kanipinche pratyaamnaayaala yokka mukhyamaina prabhavalu "saadhaarana-muulam pakshapaatam" kaaranamgaa ganaanka kalakhandam kaavacchu ledhaa adhe vyakti ledhaa vyaktula samuuham nundi swatantra mariyu aadhaarapadina chararaasulanu sekarinchinappudu sambhavinche pakshapaatam kaavacchu anie vaadinchaaru. 49 samsthala namuunaalanu adhyayanam chesinappudu, deone mariyu sahacharulu saadhaarana-muulam pakshapaatam yokka prabhavam kosam niyantrinchabaddaaru mariyu nayakudi pravartana mariyu samuuha prabhavam madhya sambandhampai pratyaamnaayaala yokka mitamaina ledhaa madhyavartitva prabhavalanu kanugonaledu.
padsacoff mariyu mackenzie chesina adhyayanamlo, predictor variables, alaage udyoga vaikhari mariyu paatra avagahana variables rendoo vyaktigata udyogula nundi teesukobaddaayi, ayithe paniteeru charyalu paryaveekshakula nundi teesukobaddaayi. udyogi paniteeru kante udyoga vaikharulu mariyu paatra avagaahanallo vaari predictorlu adhika nishpattilo vyatyaasaanni kaligi unnaarani vaaru kanugonnaru. dheeniki kaaranam emitante, vaari predictorlu udyoga vaikharulu mariyu paatra avagahana pramaanaalatoo oka saadhaarana muulaanni panchukunnaru, conny udyogi paniteeru pramaanaalatoo kaadu. dheeniki saadhaarana-muulam pakshapaatam matrame kaaranam kakapovachhu, conny bhavishyat parisoedhanaloo dheenini niyantrinchaalani vaaru suuchimchaaru.
deergha adhyayanalu lekapovadam.
kellar oka deergha adhyayananni nirvahinchaaru, indulo nayakatva siddhaantaaniki pratyaamnaayaalapai nirvahinchina adhyayanaalalo ekkuva bhaagam cross-sectional swabhaavam kaligi unnayani, pratyaamnaayaalu mariyu udyogula paniteerupai vaati prabhaavaala madhya kaarana sambandhaanni gurtinchadam marinta kashtataram chestundani ayana etthi chuupaaru. cross-sectional parisoedhana anedi oka nirdishta samayamlo chararaasula madhya sambandhaalanu kanugonadampai drushti pedutundi, ayithe deerghakaalam paatu jarige adhyayanaalalo ekkuva vyavadhilo bahula charyalu teesukovadam untundi. parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi brundaalapai pratyaamnaayaala prabhavam gurinchi kellar yokka deergha adhyayanamlo edu pratyaamnaayaalo rendu (saamarthyam mariyu antargata santrupti) kalakramena jattu paniteerunu prabhaavitam chesayani kanugonnaru.
sambhaavita balaheenata.
vistruta pravartana vargaalaku nirdishta pratyaamnaayaalu mariyu tatasthakaarulanu gurtinchadam kashtamani, mariyu siddhaantampai merugudala anedi "sahayaka mariyu vaayidya nayakatva pravartanala" sthaanamlo marinta nirdishta pravartanalanu upayoginchadam anie yukl (1998) etthi chuupaaru."siddhaantaanni pareekshinche iteevali adhyayanalu nirdishta pravartanalanu upayoginchaayani yukl chepparu (udhaa.zii.ayithe, aakasmika reward pravartana mariyu paatra vivarana), siddhaantam yokka abhivruddhi eee parinaamaalanu pratibimbimchadu.
daggari sambandham gala nirmaanaalu.
aakasmika namuunaa.
800 mandhi udyogula samuuhaala nundi daetaanu sekarinchadaaniki 12 samvatsaraalu gadipina taruvaata 1960laloe fred feedler netrutva aakasmika namuunaanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. eee namuunaa naayakatvaaniki atyanta prabhaavavantamaina paddhati paristhitini batti maarutundani anchanaa vestundi. eee namuunaaku maddatu icchina oka adhyayanam belgium navika sikshanaa kendramlo (fideler, 1965) 48 mandhi chinna adhikarulu mariyu 240 mandhi recruterlatho oka fideler chesaadu. nayakudi lakshanaala kante phalitaalanu anchanaa veyadamlo nayakudi samuuham mariyu pani thoo saripoyedi chaalaa mukhyamainadani feedler kanugonnadu. udaaharanaku, takkuva sthaana saktitoe bhinnamaina samuuhaalatoe nayakulanu niyantrinchadam uttamamgaa jarigindi. (fideler, 1965).
aakasmika namoonaalo aneka vibhina siddhaantaalu unnaayi, ivi nayakatva prabhavanni yea paristhitula karakalu maarustaayane daanipai bhinnamgaa untaayi. eee namoonaalo atyanta prabhaavavantamaina siddhaantam maargam-lakshyam siddhaantam (denne hartog & coopman, 2001).
maargam-lakshyam siddhaantam.
1971loe robbert house pratipaadinchina paath-goal siddhaantam, tama nayakudi pravartana vaarini santruptiki nadipistundani bhaavisthe, adheena adhikarulu tama naayakuditho santrupti chendutaarani anchanaa vesindi. alaage, tama santrupti tama paniteerupai aadharapadi untundani mariyu tama nayakudu lakshyalanu cherukovadamlo sahayapade vidhamgaa vyavaharistaadani bhavinchinappudu sahacharulu prerepinchabadataru (denne hartog & coopman, 2001, house, 1971). lakshyalu mariyu aaa lakshyalaku margalu spashtamgaa unnappudu, adheena adhikaarulaku nayakula maargadarsakatvam avasaram undakapovachani paath-goal siddhaantam anchanaa vestundi (kerr & germier, 1978).

