
permian pareevaahaka praantam (uttara america)

permian pareevaahaka praantam united states yokka nairuti bhaagamlo unna oka pedda avakshepana pareevaahaka praantam. eee pareevaahaka praantamloo madhya-khanda chamuru kshetra provins undhi. eee avakshepana pareevaahaka praantam paschima texas mariyu aagneya nyuu mexicolo undhi. idhi lubbaku dakshinaana, midland mariyu odesanu daati, dakshinaana daadaapu nairuti madhya texasloni reo grande nadhi varaku, mariyu paschimam vaipu nyuu mexico yokka aagneya bhaagam varaku vistarinchi undhi. permian bhoogarbha kaalam nundi prapanchamlone atyanta mandapati raalla niksheepaalaloo okatigaa unnanduna dheeniki eee paeru vachindi. grater permian besinlo aneka bhagala besinlu unnaayi; veetilo, midland besin atipeddadi, delaware besin rendava atipeddadi mariyu marfa besin athi chinnadi. permian pareevaahaka praantam sumaruga vedalpu mariyu podavaina praantam antataa vistarinchi undhi.
permian pareevaahaka praantam madhya-khanda chamuru utpatti praantamloo bhaagamaina pedda chamuru mariyu sahaja vayuvu utpatti praantaaniki daani paerunu istundi. 1993 prarambham varaku aaa praantaaniki mottam utpatti mugisindi. midland, odessa mariyu shaan engelo texas nagaralu eee pareevaahaka praantamloo chamuru utpatti kaaryakalaapaalaku pradhana karyalayamga panicheestaayi.
permian besin potassium lavanaalaku (potash) pradhana vanaru, ivi permian yugam yokka salado nirmaanamloo sylvite mariyu longbeanite yokka mancham nikshepaala nundi tavvabadataayi. sylvite 1925loe drill korlalo kanugonabadindi, mariyu 1931loe utpatti praarambhamaindi. ganulu nyuu meksikoolooni lii mariyu eddie counteelalo unnaayi mariyu gadhi mariyu stambha paddhati dwara nirvahinchabadutunnaayi. potash maining yokka upa utpattigaa haalait (rock salt) utpatti cheyabadutundi.
bhagalu.
delaware pareevaahaka praantam.
central besin platfam dwara vaeru cheyabadina ouchita-marathon thrust belt yokka mundari bhoobhaagamlo permian besin yokka rendu pradhana loblalo delaware besin peddadi. eee pareevaahaka praantamloo pensylvanian, wolfcompian (neel ranch mariyu lenax kondalu), leonardian (avalone shale) mariyu prarambha gwadalupian kaalaaniki chendina avakshepanalu unnaayi. thoorpu-diguva delaware pareevaahaka praantam aneka nirmanaluga (chitram 2) upavibhajana cheyabadindi mariyu sumaruga poralu gala silt stone mariyu isukaraayi kaligi undhi. clastic avakshepanhatho paatu, delaware pareevaahaka praantamloo delaware parvata samuuham yokka carbonate niksheepaalu kooda unnaayi, idhi gwadalupian kaalam nundi udbhavinchindi, appudu hovy chaanal samudram nundi pareevaahaka praantamloki pravesinchadaaniki anumatinchindi.
madhyapraanta pareevaahaka praantam.
paschima disagaa munigipotunna midland besin aneka nirmanaluga (chitram 4) upavibhajana cheyabadindi mariyu idhi poralu gala silt stone mariyu isukaraayi thoo koodi untundi. midland besin oka pedda subuckwus delta dwara nindi undhi, idhi besinloki clastic avakshepananu jama chesindi. clastic avakshepanhatho paatu, midland besinlo gwadalupian kaalam nundi udbhavinchina carbonate niksheepaalu kooda unnaayi, appudu hovy chaanal samudram nundi besinloki pravesinchadaaniki anumatinchindi.
central besin platfam.
central besin platfam (cbp) anedi carbonate platformtho kappabadina tectonicga paiki lechina basement block. cbp delaware mariyu midland besinlanu vaeru chestundi mariyu puraatana nundi athi pinna vayassu neel ranch, lennox kondalu, abo, yesso, glorieta, shaan andres, graberg, queen, edu nadulu, yates mariyu tansil nirmaanaalu (chitram 5) varaku aneka nirmanaluga upavibhajana cheyabadindi. eee kramamlo pradhanamgaa carbonate reif niksheepaalu mariyu nissara samudra clastic avakshepaalu untaayi.
thoorpu mariyu vaayuvya almaralu.
thoorpu mariyu vaayuvya almaralu shelf anchu dibbalu mariyu shelf carbonatelatho koodi untaayi, ivi delaware mariyu midland besinlanu chuttumudataayi, ivi paiki-munigi syltstones mariyu evaparitesga marutayi. thoorpu mariyu vaayuvya almaralu shaan andres, graberg, queen, edu nadulu, yates mariyu tansil nirmanaluga upavibhajana cheyabaddaayi.
shaan saiman chaanal.
shaan saiman chaanal anedi oka irukaina samakaaleekarana maargam, idhi leonardian mariyu gwadalupian kaalamlo vaayuvya shelf nundi central besin platformnu vaeru chesindi.
shefield chaanal.
shefield chaanal midland besin yokka dakshina anchunu dakshina shelf nundi mariyu leonardian mariyu gwadalupian kaalamlo ouchita-marathon thrust-belt nundi vaeru chestundi.
hovy chaanal.
hovy chaanal anedi delaware pareevaahaka praantam yokka dakshina anchuna unna oka bhougolika loe, idhi gwadalupian kaalamlo pantalassa samudraaniki pravesaanni anumatistundi. hovy chaanal vaastavaaniki cambrian faulting samayamlo erpadina anticline, mariyu delaware pareevaahaka praantaaniki samudrapu neetiki pradhana vanarugaa undedi. permian kaalam chivarilo hovy chaanal moosiveyadam valla chivariki permian dibba maranaaniki kaaranamaindi, endukante chaanal dwara neetini teesukuraakapothe, delaware pareevaahaka praantamloo lavaneeyata sthaayilu baga perigayi mariyu dibba manugada saaginchalekapoyindi.
gurrapu todugula pagadapu dibba.
harsshoe atol anedi midland besinlo unna paschima disagaa vampu dibbala dibbala yokka arquate golusu, idhi pensylvanian mariyu permianlo perukupoyina sunnapurayi, 15 mukhyamaina petrolium jalaasayaalu nundi lothu varaku untundi. eee dibba samudaayamlo eguva pensylvanian stran, loya mariyu sisko sunnapurayi unnaayi, diguva permian wolfcamp isuka raallu mariyu eesaanyam nundi nairuti varaku vistarinchina sthaanika muulaaniki chendina shales unnaayi. delaware no.1-b J yokka modati utpatti baavi, samudra pakshula chamuru samstha.sii. caldwell, 1948loe puurtayimdi.
nikshepana charitra.
permian pareevaahaka praantam bhoomipai permian puraatana silala yokka atyanta mandapati nikshepam, ivi uttara america mariyu gondwana (dakshina america mariyu africa) madhya permian dwara chivari mississippian dheekonadam samayamlo vaegamgaa jama cheyabaddaayi. permian pareevaahaka praantamloo 44.5 kotla samvatsaraala kritam (miah) ordovician kaalam naati nirmaanaalu kooda unnaayi.
proterozoic.
precombrian suupar continent vidipovadaaniki mundu mariyu aadhunika permian besin jyaamiti erpadataaniki mundu, puurveekula tabosa besinpai nissara samudra avakshepana nishkriyaatmaka anchu, nissara samudra vaataavaranaanni kaligi undhi. tobosa pareevaahaka praantamloo 1330 million samvatsaraala kritam (miah) naati neelamaaliga raathi kooda undhi, idhi prastuta gwadalupe parvathaalalo ippatikee kanipistundi. neelamaaligaloo unna shilalo biotite-quartz granite undhi, idhi lothu vadda kanugonabadindi. sameepamloni apachi mariyu gaaju parvathaalalo, neelamaaliga raathi roopaantaram chendina isukaraayi mariyu puurva cambrian-yugapu granite tayaaru cheyabadindi. mottam praantam poralu gala maphik raallatho kooda kappabadi undhi, ivi pecos maphik agniparvata suutloe bhaagamgaa bhaavinchabadutunnaayi mariyu dakshina america varaku vistarinchi unnaayi. idhi 1163 miah naatidi.
prarambha nundi madhya paleozoic (chivari cambrian nundi mississippian).
ordovician kaalam (485.4-443.8 miah).
paleozoic shakam nundi prati kaalam tabosa pareevaahaka praantaaniki oka nirdishta shilaja saastraanni andinchindi, pensylvanian kaalam (323.2-298.9 miah) praarambhamlo daadaapu avakshepanagaa perukupoyindi. montoya samuuham tabosa pareevaahaka praantamloo athi pinna vayaskudaina raathi nirmaanam, idhi ordovician kaalamlo (485.4-443.8 miah) erpadindi, idhi neerugaa agniparvata mariyu roopaantara neelamaaliga raallapai koorchundi. montoya samuuhaaniki chendina raallu telikapati nundi madhya budidarangu, chakkati nundi madhyataraha spatikaakaara calcium dolomitega varninchabaddaayi. eee raallu konnisaarlu shale, muduru buudida rangu sunnapurayi mariyu takkuva saadhaaranamgaa cherttho anusandhaaninchabadi undevi. montoya samuuha kramam carbonate sunnapurayi mariyu dolomite roopondinchabadindi, idhi dattamaina, abhedyamaina mariyu randhraalu laenidigaa varninchabadindi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa gaaju parvathaalalo kanipistundi, mandam nundi bhinnamgaa untundi.
silurian kaalam (443.8-419.2 miah).
silurian kaalamlo, tabosa pareevaahaka praantam samudra mattamlo naatakeeya maarpulanu chavichusindi, idhi bahula raathi samuuhaala erpaatuku daariteesindi. eee samoohaalalo modatidi, fasselman nirmaanam anie pilustaaru, idhi ekkuvagaa laetha buudida rangutho, madhya nundi mutaka dhaanyaala dolomite roopondinchabadindi. eee nirmaanam yokka mandam nundi maarutuu untundi, mariyu fuselman nirmaanam yokka bhagalu kooda carstificationku lobadi untaayi, idhi samudra mattam padipovadaanni suuchistumdi. silurian kaalamlo erpadina rendava raathi samuuhaanni risten formation anie pilustaaru, idhi matti, shale mariyu dolomite samruddhiga unde raathi, idhi konni pradaesaalaloo sumaruga oka chadarapu adugula mandam kaligi untundi. fasselman nirmaanam yokka carstification samudra mattam padipoyindani choopistundi, conny oka atikramana sanghatana samayamlo samudra mattalu mallee perigayi, idhi manikattu erpadataaniki daariteestundi. appudu samudra mattalu mallee padipothayi, idhi eee nirmaanaala pedda bahirgatam, kotha mariyu corstificationku daariteesindi.
devonian kaalam (419.2-358.9 miah).
devonian kaalamlo muppai okatava nirmaanam abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. eee nirmaanam daani sunnapurayi, chert mariyu shale padakala dwara vargeekarinchabadutundi, veetilo konni garishta mandam kaligi unnaayi. eee nirmaanam telikapati rangu silicius, chert-aadhipatyam, crinoid-samruddhi mariyu isuka sunnapurayi vanti aneka rakaala sunnapurayi kaligi undhi. muppai okatava nirmaanam mississippian kaalam erpadataaniki chaalaa pooli untundi, eee samayamlo paryaavaranamloo peddagaa maarpu lenanduna idhi jarigindi.
mississippian kaalam (358.9-323.2 miah).
eee kaalamlo abhivruddhi chendina pradhana nirmaanam mississippian sunnapurayi. gatamlo perkonna muppai okka nirmaanam maadirigaane eee nirmaanam pradhanamgaa sunnapurayi mariyu shelto koodi untundi. sunnapurayi padakalu "godhuma nundi muduru godhuma, suukshma spatikaakaara nundi chaalaa chakkaga sphatikakaramga, saadhaaranamgaa isuka mariyu dolomitic" gaa varninchabaddaayi, ayithe shale padakalu "buudida nundi nalupu, kathinamaina, plutty, pyritic, sendriya mariyu chaalaa silicius" gaa varninchabaddaayi. mississippian sunnapurayi mandam madhya nundi untundi, ayithe saadhaaranamgaa tabosa pareevaahaka praantam yokka dakshina bhaagam vaipu sannaga untundi.
mississippian kaalamlo abhivruddhi chendina rendava nirmaanam barnet shale. idhi pradhanamgaa silty braun shale mariyu chakkati-dhaanyaala isukaraayi mariyu silt stone kaligi untundi. eee nirmaanam mississippian sunnapurayi kante chaalaa mandamgaa undedi. eee praantamloo perigina avakshepana dwara perigina mandaanni vivarinchavacchu, idhi eee praantamloo tectonic karyakalapala valla sambhavinchi undavacchu.
mississippian kaalamlo tectonic karyakalapalu.
mississippian chivari kaalamlo ouchita orojenee sambhavinchindi, idhi eee praantamloo tectonic kaaryakalaapaalaku daariteesindi. eee orojenee valla sambhavinchina tadupari madata mariyu faulting kaaranamgaa tabosa pareevaahaka praantam moodu vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindih delaware pareevaahaka praantam, midland pareevaahaka praantam mariyu central pareevaahaka praantam vedika. mississippian kaalam mugimpu kooda aadhunika permian reif complexes erpadataaniki daariteesindi. prarambha nundi madhya paleozoic yokka vaarasatvam daadaapu nirantaraaya avakshepana kaaranamgaa perukupoyina avakshepaalaku chendinadi.
chivari paleozoic (pensylvanian nundi permian).
pensylvanian kaalam (323.2-298.9 miah).
pensylvanian kaalam bhougolika prakriyala prarambhanni suuchistumdi, idhi eee roeju manam chuustunnatlugaa permian pareevaahaka praantaanni roopondistundi. cambrian kaalamlo (prarambha paleozoic) cheelika sanghatanalu eee praantamloo dosha mandalaalanu vadilivesayi. eee falt jonelu faulting kosam balaheenata yokka vimanaluga panicheesaayi, idhi taruvaata ouachita orojenee dwara praarambhinchabadindi. eee falt jonela kaaranamgaa tectonic karyakalapala kaaranamgaa tabosa pareevaahaka praantam permian reif complexga roopaantaram chendindi, indulo moodu bhagalu unnaih central besin platfam, idhi faltsto chuttabadi untundi mariyu iruvaipula midland mariyu delaware pareevaahaka praantaalu. mississippian avakshepaalu kotha ledhaa nirvisheekarana kaaranamgaa undavu. delaware, midland mariyu wall varde pareevaahaka praantaala madhyalo samudrapu shales nikshiptam cheyabaddaayi, ayithe pareevaahaka praantaala anchulalo nissara samudra, carbonate shelf mariyu sunnapurayi avakshepaalu nikshepana cheyabaddaayi.
repu erpaatu.
prarambha pensylvanian repu nirmaanam atoka nirmaanam kinda undhi. repu delta vaataavaranamloo jama cheyabadina clastic avakshepaalu, isuka raallu mariyu shelsto kuudina mukhyamaina jalaasayam.
itara nirmaanaalu.
pensylvanian kaalam itara bhoogarbha nirmaanaala abhivruddhiki kooda daariteesindi, ayithe repu erpadataaniki edhee praamukhyata ivvaledu. atoka nirmaanam repu erpadataaniki paina untundi, mariyu daani shilaja-samruddhi gala sunnapurayi, shelto kalisi untundi, idhi garishta mandam varaku cherutundi. atoka erpadinappudu, eee praantamloo inca ettupallalu perugutuu unnaayi, idhi chuttupakkala unnatamaina praantaalu ksheeninchadamto avakshepanaku daariteesindi. perigina avakshepana madhya nundi mutaka-dhaanyaala isukaraayi erpadataaniki daariteesindi. atoka nirmaanamloo, delaware pareevaahaka praantamloo erpadina modati dibba nirmaanaalu kanipistaayi.
atoka taruvaata, pensylvanian kaalamlo kooda stran nirmaanam erpadindi, mariyu garishta mandam kuu cherukundi. eee nirmaanamloo, dibba dibbalalo gananeeyamaina perugudala undhi. stran nirmaanam pradhanamgaa bhaarii sunnapuraayitho roopondinchabadindi, "chakkati nundi madhya-dhaanyaala isukaraayi, muduru nundi laetha-buudida rangu shale mariyu appudappudu erupu-godhuma, aakupaccha-buudida, bituminus shale" thoo paatu. eee nirmaanamloo brachiopods, foraminifera, bryozovans, pagadalu mariyu crinoidlatho sahaa aneka rakaala shilaja rakalu samrakshinchabaddaayi.
pensylvanian kaalamlo maroe rendu nirmaanaalu, loya mariyu sisko nirmaanaalu kooda unnaayi, veetilo kanugonabadina pradhana chamuru jalaasayaala kaaranamgaa ivi mukhyamainavi.
permian kaalam (298.9-251 miah).
permian kaalam permian reif complexenu pradhana reif vyavasthagaa maarchadaaniki pradhana reif nirmaana samayam, permian pareevaahaka praantamloo prastuta bahirgamanalalo 95 saatam permian-vayassu gala raathi nirmaanaalu unnaayi. permianlo sambhavinchina yea rakamaina dibba nirmaanaanni parigananaloki teesukunnappudu, tectonics pradhana paatra pooshinchindani gurthunchukovadam mukhyam. eee kaalamlo, 335 nundi 175 miah varaku konasagina pangeya suupar continent vidipovadam praarambhinchindi. bhoomadhyarekha sameepamlo panjia samuuhamgaa undhi mariyu bhoomadhyarekhaku paschima anchuna unna permian pareevaahaka praantam bhoomadhyarekhaku 5-10 degreela lopala unna suupar oshan pantalassaato chuttumuttabadindi. edainaa dibba nirmaana vaataavaranaaniki neeti vanaru avasaram, mariyu delaware pareevaahaka praantam oka upanta samudraaniki sameepamlo undhi. hovy chaanelku dhanyavaadaalu, eee samudram neetini delaware pareevaahaka praantamloki ravana chesindi. prapancha vaataavaranam manchu gruham nundi greenhouseku maarutunnanduna eee samayamlo prapancha ushnogratalu vecchagaa undevi. prapancha ushnogratalalo eee perugudala dakshina dhruvam vaipu unna manchu dravyarashi karigipovadaniki kooda daariteesindi, idhi appudu samudra mattaala perugudalaku daariteesindi.
permian kaalam pradhana yugaluga vibhajinchabadindi, veetilo pratidaaniki pratyeka upavibhaagam undhi. prati upa yugamlo, permian reif complexes yokka vividha bhagalalo bhinnamaina nirmaanam erpadindi.
sisuralian yugam (298.9-272.3 miah).
sisuralian yugamlo wolfcompian mariyu leonardian anae rendu yugaalu unnaayi, eee rendoo vaati paeru pettabadina permian pareevaahaka praantamloo bhougolika nirmaanaanni kaligi unnaayi.
wolfcompian nirmaanam pensylvanian nirmaanam paina anugunamgaa untundi mariyu idhi permian kaalam nundi modati nirmaanam. daani kuurpu pareevaahaka praantamloo daani sthaanaanni batti maarutuu untundi, uttara bhaagamlo shale ekkuvagaa untundi. eee nirmaanam yokka mandam kooda maarutuu, garishtamgaa cherukuntundi. wolfcompian pradhanamgaa buudida rangu nundi godhuma rangu shale mariyu chakkati dhanyalu, chert-aadhipatyam, godhuma sunnapuraayitho roopondinchabadindi. eee nirmaanam lopala suukshma-dhaanyaala isukaraayi yokka madhya poralu kooda kanipistaayi.
leonardian yugam nundi migili unna praadhamika nirmaanaanni emuka vasanta sunnapurayi anie pilustaaru, idhi garishta mandaaniki cherukuntundi mariyu neerugaa kaapitan reif complexes krinda untundi. emuka vasanta sunnapuraayini rendu nirmanaluga vibhajinchavachhuh victorio sikharam sabhyudu, idhi bhaarii sunnapurayi padakalanu kaligi untundi, idhi nalupu, plutty, silicius shale mariyu shally isukaraayi nundi erpadutundi. emuka vasanta sunnapurayi bryozovans, chrenoids mariyu spirifers vanti aneka silaajaalanu kaligi untundi, conny migilina permian reif complexelo pushkalamgaa unde algay mariyu spongelu laevu. emuka vasanta sunnapurayi nundi raallu pradhanamgaa delaware pareevaahaka praantamloo kanipistaayi, ayithe victorio sikharam sabhyudu shelf anchu praantam varaku vistarinchi untundi.
gwadalupian yugam (272.3-259.8 miah).
gwadalupian sakaaniki gwadalupe parvataala paeru pettaru, endukante permianlo eee yugam reif nirmaanam atyanta samarthavantamgaa unnappudu jarigindi. sumaruga 272-260 miah nundi konasagina eee yugamlo delaware parvata samuuham aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi, veetini permian reif complexeloni sthaanam aadhaaramgaa raathi vibhagaluga upavibhajana cheyavachu.
brushey loya nirmaanam.
delaware parvata samuuhaanni tayaaru chese modati nirmaanam brushey loya nirmaanam, idhi delaware pareevaahaka praantamloo undhi. brushey loya nirmaanam pratyamnaayamgaa suukshma dhanyalu mariyu bhaarii quartz isukaraayi, alaage shally godhuma nundi nalupu isukaraayi yokka sannani interbed poralatho roopondinchabadindi. eee nirmaanam garishta mandaaniki cherukuntundi, conny atikramana anlap kaaranamgaa pareevaahaka anchulaku cherukunnappudu gananeeyamgaa sannabadipotundi. brushey loya erpadatamlo chinna dibba patches, alala gurtulu mariyu cross bedd poralu kooda untaayi, ivi delaware besinlo eee samayamlo nissara neeti vaataavaranam undani suuchistaayi.
cherry loya nirmaanam.
delaware parvata samuuham yokka tadupari vibhagam cherry loya, idhi bahula upa-vibhaagaalanu kaligi undhi mariyu delaware pareevaahaka praantam mariyu chuttupakkala shelf vaataavaranaalaloki vistarinchindi. cherry loya nirmaanaanni naalugu upa-vibhagaluga vibhajinchavachhu, veetilo prati okkati kluptamgaa charchinchabadutundi.
diguva gateway nirmaanam.
diguva tappinchukune sabhyudu oka sunnapurayi, idhi delaware pareevaahaka praantamloo daani sthaanam aadhaaramgaa vibhina lakshanaalanu kaligi untundi mariyu pareevaahaka anchuku daggaragaa pyaach dibbalanu kaligi untundi. eee dibbalu tarachugaa sunnapurayi sammelanaalu mariyu bressias meeda kanipistaayi. eguva tappinchukune sabhyudu marinta sthiramgaa untaadu mariyu mandapati padakalu gala dolomitega vargeekarinchabadutundi, idhi shelf vaipu kadulutunnappudu shaan andres nirmaanamloo kalisipotundi. cherry loya nirmaanam yokka madhya vibhagam dakshina baavula sabhyudu, idhi isukaraayi thoo koodi untundi mariyu pareevaahaka praantam vaipu kadulutunnappudu meka seep reiflo kalisipotundi.
manjanita sabhyudu.
eguva unit manjanita sabhyudu, idhi dolomite kaligi untundi, mariyu idhi pareevaahaka anchulaloki kadulutunnappudu capitan nirmaanam krinda pinch cheyabadutundi. cherry loya nirmaanamlooni naluguru sabhyulu pareevaahaka praantaala anchulaku sameepamlo dolometisation cheyinchukunnaru. eee nirmaanamloo bhaagamgaa unna calcit/aragonite bioclastic sidhilaalu dolomitelo acchulugaa samrakshinchabadinanduna idhi spashtamgaa telustundi. nikshepana samayamlo aaa gulikalu mariyu sidhilaalu dolomitic ayi undavacchani kontamandi rachayitalu suuchimchaaru, ayithe aaa sidhilaalu dolomitic kaani dibba nundi vachinanduna idhi asambhavam.
bell loya nirmaanam.
delaware parvata samuuhamloo bell kaanyan nirmaanam tadupari unit, mariyu idhi shelflo erpadina capitan reif erpaatuku vayassu samaanamaina unit. ganta loya nirmaanam "silaajarahita, muduru buudida nundi nalupu, plutty, chakkati-dhaanyaala sunnapurayi" kaligi untundi. cherry loya nirmaanam mariyu ganta loya nirmaanam yokka diguva bhaagam muduru rangu bioclastic sunnapurayi mariyu chakkati-dhaanyaala isukaraayi yokka sannani madhyabhaagaalanu kaligi untaayi. eee nirmaanaalu pareevaahaka praantaala anchula vaipu kadulutunnappudu, isukaraayi cheelikalu avtayi mariyu sunnapurayi dibbalu gala pedda, meterla mandapati padakalaga mandamgaa maarutundi.
meka seep reif nirmaanam.
meka seep reif nirmaanam shelf anchuna untundi mariyu pareevaahaka praantamloo tappinchukune erpaatu mariyu shelf vaipu shaan andres erpadadamtho kalisipotundi. eee nirmaanam mandamgaa, podavainadigaa mariyu puurtigaa bhaarii dolomite tayaarainadigaa varninchabadindi. nirmaanam yokka diguva bhaagamlo, dolomite bhaarii padakalaga stareekarana cheyabadutundi. eee erpadatamlo dolometisation prakriya dwara naasanam cheyabadina jeevula acchulu kooda untaayi.
gwadalupian yugamlo dibbala bhavanam.
eee yugamlo chaalaa permian dibbalu parimaanam, vaividhyam, paridhi mariyu samruddhiga garishta sthaayiki cherukunnanduna, gwadalupian shakam dibba nirmaanam paramgaa charitralo atyanta vijayavantamaina vaatilo okati, dheeniki atyanta prasiddha udaaharanalalo kaapitan dibba okati. gwadalupianlo, dibbalu prapanchavyaaptamgaa samruddhiga undevi, delaware pareevaahaka praantam, thoorpu airopaloni jextain pareevaahaka praantam, tethys mahasamudram vembadi mariyu pantalassa mahasamudramloni challani neeti almarallo perigevi. samudra mattaalalo prapanchavyaaptamgaa taggudala mariyu praantiiya lavaneeyata hecchutaggulu kaligina "end-gwadalupian reif sankshobham" kaaranamgaa dibbala nirmaanaaniki eee swarnayugam mugisindi. panjia vichchinnam samayamlo suukshma khandala kadalika mariyu gharshana kooda aneka gwadalupian dibbala naasanaaniki kaaranamayyaayi. aaa yuganiki chendina dibbala sankhya naasanam cheyabadinappatiki, prapanchamlo 100 kii paiga gwadalupian dibbalu migili unnaayi, idhi yea permian yugam kante ekkuva.
chivari permian samayamlo dibba perugudala.
bhaarii sunnapurayi nundi yerpadinanduna "bhaarii sabhyudu" gaa piluvabade kaapitan reif yokka perugudalanu moodu dasallo vivarinchavacchu. modati dasha dibbanu erpaatu cheyadam mariyu daani vegavantamaina perugudala. eee samayamlo taggudala raetu nemmadigaa undatam valla, dibba twaragaa tananu taanu nirminchukogaligindi. dibba samudra mattaniki cherukunna tarvaata, adhi addamgaa peragadam praarambhinchindi, endukante idhi ikapai niluvugaa peragadu. abhivruddhi modati dasalo dibba vaataavaranam vecchagaa (chuttoo), nissaramga, adhika saktigaa, sidhilaalu laeni spashtamaina neerugaa varninchabadindi mariyu idhi 27 nundi 40 pipiti (veyyiki bhagalu) saadhaarana lavaneeyata sthaayini kaligi undhi. pareevaahaka praantam nundi kottagaa teesukuvacchina samudrapu neetini anaxic neetitho kalipe neeru nirantaram paiki lechinanduna pareevaahaka praantam neeru pushkalamgaa poeshakaalanu andinchindi. dibba yokka alankarana pradhanamgaa nitaruga unna spaanjlatoe nirminchinatlu varninchabadindi, ivi pedda, drudamaina asthipanjaraalu mariyu samruddhiga erra algay, microbial micrite mariyu akarbana cement kaligi untaayi. suukshmajeevula micrite avakshepananu bandhinchadaaniki panichesindi.
kaapitan dibbanu tayaaru chesina atyanta pramukha spaanjlalo okati sponge kutumbam "gwadalupide", idhi sponge, idhi modata madhya permianlo gaaju parvataalapai kanipinchindi mariyu chivari permian natiki delaware pareevaahaka praantamloki vyaapinchindi.
rajadhani dibba erpadataaniki rendava dasaku gurthugaa marinni paryaavarana maarpulu jarigaayi. eee vruddhi kaalam tarachugaa himaaneenadaalu kaaranamgaa prapancha samudra mattaalalo eustatic maarpulatoe gurtinchabadindi. eee dasalo dibba niluvugaa pedda perugudalanu chavichusindi mariyu perugutunna samudra mattalaku anugunamgaa taginanta vegamtho perigindi. rajadhani dibba daani vaalulapai unna dibba sidhilaalu mariyu taalulapai sthiramaina punaadini kooda kanugondi, mariyu eee punaadi dibbanu bayatiki peragadaaniki anumatinchindi. konni pradaesaalaloo, poeshakaalu mariyu khanijalu entha samruddhiga unnayante, rajadhani dibba prarambha sthaanam nundi daadaapu 50 kilometres dhooramlo perigindi.
chivari permian samayamlo reif maranam.
rajadhani dibba yokka moodava dasha dibba vyavastha yokka maranam. permiyanloni samudra pravahalu eee praantam yokka vaataavaranaanni erpaatu cheyadamlo mariyu rajadhani dibba perugudala mariyu maranaaniki sahaayapadatamlo bhaarii paatra poeshinchaayi. pareevaahaka praantam yokka vaataavaranam vaedigaa mariyu shushkamgaa undedi, idhi venuka dibba praantamloo kanipinche aaviri niksheepaalaloo choopabadindi.
permian reif complexes yokka perugudala mariyu perukupovadam tectonics dwara prabhaavitamaindi. permian kaalam mugimpulo, pangeya yokka suupar continent daani vichchinnatanu praarambhinchindi, idhi gatamlo dibba perugudalaku anukuulamgaa unna paristhitulanu teevramgaa maarchindi. tectonicslo maarpu hovy chaanello samudrapu neeti maarpidini parimitam chesindi, idhi permian pareevaahaka praantamloo lavaneeyata perugudalaku daariteesindi. neeti lavaneeyataloo eee teevramaina maarpunu eee dibba thattukogaligindi, anduvalla naasanam cheyabadindi.
gwadalupian varaku, permian pareevaahaka praantam hovy chaanal nundi vachhe manchineetitho taginanta neeti prasarananu kaligi undhi. pareevaahaka praantam diguva bhagalalo aaviri perugudala neeti niluvu varusa bahusha stareekrutamai mariyu euxinicga undani choopinchindi, antey neeru anoxic mariyu sulphidic rendoo anie ardham. tectonic maarpula kaaranamgaa delaware mariyu midland besinla madhya margalu parimitam cheyabaddaayi, idhi neeti lavaneeyata peragadaaniki kaaranamaindi. chivari permianlo perugutunna ushnogratalu, lavaneeyata perugudala kalisi kaapitan dibba antarinchipovadaaniki, alaage pareevaahaka praanthamtho aaviri erpadataaniki kaaranamayyaayi.
perigina lavaneeyata phalitamgaa erpadina aaviri poralanu castile nirmaanam antaaru. eee nirmaanamloo gypsum/unhydrite mariyu sunnapurayi yokka pratyaamnaaya poralu, alaage gypsum/unhydrite, uppu mariyu konni sunnapurayi yokka bhaarii padakalu untaayi. eee unit daadaapu mottamgaa kolustundi mariyu idhi lopingian yugamlo erpadindi. gypsum/unhydrite yokka vyaktigata poralu (lamine) mandam madhya mariyu mandamgaa untaayi, idhi samvatsaraaniki besin lavanheeyathatho sambandham kaligi untundani bhaavistunnaaru.
kaapitan dibba daani charitra praarambhamlo diageneticga maarchabadindi, mukhyamgaa castile erpadatam nikshepana tarvaata. eee nirmaanam antataa fabric maarpuku aadharalu unnaayi, idhi gypsum mariyu nirjaleekaranaala nirjaleekarana mariyu rehydration prakriyanu suuchistumdani bhaavistunnaaru. bashpeebhavana calcitisationku kooda aadharalu unnaayi. laramide orojenee dwara tectonic charya phalitamgaa mesozoic yugamlo bahirgatamayye varaku dibba vyavastha khananam cheyabadindi. delaware mariyu midland besinla lothaina neeti shale mariyu carbonate dibbalu mariyu central besin platfam laabhadaayakamaina hydrocarbon jalasayaluga maarataayi.
permian pareevaahaka praantam yokka saadhaaraneekarinchina mukhalu.
permian pareevaahaka praantam samudra mattam, vaataavaranam, lavaneeyata mariyu samudraaniki praapyata dwara prabhaavitamai, avi erpadina nikshepana vaataavaranam dwara vaeru cheyabadina saadhaaraneekarinchina mukha beltulugaa vibhajinchabadindi.
takkuva sthaayi vyavasthala maargam.
samudra mattanni tagginchadam valla peritidal mariyu sambhaavyamgaa, shelf margine praantaalu bahirgatamavutaayi, idhi leanier chaanal isuka raallanu shelfloki kattirinchadaaniki anumatistundi, vaalu carbonatela paina shelf margine daati vistarinchi, pareevaahaka praantam vaipu velupaliki vistaristundi. takkuva sthaayi samayamlo alala chadunaina pradaesaalaloo avakatavaka vyavasthala maargamloni uparitala silaasthambhaala paina iolian isuka raallu mariyu silt stones untaayi. lostand samayamlo pareevaahaka praantam sannani carbonate padakalatho koodi untundi, idhi pareevaahaka praantam lopala shelf vadda isukaraayi mariyu isukaraayi padakalatho militam cheyabadutundi.
atikramana vyavasthala maargamu.
eee mukhabhaagaalu pareevaahaka praantam akasmaattugaa lothugaa maaradam mariyu carbonate utpattini tirigi sthaapinchadam valla erpadataayi. bio turbetted waxtone mariyu oxygen paelavamaina sunnam matti vanti carbonatelu antarleena lostand vyavasthala paina pareevaahaka praantamloo mariyu vaalupai isuka raallapai perukupotayi. alala chadunaina pradaesaalu dolomudstones mariyu dolopoxtones vanti vaedi mariyu shushka vaataavaranam yokka supertidal mukhaalato vargeekarinchabadataayi. eee pareevaahaka praantam shelf meeda ledhaa daani daggara mandapati carbonate padakalatho vargeekarinchabadutundi, shelf anchu kramamga nitaruga maarutundi mariyu pareevaahaka isuka raallu sannaga marutayi.
highstand systems tract.
samudra mattam perugudala mandaginchadam valla highstand systems tract faceelu erpadataayi. idhi shelf anchuna carbonate utpatti mariyu pareevaahaka praantam antataa prabalamaina carbonate nikshepana dwara vargeekarinchabadutundi. lithophasylu shelf mariyu shelf anchupai carbonatela mandapati padakalu mariyu vaalupai sannani isukaraayi padakalu untaayi. shelf meeda errati padakalu erpadatam dwara pareevaahaka praantam parimitam avutundi, pareevaahaka praantamloo aaviraitlanu srushtistundi.
tectonic charitra.
cambrian-mississippian kaalamlo, puurveekula permian pareevaahaka praantam carbonatelu mariyu plaastikla nikshaepaalanu kaligi unna vistruta samudra nishkriya margine tabosa pareevaahaka praantam. prarambha pensylvanian-prarambha permianlo uttara america mariyu gondwana bhoomi (dakshina america mariyu africa) dheekonadam hersinian orojeneeki kaaranamaindi. hersinian orojenee phalitamgaa tabosa pareevaahaka praantam rendu lothaina pareevaahaka praantalugaa (delaware mariyu midland pareevaahaka praantaalu) vibhajinchabadindi, dheeni chuttoo nissara almaralu unnaayi. permian samayamlo, pareevaahaka praantam nirmanatmakamga sthiramgaa maarindi mariyu pareevaahaka praantamloo plaastiklatoe mariyu almaralapai carbonatelatho nindi undhi.
diguva paleozoic nishkriya margine dasha (chivari precombrian-mississippian, 850-310 miah).
eee nishkriyaatmaka anchu vaarasatvam nairuti america antataa undhi mariyu mandamgaa untundi. puurveekula permian pareevaahaka praantam balaheenamaina crustal podigimpu mariyu takkuva taggudala kaligi untundi, dheenilo tabosa pareevaahaka praantam abhivruddhi chendindi. tobosa pareevaahaka praantamloo shelf carbonatelu mariyu shales undevi.
gharshana dasha (chivari mississippian-pensylvanian, 310-265 miah).
oka vedika dwara vaeru cheyabadina permian pareevaahaka praantam yokka rendu lobe jyaamiti uttara america mariyu gondwana bhoomi (dakshina america mariyu africa) dheekonadam samayamlo hersinian gharshana orojenee phalitamgaa undhi. eee gharshana ouchita-marathon madata beltnu paiki lepi, tabosa pareevaahaka praantaanni vaikalyam chesindi. delaware pareevaahaka praantam tobosa pareevaahaka praantamloo proterozoic balaheenata unna praantaala venta vangi undatam valla erpadindi. nairuti kudimpu nitaruga munchadam valla vachhe lopaalu tirigi sakriyam cheyabaddaayi mariyu madhya pareevaahaka praantam sikharaanni paiki lepindi. neelamaaliga bhuubhaagam madata padamaralo delaware pareevaahaka praantam mariyu thoorpuna midland pareevaahaka praantam gaa pareevaahaka praantaanni vibhajinchindi.
permian pareevaahaka dasha (permian, 265-230 miah).
clastics, carbonate platformlu mariyu almaralu mariyu aavirulu vaegamgaa avakshepana sinorogenicga munduku sagai. orogenic karyakalapala paelullu pareevaahaka poralo moodu koneeya asamaanatalatoe vibhajinchabaddaayi. samudra mattam padipoyinappudu eee pareevaahaka praantam samudram nundi parimitam kaavadamtho chinna avashesha pareevaahaka praantamloo aaviri niksheepaalu avakshepana yokka chivari dasanu suuchistaayi.
hydrocarbon utpatti mariyu nilvalu.
permian pareevaahaka praantam samyukta rashtraalalo atipedda petrolium utpatti pareevaahaka praantam mariyu idhi sanchitamgaa 28.9billion byaarella chamuru mariyu 75 trillion cubic adugula vaayuvunu utpatti chesindi. prastutam 2020 praarambhamlo, eee pareevaahaka praantam nundi rojuku 4 million byaarella chamurunu pampistunnaaru. anchanaa vesina nilvallo enabhai saatam lothu kante takkuvagaa unnaayi. permian pareevaahaka praantam nundi tirigi pondina chamurulo padhi saatam pensylvanian carbonatela nundi vachindi. atipedda jalaasayaalu central besin platfam, vaayuvya mariyu thoorpu almaralu mariyu delaware besin isuka raalla lopala unnaayi. pradhana hydrocarbon jalaasayaala yokka praadhamika silaajaalu sunnapurayi, dolomite mariyu isukaraayi, vaati adhika sachchidrata kaaranamgaa. ayithe, hydrocarbon recoverylo purogati ayina kshitija samaantara drilling mariyu hydraulic fracturing vantivi utpattini wolfcamp shale loe kanipinche asaadhaaranamaina, biginchina ayil shales gaa vistarinchaayi.
vanarula charitra.
1917loe, zhe.eah. texas vishwavidyaalayam bhoogarbha shaastra professor ayina uden, marathon parvathaalatho sambandham unna marathon madata uttara disagaa vistarinchavacchani oohinchaaru. eee madata siddhaantaanni 1918loe bhuuvignaana saastravettalu marinta vivarinchaaru.eah. liddle mariyu zhe.doubleu. beed. sambhaavya nirmaanam chamuruku sambhaavya ucchugaa bhaavinchabadindi. eee marathon madata siddhaantam mariyu telisina chamuru sraavaala aadhaaramgaa, thoorpu permian pareevaahaka praantamloo test drilling praarambhamaindi. 
permian pareevaahaka praantamlooni chamuru nilvalanu modata doubleu.1920loe paschima texasloni mitchell kounteelooni abrams. modati vaanijya baavi oka samvatsaram taruvaata 1921loe mitchell kounteelooni kottagaa kanugonna westbrook chamuru kshetramlo, lothaina praantamloo praarambhinchabadindi. praarambhamlo, permian pareevaahaka praantam ginne lanty aakaraanni kaligi untundani bhaavinchaaru, bhoogarbha survey sibbandi bahirgamanalu lekapovadam valla pareevaahaka praantam lopali bhaganni adhyayanam cheyalekapoyaru. taruvaati konni samvatsaraalalo pedda sarassu chamuru kshetram (1923), prapancha chamuru kshetram (1925), mccame chamuru kshetram (1925), hendrick chamuru kshetram (1926), yates chamuru kshetram (1926) vanti bahula chamuru kshetraala aavishkaranalu jarigaayi. eee aavishkaranalannii yaadruchchika drilling ledhaa uparitala mapping dwara cheyabaddaayi. eee praantamloo kramaraahityaalanu kanugonadaaniki seismographs mariyu magnetometers vanti saadhanaalanu upayoginchinanduna eee praantaanni mapp cheyadamlo bhougolika bhouthika pareekshalu chaalaa mukhyamainavi.
1924 natiki, pareevaahaka praantamloo praantiiya bhougolika karyalayalanu sthaapinchina companylalo california company (california praamaanika chamuru), gulph ayil, vinootna (newjersey praamaanika chamuru), roxana (shell ayil company), dixie ayil (indiana praamaanika chamuru), midwest anveshana (indiana praamaanika chamuru), texas company unnaayi.
dhooraalu mariyu chamurunu taralinchadaaniki gottalu lekapovadam valla, 1920laloe lothaina drilling pareekshalu takkuvagaa undevi, endukante kharchulu ekkuvagaa undevi. phalitamgaa, 1928 varaku anni chamuru baavulu takkuva ledhaa lotainavi. ayithe, 1928loe nem. ii-bii vishwavidyaalayam pedda sarassu yokka ordovician nirmaanaalalo 8,520 adugula ettulo chamuru bavini kanugonnadi. 1930laloe harper chamuru kshetram (1933), goaled smith chamuru kshetram (1934), pempudu chamuru kshetram (1935), keystone chamuru kshetram (1935), means ayil feeled (1934), vassen chamuru kshetram (1936-1937), mariyu vadha kshetram (1936) aavishkaranalato anveshana mariyu abhivruddhi perigindi. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo samyukta rashtraallo chamuru avasaram atyavasaramaindi, idhi lothaina chamuru travvakam yokka adhika kharchulanu samarthistundi. eee purogati cambrian kaalam nundi permian kaalam varaku prati bhougolika nirmaanamloo pradhana chamuru jalaasayaalu kanugonabadataaniki daariteesindi. mukhyamaina aavishkaranalalo embrar chamuru kshetram (1942), txl chamuru kshetram (1944), doll arhyde chamuru kshetram (1945), block 31 chamuru kshetram (1945) unnaayi.
1966loe, permian pareevaahaka praantam yokka utpatti 600 million byaarella chamurutho paatu 2.3 trillion cubic adugula vaayuvutho, mottam $2 biliyanlu. eee praantamloo gyaas pipelinelu mariyu chamuru suddhi karmagarala erpaatutho utpatti viluvalu kramamga perigayi, 1993loe mottam utpatti 14.9 billion byaarellaku cherukundi.
chamurutho paatu, permian pareevaahaka praantam nundi tavvabade pradhana vastuvulalo okati potash, dheenini 1800la chivaralo bhuuvignaana shaastravetta johann august uden eee praantamloo modatisaarigaa kanugonnaru. uden chesina prarambha adhyayanalu, mariyu 1100 mariyu 1700 adugula madhya shanta rita baavilo potash uniki, united states geological survey potash anveshanhalo eee praantaanni anveshinchadaaniki daariteesindi, idhi modati prapancha yuddhamlo chaalaa mukhyamainadi, endukante us ikapai germany nundi digumati chesukolekapoyindi. 1960la madhya natiki, permian pareevaahaka praantam yokka nyuu mexico vaipu edu potash ganulu panicheestunnaayi.
prastuta utpatti.
2018 natiki, permian pareevaahaka praantam 118 trillion cubic adugula sahaja vaayuvutho paatu 33 billion byaarella chamurunu utpatti chesindi. eee utpatti mana mudi chamuru utpattilo 20 saatam mariyu mana podi sahaja vayuvu utpattilo 7 saatam vatanu kaligi undhi. 1970la praarambhamlo utpatti garishta sthaayiki cherukundani bhaavinchinappatikii, hydraulic fracturing mariyu horizontal drilling vanti chamuru velikiteeta kosam kotta saanketikatalu utpattini natakeeyamgaa penchaayi. permian pareevaahaka praantamloo niroopitamaina nilvalu ippatikee 5 billion byaarella chamuru mariyu sumaru 19 trillion cubic adugula sahaja vaayuvunu kaligi unnayani indhana samachara paripalana anchanaala anchanaa. 
paryaavarana samasyalu.
october 2019 natiki, shilaja-indhana adhikarulu iteevala varaku sahaja vaayuvunu kalchadam anae mantalanu tagginchadamlo purogati saadhistunnatlu chepparu. drilling companylu drilling mariyu pumping chamurupai drushti pedataayi, idhi chaalaa laabhadaayakamainadi, ayithe chamurutho paatu pampe takkuva viluvaina vaayuvunu "upa utpatti" gaa pariganistaaru. permian chamuru kshetraalalo prastuta vijrumbhana samayamlo, chamuru kosam travvakam "chaalaa vegavantamaina pipeline nirmaanam" kaligi undhi, kabatti "sahaja vayuvu mariyu itara saktivantamaina greenhouse vaayuvulanu neerugaa vaataavaranamloki" vent cheyadamtho paatu manta vadakam perigindi, idhi manta kante gananeeyamgaa pedda greenhouse prabhavanni kaligistundi. rendu paddhatulu raashtraala chattaala prakaram chattabaddhamainavi. vidudalayye meethenlo ekkuva bhaagam takkuva sankhyalo vanarula nundi vastundi. upagraha dayta prakaram, permian pareevaahaka praantam nundi utpatti ayye vaayuvulo 3.7 saatam leakagelo potundi, idhi 7 million texas gruhaala viniyogaaniki samanam. sahaja vayuvu dhara entha choukagaa undho pipeline saamarthyam unna chinna companylu pipeline kharchulanu chellinche badulu mantalanu enchukuntunnaayi.
permian pareevaahaka praantamlooni counteelu mariyu munisipaalitiilu.
daani aardhika praamukhyata kaaranamgaa, permian pareevaahaka praantam kooda adhi unna bhougolika praantaaniki daani paerunu ichindi. eee praantamlooni jillalu