rekhaganita-optical bhramalu

rekhaganita-optical bhramalu drushya bhramalu, optical bhramalu kooda, veetilo kanipinche vaati yokka rekhaganita lakshanaalu drushya kshetramloni sambandhita vastuvula nundi bhinnamgaa untaayi.
rekhaganita lakshanaalu.
jyaamitini adhyayanam cheyadamlo okaru paayintla sthaanam mariyu rekhala podavu, dhorani mariyu vakratapai drushti pedataaru. jyaamiteeya-optical bhramalu appudu modati sandarbhamlo jyaamiti dwara nirvachinchabadina vastuvu lakshanaalatoo sambandham kaligi untaayi. drushti trimiteeyamainappatikee, aneka paristhitulalo lothunu karakamga maarchavacchu mariyu x mariyu y samanvayaalato dvi-miteeya tablet yokka saadhaarana veekshanhapai drushti kendrikarinchavachhu.'
bhramalu drushya pradaesamloe untaayi.
pariseelakudi vastuvu sthalamlo vaari sahacharulu public mariyu kolavagala lakshanaalanu kaligi undagaa, bhramalu pariseelakudi (maanava ledhaa jantuvu) anubhavaniki praivetgaa untaayi. ayinappatikee, avi moukhika mariyu itara samachara marpidi dwara mariyu psychophysics dwara kolataku kooda andubaatulo untaayi. oka nulling technic mukhyamgaa upayogakaramgaa untundi, dheenilo oka lakshyanni uddeshapoorvakamgaa bhramanu raddu chese prayatnamlo vyatiraeka vaikalyam ivvabadutundi.
drushya bhraantula vargaalu.
 
 
drushya ledhaa optical bhramalanu vastuvulu mariyu grahanasaktula madhya vyatyaasam yokka swabhaavam prakaram vargeekarinchavachhu. udaaharanaku, ivi prakaasam ledhaa rangulo undavacchu, veetini lakshyaala yokka "intensive" lakshanaalu anie pilustaaru, udhaa.zii. maak byaandlu. ledhaa avi vaati sthaanam, parimaanam, dhorani ledhaa lothulo undavacchu, dheenini "vistrutamainadi" anie pilustaaru. oka bhramalo jyaamiti paridhiloki vachhe lakshanaalu unnappudu adhi "rekhaganita-optical", eee padaaniki zhe dwara amsaaniki ankitam cheyabadina modati shaastreeya patramlo ivvabadina padam.zhe. padam.zhe german unnata paatasaala upaadhyaayudaina opel, dheenini prayogaatmaka manastatvasaastram staapakudigaa vistrutamgaa pariganinchabade wilhelm woondt chae chepattabadindi, ippudu vishwavyaaptamgaa upayoginchabadutondi. 1972 natiki robinsons pustakam yokka modati edition 100 daggaragaa mudrinchina paejeelanu ketaayinchindi mariyu eee bhramalaku 180 kii paiga bommalu vaari prajaadarananu dhruveekaristaayi.
jyaamiteeya-optical bhramalaku udaaharanalu.
saadhaarana nalupu mariyu telupu rekha rekhaachitraalalo kanipinche rekhaganita-optical bhramalu anveshinchadaaniki sulabhamainavi. optical illutions jabita nundi konni udaaharanalu teesukobaddaayi. avi sthaanam (pogjenderf illution), podavu (mueller-lyer illution), dhorani (jollner illution, munsterberg illution ledhaa shift-chess-board illution mariyu daani cafe wall illution roopaantaram), rectilinearity ledhaa rekhala saralata (herring illution), parimaanam (delbofufusion) mariyu niluvu/kshitija samaantara anisotropy (niluvu-kshitija samaantara illution) yokka bhramalanu vivaristaayi, dheenilo niluvu podigimpu atisayoktigaa kanipistundi.
sambandhita drugvishayam.
 drushya bhraantulanu konni sambandhita drugvishayaala nundi vaeru cheyali. necker cube vanti konni saadhaarana lakshyalu okati kante ekkuva vivaranalanu cheyagalavu, ivi saadhaaranamgaa oka samayamlo okadaanilo okatigaa maarutuu kanipistaayi. vaatini bhrama kante aspashtamaina aakruteekaranalu anie pilavavacchu, endukante yea samayamloonainaa kanipinchedi vaastavaaniki bhrama kaadu. penros ledhaa eskar rakam yokka aakruteekaranalu anae ardhamlo bhramaatmakamainavi, vivaranaatmaka taarkika vislaeshanhapai matrame avi bhouthikamgaa grahinchalenivi anie spashtamavutundi. oka "bhrama" nuu tappugaa ardham chesukunnatluga mariyu pradarsinchadagina uparitalam lenappudu "bhrama" gaa bhaavisthe, kanija tribhujam mariyu "bhramaatmaka aakrutulu" vanti prabhaavaalaku vyatyaasam vichchinnamavutundi."
vivaranalu.
rekhaganita-optical bhranti yokka vivaranalu rendu daadi vidhanalalo okadaanipai aadharapadi untayih 
oka pariseelakudi mundu unna drushya lakshyam nundi samacharanni medadulooni daani naadii praatinidhyamloki badilee chesi, aapai oka avagahana udbhavinchadaaniki anumatinche karyakalapalalo modati dasha, kanti dwara imaging mariyu retiinaalooni naadii circuitla dwara prosessing. jyaamiteeya-optical bhramala yokka konni bhagalu aaa sthaayilo vichalanaalaku aapaadinchabadavachu. idhi puurtigaa oka bhramaku kaaranam kakapoyina, eee dasha sahaayapadutundi endukante idhi vistrutamaina manasika siddhaantaalanu marinta surakshitamaina pradaesamloe unchutundi. chandra bhrama oka manchi udaaharana. spashtamaina dhooram mariyu parimaana sthirathvam yokka bhaavanalanu prerepinche mundu, chandrudu kshitijaaniki digutunnappudu peddadigaa kanipinchinappudu retina chitram peddagaa maraledani nirdhaarinchukovadaaniki idhi sahaayapadutundi. 
retina nundi vachhe sankethaalu drushya valkalamloki pravesinchina tarvaata, sthaanika paraspara charyalu jarugutaayi. mukhyamgaa, neuronlu lakshya dhoraniki anugunamgaa untaayi mariyu vaati pratispandana sandarbham meeda aadharapadi untundi. vistrutamgaa aamodinchabadina vivarana, ii.zii. rekha kuurpula vadda teevramaina koonaala vistarana yokka abhivyaktigaa pogjenderf mariyu herring bhramalu, jyaamiteeya-optical bhranti yokka "bottom-up", saareeraka vivarana yokka vijayavantamaina amaluku oka udaaharana.
 ayithe, daadaapu anni rekhaganita optical bhramalu prastutam saareeraka vivaranalaku anukuulamgaa laeni bhaagaalanu kaligi unnaayi. anduvalla, vishayam anedi avagahana mariyu ghnaanam yokka vibhagala aadhaaramgaa pratipaadanalaku saaravantamaina kshetram. vivarinchadaanikih vaatini kevalam oka jatha vaalu linelugaa ardham chesukovadaniki badulugaa, oka lakshanam convergence paayintku daggaragaa unna okelanti daani kante chinnadigaa kanipistundi, ponzo namuunaanu oka drukpatha rekhaachitramgaa andinchina railroad track kosam teesukovachhu. pattaala lopala unna oka gottam marinta dhooramlo unte, track yokka vedalpu yokka perigina bhaganni cover cheyadaaniki bhouthikamgaa vedalpugaa undaali. paryavasanamga, barrells vyaasamlo bhinnamgaa untaayi, ayithe droyinglo vaati bhouthika parimaanam samanamga untundi.
oka shaastreeya adhyayanamlo, bhrama anubhavinchina samayamlo jeevi yokka naadii vyavastha sthithilo drushya padam yokka praatinidhyam ponduparachabadindane gurtimpu untundi. prayogaatmaka neurosines vibhaagamlo, paie-diguva prabhavam antey adhika naadii kendraalalo udbhavinche sankethaalu, ghnaapakasakti jaadala repository, sahaja namuunaalu mariyu nirnaya karyakalapalu, diguva neuronal circuitlaku prayaanistaayi, akkada avi excitation balance yokka maarpuku kaaranamavutaayi. atuvanti bhavananu bottom-up vidhanam nundi vaeru cheyali, idhi indriya upakaranam dwara daani maargamlo input meeda vidhinchina vichalnalanu chustundi. top-down neural signalling anedi garishta wortheimer dwara perkonna gestalt bhavana yokka amarika amalu avutundi, "edainaa bhagala lakshanaalu mottam yokka antargata nirmaana chattaala dwara nirnayinchabadataayi."
ganita parivartana.
jyaamiti paramgaa vivarinchadagina vaikalyaalato unnappatikee, vastuvulu mariyu anubandha grahikalu, vaati sambandhita pradaesaalaloo, okadaanikokati anugunamgaa unnappudu, ganitasaastraparamgaa vamputirigina vaaru, bahusha euclidean kaani, okadaanikokati mapp chese parivartanala kosam vetakadaaniki sodinchabadataru. bhedaatmaka jyaamiti yokka anuvartanam ippativaraku mukhyamgaa vijayavantam kaaledu; drugvishayam yokka vaividhyam mariyu sanklishtata, vyaktula madhya gananeeyamaina thedaalu mariyu sandarbham, munupati anubhavam mariyu bodhanalapai aadharapadatam santruptikaramaina suutreekaranalaku adhika sthaayini erpaatu chesaayi.

