
upagraha television

upagraha television anedi bhoomi chuttoo kakshyalo unna samachara upagraham nundi neerugaa veekshakudi sthaanaaniki prasaram cheyadam dwara prekshakulaku television kaaryakramaalanu andinche seva. saadhaaranamgaa satellite dish anie piluvabade bahiranga parabolic antenna mariyu takkuva-sabdam gala block down convertor dwara sankethaalu andukoobadataayi.
upagraha receiver appudu television setlo chuudataaniki kaavalasina television prograamnu decode chestundi. receiverlu bahya sett-top baakslu ledhaa antarnirmita television tunor kaavacchu. upagraha television vistruta shreni chaanallu mariyu sevalanu andistundi. saadhaaranamgaa bhoogola television ledhaa cable television seva laeni aneka maarumuula bhougolika praantaalalo labhinche ekaika television idhi.
aadhunika vyavasthala sankethaalu x byaand (8-12 Ghz) ledhaa kuu byaand (12-18 Ghz) pounahpunyaalapai samachara upagraham nundi prasaram cheyabadataayi, dheeniki oka meater kante takkuva vyaasam unna chinna vantakam matrame avasaram. modati upagraha television vyavasthalu ippudu television receive-onlee anie piluvabade vaadukalo laeni rakam. eee vyavasthalu fss rakam upagrahaala nundi sii-byaand (4-8 gigahertz) loe prasaram cheyabadina balaheenamaina analog sankethaalanu andukunnaayi, dheeniki 2-3 meterla pedda vantakaala upayogam avasaram. tatphalitamgaa, eee vyavasthalaku "pedda vantakaalu" vyavasthalu anae maaruperu pettaru, ivi marinta khareedainavi mariyu takkuva prajaadarana pondaayi.
prarambha vyavasthalu analog sankethaalanu upayoginchaayi, conny aadhunika vyavasthalu digital signallanu upayogistaayi, ivi digital prasaram yokka gananeeyamgaa merugaina varnapata saamarthyam kaaranamgaa aadhunika television praamaanika hye-definition television prasaranni anumatistaayi. 2022 natiki, brazilku chendina starr vann sii2 matrame analog signalslo prasaram cheyabadina upagraham.
rendu rakalaku ververu receiverlu avasaram. konni prasaralu mariyu chaanallu encrypt cheyabadavu mariyu anduvalla free-tuu-air, ayithe aneka itara chaanellu encryptiontho prasaram cheyabadataayi. uchita-veekshanha chaanallu gupteekarinchabadi untaayi conny chaarj cheyabadavu, ayithe chellimpu televisionlo veekshakudu prograamingnu sweekarinchadaaniki nelawari rusumu chellinchi subscribe cheyavalasi untundi.
prajalu internet aadhaarita streaming television mariyu uchita ovar-dhi-air television vaipu maarutunna taadu-cutting dhorani satellite televisionnu prabhaavitam chestondi.
saanketikata.
television prasaram kosam upayoginche upagrahaalu saadhaaranamgaa bhoomi yokka bhoomadhyarekhaku paina bhusthira kakshyalo untaayi. eee kakshya yokka prayojanam emitante, upagraham yokka kakshya kaalam bhoomi yokka bhramana retuku samanam, kabatti upagraham aakaasamlo sthiramaina sthithilo kanipistundi. anduvalla signalnu sweekarinche satellite dish antennanu satellite unna pradaesamloe saasvatamgaa lakshyamgaa pettukovacchu mariyu kadulutunna upagrahanni track cheyavalasina avasaram ledhu. konni vyavasthalu badulugaa +/−63.4 degreela vamputho adhika deerghavruttaakaara kaksyanu mariyu sumaru pannendu gantala kakshya vyavadhini upayogistaayi, dheenini molnia kakshya anie pilustaaru.
upagraha television, upagraham dwara prasaram cheyabadina itara samachara marpidi vale, oka uplink soukaryam vadda unna prasaara antennatho praarambhamavutundi. uplink upagraha vantakaalu chaalaa peddavi, 9 nundi 12 meterlu (30 nundi 40 adugulu) vyaasam kaligi untaayi. perigina vyaasam phalitamgaa upagraham vadda marinta khachitamaina lakshyam mariyu signal balam perugutundi. uplink dish oka nirdishta upagraham vaipu choopabadutundi mariyu uplink cheyabadina sankethaalu oka nirdishta pounahpunya paridhiloo prasaram cheyabadataayi, tadwara aaa upagrahamlo aaa pounahpunya shreniki tune cheyabadina transponderlalo okati sweekaristundi. transponder sankethaalanu vaerae frequencytho (anuvaadam anie piluvabade prakriya, uplink signaltho jokyam nivaarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi), saadhaaranamgaa 10.7-12.7 Ghz bandlo tirigi bhoomiki prasaram chestundi, conny konni ippatikee sii-byaand (4-8 Ghz), kuu-byaand (12-18 Ghz) ledhaa rendintiloonuu prasaram chestaayi. upagraham nundi sweekarinche bhoomi stationku signal maargam yokka kaaluni downlink antaaru.
oka saadhaarana upagraham 32 kyuu-byaand ledhaa 24 sea-byaand transponderlanu kaligi untundi, ledhaa kyuu/sea hybrid upagrahaala kosam anthakante ekkuva untundi. vilakshanhamaina transponderlu okkokkati 27 mariyu 50 mhz madhya bandwidth kaligi untaayi. prati geostationary sii-byaand upagraham jokyanni nivaarinchadaaniki tadupari upagraham nundi 2° rekhaamsam dhooramlo undaali; kuu kosam dhooram 1° kaavacchu. dheeni ardham 360/2 = 180 geostationary sii-byaand upagrahaalu ledhaa 360/1 = 360 geostationary kuu-byaand upagrahaala garishta parimiti undhi. sii-byaand prasaram bhusambandhamaina jokyaniki gurayye avakaasam undhi, ayithe kuu-byaand prasaram varsham dwara prabhaavitamavutundi (eee nirdishta pounahpunyamlo neeru microwave yokka adbhutamaina shoshakam kabatti). rendodi urumulato kuudina meghalalo manchu sphatikaala dwara marinta pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitamavutundi. konni sandarbhaallo, sweekarinche antenna chuupina geostationary upagraham venuka suuryudu neerugaa varusalo unnappudu suuryarashmi antaraayam erpadutundi.
chaalaa dhooram prayaaninchina tarvaata chaalaa balaheenamgaa unna downlink upagraha sanketam (maargam nashtam chudandi), parabolic receiving dishto sekarinchabadutundi, idhi dish yokka kendra binduvuku balaheenamaina sankethaalanu pratibimbistumdi. vantakam yokka kendra binduvu vadda brocketlapy amarchabadina parikaranni feed horn ledhaa collector anie pilustaaru. feed horn anedi taranga margadarshi yokka oka vibhagam, idhi oka flaired front-end thoo untundi, idhi kendra binduvu vadda ledhaa sameepamlo sankethaalanu sekarinchi, vaatini takkuva-sabdam block down convertor (lnb) kii anusandhaaninchabadina probe ledhaa pickup kuu nirvahistundi. lnb sankethaalanu vistaristundi mariyu vaatini saadhaaranamgaa ell-bandlo madhyantara pounahpunyaala diguva vibhaagaaniki (if) maarustundi.
asalu sii-byaand upagraha television vyavasthalu vantakam yokka kendra binduvu vadda feedhornku anusandhaaninchabadina takkuva-sabdam amplifier (lna) nuu upayoginchaayi. inca adhika microwave frequenciela vadda unna amplified signalnu, chaalaa khareedaina takkuva-nashtam 50-oom impedence gyaas nimpina hardline ekakshaka cable dwara saapekshamgaa sanklishtamaina enn-connectorlatho indor receiverku ledhaa itara designlalo, down convertor (mixer mariyu kontha filter circutrytho voltage-tuned ausilator) dwara madhyantara frequenseeki down conversion kosam andinchaalsi untundi. chaanal empika saadhaaranamgaa voltage tuned ausilator dwara niyantrinchabadutundi, tuning voltagenu pratyeka cable dwara headendku andinchabadutundi, conny eee design abhivruddhi chendindi.
autsaahika radeo pounahpunyaala kosam microstrip-aadhaarita converterla kosam namuunaalu 4 Ghz sii-byaand kosam sweekarinchabaddaayi. eee designlaku kendramgaa unna bhavana emitante, frequenciela shrenini takkuva sthaayi, marinta sulabhamgaa nirvahinchadaaniki tagginchadam.
lnbni upayoginchadam valla kalige prayojanaalu emitante, indor receivernu satellite television dish mariyu lnbki anusandhaaninchadaaniki choukaina kebulnu upayoginchavacchu, mariyu ell-byaand mariyu yuhechf vadda signalnu nirvahinchadaaniki saanketikata sii-byaand frequenciela vadda signalnu nirvahinchadaaniki kante chaalaa choukagaa untundi. prarambha sii-byaand vyavasthala yokka kathinamaina mariyu enn-connectorla nundi choukaina mariyu saralamaina 75-oom cable mariyu eff-connectorlaku choukaina saanketika parignaanaaniki maaradam prarambha upagraha television receiverlanu upayoginchadaaniki anumatinchindi, vaastavaaniki, savarinchina television tunorlu 70 MHz paie kendreekrutamaina takkuva madhyantara frequenseeki down conversion kosam upagraha television chaanelnu enchukunnaayi, akkada adhi demodulate cheyabadindi. eee maarpu upagraha television parisramanu ekkuvagaa abhiruchi galadigaa maarchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi, ikkada vaelaadi dollarla vyayamtho takkuva sankhyalo vyavasthalu matrame nirminchabaddaayi, idhi chaalaa ekkuva vaanijyaparamgaa saamuuhika utpattiki maarindi.
united stateslo, servies providerlu dish vadda unna lnbf nundi receiver varaku signalnu teesukelladaaniki 950-2150 emhechz yokka madhyantara frequency shrenulanu upayogistaaru. idhi oke samayamlo ekakshaka theega yokka adhe vyavadhilo yuhechf sankethaala prasaranni anumatistundi. konni anuvartanaallo (directive au9-s mariyu at-9), diguva b-byaand mariyu 2250-3000 mhz yokka shrenulu upayoginchabadataayi. directive dwara upayoginchabadutunna kotta lnbf luu, swm (single wire multiswitch) anie piluvabadataayi, ivi single cable pampineeni amalu cheyadaaniki mariyu 2-2150 emhechz yokka vistruta frequency paridhini upayoginchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi.
upagraha receiver ledhaa sett-top baaks sankethaalanu demodulate chesi, kaavalasina roopaaniki (television, audeo, dayta modalaina vaati kosam avutputlu) maarustundi.). tarachugaa, receiver kontamandi chandaadaarulaku premium sevalanu andinchadaaniki sweekarinchina signalnu enchukunna vidhamgaa unscramble ledhaa decrypt chese saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi; receivernu integrated receiver/decoder ledhaa ird anie pilustaaru. takkuva nashtam cable (udhaa.zii. rg-6, rg-11 modalainavi.) receivernu lnbf ledhaa lnbkii anusandhaaninchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. argi-59 eee application kosam sifaarsu cheyabadaledu, endukante idhi saanketikamgaa 950 emhechz kante ekkuva pounahpunyaalanu moyadaniki roopondinchabadaledu, conny ekakshaka wire yokka naanhyata, signal sthaayilu, cable podavu modalaina vaati aadhaaramgaa konni paristhitulalo pani cheyavachu.
inti upagraha sweekaranaku sambandhinchina oka aacharanaatmaka samasya emitante, oka lnb praathamikamgaa oke receivernu matrame nirvahinchagaladu. endukante lnb rendu ververu vruttaakaara dhruveekaranalanu (kudi chethi mariyu edama chethi) mariyu keey-byaand vishayamlo, rendu ververu frequency byaandlanu (diguva mariyu eguva) kebulpai oke frequency shreniki anuvadistundi. transponder yea frequency mariyu dhruvanaanni upayogistundane daanipai aadharapadi, upagraha receiver oka nirdishta "chhaanel" nuu sweekarinchadaaniki lnbni naalugu ververu modlalo okadaaniki marchali. dheenini lnb modnu niyantrinchadaaniki disucusi protokaalnu upayoginchi receiver nirvahistaaru. oke vantakaaniki aneka upagraha receiverlanu jodinchalante, multiswitch anie pilavabade oka pratyeka rakam lnbtho kalipi upayoginchaalsi untundi. ippatike integrated multy-swichtho lnb luu kooda andubaatulo unnaayi. aneka receiverlu vividha upagrahaalanu suuchistuu aneka vantakaalanu (ledhaa oke vantakamlo amarchina aneka lnb) upayoginchinappudu eee samasya marinta klishtamgaa maarutundi.
bahula upagrahaalanu access cheyalanukune viniyogadaarulaku oka saadhaarana parishkaram emitante, oke lnbtho oke vantakaanni moharinchadam mariyu electric motarunu upayoginchi vantakaanni tippadam. bhramana akshanni uttara-dakshina disalo erpaatu cheyali mariyu vantakam yokka bhougolika sthaanaanni batti, oka nirdishta niluvu vampu kaligi undaali. sarigga amarchinapudu motaru cheyabadina vantakam bhoomadhyarekhaku neerugaa paina unna bhusthira kakshya venta varusalo unna upagrahaala kosam saadhyamaina anni sthaanaalalo vyaapistundi. aaa vantakam appudu nirdishta pradaesamloe kanipinche edainaa bhusthira upagrahanni sweekarinchagaladu, antey.ii. adhi kshitijaaniki paina undhi. steering dish rotorla kosam aadesaalanu andinchadaaniki dis kyusi protocol vistarinchabadindi.
upagraha vyavasthalo aidu pradhana bhagalu unnaih prograaming muulam, prasaara kendram, upagraham, upagraha vantakam mariyu receiver. "upagraha television sankethaala prasaram kosam upayoginche "pratyaksha prasaara" upagrahaalu saadhaaranamgaa bhoomi yokka bhoomadhyarekhaku paina bhusthira kakshyalo untaayi. eee kaksyanu upayoginchadaaniki kaaranam, bhoomi tirige retutho upagraham bhoomini chuttumudutundi, kabatti upagraham aakaasamlo oka sthira binduvu vadda kanipistundi. anduvalla upagraha vantakaalanu aaa samayamlo saasvatamgaa lakshyamgaa chesukovacchu, mariyu kadulutunna upagrahanni anusarinchadaaniki tiragadaaniki tracking system avasaram ledhu. konni upagraha television vyavasthalu +/- 63.4 degreela vamputho mariyu sumaru pannendu gantala kakshya vyavadhitho atyanta deerghavruttaakaara kakshya ayina molnia kakshyalo upagrahaalanu upayogistaayi.
upagraha television, upagraham dwara prasaram cheyabadina itara samachara marpidi vale, oka uplink soukaryam vadda unna prasaara antennatho praarambhamavutundi. uplink soukaryaalu microwave yokka irukaina punjam dwara upagrahaaniki signalnu prasaram chestaayi, saadhaaranamgaa varshapu masakabaaradaaniki daani nirodhakata kaaranamgaa sii-byaand frequency paridhiloo untaayi. uplink upagraha vantakaalu chaalaa peddavi, tarachugaa 9 nundi 12 meterlu (30 nundi 40 adugulu) vyaasam kaligi untaayi, khachitamaina lakshyanni saadhinchadaaniki mariyu upagraham vadda signal balaanni penchadaaniki, viswasaneeyatanu meruguparachadaaniki. uplink dish oka nirdishta upagraham vaipu choopabadutundi mariyu uplink cheyabadina sankethaalu oka nirdishta pounahpunya paridhiloo prasaram cheyabadataayi, tadwara aaa upagrahamlo aaa pounahpunya shreniki tune cheyabadina transponderlalo okati sweekaristundi. transponder appudu sankethaalanu kuu bandga maarustundi, eee prakriyanu "anuvaadam" anie pilustaaru, mariyu vaatini tirigi bhoomiki prasaram chesi, home satellite stationla dwara sweekarinchabadutundi.
chaalaa dhooram prayaaninchina tarvaata balaheenamaina downlink cheyabadina upagraha sanketam (maargam nashtam chudandi), paikappu parabolic receiving dish ("upagraha vantakam") nuu upayoginchadam dwara sekarinchabadutundi, idhi vantakam yokka kendra binduvuku balaheenamaina sankethaalanu pratibimbistumdi. vantakam yokka kendra binduvu vadda brocketlapy amarchabadina feed horn anedi taranga margadarshi dwara sankethaalanu takkuva-sabdam block convertor (lnb) ledhaa kommuku jodinchina takkuva sabdam convertor (lnc) anie piluvabade parikaraniki pamputundi. lnb balaheenamaina sankethaalanu vistaristundi, upagraha television sankethaalu prasaram cheyabade pounahpunyaala blacknu filter chestundi mariyu pounahpunyaala blacknu ell-byaand paridhiloo takkuva pounahpunya paridhiloki maarustundi. signal appudu oka ekakshaka cable dwara nivaasamloki upagraha television receiverku, television pakkana unna sett-top baxku pampabadutundi.
vantakam vadda frequency translation cheyadaaniki lnbni upayoginchadaaniki kaaranam choukaina ekakshaka kebulnu upayoginchi signalnu nivaasamloki teesukelladam. asalu kuu byaand microwave frequency vadda signalnu intloki ravana cheyadaaniki radeo taramgaalanu moyadaniki khareedaina taranga margadarshi, lohapu gottam avasaram. receivernu lnbki anusandhaaninche cable takkuva nashtam rakam argie-6, kwad sheeled argie-6 ledhaa argie-11. argie-59 eee application kosam sifaarsu cheyabadaledu, endukante idhi saanketikamgaa 950 emhechz kante ekkuva frequencilanu moyadaniki roopondinchabadaledu, conny ekakshaka wire naanhyatanu batti aneka paristhitulalo panichestundi. prarambha sii-byaand vyavasthala yokka 50ohechm impedence cable mariyu enn-connectorla nundi choukaina 75ohechm saanketikata mariyu eff-connectorlaku marinta sarasamaina saanketikataku maaradam prarambha upagraha television receiverlanu upayoginchadaaniki anumatinchindi, vaastavaaniki, savarinchina television tunorlu upagraha television chaanelnu 70 emhechz vadda kendreekrutamaina maroka takkuva madhyantara frequenseeki down conversion kosam enchukunnaayi.
oka lnb oke receivernu matrame nirvahinchagaladu. lnb rendu ververu vruttaakaara dhruvanaalanu-kudi chethi mariyu edama chethi-mapp chestondi mariyu kuu-byaand vishayamlo rendu ververu reception byaandlu-diguva mariyu eguva-kebulpai okati mariyu oke frequency byaandku, mariyu idhi home satellite receptionku aacharanaatmaka samasya. transponder yea frequencylo prasaram chestondi mariyu adhi yea dhruveekarananu upayogistondi anae daanipai aadharapadi, upagraha receiver oka nirdishta transponderpy nirdishta kaavalasina prograamnu sweekarinchadaaniki lnbni naalugu ververu modlalo okadaaniki marchali. dheenini nirvahinche lnb modnu niyantrinchadaaniki receiver disc protokaalnu upayogistaadu. oke vantakaaniki aneka upagraha receiverlanu jodinchalante, multiswitch anie pilavabadedi oka pratyeka rakam lnbtho kalipi upayoginchaali. ippatike integrated multy-swichtho lnb luu kooda andubaatulo unnaayi. aneka receiverlu aneka vantakaalanu upayoginchinappudu ledhaa oke vantakamlo amarchina aneka lnb luu ververu upagrahaalanu lakshyamgaa chesukunnappudu eee samasya marinta klishtamgaa maarutundi.
sett-top baaks upagraham nundi andukunna bahula chaanella nundi aaa chaanelnu filter cheyadam dwara viniyogadaaru korukunna chaanelnu enchukuntundi, signalnu takkuva madhyantara frequenseeki maarustundi, encrypted signalnu decrypt chestundi, radeo signalnu demodulate chestundi mariyu phalitamgaa vachhe veediyo signalnu cable dwara televisionku pamputundi. signalnu decrypt cheyadaaniki receiver baxnu upagraha samstha "activate" cheyali. viniyogadaarudu thana nelawari billunu chellinchadamlo viphalamaithe, company nundi vachhe signal dwara pette "nishkriyam" cheyabadutundi mariyu company daanini tirigi sakriyam chese varaku vyavastha panicheyadu. kontamandi receiverlu andukunna signalnu decrypt cheyagala saamarthyam kaligi untaaru. eee receiverlanu integrated receiver/decoderlu ledhaa eards antaaru.
upagraham dwara pampinhee cheyabadina analog television saadhaaranamgaa enn. tii. ess. sii, paal ledhaa secom television prasaara pramaanaalalo scramble ledhaa unscramble cheyabadi pampabadutundi. analog signal frequency modulated mariyu efm signal nundi bays byaand gaa suchinchabade daaniki maarchabadutundi. eee bays bandlo veediyo signal mariyu audeo sub carrier (luu) untaayi. mudi audeo signalnu andinchadaaniki audeo sub carrier marinta demodulate cheyabadindi.
taruvaati sankethaalu digitalized television sankethaalu ledhaa signals yokka bahula shreni, saadhaaranamgaa qpsk. saadhaaranamgaa, upagrahaala dwara prasaram cheyabadina vaatitho sahaa digital television, emm. pii. ii. zii mariyu dii. vii. bii-ess/dii. vii. bii-ess2 ledhaa ii. ess. dii. bii-ess vanti bahiranga pramaanaalapai aadharapadi untundi.
sharatulatho kuudina access encryption/scrambling paddhatulalo ends, bis, conax, digissiper, irdeto, cryptorks, digi cryptu, beata digital, seca mediaguard, laajivelu, nagravijan, pavarvu, viases, videosifer mariyu videoguard unnaayi. aneka sharatulatho kuudina praapyata vyavasthalu rajipaddayi.
suuryarashmi antaraayam.
sweekarinche upagraha vantakam yokka veekshanha rangamlo suuryudu upagraham venuka neerugaa varusalo unnappudu suurya antaraayam anae sanghatana jarugutundi. idhi pratiroojuu madhyahnam chuttoo sumaru 10 nimishala vyavadhilo, vasanta ruthuvulo rendu vaaraala vyavadhilo samvatsaraaniki rendusaarlu mariyu vishuvattu chuttoo vastundi. eee kaalamlo, suuryudu vantakam yokka reception namuunaa yokka pradhana lobe lopala untaadu, kabatti upagraham yokka transponderlu upayoginche adhe pounahpunyaalapai suuryudu vidudala chese balamaina microwave sabdam reception munchivestundi.
upayoginchandi.
pratyaksha-nundi-intiki mariyu pratyaksha prasaara upagraham.
direct-tuu-home (dii. tii. hetch) anedi sevalanu andinche communication upagrahaalanu ledhaa vaastava television sevanu suuchimchavachchu. abhivruddhi chendina television marketlalo chaalaa mandhi upagraha television viniyogadaarulu tama kaaryakramaalanu pratyaksha prasaara upagraha (dbs) provider dwara pondutaaru. sankethaalu kuu byaand (12 nundi 18 Ghz) nuu upayoginchi prasaram cheyabadataayi mariyu puurtigaa digitalga untaayi, antey idhi adhika chitram mariyu stereo dhwani naanhyatanu kaligi untundi.
upagraha television chaanella kosam prograaming bahula vanarula nundi vastundi mariyu pratyaksha studio feedlanu kaligi undavacchu. prasaara kendram prasaram kosam chaanellalo prograamingnu sameekaristundi mariyu packagy chestundi mariyu avasaramaina chota chaanellanu gupteekaristundi. aaa signal appudu applinku pampabadutundi, akkada adhi upagrahaaniki prasaram cheyabadutundi. konni prasaara kendraalato, studiolu, paripalana mariyu up-link annee oke praamganamloo bhaagamgaa unnaayi. upagraham appudu chaanellanu anuvadinchi prasaram chestundi.
chaalaa vyavasthalu prasaram kosam DVB-s pramaanaanni upayogistaayi. pae television sevalatho, dayta stream gupteekarinchabadindi mariyu yajamanya reception parikaraalu avasaram. antarleena reception technology okela unnappatikee, pae television technology yaajamaanyamainadi, tarachugaa sharatulatho kuudina access module mariyu smart kaardunu kaligi untundi. eee charya satellite television providerlaku haamii istundi, kevalam adheekruta, chellimpu chandaadaarulaku matrame chellimpu television kantentku praapyata undani, ayithe adhe samayamlo marketlo andubaatulo unna praamaanika parikaraalu unna vyaktulu kooda free-tuu-air chaanellanu chuudataaniki anumatinchavacchani.
konni deshaalu subscription rusumu chellinchakundaa uchitamgaa pondagalige upagraha television sevalanu nirvahistunnaayi. dheenini free-tuu-air satellite television antaaru. austra 19.2°eee upagraha kootami nundi prasaram cheyabadina sumaru 250 digital chaanellato (83 hetchdtv chaanallu mariyu vividha praantiiya chaanallato sahaa) germany prasaram cheyadamlo agragamiga undhi. ivi dbs sevagaa vikrayinchabadavu, conny sumaru 18 millionla gruhaalalo, alaage "skye duechland" vaanijya dbs vyavasthanu upayoginchi yea intiloonainaa andinchabadataayi. anni german analog upagraha prasaralu 30 april 2012naa aagipoyaayi.
united kingdamlo sumaru 160 digital chaanallu (bbc chaanallu, itv chaanallu, chhaanel 4 mariyu chhaanel 5 yokka praantiiya vaividhyaalatoe sahaa) unnaayi, ivi austra 28.2°ii upagraha kootami nundi gupteekarana lekunda prasaram cheyabadataayi mariyu edainaa dvb-ess receiverlo sweekarinchabadataayi (konni hye definition television sevalaku dvb-ess2 receiver avasaram). eee chaanellalo chaalaa varaku skye epg lopala cherchabaddaayi, mariyu freeshot epg lopala perugutunna sankhya.
bharatadesa jaateeya prasaara samstha dooradarshan, uchita prasaara dbs pyaakaejeeni "didi uchita vantakam" gaa prothsahistundi, idhi desamloni bhoogola prasaara network kosam inn-filga andinchabadutundi. idhi jishat-15 nundi 93.5 eeem vadda prasaram cheyabadutundi mariyu sumaru 80 eff tii eah chaanellanu kaligi undhi.
modata vaari digital terrestrial television seva kosam backhalga praarambhinchinappatikii, pedda sankhyalo french chaanallu 5°W vadda upagrahaalalo prasaram cheyadaaniki uchitam, mariyu iteevala dtt network kosam adhikaarika inn-filga prakatinchabaddaayi.
uttara americalo (united states, kenada mariyu mexico) galaxy 19loe 80kii paiga eff. tii. eah. digital chaanallu andubaatulo unnaayi (veetilo ekkuva bhaagam jaathi ledhaa mataparamainavi). itara fta upagrahaalalo amc-4, amc-6, galaxy 18, mariyu satmex 5 unnaayi. glorystar anae samstha galaxy 19loe fta matha prasaarakulanu prothsahistundi.
television receive-onlee.
television receive-onlee ledhaa tvro anae padam satellite television reception prarambha rojullo vaanijya upagraha television uplink mariyu downlink karyakalapala (prasaram mariyu sweekarinchadam) nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki udbhavinchindi. upagraha television parisrama maaradaaniki mundu upagraha television prasaaraala yokka praadhamika paddhati idhi, 1990 la praarambhamlo adhika saktitoe kuudina dbs upagrahaalanu prayoginchadam dwara vaari sankethaalanu kuu byaand pounahpunyaalapai prasaram chesindi. aaa samayamlo upagraha television chaanallu gruha veekshakulachae sweekarinchabadataaniki badulugaa cable television networkla dwara upayoginchabadaalani uddesinchabaddaayi. prarambha upagraha television receiver vyavasthalanu ekkuvagaa abhiruchi galavaaru mariyu injaneerlu nirminchaaru. eee prarambha tv vyavasthalu pradhanamgaa sii-byaand pounahpunyaalapai panicheestaayi mariyu avasaramaina vantakaalu peddavigaa undevi; saadhaaranamgaa 3 meterlu (10 adugulu) kante ekkuva vyaasam kaligi undevi. tatphalitamgaa, tivronu tarachugaa "pedda vantakam" ledhaa "pedda agli vantakam" (moggu) upagraha television anie pilustaaru.
fss-rakam upagrahaalapai sii-byaand mariyu kuu-byaand transponderla nundi television ledhaa audeo rendinti analog mariyu digital upagraha feedlanu sweekarinchadaaniki tvr vyavasthalu roopondinchabaddaayi. adhika pounahpunya kuu-byaand vyavasthalu dbs vyavasthalanu pooli untaayi mariyu adhika shakti prasaralu mariyu ekkuva antenna labham kaaranamgaa chinna dish antennanu upayoginchavacchu. tvro vyavasthalu chinna upagraha dish antennala kante peddavigaa upayogistaayi, endukante tvro vyavastha yajamani kuu byaand-matrame setup kakunda sii-byaand-matrame setapnu kaligi unde avakaasam undhi. adanapu receiver baakslu dii. vii. bii/emm. pii. ii. zii-2 mariyu 4dii. tii. vii vanti vividha rakaala digital upagraha signal reception anumatistaayi.
saadhaarana parabolic upagraha antenna yokka irukaina punjam vedalpu antey adhi okesari oke upagraham nundi sankethaalanu matrame sweekarinchagaladu. simulsat ledhaa vertex-rii torus, pakshika-parabolic upagraha erthstation antenna, idhi 35 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva sii-mariyu kuu-byaand upagrahaala nundi ekakaalamlo upagraha prasaralanu sweekarinchagaladu.
charitra.
prarambha charitra.
1945loe british sains fiction rachayita orther sii. clark prapanchavyaapta samachara vyavasthanu pratipaadinchaaru, idhi bhoomi kakshyalo samanamga vaerugaa unna moodu upagrahaala dwara panichestundi. idhi wireless varald magazine yokka october 1945 sanchikalo prachurinchabadindi mariyu 1963loe franklin institute yokka stewart balantine patakaanni geluchukundi.
airopa nundi uttara americaku modati praja upagraha television sankethaalu 23 juulai 1962naa atlantic mahasamudram meedugaa telstar upagraham dwara prasaram cheyabaddaayi, ayithe daadaapu rendu vaaraala kritam juulai 11naa pareeksha prasaram jarigindi. uttara america mariyu european deshaalalo sankethaalu sweekarinchabaddaayi mariyu prasaram cheyabaddaayi mariyu 100 millionlaku paiga veekshinchabaddaayi. 1962loe prayoginchina "rile 1" upagraham america nundi japanku television sankethaalanu prasaram chesina modati upagraham. modati geosynchronous communication upagraham, syncom 2,1963 juulai 26naa prayoginchabadindi.
intelsat I anie piluvabade mariyu "earley burd" anie maaruperuto piluvabade prapanchamlooni mottamodati vaanijya samachara upagraham, april 6,1965naa geosynchronous kakshyaloki prayoginchabadindi. arbita anie piluvabade television upagrahaala modati jaateeya network, october 1967loe soviet unionche srushtinchabadindi, mariyu idhi ground downlink stationlaku television sankethaalanu rebrast cheyadaaniki mariyu pampinhee cheyadaaniki atyanta deerghavruttaakaara molnia upagrahanni upayoginche suutrampai aadharapadi undhi. television prasaralanu mosukellina mottamodati vaanijya uttara america upagraham kenada yokka geostationary anik 1, idhi 9 november 1972naa prayoginchabadindi. prapanchamlooni mottamodati prayogaatmaka vidya mariyu pratyaksha prasaara upagraham (dbs) eah. tii. ess-6,30 mae 1974naa prayoginchabadindi. idhi wideband efm modulation upayoginchi 860 emhechz vadda prasaram cheyabadindi mariyu rendu sound chaanellanu kaligi undhi. prasaralu bhaarata upakhandampai drushti saarinchaayi, ayithe prayogakulu paschima airopalo ippatike upayogamlo unna television design paddhatulanu upayoginchi intlo nirminchina parikaraalanu upayoginchi signalnu pondagaligaaru.
direct-tuu-home televisionnu mosukelle soviet geostationary upagrahaala shrenilo modatidi, ekran 1,1976 aktobaru 26naa prayoginchabadindi. idhi 714 mhz yuhechf downlink frequencini upayoginchindi, tadwara prasaralanu microwave technology kante ippatike unna yuhechf television technologytho pondavacchu.
upagraha television parisrama prarambham, 1976-1980.
dhoora cable television headendlaku television kaaryakramaalanu pampinhee cheyadaaniki communication upagrahaalanu upayogistunnanduna cable television parisrama nundi upagraha television parisrama modata uslo abhivruddhi chendindi. home baaks office (hetch. bii. oo), turner broadcasting system (tbs), mariyu christian broadcasting network (cbn, taruvaata family chhaanel) prograaming andinchadaaniki satellite televisionnu upayoginchina modati vaatilo unnaayi. californialoni shaan andreasku chendina taylor howard 1976loe thana sonta vyavasthatho sii-byaand upagraha sankethaalanu andukunna modati vyakti ayyadu.
samyukta rashtraallo, laabhaapekshaleni praja prasaara seva ayina pbs, 1978loe upagraham dwara thana television kaaryakramaalanu pampinhee cheyadam praarambhinchindi.
1979loe soviet injaneerlu upagrahaala dwara tv sankethaala prasaram mariyu pampinheeki masco (ledhaa masco) vyavasthanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. vaaru adhe samvatsaram taruvaata gorizant communication upagrahaalanu prayoginchaaru. eee upagrahaalu bhusthira kaksyalanu upayoginchaayi. vaatilo saktivantamaina aann-board transponderlu amarchabadi undevi, kabatti downlink stationla yokka parabolic antennalanu sweekarinche parimaanam 4 mariyu 2.5 meterlaku tagginchabadindi. 1979 aktobaru 18naa, federal communications commission (eff. sii. sii) federal prabhutva licenses lekunda prajalanu home satellite erth stationlanu kaligi undataaniki anumatinchadam praarambhinchindi. 1979 neeman-marcus chrismus ketalog yokka mundu mukhachitram $36,500kii ammakaniki unna modati home satellite tv stationlanu kaligi undhi. vantakaalu daadaapu vyaasamlo undevi mariyu remot controldga undevi. aaa tarvaata dhara sagam taggindi, conny maroe enimidi chaanallu matrame unnaayi. viniyogadaarulu mariyu upagraha television vyavastha yajamaanulaku praatinidhyam vahistunna society pharr private und commercial erth stations (space) anae samstha 1980loe sthaapinchabadindi.
prarambha upagraha television vyavasthalu vaati kharchu mariyu pedda vantakaala parimaanam kaaranamgaa antagaa prachuryam pondaledu. 1970la chivaralo mariyu 1980la praarambhamlo eee vyavasthala upagraha television vantakaalu vyaasamlo, fiberglass ledhaa ghana aluminium ledhaa ukkutho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, mariyu samyukta rashtraalalo $5,000 kante ekkuva, konnisaarlu $10,000 varaku kharchu avtayi. ground stationla nundi pampina prograaming bhoomi paina unna geostationary kakshyalo unna paddenimidu upagrahaala nundi prasaram cheyabadindi.
tvro/sii-byaand upagraha yugam, 1980-1986.
1980 natiki, upagraha television samyukta rashtraalu mariyu airopalo baga sthaapinchabadindi. 1982 april 26naa, UKloe modati upagraha chaanal, upagraha television limited. (taruvaata skye vann), prayoginchabadindi. daani sankethaalu esa yokka kakshya pareeksha upagrahaala nundi prasaram cheyabaddaayi. 1981 mariyu 1985 madhya, dharalu padipovadamtho tvro systems ammakaala raetlu perigayi. receiver saanketikatalo purogati mariyu gallium arsenide phet saanketikata vadakam chinna vantakaala vaadakaaniki veelu kalpinchaayi. aidu laksala vyavasthalu, konni $2000 kante takkuva kharchutho, 1984loe samyukta rashtraallo vikrayinchabaddaayi. oka upagrahanni soochinche vantakaalu marinta choukagaa undevi. sthaanika prasaara kendraalu ledhaa cable television seva laeni praantaalalo prajalu nelawari rusumu lekunda manchi-naanhyata gala reception pondavacchu. pedda vantakaalu chaalaa digbhranti kaliginchevi, endukante chaalaa mandhi vaatini kallaku haniga bhaavinchaaru, mariyu samyukta rashtraallo chaalaa mandhi nivaasa gruhalu, porugu praantaalu mariyu itara inti yajamaanula sanghaalu atuvanti parimitulu chattaviruddhamaina praantaalalo tappa, vaati vadakanni kathinamgaa parimitam chesaayi. 1986loe federal communications commission avanni chattaviruddhamani teerpu icchinappudu eee aankshalu marchabaddayi. oka municipality, oka aasti yajamani vantakam, adhi oka edurudebba avasaram vanti itara john parimitulanu ullanghinchinappatiki, vaati vadakanni nishedhinchalekapothe, daanini marchavalasi raavacchu. vantakaalu chinnaviga maaradamtho eee parimitula avasaram nemmadigaa taggutundi.
vaastavaaniki, anni chaanallu clear (itc) loe prasaram cheyabaddaayi, endukante prograamingnu sweekarinchadaaniki avasaramaina parikaraalu viniyogadaarulaku chaalaa khareedainavi. tv vyavasthala sankhya peragadamtho, programme providerlu mariyu prasarakulu tama signalnu scramble chesi, chandha vyavasthalanu abhivruddhi cheyalsi vachindi.
1984 octoberulo, yuu.ess. congress 1984 cable communications palasi actnu aamodinchindi, idhi tvro vyavasthalanu upayoginche vaariki sankethaalanu scramble cheyakapothe uchitamgaa sweekarinche hakkunu ichindi, mariyu scramble chesina vaaru tama sankethaalanu sahetukamaina rusumutho andubaatulo unchaalani korindi. cable chaanallu pedda vantakaala sweekarananu nirodhinchagalavu kabatti, itara companylu pootiini andinchadaaniki prothsaahaanni kaligi unnaayi. janavari 1986loe, hetch. bii. oo. vaari chaanellanu gupteekarinchadaaniki ippudu vaadukalo laeni videosifer II vyavasthanu upayoginchadam praarambhinchindi. itara chaanallu takkuva surakshitamaina television encryption vyavasthalanu upayoginchaayi. cable chaanella nundi spashtamaina sankethaalanu sweekarinchadam kashtamani paerkontuu, pedda vantakaala vyavasthala yajamaanula nundi hetch. bii. oo. yokka penugulaataku chaalaa nirasana eduraindi, veetilo chaalaa varaku atuvanti chaanellanu sweekarinchadaaniki aaa samayamlo vaerae maargam ledhu. chivariki cable chandaadaarulu chellistunna dharaku samaanamaina ledhaa anthakante ekkuva dhara ayina nelaku $12.95 kuu neerugaa tama sevaku sabhyatvaanni pondadaaniki vantagadi yajamaanulanu HBO anumatinchindi mariyu $395kii oka descramblernu konugolu cheyavalasi vachindi. idhi zaan aarr chetha HBO yokka transponder galaxy 1paie daadiki daariteesindi. 1986 eprillo macdogal. okkokatigaa, anni vaanijya chaanallu hetch. bii. oo. nii anusarinchaayi mariyu vaari chaanellanu scrambling cheyadam praarambhinchaayi. antariksham mariyu pratyaksha prasaara upagraha sangham (dbsa) madhya vileenam phalitamgaa 1986 december 2naa upagraha prasaara mariyu samachara sangham (sbca) sthaapinchabadindi.
videosifer II daani veediyo signal meeda analog scrambling mariyu daani audeo signal meeda dayta encryption praamaanika-aadhaarita encryption upayoginchindi. videosifer II odipoyindi, mariyu descrambler parikaraalaku nalla market undhi, ivi modatlo "test" parikaraluga vikrayinchabaddaayi.
1987 nundi prastutaaniki.
1987 natiki, tommidi chaanallu terachaapalo unnaayi, conny 99 itara chaanallu prasaram cheyadaaniki uchitamgaa andubaatulo unnaayi. hechbio praarambhamlo $19.95 nelawari rusumu vasoolu cheyagaa, tvaralo samvatsaraaniki $200kii anni chaanellanu unscramble cheyadam saadhyamaindi. vantakaala ammakalu 1985loe 6,00,000 nundi 1986loe 3,50,000kuu taggai, conny kontamandiki cable seva eppatikee undakapovachhu kabatti chellimpu television sevalu vantakaalanu sanukoolamgaa chushai, phalitamgaa parisrama kolukovadam praarambhinchindi. scrambling kooda pae-purr-view eeventla abhivruddhiki daariteesindi. november 1,1988naa, enbisi thana sii-byaand signalnu scrambling cheyadam praarambhinchindi, conny anubandha samsthalu tama prakatanalanu chudaleni veekshakulanu kolpokunda undataaniki daani kuu byaand signalnu encrypt cheyakunda vadilivesindi. united statesloni rendu millionla upagraha vantakaala viniyogadaarulalo chaalaa mandhi ippatikee sii-byaandnu upayogistunnaru. sthaanika network anubandha samsthalanu sweekarinchaleni vyaktula sankhya kaaranamgaa cbs ayishtamgaa unnappatikee, ebisi mariyu cbs scramblingnu pariseelistunnaayi. samyukta raashtraalloni upagraha television networklalo piracy 1992 cable television viniyogadaarula rakshana mariyu pootii chattam pravesapettadaaniki daariteesindi. eee chattam signal dongatanamlo palgone evarikainaa $50,000 varaku jarimana mariyu garishtamgaa rendu samvatsaraala jailu siksha vidhinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. punaraavrutamayye nerasthudiki $100,000 varaku jarimana vidhinchavachhu mariyu aidella varaku jailu siksha vidhinchavachhu.
upagraha television kooda airopalo abhivruddhi chendindi, conny idhi praarambhamlo takkuva shakti communication upagrahaalanu upayoginchindi mariyu dheeniki 1.7 meterla kante ekkuva parimaanamlo vantakaalu avasaram. ayithe, 1988 december 11naa, luxemberg paschima airopaku madhya vidyut upagraha kavarejeeni andinchina modati upagrahamaina austra 1enu prayoginchindi. idhi modati madhya-saktitoe nadiche upagrahaalalo okati, idhi kuu bandlo sankethaalanu prasaram chestundi mariyu chinna vantakaalato (90 sem. mea.) sweekarinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. austranu prayoginchadam dwara UK yokka rashtra pratyaksha prasaara upagraha licenses holder, british upagraha prasaara vijaetanu marketloki oodinchaaru.
1992 nundi japaanlo vaanijya upagraha prasaralu enhetchke netrutvamlo unnaayi, idhi nibandhanala abhivruddhilo prabhaavavantamgaa undhi mariyu parisoedhana kosam prabhutva nidhulanu kaligi undhi. marketloki vaari pravesaanni tapala mariyu telecommunicationla mantritva saakha (emm. pii. tii) rakshinchindi, phalitamgaa vaav chhaanel gupteekarinchabadindi mariyu decodertho enn. hetch. keey vantakaala nundi access cheyavachu.
1990la praarambhamlo, naalugu pedda cable companylu medium power upagrahaalanu upayoginchi pratyaksha prasaara samstha ayina primestarnu praarambhinchaayi. saapekshamgaa balamaina prasaralu chinna (90 sem. mea.) vantakaala vadakanni anumatinchaayi. 1994loe hyoogs directive mariyu dish network satellite television vyavasthalanu prayoginchadamtho daani prajaadarana taggindi.
digital upagraha prasaralu 1994loe united stateslo dss formatnu upayoginchi directivvy dwara prarambhamayyayi. avi 1994 mariyu 1995loe dakshinaafrikaa, madhyaprachyam, uttara africa mariyu asea-pasiphik loe (dvb-ess pramaanamtho) mariyu 1996 mariyu 1997loe france, germany, speyin, portugal, italii mariyu netherlands, alaage japan, uttara america mariyu latin americatho sahaa european deshaalalo praarambhinchabaddaayi. united kingdom mariyu irelandlo digital DVB-S prasaralu 1998loe prarambhamayyayi. japan 2000loe ISDB-S pramaanamtho prasaram cheyadam praarambhinchindi.
marchi 4,1996naa, ecostar 1 upagrahanni upayoginchi digital skye haive (dish network) nuu pravesapettindi. dish networklo andubaatulo unna chaanella sankhyanu 170kii penchadaaniki ecostar 1996 septembarulo rendava upagrahanni prayoginchindi. eee vyavasthalu 150-200 veediyo mariyu audeo chaanellalo merugaina chitraalu mariyu stereo dhwanini andinchaayi mariyu chinna vantakaalanu upayoginchadaaniki anumatinchaayi. idhi tv vyavasthala prajaadarananu baga tagginchindi. 1990la madhyalo, chaanallu tama prasaralanu digepisper sharatulatho kuudina access vyavasthanu upayoginchi digital television prasaaraaniki taralinchadam praarambhinchaayi.
encryptiontho paatu, primestar mariyu directive vanti dbs sevala vistruta labhyata 1990la prarambham nundi tvro vyavasthala prajaadarananu taggistondi. dbs upagrahaala nundi vachhe sankethaalu (iteevali kuu bandlo panicheestaayi) frequency mariyu shakti rendintiloonuu ekkuvagaa untaayi (soura falakaalalo merugudalalu mariyu aadhunika upagrahaala shakti saamarthyam kaaranamgaa) anduvalla sii-byaand kante chaalaa chinna vantakaalu avasaram, mariyu ippudu upayoginche digital modulation paddhatulaku analog modulation paddhatula kante receiver vadda takkuva signal balam avasaram. prati upagraham kuu bandlo 32 transponderlanu kooda mosukellagaladu, conny sii bandlo 24 matrame, mariyu aneka digital sub chaanellanu oke transponderlo multiplexes (emm. sii. pii. sii) ledhaa vidigaa (ess. sii. pii. sii) mosukellavacchu. merugaina microwave saanketikata mariyu semiconductor padaarthaala kaaranamgaa sabdam tagginchadamlo purogati kooda prabhavam choopindi. ayithe, dbs sevalaku upayoginche adhika pounahpunyaala yokka oka paryavasanamga bhaarii varshaala samayamlo prekshakulu signalnu kolpoye varshapu masakabaradam. sii-byaand upagraha television signals varshapu masakabaaradaaniki takkuva avakaasam kaligi untaayi.
upagraha samachara marpidi yokka paatha (conny niroopitamaina) saanketikatalaku tirigi, samyukta raashtraalloni prastuta dbs aadhaarita upagraha providerlu (dish network mariyu directive) ippudu ippatike unna fss-class upagrahaala kuu-byaand transponderlalo adanapu saamarthyaanni upayogistunnaru, adanamgaa kakshyalo unna dbs upagrahaala yokka vaari swantha prastuta naukaadalaalapai saamarthyaanni. hye-definition mariyu simalcast sthaanika station chaanella sankhya peragadam valla vaari vyavasthalaku marinta chaanal saamarthyaanni andinchadaaniki idhi jarigindi. kuu-byaand fss upagraham yokka sambandhita transponderlalo nirvahinche chaanellanu sweekarinchadam anedi directive & dish network rendinti dwara vaari chandaadaarulaku munupati 18 "kante rendu retlu pedda vyaasam (36") dishlanu jaarii cheyadam dwara saadhinchabadindi (dish network kosam & 20 "dish 500") praarambhamlo upayoginchina sevalalo 2 vruttaakaara-dhruvana lnbf luu (provider yokka 2 sthaanika dbs upagrahaalanu sweekarinchadaaniki, 1 lnbf), mariyu fss-rakam upagraham nundi chaanellanu sweekarinchadaaniki 1 praamaanika sarala-dhruvana lnb kaligi untaayi. directive mariyu dish network dwara varusaga "slimline" mariyu "superdish" namoonalugaa vikrayinchabade eee kotta dbs/fss-hybrid vantakaalu, ippudu rendu providerlaku prastuta pramaanamgaa unnaayi, vaati asalu 18 "/20" single ledhaa dual lnbf vantakaalu ippudu vaadukalo laevu, ledhaa programme packagelu, pratyeka chaanellu ledhaa sevalaku matrame upayoginchabadataayi, ivi providerla dbs upagrahaalalo matrame prasaram cheyabadataayi.
1999 november 29naa america adhyakshudu bill clinton satellite home viewer improvement act (shwiya) paie santakam chesaaru. eee chattam modatisaarigaa pratyaksha prasaara upagraha vyavasthala dwara sthaanika prasaara sankethaalanu sweekarinchadaaniki americanlaku veelu kalpinchindi.
chattabaddhamainadi.
antarjaateeya telecommunication union (itu) yokka 1963 radeo nibandhanalu "broadcasting satellite servies" nuu "antariksha sevalu, dheenilo antariksha kendraalu prasaram chese ledhaa tirigi prasaram chese sankethaalu, ledhaa bhoomi chuttoo kakshyalo unna vastuvula nundi pratibimbam dwara prasaram cheyabadataayi, ivi saadhaarana prajalachae pratyaksha sweekarana kosam uddesinchabaddaayi."
1970laloe konni rashtraalu bahya prasaram oka rashtram yokka saamskrutika ledhaa raajakeeya gurtimpunu maarchagaladani aandolana chendaayi, idhi kotta prapancha samachara mariyu samachara kramam (enviko) pratipaadanaku daariteestundi. ayithe, saanketika parignaanam yokka parimitula kaaranamgaa upagraha prasaralanu prati rashtram praatipadikana parimitam cheyalemu. mcbride nivedika vidudala cheyabadina samayamlo, bahya antariksham (kopuvolu) yokka saantiyuta upayogaalapai un kamiteelo upagraha prasaram charchinchabadutondi, akkada chaalaa mandhi sabhyulu tama bhoobhagalalo prasaram cheyadaaniki mundastu sammati parimitulaku maddatu icchaaru, ayithe kondaru idhi samachara swechhanu ullanghistundani vaadinchaaru. paarteelu dheenipai ekaabhipraayaaniki raalekapoyaayi mariyu 1982loe un general assembleaki unga res 37/92 ("dbs suutraalu") nuu samarpinchaayi, idhi majority otlatho aamodinchabadindi, ayithe, dbs saamarthyam unna chaalaa rashtraalu dheeniki vyatiraekamgaa ootu vaesaayi. dbs suutraala" teermaanam saadhaaranamgaa asamarthamainadigaa pariganinchabadutundi.

