
chaim ramkovsky

chaim mordechaz ramkovsky (fibravari 27,1877-augustu 28,1944) polland meeda german aakramana samayamlo naajii germany niyaminchina λοdz ghettoloni yoodula peddala mandaliki adhipati.
holocast daati yoodula manugadaku utpaadakata keelakam anae tappudu nammakamtho vermacht kosam ghettonu paarisraamika sthaavara tayari yuddha samagriga marchadam dwara ramkovsky chaalaa saktini sampaadinchaadu. 1944loe germanlu ghettonu raddu chesaaru. thoorpu frontlo sainika otamula nepathyamlo migilina khaidilandarini marana shibiraalaku pampaaru.
judenrat adhipatigaa, ramkovsky "mea pillalanu naaku ivvandi" anae thana prasamgaaniki gurtundipoyadu, germanlu 20,000 mandhi pillalanu chelno nirmuulana shibiraniki bahishkarinchaalani demand chesina samayamlo idhi jarigindi. aagashtu 1944loe, ramkovsky mariyu athani kutumbam ashwitzku chivari ravaanaalo cheraaru, mariyu holocastlo athani paatraku prateekaaram teerchukoovadaaniki yoodu "sonderkammando" khaideelu atanni kotti champaru, athanu aagashtu 28,1944naa akkada hatya cheyabaddaadu. athani chivari kshanaala yokka eee vruttaantam frankfurt ashwitz vichaaranala saakshula saakshyaala dwara dhruvikarinchabadindi.
nepathyam.
chaim ramkovsky 1877 fibravari 27naa, russian saamraajyamloni whitebsk governorateloni shtettle ayina ilino loe yoodu tallidandrulaku janminchaadu. 1892loe, ramkovsky congress polandku vellaaru. 1918loe rendava polish ganatantram sthaapinchabadina taruvaata athanu polish pourudu ayyadu.
polland meeda german dandayaatraku mundu, ramkovsky khall sabhyudaina λοdz loe beema agentga, 1925 mariyu 1939 madhya 15 krajova veedhiloo yoodula anaathaashramaaniki adhipatigaa undevaadu. edward reacher, holocast praanaalatoe bayatapadina λοdz, ramkovsky pillalapai anaarogyakaramaina aasakti undedi. λοdz nuu aakramana chestunna germanlu naajii germanyloki vileenam chesaaru mariyu german aakramita polandlo chaalaa varaku sthaapinchabadina "general governance" nundi vaerugaa unna kotta "reachsgou worthland" bhoobhaagamlo bhaagamgaa maarindi. chinna yoodu sanghaalu raddu cheyabaddaayi mariyu balavantamgaa metropolitan ghettolaku marchabaddayi. aakramana adhikaram "judenrate" anie piluvabade kotta yoodu mandalula erpaatunu aadesinchindi, idhi naajeelaku mariyu ghettola khaideela janaabhaaku madhya vantenagaa panichesindi. mataparamaina vantasaalalu, aaspatrulu, tapala karyalayalu mariyu vrutti paatasaalalu vanti praathamika sevalanu nirvahinchadamtho paatu, "judenrate" yokka saadhaarana panulalo naajii palanaku baanisa kaarmikulanu andinchadam, mariyu "thoorpuna punaravasam" kosam yoodula kotalanu chuttumuttadam, holocast yokka atyanta ghoramaina dasalo nirmuulana shibiraalaku bahishkarinchadaaniki oka sabhyokti.
aktobaru 13,1939naa, λódzలోని naajii "amtsleeter" ramkovskeeni "judenaltester" ("yoodula pradhana pedda") gaa niyaminchaaru, "altestenrat" ("peddala mandali") adhipatigaa niyaminchaaru. eee sthithilo, ramkovsky neerugaa hohns beebo netrutvamloni naajii ghetto paripalanaku nivedinchaaru. rubbinate kariginappudu, ramkovsky vivahalu nirvahinchaadu. ghetto yokka dabbu ledhaa scrip, "ramki" (konnisaarlu "chaimki") anie pilavabadedi, athani paeru nundi udbhavinchindi, endukante idhi athani aalochana. athani mukham ghetto tapala billalu mariyu currencipy unchabadindi, idhi athani vyangya maaruperaina "king chaim" kuu daariteesindi.
λοdz ghettonu paarisraamikeekarana cheyadam dwara, athanu samajanni germanlaku anivaryamgaa maarchaalani mariyu λοdz prajalanu rakshinchaalani aasinchaadu. april 5,1940naa, ramkovsky, yoodula kosam avasaramaina aaharam mariyu dabbuku badulugaa samagri kosam germanlaku petition vaesaadu. nela chivari natiki, germanlu kontavaraku, aaharaanni andinchadaaniki angeekarinchaaru, conny dabbu ivvaledu. ramkovsky mariyu naajii sakaaniki chendina itara "yoodu peddalu" sahakarulu mariyu desadrohigaa pariganhinchabaddappatiki, aaa kaalamlooni bhayankaramaina paristhitula drishtya 20va sataabdam chivari nundi charitrakaarulu eee teerpunu tirigi anchanaa vaesaaru. all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all-all ayithe, lukjan dobrosiki paerkonnatlugaa, bhavishyattupai antima nirnayam ayana teesukoledu.
tudi parishkaram" kii mundu ghetto charitra.
sledge yokka ghettoisation september 8,1939naa "ss-octoberfrer" friedrich ubelhore aadesam dwara nirnayinchabadindi. athani agra rahasya patram ghetto anedi λοdz nagaramlo "yoodula prasna" kuu taatkaalika parishkaram matrame anie perkondi. ubelhore daani nivaasula deerghakaalika manugadanu eppuduu soochinchaledu. ghettonu april 30,1940naa muusivaesaaru, lopala 164,000 mandhi unnaaru. 1939 aktobaru 16naa, ramkovsky 31 mandhi praja vyaktulanu kounsilnu erpaatu cheyadaaniki empika chesaaru. ayithe, moodu vaaraala kante takkuva samayamlo, november 11naa, vaarilo iravai mandini uriteesaaru mariyu migilinavaaru adrusyamayyaaru, endukante athanu "thana vidhaanaalanu rabbaru-stamp cheyadaaniki niraakarinchinanduku" german adhikaarulaku vaarini khandinchaadu."konni vaaraala taruvaata kotta" "judenrat" "nuu adhikarikamga niyaminchinappatikii, purushulu antagaa pratyekinchabadaledu, mariyu daani asalu nayakula kante chaalaa takkuva prabhaavavantamgaa unnaaru". eee maarpu ramkovsky marinta adhikaranni ichindi, mariyu athani nirnayaalanu pootii cheyadaaniki ledhaa nirodhinchadaaniki evarinee vadilipettaledu. ramkovsky yoodula ghetto pooliisulanu kooda thana niyantranalo unchukunnadu.
germanlu ramkovskeeni "ghettolo antargata jeevitaanni nirvahinchadamlo mariyu nirvahinchadamlo ekaika vyakti" gaa adhikaram icchaaru. ramkovsky thana aadhipatya vyaktitvam dwara thana maatalu mariyu panula dwara saktini pondaadu. modati nundi beebo, thana pradhana lakshyaalato jokyam chesukokapoyina, ghettonu nirvahinchadamlo ramkovsky puurti adhikaranni ichindih sampoorna kramam, yoodula aasti mariyu aastulanu japthu cheyadam, balavantapu shrama mariyu beebo yokka sonta vyaktigata labham. vaari sambandham samarthavantamgaa panichesinatlu anipinchindi. ramkovsky thana sonta laitla prakaram ghettonu nirvahinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchaadu, ayithe baibo tirigi kuurchuni bahumatulanu pondaadu. beeboni santoshamgaa unchadaaniki prayatnistuu, ramkovsky prati aardarnu chinna prasnatho paatinchaadu mariyu ataniki bahumatulu mariyu vyaktigata sahayalanu andinchaadu. german adhikaarulatho sahakarinchadaaniki thana sumukhata gurinchi ramkovsky goppaga cheppukunnadani chebutaru "prati german demand kante kaneesam padhi nimishalu mundu undatam naa ninaadam."germanla aalochana kante mundu undatam dwara, athanu vaarini santrupti parachagaladani, yoodulanu kaapaadagaladani athanu nammadu. madhya airopalo liquidate cheyabadina chivari ghetto λοdz. ayithe, vimukti varaku nagaramlo 877 mandhi nivaasitulu matrame palish rakshakulatho daakkunnaaru, mariyu ramkovsky daanitoe sambandham ledani paerkonnaaru.
paripalana.
nagadu mariyu itara vastuvulanu japthu chesinanduna, ramkovsky ghettolo pratyaekamgaa upayoginchavalasina karenseeni pratipaadinchaadu-"ersatz"."eee kotta karenseeni dabbugaa upayogistaaru, dheeni dwara matrame, oka vyakti aahara ration mariyu itara avasaralanu konugolu cheyavachu. eee pratipaadana ahankaramga pariganinchabadindi mariyu adhikaarampai ramkovsky korikanu vivarinchindi. anduvalla, eee karenseeki ghetto nivaasulu "ramkin" anie maaruperu pettaru. prajalu saadhaarana currencytho chellinchalenanduna, idhi akrama ravaanaadaarulanu vastuvulatoe ghettolo pravesinchadaaniki mariyu bayataku raavadaaniki vaari praanaalaku muppu kaliginchakundaa nirodhinchindi. aahara akrama ravana "praathamika vastuvula dharalaku sambandhinchi ghettonu asthiraparustundi" anie ramkovsky viswasinchaadu mariyu adhi jaragakunda nirodhinchaadu.
ramkovsky asammatini vyaktam chese praja nirasanalanu anumatinchaledu. yoodu pooliisula sahayamtho, athanu himsaatmakamgaa pradarsanalanu viraminchukunnaadu. eee sandarbhamgaa, athanu naajeelanu vacchi gandaragolaanni vichchinnam cheyamani abhyardhistaadu, dheeni phalitamgaa saadhaaranamgaa nirasanakaarulu champabadataru. eee samuuhaala nayakulu jeevanopaadhi sampaadinchadaaniki anumatinchabadakapovadam dwara sikshinchabaddaaru, dheeni ardham vaaru mariyu vaari kutumbaalu aakalitho badhapadatam. konnisaarlu sammekaarulu mariyu nirasanakaarulanu arrestu chesi, khaidu chesi, ledhaa kaarmika shibiraalaku pampinchaaru. 1941 vasantakaalam natiki, ramkovsky daadaapu anni vyatiraekatalu antarinchipooyaayi. praarambhamlo, germanlu ghetto kosam vaari swantha pranaalikala gurinchi aspashtamgaa unnaaru, endukante "tudi parishkaram" kosam erpaatlu inca abhivruddhi cheyabadutunnayi. aktobaru 1940 natiki ghettonu parisamaapti cheyalane asalu pranaalika jaragaledani vaaru grahinchaaru, kabatti vaaru ramkovsky yokka kaarmika agendaanu teevramgaa pariganinchadam praarambhinchaaru. balavantapu shrama ghetto jeevitamlo pradhaanamainadigaa maarindi, ramkovsky aaa prayatnaanni konasaginchadu. "maroe moodu samvatsaraalalo-ghetto gadiyaramga panichestundani ayana annaru."ayithe, eee vidhamaina" "aasaavaadam" "nuu" "austindustry" "nundi maaks horn dwara oka ghoramaina anchanaa veyabadindi, athanu ghetto chedugaa nirvahinchabadutundani, labhadayakamga ledani, mariyu tappu utpattulanu kaligi undani cheppadu".
bahishkaranalu.
1942 janavarilo, "judenrat" chesina empikala aadhaaramgaa sumaru 10,000 mandhi yoodulanu holocast raillalo chelmonoku pampaaru. april 2 natiki adanamgaa 34,000 mandhi baadhitulanu chelmonoku pampaaru, mae nelaloo 11,000 mandhi, mariyu september 1942loe 15,000 mandiki paiga, mottam 1942kii mottam 71,000 mandhi. pillalu, vruddhulu, alaage "judenrat" drushtilo "paniki anarhudu" anie bhaavinche evarainaa vaarini anusaristaaru.<reifer paeru = "yoodu/kalakramam"> </reifer>
german demandlatho ramkovsky churukuga sahakarinchaaru, ghetto khaideelalo ekkuva mandini rakshinchaalani aasinchaaru. atuvanti pravartana atanni sanaatana aacharam paatinche yoodulatho vibhedistundi, endukante evarinee nirdhishta maranaaniki appaginchadaaniki etuvanti samarthana undadu. 1941loe chelno vadda nirmuulana shibiram erpadina taruvaata, naajeelu aneka bahishkaranalanu nirvahinchaalani ramkovskeeni aadesinchaaru. bahishkaranaku avasaramaina yoodula sankhyanu tagginchadaaniki germanlanu oppinchadaaniki prayatninchaanani, viphalamayyaanani ramkovsky paerkonnaadu.
"mea pillalanu naaku ivvandi".
german aadesaala meraku 1942 septembaru 4naa ramkovsky, 10 samvatsaraalu mariyu anthakante takkuva vayassu unna pillalanu, alaage 65 ellu paibadina vruddhulanu vidichipettamani ghettoloni yoodulanu vaedukuntuu prasangam chesaaru, tadwara itarulu manugada saaginchavachchu. "samavesamaina janasamoohamlo bhayankaramaina, bhayankaramaina edupu" vinabadindi, transcriber yokka notnu athani paribhaashaku tarachugaa ilaa suchistaruh "mea pillalanu naaku ivvandi". kontamandi vyaakhyaatalu eee prasamgaanni holocast yokka amsaalanu udaharinche amsamgaa chuustaaru.
vyaktitvam.
rumkovsky nirdaakshinhyamgaa unnadu, ghettolo vaari nyaayamaina yoodu yajamaanulu ippatikee naduputunna aastulu mariyu vyapaaraalanu japthu cheyadaaniki "judenrat" adhipatigaa thana sthaanaanni upayoginchukunnadu. athanu padivela mandhi prajalaku vasati kalpinchadam nundi aahara ration pampinhee varaku ghetto antargata vyavahaaraalannintini nirvahinche aneka vibhagalu mariyu samsthalanu sthaapinchaadu. sankshema, aarogya vyavasthalanu kooda erpaatu chesaaru. kontakaalam paatu, athani paripalana edu aasupatrulu, edu mandula dukaanaalu mariyu aidu kliniklanu vandalaadi mandhi vaidyulu mariyu narsulanu niyaminchindi. vaari krushi unnappatikee, germanlu anumatinchina vaidya samagri korata kaaranamgaa chaalaa mandiki sahayam cheyalekapoyaru.
ramkovsky paatasaala soukaryaalanu nirvahinchadaaniki sahayapaddadu. paatasaala vayassu gala pillalalo 63 saatam mandhi 47 paatasaalalu paatasaala vidyalo konasagayi. loadge loe unnanta adhunaatanamaina itara ghettolo vidya ledhu. natakalu, vaadyavrundaalu mariyu itara pradarsanalatoe sahaa saamskrutika samavesalu jarige "saamskrutika gruham" nuu erpaatu cheyadaaniki ayana sahayam chesaaru. athanu eee kaaryakramaala vivaraalalo chaalaa nimagnamai unnadu, indulo pradarsakulanu niyaminchadam mariyu tolaginchadam mariyu pradarsanala kantentnu savarinchadam vantivi unnaayi. athanu mataparamaina jeevitamlo kalisipoyadu. eee samaikyata mataparamaina prajalanu teevramgaa baadhinchindi. udaaharanaku, 1942 septembarulo germanlu rabbinetnu raddu chesinappati nundi, ramkovsky vivaha vedukalanu nirvahinchadam praarambhinchaadu, mariyu vivaha oppandaanni (ketuba) marchadam praarambhinchaadu. "athanu ghetto yoodulanu vyaktigata vastuvulalaa chushadu. ayana vaaritho ahankaramga, asabhyamgaa matladi, vaarini kottadu ".
ramkovsky yokka kathinamaina chikitsa, mariyu kathinamaina, ahankaara vyaktitvam kaaranamgaa, yoodulu tama dusthitiki atanni nindinchadam praarambhinchaaru, mariyu tama niraasanu germanlaku badulugaa atanipai vidudala chesaaru, vaaru tama paridhini daati unnaaru. eee niraasa mariyu pratighatana yokka atyanta mukhyamaina pradarsana aagashtu 1940 mariyu 1941 vasantakaalam madhya varusa sammelu mariyu pradarsanalu. ramkovsky vyatiraekamgaa kaaryakartalu mariyu vamapaksha paarteela netrutvamlo, kaarmikulu tama stationlanu vidichipetti, veedhulaku velli flyerlanu andajesaru
sondarkomando" chetilo maranam.
ramkovsky chivari kshanaalaku sambandhinchi vairudhyamaina kathanaalu unnaayi. oka samakaaleena muulam prakaram, athanu ashwitz cherukunnappudu akkada ataniki mundu unna λοdz yokka yoodulu atanini hatya chesaaru. ayithe, eee sanghatanala samskarananu charitrakaarulu savaalu chesaaru. hangareeki chendina "sondarkomando" sabhyudu samarpinchina maroka nivedika prakaram, λοdz yokka yoodulu rahasyamgaa "sondarkomando" yoodulanu sampradinchi, λοdz ghettolo athanu chesina neeraalaku ramkovskeeni champamani adigaru, kabatti vaaru atanini smasaanavaatika namm. 2 mariyu athani mrutadehaanni paaravesaaru. 
holocastlo ramkovsky paatrapai charcha.
yehuda leab gerst thana ghnaapakaalalo ramkovskeeni sanklishtamaina vyaktigaa varninchaaduh "eee vyaktiki anaarogyamtho kuudina vampulu undevi. thana thoti yoodula patla, athanu oka saatileni nirankusavaadi, athanu oka furer laaga pravartinchaadu mariyu thana neechamaina maargaalanu vyatirekinche dhairyangala evarikainaa praanaantakamaina bhayanni kaliginchaadu. ayithe, nerasthula patla, athanu oka gorrepillalaga sunnitamgaa unnadu mariyu vaari anni demandlaku athani bays samarpanaku parimiti ledhu, vaari uddesyam mammalni puurtigaa tudichiveyadam ayina. yea vidhamgaanainaa, athanu thana paristhitini, sthaanaanni, vaati parimitulanu sarigga ardham chesukoledu."
charitrakaarudu michal ungar, thana "mordechoy chaim ramkovsky chitram yokka punahpariseelana" (2004) loe athani pratishtaku daariteese padaarthaalanu anveshinchaaru. ramkovsky "oka vaipu, dookudugaa, aadhipatyam kaligina vyakti, gowravam mariyu adhikaram kosam daaham, asabhyakaramaina, asabhyakaramaina mariyu agnaanam, asahanam (mariyu) asahanam, hataattugaa mariyu kaamamtho kuudina vyakti" anie varninchabadindi. marovaipu, athanu asaadhaaranamaina samsthaagata paraakramaaniki, vegavantamaina, chaalaa saktivantamaina, mariyu athanu thana kosam nirdesinchukunna panulaku nijaayiteegala vyaktigaa chitrikarinchabaddadu."judenrat" pustakam kosam isaiah trunk chesina parisoedhana, rumkovskeeni desadrohi mariyu sahakaravadiga unna abhiprayanni savarinchadaaniki prayatninchindi.
yoodula bahishkaranalo ramkovsky churukaina paatra pooshinchaaru. kontamandi charitrakaarulu mariyu rachayitalu aayananu desadrohigaa mariyu naajii sahakariga varninchaaru; avasaramaite vaari swantha arpo bhadrata pooliisula sahayamtho naajii demandlanu neraverchadam ramkovsky lakshyam. itara ghettola nayakula maadirigaa kakunda, athani paalanalo, raajakeeya pratyarthula bhouthika parisamaapti thoo paatu, thana sonta prajalanu durviniyogam cheyadam jarigindi. ayana mariyu ayana mandaliki soukaryavantamaina aahara ration mariyu vaari swantha pratyeka dukaanaalu undevi. athanu vyaktigatamgaa ishtapadani vaarini shibiraalaku pampadam dwara vaarini vadilinchukuntaanani telisindi. adanamgaa, athanu thana aaropanala kinda balaheenamaina ammayilanu laingikamgaa vedhinchaadu. ataniki longipovadamlo vaiphalyam antey aaa ammai maraninchindi. thana karyalayamlo panichestunna oka yuva mahilagaa nelala tarabadi tanache vedhimpulaku gurainatlu perkonna holocast survivour lucil ichengreen, "neenu asahyinchukunnaanu mariyu kopamgaa unnaanu, conny neenu paaripoyi unte athanu nannu bahishkarinchi undevaadu, naa uddesyam chaalaa spashtamgaa undhi."
ashwitz praanaalatoe bayatapadina primo levi, thana pustakam "dhi dunned und dhi save" loe ilaa muginchaaduh "athanu thana sonta vishaadam nundi bayatapadi unte...yea tribunal kooda atanni nirdoshigaa prakatinchadu, ledhaa, khachitamgaa, memu naitika sthaayilo atanni nirdoshigaa prakatinchalemu. conny, teevrataram chese paristhitulu unnaih jaateeya saamyavaadam vanti narakapu kramam avineeti yokka bhayankaramaina saktini upayogistundi, dheeniki vyatiraekamgaa tananu taanu rakshinchukovadam kashtam. daanini pratighatinchadaaniki nijamaina drudamaina naitika armature mariyu chaim ramkovsky andubaatulo unna armature avasaram...balaheenamgaa undedi."uttamamgaa, levi ramkovskeeni naitikamgaa aspashtamgaa mariyu sweeya mosapuuritamgaa chushadu. hannah aarend, thana pustakam "jerusalemlo aichman" loe, ramkovsky yokka ahankaaraanni yuddhakaala ghetto nayakatva udaaharanala varnapatam yokka diguva chivaralo unchaaru.
1944loe rashyanlu tama vesavi daadini konasaginchi unte, gananeeyamaina sankhyalo nivaasitulu inca sajeevamgaa unnanduna, vimukti pondina ekaika ghetto ladge ayi undedani, ramkovskeeni chaalaa bhinnamaina konamlo gurthunchukovacchani professor yehuda boyer etthi chuupaaru.

