
linen

linan () anedi avise mokka yokka fibers nundi tayaaru cheyabadina vastramu.
naara chaalaa balamgaa mariyu shoshakamgaa untundi mariyu patthi kante vaegamgaa endipotundi. eee lakshanaala kaaranamgaa, naara vaedi vaataavaranamloo dharinchadaaniki soukaryavantamgaa untundi mariyu dustulalo upayoginchadaaniki viluvainadi. avise mokka fiber, noolu, alaage nesina mariyu allina vastraalatoe naara vastraalanu tayaaru cheyavachu. idhi itara vilakshanhamaina lakshanaalanu kooda kaligi undhi, mukhyamgaa mudatalu padee dhorani. rendoo sahajamaina peechu padaarthaalu ayinappatikee, patthi vanti padaarthaala kante pantanu pandinchadaaniki chaalaa ekkuva samayam padutundi. patthi kante neyadam kooda chaalaa kashtam.
naara vastraalu prapanchamlone atyanta puraatanamainavigaa kanipistaayi; vaati charitra aneka vaela samvatsaraala naatidi. aagneya airopaloni (prastuta georgia) oka guhalo kanipinche rangu veyabadina avise peechu, adavi avise nundi nesina naara battala vadakam 30,000 samvatsaraala naatidani suuchistunnaayi. mesopotamia mariyu puraatana egyptutho sahaa puraatana nagarikatalalo naaranu upayoginchaaru, mariyu naara bybillo prastaavinchabadindi. 18va sataabdam mariyu antaku minchi, airopaloni aneka deshaala aardhika vyavasthalalo alaage american kaalaneelalo naara parisrama mukhyamainadi.
noolu netha aakrutilooni vastraalu, patthi, janapanara ledhaa itara avise kaani fibersto tayaaru chesinappatiki, vaatini "linen" anie kooda pilustaaru.
vyutpatti.
linen" anae padam paschima germany muulaaniki chendinadi mariyu avise mokkaku latin paeru, "linum" mariyu munupati greeku λινον ("linan") kuu sambandhinchinadi.
eee padam charitra aanglamlo aneka itara padaalaku daariteesindi, mukhyamgaa sarala rekhanu nirnayinchadaaniki linen (avise) daaraanni upayoginchadam nundi "line". idhi liningtho sahaa aneka itara padaalatoe kooda vyutpatti saastraparamgaa sambandham kaligi undhi, endukante dustula kosam lopali poranu roopondinchadaaniki linen tarachugaa upayoginchabadindi, mariyu french nundi lodustulanu, idhi modata linentho chesina lodustulanu suuchistumdi.
charitra.
prapanchamlooni vividha praantaalalo prajalu kaneesam vaela samvatsaraala kritam naaranu neyadam praarambhinchaaru. idhi mrutha samudraaniki sameepamlo unna kumran guha 1 nundi kooda swaadheenam chesukunnaru.
prarambha charitra.
36, 000 samvatsaraala kritam paschima aasiyaaloni dakshina caucasus (aadhunika georgia) looni oka guhalo rangu vesina avise peechu fibers kanugonadam puraatana prajalu puraatana kaalam nundi naara lanty battalanu roopondinchadaaniki adavi avise peechu fiberlanu upayoginchaarani suuchistumdi.
sumaru cree puu 8,000 naati gaddi, vittanaalu, peechu, noolu mariyu naara namuunaalatoe sahaa vividha rakaala battala sakalaalu swiss sarassu nivasalalo kanugonabaddayi.
sumaru cree puu 7,000 naati pedda sthaavaramaina acatalhöyük vadda khananam cheyabadina "sisuvu mariyu pillala madhya nesina avise vastra sakalaalu kanugonabaddayi". nairuti disalo, puraatana mesopotamialo, avise pempakam cheyabadindi mariyu naara utpatti cheyabadindi. dheenini pradhanamgaa poojaarulato sahaa samaajamlooni sampanna vargam upayoginchevaaru. inanna prema vyavaharam yokka sumerian kavita avise mariyu naara gurinchi prastaavinchindi.
puraatana egyptulo, linennu mummification kosam mariyu khananam musugula kosam upayoginchevaaru. idhi rojuvaaree dustulugaa kooda dharinchevaaru; teevramaina vaedi kaaranamgaa tellani naara dharinchevaaru. udaaharanaku, prapanchamlooni puraatana nesina dustulalo okatigaa pariganinchabade mariyu creepoo 3482 mariyu 3102 madhya naati tarkhan dustulu, naaratho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. ics poojaarulu kooda daani swachchata kaaranamgaa naaranu dharinchevaarani plutarch raasaaru. praacheena egyptulo konnisaarlu naaranu currency roopamgaa upayoginchevaaru. eejiptu mammeelu kaanti mariyu swachchataku chihnamgaa mariyu sampada pradarsanagaa naaratho chutti undevi. chethitho noolabadina noollatho nesina eee battalalo konni, vaati rojuki chaalaa bagunnayi, conny aadhunika naaratho poliste mutakagaa untaayi. kristupurvam 1213loe maraninchina rendava faroe ramases samadhini 1881loe kanugonappudu, 3000 samvatsaraalaku paiga linen chuttalu khachitamaina samrakshana sthithilo unnaayi. belfastloni alster museumlo 2,500 samvatsaraala kritam maraninchina amun poojaari kumarte 'takaabuti' yokka mummy undhi. eee mameepai unna naara kooda paripuurnamaina samrakshana sthithilo undhi.
naara parisrama yokka mottamodati vraatapuurvaka documentation grease looni pailos yokka leanier bii tabletla nundi vachindi, ikkada naaranu ideogramga chitreekarinchaaru mariyu "lii-noo" (greeku λίνον, "linan") gaa kooda vraayabadindi, mariyu mahilaa naara kaarmikulanu "lii-neey-yaa" (λίνεια, "linea") gaa jabita chesaaru.
madhya yugam.
madhya yugaala natiki, german avise mariyu naaralo vyaparam abhivruddhi chendindi. eee vaanijyam 9va sataabdam natiki germany antataa vyaapinchindi mariyu 11va sataabdam natiki flanders mariyu brabantlaku vyaapinchindi. madhya yugaalalo diguva khadgamrugam naara tayaareeki kendramgaa undedi. 11va sataabdam natiki avisenu saagu cheyabadindi mariyu irelandlo dustulu kosam naaranu upayoginchaaru. 12va mariyu 13va sataabdaalaloo dakshina inglandlo avise pandinchi vikrayinchabadi undavacchani aadharalu suuchistunnaayi.
vastraalu, pradhanamgaa naara mariyu unni, vikendrikruta gruha netha millulalo utpatti cheyabaddaayi.
aadhunika charitra.
16va sataabdam mariyu antaku minchi vastraalaku naara viluva konasaagindi. chaaritraka vyaktulu dharinche naara dustula namuunaalu manugadalo unnaayi. udaaharanaku, chakravarthy charless V dharinchina naara topeeni 1558loe athani maranam taruvaata jagrattagaa bhadraparichaaru.
irelandlo naara utpattiki sudeergha charitra undhi. 1685loe nantes saasanam raddu cheyabadinappudu, france nundi paaripoyina huganauts chaalaa mandhi british dheevulu mariyu itara praantaalalo sthirapaddaaru. vaaru tamatho paatu naara utpatti kosam merugaina paddhatulanu teesukuvacchaaru, mukhyamgaa irelandlo naara parisrama vruddhiki dohadapadindi. vaarilo ireland raaja naara tayaareeki paryaveekshakudigaa niyaminchabadina nayakudu luis chromemelin unnaaru. athanu belfast sameepamloni lisburn pattanamlo sthirapaddaadu, idhi bahusha charitra antataa atyanta prasiddha naara utpatti kendram; victorian yugamlo prapanchamlooni naaralo ekkuva bhaagam nagaramlo utpatti cheyabadindi, dheeniki linenopolis anae paeru vachindi. linen parisrama appatike ulsterlo sthaapinchabadinappatikii, luis chromemelin nethalo merugudalaku avakaasaanni kanugonnadu, mariyu athani prayatnaalu entha vijayavantamayyayo, lisburn mariyu daani parisaraala chinna parimitula kante chaalaa vistruta paridhiloo parisramanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki prabhutvam atanni niyaminchindi. 1711loe ireland yokka naara tayaareedaarula dharmakartala mandalini saasanam prakaram sthaapinchadam athani manchi pani yokka pratyaksha phalitam. mutaka lacramto sahaa aneka taragatulu utpatti cheyabaddaayi. living linen project 1995loe airish linen parisrama yokka ghnaanam yokka moukhika archivega erpaatu cheyabadindi, idhi aaa samayamlo alsterlo parisramalo gatamlo panichesina prajala kendrakamlo ippatikee andubaatulo undhi.
18va mariyu 19va sataabdaalaloo airopa aardhika vyavasthalalo naara parisrama marinta klishtamgaa maarindi. inglandlo, aapai germanylo, paarisraamikeekarana, yantraala utpatti chethitho chese panini bharti chesaayi, utpatti inti nundi kotta karmaagaaraalaku maarindi.
american kaalaneelalo naara kooda oka mukhyamaina utpatti, ikkada dheenini modati sthiranivaasulatho teesukuvacchaaru mariyu idhi saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche vastram mariyu valasa gruhaalaku viluvaina aastigaa maarindi. home spun udyamam intlone noolu vastraalanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki avise vadakanni prothsahinchindi. 1830la varaku, uttara united statesloni chaalaa mandhi raitulu kutumba dustula kosam upayoginche naara kosam avise pandinchadam konasaaginchaaru.
19va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo, russia mariyu daani aardhika vyavasthaku naara chaalaa mukhyamainadi. okappudu idhi desamlone atipedda egumati vastuvu mariyu russia prapanchamlooni fiber avise pantalo 80 saatam utpatti chesindi.
linen mariyu itara sahaja fibers gurinchi prajala avagahana penchadaaniki december 2006loe aikyaraajyasamiti sarvasabhya samavesam 2009nii antarjaateeya sahaja fibers samvatsaramgaa prakatinchindi.
chitosan-citric aamlam mariyu phytic aamlam theorianu cherchadam dwara linen fabric yokka kriyaatmaka lakshanaalanu meruguparachavacchani oka adhyayanam suuchistumdi. eee prakriya yokka prabhavalalo anty bacterial activity yokka merugaina sthaayilu, mudatalu nirodhakata, manta nirodhakata, yuvi rakshana mariyu antioxidant lakshanaalu unnaayi. adanamgaa, naara vastram sumaru 20 vaashla varaku mannikanu nilupukogaligindi.
matam.
maanava samskrutulalo vastraala unikini pratibimbistuu, baibil antataa naara gurinchi aneka suuchanalu unnaayi.
judayijamlo, dustulalo battalu kalisi nesina ekaika chattam "shatnez" anie piluvabade linen mariyu unni mishramaaniki sambandhinchinadi; idhi "meeru kalipina vastuvulanu, unni mariyu linen kalisi dharinchakudadu" mariyu "," loe parimitam cheyabadindi...rendu rakaala vastuvula kalayikatho kuudina vastram kooda mea meediki raadu."dheeniki thoraalone vivarana ledhu mariyu idhi" "chukim" "anie piluvabade oka rakamaina chattamgaa vargeekarinchabadindi, idhi manishi ardham chesukogala saamardhyaaniki minchina saasanam". modati sataabdapu romano-yoodu charitrakaarudu josephus, saamaanyulu poojaarula adhikaarika dustulu dharinchakunda nirodhinchadame eee nishedhaaniki kaaranamani suuchinchagaa, madhyayuga sephardic yoodu tatwavetta mymonides, anyamata poojaarulu ituvanti mishrama dustulu dharinchadame dheeniki kaaranamani bhaavinchaaru. jantuvulu mariyu kuuragaayala fiberlanu kalapadam anedi rendu ververu rakaala dunnadam jantuvulanu kalisi kattadam laantidi, endukante devudu tarachugaa vibhina rakaala mishramaalanu nishedhistaadu, endukante itarulu vivaristaaru, alaage, ituvanti aadesaalu aacharanaatmaka mariyu alankaarika prayojanaanni andistaayi, bahusha ikkada vaedi vaataavaranamloo asoukaryaanni (ledhaa adhika chemata) kaliginche poojaari vastraanni nivaarinchavacchu.
saametalu 31loe, oka goppa bharyanu vivarinche oka bhaagamlo, naara gurinchi kooda bybillo prastaavinchabadindi. aame thana manchaaniki kappulu tayaaru chestundi; aame chakkati naara mariyu oodaa rangu dustulu dharinchindi."kotta nibandhana () loe devullu chakkati tellani naaranu kooda dharistaaru.
upayoginchandi.
dustulu, bedd sheetlu, apraanlu, sanchulu, tuvvaallu (eetha, snanam, beach, boddy mariyu wash tuvvaallu), napkinlu, rannarlu mariyu upholstery vanti aneka utpattulanu linentho tayaaru cheyavachu. dheenini mukhyamgaa terachaapa mariyu kattirinchina vastram, kuttu daaraalu, rumaalu, table vastram, sheetlu, kaalarlu, cuffs modalaina vaatilo upayogistaaru..
nedu, naara saadhaaranamgaa saapekshamgaa takkuva parimaanamlo utpatti cheyabade khareedaina vastramgaa undhi. idhi patthi mariyu itara sahaja peechu padaarthaalatho poliste podavaina pradhaanamaina (vyaktigata peechu podavu) kaligi untundi.
satabdaalugaa table kavarlu, bedd kavarlu mariyu dustula kosam linen fabric upayoginchabadutondi. naara yokka gananeeyamaina kharchu daaramtho panicheyadamlo ibbandi nundi matrame kakunda avise mokkaku kooda chaalaa shraddha avasaram kabatti kooda vastundi. adanamgaa, avise noolu saagedi kaadu, anduvalla noolulanu vichchinnam cheyakunda neyadam kashtam. anduvalla patthi kante naara tayari chaalaa khareedainadi.
saamuuhika padam "linens" ippatikee saadhaaranamgaa nesina ledhaa allina mancham, snanam, table mariyu vantagadi vastraala taragatini saampradayakamgaa avise aadhaarita linentho tayaaru cheyabadi, conny nedu vividha rakaala fiberlatho tayaaru cheyabadutunnadani vivarinchadaaniki upayogistaaru. linens" anae padam chokkalu, rasayanalu, nadumu-chokkalu, lodustula ("linen" thoo kuudina cognate), mariyu vaeru cheyagala chokka patteelu mariyu cuffs vanti telikapati lodustulanu suuchistumdi, ivanni chaaritraatmakamgaa daadaapu pratyaekamgaa linen nundi tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. chakkati mishrama vastraala lopali pora (udaaharanaku dustula jacketlu) saampradayakamgaa naaratho tayaaru cheyabadindi, anduvalla "lining" anae padam vachindi.
gatha 30 samvatsaraalalo naara tudi upayogam natakeeyamgaa maarindi. 1990laloe daadaapu 70 saatam naara utpattilo dustulu vastraalu upayoginchevaaru, 1970laloe kevalam 5 saatam matrame fyaashan battala kosam upayoginchevaaru.
linen bedd mariyu baath fabrics (tableclathlu, baath tuvvaallu, dish tuvvaallu, bedd sheetlu); inti mariyu vaanijya furnishing vastuvulu (walpaper/wall kavarlu, upholstery, vindo treatments); dustula vastuvulu (suutlu, dustulu, skartulu, chokkalu); mariyu paarisraamika utpattulu (saamaanu, canvaslu, kuttu daaram) antataa upayogistundi. idhi okappudu mocassin-shaili bootla (rottelu) paibhagalanu chethitho kuttadaniki ishtapade noolu, conny daani sthaanamlo krutrima padaardhaalu upayoginchabaddaayi.
muulalanu pradarsinchadaaniki nokkina mariyu madatapettina naara rumaalu, 20va sataabdam modati bhaagamlo chaalaa varaku baga dustulu dharinchina vyakti yokka suut yokka praamaanika alankarana.
eee rojullo, mannika mariyu hypoallergenic lakshanaala kaaranamgaa bedd sheetlaku atyanta ishtapade padaarthaalalo linen okati. noolu patthi kante moodu retlu balamgaa untundi. endukante naara noolulooni cellulose fibers konchem podavugaa untaayi mariyu patthi noolulo kanipinche vaati kante biguvugaa chutti untaayi. idhi goppa mannikanu istundi mariyu naara utpattulu ekkuva kaalam undataaniki veelu kalpistundi.
prastutam parisoedhakulu kotta noolulanu roopondinchadaaniki patthi/avise mishramampai pani chestunnaru, idhi vaedi mariyu thematho kuudina vaataavaranamloo denim anubhootini meruguparustundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, 100% kaapri vanti konni brandlu pratyaekamgaa linennu denim laaga pariganistaayi.
ayil paintingku ishtapade saampradaaya maddatudaarulalo linen fabric okati. united stateslo pattini prachuryam pondindi, endukante akkada naara chaalaa retlu khareedainadi, daani vadakanni vruttiparamaina chitrakaarulaku parimitam chestundi. ayithe airopalo, saadhaaranamgaa kalala dukaanaalaloo labhinche ekaika vastra maddatu naara matrame; UKloe patthi choukagaa undadamtho rendoo uchitamgaa labhistaayi. patthi kante daani balam, mannika mariyu archival samagrata kaaranamgaa naraku praadhaanyata istaaru.
chetivruttulavaaru rotte tayaareedaarulu kooda naaranu vistrutamgaa upayogistaaru. mancham anie piluvabade avise vastram, baking mundu, chivari perugudalalo pindini aakaaramlo unchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. mancham meeda pindi ekkuvagaa dummu duluputundi, idhi vastram yokka randhraalalo ruddabadutundi. appudu aakaaramlo unna pindini mancham meeda unchutaaru. pindichesina mancham pindini pattukoovadaaniki "naan stick" uparitalaanni tayaaru chestundi. pindi vyaapti chendakunda undataaniki manchamlo gatlu erpadataayi.
gatamlo, linennu pustakaala kosam kooda upayoginchevaaru (dheeniki migili unna ekaika udaaharana liber lintius). daani balam kaaranamgaa, madhya yugaalalo naaranu kavachalu, gambesnlu mariyu villu teegala kosam upayoginchevaaru; praacheena kaalamlo dheenini linothorax anie piluvabade oka rakamaina shareera kavachanni tayaaru cheyadaaniki upayoginchevaaru. adanamgaa, saadhaaranamgaa riggings, terachaapa-dustulu, valalu, taadulu mariyu canvasla tayaareeki linennu upayoginchevaaru, endukante tadigaa unnappudu vastram yokka tanyata 20 saatam perugutundi.
tadigaa unnappudu daani balam kaaranamgaa, airish linen anedi pool/billiard suuchanala yokka chaalaa prachuryam pondina chutta, endukante idhi chetula nundi chematanu grahistundi.
1923loe, german nagaram bealfeld naara meeda mudrinchina byaanku notlanu jaarii chesindi. united states currency paper 25 saatam naara mariyu 75 saatam patthi nundi tayaaru cheyabadutundi.
avise fiber.
vivarana.
linen oka baast fiber. avise fibers podavu sumaru 25 nundi 150 mimi (1 nundi 6 angulaalu) mariyu sagatu 12-16 micrometers vyaasam varaku untundi. rendu rakalu unnaih mutaka battala kosam upayoginche chinna tove fibers mariyu chakkati battala kosam upayoginche podavaina line fibers. avise fiberlanu saadhaaranamgaa vaati "nodes" dwara gurtinchavacchu, ivi fabric yokka vasyata mariyu aakrutini penchutaayi.
linen fiber yokka cross-section kramarahita bahubhujakara aakaraalato roopondinchabadindi, ivi fabric yokka mutaka aakrutiki dohadam chestaayi.
aastulu.
naara vastram taakadaaniki challaga anipistundi, idhi daani adhika vaahakatanu soochinche drugvishayam (lohaalu "challaga" anipinchela chese adhe suutram). idhi mruduvugaa untundi, puurtayina fabricnu lint rahitamgaa chestundi mariyu daanini entha ekkuvagaa kadukkunnaro antha mruduvugaa maarutundi. ayithe, padunaina madatallo oke chota nirantaram vadakattadam valla naara daaraalu virigipotaayi. eee dustulu kaalarlu, hems mariyu laundering samayamlo inumu crease cheyabadina yea praantamloonainaa kanipinchavacchu. linen yokka paelavamaina sthitisthaapakata antey adhi sulabhamgaa mudatalu padutundani ardham.
booju, chemata mariyu bleach fabricnu debbateestaayi, conny idhi janthu fibers (keratin) nundi tayaaru cheyabadananduna idhi dustula chimmatalu mariyu corpet beatlesku chorabadadu. naaranu jagrattagaa chusukovadam chaalaa sulabham, endukante idhi muriki mariyu marakalu nirodhistundi, lint ledhaa pilling dhoranini kaligi undadu mariyu podi-shubhraparachavachhu, yantram-kadagavacchu ledhaa aavirilo veyavachu. idhi adhika ushnogratalanu thattukogaladu mariyu madhyastha prarambha sankocham matrame kaligi untundi.
tumble endabettadam dwara linennu ekkuvagaa endabettakudadu, tadigaa unnappudu istri cheyadam chaalaa sulabham. naara mudatalu chaalaa sulabhamgaa vastaayi, anduvalla konni adhikaarika dustulaku khachitamaina mrudutvaanni konasaaginchadaaniki tarachugaa istri avasaram. ayinappatikee, mudatalu padee dhorani tarachugaa linen yokka pratyaekamaina "aakarshana" loe bhaagamgaa pariganinchabadutundi, mariyu aneka aadhunika linen dustulu manchi dustula hangerpy gaalini endabettela roopondinchabaddaayi mariyu istri cheyalsina avasaram lekunda dharistaaru.
tarachugaa naara noolutho mudipadi unde lakshanam "slubs" ledhaa chinna, mruduvaina, kramarahita gaddalu undatam, ivi daani podavu venta yaadrucchikamgaa sambhavistaayi. gatamlo, slublu saampradayakamgaa lopaluga pariganinchabaddaayi mariyu takkuva-naanhyata gala naaratho mudipadi undevi. ayithe, aneka prastuta naara battala vishayamlo, mukhyamgaa alankaara furnishing parisramalo, slublanu khareedaina sahaja utpatti yokka soundarya aakarshanhalo bhaagamgaa pariganistaaru. adanamgaa, slublu fabric yokka samagratato raajeepadavu, anduvalla vaatini lopam vale chudaru. ayithe, atyanta uttamamaina naara chaalaa sthiramaina vyaasapu daaraalanu kaligi untundi, etuvanti slublu undavu.
neelaloo puudchinappudu konni varallo naara ksheeninchavacchu. patthi kante naara marinta jeevaadhokaranam chendedi, idhi paryaavarana anukuula fiberga maarutundi.
kolata.
sthuula naara noolu yokka praamaanika kolata "lii", idhi oka pound naaralo gajaala sankhyanu 300thoo bhaaginchadam. udaaharanaku, 1 lii parimaanam kaligina noolu poundku 300 gajaala istundi. rumaalu modalaina vaatilo upayoginche chakkati noolu. idhi 40 lii kaavacchu, mariyu prati poundku 40x300 = 12,000 gajaalu ivvavacchu. idhi oka nirdishta podavu kabatti linen yokka suukshmata yokka paroksha kolata, i.ii., prati unit dravyaraasiki podavaina unitla sankhya. chihnam nell. metrik unit, nm, saadhaaranamgaa khandantara airopalo upayoginchabadutundi. idhi kilograamuku 1,000 mea podavula sankhya. chainaalo, aangla patthi vyavastha unit, enisi, saadhaaranam. idhi oka poundlo 840 gajaala podavula sankhya.
utpatti paddhati.
naara tayari kashtataramainadi.
puurtayina naara utpatti naanhyata tarachugaa perugutunna paristhitulu mariyu pantakota paddhatulapai aadharapadi untundi. saadhyamainanta ekkuva kaalam fiberlanu utpatti cheyadaaniki, avisenu mottam mokkanu paiki lagadam dwara chethitho pandistaaru ledhaa kaandaalanu vediki chaalaa daggaragaa kattiristaaru. panta kosina taruvaata, mokkalanu endabetti, aapai vittanaalanu "repling" (noorpidi) mariyu winnoying anae yaantrika prakriya dwara tolagistaaru.
appudu komma nundi fiberlanu vadulukovali. idhi retting dwara saadhinchabadutundi. idhi fiberlanu kalisi bandhinche pektinnu kullipovadaniki bacterianu upayoginche prakriya. sahaja retting paddhatulu cheruvulu mariyu kolanulalo ledhaa neerugaa polaallo jarugutaayi. rasayana retting paddhatulu kooda unnaayi; ivi vaegamgaa untaayi, conny saadhaaranamgaa paryaavaranaaniki mariyu fiberlaku marinta hanikaram.
retting tarvaata, kaandaalu scutching kosam siddhamgaa untaayi, idhi augustu mariyu december madhya jarugutundi. scutching anedi kaandaala yokka chekka bhaganni rendu lohapu rollerla madhya chuurnam cheyadam dwara tolagistundi, tadwara kaandamlooni bhaagaalanu vaeru cheyavachu. fiberlanu tolaginchi, avise, shives mariyu tove vanti itara bhaagaalanu itara upayogaala kosam pakkana pedataaru. taruvaata fiberlanu addagistaaruh podavaina, mruduvaina avise fiberlanu matrame vadiliveyadaaniki chinna fiberlanu 'duvvena' dwara vaeru chestaaru.
fiberlanu vaeru chesi, proses chesina tarvaata, vaatini saadhaaranamgaa noolulugaa tipputaaru mariyu nesina ledhaa naara vastraalugaa allinavi. eee vastraalanu appudu bleach cheyavachu, rangu veyavachu, mudrinchavacchu ledhaa aneka chikitsalu ledhaa puutalu thoo puurti cheyavachu.
pratyaamnaaya utpatti paddhatini "cotanizing" anie pilustaaru, idhi vaegamgaa untundi mariyu takkuva parikaraalu avasaram. avise kaandaalu saampradaaya patthi yantraalanu upayoginchi proses cheyabadataayi; ayithe, puurtayina fibers tarachugaa lakshanamaina naara roopaanni kolpotayi.
nirmaatalu.
avisenu prapanchamlooni aneka praantaalalo pandistaaru, ayithe atyuttama naanhyata gala avisenu pradhanamgaa paschima european deshaalu mariyu ukreyinlo pandistaaru. iteevali samvatsaraalalo bhaarii naara utpatti thoorpu airopa mariyu chainaku maarindi, conny adhika-naanhyata gala battalu ippatikee ireland, italii mariyu belgiumloni samuchita utpattidaarulaku mariyu polland, austria, france, germany, sweeden, denmark, bellarus, lithuvania, latvia, netherlands, speyin, switzerland, britton mariyu bharatadesamloni kochilatho sahaa deshaalalo matrame parimitam cheyabaddaayi. adhika-naanhyata gala naara battalu ippudu samyukta rashtraalalo upholstery market kosam mariyu belgiumlo utpatti cheyabadutunnayi.
2018loe, aikyaraajyasamiti adhikaarika antarjaateeya vaanijya ganaamkaala repository prakaram, vaanijya viluva prakaram nesina naara battala egumatilo chaina agrasthaanamlo undhi, $732.3 millionla egumatulu nivedinchabaddaayi; italii ($173.0 million), belgium ($68.9 million) mariyu united kingdom ($51.7 million) kooda pradhana egumatidaarulu.