
vidyudayaskaantatvaaniki parichayam

vidyudayaskaantatvam anedi prakruti yokka praathamika saktulalo okati. praarambhamlo, vidyut mariyu ayaskaantatvam vidigaa adhyayanam cheyabaddaayi mariyu pratyeka drugvishayamgaa pariganinchabaddaayi. hohns christian orsted eee rendoo paraspara sambandham kaligi unnayani kanugonnadu-vidyut pravahalu ayaskaantatvaaniki daariteestaayi. ayaskaantatvam vidyut pravahalanu prerepinchagaladani maikhel ferade kanugonnadu, mariyu james clerk maxwell vidyudayaskaantatvam yokka ekikruta siddhaantamlo mottam vishayanni kalipi unchaadu. maxwell sameekaranaalu vidyudayaskaanta taramgaalu unnayani marinta suuchimchaayi, mariyu heinrich heartz yokka prayogaalu dheenini dhruvikarinchayi, radeo saadhyamayyelaa chesaayi. maxwell kooda sarigga, kaanti anedi vidyudayaskaanta tarangam yokka oka roopam anie pratipaadinchaadu, tadwara anni optics vidyudayaskaantatvam yokka oka saakhagaa maarindi. radeo taramgaalu kaanti nundi bhinnamgaa untaayi, modati tarangadairghyam rendo tarangadairghyam kante chaalaa ekkuva. ayaskanta kshetram vidyut kshetram yokka saapeksha kadalika dwara udbhavistundani, anduvalla ayaskaantatvam anedi kevalam vidyut yokka dushprabhaavamani albert inestein choopinchaadu. vidyudayaskaantatvam yokka aadhunika saiddhaantika chikitsa quantum electrodynamicslo quantum feeldga undhi.
electrical injaneeringku aasakti unna aneka paristhitulalo, saraina phalitaalanu pondadaaniki quantum siddhaantaanni vartimpajeyaalsina avasaram ledhu. sthuula vastuvulatoe kuudina chaalaa paristhitulalo shaastreeya bhouthika shaastram ippatikee khachitamaina ujjaayimpu. konni minahaayimpulato, quantum siddhaantam anhu sthaayilo matrame avasaram mariyu saralamaina shaastreeya chikitsanu vartimpajeyavachu. parimita paristhitulalo chikitsa marinta saralikrutam cheyadam saadhyamavutundi. sthiravidyuth sthira vidyut chaarjeelatoo matrame vyavaharistundi, kabatti ayaskanta kshetraalu talettavu mariyu pariganinchabadavu. vidyut ledhaa vidyudayaskaantatvaanni suuchimchakumdaa shaashwata ayaskaantaalanu vivarinchavacchu. circuit siddhaantam vidyut netvarklatho vyavaharistundi, ikkada kshetraalu ekkuvagaa current mosukelle conductorla chuttoo parimitam cheyabadataayi. atuvanti circuitlalo, maxwell sameekaranaalanu kooda pampinhee cheyavachu mariyu saralamaina suutreekaranalanu upayoginchavacchu. marovaipu, vidyudayaskaantatvam yokka quantum chikitsa rasayana saastramlo mukhyamainadi. rasayana praticharyalu mariyu rasayana bandham anuvula chuttoo electronla quantum yaantrika paraspara charyala phalitamgaa untaayi. aneka electronic parikaraala pravartananu vivarinchadaaniki quantum parigananalu kooda avasaram, udaaharanaku tunnell diode.
vidyut chaarj.
vidyudayaskaantatvam anedi gurutvakarshana, balamaina shakti mariyu balaheena saktitoe paatu prakruti yokka praathamika saktulalo okati. dravyarashi unna anni vishayaalapai gurutvakarshana panichestundi, vidyudayaskaantatvam vidyut chaarj unna anni vishayaalapai panichestundi. antekakunda, dravyaraasini srushtinchaleni ledhaa naasanam cheyaleni dravyarashi parirakshana unnanduna, charge parirakshana kooda undhi, antey closed systemlo chaarj (chaarjeelu lekunda ledhaa pravesinchani chota) sthiramgaa undaali. shaastreeya bhouthika saastramlo oka bhaarii vastuvu meeda gurutvakarshana saktini vivarinche praathamika niyamam neuton yokka gurutvakarshana niyamam. saruupyamgaa, coolumb yokka chattam anedi okadaanipai okati charge cheyabadina vastuvula saktini vivarinche praathamika chattam. idhi suutram dwara ivvabadindi
ikkada "f" anedi balam, "k" e anedi coolumb sthiraamkam, "q" 1 mariyu "q" 2 anevi rendu chaarjeela parimaanaalu, mariyu "r" 2 anedi vaati madhya dhooram yokka vargamu. chaarjeelu okadaanikokati tippikodataayi, ayithe vyatiraeka chaarjeelu okadaanikokati aakarshistaayi mariyu kanaala chaarjeelu entha balamgaa unte, avi okadaanipai okati saktini penchutaayi anae vaastavaanni idhi vivaristundi. eee chattam kooda oka viloma varga niyamam, antey rendu kanaala madhya dhooram rettimpu ayinappudu, vaatipai balam naalugu kaarakaalato taggutundi.
vidyut mariyu ayaskanta kshetraalu.
bhouthika saastramlo, kshetraalu anevi padaarthamthoo sankarshana chendhe entiteelu mariyu sthalam mariyu samayam looni prati binduvuku viluvanu ketayinchadam dwara ganitasaastraparamgaa vivarinchavacchu. vector feeldlu anevi space mariyu timeloni prati point vadda sankhya viluva mariyu dhisha rendintinee ketaayinchina feeldlu. vidyut chaarjeelu vidyut kshetram anie piluvabade vector kshetraanni utpatti chestaayi. vidyut kshetram yokka sankhya viluva, vidyut kshetram balam anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi oka charge cheyabadina kanamu kshetramlo anubhooti chendhe vidyut shakti yokka balaanni nirnayistundi mariyu kshetram yokka dhisha shakti yea disalo untundo nirnayistundi. saampradaayam prakaram, vidyut kshetram yokka dhisha saanukuula chaarjeelapai shakti yokka disaku samanamga untundi mariyu pratikuula chaarjeelapai shakti yokka disaku vyatiraekamgaa untundi. endukante saanukuula chaarjeelu itara saanukuula chaarjeela dwara tippikottabadataayi mariyu pratikuula chaarjeela vaipu aakarshinchabadataayi, antey vidyut kshetraalu saanukuula chaarjeela nundi pratikuula chaarjeela vaipu chuuputaayi. vidyut kshetram yokka eee lakshanaalu vidyut kshetram paramgaa vraayabadina chaarj meeda vidyut shakti kosam sameekaranamlo ponduparachabaddaayih
suutram _ 2
ikkada "f" anedi vidyut kshetram "e" loe chaarj "q" paie unna shakti.
vidyut kshetraanni utpatti cheyadamtho paatu, charge cheyabadina kanaalu chalana sthithilo unnappudu ayaskanta kshetraanni utpatti chestaayi, idhi chalanamlo unna itara chaarjeela dwara (alaage shaashwata ayaskaantaalu) anubhooti chendutundi. ayaskanta kshetram nundi kadile chaarj meeda shakti yokka dhisha kadalika dhisha mariyu ayaskanta kshetra rekhala dhisha rendintikee lambamgaa untundi mariyu kudi chethi niyamanni upayoginchi kanugonavacchu. balam yokka balam sameekaranam dwara ivvabadutundi
suutram _ 3
ikkada "f" anedi ayaskanta kshetram "b" loe "v" vegamtho chaarj "q" paie unna shakti, idhi chaarj yokka kadalika dhisha nundi "θ" konam disalo chooputundi.
charge cheyabadina kanampai vidyut mariyu ayaskanta saktula kalayikanu lorentz shakti antaaru. shaastreeya vidyudayaskaantatvam anedi maxwell sameekaranaalu anie piluvabade sameekaranaala samititoe paatu lorentz shakti dwara puurtigaa vivarinchabadutundi. eee sameekaranaalalo modatidaanni gaas laa antaaru. idhi charge cheyabadina kanaalu mariyu chaarj pampinheela dwara utpatti cheyabadina vidyut kshetraanni vivaristundi. gaas chattam prakaram, edainaa moosivesina uparitalam gundaa vidyut kshetram yokka pravaham (ledhaa pravaham) aaa uparitalam dwara chuttabadina chaarj mottaaniki anulomaanupaatamlo untundi. dheeni ardham entha ekkuva chaarj unte, antha ekkuva vidyut kshetram utpatti avutundi. idhi itara mukhyamaina prabhavalanu kooda kaligi undhi. udaaharanaku, eee chattam antey uparitalam chuttoo charge lekapothe, appudu vidyut kshetram assalu undadu ledhaa, moosivesina uparitalaaniki sameepamlo conny velupala chaarj unte, uparitalamloki vidyut kshetram yokka pravaham uparitalam nundi bayataku pravahinchadamtho khachitamgaa raddu kaavaali. maxwell sameekaranaalalo rendavadi ayaskaantatvam kosam gaas chattam anie pilustaaru mariyu, modati gaas chattam maadirigaane, idhi fluxnu vivaristundi, conny vidyut pravaahaaniki badulugaa, idhi ayaskanta pravahanni vivaristundi. ayaskaantatvam kosam gaas chattam prakaram, moosivesina uparitalam gundaa ayaskanta kshetram yokka pravaham ellappuduu sunnaga untundi. antey ayaskanta kshetram unte, moosivesina uparitalam nundi bayataku pravahinchadamtho moosivesina uparitalamloki pravaham ellappuduu raddu avutundi. eee niyamanni "ayaskanta monopoles laevu" anie kooda pilustaaru, endukante dheeni ardham moosivesina uparitalam nundi pravahinche edainaa ayaskanta pravaham tirigi daaniloki pravahinchaali, antey saanukuula mariyu pratikuula ayaskanta dhruvalu ayaskanta dvidhruvamgaa kalisi ravali mariyu eppuduu ayaskanta monopolsga vaeru cheyalemu. idhi pratyeka saanukuula mariyu pratikuula aavesaalugaa unde vidyut aavesaalaku viruddhamgaa untundi.
maxwell sameekaranaalalo moodavadi ampere-maxwell chattam anie pilustaaru. vidyut pravaham dwara ayaskanta kshetraanni utpatti cheyavachani idhi perkondi. ayaskanta kshetram yokka disanu ampere yokka kudi chethi pattu niyamam dwara ivvabadutundi. wire nitaruga unte, appudu ayaskanta kshetram kudi chethi niyamamlo pattukunna vellalaa daani chuttoo vankaragaa untundi. teeganu coils loe chutti unte, coils lopala unna ayaskanta kshetram kudi chethi pattu niyamamlo vistarinchina botanavelu vanti sarala rekhalo untundi. eee vidhamgaa ayaskaantaanni utpatti cheyadaaniki vidyut pravahalanu upayoginchinappudu, daanini vidyudayaskaantam antaaru. ayaskaantaalu tarachugaa inupa core chuttoo solenoidga vankaragaa unna teeganu upayogistaayi, idhi inupa core ayaskaantamgaa maaradam valla utpatti ayye ayaskanta kshetraanni balopetam chestundi. kalanugunamga maarutunna vidyut kshetram kooda ayaskanta kshetraanni utpatti cheyagaladani maxwell yokka chattaniki podigimpu perkondi. adevidhamgaa, ayaskanta kshetram vidyut pravahanni utpatti cheyagaladani ferade yokka prerana chattam perkondi. udaaharanaku, teegala kaayil lopaliki mariyu bayatiki nettivese ayaskaantam coilslo vidyut pravahanni utpatti cheyagaladu, idhi ayaskaantam yokka balaniki, alaage coils sankhyaku mariyu coils nundi ayaskaantam choppinchi velikiteese vaegaaniki anulomaanupaatamlo untundi. adhika voltage nundi takkuva voltage kuu current lanu maarchadaaniki upayoginche transformerlaku eee suutram avasaram, mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa. adhika voltage mainla vidyuttunu takkuva voltage vidyuttugaa maarchadaaniki avi avasaram, veetini illalo surakshitamgaa upayoginchavacchu. maxwell suutram maxwell-forreday sameekaranamlo ivvabadindi-maxwell sameekaranaalalo nalgava mariyu chivaridi-idhi samayam-maarutunna ayaskanta kshetram vidyut kshetraanni utpatti chestundani perkondi.
maxwell sameekaranaalu kalisi vidyut mariyu ayaskanta kshetraala yokka oke ekareeti siddhaantaanni andistaayi mariyu eee siddhaantaanni roopondinchadamlo maxwell chesina panini neuton yokka saarvatrika gurutvakarshana chattam yokka modati goppa ekikarana tarvaata "bhouthika saastramlo rendava goppa ekikarana" anie pilustaaru. khaalii pradaesamloe maxwell sameekaranaalaku parishkaram (chaarjeelu ledhaa pravahalu laeni chota) kaanti vegamtho prayaaninchae vidyudayaskaanta taramgaalaku (vidyut mariyu ayaskanta bhaagaalato) anugunamgaa taranga sameekaranaalanu utpatti chestundi. eee taranga parishkaralu kaanti vaegaaniki sarigga samaanamaina taranga vegaanni kaligi unnayani gamaninchadam valla maxwell kaanti anedi vidyudayaskaanta vikiranam yokka oka roopam anie oohinchadaaniki mariyu itara vidyudayaskaanta vikiranam ververu tarangadairghyaalato undavacchani suuchimchadaaniki daariteesindi. 1886 nundi 1889 varaku jarigina prayogaala shrenilo heinrich heartz dwara vidyudayaskaanta vikiranam unikini niroopinchabadindi, dheenilo athanu radeo taramgaala unikini kanugonnadu. puurti vidyudayaskaanta varnapatam (perugutunna pounahpunyam kramamlo) radeo taramgaalu, microwave taramgaalu, paraaruna vikiranam, kanipinche kaanti, atineelalohita kaanti, ex-kiranaalu mariyu gaama kiranaalanu kaligi untundi.
inestein yokka pratyeka saapekshata siddhaantamtoe vidyudayaskaantatvam marinta ekikarana jarigindi. pratyeka saapekshata prakaram, okadaanikokati sambandhinchi ververu vegaalato kadulutunna pariseelakulu ververu pariseelanaatmaka framelanu aakramistaaru. oka pariseelakudu maroka pariseelakudiki sambandhinchi kadalikalo unte, appudu vaaru chalanam laeni vastuvulu visraantigaa unna pariseelakudiki kante kadalikalo unna pariseelakudiki daggaragaa kanipinche podavaina sankochaanni anubhavistaaru. anduvalla, oka electron tatastha vairlooni current maadirigaane adhe vegamtho kadulutunnatlayite, appudu avi vairlooni pravahinche electronlu daaniki sambandhinchi sthiramgaa nilabadi, saanukuula chaarjeelu kalisi kudinchabadinatlu anubhavistaayi. lyab framelo, electron kadulutondi mariyu vairlooni current nundi ayaskanta saktini anubhavistundi, conny wire tatasthamgaa unnanduna adhi vidyut saktini anubhavinchadu. conny electron yokka vishraanti chatramlo, pravahinche electronlatho poliste saanukuula chaarjeelu kalisi daggaragaa kanipistaayi, kabatti wire sanukoolamgaa chaarj cheyabadinatlu kanipistundi. anduvalla, electron yokka vishraanti chatramlo adhi ayaskanta saktini anubhavinchadu (endukante idhi daani swantha chatramlo kaduladam ledhu) conny sanukoolamgaa chaarj cheyabadina wire kaaranamgaa vidyut saktini anubhavistundi. saapekshata nundi vacchina eee phalitam ayaskanta kshetraalu ververu suuchana chatramlo kevalam vidyut kshetraalu anie rujuvu chestundi (mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa) mariyu anduvalla rendoo oke antarleena vidyudayaskaanta kshetram yokka ververu vyakteekaranalu.
conductorlu, insulatorlu mariyu circuitlu.
conductorlu.
conductor anedi electronlu sulabhamgaa pravahinchadaaniki anumatinche padaartham. atyanta prabhaavavantamaina vahakalu saadhaaranamgaa lohaalu, endukante vaatini swechhaa electron namuunaa dwara chaalaa khachitamgaa vivarinchavacchu, dheenilo electronlu anhu kendrakaala nundi delocalise avtayi, saanukuula ayaanlanu swechhaa electronla meghamto chuttumuttutaayi. manchi vahakalu udaaharanalalo raagi, aluminium mariyu vendi unnaayi. electronicslo vairlu tarachugaa raagitho tayaaru cheyabadataayi.
vahakalu yokka pradhana lakshanaalu
konni padaarthaalalo, electronlu paramaanu kendrakaalaku kattubadi untaayi, anduvalla avi chuttoo tiragadaaniki swechchagaa undavu, conny vaatini swechchagaa unchadaaniki avasaramaina shakti takkuvagaa untundi. semiconductors anie piluvabade eee padaarthaalalo, takkuva ushnogratala vadda vaahakata takkuvagaa untundi, conny ushnograta perige koddi electronlu ekkuva ushna saktini pondutaayi mariyu vaahakata perugutundi. silicon anedi semikandaktarlaku oka udaaharana, idhi soura phalakaalanu roopondinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi, ivi suuryuni nundi photanla nundi ekkuva saktini pondutaayi.
suupar conductorlu anevi oka nirdishta klishtamaina ushnograta kante takkuvagaa challabadinappudu electronla pravaahaaniki takkuva ledhaa etuvanti nirodhakatanu pradarsinchani padaarthaalu. suupar kandaktivitiini quantum mechanical pauli minahaayimpu suutram dwara matrame vivarinchavacchu, idhi yea rendu fermians (oka electron anedi oka rakamaina fermians) sarigga oke quantum sthithini aakraminchalevani perkondi. suupar conductorlalo, oka nirdishta ushnograta kante takkuva ushnogratalo electronlu bosan bandhita jatalanu yerparustaayi, ivi eee suutraanni anusarinchavu mariyu dheeni ardham anni electronlu oke shakti sthaayiki padipoyi current loe oke vidhamgaa kadulutaayi.
insulatorlu.
insulatorlu anevi electronla pravaahaaniki atyanta nirodhakata kaligina padaarthaalu, anduvalla tarachugaa bhadrata kosam vaahaka teegalanu kappadaniki upayogistaaru. insulatorlalo, electronlu anhu kendrakaalato gattiga kattubadi untaayi mariyu vaatini vidipinche shakti chaalaa ekkuvagaa untundi kabatti avi kadaladaaniki swechchagaa undavu mariyu bahya vidyut kshetram dwara prerepinchabadina kadalikaku nirodhakatanu kaligi untaayi. ayithe, dialectrics anie piluvabade konni insulatorlanu bahya vidyut kshetram prabhaavamtho dhruveekarinchavachhu, tadwara chaarjeelu suukshmamgaa sthaanabhramsham chendutaayi, ivi saanukuula mariyu pratikuula vaipuni srushtinche dvidhruvaalanu yerparustaayi. capacitor plaetla madhya vidyut kshetramlo marinta vidyut saamarthya saktini nilva cheyadaaniki veelugaa capacitorlalo dialectrics upayoginchabadataayi.
kpaasitarlu.
capacitor anedi rendu vyatiraeka charge gala conducting plaetla madhya vidyut kshetramlo vidyut saamarthya saktini nilva chese electronic bhaagam. conducting platelalo okadaaniki + "q/a" chaarj saandrata unte, marokadaaniki-"q/a" chaarj unte, ikkada "a" anedi plaetla vaisaalyam, appudu vaati madhya vidyut kshetram untundi. rendu samaantara phalakaala madhya sambhaavya vyatyaasaanni "v" nuu ganitasaastraparamgaa ilaa pondavachuhu
suutram _ 4
ikkada "d" anedi plate separation mariyu formula _ 5 anedi khaalii sthalam yokka anumati. vidyut sambhaavya saktini nilva chese capacitor saamarthyaanni suutram _ 6 gaa nirvachinchabadina capacitance dwara kolustaaru mariyu samaantara plate capacitor kosam idhi
suutram _ 7
plaetla madhya oka dialectric unchinatlayithe, khaalii sthalam yokka permitivity anedi dialectric yokka relative parmitivitiitoe guninchabadutundi mariyu capacitance perugutundi. capacitor dwara nilva cheyagala garishta shakti capacitance mariyu plaetla madhya sambhaavya vyatyaasam yokka vargaaniki anulomaanupaatamlo untundi.
suutram _ 8
inductors.
inductor anedi wire kaayil lopala ayaskanta kshetramlo saktini nilva chese electronic bhaagam. wire yokka current-mosukelle kaayil ampere yokka circuit laa prakaram ayaskanta kshetraanni prerepistundi. current "i" entha ekkuvagaa unte, ayaskanta kshetramlo nilva cheyabadina shakti antha ekkuvagaa untundi mariyu suutram _ 9 gaa nirvachinchabadina prerana takkuvagaa untundi, ikkada suutram _ 10 anedi wire kaayil dwara utpatti ayye ayaskanta pravaham. inductains anedi current loe maarpuku circuit yokka nirodhakata yokka kolata, kabatti adhika inductains unna inductorlanu kooda pratyaamnaaya karentnu vyatirekinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu.
circuit chattalu.
circuit siddhaantam vidyut netvarklatho vyavaharistundi, ikkada kshetraalu ekkuvagaa current mosukelle conductorla chuttoo parimitam cheyabadataayi. atuvanti circuitlalo, circuitla yokka anni pravartanalanu vidyudayaskaanta chattaala nundi neerugaa pondadaaniki badulugaa saadhaarana circuit chattalanu upayoginchavacchu. oom yokka chattam nirodhakata "r" anie piluvabade parimaanaanni parichayam cheyadam dwara circuit yokka current "i" mariyu voltage "v" madhya sambandhaanni perkontundi."
oom suutramh suutram _ 11
power suutram _ 12 gaa nirvachinchabadindi kabatti itara parimaanaala paramgaa circuit yokka saktini maaku cheppadaniki oom yokka chattanni upayoginchavacchu.
suutram _ 13
kirchaff yokka junction niyamam oka junction (ledhaa node) loki vellae current node nundi nishkraminche current kii samanamga undaalani perkondi. idhi chaarj parirakshana nundi vastundi, endukante current kalakramena chaarj pravaahamgaa nirvachinchabadindi. oka pravaham junction nundi nishkramistunnappudu vidipothe, phalitamgaa vachhe split pravaahaala mottam incoming circuitku samanamga untundi.
kirchaff loop niyamam oka circuit chuttoo closed looplo voltage mottam sunnaki samanamani perkondi. idhi vidyut kshetram sampradaayabaddhamgaa undatam valla vastundi, antey meeru yea marganni enchukunna, meeru akkadiki tirigi vachinappudu oka binduvu vadda sambhaavyata maaradu.
syries mariyu samaantara circuitlalo current mariyu voltage vanti parimaanaalanu elaa jodinchaalo kooda niyamaalu manaku teliyajestaayi.
syries circuitla kosam, prati bhaagaaniki current okela untundi mariyu voltagelu mariyu resistance luu jodinchabadataayih
suutram _ 14
samaantara circuitla kosam, prati bhaagaaniki voltage okela untundi mariyu chuupina vidhamgaa current mariyu resistance sambandhitamgaa untayih
suutram _ 15