
pramukha prasna

saakshula saakshyaalapai aadhaarapade saadhaarana nyaya vyavasthalalo, oka pramukha prasna anedi oka nirdishta samadhaanaanni soochinche prasna mariyu pareekshakudu dhruveekarinchaalani chustunna samacharanni kaligi untundi. samarpinchina sakshyanni nirdesinche ledhaa prabhaavitam chese pareekshakudi saamarthyaanni tagginchadaaniki sakshyam pondadaaniki kortulo pramukha prasnala vadakam parimitam cheyabadindi. paristhitulanu batti, pradhana prasnalu abhyantarakaramainavi ledhaa sarainavi kaavacchu.
pradhana prasnala yokka yogyata saadhaaranamgaa pareekshanu nirvahinche pakshamtho sakshi yokka sambandhaanni batti untundi. oka pariseelakudu saadhaaranamgaa satruvu sakshi yokka pradhana prasnalanu adagavacchu ledhaa cross-examination ("vayassu, asamarthatha ledhaa parimita medhassu kaaranamgaa, vaari sakshyalanu teliyajeyadamlo ibbandi unna sakshi yokka sakshyanni pondadaaniki sahaayapadutundi"), conny pratyaksha pareekshalo kaadu (oka nirdishta samadhaanaanni andinchadaaniki saakshiki "coach").
block 's laa dictionary" prakaram, "oka pramukha prasna" prashninchabadutunna vyaktiki samadhanam soochinche prasnagaa nirvachinchabadindi; mukhyamgaa.kevalam 'avunu' ledhaa 'ledhu' anie samadhanam ivvagala prasna."  
udaaharana.
pramukha prasnalaku tarachugaa avunu ledhaa kaadu anae samaadhaanamtho samadhanam ivvavacchu (ayithe anni avunu-ledhu prasnalu mundunnaayi). pradhana prasnalu load cheyabadina prasnalaku bhinnamgaa untaayi, ivi abhyantarakaramainavi endukante avi avyakta oohalanu kaligi untaayi ("meeru mea bharyanu kottadam manesara?" vantivi)"parokshamgaa vishayam rendintikee" "bhaarya undhi, mariyu" "edho oka samayamlo aamenu kottindi) anie nokki chebutundi".
pradhana prasnah
"mister. smith kaaru vaega parimiti kante 20 maillu prayaanistunnappudu athanu thana vaahanampai niyantrana kolpoyi badhitudi kaarulo doosukelladu, sariyainada?"(mister anae nirdhaaranaku sakshi daariteestundi. smith vaegamgaa velutundagaa, phalitamgaa thana vaahanampai niyantrana kolpoyadu, idhi pramaadaaniki daariteesindi, idhi spashtamgaa athani tappu.)
tatastha prasnah
"meeru entha vaegamgaa anchanaa vaestaaru mister. dheekonadaaniki mundu smith kaaru prayaanistunnadaa?" 
tatastha prasnalu kooda padaala empika, pratispandana framing, chesina anchanaalu mariyu roopam aadhaaramgaa samaadhaanaalaku saakshulanu nadipinchagalavu. udaaharanaku, "vaegamgaa", "dheekonadam" mariyu "elaa" anae padaalu prativaadulu andinchina vaega anchanaalanu marchagalavu.
evarainaa oka pramukha prasna adiginappudu, vaaru itara vyakti pradhana prasnatho ekibhavistarani aasistaaru.
"maa companylo uttama sandvichlu unnaayi, sariyainada?"
sandvichlu uttamamainavani samadhanam angeekaristundani vaaru aasistaaru.
united states.
prati raashtraaniki daani swantha saakshyaala niyamaalu unnappatikee, aneka rashtraalu samakhya saakshyaala niyamaalapai tama niyamaalanu roopondistaayi, ivi taamu saadhaarana-chatta pareeksha vidhaanaaniki daggaragaa sambandham kaligi untaayi. samakhya saakshyaala niyamaala niyamam 611 (sii) ilaa andistundihi
pramukha prasnalu anedi pariseelinchae pakshaaniki satruvaina, aaa sandarbhamlo abhyantarakaramainavi kaani saakshulanu pareekshinche praathamika vidhanam. satruvula saakshulanu pareekshinchadam saadhaaranamgaa cross examination loe jarugutundi. niyamam gurtinchinatlugaa, "pratikuula sakshi, pratikuula paksham ledhaa pratikuula paksham gurtinchina sakshi" pareeksha konnisaarlu pratyaksha pareekshalo jarugutundi, mariyu pradhana prasnalu anumatinchabadataayi.
aacharanalo, nepathyaanni ledhaa sandarbhaanni andinchadaaniki avasaramaina mariyu vivaadamloo laeni praathamika vishayaalaku sambandhinchi snehapoorvaka saakshulanu neerugaa pareekshinchadaaniki nyaayamuurtulu konnisaarlu anumati istaaru; udaaharanaku, sakshi udyogam ledhaa vidya. pratyaksha pareekshalo oka saakshiki pratyeka nirvahana avasaramainappudu, udaaharanaku oka pillavadu, pramukha prasnalanu kooda anumatinchavacchu. ayithe, pariseelistunna nyaayavaadi pramukha prasnala dwara saakshiki "sikshana" ivvadam ledani nirdhaarinchukovadaaniki kortu jaagratta vahinchaali. oka closed-end prasna swabhavikamga mundanjalo undaa anie samadhanam ivvadaaniki saakshyaalapai mccormick mariyu wigmore yokka grandhaala yokka vividha sanchikalanu kooda kortulu udaharinchavachhu.
samakhya saakshyaala niyamaala niyamam 611 (sii) (mariyu aneka raashtraala polchadagina niyamaalu) rii-direct paie pramukha prasnalanu nishedhinchanappatiki, konni rashtraalu rii-direct paie pramukha prasnala vadakanni spashtamgaa parimitam chesaayi. aacharanaatmaka vishayamgaa, idhi vichaarana kortu abheeshtaanusaaram yea pradhana prasnalanu tirigi nirdesinchaalo adagavacchu. saadhaaranamgaa cheppalante, oka punaadini sthaapinchadaaniki mariyu cross examinationpy velladi cheyabadina nirdishta saakshyaaniki sakshi drushtini aakarshinchadaaniki pradhana prasnalu tirigi-direct cheyadaaniki marinta swechchagaa anumatinchabadataayi. adanamgaa, tirigi nirdesinchinappudu, oka prasninche vyakti tarachugaa prasnalu adugutaadu, ivi cross pareekshalapai prasninchadam valla vachhe anumanam khachitamainada anie telusukovadaaniki pratyaekamgaa prayatnistaayi. eee rakamaina prasnalu "avunu" ledhaa "ledhu" pratispandanaku daariteesinappatikee, avi neerugaa prasnalugaa ardham chesukobadatayi, pradhana prasnalugaa kaadu, mariyu anumatinchabadataayi.
pramukha prasnalaku vyatiraekamgaa saadhaarana parimitulaku minahaayimpulu talettavachhu,