
villiams vii. missippi

villiams vii. mississippi, 170 yuu.ess. 233 (1898) anedi 1890 mississippi raajyaangamlooni nibandhanalanu mariyu ennikala pannu, aksharaasyata pareekshalu, taata nibandhana mariyu namodu chesukunna otarlu matrame jyooreelalo panicheyagala avasaramtho sahaa otaru namodu kosam avasaralanu nirnayinche daani saasanaalanu sameekshinchina united states supreme court kesu. african americanlaku ootu hakku niraakarinchaalane uddesyamto mississippi yokka oating chattalu samarthinchabaddaayi, tadwara padnaalugo savarananu ullanghinchaayani vaadi, henry villiams paerkonnaaru. yuu.ess. rashtra chattaalalo vivakshanu supreenkortu kanugonaledu, endukante chattalu vivakshanu saadhyam chesinappatiki, chattalu african americanlapy vivaksha chuupaleedu. african americanla patla edainaa vivaksha chattanni amalu chese paripalana adhikarulu chesaarani, eee rakamaina vivakshaku nyaayaparamaina parishkaram ledani kortu kanugondi.
nepathyam.
1890 mississippi rajyangamlo ennikala pannu, aksharaasyata pareekshalu, taata nibandhana mariyu jurie sabhyulaku otaru namoduto sahaa ootu hakkunu tolaginche nibandhanalu unnaayi. pole pannu mariyu aksharaasyata nibandhanalu african americanlanu asamanamga prabhaavitam chesaayi, vaaru vanarula korata kaaranamgaa swethajaatheeyula kante takkuva dhanavanthulu mariyu takkuva vidyaavantulu. vaari taata ootu vesinatlayithe otarlu svayamchaalakamgaa namodu chesukovadaniki anumatinche taata nibandhana, aksharaasyata pareeksha nundi niraksharaasyulaina swethajaatheeyulanu samarthavantamgaa minahaayinchindi, conny nallajaateeyulanu kaadu. 1870loe padihenava savarana prakaram nallajaateeyulaku ootu hakku labhinchindi, kabatti eee samayamlo daadaapu yea african americanlaku kooda ootu vese taatalu laeru endukante vaaru african american otarla modati taraalalo unnaaru. jurie sabhyulu registered otarlu ayi undaali, antey chaalaa mandhi jurie sabhyulu tellavaaru, endukante african americanlaku ootu veyakunda undataaniki chaalaa addamkulu unnaayi. mississippi rajyangam 134 rajyanga samavesam dwara aamodinchabadindi, indulo oka sabhyudu minaha andaruu tellavaaru. rajyanga sadassu sabhyulu kooda aamodam kosam rashtra otarlaku raajyaamgaanni samarpinchadaaniki niraakarinchaaru, badulugaa daanini ventane aamodinchaalani aadesinchaaru.
vichaarana.
1896loe mississippi looni washington county circuit kortulo, vaadi, henry villiams, hatyaku paalpadinatlu tellajati grand jurieche abhiyogaalu mopabaddadu, mariyu tellajati chinna jurieche doshigaa nirdhaarinchabaddaadu mariyu uriteeyabaddaadu. nyaayanirnaeta arhatagala otarla nundi empika cheyabadinanduna vaadi nyaayanirnaeta empikanu savaalu chesaadu mariyu "eee neraropananu samarpinchina grand jurylo prativaadi jaathi nishpaakshikamgaa praatinidhyam vahinchi undedi" mariyu chattam prakaram ataniki samaana rakshana kolpoyindani vaadakudu vichaarana sarikaadani aaropinchaadu. padnaalugo savarananu ullanghinchina mississippi raajyaangamlooni vivakshata chattaala prakaram jyooreeni empika chesinatlu paerkontuu neraropananu raddu cheyadaaniki ayana oka pratipaadana chesaaru. athani pratipaadana tiraskarinchabadindi, endukante, kortu prakaram, chattam prati okkariki vartinche vidhamgaa vraayabadindi. villiams appudu kesunu federal kortuku teesukellaalani oka pratipaadana chesadu, adhi tiraskarinchabadindi; athanu tirigi vichaarana kosam maroka pratipaadana chesadu, adhi kooda tiraskarinchabadindi.
appeellu.
mississippi supreenkortu oka appeelnu teesukundi. villiams tananu doshigaa nirdhaarinchina jurie vivakshata chattaala prakaram cheyabadindani adhe vaadana chesaaru, ayithe mississippi supreenkortu chattalu vivakshata laenivi anae teerpunu samarthinchindi. villiams yuu kuu vignapti chesaaru.ess. 1890 mississippi raajyaangamlooni oating chattalu padnaalugo savarananu ullanghinchaayane vaadanatoe 1898loe eee kesunu sweekarinchina supreenkortu.
nirnayam.
yuu.ess. supreme court 9-0 otlatho villiams vaadananu ekagreevamgaa tiraskarinchindi, mississippi ootu hakku nibandhana yokka paripalana vivakshatatoe kuudinadani ayana choopinchaledani teerpu ichindi. justice joseph mckenna abhiprayam vraasi, "mississippi rajyangam mariyu daani saasanaalu jaatula madhya vivaksha chuupavu, mariyu vaari vaastava paripalana chedu anie choopabadaledu; vaari krinda matrame chedu saadhyamaindi.eee nibandhanalanu tama paripalana vivakshatatoe nirvahinchinatlu rashtram angeekarinchina tarvaata kooda eee prakatana jarigindi. mukhyamgaa, chattalu evarikainaa vartinche avakaasam unnanduna, avi saanketikamgaa vivakshata laenivi anie kortu teerpu ichindi. african americanlanu pratyaekamgaa lakshyamgaa chesukovadam anedi chattalanu amalu chese prajalalo pakshapaatam phalitamgaa jarigindi; chattalu vivaksha chuupaleedu, vaaru paripalana adhikaarulaku vivaksha choopinche avakaasaanni matrame icchaaru, idhi padnaalugo savarananu ullanghinchaledu.
paryavasanalu.
itara dakshinaadi rashtraalu 1908 varaku mississippi maadirigaane nibandhanalatho kotta raajyaamgaalanu roopondinchaayi, dasabdaluga lakshalaadi mandhi nallajaateeyulu mariyu padivela mandhi paedha swethajaatheeyulaku samarthavantamgaa ootu hakkunu tolaginchaayi.
kontamandi uttara congress sabhyulu dakshinaadi raashtraala pratinidhula sabhalo seetla ketaayimpunu tagginchaalani pratipaadinchinappatikii, ootu hakku kolpoyina african americanla sankhyanu pratibimbimchaelaa, etuvanti charya aamodinchabadaledu. yeka-party paalanatho, swetajaateeyulaina dakshina prajaasvaamyavaadulu saktivantamaina oating blacknu kaligi unnaaru, udaaharanaku, mooka hatyalaku vyatiraekamgaa yea samakhya chattanni tiraskarinchadaaniki vaaru dasabdaluga dheenini upayoginchaaru. (14va savaranaloni rendava vibhagam chudandi.)
supreenkortu eee nirnayamlooni oka amsaanni parokshamgaa "ginn vii. loe" tosipuchindi. 1915loe united states nallajaateeyulanu minahaayinchadaaniki upayoginche aksharaasyata pareekshalanu nivaarinchadaaniki swethajaatheeyulaku veelugaa taata upavaakyaalanu upayoginchadam rajyanga viruddhamani perkondi. 2023loe supreenkortu neeraalanu sameekshinchadaanni pariseelinchadaaniki niraakarinchindi, mississippi rajyangam prakaram vaati saasvatatvam mariyu nirantara amalu ippatikee african-american mississippiansnu asamanamga ootu hakkunu kolpoye asalu uddesamto kalankitamaindani vaadinchina oka kesulo. justice ketanji jackson, asammatigaa, 'kevalam samayam rajyanga savaalu nundi nirodhinchadu, idhi chattam prarambham nundi aspashtamgaa undhi' anie vaadinchaaru.