
antarjaateeya domine paeru

antarjaateeya domine paeru (idn) anedi software applicationlalo, puurtigaa ledhaa paakshikamgaa, latin kaani lipi ledhaa varnamaalalo ledhaa diacritics ledhaa ligecharlatho latin varnamaala aadhaarita aksharaalalo pradarsinchabade kaneesam oka lebulnu kaligi unna internet domine paeru. eee vraata vyavasthalu computerla dwara multibite unicodelo encode cheyabadataayi. antarjaateeya domine paerlu domine name system (dns) loe punicode transcription upayoginchi aski teegalagaa nilva cheyabadataayi.
internet vanarulanu gurtinchadaaniki ekkuvagaa user friendly paerlanu network chirunamaluga anuvadinchadaaniki shodhana sevanu nirvahinche dns, aacharanalo asci aksharaala vaadakaaniki parimitam cheyabadindi, idhi aacharanaatmaka parimiti, idhi praarambhamlo aamodayogyamaina domine paerlaku pramaanaanni nirdesistundi. domine paerla antarjaateeyeekarana anedi bhasha-sthaanika lipulalo vraayabadina paerlanu dnsku anukuulamgaa unde asci text praatinidhyamgaa anuvadinchadaaniki oka saanketika parishkaram. antarjaateeya domine paerlanu atuvanti upayogam kosam pratyaekamgaa roopondinchina anuvartanaalato matrame upayoginchavacchu; vatiki internet moulika sadupayalalo etuvanti maarpulu avasaram ledhu.
idn modata december 1987loe martin durst pratipaadinchindi mariyu 1990loe tonn juy kwang mariyu liang coque yang dwara tonn tinn vii maargadarsakatvamlo amalu cheyabadindi. chaalaa charchalu mariyu aneka pootii pratipaadanala taruvaata, "anuvartanaallo domine paerlanu antarjaateeyam cheyadam" (idna) anae vyavasthanu pramaanamgaa sweekarinchaaru mariyu aneka unnata sthaayi domainlalo amalu cheyabadindi.
idnalo, "antarjaateeya domine paeru" anae padaaniki pratyaekamgaa idna tosi algorithm (krinda chudandi) nuu vijayavantamgaa vartimpajeyagala lebullanu matrame kaligi unna edainaa domine paeru anie ardham. marchi 2008loe, prastuta idna protokaalnu naveekarinchadaaniki ii. ii. tii. eff. oka kotta idd. enn working groupunu erpaatu chesindi. april 2008loe, ann-eskwa, praja prayojana registry (pr) mariyu affilias kalisi dns, cctld operatorlu, vyaparam, vidyaasamsthalalo nipunulatoe paatu praantiiya mariyu antarjaateeya samsthala sabhyulatho kuudina idns working group (asiwg) loe arabic lipini praarambhinchindi. affilias yokka raam mohan chetha nirvahinchabadutunna, assivg arabic lipi kosam ekikruta idn pattikanu abhivruddhi cheyadame lakshyamgaa pettukundi, mariyu sthaanika mariyu praantiiya naipunhyam prapancha vidhana abhivruddhilo, alaage saanketika praamaaneekaranaloo nimagnam kaavadaaniki sahayapade samaja sahakaaraaniki oka udaaharanagaa nilichindi.
october 2009loe, ketaayinchina paerlu mariyu sankhyala kosam internet corporation (icann) sthaanika bhasha lipulaku idna pramaanaanni upayoginche internetlo antarjaateeya dhesha code unnata-sthaayi domainlanu (idn cctld) srushtinchadaaniki aamodam telipindi. mae 2010loe, modati idn cctldlu dns ruut jonelo vyavasthapinchabaddaayi.
anuvartanaallo domine paerlanu antarjaateeyam cheyadam.
anuvartanaallo domine paerlanu antarjaateeyeekarinchadam (idna) anedi aski kaani aksharaalanu kaligi unna antarjaateeya domine paerlanu nirvahinchadaaniki 2003loe nirvachinchina oka yantraangam.
domine paeru vyavastha naan-acii aksharalaku maddatu ichinappatikii, ii-mail mariyu web brouserlu vanti anuvartanaalu host paeru vanti prayojanaala kosam domine paerlugaa upayoginchagala aksharaalanu parimitam chestaayi. khachitamgaa cheppalante, eee anuvartanaalu upayoginche network protocols domine paerlaloo upayoginchagala aksharaalapai parimitulanu kaligi untaayi, eee parimitulu ledhaa dns unna anuvartanaalu kaadu. vyavasthaapinchina bays thoo venukabadina anukuulatanu konasaaginchadaaniki, antarjaateeya domine paerlanu web brouserlu mariyu itara user applicationla dwara nirvahinchagala tagina asci-aadhaarita roopamgaa maarchaalani ietf idna working group nirnayinchindi. naan-asi aksharaalalo vraayabadina paerla madhya eee marpidi mariyu vaati acii aadhaarita praatinidhyam elaa nirvahinchabadutundo idna perkontundi. 
idna-enabled application domine paeru yokka antarjaateeya mariyu asci praatinidhyaala madhya maarchagaladu. idhi dns shodhana kosam acci roopaanni upayogistundi, ayithe arabic ledhaa hiragana vanti acci kaani lipulalo domine paerlanu chadavadaaniki mariyu vraayadaaniki ishtapade viniyogadaarulaku antarjaateeya roopaanni andinchavacchu. idnaku maddatu ivvani anuvartanaalu naan-aski aksharaalato domine paerlanu nirvahinchalevu, conny (saadhaaranamgaa guudamaina) aski samaanamainavi isthe atuvanti domainlanu access cheyagalavu.
aikana 2003 juunloo idna vadakam kosam maargadarsakaalanu jaarii chesindi, mariyu namodu chesukovadam appatike saadhyamaindi.juulai 2003loe eee vyavasthanu upayogistunna jp domainlu mariyu.marchi 2004loe information domainlu. aneka itara unnata sthaayi domine registrylu 2004 mariyu 2005loe registrationlanu angeekarinchadam praarambhinchaayi. juun 2003loe idn maargadarsakaalu modata srushtinchabaddaayi mariyu fishing aandolanalaku pratispandinchadaaniki november 2005loe navikarinchabaddaayi. agra sthaayilo country-code domine paerlapai drushti saarinchina aikanku chendina working group november 2007loe erpadindi mariyu country code sahayaka samstha mariyu prabhutva salaha kamitee samyuktamgaa prothsahinchindi. adanamgaa, aikanku community netrutvamloni saarvatrika angeekaaram steering groupku maddatu istundi, idhi anni anuvartanaalu, parikaraalu mariyu vyavasthalalo idnlu mariyu itara kotta gtldla viniyogaanni prothsahinchadaaniki prayatnistundi.
mojilla 1.4, netscape 7.1, mariyu opera 7.11 idnaku maddatu icchina modati anuvartanaallo unnaayi. internet explorer 6 kosam idn maddatunu andinchadaaniki brouser plugin andubaatulo undhi. internet explorer 7 mariyu vindos vista yokka url apis idn kosam sthaanika maddatunu andistaayi.
tosi mariyu tunicode.
domine paeru yokka aski mariyu naan-aski roopaala madhya marpidulu tosi mariyu toonicode anie piluvabade oka jatha algorithamla dwara saadhinchabadataayi. eee algorithamlu mottam domine paeruku vartinchavu, conny vyaktigata lebullaku vartistaayi. udaaharanaku, domine paeru doubluedablue ayithe.udaaharana.com, appudu labels "doubluedablue", "udaaharana" mariyu "com". eee moodintilo pratidaaniki vidigaa tosi ledhaa toonicode vartinchabadutundi.
eee rendu algorithamla vivaralu sanklishtamgaa untaayi. avi rfc 3490loe perkonabaddaayi. vaati paniteeru yokka avalokanam krinda ivvabadindi.
tosi asi labels maaravu. domine paeru vyavasthaku label sariponitlayithe adhi viphalamavutundi. kaneesam oka naan-asi aksharanni kaligi unna labella kosam, tosi paerunu soochinche algorithamnu vartimpajestundi. idhi lebulnu chinna aksharaluga maarustundi mariyu itara saadhaaraneekarananu nirvahistundi. tosi appudu phalitaanni punicode upayoginchi askiga anuvadistundi. chivaraku, idhi naalugu aksharaala string "coque _ 1" nii mundugaane unchutundi. eee naalugu aksharaala stringnu aski anukuula encoding ("aes") upasarga antaaru. idhi saadhaarana asci labella nundi pannikodlo encode cheyabadina lebullanu vaeru cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. tossi algorithm aneka vidhaluga viphalamavutundi. udaaharanaku, tudi string anedi dns label yokka 63-aksharaala parimitini minchipovachhu. tossi viphalamaina lebulnu antarjaateeya domine paeruloe upayoginchalemu.
toinikode function tosi yokka charyanu tippikodutundi, aes upasarganu tolaginchi, punicode decode algorithamnu vartimpajestundi. idhi nameprep prosessingnu riverse cheyadu, endukante idhi kevalam saadhaaraneekarana mariyu swabhaavamtho tirigi pondalenidi. tosi maadirigaa kakunda, toonicode ellappuduu vijayavantamavutundi, endukante decoding viphalamaithe idhi asalu stringnu tirigi istundi. mukhyamgaa, dheeni ardham aes upasargatho praarambhinchani stringpy toonicode etuvanti prabhavam chuupadu.
idna encoding yokka udaaharana.
idna encodingnu udaaharana domine kokwos _ 2 upayoginchi vivarinchavacchu. (.) eee domine paeruku "butcher" mariyu "udaaharana" anae rendu lebullu unnaayi. rendava label swachchamaina aschi, mariyu marakunda vadiliveyabadindi. modati label peruprep dwara proses cheyabadi, coque _ 3 ivvabadutundi, aapai coque _ 4 kii daariteese vidhamgaa pannikodga maarchabadutundi. taruvaata coque _ 6 nuu utpatti cheyadaaniki coque _ 1 thoo mundu pettabadutundi. phalitamgaa dns recordulu mariyu prasnalalo upayoginchadaaniki anuvaina paeru coque _ 7.
arabic lipi idn working group (asiwg).
arab praantam prapancha janabhalo 5 saatam praatinidhyam vahistundagaa, idhi prapancha internet viniyogamlo kevalam 2.6 saatam matrame. antekakunda, arab prapanchamlo internet viniyogadaarula saatam prapancha raetu 21.9 saatamtoe poliste 11 saatam takkuvagaa undhi. ayithe, 2000 mariyu 2008 samvatsaraala madhya eee praantamloo internet viniyogam 1,426 saatam perigindi, idhi pedda perugudalanu suuchistumdi, mukhyamgaa adhe kaalamlo sagatu prapancha vruddhi raetu 305.5 saatamtoe poliste. anduvalla, arabic aksharaalalo dns andubaatulo unte viniyoga perugudala marinta gananeeyamgaa undedani oohinchadam sahetukamainadi. idnla parichayam arab internet viniyogadaarulaku vaari sthaanika bhashalu mariyu varnamaalalo domainlanu sthaapinchadaaniki mariyu aaa domainla paina mottam shreni sevalu mariyu sthaanikeekarinchina anuvartanaalanu srushtinchadaaniki anumatinchadam dwara aneka sambhaavya kotta avakaasaalu mariyu prayojanaalanu andistundi.
unnata sthaayi domine amalu.
2009loe, iconlo country code unnata-sthaayi domainla niyamaala maadirigaane deshaalu mariyu swatantra praantaalaku ketayinchagala kotta taragati unnata-sthaayi domainlanu amalu cheyaalani nirnayinchindi. ayithe, domine paerlu taginanta drushya pratyaekatanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki konni maargadarsakaalalo, bhasha-nirdishta, latin kaani varnamaala ledhaa darakhaastudaaru bhasha yokka lipilooni aksharalu, chihnalu ledhaa glifla yokka edainaa kavalsina string kaavacchu.
idn country code domainlanu vyavasthaapinchae prakriya kokwos _ 8 unnata-sthaayi domainloni upa domainla samitilo sudeergha kaala pareekshato praarambhamaindi. padakondu domainlu bhasha-sthaanika lipulu ledhaa varnamaalalanu upayoginchaayi, greeku bhaashalo "pareeksha" anie ardham vachhe "δοκιμε" vantivi.
eee prayatnaalu 2010loe utpatti upayogam kosam modati antarjaateeya dhesha code unnata sthaayi domainlanu (idn cctld) srushtinchadamlo paryavasanamga nilichayi.
domine paeru vyavasthalo, eee domainlu "kokvij _ 1" upasargatho kuudina acci praatinidhyaanni upayogistaayi, taruvaata bhasha-nirdishta varnamaala ledhaa lipi glifla unicode praatinidhyam yokka pannikode anuvaadam untundi. udaaharanaku, russia yokka idn cctld yokka syrillic paeru "rff". pannikode praatinidhyamlo, idhi "kakwos _ 10", mariyu daani dns paeru "kakwos _ 11".
naan-aci domine paerlaku maddatu ichhe naan-idna ledhaa naan-icon registrylu.
naan-acii domine paerlaku maddatu ichhe itara registrylu unnaayi. company tairl.thaylandlo com maddatu istundi ".com "daani swantha idn encoding, tairl dwara registrations. ayithe, chaalaa aadhunika brouserlu idn/pannikode idnlanu matrame gurtistaayi kabatti, tairl-encode domainlanu vaati encode roopamlo type cheyali ledhaa link cheyali, mariyu avi chirunama pattiiloo pradarsinchabadataayi. idhi vaati upayogaanni parimitam chestundi; ayithe, avi ippatikee chellubaatu ayyevi mariyu vishwavyaaptamgaa andubaatulo unde domainlu.
aneka registrylu emoji domainlugaa pannikode emoji aksharalaku maddatu istayi.
spoofing aandolanalu.
domine paerlaloo unicode vadakam web saitlanu mosaginchadaanni sulabhataram chestundi, endukante web brouserlo idn string yokka drushya praatinidhyam upayoginchina faantnu batti, chattabaddhamaina saitnu mosaginchadam nundi spoof saitnu vaeru cheyalenidigaa kanipinchela chestundi. udaaharanaku, unicode aksharam u + 0430-- syrillic chinna aksharam a-- aanglamlo upayoginche unicode aksharam u + 0061 (latin chinna aksharam a) thoo samanamga kanipistundi. oka khachitamaina udaaharanagaa, syrillic aksharaalanu a, e, i, r (a; appudu "ie"/"you" u + 0435, latin aksharam e kii tappanisarigaa samanamga kanipistundi; appudu u + 0456, tappanisarigaa latin aksharam i kii samanamga untundi; mariyu "er" u + 0440, tappanisarigaa latin aksharam p kii samanamga untundi), url vikiridia.org erpadindi, idhi chattabaddhamaina wikipedia yokka drushya praatinidhyam nundi vaastavamgaa vaeru cheyalenidi.org (bahusha aksharaala meeda aadharapadi untundi).
idn namodunu aamodinche unnata sthaayi domainlu.
aneka unnata sthaayi domainlu rendava ledhaa diguva sthaayilalo antarjaateeya domine paeru namodulanu angeekarinchadam praarambhinchaayi. affilias (.information) 2004loe german bhaashalo modati gtld idn rendava-sthaayi registrationlanu andinchindi.
tld asea registrar ayina dotasia, chainees, japanese mariyu corian lipulalo rendava sthaayi domine registrationla kosam mae 11,2011 nundi 70 rojula suuryoedaya vyavadhini nirvahinchindi.

