all-madain

all-madain (,; "mahoje" ledhaa "madinatta") anedi ippudu iraq anie piluvabade tigris meeda unna oka puraatana mahanagaram. idhi puraatana raaja kendraalaina chesiphone mariyu cellutia madhya undhi, dheenini sassanian saamrajyam sthaapinchindi. arabbulu iraannu swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata konasagina sampradaayamlo, nagaram paerunu arabbulu sasania rajadhani chesiphoneku paryaayapadamgaa upayoginchaaru.
punaadi mariyu rajyangam.
puraanaala prakaram, all-madaayinnu puraana iranian raajulu tahmuras ledhaa hushang nirminchaaru, vaaru dheeniki kardabandad anie paeru pettaru. eee nagaranni taruvaata puraana iranian raaju jaab, macedonian raaju alegzander dhi grate (r. 356-323 BC) mariyu sassanian chakravarthy shahpur II (r. 309-379 CE). maroka jaanapada kathala prakaram, all-madainlo unna aidu (ledhaa edu) nagaraala paerlu aspenber, vehicle-ardashir, hanbu shahpur, darjanidan, vehicle jondiyu-khosro, navinabad mariyu kardakad.
sassanian kaalam.
parsho-arabic muulaala prakaram, sassanian saamrajyam yokka rajadhani ayina chetiphone vaari paalanalo baga vistarinchabadindi mariyu abhivruddhi chendindi, tadwara idhi oka mahanagaramga maarindi, dheenini arabiclo all-madain anie, aramiclo mahoj anie pilicheevaaru. all-madain yokka puraatana nivaasa sthalaalu daani thoorpu vaipuna unnaayi, arabic moolaalalo dheenini "paatha nagaram" anie pilustaaru, ikkada tella rajabhavanam anie piluvabade sasanianla nivaasam undhi. all-madain yokka dakshina bhaganni aspenbar anie pilicheevaaru, idhi daani pramukha mandiraalu, sampada, atalu, aswasaalalu mariyu snaanaala dwara prasiddhi chendindi.
paschima bhaganni vaahana-ardashir (madhya pertianlo "ardashir yokka manchi nagaram" anie ardham) anie pilicheevaaru, dheenini yoodulu mahoja, kraistavulu kokhe mariyu arabbulu behrasir anie pilicheevaaru. vaahana-ardashir loe chaalaa mandhi dhanavanthulaina yoodulu nivasinchevaaru, mariyu thoorpu pitruswamya charchi yokka peethamgaa undedi. vaahana-ardaasheerku dakshinaana vallashabad undedi.
undedi, chakravarthy modati kawad yokka allakallola paalanalo, mahoja (yoodulu nagaramgaa pilicheevaaru) rendava maar-jutra netrutvamloni yoodula tirugubaatu drushyam. yoodulaku tama sonta sainyanni nirvahinche hakkunu raaju niraakarinchina taruvaata, mazdak yokka communistu prayatnaalu parshiyanu yea gandaragolamlo padesayo maar-jutra sadviniyogam chesukuni, vijayavantamaina sainika tirugubaatuku naayakatvam vahinchi, mahoja yoodulaku raajakeeya swaatantryam saadhinchaadu. cree. sha. 502 varaku yoodula rajyam edu samvatsaraalu konasaagindi, appudu kawad chivaraku maar-jutraanu oodinchi, mahoja vantenapai siluva veyadamtho sikshinchaadu.
sikshinchaadu, khosro I (r. 531-579) antioch nundi aspenberku dakshinaana punaravasam pondina bandheelanu, eee pradaesam vae antic khosro anie piluvabadindi, madhya pertian paeru antey "antioch kante manchidi, khosro dheenini nirminchaadu". eee praanta sthaanikulu dheenini rumagan ("romanla pattanam") anie pilicheevaaru, arabbulu dheenini all-rumia (rumia anie kooda pilustaaru) anie pilicheevaaru.
pilicheevaaru, mihran inti sabhyudu, bahram chobin iraq nundi kottagaa adhirohinchina sassanian palakudu rendava khosronu tarimikotti, eee praantaanni jayinchadu. oka samvatsaram taruvaata, byzantine saamrajyam sahayamtho rendava khosrau thana domainlanu tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnadu. khosrau yokka kotta sheethaakaala nivaasamaina dastagerd yokka prajaadarana kaaranamgaa, athani paalanalo, all-madain yokka goppa keerti kontha taggindi. taggindi, all-madain mariyu sassanian saamraajyamloni migilina paschima bhaganni oka ghoramaina plaegu taakindi, idhi khosrau kumarudu mariyu varasudu kawad kawad kooda champindi.
champindi, all-madain kontakaalam mihranid duraakramanadaaru shaharbaraj niyantranalo unnadu, conny rendava khosrau kumarte bunbition boran maddatudaarulache rendavadi tvaralo hatya cheyabadindi. all-madain appudu sassanian saamraajyamloni rendu vargaala madhya nirantara poraatamlo palgontune unnadu, ispahbudhan house kinda pahlav (parthian) vargam mariyu piruj khosro aadhvaryamlo parsig (pertian) vargam.
rasheedun mariyu umayyad kaalam.
kaalam, 633 nundi sassanian saamraajya bhuubhaagaalapai daadi chesina muslim arabbulu, all-khadia yuddham anie piluvabade goppa yuddhamlo vaarini oodinchaaru. arabbulu appudu chesiphonepy daadi chesi, all-madaayinlooni konni praantaalanu swaadheenam chesukunnaru.
muslim sainika adhikari khaleed ibn urfuta ventane vallaashaabaadnu swaadheenam chesukuni rumia, behrasir nivaasulatoe shanti oppandam kudurchukunnadu. oppandam yokka nibandhanalu emitante, rumia nivaasulu korukunte velladaaniki anumatinchabaddaaru, conny vaaru cheyakapothe, vaaru muslim adhikaranni angeekarinchavalasi vachindi, alaage kappam ("jijia") kooda chellinchavalasi vachindi. muslim sainika adhikari (mariyu islaamik pravakta mohammed sahacharulalo okaru) saad ibn abii wakhas all-madainku vachinappudu, sassanian raaja kutumbam, prabhuvulu mariyu dalaalu paaripovadam valla adhi puurtigaa nirmaanushyamaindi. ayithe, muslimlu kontamandi dalaalanu bandeelugaa teesukogaligaaru, mariyu sassanian khazana nundi aneka sampadanu swaadheenam chesukuni muslim dalaalaku ivvabadindi. ivvabadindi saa 'dha all-caca' ibn 'amar all-tameemeeni all-madain rakshanaku baadhyata vahinchi, shurahbil ibn all-simtnu all-madain governorga niyaminchaadu. islaamik pravakta mohammed yokka pertian sahacharudu, pertian ayina salmannu 656/7 loe all-madaayinlo khananam chesaaru.
chesaaru, all-madain umayyad khalifa niyantranalo undhi, idhi rasheedun khalifa palanaku mugimpu palikindi. oka nirdishta simac ibn 'ubaid all-' absi absi mahanagaraniki governorga panicheesaaru, mariyu ishaq ibn masood anae maroka vyakti vyakti daani governorga panicheesaaru. jareejaitlaloni oka vargam ayina azarika, all-madainpai 687/8 daadi chesi, daani nivaasulanu oochakotha koshadu. eee nagaranni appudu kardam ibn martad ibn nazaba, kontakaalam taruvaata yazid ibn all-harit all-shaibani paalinchaaru. paalinchaaru, kharjait nayakudu shabib ibn yazid all-shaibani kontakaalam all-madainnu aakraminchaadu. aakraminchaadu, mutarif ibn all-mughira all-madeen governorga niyaminchabaddaadu, taruvaata taruvaata, hanjala ibn all-warrad mariyu ibn 'attab ibn warka' lanu mahanagaram yokka ummadi governorluga niyaminchaaru. kontakaalam taruvaata, all-madain governorship raddu cheyabadindi.
abbasid kaalam.
kaalam abbasid kutumbam all-madain mariyu migilina iraaknu swaadheenam chesukuni, tamanu taamu kotta khalifa anie prakatinchindi. prakatinchindi, abbasid khalifa all-mansur kontakaalam rumia (idhi all-madaayinlo cherchabadindi) loe thana aasthaanaanni nirvahinchaadu. athanu thana pramukha sainika adhikari aboo muslimnu kooda adhe pradaesamloe hatamaarchaadu. hatamaarchaadu, all-mansur aadesaala meraku all-madain tellani rajabhavanam naasanam cheyabadindi, athanu oka kotta nagaranni srushtinchaalani korukunnadu, idhi taruvaata taruvaata puurtayimdi, baghdad anie piluvabadutundi, mariyu abbasid khalifa yokka kotta rajadhaanigaa maarutundi (athanu tellani rajabhavananni punaruddharinchaalani aadesinchinappatiki, adhi ksheenistuunae undhi). baghdad sthaapinchabadina taruvaata, all-madain ksheenata vaegamgaa maarindi, mariyu chaalaa mandhi nivaasitulu baghdadlo punaravasam pondaaru, thoorpu pitruswamya mariyu bahishkrutula charchi nagaraniki taralinchavalasi vachindi. ayinappatikee, modati timoti timoti all-madaayinlo oka aasupatrini sthaapinchaadu.
khalifa all-ameen (r. 809-813), mariyu athani sodarudu all-mamun (r. 813-833), all-madaayinnu all-madaayinnu all-mamun yokka general tahir ibn hussen swaadheenam chesukunnadu, athanu taruvaata baghdad vaipu kavaatu chesaadu. chesaadu, baghdad prajalu tirugubaatu chesi, abbasid yuvaraju ibraheem ibn all-mahdini tama nayakudiga prakatinchaaru. tirugubaatudaarulu all-madain sahaa baghdad chuttupakkala praantaalanu kooda swaadheenam chesukogaligaru. oka samvatsaram taruvaata, all-madaayinnu all-mamun yokka pertian adhikari all-husson ibn sahl tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnadu, marusati samvatsaram natiki, iraq marosari all-mamun niyantranalo undhi.
abbasid antaryuddham (865-866) samayamlo, iraan yuvaraju khaidhar ibn kavus all-afshin bandhuvu ayina abul-saz devdad devdad all-madain rakshanaku baadhyata vahinchaaru. abbasid khalifa all-mutadid (r. 892-902) mariyu all-muktafi (r. 902-908) baghdadlo taaz pales nirmaanaaniki nirmaana samagri kosam all-madaayinnu travvadam dwara marinta naasanam chesindi. aagashtu aagashtu, all-madain vadda ummadi hamdanid-turkish sainyam mariyu baarideela madhya yuddham jarigindi, vaariddaruu iraakpai "vaastava" paalana kosam poraadaaru. yuddham baridi otamitho mugisindi.
konugolu kaalam.
kaalam, iranian yuvaraju ahmed ibn buya migilina iraq thoo sahaa all-madainnu swaadheenam chesukuni, khalifanu thana saamantunigaa chesukunnadu. chesukunnadu, turkish tirugubaatudaarudu sabuktakin muiz all-daula kumarudu mariyu varasudu iz all-daula nundi all-madain mariyu iraaklo ekkuva bhaganni swaadheenam chesukunnadu, ayithe 975 natiki tirugubaatudaarulu odipoyaaru. ayithe, oka samvatsaram taruvaata, baid sarvonnata nayakudu rukn all-daula maranam taruvaata, iz all-daula mariyu phaars, oman mariyu kerman lanu paalinchina athani bandhuvu 'addh all-daula' madhya antaryuddham jarigindi. 'addud all-daula chivariki vijayam saadhinchi, iraq mottaanni jayinchagaligadu.
jayinchagaligadu 'addh all-daula' maranam taruvaata, athani kumarudu samsam all-daula athani taruvaata vacchaadu, ayithe, athani sodarudu sharaf all-daula pratighatananu edurkonnadu, athanu phaars mariyu kermannu jayinchadu. jayinchadu sharaf all-daula all-madaayinnu swaadheenam chesukuni, aapai migilina iraaknu jayinchadu. 999-1002 madhya, asadilu mariyu ukelidlu iraakloki aneka chorabaatlu chesi, all-madaayinnu kooda swaadheenam chesukunnaru. chesukunnaru, sharaf all-daula sodarudu mariyu varasudu bahaa all-daula (r. 988-1012). bedouinlu mariyu kurdish annajidla dwara balagalanu pondina abu jaffar all-hazzaz aadhvaryamlo samyukta asadis-ukelids sainyam mariyu boyd sainyam madhya hilha vadda yuddham jarigindi. yuddham oka vijayamtho mugisindi, phalitamgaa all-madain mariyu migilina iraq tirigi swaadheenam chesukundi.
seljuk kaalam mariyu abbasid tirugubaatu.
tirugubaatu, turkic seljuk saamrajyam palakudu tugril iraakpai daadi chesi, aaa praantaanni thana saamanta paalakudaina all-malik all-ibraheemnu niyaminchaadu. niyaminchaadu, all-madain yoodulu tama yoodula mandiraaniki sameepamlo oka maseedu nirmaanam gurinchi firyadu chesaaru. appudu vaaru bahirangamgaa tirugubaatu chesi, maseedu nayakudipai, athani maddatudaarulapai daadi chesi, muslim otamitho muginchaaru. appudu muslimlu all-nasser kaaryadarsiki firyadu chesi sahayam kosam abhyardhinchaaru. all-nasser sahayam cheyadaaniki angeekarinchi, yoodula mandiraanni naasanam chesaadu.
safavid mariyu ottoman kaalam.
pertian ayina salman samadhi ottoman sultan murad IV (r. 1623-40) mariyu 1904-1905 loe marinta punaruddharinchabadindi.
janabha mariyu matam.
sassanian kaalamlo, all-madain janabha bhaareega mishramamgaa undedi, indulo arameeyulu, pertianlu, greekulu mariyu assyrianlu unnaaru. eee mahanagaramlo kraistava matam, judaism, zoroastrianism vanti aneka mataalu kooda aacharinchabaddaayi. janabhalo manishianlu kooda unnaaru, veeru umayyad paalanalo all-madaayinlo prastaavinchabadatam konasaaginchaaru. arabbulu mahanagaranni swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata janabhalo ekkuva mandhi all-madain nundi paaripoyaaru. ayithe, pertianlalo kontha bhaagam akkade undipoyaaru, eee prajalalo kontamandi mukhyamaina vyaktulu aaleeki bahumatulu andinchinatlugaa telisindi, ayithe, athanu teesukoovadaaniki niraakarinchaadu. sifin yuddham taruvaata, all-madain yokka pertian janabha adrusyamaindi.
prarambha islaamik kaalamlo, all-madain janabhalo kufa nundi girijana arab nayakulu, baanu azd nayakulu mariyu pramukha muslim kutumbaala pramukhulu unnaaru, vaaru migilina janabha maadirigaa kakunda, girijanulu kaadu. islaamik pravakta mohammed sahacharudu, hudaifa ibn all-yaman kufa nundi vacchina eee arab naayakulalo okaru, mariyu all-madain nundi oka kraistava ledhaa yoodu mahilanu thana bharyaga kaligi unnatlu telisindi, ayithe, athanu rasheedun khaleef umar chetha vidaakulu teesukovalasi vachindi, endukante mahanagaramlo vivaham chesukogala muslim mahilala janabha vivaham chesukovadaniki saripotundi.
ayithe, eee kaalamlo all-madain janabhalo ekkuva mandhi basra, kufa, vasit, baghdad nagarallo punaravasam pondaaru. conny adhe samayamlo prajalu kufa, basra mariyu itara pradaesaala nundi kooda mahanagaraniki vellaaru. hilal ibn khabab (kufa nundi vacchina) mariyu nasr ibn hazib all-khurashi (khorasan nundi vacchina) vanti pramukha vyaktulu kooda all-madainku vellaaru. azerbaijaanlo punaravasam pondhi, sthaanika mahilanu vivaham chesukunna khurramite babak khorramdin tandri vanti chaalaa takkuva sankhyalo jorastrianlu kooda eee mahanagaramlo nivasinchinatlu telustondi, athanu baabaknu janminchaadu. 13va sataabdamloo, all-madain janabhalo ekkuva mandhi twelver shiya muslim raitulu.
puraavastu shaastram.
18va sataabdam nundi all-madain puraavastu saastravettala nundi gananeeyamaina aasaktini pondindi; akkada atyanta prasiddha mylurayi tock-ii kisra.
tavvakaala pradaesaalu mariyu puraatana shivaaru praantaalu
eee pradaesam paakshikamgaa aadhunika pattanamaina salman paak thoo ativyaapti chendutundi.

