
ganana chattam

ganana chattam anedi chattaparamaina tarkam yokka automationku sambandhinchina chattaparamaina samachara shaastram yokka saakha. ganana nyaya vyavasthalanu nyaya saanketika parignaanam yokka itara sandarbhaala nundi vaeru chesedi vaati swayampratipatti, antey.ii. maanava nyaya nipunula nundi adanapu input lekunda chattaparamaina prasnalaku samadhanam ichhe saamarthyam.
ganana chattam yokka aneka anuvartanaalu unnappatikee, eee roeju eee rangamlo pani yokka praadhamika drushti sammati nirvahana, antey.ii. niyamaalu mariyu nibandhanalanu anchanaa veyagala, sulabhataram cheyagala ledhaa amalu cheyagala computer vyavasthala abhivruddhi mariyu vistarana. eee rakamaina konni vyavasthalu ippatike unnaayi. turbotox oka manchi udaaharana. maanava paraspara charyalo internet praabalyam mariyu embeded computer vyavasthala vistarana (smart phonelu, selph driving kaarlu mariyu robotlu vantivi) thoo sahaa iteevali saanketika purogatula kaaranamgaa eee saamarthyam ippudu mukhyamgaa mukhyamainadi.
prabhutva chattalanu kaligi laeni anuvartanaalu kooda unnaayi. nibandhanalu oppandaala nibandhanalu kooda kaavacchu (udhaa.zii. pampinhee schedule, beema oppandaalu, real estate lavadevilu, aardhika oppandaalu). avi corporationla vidhanalu kaavacchu (udhaa.zii. prayaanampai parimitulu, vyaya nivedikalapai, dharala niyamaalu). avi aatala niyamaalu kooda kaavacchu (computer game playing systemlalo ponduparachabadi untaayi).
charitra.
ganana shaastram nundi paddhatulanu vartimpajeyadam dwara nyaya aacharanaku sambhaavya prayojanaala gurinchi oohagaanaalu mariyu chattam yokka bhaagaalanu svayamchaalakamgaa cheyadaaniki AI parisoedhana kaneesam 1940la madhyakaalam naatidi. inca, chattam mariyu ganana chattam sulabhamgaa vaeru cheyadaginavigaa anipinchavu, endukante bahusha chattam mariyu daani automationpy drushti saarinche chaalaa parisoedhanalu ganana paddhatulanu upayoginchinatlu kanipistaayi. oohagaanaalu teesukunna roopaalu bahulamainavi mariyu okadaanikokati sannihitatanu choopinche margallo annee sambandham kaligi undavu. eee charitra vaatini elaa unnayo alaage geestundi, avi ekkada unikilo unnayo choopinchadaaniki prayatnistundi.
1949 natiki, nyaya samasyalaku electronic mariyu ganana paddhatulanu chaerchaalani lakshyamgaa pettukunna oka chinna vidya rangam american nyaya panditulache sthaapinchabadindi, dheenini geuremetrics anie pilustaaru. chattaniki "vignaana shaastra paddhatula" anuvartanaaniki sambandhinchinadani vistrutamgaa cheppabadinappatiki, eee paddhatulu vaastavaaniki chaalaa pratyaekamgaa nirvachinchabadina paridhini kaligi unnaayi. nyaayapramaanaalu "nyaya pravartana yokka parimaanaatmaka vislaeshanha, chattaparamaina vyakteekaranaku samachara mariyu samachara siddhaantaanni vartimpajeyadam, chattamlo ganita tarkaanni upayoginchadam, electronic mariyu yaantrika maargaala dwara chattaparamaina daetaanu tirigi pondadam mariyu chattaparamaina anchanaa yokka ganananu roopondinchadam vanti vishayaalaku sambandhinchinavi". eee aasaktulu 1959loe ganita tarkam, injaneering, ganaamkaalu modalaina saanketikatala anuvartanaala gurinchi vyasalu prachurinchabade oka forumga "nyaayasaastramlo tarkam yokka aadhunika upayogaalu" anae jarnalnu sthaapinchadaaniki daariteesaayi. nyaya adhyayanam mariyu abhivruddhi. 1966loe, eee patrika paeru "geuremetrics" gaa maarchabadindi."" ayithe, nedu, nyaayapramaanaala yokka journal mariyu ardham computerla anuvartanaalu mariyu chattaniki ganana paddhatula rangaala krinda saripoye daanikante chaalaa ekkuvagaa vistarinchinatlu telustondi. nedu eee patrika ganana chattamlo kanipinche atuvanti paddhatulapai kathanaalanu prachurinchadame kakunda, nyaayasaastramlo saamaajika saastraanni upayoginchadam ledhaa "vidhaanaparamaina chikkulu [yokka] mariyu shaastram yokka saasana mariyu paripalana niyantrana" vanti vishayalanu kooda suuchimchadaaniki nyaayaparamaina aandolanalanu vistrutam chesindi.
1958loe swatantramgaa, united kingdamloni teddington, middlesexloni jaateeya bhouthika prayogasaalalo jarigina aalochanaa yantraangam kosam jarigina samavesamlo, french nyaayavetta lucian mehl chattam kosam ganana paddhatulanu upayoginchadam valla kalige prayojanaalapai mariyu marvin minsky vanti pramukha vyaktulatoe kuudina charcha kosam chattanni svayamchaalakamgaa cheyadaaniki ituvanti paddhatulanu upayoginche sambhaavya margalapai oka kaagitaanni samarpinchaaru. puurtigaa vaeru cheyaleni rendu praathamika vibhina rakaala yantraala dwara chattam svayamchaalakamgaa cheyagaladani mehl nammadu. ivi "documentary ledhaa information meshin", ivi leagal researcherku sambandhita cases puurvagaamulu mariyu leagal scholarshiplaku twarita praapyatanu andistaayi, mariyu "consultation meshin", ivi "vistaaramaina nyaya rangamlo daaniki pette yea prasnakainaa samadhanam ivvagalavu". taruvaati rakam yantram praathamikamgaa "daaniki unchina [chattaparamaina] samasyaku khachitamaina samadhanam" ivvadam dwara nyaayavaadi yokka paniloo ekkuva bhaganni cheyagaladu.
1970 natiki, mehl yokka modati rakam yantram, samacharanni tirigi pondagaligedi, saadhinchabadindi, conny ii mariyu nyaya parisoedhana madhya marinta phalavantamaina vibhajanala gurinchi peddagaa pariganinchabadaledu. ayithe, ganana paddhatula dwara nyaayavaadula aalochanaa prakriyalanu computerlu roopondinchagalavani, aapai chattaparamaina samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki aaa saamarthyaanni vartimpajeyagalavani, tadwara perigina saamarthyam dwara nyaya sevalanu automate chesi, meruguparachagalavani, alaage chattaparamaina tarkam yokka swabhaavampai velugunivvagalavani ippatikee aasinchaaru. 1970la chivari natiki, computer sains mariyu computer technology yokka sthomatha taginantagaa purogaminchindi, mehl yokka modati rakaniki saripoye yantraala dwara "electronic mariyu mechanical maargaala dwara leagal dayta" nuu tirigi pondadam saadhyamaindi mariyu american nyaya samsthalalo saadhaarana upayogamlo unnaayi. eee samayamlo, 1970la praarambhamlo lakshyalanu meruguparachadampai drushti saarinchina parisoedhana jarigindi, upayogakaramaina computer saanketika parignaanaanni aacharanaatmaka sahayamga chattamloki teesukuraavadaaniki mariyu chattaparamaina bhavanala yokka khachitamaina swabhaavaanni perkonadamlo sahaayapadataaniki "taxmen" vanti karyakramalapai pani chestunnaru.
edemaina, rendava rakam yantram purogati, chattanni marinta puurtigaa automate chese yantram, saapekshamgaa nishkriyamgaa undipoyindi. 1970la chivaralo mariyu 1980laloe mehl yokka sampradimpu yantram kontavaraku teesukunna vidhamgaa prasnalaku samadhanam ivvagala yantraalapai parisoedhana. swansialo 1979loe jarigina oka sadassu, wales "chattam yokka likhita vanarulalo ponduparachabadina chattaparamaina nibandhanalanu kanugonadaaniki mariyu vartimpajeyadaaniki computerlanu elaa upayoginchavachho pariseelinchadaaniki" chattaparamaina samasyalaku krutrima medhassu parisoedhananu vartimpajeyadampai drushti pettadaniki matrame modati antarjaateeya prayatnaanni gurtinchindi. 1980la taruvaati dasaabdamloo gananeeyamaina purogati kanipinchaledani chepparu. 1988loe anne gardner raasina "yaan artificial intelligence aproach tuu leagal reasoning" (1987) pustakampai sameekshalo, haarvard vidya nyaya vidvaamsudu mariyu computer shaastravetta edvina resland ilaa vraasaaru, "aame kontavaraku maargadarsaka paatranu poeshistumdi; krutrima medhassu (" aii ") paddhatulu inca chattaparamaina panulanu nirvahinchadaaniki vistrutamgaa vartinchabadaledu. anduvalla, thotamaali, mariyu eee sameeksha, modata kshetraanni vivarinchi, nirvachinchi, taruvaata contract offer mariyu angeekaaram yokka domainlo pani namuunaanu pradarsistundi."swansey samavesam mugisina enimidi samvatsaraala taruvaata, inca kevalam eee rangaanni vivarinchadaaniki prayatnistunna ii mariyu nyaya parisoedhakulanu vaari swantha rakamaina" "maargadarsakulu" "gaa varninchavachhu".
1990luu mariyu 2000la praarambhamlo marinta purogati jarigindi. ganana parisoedhana chattam kosam antardrushtulanu srushtinchindi. 1987loe ii mariyu chattampai modati antarjaateeya samavesam jarigindi, conny 1990luu mariyu 2000laloe dwaivaarshika samavesam aavirini nirminchadam praarambhinchindi mariyu ganana paddhatulu, ii mariyu chattanni kalipe paniki sambandhinchina samasyalanu marinta lothugaa pariseelinchadam praarambhinchindi. chattanni svayamchaalakamgaa ardham chesukovadaniki, mariyu paatinchadaaniki ganana paddhatula upayogaalapai under graduatelaku taragatulu bodhinchadam praarambhinchaayi. inca, 2005 natiki, stanford logic groupku chendina stanford computer saastravettalato kuudina brundam chattaniki ganana paddhatula upayogaalanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki tamanu taamu ankitam chesukundi. ganana paddhatulu vaastavaaniki enthagaa abhivruddhi chendithe, nyaya vrutti sabhyulu 2000laloe ganana chattam yokka sambhaavya bhavishyattu gurinchi vislaeshimchadaaniki, anchanaa vaeyadaaniki mariyu aandolana chendadaaniki mariyu ganana nyaya adhyayanala yokka kotta vidya rangam ippudu baga sthirapadinatlu anipistundi. ganana chattam kaaranamgaa chatta bhavishyattulo atuvanti panditulu emi chustarane daanipai antardrushtigaa, nyaya vruttiki "nyuu normal" gurinchi iteevali samavesam nundi ikkada coat undih
ganana automation off laa dwara teesukuvacchina raboye maarpulaku chaalaa mandhi prayojanaalu chuustaaru. oka vishayam emitante, idhi chattaparamaina swayam-sahaayaaniki sahaayapadutundani nyaya nipunulu anchanaa vaesaaru, mukhyamgaa oppanda nirmaanam, samstha pranaalika mariyu niyama maarpula anchanaa vanti rangaalalo. maroka vishayam emitante, computerla gurinchi parignaanam unnavaaru ganana chattam nijamgaa puurtigaa prasiddhi chendhe saamarthyaanni chuustaaru. eee dhaatilo, mehl yokka rendava rakam vanti yantraalu unikiloki raavacchu. stephen wolfram ilaa annadu
estonialo, prabhutvam 'robotic jadji' choravaku naayakatvam vahistondi, dheeni dwara cheef dayta officer oot wellsberg ganana chattaniki prakkane mariyu neerugaa sambandhinchina amsaalanu amalu chestunnaru. modatidi, inspectorlu ikapai endugaddi-kshetra raayiteela vadakanni (adavulanu nirodhinchevi) dhruvikarincharu, badulugaa vaaru upagraha poolika phalitaalanu dhruveekarinchadaaniki lothaina abhyasa algorithamnu upayogistaaru, tadwara samvatsaraaniki daadaapu oka million dollarlu aadaa avtayi. eee operation yokka grahinchina vijayam, mukhyamgaa oppanda vivaadaalalo $8,000 kante takkuva chinna claimla vivaadaalanu svayamchaalakamgaa cheyadaaniki ledhaa lekkinchadaaniki estonian prabhutvam pratipaadanalatoe munduku saagadaaniki daariteesindi. eee nirnayaalu maanava nyaayamuurtiki appeal cheyabadataayi.
vidhanalu.
algorithmic chattam.
yantram chadavagalige ledhaa yantram amalu cheyagalige chattaparamaina kodnu roopondinchadaaniki kooda aneka prayatnaalu jarigaayi. yantram chadavagalige code chattaparamaina code vislaeshanhanu sulabhataram chestundi, adhunaatana text prosessing paddhatula avasaram lekunda databasela vegavantamaina nirmaanam mariyu vislaeshanhanu anumatistundi. yantram amalu cheyagala aakruti oka kesu yokka pratyaekatalanu input cheyadaaniki anumatistundi mariyu kesu aadhaaramgaa nirnayaanni tirigi istundi.
yantram chadavagalige chattaparamaina code ippatike chaalaa saadhaaranam. amsterdam vishwavidyaalayam yokka lebniz center pharr laa pratipaadinchina mariyu abhivruddhi chesina XML-aadhaarita pramaanam metalexnu united kingdom mariyu netherlands prabhutvaalu tama chattalanu encode cheyadaaniki upayogistaayi. united stateslo, mae 2013loe adhyakshudu barak obama jaarii chesina karyanirvahaka uttarvu, anni prabhutva prabhutva patraalanu yantram dwara chadavagalige aakrutilo vidudala cheyaalani tappanisari chesindi, ayithe nirdishta aakruti prastaavinchabadaledu.
yantram amalu cheyagala chattaparamaina code chaalaa takkuva saadhaaranam. prastutam, 2020 natiki, aneka prajectulu yantram amalu cheyagala chattaparamaina kodnu utpatti cheyadaaniki vyavasthalapai panicheestunnaayi, konnisaarlu sahaja bhasha, parimita bhasha ledhaa sahaja bhasha mariyu amalu cheyagala code madhya sambandham dwara kooda.
anubhavika vislaeshanha.
ganana chattamlo prastuta prayatnaalu anekam chattaparamaina nirnayaala anubhavika vislaeshanha mariyu chattaniki vaati sambandhampai drushti saarinchaayi. eee prayatnaalu saadhaaranamgaa citation vislaeshanhanu upayogistaayi, idhi rachanala madhya citationla namuunaalanu pariseelistundi. chattaparamaina citation yokka vistrutamaina abhyasam kaaranamgaa, citation netvarklu anie piluvabade citation suuchikalu mariyu chattaparamaina puurvagaamula yokka pedda graphlanu nirminchadam saadhyamavutundi. citation netvarklu kesulanu okadaanitoe okati anusandhaaninchadaaniki graph traversal algorithamla vadakanni anumatistaayi, alaage vaati madhya ganita sambandhaalanu kanugonadaaniki vividha dhoora kolamanala vadakanni anumatistaayi. eee vislaeshanhalu nyaayaparamaina karyakalapalalo mukhyamaina vistruta namuunaalu mariyu pokadalanu mariyu chattanni upayoginche vidhananni bahirgatam cheyagalavu.
leagal citation networklapy iteevali parisoedhanaloo nyaya teerpula vislaeshanhaloo aneka purogati unnaayi. eee vislaeshanhalu citation netvarklanu nirminchadaaniki supreenkortu majority abhiprayalalo citationlanu upayoginchaayi mariyu nirnayam yokka praamukhyata, alaage nyaayaparamaina karyakalapalalo saadhaarana pokadala vanti vyaktigata nirnayaala gurinchi meta-samacharanni gurtinchadaaniki eee netvarklaloni namuunaalanu vislaeshimchaayi. supreenkortu yea kesulanu parigananaloki teesukuntundo anchanaa vaeyadaaniki eee vislaeshanhalu upayoginchabaddaayi.
maroka prayatnam united states pannu kortu nirnayaalanu pariseelinchindi, 1990 mariyu 2008 samvatsaraala madhya pannu kortu nirnayaalu, abhiprayalu mariyu ullekhanaala yokka bahirangamgaa labhinche databasenu sankalanam chesindi mariyu eee database nundi citation netvarknu nirminchindi. eee network yokka vislaeshanha pannu niyamaavalilooni pedda vibhagalu arudugaa, eppudaina, udaharinchabadindani, mariyu "vidaakulu, aadharapadinavaaru, labhapekshalenivi, abhiruchi mariyu vyapara kharchulu mariyu nashtalu, mariyu aadaayam yokka saadhaarana nirvachanam" vanti code yokka itara vibhagalu chaalaa vivaadaalaku sambandhinchinavani velladinchindi.
konni parisoedhanalu citation netvarklatho kalipi kramaanugata networklapy mariyu united states code vislaeshanhapai kooda drushti saarinchaayi. code yokka parimaanam, code yokka vibhagala lopala mariyu madhya ullekhanaala saandrata, kodlo upayoginche bhasha rakam mariyu kalakramena eee lakshanaalu elaa marutayo sahaa code yokka vividha amsaalanu vislaeshimchadaaniki eee parisoedhana upayoginchabadindi. kalakramena code yokka maarpu yokka swabhaavampai vyakhyaanaanni andinchadaaniki eee parisoedhana upayoginchabadindi, idhi parimaanamlo perugudala mariyu vibhagala madhya paraspara aadharapadatam dwara vargeekarinchabadutundi.
visualization.
leagal code yokka visualization, mariyu vividha chattalu mariyu nirnayaala madhya sambandhaala gurinchi kooda ganana chattamlo oka hott topic. visualizationlu nipunulu mariyu saamaanya prajalu iddaroo pedda ettuna sambandhaalu mariyu namuunaalanu chuudataaniki anumatistaayi, veetini praamaanika nyaya vislaeshanha ledhaa anubhavika vislaeshanhanu upayoginchi chudatam kashtam kaavacchu.
chattaparamaina citation netvarklu drushyeekaranaku runapadi untaayi, mariyu anubhavapuurvakamgaa vislaeshimchabadina aneka citation netvarklu network yokka upa-vibhaagaalanu kooda kaligi untaayi, ivi phalitamgaa drushyaparamgaa suuchimchabadataayi. ayithe, network visualizationlo inca aneka saanketika samasyalu unnaayi. nodes madhya connectionla saandrata, mariyu konni sandarbhaallo nodes yokka puurti sankhya, visualizationnu manavulaku aparamainaviga chestundi. pradarsinchabadina samacharam yokka sanklishtatanu tagginchadaaniki vividha paddhatulu unnaayi, udaaharanaku network lopala ardha upa samuuhaalanu nirvachinchadam dwara, aapai prati node madhya kakunda eee ardha samuuhaala madhya sambandhaalanu soochinchadam dwara. idhi drushyeekarananu manavulaku chadavagaligedigaa cheyadaaniki anumatistundi, conny sanklishtata taggadam valla sambandhaalanu aspashtam cheyavachu. eee parimiti unnappatikee, chattaparamaina citation networkla visualization oka prajaadarana pondina rangam mariyu abhyasamga migilipoyindi.

