
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi

erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi (agelius phoenicius) anedi uttara americalo chaalaa varaku mariyu madhya americalo chaalaa varaku kanipinche icteridae kutumbaaniki chendina passerin pakshi. idhi alasca mariyu newfoundland nundi dakshinaana florida, gulph off mexico, mexico mariyu gwatemala varaku, paschima ell salvador, vaayuvya honduras mariyu vaayuvya costa rikaalo vivikta janaabhaato santanotpatti chestundi. idhi uttaraana pensylvania mariyu british columbia varaku sheethaakaalamlo undavacchu, conny uttara janabha saadhaaranamgaa valasapotundi, dakshinaana mexico mariyu dakshina united statesku kadulutondi. sheethaakaalamlo erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshula pakshula ganana konnisaarlu vadulugaa unde mandalu prati mandaku oka million kante ekkuva pakshulanu kaligi untaayani mariyu uttara mariyu madhya america antataa puurti sankhyalo santanotpatti jantalu garishta samvatsaraalalo 250 millionlanu minchavachani choopistundi. idhi prapanchamlone uttamamgaa adhyayanam cheyabadina adavi pakshi jaatulalo okatigaa kooda undhi. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi laingikamgaa dviruupamainadi; magadi erupu bhujam mariyu pasupu rekka patteetho nalupu rangulo untundi, ayithe aadadi varninchabadani muduru godhuma rangulo untundi. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshula aahaaramlo vittanaalu mariyu keetakaalu ekkuva bhaagam untaayi.
vargeekarana.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi "agelius" jaatilooni aidu jaatulalo okati mariyu idhi uttara mariyu dakshina americalo kanipinche passerin pakshulatho tayaaraina icteridae kutumbamlo cherchabadindi. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshini 1766loe carle linneus thana "systema natuary" pannendava sanchikalo "oreolus phoenicius" gaa adhikarikamga varninchaadu, conny taruvaata itara american nalla pakshulatho paatu 1816loe luis zeane pierry viyillat "agelius" jaatiki marchadu. linneus eee rakamaina sthaanaanni "america" gaa paerkonnaadu, ayithe idhi 1928loe dakshina karolinaloni charlestonku parimitam cheyabadindi. eee jaathi paeru puraatana greeku nundi vachindi, dheeni ardham "gregarius". nirdishta visaeshanhamu, latin antey "crimson" ledhaa "erupu" anie ardham. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi anedi cubacu sthaanikamaina erra-bhujam gala nalla pakshi ("agelius esimilis") kii sodari jaathi. eee rendu jaatulu kalisi california yokka pasiphik theera praantamloo mariyu meksikoolooni eguva baja californialo kanipinche trivarna nalla pakshi ("agalius trivarna") kii sodari.
adhikaranni batti, 20 nundi 24 upajaatulu gurtinchabaddaayi, ivi chaalaa varaku kanipinche vidhamgaa untaayi. ayithe, rendu ververu varnaala nalla pakshula janabha chaalaa vilakshanamainadih "a. pii. california yokka california mariyu "a. pii. central mexico yokka governor. eee rendu janabha mariyu erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulatho vargeekarana mariyu sambandhaalu ippatikee aspashtamgaa unnaayi. mexican peethabhoomi yokka upajaatulalo, erra rekkala nalla pakshi yokka chaalaa roopaalalo saaruupyatalu unnappatikee, "a. pii. governor, "aada yokka sira chaalaa taggutundi mariyu gontuku parimitam cheyabadindi; migilina eekalu chaalaa muduru godhuma rangulo untaayi, mariyu european redving mariyu paatha prapancha saadhaarana block burd nundi bhinnamaina kutumbamlo kooda untaayi, ivi thrushes (turdiday). california upajaatulalo, "a. pii. california "mariyu" a. pii. myeliardorum", "aada namuunaala sira kooda chinna uparitalaanni kappi unchutundi mariyu eekalu muduru godhuma rangulo untaayi, ayinappatikee" governor "gradelo undavu; mariyu daani supersiliary jabita kooda ledhu ledhaa paelavamgaa abhivruddhi chendindi. maga upajaatulu "myeliardorum", "california", "asiculatus", "neutralis" mariyu "gabarnator" itara upajaatulaloni chaalaa mandhi maga sabhyulalo unde rekkapai pasupu patteeni kaligi undavu. erra-bhujam gala nalla pakshini gatamlo erra-rekkalu gala nalla pakshiki upajaatulugaa pariganinchevaaru. 1997loe american pakshula saastravettala sangham vaatini vibhajinchindi.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshula upajaatulu mariyu 2014 janavari natiki gurtinchabadina upajaatula samuuhaalu vaati sambandhita pampinhee praantaalu mariyu vaati sheethaakaala nivaasaala sthaanamtho krinda jabita cheyabaddayi
vivarana.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshiki saadhaarana paeru pradhanamgaa nalla vayojana maga yokka vilakshanhamaina erra bhujam patches ledhaa "epalets" nundi teesukobadindi, ivi pakshi egurutunnappudu ledhaa pradarsistunnappudu kanipistaayi. vishraanti samayamlo, magavadu laetha pasupu rekkalanu kooda chuupistaadu. oka samvatsaram kante takkuva vayassu unna magavaarilo, saadhaaranamgaa adheenamlo unnavaarilo, macchalu peddavaari kante chinnaviga mariyu narinja rangulo untaayi. aadadi nalupu-godhuma rangulo mariyu krinda laetha rangulo untundi. aada purushudi kante chinnadi, podavugaa mariyu baruvutho, daani podavu mariyu baruvuku vyatiraekamgaa untundi. athi chinna aadavi takkuva baruvu kaligi undagaa, pedda magavi antha baruvu kaligi untaayi. prati rekka thoka kolatalu, kulmen kolatalu mariyu tarsus kolatala nundi maaravacchu. aada eguva bhagalu godhuma rangulo untaayi, diguva bhagalu teevramaina telupu mariyu muduru siralatho kappabadi untaayi; telupu supersiliary jaabitaanu kooda andistundi. crafford (1977) prakaram, aadavaru bhujaalapai salmon-pink marakanu mariyu oka samvatsaram vayassulo unnappudu mukham meeda mariyu dheeni krinda laetha gulabi rangunu pradarsistaaru, ayithe pedda aadavaru saadhaaranamgaa bhujaalapai marinta erupu rangu marakanu mariyu mukham meeda mariyu kinda muduru gulabi rangunu chuuputaaru. cheralo unna aadavaarilo pariseelanalu goodu nundi bayaludaerina tarvaata veeti bhujaalapai chinna mottamlo pasupu varnadravyam undani, eekalu maarina tarvaata modati siitaakaalapu eekalu thoo varnadravyam yokka saandrata perugutundani mariyu pasupu nundi narinja ranguku velladam saadhaaranamgaa rendava vesavilo rendava siitaakaalapu eekalu pondadamtho jarugutundani, aaa taruvaata eeka rangulo etuvanti maarpulu jaragadani suuchistunnaayi. rekkala meeda rangu praantam aada vayassu thoo uparitalamlo perugutundi, mariyu vaari modati samvatsaramlo maga maadirigaane godhuma nundi prakaasavantamaina erupu-narinja varaku teevratalo maarutundi.
chinna pakshulu aada pakshulanu pooli untaayi, conny krinda laetha rangulo untaayi mariyu buff eeka anchulanu kaligi untaayi. rendu lingaalaku padunaina notlu untaayi. thoka madhyastha podavu mariyu gundramgaa untundi. kallu, notlu, kaallu annee nallaga unnaayi. chaalaa uttara america paaserinlu tama modati samvatsaramlo tama vayojana eekalu abhivruddhi chendutaayi, tadwara oka samvatsaram vayassu mariyu vruddhudu santanotpatti kaalamlo gurtinchaleni vidhamgaa, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi alaa cheyadu. idhi puttina samvatsaram yokka santanotpatti kaalam tarvaata, padamudu nundi padihenu nelala madhya vayasulo unnappudu matrame daani vayojana eekalu pondutundi. yuva magavaaru parivartana dasha gundaa velataaru, indulo rekkala macchalu peddalalo atyanta teevramaina tone pondadaaniki mundu narinja rangunu kaligi untaayi.
maga kolatalu podavu madhya, aada kolatalu madhya untaayi. dheeni rekkalu sumaru madhya untaayi. purushula mariyu kaalla rendinti sikharam, panjaalu mariyu kallu nallaga untaayi; stree mukkulo muduru godhuma rangulo untundi mariyu diguvana eguva bhaagamlo spashtamgaa untundi, mariyu thoka podavu mariyu gundramgaa untundi. itara jaatula bahubhaaryaatvamlo unnatlugaa, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi eekalu mariyu parimaanam rendintiloonuu gananeeyamaina laingika dviruupatanu pradarsistundi, magavi 65 nundi 80 graamula madhya baruvu mariyu aadavi 35 graamula baruvu untaayi. magavi aada vaati kante 50 saatam baruvugaa, sarala kolatalalo 20 saatam peddavigaa, rekkala podavutho poliste 20 saatam peddavigaa untaayi. ekaswamya icterid jaatula parimaanamlo ekkuva dviruupata vaipu dhorani laingika empika kaaranamgaa maga pedda parimaanam abhivruddhi chendindani suuchistumdi.
united states yokka suduura paschimaana tappa magadi spashtamgaa ledhu, ikkada trivarna nalla pakshi kanipistundi. aaa jaatiki chendina magavaariki muduru erupu rangu epalet untundi, daani anchu telupu, pasupu kaadu. trivarna, dvivarna, erupu bhujam mariyu erupu rekkalu gala nalla pakshula aada pakshulanu okati kante ekkuva roopaalu sambhavinche praantaalalo gurtinchadam kashtam. egurutuu unnappudu, kshetra gurtulu sulabhamgaa kanipinchanappudu, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshini daani vibhina sylhout mariyu alala egurutuu egurutuu undatam dwara saadhaarana grackle mariyu godhuma-thala gala coubered vanti takkuva daggari sambandham unna icteridla nundi vaeru cheyavachu.
erupu macchalu mariyu pasupu patteelu.
rendu keato-carotenoidlu-keaton samuuhamtoe kuudina carotenoid-pakshulu swayamgaa samslaeshanha chesina erupu-avi astaxantine mariyu conthoxantin-rekkala macchala prakaasavantamaina erupu ranguku kaaranamavutaayi, ayithe rendu pasupu aahara puurvagaami varnadravyam-lutein mariyu geoxantine-kooda erupu eekallo madhyastamgaa adhika saandratalaloo untaayi. carotenoid ekkuvagaa (mottam loe 35 saatam), taruvaata lutein (28 saatam), conthoxantin (23 saatam) mariyu geoxantine (12 saatam) unnaayi. aahara puurvagaamulu mariyu rangu eekallo jeevakriya utpannaala samatulya kalayika chaalaa asaadhaaranamainadi, mottam jaatilo matrame kakunda vyaktulu mariyu nirdishta eekallo kooda.
oka prayogamlo kerotenoidlanu tolaginchina taruvaata, erra eekalu lothaina godhuma rangunu pondaayi. endukante rangu maccha yokka eekalu barbles loe melanin varnadravyam untundi-pradhanamgaa eumelanin, idhi anni melaninlalo 83 saataaniki samanam, conny carotenoids kuu samaanamaina saandratatoe pheomelanin kooda untundi, idhi carotenoid aadhaarita alankaara eekalaku arudaina lakshanamgaa kanipistundi. marovaipu, magapillala pasupu chaarala eekalu carotenoids laenivi-appudappudu avi cheppina varnadravyam nundi pondina gulabi rangutho rangu veyabadinappudu tappa-mariyu pheomelanin yokka adhika saandratalanu kaligi untaayi-anni melaninlalo 82 saatam. pasupu pattiiloo melanin saandratalu erupu maccha kante ekkuvagaa untaayi.
rekkala macchala paatra.
bhuubhaagam yokka rakshanalo eee gurtulu chaalaa mukhyamainavi. pedda macchalu unna magavaaru tama bhuubhaagam kaani pratyarthulanu vembadinchadamlo marinta prabhaavavantamgaa untaaru mariyu pakshula dukaanaalaloo pootiilaloo marinta vijayavantamavutaaru. oka prayogamlo bhaagamgaa erra bhujam patches kuu nalla rangu veyabadinappudu, 64 saatam mandhi purushulu tama bhuubhaagaalanu kolpoyaru, ayithe 8 saatam mandhi matrame niyantranalo unnaaru. ayithe, jatacheyadaaniki mundhe rekkalaku rangu vesina magavaaru ippatikee aadavaarini aakarshinchi vijayavantamgaa punarutpatti cheyagalaru. erra rekkalunna nalla pakshiloo, rekkalapai macchalu magavaarilo muppuku sanketam mariyu edainaa unte, intersex encounterlalo mukhyamaina paatranu kaligi untaayi. anduvalla, intrasexual empikaku sambandhinchina ottillaku pratispandanagaa macchalu abhivruddhi chendhi undavacchu. adanamgaa, daani parimaanam ledhaa rangu rendoo vaari sahacharulu kaani aadavaarito, antey vaaru chivariki sahajeevanam chese vaaritho magavaari punarutpatti vijayamtho mudipadi undavu. mahilala vishayamlo kooda, bhujam macchalalo maarutunna rangu yokka parinaamaaniki uttama vivarana emitante, vaati teevrata vaari madhya dookudugaa edurayye vaari saareeraka paristhitini suuchistumdi.
aada erra rekkala nalla pakshulu sahacharudini ennukunetappudu maga rekkala macchala parimaanam mariyu rangulo sthiramgaa vaividhyaanni upayoginchanatlu kanipinchadam anedi carotenoid pigmentation alankaara eekalu yokka classic paatraku viruddhamgaa untundi, idhi ekkuvagaa janta aakarshanhalo upayoginchabadutundi. pratyarthi purushulapai dookudu mariyu saamaajika hodaaku chihnamgaa dheenini upayoginchadam carotenoid aabharanaalalo saadhaarana lakshanam kaadu. marovaipu, melanin adhikamgaa unna aabharanaalu pakshula janabhalo sthithini soochinche mukhyamaina paatranu kaligi untaayi, kabatti erra rekkala nalla pakshula macchalu carotenoids kante melanin aabharanalugaa ekkuvagaa panicheestaayi.
swaraalu.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi yokka calls gontugala "check" mariyu adhika aspashtamaina vigil, ". rendu rangula nalla pakshulatho sahaa aneka paaschaatya pakshulalo tappa, maga paata, athani errati bhujam patches pradarsanatoe paatu, oka geetam '. stree kooda paadutundi, saadhaaranamgaa tittadam '.
eekalu molaka.
eekalu puuyadam yokka atyanta klishtamaina kaalam augustu chivari nundi september prarambham varaku untundi. vimaanamlo chusinappudu, avi tappugaa amarchabadi ledhaa "chimmata tine" roopaanni kaligi untaayi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa nemmadigaa mariyu marinta sramatho kuudina prayaanaanni kaligi untaayi. aneka remijeelu ledhaa rectorieslu lekapovadam valla vaati kadalika taggutundi ledhaa ivi puurtigaa punaruddharinchabadavu. chaalaa varaku erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu october natiki daadaapu puurtigaa kadilaayi. appatiki, konni pakshulu rajadhani praantamlooni eekalu yokka molakanu puurti cheyaledu mariyu thoka madhyalo unna helmsmen mariyu antargata dviteeya molakalu paakshikamgaa matrame paadlo nundi udbhavinchaayi. dadapuga anni vyaktulu october madhya natiki tama moults puurti chesaaru.
rendu bayati praadhamika molakalu mariyu rendu lopali ledhaa kendra rectrics vaati abhivruddhilo kaneesam moodinta rendu vantula puurti chese varaku pakshulu siitaakaalapu nivaasaalaku valasa velladam praarambhinchavu. anduvalla, moulting, mukhyamgaa remijeelu mariyu rectricla pratyaamnaayam, mariyu erra rekkala nalla pakshulalo patanam valasala madhya sambandham undhi.
eekalu mariyu moltla varusakramm.
maga eekalu meeda godhuma ledhaa telupu konalu molled tarvaata peddavigaa undi, avi edaadi podavunaa ksheeninchinappatikii, vasantakaalamlo eekalu meeda eee nalupu kaani konala parimaanam gurinchi vyaktulu gananeeyamgaa maarutuu untaaru.
rekkalu rekkalu.
rekkala eekalu puurtigaa bharti cheyadaaniki sumaru enimidi vaaralu padutundi. ayithe, vaari modati samvatsaramlo pakshulu tarachugaa juvenile moulting taruvaata konni under-wing kavarlu mariyu juvenile trutheeya remiglanu kaligi untaayi. october chivari vaaramlo pareekshinchina debbai mandhi aparipakva purushulalo, idhi paatha diguva praathamika duppatlalo 70 saatam nilupukundi. chaalaa sandarbhaallo rahasya eekalu paakshikamgaa bharti cheyabadinappudu, pakshi daggaragaa unde kavarlanu kaligi untundi.
ghnaapakam.
praathamika remijeelu molakettadaaniki modati eekallo okati. eee eekalu yokka molaka kramam tappakunda lopali praadhamika-praadhamika i-nundi bayati-praadhamika ix varaku velutundi. october 1 natiki, chaalaa pakshulu moodu kotta bahya praadhamikaalanu-VIII, VIII, mariyu IX-pondaayi ledhaa avi abhivruddhi dasalo unnaayi. kotta praadhamika neeti buggala abhivruddhi puurti kaavadaaniki sagatu tedeelu praadhamika neeti buggalaku augustu 15; praadhamika neeti buggalaku september 1, praadhamika neeti buggalaku september 2-5; praadhamika neeti buggalaku september 15, praadhamika neeti buggalaku v mariyu vi; mariyu october 1, praadhamika neeti buggalaku augustu 15.
dviteeya remizla moulting atyanta bahya-dviteeya i-thoo praarambhamavutundi mariyu dviteeya vikii lopaliki velutundi. dviteeya i kavacham anni dviteeya kavarlu bharti cheyabadina adhe samayamlo kanipistundi mariyu arudugaa augustu madhyakaalam mundu kanipistundi. eee eekalu october prarambham varaku puurtigaa punaruddharinchabadavu.
trutheeya remizla yokka molt dviteeya remizlatho samanamga ekkuva ledhaa takkuva praarambhamavutundi. madhya trutheeya sthaanam modata vastundi, taruvaata antargata trutheeya sthaanam vastundi. bayati trutheeya poranu vadili vellae mundu rendu eekalu tarachugaa baga abhivruddhi chendutaayi.
eekalu mariyu alulaalanu kappandi.
pradhana praathamika duppatlu vaati praathamika neeti buggalatho paatu maarchabadataayi. pradhana praadhamika coats maadirigaa kakunda, pradhana dviteeya coats dviteeya spruusla kante mundugaane molakettutaayi. eee eekalu vaegamgaa karigipotayi, vaatilo chaalaa varaku okesari abhivruddhi dasalo untaayi. eee eekallooni molt yokka purogati, dviteeya remiglalo vale, bayati nundi lopali varaku untundi. chaalaa pakshulu dviteeya aavaranala maarpunu augustu 15kii puurti chesaayi, aaa samayamlo ekkuva ledhaa takkuva dviteeya aavarana remiz matrame prasamsaneeyam.
chinna kavarla moulting mundugaane praarambhamavutundi, tarachugaa modati eekalu padipothayi. maga baaluralo moulting prarambham mukhyamgaa gamaninchadaginadi endukante indulo chinna kavarlanu bharti cheyadam mariyu phalitamgaa erupu ledhaa narinja rekka spot kanipistundi. kotta rekka spot rekka yokka eee praantamlooni pasupu-godhuma rangu chinnari eekalu thoo teevramgaa viruddhamgaa untundi. chinna duppatla taralimpu saadhaaranamgaa september 1 natiki puurtayimdi.
alula eekalu chivari moodu praadhamika molakala samayamlone vaati abhivruddhini puurti chestaayi. munjei eguva ledhaa bayati uparitalampai, alula krinda unna anchu kavarlu, praadhamika remix vi bharti cheyabadutunna samayamlone dadapuga tolaginchabadataayi.
rekkala krinda molakettadaaniki modati eekalu munjei krinda unna anchu kavarlu. eee eekalu raladam praadhamika remix IV padipoyina samayamlone praarambhamavutundi, taruvaata diguva madhya praathamika mariyu diguva madhya dviteeya coats untaayi. diguva madhya dviteeya duppatla moulting purogati bayati nundi lopali varaku untundi, ayithe diguva madhya praathamika motts yokka purogati kramarahitamgaa ledhaa daadaapu ekakaalamlo unnatlu anipistundi. madhyastha diguva kavarlu praadhamika remijeelu VIII mariyu Ix mundu molt avtayi. pradhana diguva praadhamika kavarlu mariyu pradhana diguva dviteeya kavarlu chivariga untaayi. eee chivari eekalu yokka moulting purogati praadhamika mariyu dviteeya molakalalo unnatle untundi, antey, varusaga lopali nundi mariyu bayati nundi.
pravaham mariyu pedda pennulu.
coudal eekalu chukkani ledhaa rectrics eekalu mariyu eguva mariyu diguva thoka kavarlanu kaligi untaayi. rectrics mundu thoka kavarlu chitladam praarambhistaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, eguva thoka kavarlu modata chitladam praarambhistaayi. konni pakshulu augustu moodava vaaram chivari natiki konni malavisarjanalanu kolpotayi. kyuu madhyalo unna adhipatulu punaruddharinchabade chivari rectrics.
rajadhani praantamloo moulting anedi pilus yokka eekalu mariyu thala yokka vaipula marchadam. eekalu marchadam praarambhinchae sariiramlooni chivari bhagalalo idhi okati, conny dviteeya eekalu, thoka eekalu mariyu rekkala kinda eekalu kante mundu chaalaa varaku pedda eekalu punaruddharinchabadataayi. eee praantamloo molt prarambham praadhamika remiz v ledhaa vi abhivruddhi praarambhamtho samanamga untundi. kontamandi vyaktulu ippatike augustu madhya natiki rajadhani eekalu bharti cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. molt pilus vadda praarambhamavutundi mariyu daanini puurti cheyadaaniki rajadhani praantamlooni chivari praantaalu kanti patti mariyu buggalu (malar praantam).
itara pennulu.
konni pakshulalo, juulai chivari rojullo, paarshvapu puurva bhaagam yokka eekalu padipovadam praarambhinchinappudu, jatarika eekallo molaka yokka modati sankethaalu kanipistaayi. akkada nundi, molled vaipula venukaku mariyu gonthu mariyu gaddam vaipu munduku saagutundi. bharti cheyavalasina chivari jatarika eekalu udaram madhyalo untaayi. augustu modati vaaramlo dorsal eekalu molakettadam praarambhamavutundi. idhi muutraasayam vadda praarambhamai, eguva venukaku, aapai garbhasaya praantaaniki purogamistundi.
humoural plumelalo moulting yokka mottamodati aadharalu juulai chivari rojulaku anugunamgaa untaayi. molt puurva praantam nundi venukaku vastundi. toda eekalu maarpu anedi toda eekalu kante taruvaata praarambhamavutundi. ayithe, purogati okela untundi. eeka eekalu marchadam arudugaa augustu 15 kii mundu praarambhamavutundi. purogati saadhaaranamgaa kaali yokka sameepa chivara nundi tarsometatorsal praantaaniki untundi.
pampinhee mariyu aavasalu.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi shushka edaari, ettaina parvata shrenulu mariyu architic ledhaa dattamaina atavee praantaalalo minaha uttara america antataa vistrutamgaa vyaapinchindi. idhi vaayuvyamlo madhya-thoorpu alasca mariyu yucan nundi, eshaanyamlo newfoundland nundi, dakshinaana uttara costa rica varaku, atlantic nundi pasiphik varaku santanotpatti chestundi. uttara janabha dakshina united statesku valasa velutundi, conny akkada, mexicolo mariyu madhya americalo santanotpatti chese vaaru nischalamgaa untaaru. eee shreni yokka uttara praantaalalo erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu valasa, dakshina united states mariyu madhya americalo siitaakaalaalu gaduputaayi. valasalu september ledhaa octoberlo praarambhamavutaayi, conny appudappudu augustu natiki praarambhamavutaayi. paschima mariyu madhya americalo, janabha saadhaaranamgaa valasadaarulu kaanivaaru.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi bahiranga gaddi praantaalalo nivasistundi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa chittadi neelalanu ishtapadutundi, mariyu manchineeti mariyu uppuneeti chittadi neelalaloo nivasistundi, mukhyamgaa catail unnatlayithe. idhi podi ettaina praantaalalo kooda kanipistundi, ikkada idhi pachchikabhoomulu, pacchika bayallu mariyu paatha polaallo nivasistundi. daani pampinhee praantamloo ekkuva bhaagam, idhi goollu pette chittadi neelalaloo atyanta samruddhiga unde passerin pakshini kaligi undhi. idhi ekkuva neeru laeni praantaalalo kooda undhi, ikkada idhi bahiranga maidaanaalalo nivasistundi-tarachugaa vyavasaya praantaalu-mariyu arudaina akuralche adavulu.
paschima tenniseeloni milan sameepamlo, 1975-1976 sheethaakaalamlo, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu mishrama koojaalo vishraanti teesukovadam gamaninchabadindi, ivi janavari mariyu fibravari praarambhamlo 11 millionla mandhi vyaktulaku nivasamga undevi, 4,5 hectorla pasupu paine (pinus tyda) thotalo takkuva perugudalato, ivi aaa praantamlooni aavasalalo kevalam 21 saatam matrame unnayani mariyu koojalo unna itara pakshi jaatulu saadhaaranamgaa eee polaallo kanipinchaledani, ivi mokkajonna polaallo kooda saadhaaranam. sheethaakaalam gadichekoddi feedlaatlalo pakshi uniki perigindi, conny aavulu mariyu pandula feedlaatlalo namodu cheyabadina icterids mariyu starlinglalo 5 saatam kante takkuva vatanu kaligi undhi, avi godhuma thala gala coubered, saadhaarana grackle mariyu saadhaarana starling kante chaalaa arudugaa undevi.
santanotpatti kaalamlo aavasala rakaala aadhaaramgaa praadhaanyatalu.
santanotpatti kaalamlo, santanotpatti peddala saandrata ettaina polaalatoe poliste chittadi neelalaloo chaalaa ekkuvagaa untundi. goodu katte erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu chittadi neelalaloo atyadhika saandrataloo kanipinchinappatikii, vaatilo ekkuva bhaagam adhika ettulo unna aavasalalo goodu kattutaayi endukante avi chaalaa samruddhiga untaayi. 1964 mariyu 1968 madhya ohiyoloni wood counteeloo nirvahinchina oka adhyayanamlo, chittadi naela aavasalalo praadaesika maga saandrata ettaina aavasalalo kante 2.89 retlu ekkuvagaa unnatlu kanugonabadindi. conny, takkuva mottamlo chittadi neelala aavasala kaaranamgaa, praadaesika purushula mottam anchanaa vesina ettaina janabha
idhi chittadi naela janabha kante 2.14 retlu ekkuva. alfalfa ("medico sativa") mariyu itara chikkullu (endugaddi) eee counteeloo redvings pempakaaniki pradhana aavasalu. chittadi naela aavaasaalaku praadhaanyata unnappatikee, ettaina pradaesaalaloo ekkuva janabha chittadi neelala koratanu pratibimbistumdi.
santanotpatti kaalamlo vruksha rakaala praadhaanyatalu.
adhe adhyayanamlo, ettaina aavasalalo punarutpaadaka vyaktulu "flium protense", "doctillis glomerata", "pova" esppi vanti paatha mariyu kotta gaddi kosam konchem praadhaanyatanichaaru., "festuca" esppi., mariyu "bromus" esppi. santanotpatti kaalam prarambha bhaagamlo mariyu kotta graminoid kaani herbassius mokkalu madhya mariyu chivari seasonlo. chittadi neelalaloo, vaaru sthiramgaa paatha mariyu kotta broad leaf monocotyldanlanu, pradhanamgaa "carex" esppi, broad leaf mariyu "typha" espipini ishtapadataaru, mariyu paatha mariyu kotta irukaina-aakula monokatlanu, pradhanamgaa irukaina-aakula "falaris arundinesia" mariyu "calamagrostis canadensis" mariyu graminoid kaani herbassius mokkalanu nirantaram tiraskarinchaaru. ettaina praantaalalo santanotpatti chese erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu april nundi mae varaku santanotpatti kaalam praarambhamlo matrame paatha podavaina vrukshasampadanu, mariyu santanotpatti kaalam antataa adhika kotta vrukshasampada mariyu dattamaina vrukshasampadanu ishtapaddaayi. vaari vantugaa, chittadi neelalaloo sthirapadina vaariki podavaina paatha vrukshasampada patla konchem aasakti unnatlu anipinchindi. santanotpatti kaalamlo, eee jaathi drushyamaanatanu parimitam chese podavaina vrukshasampada vaipu aakarshinchabadutundi.
ettaina praantaalalo paatha gaddi bhoomulu mariyu chittadi neelalaloo paatha visaalamaina aakula monocotylidance kosam prarambha season praadhaanyatalu nitaruga unde avashesha vrukshasampada yokka praamukhyatanu suuchistaayi. chittadi neelalaloo ettaina gaddi mariyu visaalamaina aakula monokatlu paakshikamgaa niluvugaa untaayi mariyu cloverlu, chittadi neelalaloo irukaina-aakula monocotyldonlu mariyu chaalaa graminoid kaani herbassius mokkala maadirigaa kakunda vasanta rutuvu praarambhamlo sulabhamgaa kanipistaayi. paatha alfalfa mokkalu kooda vasanta rutuvu praarambhamlo paakshikamgaa nitaruga untaayi, conny avi paatha gaddi vale sthiramgaa oka jaatigaa ennukobadavu. avashesha vrukshasampada parimaanam ekkuvagaa unnappudu praadaesika karyakalapalu praarambhamavutaayi. santanotpatti kaalam antataa chittadi neelalaloo vistruta aakula monocotylidan luu mariyu season madhya nundi chivari varaku kotta graminoid kaani herbassius mokkalu aadaviga undatam valla vrukshasampada nirmaana balam kooda goodu kattadaniki mukhyamainadigaa kanipistundi.
nairuti michigaanlo, vividha cheruvulalo catail kaandam saandrata punarutpatti peddala saandratatoe sanukoolamgaa sambandham kaligi undhi. ayithe, itara adhyayanalu marinta chellacheduruga unna vrukshasampadaku praadhaanyatanichaayani kanugonnayi. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu eee jaathi goollalo saadhaaranamaina mamsahara jantuvu ayina marsh renn ("panteneros chiviranes") nuu nivaarinchaayani okati kanugondi, ivi marinta chellacheduruga unna vrukshasampadalo punarutpatti chestaayi, ivi chivirinla nundi marinta sulabhamgaa rakshinchabaddaayi; dheeniki viruddhamgaa, chivirinlu dattamaina vrukshasampadanu ishtapadataayi, ikkada avi erra rekkala gala nalla pakshi yokka dookuduni nivaarinche avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi; oka jaathi mariyu maroka jaathi madhya aavasala empikalo eee thedaalu vaati santanotpatti praantaalanu praadesikamgaa vaeru cheyadaaniki daariteesaayi. marovaipu, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu mandapati kaandam kaligina chinnapati vrukshasampada mariyu mokkalanu enchukuntaayi.
pravartana.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi praadaesika, bahubhaaryaatva, samuuha mariyu swalpa-dhooram valasa pakshi. daani egurutuu unde vidhanam vilakshanamainadi, vegavantamaina rekkala flaaplu klupta kaala gliding flight dwara virama chihnaluga untaayi. purushula pravartana vaari unikini sulabhamgaa grahistundihi vaaru chetlu, podalu, kanchelu, telephone linelu modalaina ettaina pradaesaalaloo untaaru. aadavaru takkuva sthaayilo undi, vrukshasampada gundaa tirugutuu, tama goollanu nirminchukuntaaru. vittanaalu neelapai chellacheduruga unte, mukhyamgaa vaati valasa samayamlo, vaatini inti thotalalo chudavachu. atavee teralu pagatipuuta vishraanti sthalamgaa panicheestaayi.
vasanta rutuvu praarambhamlo modatisaari kanipinchina taruvaata aneka vaaraala paatu, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu saadhaaranamgaa puurtigaa maga pakshulatho kuudina mandalalo kanipistaayi. aaa rojullo, tellavaarujaamuna mariyu madhyahnam chivarilo tappa, avi vaati santanotpatti pradaesaalaloo arudugaa kanipistaayi. rojulo migilina chaalaa gantalalo, avi tarachugaa terichi, tarachugaa ettaina vyavasaya bhoomini kaligi untaayi, ikkada avi pradhanamgaa dhanyam gaddi mariyu gaddi polaalanu tintaayi. tinadaaniki ibbandigaa unnappudu, avi sameepa akuralche chetla vaddaku egurutaayi mariyu digina ventane avi padatam praarambhistaayi.
aaharam.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi sarvabhakshakamainadi. idhi pradhanamgaa kalupu mokkalu nundi vittanaalu mariyu mokkajonna mariyu vari vanti vyardha dhaanyaalato sahaa mokkala padaarthaalanu tintundi, conny daani aahaaramlo naaluginta oka vanthu keetakaalu mariyu itara chinna jantuvulu untaayi, mariyu santanotpatti kaalamlo chaalaa ekkuva. idhi dragonflies, damselflies, seethaakokachilukalu, chimmatalu mariyu eegalu vanti keetakaalanu ishtapadutundi, conny nattalu, kappalu, gudlu, kothulu, purugulu, salepurugulu, molasklanu kooda tinestundi. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu keetakaalanu mokkala nundi teeyadam dwara ledhaa egurutuu vaatini pattukovadam dwara methagaa chestaayi. konnisaarlu keetakaalu vaati chinna mukkulatho jala mokkala sthaavaraalanu anveshinchadam dwara, lopala daagi unna keetakaalanu cherukovadaniki randhraalanu teravadam dwara pondabadataayi. jala keetakaalu, mukhyamgaa udbhavistunna odonetlu, chittadi neelalaloo santanotpatti chese erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshula aahaaramlo goppa praamukhyatanu kaligi untaayi. larvalu neeti nundi oka mokka kaandam paiki ekki, vaati exuvianu vadilinchukuni, vaati exoskelitanlu gattipadutunnappudu vrukshasampadaku atukkupoyinappudu eee pakshulu saadhaaranamgaa odonetlanu pattukuntaayi. aavartana sikadalu udbhavinchina samvatsaraalalo, idhi adhika mottamlo aaharaanni andistundi. seasonlo, vaaru blueberrylu, blockberrylu mariyu itara pandlanu kooda tintaaru. edward hove bobush prakaram, vaaru vasantakaalamlo uttaraana vachinappudu, polaalu mariyu pacchika bayallalo tintaaru. appudu, vaaru nagalini anusarinchi, larva, vanapamulu mariyu gongali purugulanu sekarinchi, oka pandla thotalo polyacrita vernata gongali purugula vyaadhi unte, eee pakshulu vaatini tama kodipillala kosam teesukuraavadaaniki oka kilometre egurutaayi.
seasonlo, idhi blueberrylu, blockberrylu mariyu itara pandlanu tintundi. eee pakshulanu rotte mariyu vittana misramaalu mariyu suut dwara perati pakshula tinevari vaipu aakarshinchavacchu. vesavi chivaralo mariyu saradrutuvulo, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi bahiranga maidaanaallo, gorrelu, coubards mariyu starlings thoo kalipi, vaela sankhyalo unde mandalatho kalipi tintundi. idhi pandutunnappudu mokkajonnanu tintundi; dhanyam gattipadithe adhi eee pakshi nundi saapekshamgaa surakshitam, endukante daani mukku mariyu jeerna vyavastha, podavaina mariyu balamaina mukku kaligi unna saadhaarana mukku vale kakunda, gatti mariyu mottam mokkajonna dhaanyaala viniyogaaniki anugunamgaa undavu. rendu lingaalaku chendina vyaktula kadupupai chesina adhyayanalu magavaaru adhika nishpattilo panta dhanyalanu tintaarani, aadavaru saapekshamgaa ekkuva mottamlo mulika vittanaalu mariyu janthu padaarthaalanu tintaarani velladistunnaayi. 1975-1976 sheethaakaalamlo, milan sameepamlo, paschima tennisi, mokkajonna mariyu mulika vittanaalu erra rekkala nalla pakshi tine pradhana aaharaalu. saadhaaranamgaa vittanaalanu tine moolikalu "jonna halepens", "janthium strumarium", "digitaria ischemum", "sporobolus" esppi., "polygonum" esppi. mariyu "amaranthus" esppi.
santanotpatti.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi vadulugaa unna kaalaneelalo goollu kattutundi. goodu catails, rushlu, gaddi, sedge ledhaa alder ledhaa villo podalatho nirminchabadindi. moodu nundi aaru rojula vyavadhilo eee guudunu puurtigaa aadadi nirmistundi. idhi gaddulu, sedge mariyu naachula butta, buradatho kappabadi, chuttupakkala gaddi ledhaa kommalaku kattubadi untundi. idhi neeti paina undhi.
oka clutch moodu ledhaa naalugu, arudugaa aidu gudlanu kaligi untundi. gudlu andakaramlo, mruduvainavi mariyu koddigaa niganigaladevi mariyu kolata kaligi untaayi. avi laetha neelam aakupaccha rangulo untaayi, godhuma, oodaa mariyu/ledhaa nalupu rangutho gurtinchabadi untaayi, guddu pedda chivara chuttoo chaalaa gurtulu untaayi. ivi aadavi matrame podigevi, mariyu 11 nundi 12 rojullo podugutaayi. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu guddiga mariyu nagnamgaa podugutaayi, conny podugipoyina 11 nundi 14 rojula tarvaata guudunu vadili velladaaniki siddhamgaa untaayi.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu bahubhaaryaatvangalavi, praadaesika maga pakshulu 10 mandhi aadavallanu rakshistaayi. ayithe, streelu tarachugaa tama saamaajika bhagaswamy kakunda itara purushulatho sambhogam chestaaru mariyu tarachugaa mishrama pitrutvam baari loe untaaru. jantalu prati seasonku rendu ledhaa moodu baari pattulanu penchutaayi, prati clutch kosam kotta goodulo.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi yokka punarutpatti kaalam sumaru april chivari nundi juulai chivari varaku untundi. marovaipu, vividha rashtraallo churukaina goollalo gudlu unde kaalam april chivaralo mariyu augustu praarambhamlo praarambhamaindani anchanaa veyabadindi; mariyu uttara louisianalo goollu april chivari nundi juulai chivari varaku kodipillalaku aasrayam kalpistunnatlu kanugonabadindi. goodu katte season garishta sthaayi (atyadhika sankhyalo churukaina goollu unna samayam) mae modati sagam mariyu juun prarambham madhya vividha pradaesaalaloo namodu cheyabadindi. thoorpu antariolo jarigina oka adhyayanamlo, uttara atlantic dolana soochikalo takkuva sheethaakaala viluvalatho mudipadi unna vecchani neeti buggalatho erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu samvatsaraalalo goodu kattadam praarambhinchinappatikii, guddu pette teedeelu maaraledu. purushula testosterone sthaayilu santanotpatti kaalam praarambhamlo garishta sthaayiki cherukuntaayi, conny season antataa ekkuvagaa untaayi. aadavaru padeella varaku punarutpatti chestaaru.
praadaesikavaadam yokka aneka amsaalu (udaaharanaku, purusha paatalu mariyu pradarsanala sankhya, mariyu videshee bhuubhaagaallooki chorabatla sankhya) sambhogaaniki mundu garishta sthaayiki cherukuntaayi. dheeni taruvaata, aneka praadaesika pravartanala tarachudanam taggutundi mariyu magavaaru pradhanamgaa aada, gudlu mariyu kodipillalanu vaeta nundi rakshinchadaaniki sambandhinchinavi. vaari bhuubhaagaala nundi pakshulanu kramabaddhamgaa tolaginchadamlo chesina prayogaalu, sambhogaaniki mundu chittadi neelalaloo unde maga magavaari adanapu janabha sambhogam tarvaata adrusyamavutundani suuchistunnaayi.
gudlu mariyu goollanu vetaadatam chaalaa saadhaaranam. goodu mamsaahaarulalo pamulu, mink, rakkoonlu mariyu itara pakshulu unnaayi, ivi chittadi renla vale chinnavi kooda. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi appudappudu santaana paraannajeevulaku, mukhyamgaa godhuma thala gala coubards kuu badhituralai untundi. goodu vaeta saadhaaranam kabatti, eee jaatilo aneka anusaranalu abhivruddhi chendaayi. samuuha goodu kattadam anedi atuvanti lakshanaalalo okati, idhi apramattamaina tallidandrula sankhyanu penchadam dwara vyaktigata vaeta pramaadaanni taggistundi. neetipai goodu kattadam valana alaram calls maadirigaane, vetade avakaasam taggutundi. goollu, mukhyamgaa, mamsaahaarula kante vyuuhaatmaka prayojanaanni andistaayi, avi tarachugaa mandapati, neeti pakkana unna rellalo baga dachabadi, okati nundi rendu meterla ettulo unchabadataayi. magavaaru tarachugaa rakshakuluga vyavaharistaaru, pramaadam yokka rakanni mariyu teevratanu suuchimchadaaniki vividha rakaala kaalsnu upayogistaaru. gumpugaa tiragadam, mukhyamgaa magavaaru, avaanchita maamsaahaarulanu bhayapettadaaniki kooda upayogistaaru, ayinappatikee gumpugaa tiragadam tarachugaa porapaatuna pedda jantuvulanu mariyu maanava nirmita parikaraalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuntundi. aada godhuma rangu kooda oka anty-predator lakshanamgaa upayogapadavachhu, endukante idhi aame podige samayamlo aameku mariyu aame gooduku mabhyapette lakshanaanni andistundi.
maamsaahaarulu mariyu paraannajeevulu.
erra rekkala nalla pakshula mamsaahaarulalo rakoonlu, american mink, podavati thoka gala veesels, block-billed magpiece, saadhaarana grackles, gudlagoobalu, erra thoka gala hocks, chinna thoka gala hocks mariyu pamulu (uttara neeti paamu mariyu mydaanaala garter paamu vantivi) vanti jaatulu unnaayi. goodu gamanimpabadakapothe, gudlanu naasanam chesi, appudappudu vaati nundi traagutuu, goollanu peck chesi, champesi, gudlanu (mariyu chinna kodipillalu kooda), chittadi renlu vanti kaakulu mariyu methalu tintaayi.
vividha goodu mamsaahaarula saapeksha praamukhyata bhougolika praantaanni batti maarutuu untundih vividha praantaalalo agra mamsaahaarulalo british kolambiyaaloni marsh renn, washingtonloni magpiece mariyu antarioloni rakoonlu unnaayi. thoorpu janabha kante paschima janabhalo erra rekkala nalla pakshula goollalo pakshula vaeta sambhavam ekkuvagaa undhi.
adhika vaeta raetlu, mukhyamgaa gudlu mariyu kodipillala kaaranamgaa, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi daani goollanu rakshinchadaaniki vividha anusaranalanu abhivruddhi chesindi. vaatilo okati samoohaalalo goodu kattadam, idhi ekkuva sankhyalo apramattamaina tallidandrulu unnanduna pramaadaanni taggistundi. neetipai goodu kattadam valla daadi jarige avakaasaalu kooda taggutaayi. goollu mukhyamgaa vyuuhaatmaka prayojanaanni andistaayi, endukante avi tarachugaa okati ledhaa rendu meterla ettulo dattamaina nadeeteerapu rekkala madhya daachabadataayi. magavaaru tarachugaa calls yokka jaabitaanu upayoginchi kavaliga vyavaharistaaru. mukhyamgaa maga jantuvulu chaalaa pedda jantuvulato vyavaharinchetappudu kooda, vaatini bhayapettadaaniki sambhaavya maamsaahaarulanu vetaadataayi. chittadi neelalaloo goollu kooda unde chittadi neelala vaipu erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi yokka dookudu, pakshika antara jaatula praadaesikataku kaaranamavutundi. marovaipu, rakoonlu mariyu american mink vanti ratriputa mamsaahaarulapai peddalu daadi cheyaru. aada rangu daanini mabhyapettadaaniki upayogapadutundi, podigetappudu daanini mariyu daani guudunu rakshistundi.
erra rekkala gala nalla pakshi vividha "fthiraptera", "iscanosera" "philopterus aglai" mariyu "bruelia ornatissima" vanti ectoparacytelu mariyu "ornithonisus sylviarum" vanti hematophagus mites mariyu "haemoprotius quiscollus", "leukocytozoon icteris", "plasmodium waghani", "nematodes, flukes mariyu tape warms vanti endopaarasaitlanu kaligi untundi.
praadaesika.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi itara jantuvula nundi thana bhoobhaganni dookudugaa rakshistundi mariyu chaalaa pedda pakshulapai daadi chestundi. santanotpatti kaalamlo, magavaaru tama goodu bhoobhaganni aakraminche maanavulapai daadi chestaaru. maga erra rekkala nalla pakshulu kooda mukhyamaina praadaesika pravartanalanu pradarsistaayi, veetilo chaalaa varaku raboye chaalaa samvatsaraalaku avasaramaina viswasaneeyatanu andistaayi. maga erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu bhuubhaagaalaku kattubadi undataaniki konni mukhyamaina amsaalu aaharam, mamsaahaarula nundi daachadam, poruguvaari rakalu mariyu mamsaahaarula patla praticharyalu. adanamgaa, sait viswasaneeyata mariyu kadalika namuunaalapai less dii adhyayanam chesaaru. beletsky mariyu gordan hetch. 1987loe oreanlu, purushula praadaesika pravartanalalo chaalaa varaku okasari valasa vacchi vaari swantha bhoobhaagamlo sthirapaddaayani vivarinchindi. purushulu tama bhoobhaagamlo ekkuva kaalam undataaniki kattubadi unnaarani, vijayam kosam parimita ghnaanam kaaranamgaa chinna vayassulo bhuubhaagaalanu maarchukune avakaasam ledani taginanta aadharalu choopinchaayi. kotta bhuubhaagaaniki modatisaarigaa taralinche purushulalo chaalaa mandhi rendu nundi moodu samvatsaraala madhya vayassu galavaarani adhyayanalu choopinchaayi. taralinchina purushulalo ekkuva mandhi yuvakulu mariyu anubhavam laenivaaru. taruvaata vaaru marinta andubaatulo unna bhuubhaagaala vaipu vellaaru. udaaharanaku, purushulu punarutpatti vijayam kosam tama bhoobhaganni vidichipettaalani enchukunte, vaaru takkuva dooramlone alaa chestaaru. ekkuva dhooram vellina vaari kante takkuva dhooram vellina magavaaru punarutpatti cheyadamlo ekkuva vijayavantamayyaaru. purushulu tama bhuubhaagaala nundi marinta dhooramgaa vellinappudu vijayavantamgaa paaripoye avakaasam taggutundani tadupari adhyayanalu choopinchaayi.
adavilo erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi yokka garishta deerghaayuvu 15.8 samvatsaraalu.
valasalu.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu vaati shreni yokka uttara bhaagamlo santanotpatti chestaayi, antey.ii.kenada mariyu united states looni sarihaddu rashtraalu sheethaakaalam kosam dakshinaana valasa veltaayi. ayithe, uttara americaloni pasiphik mariyu gulph tiiraalaku sameepamlo unna janabha mariyu madhya americaloni janabha edaadi podavunaa nivasistunnaaru. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu uttara yuu. ess. loe nivasistaayi.ess. mariyu kenada, dakshinaana eucaton dveepakalpam nundi alaska yokka dakshina bhaagam varaku. california pasiphik teeram mariyu kenada nundi thoorpu samudra teeram varaku vistarinchi unna khandamlo ekkuva bhaagam eee vistaranala kaaranamgaa undhi. madhya americaloni janabhalo ekkuva mandhi valasadaarulu kaadu. patanam samayamlo, janabha dakshina yuu vaipu valasa velladam praarambhistundi.ess. erra rekkala nalla pakshula kadalika augustu nundi october varaku praarambhamavutundi. vasanta valasa fibravari madhya nundi mae madhya varaku ekkadainaa praarambhamavutundi. yuu yokka uttara praantaala nundi aneka pakshulu.ess.mukhyamgaa goppa sarassulu, vaati santanotpatti kaalam mariyu siitaakaalapu sheethaakaala praadaesika praantaalu madhya bhougolika sthaanam aadhaaramgaa bhinnamgaa valasapothayi. edaadi podavunaa valasa vellae itara janabhalo madhya americalo ledhaa paschima americalo unnavaaru unnaaru.ess. mariyu gulph teeram. saadhaaranamgaa aadavaru magavaalla kante ekkuva dhooram valasapotaru. goppa sarassulaku sameepamlo unna eee stree janabha daadaapu marinta dhooram valasa velutundi. vaarshika prayaaninchae aadavaru kooda vayojana magavaalla kante ekkuva valasa vastaaru, adhe samayamlo itara vayojana aadavaallatoe samanamga dhooram kadulutaaru. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu pradhanamgaa pagatipuuta valasa vastaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, purushula valasa mandalu vasantakaalamlo aadavaariki mundu mariyu saradrutuvulo aadavaariki taruvaata vastaayi.
paryaavarana mariyu aardhika prabhavam.
american pakshula shaastravetta orther cleveland bent prakaram, daani paridhiloo uttara praantaalalo thoorpu erra rekkala nalla pakshi aardhika drukpatham nundi daadaapu puurtigaa prayojanakaramgaa untundi mariyu teevramaina panta nashtam gurinchi chaalaa takkuva firyadulu unnaayi. vaari aahaaramlo daadaapu puurtigaa keetakaalu untaayi, veetilo chaalaa takkuva upayogakaramaina jaatulu mariyu mulika vittanaalu. ayithe, idhi vasantakaalamlo molakette dhaanyaalaku mariyu vesavilo teepi mokkajonnaku konni nashtalanu kaligistundi, ayithe dhanyalu ippatikee mruduvugaa untaayi, chevula yokka foliasius kavarnu chimpivesi vaanijya konam nundi vaatini naasanam chestaayi. idhi itara dhanyalapai kooda parimitamaina reetilo daadi chestundi, conny adhi viniyoginche vaatilo ekkuva bhaagam bhoomilo migili unna vyardhaalu. eee pakshulu chaalaa samruddhiga unna mariyu uttaraana kante trunadhaanyaalu vistrutamgaa pandinche madhyapaschimamlo, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu mariyu itara ikteridlu, vesavi chivaralo mariyu saradrutuvulo, dhanyam polaalaku goppa nashtam kaligistaayi, rendoo pandinchinappudu pandutunnatlugaa untaayi. ayithe, mokkajonna mariyu beatroot mokkala nundi larvalanu tolaginchi gongali purugula tegullanu nirodhinchagalavu kabatti kooda ivi prayojanakaramgaa unnayani cheppabadindi. dakshinaadi rashtraallo, avi vasantakaalamlo molakalanu kosi, avi pandinappudu inca mruduvaina dhanyalanu tinadam dwara biyyaniki teevramgaa haani kaligistaayi, eee konamlo bobolink valene hanikaram. marovaipu, avi kalupu vittanaalanu tinadamlo kontha upayogapadataayi, lekapothe avi utpatti viluvanu taggistaayi.
khandamloni atyanta sankhyalo unna pakshulalo okatigaa unnanduna, itara jaatula chedaragottadamlo idhi mukhyamaina paatra poeshistumdi. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu pedda sankhyalo samavesamai vishraanti teesukuntaayi kabatti, vaati mandalalo kalise konni jaatula manugada vaati samstha dwara prabhaavitamayye avakaasam undhi. avi rakkoonlu mariyu mink vanti jantuvulaku mukhyamaina aahara vanarugaa kooda undavacchu. adevidhamgaa, chittadi neelalaloo goodu kattukoni vishraanti teesukune janabha baathu jaatulu mariyu itara jantuvulapai vaeta prabhavanni tagginchagaladu. saaraamsamlo, eee pakshulu chaalaa sankhyalo mariyu churukuga untaayi, vaati uniki mariyu sahaja pravartana paryaavaranaanni kanipinche vidhamgaa prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki saripotundi.
saanukuulatah kalupu niyantrana mariyu haanikaramaina keetakaalu.
vetade mariyu avaanchita moolikala dwara vaati vittanaala viniyogamtho purugula janabhanu niyantrinchadam dwara, avi pedda mokkalu mariyu pantala perugudalanu anumatistaayi. avi varusaga patthi mariyu alfalfanu prabhaavitam chese rendu jaatula veevils ayina anthonomous grandis mariyu hypera postikaalanu, alaage european gypsy chimmata (limantria disper) mariyu genus malakosoma yokka haanikaramaina gongali purugulanu kooda tintaayi. dakshina united statesloni konni praantaalalo, soybeans mariyu pattini debbatise kalupu mokkalu ayina saadhaarana plumber (janthium strumarium) vittanaalu eee jaatulaku mukhyamaina aahara vanarugaa kanipistaayi.
santanotpatti kaalamlo, ohiyolo goodu katte sumaru 8 millionla erra rekkala nalla pakshulu mariyu vaati kodipillalu bahusha keetakaala kante ekkuvagaa tintaayi, sagatuna dadapuga. veevils ("hypera" esppi) vanti eee keetakaalalo chaalaa varaku.), alfalfa polaalu, pacchika bayallu, vote polaalu mariyu itara pantala nundi vastaayi. mokkajonna polaallo, nalla pakshulu tarachugaa mokkajonna purugulu (helikoverpa jiah) mariyu diabrotica jaatiki chendina beatlesnu tintaayi. vasanta rutuvu praarambhamlo, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu mokkajonna mokkala polaallo mokkajonna boarers ("ostriniyaa nubilalis") nuu tintaayi. ayithe, bendell mariyu itarulu. (1981) erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi dwara aaa lepidopteron larva vanti tegulu niyantrana yokka aardhika prayojanam eee pakshi valla pantalaku jarigina nashtamlo 20 saatam matrame bharti cheyabadindani kanugonnaru.
pratikuula amsaalu saagu chesina dhaanyaala viniyogam.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu vyavasaya kshetraalanu naasanam cheyagalavu. kalupu vittanaalanu tine vaastavam unnappatikee, avi bhaarii samoohaalalo vishraanti teesukune alavaatlu mariyu vyavasaya utpattula patla vaari abhiruchi kaaranamgaa vyavasaayaaniki goppa nashtanni kaligistaayi. mokkajonna, vari, poddutirugudu mariyu jonna mokkalaku kooda haani kaliginchavacchu, mukhyamgaa goolla sameepamlo mukhyamainavi. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi uttara americalo atipedda icterid jaathi mariyu pantalaku atyanta hanikaram. 215 pakshula nundi neotropical valasadaarulu, vistrutamgaa, atipedda aardhika nashtanni kaligistunnatlu gurtinchaaru. uttara americalo, eee jaathi mokkajonna pantalaku nashtam 1960la chivari nundi 1980la prarambham varaku perigindi, bahusha dhanyam utpatti visteernam peragadam valla, mariyu panta polaalu, endugaddi polaalu mariyu saagu cheyani bhoomi unna chinna praantaalu taggadam valla, idhi daani jeevanopaadhini nirdhaarinchadaaniki mokkajonnapai pakshi aadharapadataanni penchindi.
spashtamgaa, eee dhaanyaaniki aada kante magadi ekkuva nashtam kaligistundi. ohiyoloni konni praantaallo, augustu mariyu september nelallo magavaari aahaaramlo 75 saatam varaku mariyu aadavari aahaaramlo 6 saatam matrame mokkajonna untundi. dakshina dakotalo, vesavi chivaralo, adhyayanam chesina maga gizardlalo 29 saatam mokkajonna undagaa, aada vishayamlo aaa sankhya 9 saataaniki parimitam cheyabadindi.
madhyapraachyamlo paristhiti.
erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi pedda sankhyalo unna nalla pakshulalo prabalamaina jaathi, ivi vesavi chivarilo ledhaa dakotalalo prarambha pathanamlo pandina poddutirugudu puvvu, mokkajonna mariyu chinna dhaanyaala polaalanu tintaayi. 1970laloe, dakotalalo nalla pakshula valla poddutirugudu mariyu mokkajonna pantalaku prati kesuku samvatsaraaniki $3 millionlanu adhigaminchindi. pedda mydaanaala uttara bhaagamlo, praeri guntha praantam anie piluvabade praantamloo, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu vesavilo chaalaa samruddhiga untaayi, avi pantalaku, mukhyamgaa vaari inti pradaesaalaku sameepamlo unna poddutirugudu thotalaku gananeeyamgaa haani kaliginche punarutpatti anantara mandalalo samavesamavutayi. poddutirugudu vittanaalalo kelareela parimaanam takkuvagaa unnappudu, pakshulu tamanu taamu santrupti parachukovadaaniki vaatilo ekkuva tinavalasi vachinappudu, chaalaa varaku poddutirugudu nashtam augustu madhya mariyu september praarambhamlo jarugutundi. poddutirugudu pantalapai vaeta prarambha dasalo, mottam nashtamlo 75 saataaniki paiga sambhavistundi, eee vittana polaallo kanipinche nalla pakshulalo 80 saataaniki erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi praatinidhyam vahistundi. eee kaalam pakshula bhaarii valasalaku mundu undhi mariyu vaatilo ekkuva bhaagam sthaanika muulaaniki chendinavi. augustu chivaralo ledhaa september praarambhamlo vaati eekalu puudchadam poortayye varaku ledhaa daadaapu poortayye varaku chaalaa varaku vaati sthaanika pradaesaalaloonae untaayi. uttara dakotaku madhya mariyu aagneyamlo mariyu eshaanya dakshina dakotalo, poddutirugudu utpatti adhika saandrata kaligina praantaalalo mariyu santanotpatti kaalamlo erra rekkala nalla pakshulanu aakarshinche samruddhiga unna chittadi neelalaloo nashtam chaalaa teevramgaa untundi.
1968 mariyu 1979 madhya nirvahinchina parisoedhanalaloo nalla pakshulu, mukhyamgaa nalla rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu mariyu saadhaarana grackle, ohiyolo etaa 1 saatam kante takkuva mokkajonna pantalanu naasanam chestayani, 1979 dharala prakaram 4 nundi 6 million dollarla madhya nashtam vaatillutundani velladaindi. 
anni ohiyo counteelu tama mokkajonna pantalanu nalla pakshula nundi kontavaraku vetaadataayi, conny ekkuvagaa prabhaavitamainavi konni counteelu, ikkada vaatini nivasinche chittadi neelalu ippatikee samruddhiga unnaayi. sandasky bay mariyu lake eeree jalaalapai unna ottava, sandasky mariyu lucas counteelu teevramgaa debbatinnaayi. 1968 mariyu 1976 madhya adhyayanam chesina 19 counteelalo, nashtalu 5 saataanni minchina 62 saatam mariyu 10 saataanni minchina 77 saatam polaalu eee moodu counteelalo unnaayi. vistrutamaina sthaanika nashtam kaligina itara counteelu erii, ashtabula kooda perkonna neeti pravahalu mariyu hamilton tiiraalaloo unnaayi. 5 saatam kante ekkuva nashtam kaligina daadaapu anni thotalu nalla pakshula yokka konni mukhyamaina pempakam paridhiloki vachayi. 1968-1976 kaalamlo, vesavi chivaralo mariyu saradrutuvulo oka million pakshula varaku pedda pakshulu kanugonabadina eshaanya sandasky county mariyu vaayuvya ottavalo, sagatu nashtalu 9 saataanni adhigaminchaayi, conny avi 5 saatam kante takkuvagaa mariyu 2 saatam kante takkuvagaa unnaayi. nairuti antariolo, 1964 vesavilo, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi dwara mokkajonna kshetraalaku atipedda nashtam kooda chittadi neelalaloo unna goolla sameepamlo sambhavinchindani kanugonabadindi.
tegulla niyantrana.
mokkajonna daani paripakvata prakriyaloo paalupanchukune dasaloki pravesinchina tarvaata pakshula unikini nivaarinchadaaniki raitulu enchukogala rendu pradhana empikalu rasayana 4-aminopyridine vadakam mariyu pakshulanu bhayapettadaaniki yaantrika parikaraala amalu. pakshulu akkada aaharam kosam oka polaanni enchukunna tarvaata avi chaalaa rojulu tirigi vachhe avakaasam unnanduna nalla pakshulanu chedaragottadaaniki charyalu teesukoovadaaniki enchukunna samayam chaalaa mukhyamainadi. entha ekkuva kaalam vaariki aaharam ivvadaaniki anumatinchabadithe, vaarini bhayapettadam marinta kashtam avutundi. alaage, motimalu mruduvugaa unnappudu, chaalaa varaku nashtam kevalam konni rojullone jarugutundi; tatphalitamgaa, eee kaalam tarvaata upayoginchinatlayithe niyantrana paddhatulu chaalaa upayogakaramgaa undavu.
tegulu niyantrana charitra.
1667 lone, masachusets bay setilarlu nalla pakshula janabhanu tagginchadaaniki mariyu mokkajonnaku nashtanni tagginchadaaniki chattalanu roopondinchaaru. henry david thoreyu prakaram, oka pattanamlooni prati okka vyakti aaa pakshulalo aaru pakshulanu champalani, alaa cheyakapoyinanduku sikshagaa, athanu paina perkonna pranaalikanu paatinche varaku vivaham chesukolerani oka chattam perkondi. sahajamgaane, nalla pakshulu maanavulu vivaham chesukunna daanikante chaalaa ekkuva vegamtho punarutpatti chestaayi kabatti, eee niyantrana vyuuham viphalamaindi. goppa sarassula praantaaniki paschimaana prayaaninchae payineerlu ilanti samasyalanu edurkonnaru. 1749 natiki, paschima sarassu erii chuttoo nalla pakshulu entha samruddhiga unnayante, prajalu pandutunna dhanyapu pantalanu malupulu tipputuu chusaru.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo, konni pradaesaalaloo, eee pakshulanu eee krindi vidhamgaa champadaaniki eee paristhitulanu upayoginchaaru. oka sibbandi raatri cheekatilo daachina nissabdamgaa oka nivaasam vaddaku cherukuni, adhe samayamlo vividha pradaesaalaloo rellanu veliginchaaru, avi twaragaa oke goppa jwaalatho kappabaddayi. idhi erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshiloo bhaarii gandaragolaniki kaaranamaindi, avi mantalatho veligayi, avi gaalilo tirugutuu, anni chotla kekalu vaestuu pedda sankhyalo kalchi champabaddaayi. konnisaarlu gaddini adhe prayojanam kosam upayoginchevaaru, idhi gatamlo rellu mariyu alder podala (alnus esppi) sameepamlo chellacheduruga undedi.) dheenilo vaaru vishraanti teesukoovadaaniki gumigudaru, idhi manta pakshulalo goppa bhayanni kaliginchindi. aaa muthaa vaetaadina vaetanu sekarinchadaaniki marusati roeju tirigi vachindi.
marketlo vaeta vaetanu nishedhinchadaaniki mundu, saradrutuvulo erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulanu pedda sankhyalo oochakotha kosi, marketlalo vikrayinchevaarani orther cleveland bent chepparu. vaaru dhanyalu ledhaa biyyam aahaarampai baruvu penchinappudu, vaari chinna sariiraalanu ruchikaramaina tablespy ruchikaramaina snaxga vaddinchevaaru. kontamandi vaatini bobolinks ("doliconics origivorus") nundi vaeru cheyagalaru.
1926loe, united states fish und wildlife servies yokka puurvagaami ayina yuu. ess. biological survey avaanchaneeya icterids yokka goolla yokka modati sankalanaanni nirvahinchinappudu, idhi ohiyolo namodu cheyabadindi, eee pakshula pedda janabha mariyu american rashtraallo mokkajonna saguku ketaayinchina aidava atipedda praantam, itara raashtraala kante aneka firyadulu ekkuvagaa unnaayi. 1950laloe, nalla pakshula valla mokkajonnaku jarigina nashtanni parishkarinchadaaniki konni counteelalo pakshula niyantrana kamiteelu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi mariyu ohiyo vyavasaya prayoga kendram ippudu ohiyo vyavasaya parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi kendram mariyu rashtra vishwavidyaalayam yokka jantusaastram mariyu keetaka shaastra vibhagam eee samasyapai daryaaptu praarambhinchaayi.
praanaantakamaina ucchulu mariyu rasaayanaala vadakam.
panta vaeta erra rekkala nalla pakshula janabhanu niyantrinche prayatnamlo raitulu ucchulu, visham mariyu uparitala padaardhaala vaadakaaniki daariteesindi; eee chivari lakshanaalu jalanirodhita eekalu anachivestaayi, ivi challani paristhitiki chaalaa haani kaligistaayi, conny vaati prabhavam konni vaataavarana paristhitulapai aadharapadi untundi, avi takkuva ushnogratalu mariyu varshapaatam. vesavi chivaralo icteride saandratalanu tagginchadaaniki vishapuurita baitlanu upayoginchina karyakramalu vijayavantam kaaledu. vaelaadi pakshulu appudappudu maraninchinappatikii, konnisaarlu oka million kante ekkuva vyaktulanu kaligi unna pedda roasting-sambandhita mandalapai prabhavam chinnadi; adanamgaa, itara jaatula namuunaalu tarachugaa maranistaayi. tarachugaa rojuku vandalaadi pakshulanu pattukune pedda aakarshanaa ucchulanu upayoginchadam kooda eee pedda mandalaku vyatiraekamgaa asamarthamgaa untundi.
4-aminopyridine vadakam.
eragaa upayoginche godhuma mokkajonna yokka vanda kanaalalo okadaaniki 4-aminopyridine vartinchabadutundi. saadhaaranamgaa, bhoomilo moodinta oka vanthu hectaruku eranu vidudala chese neelala nundi mokkajonnanu polaallo visiriveyabadutundi. aaa mottamlo ground corn loe sumaru 205,000 kanaalu untaayi kabatti, prati hectaruku sumaru 2050 visha kanaalu pampinhee cheyabadataayi. eee kanaalalo okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva kanaalanu nalla pakshi teesukovadam valla asthiramaina vimanayanam jarugutundi, baadha mariyu chivaraku maranam erpadutundi; aaa pravartana tarachugaa mandalooni migilina pakshulanu polaanni vidichipettadaaniki daariteestundi. pandutunna mokkajonnaku nashtam tagginchadamlo upayogakaramgaa niroopinchabadina rasaayanamaina drc-1327, adhe vidhamgaa panichestundihi oka pakshi sprayer maanyuvaltho rasayananni puusina paakshikamgaa chethitho tokkina cobe nundi kernallanu teesukunnappudu, athani asthiramaina vimaana mariyu athani maranaaniki mundu baadha kosam calls, idhi aidu nundi padihenu nimishala madhya untundi, polaala nundi mandalanu tarimikottandi.
dhanyam pandina prakriya yokka paala dasha praarambhamaina tarvaata veelainanta twaragaa 4-aminopyridine yokka prarambha applicationnu nirvahinchaali. aidu nundi edu rojula vyavadhilo rendu itara booster applications saadhaaranamgaa sifaarsu cheyabadataayi; tarachugaa okati matrame saripotundi, conny sudeergha pakshi karyakalapala paristhitulalo takkuva vyavadhilo moodu kante ekkuva applications avasaram kaavacchu. 1965loe braun county (eshaanya dakshina dakota) loe, sumaru oka vaaram vyavadhilo 4-aminopyridine baitlanu chethitho vyaapti cheyadam valla mokkajonna pantalanu pandinchadam dwara anchanaa vesina erra rekkala block burd nashtanni 85 saatam tagginchindi. rasaayanamtho prabhaavitamaina vyaktulu pradarsinchina baadhaakaramaina pravartana mandalooni itara sabhyulalo gurtinchadagina bhaya pratispandananu utpatti chesindi mariyu pratyakshamgaa prabhaavitamaina nishpatti 1 saatam kante takkuvagaa unnappatikee polaalu erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshula nundi vimukti pondaayi. samvatsaraalugaa 4-aminopyridine nirantaram upayoginchadam valla dakshinaana valasala namoonaalo maarpu vastundani kooda soochinchabadindi, pakshulu rasaayanamtho nirantaram chikitsa cheyabadina praantaalanu nivaarinchadam neerchukuntunnatlugaa.
adhe counteeloo jarigina maroe prayogamlo, chikitsa praarambhinchina aidu rojula vyavadhilo chikitsa chesina praantaanni upayoginche nalla pakshula sankhya natakeeyamgaa padipoyindi mariyu mokkajonna polaalaku nashtam kaliginchina migilina seasonlo takkuvagaa undipoyindi. eee paddhati yokka phalitaalu ekkuvagaa icteridelaku matrame parimitam cheyabaddaayi. saadhaarana nemali samruddhiga unnappatikee, yea okkati kooda prabhaavitamaindani aadharalu laevu, itara pakshi jaatulalo maranaala sankhya chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi.
kalupu mokkalu samruddhiga undatam valla pakshulu neelapai chellacheduruga unna era kanaalanu kanugone avakaasaalanu parimitam chestayani pariganinchaali, kabatti eee rasayananni upayoginchadam kalupu niyantrana kaaryakramamtho paatu undaali. eranu tolaginche keetakaalu takkuva spashtamaina samasya. polamlo grillus kanugonabadithe, ground corn twaragaa adrusyamavutundani bhaavistunnaaru. cricketlu saadhaaranamgaa chikitsa cheyani kanaalanu enchukuni vishapuurita kanaalanu vadilivestaayi; ayithe, neelapai mottam ground corn parimaanamlo vaegamgaa taggudala nalla pakshulaku ground-level feeding yokka aakarshananu taggistundi. cricket janabhanu niyantrinchadam kashtam kabatti, eee paristhitulalo marinta tarachugaa anuvartanaalu ledhaa itara pakshi niyantrana paddhatulu kavalsinavi kaavacchu. moodava samasya emitante, bhaarii varshaalu, ivi eranu mattitho kapputaayi ledhaa neelaloo pagullaloki laagutaayi. adevidhamgaa, icherides yokka takkuva janabha saandrata 4-aminopyridine thoo daani niyantrana prabhavanni taggistundi.
praanaantaka paddhatulu.
vaatini tippikottadaaniki electronic sabdam-tayari vyavasthalu, polaallo kattina healium beloonlu, radeo-niyantrita vimanalu mariyu vividha rakaala bhayapette kaakulu vanti vividha parikaraalanu appudappudu mokkajonna polaallo upayogistaaru. scrakerolu, pyrotechnics mariyu propane firangulu vanti paddhatulu telikapati vaetanu tagginchadamlo sahaayapadavachhu, conny pakshulu eee paddhatulaku alavaatu padina daanikante nashtam yokka vyavadhi takkuvagaa untene samarthavantamgaa panicheestaayi. erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu twaragaa vatiki alavaatu padataayi, mukhyamgaa konni pratyaamnaaya jeevanopaadhi vanarulu unna praantamloo panta pradhana aahara vanarugaa unte. mokkajonna taginantagaa endipoyina tarvaata veelainanta twaragaa panta kotha cheyadam valla uttara metha mandala valla kalige nashtanni parimitam cheyagaladu, panta teedeeni sardubaatu cheyadam valla paala dasalo erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshula valla vachhe nashtanni tagginchadaaniki raitulaku sahayam cheyadu.
ettaina praantaalalo goollanu niyantrinchadamlo vijayavantamaina oka vidhanam aavasala maarpu ledhaa pakshula vedhimpula dwara janabhanu chedaragottadam. sthaanika pourula sahakaaramtho jeevasaastravettalu nirvahinchina eee vidhanalu, oka million mandhi vyaktula janabhanu chedaragottadamlo ledhaa sthaanabhramsham cheyadamlo vijayavantamayyaayi. eee vyaapti konnisaarlu samasyanu oka pradaesam nundi maroka pradaesaaniki taralinchagaladu-mukhyamgaa mokkajonnatho aaa praantamloo teevramgaa saagu cheyabadinappudu mariyu pratyaamnaaya aahara vanarulu samruddhiga lenappudu, idhi tarachugaa sthaanika samasya paristhitulanu parishkarinchadamlo prabhaavavantamgaa undhi. vesavi chivaralo ippatike pandinchina polaallo votes mariyu godhuma dhanyalu nalla pakshulaku mukhyamaina aaharamgaa untaayi kabatti, chinna dhanyam gadditho bhoomini dunnadam vaida veyadam valla eee pakshulu pandutunna mokkajonnapai vetade ottidini tagginchavachhu. chirudhanyalu, jonna ("jonna" esppi) vanti mokkala sahaja uniki ledhaa naatadam.), bahubhujalu ("bahubhuja" esppi.) mariyu vividha gaddi, udaaharanaku, moehaalu (setaria esppi.) idhi prayojanakaramgaa undavacchu. oka saadhaarana paryaavarana suutramgaa, teevramaina vyavasaya karyakalapala praantaalalo nirvahinchagala aavasala rakaalalo vaividhyam anedi tegulla valla kalige nashtalu aardhikamgaa sahinchadagina sthaayiki parimitam ayye ekkuva sambhaavyataku sambandhinchinadi.
teepi mokkajonna polaallo adhyayanalu block birds tarachugaa praarambhamlo keetakaala dwara pandina pantala vaipu aakarshinchabadataayani suuchistunnaayi. mokkajonnapai daadi cheyadaaniki mundu mandalu sumaru oka vaaram paatu saagu chesina bhoomilo keetakaalu mariyu kalupu vittanaalanu tinesi tirugutaayi. "diabrotica" beatles eee kaalamlo mukhyamgaa aakarshanheeyamgaa undavacchu. anduvalla pakshulu polaallo tinadaaniki alavaatu padataayi mariyu haani kaliginche paala dasaloki pravesinchinappudu keetakaala nundi mokkajonnaku twaragaa marutayi. dhanyam paalupanchukune dasaloki pravesinchadaaniki mundu vaaramlo teepi mokkajonna pantalalo purugula janabhanu purugumandulato chikitsa chesina prayogaalalo, eee polaalanu takkuva pakshulu sandarsinchaayani mariyu tadupari durbalatva kaalamlo mokkajonnaku takkuva nashtam jarigindani, sameepamloni suddhi cheyani bhoomi kante takkuvagaa undani vaaru chuupimchaaru. mokkajonna polaallo kalupu mokkalu samruddhiga undatam valla icterids patla vaati aakarshana kooda perugutundi mariyu vaati niyantrana eee pakshula valla kalige nashtalanu tagginchadaaniki daariteestundi.
rasayana sterilization.
erra rekkala nalla pakshula janabhanu tagginchadaaniki oka pratyaamnaaya maargam, anduvalla avi pantalaku kaliginche nashtam, punarutpatti cheyagala vaati saamarthyaanni debbatise uddesamto oka karyakramanni amalu cheyadam, udaaharanaku, krimirahitam chese rasaayanaala vadakam dwara. eee jaatula bahupatneeyata kaaranamgaa, magavallapai drushti saaristhe ituvanti karyakramam marinta prabhaavavantamgaa maarutundani soochinchabadindi. ayithe, sthaanika janabhalo kontha mandhi purushula rasayana sterilization saaravantamaina baari loe anulomaanupaatamlo taggudalaku daariteeyadani promisuity sambhavam suuchistumdi.
chikitsa pondina magavaaru tama bhuubhaagaalanu yea rakamaina aavasalalo sthaapinchaaro batti eee paddhati yokka prabhavalu bahusha maarutuu untaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, aaa janasaandrata kaligina aavasalalo mariyu ekkuva sankhyalo punarutpattito (goodu punarnirmaanaalu) saaravantamaina baari ekkuva nishpattilo undaali. ettaina praantaala kante chittadi neelalaloo punarutpatti sarvasaadhaaranam. pratigaa, ettaina praantaalalo punarutpatti chese vyaktulu chittadi neelalaloo punarutpatti chese vaari kante vaari swantha bhoobhagalalo ekkuvagaa aaharam teesukuntaaru, idhi bahusha modati rakamaina aavasalalo vivaahetara sambandhaanni kashtataram chestundi. anduvalla, chittadi janabha kante ettaina janabhalo rasayana sterilization marinta prabhaavavantamgaa untundi.
krimirahitam chese rasayanalu vijayavantamaina goodu dwara utpatti ayye kodipillala sankhyanu tagginchavachhu. punarutpatti baari modatidaani kante gananeeyamgaa takkuvagaa unnanduna, modata oka krimirahita magavaaditho jatacheyabadina stree taruvaata saaravantamaina magavaaditho jatacheyabadinappatiki, bahusha aame thana modati gonthu saaravantamainadigaa unte aame kaligi unde daanikante takkuva kodipillalanu utpatti chestundi.
purushudi bhoobhaagamlo saaravantamaina baari sankhya aaa purushudi sterilization dwara parimitam kaavacchu, conny aaa sankhya entha varaku taggutundo adhi poruguna unna saaravantamaina praadaesika magavaari swabhaavam meeda mariyu bahusha saaravantamaina bhuubhaagam kaani magavaari sankhyapai kooda aadharapadi untundi. janabhalo. krutrima gudlatho chesina adhyayanalu, streelu saadhaaranamgaa krutrima gudlanu sumaru 20 rojula paatu podigevaaru kabatti, krimirahita gudla podige kaalam ekkuva untundani suuchistunnaayi. aacharaneeyam kaani gudla yokka podiginchina podige prayatnam takkuva punarutpatti prayatnaalaku daariteestundi, anduvalla, idhi modata krimirahitam magatho jatha kattina aadavaariki saaravantamaina bhaagaswaamini kanugone avakaasaalanu taggistundi.
maanavulato sambandham.
raitulu tama janabhanu niyantrinchadaaniki chattaviruddha prayatnaalalo parathian vanti purugumandulanu upayogistaarani telisindi. united stateslo, ituvanti prayatnaalu chattaviruddham endukante lakshyarahita jeevulapai purugumandulanu upayoginchalemu ledhaa purugumandula labelpy spashtamgaa jabita cheyani yea upayogam kosam upayoginchalemu. ayithe, usda gatamlo uddeshapoorvakamgaa eee jaatiki vishaprayogam chesindi 2009loe, janthu mariyu mokkala aarogya tanikhi seva texas mariyu louisianalo 950,000 erra rekkala nalla pakshulaku vishaprayogam chesinatlu nivedinchindi. 1960la nundi 99 saatam ksheeninchina mariyu iteevala iucn redd listlo bedirimpugaa jabita cheyabadina okappudu samruddhiga unna jaathi ayina tuppu pattina nalla pakshi ksheenataku eee vishaprayogam sambhaavya kaaranamani soochinchabadindi.
pakshi yokka eshaanya shrenilo chaalaa varaku matlade swadeshi bhasha samuuham anishinabe bhaashalalo, eee pakshi paerlu vibhinnamgaa unnaayi. anishinabe bhaashalalo uttaraana unna ojee-cree bhaashalo, dheenini "jachakanub" anie pilustaaru, ayithe vaayuvya antariolo mariyu ojee-cree shreniki dakshinaana unna manitobalo matlade ojibwa bhashanu, eee pakshini "jachakanu" ("kahkahwani" (chittadi cree), "kahkaahkalu" (teerapraanta aagneya cree), "kahkahkavu" (lothattu aagneya cree), "kahkahkayov" (maidaana cree); uttara algonqvian bhashalu erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshini oka rakamaina janko ledhaa grackle gaa vargeekaristaayi, vaati paeru "spotted" ledhaa "spotted" anae padam nundi udbhavinchindi. itara ojibwa bhasha mandalikalalo ekkuva bhaagam, eee pakshini "memiscondinimanaganeshine" anie pilustaaru, dheeni ardham aksharala "chaalaa errati-chinna bhujam-blade kaligina pakshi". ayithe, nairuti antarioloni mariyu michigaanlo anishinabe bhasha ayina odaavaa bhaashalo, eee pakshini badulugaa "memesconinisi" ("rekkapai erupu rangu unna pakshi") ledhaa "memasconigvigans" ("chinna mariyu chaalaa erupu rangu rekkalu unna pakshi") anie pilustaaru. enn 'silexcon (colville-okanagan, antargata salish bhasha) loe eee pakshini laam laam laam Â Âa ÂkkÂk anie pilustaaru. hookock bhaashalo vaatini "cookszaporosukra" anie pilustaaru, idhi daani rekkapai gundrani errati macchanu vivaristundi alaage daanini nalla pakshuluga gurtistundi.
goppa maidaanaalalo, lakota bhasha, pakshi shrenilo ekkuva bhaagam matlade maroka sthaanika bhasha, eee pakshini "vablasa" ("erupu rekkalu") anie pilustaaru. daani paatalu lakotalo "toke, mott 'nii" ("oh! neenu chanipovachhu ")," naaku ishtam "("...mariyu neenu ")," mish aiya "(" neenu kooda! "), mariyu" "cap 'shelly" "(" "oka beaver yokka nadustunna noppi" ") gaa".
parirakshana sthithi.
idhi athi takkuva aandolana kaliginche jaathi. uttara americalo atipedda mariyu vistrutamgaa pampinhee cheyabadina pakshulalo okatigaa unnanduna, aavasala vidhvamsam mariyu pattaneekarana prabhaavaala nundi dheenini rakshinchadaaniki chaalaa takkuva cheyabadindi. idhi vistruta shreni vaataavaranaalaloo manugada saaginchagaladu, aneka janabha sahaja aavasala nashtanni adhigaminchagalugutundi. ayithe, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu chittadi naela praantaalalo vruddhi chendutaayi mariyu sahaja chittadi neelala naasanamtho vaati janabha taggipoye avakaasam undhi. eee jaathi valasa pakshula oppandam chattam 1918 kinda rakshinchabadindi, idhi united states mariyu kenada madhya adhikaarika oppandam, idhi taruvaata mexiconu chaerchadaaniki vistarinchabadindi. eee chattam vaariki united stateslo chattaparamaina rakshananu istundi, conny vaaru vetaadatam ledhaa needa, pantalu, pasuvulu ledhaa vanyapraanula kosam naatina alankaara chetlu ledhaa chetlanu vetaadatam kanipinchinappudu vaarini champavacchu."
illinayislo jarigina oka adhyayanam 1908 mariyu 1958 madhya erra rekkala nalla pakshula janabha rettimpu ayindani suuchimchimdi. idhi saampradayakamgaa chittadi neelalaloo punarutpatti cheyabadindi, ohiyo pradhanamgaa sarassulu mariyu nadulatho sambandham unna chittadi neelalaloo nivasistundi. ayithe, 20va sataabdamloo, idhi maanava nirmita aavasa maarpulaku anugunamgaa maarindi, ippudu tarachugaa endugaddi polaallo, roadlu mariyu guntalu venta mariyu ettaina praantaalalo goollu vestundi.
bhuu viniyogaaniki sambandhinchina paddhatulalo maarpulaku vijayavantamgaa anugunamgaa unnappatikee, iravayyava sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshula janabha daani paridhi yokka vedalpunu tagginchindi, mariyu gaddi bhoomula samruddhi mariyu taginamtalo maarpulu indulo chikkukunnayi. ohiyolo, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshi 1966 mariyu 1996 madhya gaddi utpatti taggadam, munupati endugaddi panta mariyu bochulo naatina pantala perugudala dwara pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitamaindi, idhi takkuva sankhyalo gaddi mydaanaala nundi itara jaatula pakshulu edurkonna paristhitiki samanamga undhi. eee raashtramlo erra rekkala nalla pakshula janabhapai perigina saamarthyam mariyu aadhunika vyavasaya paddhatula yokka taggutunna vaividhyam yokka pratikuula prabhavanni mokkajonna mariyu poddutirugudu utpattidaarulu saanukuula sanghatanagaa bhaavinchinappatikii, eee jaatula sankhya ksheenataku kaaranamaina vyavasaya paddhatulu ettaina isuka piper mariyu miduta picchuka vanti takkuva saadhaarana gaddi bhoomula pakshulaku marinta teevramaina parinaamaalanu kaliginchi undavacchu.
1970la chivaralo, oheo anni yuu. ess rashtraalu mariyu kenadian provinceulalo santanotpatti kaalamlo atyadhika saandrata kaligina nalla pakshulaku aatidhyam ichindi, ayithe, 1966 mariyu 1996 madhya, eee raashtramlo punarutpatti janabha gananeeyamgaa taggindi. adhe samvatsaraala madhya alfalfa kakunda itara endugaddi vistiirnaanni tagginchadam valla naanhyamaina goodu aavasala labhyata taggipoye avakaasam undhi. adevidhamgaa, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshulu tine keetakaalanu mokkajonna aakarshinchinappatiki, vaati dhanyalu tamalo taamu shakti vanarugaa unnappatikee, 1966 nundi 1996 varaku kalisi unna soybeans, ohiyolo saagu cheyabadina praantamloo sagatuna 70 saatam, taginanta goodu aavasalanu andinchavu. adevidhamgaa, oka samvatsaram nundi maroka samvatsaram varaku mariyu oka nirdishta punarutpatti seasonlo oke samvatsaramlo endugaddi saagu chese praantamloo pedda vaarshika hecchutaggulu, adevidhamgaa, antariolo 1974 mariyu 1995 madhya, icchina samvatsaramlo haremla sagatu parimaanam munupati samvatsaram nundi endugaddi utpattiki sanukoolamgaa sambandham kaligi undhi, ayinappatikee oka season nundi maroka seasonku haremla parimaanamlo saatam vyatyaasam endugaddi utpattilo vaarshika saatam maarputho saralamgaa sambandham kaligi ledhu; eee kaalamlo endugaddi utpatti taggindi mariyu haremla parimaanam magavaariki sumaru mugguru aadavaalla nundi 1.6 aadavaallaku taggindi.
antariolo adanamgaa, oka nirdishta punarutpatti kaalaaniki mundu aaru nelallo uttara atlantic dolana suuchika (navo) mariyu antahpuraala parimaanam madhya pratikuula sambandham kanugonabadindi. sheethaakaalamlo maranaala raetu antahpuraala parimaanam taggadaaniki dohadapadithe, vaati parimaanamlo vaarshika vyatyaasaalu gurtinchabadina praadaesika magavaari tirigi vachhe raetlaloo vaarshika maarpulaku sambandhinchinavigaa undaali. antahpuraala parimaanamlo mariyu samvatsaraaniki purushula rabadi raetlaloo vyatyaasaalu nijamgaa sanukoolamgaa paraspara sambandham kaligi unnatlu kanugonabadindi. antha spashtamgaa laenappatikee, maga rabadi raetlu mariyu siitaakaalapu navo viluvala madhya sambandham antahpuram parimaanam mariyu navo maarpula madhya unna sambandhaanni pooli untundi.
marovaipu, nairuti cubeclo, erra rekkalu gala nalla pakshula janabha 1966 mariyu 1981 madhya rettimpu ayyindi, idhi mokkajonna utpatti abhivruddhiki pratispandanagaa kanipinchindi. vasanta mariyu vesavilo avashesha dhaanyaala labhyata perigindi. eee pakshi janabha perugudalalo punarutpatti kaalam bahusha praathamika paatra poeshistumdi. adevidhamgaa, 1990la madhyalo, uttara dakota punarutpatti janabha, idhi kaneesam 1994 mariyu 2002 madhyakaalamlo eee jaathi yokka janabha saandrata paramgaa anni american rashtraalu mariyu kenadian provinceulalo mundanjalo undhi, vaegamgaa peragadam praarambhinchindi.

