
bhaashalo nimajjanam

bhasha nimajjanam ledhaa kevalam nimajjanam anedi dwibhasha bhasha vidyalo upayoginche oka saanketikata, dheenilo ganitam, vignaana shaastram ledhaa saamaajika adhyayanaalatho sahaa vividha amsaalalo bodhana kosam rendu bhashalanu upayogistaaru. bodhana kosam upayoginche bhashalanu prati vidyaarthiki l1 mariyu l2 anie pilustaaru, l1 anedi vidyaarthi yokka sthaanika bhasha mariyu l2 anedi nimajjana karyakramalu mariyu paddhatula dwara pondabade rendava bhasha. vidyaarthula vayassu, ell2loe gadipina taragati samayam, bodhinche subjectlu mariyu ell1 matladevari bhaagaswaamya sthaayini batti vividha rakaala bhasha nimajjanaalu unnaayi.
karyakramalu desham mariyu sandarbhaanni batti bhinnamgaa unnappatikee, chaalaa bhasha nimajjana karyakramalu rendu ververu bhasha matladevari madhya dvibhaashaavaadaanni prothsahinchadame mottam lakshyam. aneka sandarbhaallo, dwaipaakshika samskruti anedi majority bhasha (chuttupakkala janabhalo ekkuva mandhi matlade bhasha) mariyu minority bhasha (majority bhasha kaani bhasha) matladevariki kooda oka lakshyam. ituvanti dwibhasha vidya vidyaarthulaku mottam meeda ekkuva bhasha avagahana mariyu sthaanika paddhatiloo ell2 utpattini andistundani, mukhyamgaa itara samskrutulaku ekkuva bahirgatam mariyu bhashala samrakshana, mukhyamgaa vaarasatva bhashalanu andistundani parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi.
nepathyam.
dwibhasha vidya ell1laoouu sahayam lekunda ell2loe puurti munigipoye saampradaaya "sink-aarr-swim" namuunaa velupala vividha vidhaanaalanu teesukundi. center pharr uplied linguistics prakaram, 1971loe, united stateslo kevalam moodu immersion karyakramalu matrame unnaayi. 2011 natiki, yuu. ess loe 448 bhasha nimajjana paatasaalalu unnaayi.ess.bodhanalo moodu pradhana nimajjana bhashalu spanish (45 saatam), french (22 saatam), manderine (13 saatam).
kenadaalo modati french-bhasha nimajjana karyakramam, lakshya bhashanu bodhanaa bhashaga bodhinchadamtho, 1965loe cubeclo praarambhamaindi. cubeclo majority bhasha french kabatti, inglish matlade tallidandrulu tama pillalu adhika sthaayi french alaage quebecklo aanglaanni saadhinchagalarani nirdhaarinchukovaalanukunnu. appati nundi, french immersion desavyaaptamgaa vyaapinchindi mariyu french immersion paristhiti kenadaalo ippativaraku bhasha immersion yokka atyanta saadhaarana roopamgaa maarindi. 2011loe coll (center pharr applied linguistics) nirvahinchina survey prakaram, americalo 528kii paiga immersion paatasaalalu unnaayi. antekakunda, bhasha nimajjana karyakramalu australia, chaina pradhana bhuubhaagam, soudhi arabia, japan mariyu hankanglaku vyaapinchayi, ivi mottam 20 kii paiga bhashalanu andistunnaayi. 2011loe united stateslo coll nirvahinchina oka sarvelo desamlo bhasha nimajjana karyakramalalo spanish atyanta saadhaarana nimajjana bhasha anie telindi. spanish matlade deshaala nundi valasalu kaaranamgaa samyukta rashtraalalo 239 kii paiga spanish bhasha nimajjana karyakramalu unnaayi. samyukta raashtraalloni itara rendu saadhaarana immersion bhasha karyakramalu french mariyu manderine, ivi varusaga 114 mariyu 71 bhasha immersion kaaryakramaalanu kaligi unnaayi.
abhyaasakula rakalu.
bhasha nimajjanam yokka rakalanu vidyaarthulu kaaryakramamlo gadipe mottam samayam mariyu vidyaarthula vayassu dwara kooda vargeekarinchavachhu.
neerchukunee samayam dwara vargeekarinchabadina rakaalu
vayassu dwara vargeekarinchabadina rakaalu
nimajjana dasalanu kooda ilaa vibhajinchavachhuh
bodhana rakalu.
sthaanam.
prajalu bhasha nimajjanaanni sweekarinchadaaniki tatkalikamga kooda maaravacchu, idhi vaaru tama sthaanika bhasha aaa samaajamlo adhika sankhyaaka bhasha kaani pradaesaaniki (vaari swadesamlo ledhaa videshaalalo) vellinappudu sambhavistundi. udaaharanaku, kenadian anglophonelu cubeccu (anveshinchandi mariyu katimavik chudandi), mariyu airish anglophonelu geltachtku veltaayi. tarachugaa, indulo lakshya bhasha matrame matlade kutumbamtho homestay untundi. tallidandrulu kotta deshaaniki valasa vellae pillalu kooda vaari kotta bhashaku sambandhinchi nimajjana vaataavaranamloo untaaru. dakshina korealoni "aangla gramalu" mariyu airopaloni konni praantaalalo bhasha vesavi shibiraalalo maadirigaa, lakshya bhasha prabalamgaa unde taatkaalika vaataavaranaanni srushtinchadam maroka paddhati.
videshaalalo adhyayanam cheyadam dwara bhasha naipunhyaalanu penchadaaniki balamaina nimajjana vaataavaranaanni kooda andistundi. ayithe, videshaalalo adhyayanam chesetappudu nimajjanam cheyadaanni aneka amsaalu prabhaavitam cheyavachu, indulo karyakramam samayamlo videshee bhasha parichayam kooda untundi. lakshya bhaashalo saamarthyaanni sanukoolamgaa prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki, videshaalalo adhyayanam chesetappudu bhasha abhyasam gurinchi parisoedhana "sthaanika sambhaashana paddhatulalo bhasha abhyaasakula vistruta nimagnata, paridheeya palgonevariga vaari paristhitini gurthunchukovadaaniki mariyu bhashapai marinta suukshma avagahana kosam avasaramani suuchistumdi.anie.
amalu.
pranaalika nundi jilla budget varaku pratidee samasyalanu kaliginchadamtho, atuvanti karyakramanni nirvahinchadam mariyu roopondinchadam anae pani bhayapettedi mariyu samasyaatmakamainadi kaavacchu. bhasha samuparjanapai adhunaatana parisoedhana kosam kendram pratipaadinchina amalu yokka oka paddhati faze-inn paddhati, idhi prograamlo palgone athi takkuva samvatsaramtho praarambhamavutundi mariyu prati samvatsaram kotta grade vidyaarthulanu prograamloki jodistundi, unnata paatasaala vaipu krushi chestundi. 
nimajjana karyakramam yokka eee nemmadigaa vileenam parimita nidhulu unna paatasaalalaku mariyu atuvanti karyakramam yokka prayojanaala gurinchi sandehaaspadamgaa unnavaariki upayogapadutundi, endukante idhi vaarshika moolyaankanam cheyadaaniki anumatistundi mariyu adhi modati nundi viphalamaithe, nashtam yokka prabhavam takkuva gananeeyamgaa untundi.
amalu paddhati karyakramam vijayaniki keelakam, endukante raand institute eee kaaryakramaala tudi phalitam sanukoolamgaa undani, conny sarigga amalu cheyabadinanta kaalam matrame, antey taragati gadilo paatyapranaalikaku sthirathvam mariyu kathinamaina kattubadi undatam anie teelchindi.
phalitaalu.
paatasaalalo videshee bhashanu abhyasinche vidyaarthulu, mukhyamgaa praathamika paatasaalalo praarambhinchae vidyaarthulu, paatasaalalo videshee bhashanu adhyayanam cheyani vidyaarthula kante adhika praamaanika pareeksha skorlanu pondutaarani adhyayanalu choopinchaayi. adanapu parisoedhana prakaram, maroka bhasha neerchukoevadam kooda vidyaarthulu ganitam, drushti kendrikarinchadam mariyu gurthunchukovadamlo merugga panicheyadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. videshee bhashalanu adhyayanam chese vidyaarthulu kooda srujanaatmakata mariyu unnata sthaayi aalochanaa naipunyaalu (dvibhaashaavaadam yokka abhignaa prayojanaalanu chudandi) vanti manasika saamardhyaalanu kaligi untaaru mariyu adhika jeetam mariyu vistruta shreni avakaasaalu vanti prayojanaalanu kaligi untaaru, endukante yajamaanulu vividha bhashalu mariyu samskrutula parignaanam unna kaarmikulanu ekkuvagaa korutunnaru. dwibhasha nimajjana karyakramalu bahula bhaashalalo praaveenyam ledhaa praaveenyaanni pempondinchadaaniki uddesinchabaddaayi, anduvalla eee prayojanaalanu penchutaayi. kaavalasina bhaashalo praaveenyam puurtigaa saadhinchakapoyinaa, dwibhasha nimajjana karyakramalu taruvaati jeevitamlo praaveenyataku balamaina punaadini andistaayi mariyu vidyaarthulu tama sonta bhashalu kakunda itara bhashalu mariyu samskrutula prasamsalu pondadaaniki sahaayapadataayi.
vidyaarthula modati bhasha (ell1) majority ledhaa minority bhasha ledhaa vidya karyakramam yokka samstha ayina, majority bhasha neerchukoevadampai dwibhasha vidya deerghakaalika pratikuula prabhavalu laevu. dwibhasha vidya yokka aneka gamaninchina phalitaalu rendu bhaashalalo vidyaaparamaina mariyu sambhaavita gnaanaanni badilee cheyadam, dvibhaashaavaadam mariyu dvibhaashaavaadaanni nokki cheppe karyakramalalo ekkuva vijayam saadhinchadam mariyu minority vidyaarthulaku vaaru adhika sankhyalo ekabhasha vidyanu pondina daanikante merugaina dviteeya bhasha (ell2) saahitya naipunhyaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadam.
dvibhaashaavaadaanni pempondinche lakshyamtho bhasha nimajjana karyakramalu, kenada yokka french-inglish dwibhasha nimajjana karyakramam modati vaatilo okati, vidyaarthulu sagatu kante konchem takkuva praamaanika pareeksha skorlanu pondutaarani praarambhamlo nivedinchabadindi. kenada yokka kaaryakramamlo idhi nijam, conny 5va taragati natiki, vaari skorlu mariyu aanglamlo matrame bodhinchabadina vidyaarthula skorla madhya thedaa ledhu. aangla spelling saamardhyalu tvaralo aanglam-matrame unna vidyaarthula aksharaalato saripolayi. chivariki, vidyaarthulu aanglamlo etuvanti naipunyaanni kolpoledu mariyu french patanam mariyu grahanaseelatalo sthaanika-vanti naipunyaanni pempondinchukogaligaaru, conny vaaru matlade mariyu vraatapuurvaka french loe sthaanika-vanti naipunyaanni cherukoledu. edemaina, immersion programme taruvaata jeevitamlo noti french praaveenyaaniki balamaina punaadini andistunnatlu chudabadutundi, mariyu vaari anchanaa lakshyalanu puurtigaa cherukoni itara saaruupya karyakramalu kooda adhe konamlo chudavachu.
hawai yokka bhasha nimajjana karyakramam vanti vaarasatva bhashalanu parirakshinche lakshyamtho unna karyakramalu kooda praamaanika pareekshalalo sagatu kante takkuva pareeksha skorla prarambha phalitaalanu nivedinchaayi. ayithe, takkuva pareeksha skorlu puurtigaa bhasha-sambandhita kaarakaala valla kakapovachhu. udaaharanaku, praarambhamlo hawai bhaashalo vraayabadina paatyapranaalika samagri lekapovadam, mariyu chaalaa mandhi upaadhyaayulu anubhavam laenivaaru ledhaa hawai bhaashalo bodhinchadaaniki alavaatu padaledu. prarambha lopaalu unnappatikee, hawai karyakramam hawai bhashanu vaarasatva bhashaga samrakshinchadamlo mottam vijayavantamaindi, eee kaaryakramamlo vidyaarthulu hawai bhaashalo bodhinche chadavadam, rayadam mariyu ganitam neerchukuneetappudu hawai bhashanu anargalamgaa matladagalugutaru.
pakshika immersion karyakramalu kenada mariyu hawai kaaryakramaala saadhanalo prarambha jaapyam kaligi undavu, conny puurti immersion kaaryakramaala kante takkuva prabhaavavantamgaa untaayi, mariyu vidyaarthulu saadhaaranamgaa sthaanika-vanti ell2 naipunyaanni saadhincharu.
samasyalu.
modati samasya prati bhashaku ketaayinchina samayanni ketayinchadam. vidyaarthula ell2కii ekkuva bahirgatam cheyadam ekkuva ell2 praaveenyataku daariteestundani vidyaavaettalu bhaavinchaaru, ayithe vidyaarthulaku nairoopya mariyu sanklishtamaina bhaavanalanu ell2 dwara matrame neerchukoevadam kashtam. vividha rakaala bhasha nimajjana paatasaalalu prati bhashaku ververu samayanni ketayistayi, ayithe edainaa nirdishta maargam uttamamainadani niroopinchadaaniki inca etuvanti aadharalu laevu.
samyukta rashtraalalo, rashtra mariyu sthaanika prabhutvaalu vidyaarthulaku oke bhaashalo bodhinchadaaniki matrame paatyaamsaalanu andistaayi. bhasha-nimajjana paatasaalalaku praamaanika paatyaamsaallevu.
antekakunda, sainika charyalanu elaa prothsahinchaalo rashtraalu sahayam andinchadam ledhu. dwibhasha bodhanapai chaalaa takkuva parisoedhana jarigindi. 2013loe grate city schools council nivedika prakaram nagaramloni sagam paatasaalallo vruttiparamaina dwibhasha bodhanaa bodhakulu laerani telindi.
rendu bhaashalalo adhika praaveenyaanni pempondinchukovadam ledhaa dwibhasha naipunhyaalalo samatulyata saadhinchadam, mukhyamgaa prarambha nimajjana vidyaarthulaku savaallu unnaayi. pillalu 7 samvatsaraala vayassulo vaari modati bhasha abhivruddhini puurti chestaaru, mariyu bhasha abhivruddhi samayamlo ell1 mariyu ell2 okadaanikokati prabhaavitam chestaayi. adhika sthaayi dwibhasha naipunyaanni saadhinchadam kashtam. ekkuva exposure unna vidyaarthulu merugga untaaru. rendava bhaashalo nimajjanam chese paatasaalallo, rendava bhaashalo chaalaa mundugaane nimajjanam cheyadam valla vidyaarthulu vaari modati bhaashalo praaveenyam pondadamlo viphalamavutaaru.
desham dwara.
kenada.
2009 natiki, sumaru 300,000 mandhi kenadian vidyaarthulu (paatasaala janabhalo sumaru 6 saatam) nimajjana karyakramalalo namodu chesukunnaru. prarambha nimajjanamlo, ell1 inglish matladevaru adhikaarika aangla vidyaku mundu 2 nundi 3 samvatsaraala paatu vaari vidyalo frenchlo nimagnamai untaaru. eee prarambha bahirgatam kenadian ell1 inglish matladevarini 4va taragatiki siddham chestundi, vaariki 50 saatam aanglamlo mariyu migilina 50 saatam french bhaashalo bodhinchadam praarambhamavutundi.
united states.
united states loe mariyu 1980la nundi, dwandwa nimajjana karyakramalu aneka kaaranaala valla perigayi prapancha aardhika vyavasthalo pootii, rendava bhasha abhyaasakula janabha perugudala mariyu munupati kaaryakramaala vijayalu. bhasha nimajjana taragatulu ippudu yuu. ess antataa, pattana mariyu shivaaru praantaalalo, dwandwa-nimajjanam mariyu yeka-bhasha nimajjanamlo mariyu aneka bhaashalalo chudavachu. mae 2005 natiki, us praathamika paatasaalallo 317 dwandwa immersion karyakramalu unnaayi, ivi 10 bhaashalalo bodhananu andistunnaayi, mariyu aaa karyakramalalo 96 saatam spaanishlo unnaayi.
hawai.
1970luu havaayilo dwibhasha vidya kaaryakramaala prarambhanni suuchimchaayi. vaarasatva bhasha dwibhasha nimajjana bodhana dwara sthaanika bhasha naipunyaanni nokki cheppadam dwara saamskrutika samagratanu prothsahinchadaaniki hawai bhasha karyakramam roopondinchabadindi. 1995 natiki, keey nundi 8 varaku hawai bhasha immersion kaaryakramamlo 756 mandhi vidyaarthulu namodu chesukunnaru. rojuku oka ganta paatu bodhana bhashaga aanglam pravesapettabade varaku 5 mariyu 6 taragatula varaku eee karyakramam khachitamgaa hawai bhaashalo bodhinchabadindi. keey-12 kosam hawai bhasha immersion karyakramam netikee amalulo undhi. bhasha punarujjeevanaaniki praadhaanyatanistuu, hawai bhasha 5va taragati varaku pradhana bodhanaa madhyamam, aanglam pravesapettabade varaku, conny hawai bhashanu pradhana bodhanaa maadhyamgaa swaadheenam chesukodu.
mexico.
haymel (1995) chesina oka adhyayanam meksikoolooni michovakanloni oka paatasaalanu highlight chestundi, idhi rendu dwibhasha praathamika paatasaalalapai drushti pedutundi, dheenilo upaadhyaayulu pillala ell1: pii 'urhepechaalo saahityam mariyu ganitamto sahaa anni vishayalanu bodhinche paatyaamsaalanu nirminchaaru. 1995loe paatyaamsaalanu amalu chesina konni samvatsaraala taruvaata, parisoedhakulu ell1 pii 'urhepecha vidyaarthulanu ell1 spanish vidyaarthulatho polchina oka adhyayananni nirvahinchaaru. phalitaala prakaram, ell1 pii 'urhepecha aksharaasyatanu pondina vidyaarthulu ell1 spanish aksharaasyata kaligina vidyaarthula kante rendu bhaashalalo (pii' urhepecha mariyu spanish) merugaina paniteeru kanabaricharu.
newzealand.
newzealand vaarasatva dwibhasha nimajjana kaaryakramaala yokka maroka udaaharananu choopistundi. 1982loe sthaapinchabadina puurti maria bhasha nimajjana vidya, saadhaaranamgaa aanglam anedi vidyaarthula ell1 ayinappatikee taragati gadhi bodhanalo aanglam vadakanni khachitamgaa nishedhistundi. idhi sadhanalu lekapovadam mariyu mariaku abhivruddhi chendani dwibhasha bodhanaa vyuuham kaaranamgaa vidyaavaettalaku savaallanu srushtinchindi.
malavi mariyu zambia.
villiams (1996) chesina oka adhyayanam malavi mariyu jambialoni rendu ververu samajalapai dwibhasha vidya chuupina prabhavalanu pariseelinchindi. malaavilo, chicheva bodhanaku pradhana bhasha, mariyu aanglam pratyeka korsugaa bodhinchabadutundi. jambialo, aanglam bodhanaku pradhana bhasha, mariyu sthaanika bhasha ayina nyanja pratyeka korsugaa bodhinchabadutundi. villiams adhyayanam 5va taragatilo prati desamloni aaru paatasaalala nundi pillalanu teesukundi. athanu rendu pareekshalanu nirvahinchaaduh aangla bhasha pathana pareeksha mariyu matrubhasha pathana pareeksha. zambian mariyu malavian paatasaala pillala madhya aangla pathana saamardhyamlo gananeeyamaina vyatyaasam ledani oka phalitam choopinchindi. ayithe, maatrubhaashalo chadavagala naipunhyamlo gananeeyamaina thedaalu unnaayi. zambian pillalu tama matrubhasha ayina nyanja kante malavian vidyaarthulu tama matrubhasha ayina chichevaalo merugga raaninchaarani adhyayanam phalitaalu choopinchaayi.