
haard disk drive

haard disk drive (hetch. dii. dii), haard disk, haard drive ledhaa fixed disk, anedi electro-mechanical dayta storage parikaram, idhi ayaskanta padaarthamthoo puuta puusina okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva drudamaina vaegamgaa tirige platerlatho ayaskanta nilvanu upayoginchi digital daetaanu nilva chestundi mariyu tirigi pondutundi. platerlu ayaskanta talalatho jatacheyabadataayi, saadhaaranamgaa kadile acuator chetiki amarchabadi untaayi, ivi platter uparitalaalapai daetaanu chadivi vraastaayi. dayta yaadruchchika-access paddhatiloo access cheyabadutundi, antey dayta yokka vyaktigata blacklanu yea kramamlo ayina nilva cheyavachu mariyu tirigi pondavacchu. hetch. dii. dii. luu anedi asthirata laeni nilva, ivi power off chesinappudu nilva chesina daetaanu nilupukuntaayi. aadhunika hetch. dii. dii. luu saadhaaranamgaa oka chinna deerghachaturasraakaara pette roopamlo untaayi.
1956loe ibm pravesapettina hcds 1960la praarambhamlo saadhaarana-prayojana computerlaku aadhipatya dviteeya nilva parikaramgaa undedi. mobile phonelu mariyu tabletla vanti pedda parimaanamlo utpatti cheyabadina vyaktigata computing parikaraalu flash memory nilva parikaraalapai aadhaarapadinappatiki, sarvarlu mariyu vyaktigata computerla aadhunika yugamlo hetch. dii. dii. ess eee sthaanaanni konasaaginchindi. 224 kante ekkuva companylu chaaritraatmakamgaa hetch. dii. dii. lanu utpatti chesaayi, ayithe vistrutamaina parisrama ekikarana taruvaata chaalaa unitlu seagate, toshiba mariyu westran digital dwara tayaaru cheyabadataayi. sarvarla kosam utpatti cheyabadina nilva parimaanamlo (samvatsaraaniki exabytelu) hetch. dii. dii. luu aadhipatyam chelaayistaayi. utpatti nemmadigaa perugutunnappatiki (exabytela dwara ravana cheyabadina), ammakaala aadaayam mariyu unit egumatulu taggutunnaayi endukante salid-state drivelu (ssd) adhika dayta-badilee raetlu, adhika areal nilva saandrata, kontha merugaina viswasaneeyata mariyu chaalaa takkuva jaapyam mariyu praapyata samayaalanu kaligi unnaayi.
ssdla aadaayaalu, veetilo chaalaa varaku nand flash memarini upayogistaayi, 2018loe hetchdeedeela aadaayaanni koddigaa adhigaminchaayi. flash nilva utpattulu haard disk drivela kante rettimpu aadaayaanni kaligi unnaayi. ssdlaku prati bitku naalugu nundi tommidi retlu ekkuva kharchu unnappatikee, avi vegam, vidyut viniyogam, chinna parimaanam, adhika saamarthyam mariyu mannika mukhyamaina anuvartanaallo hechdidilanu bharti chestunnayi. ssdla yokka prati bitt kharchu taggutondi, mariyu hetchdeedeela kante dhara premium taggindi.
hetch. dii. dii yokka praadhamika lakshanaalu daani saamarthyam mariyu paniteeru. saamarthyam yokka saktulaku anugunamgaa unit upasargalalo perkonabadindihi 1-terrabyte (tibi) drive gigabytela (jibi; ikkada 1 gigabite = (109) baitlu) saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi. saadhaaranamgaa, oka hetch. dii. dii. yokka kontha saamarthyam viniyogadaaruku andubaatulo undadu endukante idhi file system mariyu computer operating system dwara upayoginchabadutundi, mariyu bahusha lopam diddubaatu mariyu recovery kosam antarnirmita redendency. nilva saamardhyaaniki sambandhinchi gandaragolam undavacchu, endukante hetch. dii. dii tayaareedaarulu dasaamsa gigabytelalo (1000 yokka saktulu) saamardhyaalanu paerkontaaru, ayithe saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche operating systems 1024 yokka saktulalo saamardhyaalanu nivedistaayi, dheeni phalitamgaa prakatana kante takkuva sankhyalo untundi. paniteeru anedi talalanu track ledhaa cylinderku taralinchadaaniki avasaramaina samayam (sagatu access samayam), kaavalasina rangam thala krinda taralinchadaaniki patte samayam (sagatu jaapyam, idhi bhouthika bhramana vegam yokka vidhi nimishaaniki viplavaalu), chivaraku dayta prasaram cheyabade vegam (dayta raetu) gaa perkonabadutundi.
aadhunika hetch. dii. dii. laku rendu atyanta saadhaarana roopa karakalu desktop computerlaku <ii. dii. 2>, mariyu <ii. dii. 1>, pradhanamgaa laptaplaku. hetch. dii. dii. luu paata (samaantara eah. tii. eah), saataa (seeriyal eah. tii. eah), yuu. ess. bii ledhaa saas (seeriyal attached ess. sii. ii) cables vanti praamaanika interfaces cables dwara vyavasthalaku anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi.
charitra.
modati utpatti ibm haard disk drive, 350 disk nilva, ibm 305 ramak vyavasthalo bhaagamgaa 1957loe ravana cheyabadindi. idhi sumaru rendu pedda refrigeratorla parimaanamlo 52 discla (upayoginchina 100 uparitalaalu) stacklo aidu million aaru-bitt aksharalu (3.75 megabytelu) nilva cheyabadindi. 350kii rendu chadavagala/vraase talalatho oke cheyi undedi, okati paiki mariyu marokati krindiki edurugaa undedi, idhi oka jatha prakkane unna plaetla madhya addamgaa mariyu niluvugaa oka jatha plaetla nundi rendava setku kadilindi. ibm 350 yokka vaividhyaalu ibm 355, ibm 7300 mariyu ibm 1405.
1961loe ibm prakatinchindi, mariyu 1962loe ibm 1301 disk nilva unitnu ravana chesindi, idhi bharti cheyabadindi.
ibm 350 mariyu ilanti drivelu. 1301loe okati (modal 1 kosam) ledhaa rendu (modal 2 kosam) modules unnaayi, prati okkati 25 plaetlanu kaligi untundi, prati platter mandamgaa mariyu vyaasamlo untundi. munupati ibm disk drivelu oka chetiki rendu reed/rait headlanu matrame upayoginchagaa, 1301 48 headlu (duvvena) yokka shrenini upayoginchindi, prati shreni addamgaa oke unitga kadulutundi, prati uparitalaaniki oka head upayoginchabadutundi. cylinder-mode reed/rait operationlaku maddatu ivvabadindi, mariyu talalu platter uparitalam paina 250 micro-angulaalu (sumaru 6 micromy) egiraayi. thala shreni yokka kadalika hydraulic acuatorla yokka binary yadder vyavasthapai aadharapadi untundi, idhi punaraavruta sthaanaanni nirdhaaristundi. 1301 cabinet moodu pedda refrigeratorla parimaanam, oka maadyuulku sumaru 21 million enimidi-bitt baitlaku samanamga nilva cheyabadindi. access samayam sekanulo naaluginta oka vanthu.
1962loe kooda, ibm 1311 disk drive namuunaanu pravesapettindi, idhi oka dustulanu utike yantram parimaanam gurinchi mariyu tolaginchagala disk pyaaklo rendu million aksharaalanu nilva chesindi. viniyogadaarulu adanapu pyaaklanu konugolu chesi, avasaramaina vidhamgaa vaatini marchukovacchu, ayaskanta tape yokka reels laaga. ibm mariyu itara vaati nundi tolaginchagala pyaak drivela yokka taruvaati namuunaalu, chaalaa computer samsthaapanalalo pramaanamgaa marai mariyu 1980la praarambhamlo 300 megabytela saamarthyaanni cherukunnayi. tolaginchaleni hetch. dii. dii. lanu "fixed disk" drivelu anie pilicheevaaru.
1963loe ibm 1302nii pravesapettindi, 1301 kante rendu retlu track saamarthyam mariyu prati silindaruku rendu retlu ekkuva tracklu. 1302loe okati (modal 1 kosam) ledhaa rendu (modal 2 kosam) module unnaayi, prati okkati modati 250 tracklu mariyu chivari 250 tracklaku pratyeka duvvenanu kaligi undhi.
konni adhika-paniteeru gala hetch. dii. dii. luu prati track kuu oka thalatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, "ii.zii.", 1964loe burafs bii-475,1970loe ibm 2305, tadwara bhouthikamgaa talalanu tracki taralinchadaaniki samayam vrudhaa kaaledu mariyu dayta yokka kaavalasina block thala krinda sthaanaaniki tippadaaniki matrame jaapyam samayam. fixed-head ledhaa head-purr-track disk drivelu anie piluvabadevi, avi chaalaa khareedainavi mariyu ikapai utpattilo laevu.
1973loe, ibm "winchester" anae kotta rakam hechdidi kodnu pravesapettindi. daani praathamika pratyeka lakshanam emitante, drive down cheyabadinappudu disk platerla stock nundi disk headlu puurtigaa upasamharinchukoledu. badulugaa, talalu disk uparitalam yokka pratyeka praantamloo spin-down chesinappudu "land" cheyadaaniki anumatinchabaddaayi, disk taruvaata aann cheyabadinappudu mallee "takeoff" cheyabadindi. idhi head acuator mechanism kharchunu baga tagginchindi, conny aaa roeju disk pyaaklatho chesinatlugaa drive nundi disclanu matrame tolaginchadaanni minahaayinchindi. badulugaa, "winchester technology" drivela yokka modati namoonaalalo tolaginchagala disk module undhi, indulo disk pyaak mariyu head assembly rendoo unnaayi, tolaginchina tarvaata actuator motarunu drivelo vadilivestundi. taruvaata "winchester" drivelu tolaginchagala media bhavananu vidichipetti, tolaginchaleni platerlaku tirigi vachayi.
1974loe ibm swing arm acuatornu pravesapettindi, endukante recorded tracklaku vakramgaa unnappudu winchester recording heads baga panicheestaayi. ibm yokka yuke hursley lablalo kanugonabadina ibm jivi (gulivar) drive yokka saadhaarana roopakalpana, ibm yokka anni kalalalo atyanta licenses pondina electro-mechanical aavishkaranagaa maarindi, acuator mariyu filtration system 1980laloe chivariki anni hechdidi laku sweekarinchabadindi, inca daadaapu 40 samvatsaraalu mariyu 10 billionla taruvaata saarvatrikamgaa undhi. 
modati tolaginchagala pyaak drive laaga, modati "winchester" drivelu vyaasamlo platerlanu upayoginchaayi. 1978loe ibm enimidi angulaala plaetlatoe kuudina swing arm drive, ibm 0680 (piccolo) nuu pravesapettindi, chinna plaetlu prayojanaalanu andinche avakaasaanni anveshistundi. itara enimidi angulaala drivelu anusarinchaayi, taruvaata samakaaleena floppy disk drivelanu bharti cheyadaaniki parimaanamlo drives. rendodi pradhanamgaa appati kotta vyaktigata computer (pisi) market kosam uddesinchabadindi. 
kalakramena, recording saandratalu baga periginanduna, disk vyaasamlo 3.5 "mariyu 2.5" kuu marinta taggimpulu vaanchaneeyamgaa kanugonabaddayi. eee kaalamlo saktivantamaina arudaina bhoomi ayaskanta padaarthaalu sarasamainaviga marai, mariyu aadhunika hetch. dii. dii. la yokka compact roopam kaarakaalanu saadhyam cheyadaaniki swing arm acuator roopakalpanaku paripuurakaramainavi. 
1980luu prarambhamainappudu, hetch. dii. dii. luu pisi laloe arudaina mariyu chaalaa khareedaina adanapu feature, conny 1980la chivari natiki vaati kharchu choukaina computerlalo kakunda annintiloo pramaanikamgaa unde sthaayiki taggindi.
1980la praarambhamlo chaalaa varaku hetch. dii. dii. luu computer tudi viniyogadaarulaku bahya, yaad-aann upavyavasthagaa vikrayinchabaddaayi. upavyavasthanu drive tayaareedaaru paeru kinda vikrayinchaledu, conny upavyavastha tayaareedaaru paeru ayina carvus systems mariyu talgrass technologies kinda ledhaa aapil profile vanti computer vyavastha tayaareedaaru paeru kinda vikrayinchaaru. 1983loe IBM PC/XTloe antargata 10 MB HDD undhi, aaa taruvaata ventane antargata HDDluu vyaktigata computerlalo vistarinchaayi.
aapil macintoshlo bahya hetch. dii. dii. luu chaalaa kaalam paatu prachuryam pondaayi. 1986 mariyu 1998 madhya tayaaru chesina aneka makintosh computerlu venuka bhaagamlo oka sci portnu kaligi unnaayi, idhi bahya vistarananu sulabhataram chesindi. paatha compact makintosh computerlalo user-access cheyagala haard drive bays laevu (nijaaniki, makintosh 128k, makintosh 512k, mariyu makintosh plus haardu drive baenu assalu kaligi laevu), kabatti aaa namoonaalalo bahya skissy disclu matrame edainaa antargata nilvapai vistarinchadaaniki sahetukamaina empika.
paina perkonna pattikalo jabita cheyabadina areal saandrata peragadam dwara hetch. dii. dii merugudalalu nadichayi. 1950la chivaralo mainframe computerla nundi computerlu mariyu vinoda vishayaala nilva vanti viniyogadaaru anuvartanaalato sahaa chaalaa saamuuhika nilva anuvartanaala varaku 2000la dwara anuvartanaalu vistarinchaayi.
2000luu mariyu 2010laloe, naand portability ledhaa adhika paniteeru avasaramayye anuvartanaallo hetch. dii. dii. lanu bharti cheyadam praarambhinchaadu. ennd paniteeru hetchdeedeela kante vaegamgaa merugupadutondi, mariyu hetchdeedeela kosam anuvartanaalu ksheenistunnaayi. 2018loe, atipedda haard drive saamarthyam 15 tibi kaga, atipedda saamarthyam ssd saamarthyam 100 tibi. 2025 natiki hetch. dii. dii. luu 100 tii. bii. saamardhyaalaku cherukuntaayani anchanaa veyabadindi, conny 2026 natiki aasinchina merugudala vegam 50 tii. bii. kii tirigi kudinchabadindi. chinna form karakalu, <ii. dii. 1> mariyu anthakante takkuva, 2010 loe nilipiveyabaddaayi. moors chattam dwara suuchimchabadina ghana-sthithi nilva (enn. dii.) kharchu, hetch. dii. dii. la kante vaegamgaa merugupadutondi. nmdku hetchdeedeela kante ekkuva dharala giraki undhi, idhi market vruddhini nadipistundi. 2000la chivaralo mariyu 2010laloe, hetch. dii. dii. la utpatti jeevita chakram parinati chendina dasaloki pravesinchindi, mariyu ammakalu mandaginchadam anedi ksheenistunna dasha prarambhanni suuchimchavachchu.
2011 thailand varadalu tayari karmagaralanu debbateesaayi mariyu 2011 mariyu 2013 madhya haard disk drive kharchunu pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chesaayi.
2019loe, ssd utpattipai drushti pettadaniki, taggutunna demand kaaranamgaa paaschaatya digital thana chivari malaysian hechdidi factoryni moosivesindi. migilina moodu hetch. dii. dii tayaareedaarulu 2014 nundi tama hetch. dii. dii. laku demand tagginchaaru.
saanketikata.
ayaskanta recording.
oka aadhunika hetch. dii. dii. disk yokka rendu vaipula pheromagnetic padaartham yokka sannani poranu ayaskaantaparachadam dwara daetaanu namodu chestundi. ayaskaanteekarana disalo varusa maarpulu binary dayta bitlanu suuchistaayi. ayaskaanteekaranaloo parivartanalanu gurtinchadam dwara disk nundi daetaanu chadavabadutundi. viniyogadaaru dayta runn-length limited encoding vanti encoding skeemnu upayoginchi encode cheyabadutundi, idhi ayaskanta parivartanala dwara dayta elaa praatinidhyam vahistundo nirnayistundi.
oka saadhaarana hetch. dii. dii. roopakalpanalo flat circular disclanu kaligi unde "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" " plaetlu ayaskanta padaartham kaanivi, saadhaaranamgaa aluminium misramam, gaaju ledhaa syramic nundi tayaaru cheyabadataayi. avi saadhaaranamgaa 10-20 nm lothulo ayaskanta padaartham yokka nissara poratho puuta pooyabadi untaayi, rakshana kosam carbon yokka bayati poratho untaayi. suuchana kosam, praamaanika coppy kaagitam mukka mandamgaa untundi.
samakaaleena hetch. dii. dii. laloe platerlu shakti-samarthavanthamaina portable parikaraalalo 4,200 aarr. pii. emm nundi adhika-paniteeru sarvarla kosam 15,000 aarr. pii. emm varaku ververu vegaalato tirugutaayi. modati hetch. dii. dii. luu 1,200 aarr. pii. emm vadda tirugutaayi mariyu chaalaa samvatsaraalugaa 3,600 aarr. pii. emm. pramaanamgaa undedi. chaalaa varaku viniyogadaarula-sthaayi hetch. dii. dii. laloe platerlu 5,400 ledhaa 7,200 aarr. pii. emm. vadda tirugutaayi.
ayaskanta uparitalaaniki chaalaa daggaragaa panicheyadaaniki unchabadina reed-und-rait heads anie piluvabade gatha parikaraalanu tippadam valana, tarachugaa padula nanometers paridhiloo vaati egurutuu unde ettutoe, samacharam oka pallem nundi vraayabadutundi mariyu chadavabadutundi. daani kindaki vellae padaartham yokka ayaskaantakarananu ventane gurtinchadaaniki mariyu savarinchadaaniki chadavandi mariyu vraayandi thala upayoginchabadutundi.
aadhunika drivelalo, spindle meeda prati ayaskanta pallem uparitalaaniki oka thala untundi, idhi oka saadhaarana chetiki amarchabadi untundi. oka acuator arm (ledhaa access arm) talalanu oka aark (sumaruga radial) paie platerla meedugaa kadilistundi, prati thala daadaapu mottam uparitalaanni access cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. vois kaayil acuator ledhaa konni paatha designlalo stepper motarunu upayoginchi chetini kadilistaaru. prarambha haard disk drivelu sekanuku konni sthiramaina bits vadda daetaanu vrasai, phalitamgaa anni tracklu prati tracku oke mottamlo daetaanu kaligi untaayi, conny aadhunika drivelu (1990la nundi) john bitt recordingnu upayogistaayi-lopali nundi bayati joneku vraase vegaanni penchutaayi mariyu tadwara bayati jonelalo prati tracku ekkuva daetaanu nilva chestaayi.
aadhunika drivelalo, ayaskanta praantaala chinna parimaanam ushna prabhaavaala kaaranamgaa vaati ayaskanta sthithini kolpoye pramaadaanni srushtistundi-saadhaaranamgaa "superparamagnetic parimiti" anie piluvabade ushna prerita ayaskanta asthirata. dheenini edurkovadaniki, platerlu rendu samaantara ayaskanta poralatho pooyabadi, ayaskanta moolakam kaani ruthenium yokka moodu-anuvula poratho vaeru cheyabadataayi, mariyu rendu poralu vyatiraeka dhoranilo ayaskaantamai untaayi, tadwara okadaanikokati balopetam chestaayi. ekkuva recording saandratalanu anumatinchadaaniki ushna prabhavalanu adhigaminchadaaniki upayoginche maroka saanketikata lamba recording, idhi modata 2005loe ravana cheyabadindi mariyu konni hetch. dii. dii. laloe upayoginchabadutundi.
2004loe, mruduvaina mariyu kathinamaina ayaskanta poralatho kuudina adhika-saandrata gala recording madhyamam pravesapettabadindi. exchange spring media" ayaskanta nilva saanketikata anie pilavabadedi, dheenini "exchange coupled composite media" anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi mruduvaina pora yokka vraata-sahayaka swabhaavam kaaranamgaa manchi vraata saamarthyaanni anumatistundi. ayithe, ushna sthirathvam anedi kathinamaina pora dwara matrame nirnayinchabadutundi mariyu mruduvaina pora dwara prabhaavitam kaadu.
bhagalu.
oka saadhaarana hetch. dii. dii. kii rendu electric motorlu untayih disclanu tippagala spindle motor mariyu spinning disclapy reed/rait head assembleeni unche acuator (motor). disk motaruku disclaku jatacheyabadina bahya rotter untundi; stater windinglu aaa sthaanamlo sthiramgaa untaayi. head support arm chivaralo actuatorku edurugaa reed-rait head untundi; sannani printed-circuit cables reed-rait headlanu actuator yokka irusu vadda amarchina amplifier electronicsku anusandhaanistaayi. talaku maddatu ichhe cheyi chaalaa telikainadi, conny gattiga kooda untundi; aadhunika drivelalo, thala vadda tvaranam 550 "graa" kii cherukuntundi.
" anedi oka shaashwata ayaskaantam mariyu kadile kaayil motaru, idhi talalanu kaavalasina sthaanaaniki ooputundi. oka lohapu palaka oka squat neodymium-iron-boran (nib) adhika-pravaaha ayaskaantaaniki maddatu istundi. eee plate kinda kadile kaayil untundi, dheenini tarachugaa loud speakerlalo kaayilku saaruupyata dwara "vois kaayil" anie pilustaaru, idhi acuator habku jodinchabadutundi, mariyu daani krinda rendava nib ayaskaantam untundi, idhi motaru diguva plate meeda amarchabadi untundi (konni drivelaku oke ayaskaantam untundi).
vois kaayil anedi baanam thala aakaaramlo untundi mariyu rettimpu puuthathoo raagi ayaskanta theegatho tayaaru cheyabadindi. lopali pora insulation, mariyu bayati pora thermoplastic, idhi kaayilnu oka roopamlo gayaparichina tarvaata kalisi bandhistundi, idhi sweeya-maddatugaa maarutundi. baanam yokka rendu vaipula kaayil yokka bhagalu (idhi acuator baring yokka kendraaniki suuchistumdi) appudu sthira ayaskaantam yokka ayaskanta kshethramtho sankarshana chendutaayi. baanam yokka oka vaipu radialga bayatiki pravahinche current mariyu maroka vaipu radialga lopaliki pravahinche current sparsaka saktini utpatti chestundi. ayaskanta kshetram ekareetigaa unte, prati vaipu okadaanikokati raddu chese pratyarthi saktulanu utpatti chestundi. anduvalla, ayaskaantam yokka uparitalam sagam uttara dhruvam mariyu sagam dakshina dhruvam, madhyalo radial vibhajana rekhatho, kaayil yokka rendu vaipula vyatiraeka ayaskanta kshetraalanu chuudataaniki mariyu raddu cheyadaaniki badulugaa jodinche saktulanu utpatti chestundi. kaayil paie mariyu diguva bhaagamlo pravahalu talani tippani radial saktulanu utpatti chestaayi.
hetch. dii. dii yokka electronics actuator yokka kadalikanu mariyu disk yokka bhramanaanni niyantristundi mariyu disk controller nundi demand meeda chaduvutundi mariyu vraastundi. drive electronics yokka feedback sarvo feedback kosam ankitamaina disk yokka pratyeka vibhagala dwara saadhinchabadutundi. ivi puurti kendrikruta vruttaalu (ankitamaina sarvo saanketikata vishayamlo) ledhaa nijamaina detatho kalipina vibhagalu (embeded sarvo vishayamlo, sector sarvo technology anie pilustaaru). sarvo feedback vois kaayil motarunu sardubaatu chesi chetini tippadam dwara gmr sensorla signal-tuu-nais nishpattini optimize chestundi. marinta aadhunika sarvo vyavastha kooda chadavadaaniki/vraayadaaniki talalanu marinta khachitamgaa unchadaaniki millie mariyu/ledhaa micro acuatorlanu upayogistundi. discla spinning anedi dravam-mose spindle motorlanu upayogistundi. aadhunika disk firmware platter uparitalaalapai chadavadam mariyu vrayadam mariyu viphalamaina media rangaalanu remap cheyagala saamarthyam kaligi untundi.
dosha raetlu mariyu nirvahana.
aadhunika drivelu dosha diddubaatu sankethaalanu (ii. sii. ess), mukhyamgaa reed-solaman dosha diddubaatunu vistrutamgaa upayogistaayi. eee paddhatulu dayta yokka prati block kosam ganita suutraala dwara nirnayinchabadina adanapu bitsnu nilva chestaayi; adanapu bits aneka lopaalanu adrusyamgaa saricheyadaaniki anumatistaayi. adanapu bits hetch. dii. dii. paie sthalaanni teesukuntaayi, conny sarididdaleni lopaalanu kaliginchakundaa adhika recording saandratalanu upayoginchadaaniki anumatistaayi, phalitamgaa chaalaa pedda nilva saamarthyam erpadutundi. udaaharanaku, 512-bite sectarsto kuudina oka saadhaarana 1 tibi haard disk, eesi dayta kosam sumaru 93 jibi adanapu saamarthyaanni andistundi.
sarikotta drivelalo, takkuva-saandrata kaligina samaana-check sankethaalu (eldipsi) reed-solaman nuu bharti chestaayi; eldipsi sankethaalu shannon parimitiki daggaragaa paniteerunu praarambhistaayi mariyu tadwara andubaatulo unna atyadhika nilva saandratanu andistaayi.
saadhaarana haard disk drivelu bhouthika rangamlo daetaanu "remap" cheyadaaniki prayatnistaayi, idhi drive yokka "vidi ranga pool" ("reserve pool" anie kooda pilustaaru) andinchina vidi bhouthika rangaaniki viphalamavutundi, ayithe nilva chesina daetaanu tirigi pondadaaniki EC paie aadharapadatam, ayithe chedu rangamlo lopaala sankhya inca takkuvagaa undhi. ess.emm.eah.aarr.tii (sweeya-paryaveekshanha, vislaeshanha mariyu reporting saanketikata) lakshanam mottam hetch. dii. dii loe doshaala sankhyanu lekkistundi (ayithe anni haard drivelalo sambandhita ess gaa kaadu.emm.eah.aarr.hardware eske recovery" mariyu "saft eske diddubaatu" anae lakshanaalu sthiramgaa maddatu ivvabadavu), mariyu pradarsinchina mottam sector remappingla sankhya, endukante ituvanti aneka lopaalu sambhavinchadam valla hetch. dii. dii vaiphalyaanni anchanaa veyavachu.
1990la madhyalo ibm abhivruddhi chesina "noo-idi formatt" loe yea rangaalu cheddavi mariyu remap chesina rangaalu ekkada unnayane samacharam untundi.
kanugonabadina lopaalalo oka chinna bhaagam matrame sarididdalenidigaa mugustundi. paerkonabadani sarididdabadani bitt reed error raetla udaaharanalu
icchina tayaareedaarula namoonaalo sarididdabadani bitt error raetu saadhaaranamgaa drive saamardhyamtho sambandham lekunda oke vidhamgaa untundi.
disk firmware ledhaa host operating system dwara gurtinchabadani lopaalu ayina nissabda dayta avineetikaranalu atyanta chettha rakamaina lopaalu; veetilo konni doshaalu haard disk drive panicheyakapovadam valla sambhavinchavachhu, marikonni driveku mariyu host madhya connectionlo vaerae chota udbhavinchavacchu.
abhivruddhi.
areal saandrata purogati raetu 2010 natiki moor yokka chattam (prati rendu samvatsaraalaku rettimpu) maadirigaane undih 1988-1996 samayamlo samvatsaraaniki 60 saatam, 1996-2003 samayamlo 100% mariyu 2003-2010 samayamlo 30 saatam. 1997loe matladutu, gordan moor perugudalanu "flabbergesting" anie pilicharu, ayithe taruvaata vruddhi eppatikee konasagadani gamaninchaaru. areal saandrata perugudala mandaginchadamtho, 2010-2017 samayamlo dhara merugudala samvatsaraaniki −12 saataaniki taggindi. 2010-2016 samayamlo areal saandrata kosam purogati raetu samvatsaraaniki 10 saataaniki mandaginchindi, mariyu lamba recording nundi kotta saanketika parignaanaaniki maaradamlo ibbandi undhi.
bitt sell parimaanam taggutunna koddi, ekkuva daetaanu oke drive platerlo unchavacchu. 2013loe, oka utpatti desktop 3 tibi hechdidi (naalugu plaetlatoe) sumaru 500 gbt/inn2 yokka areal saandratanu kaligi undedi, idhi sumaru 18 ayaskanta kanaalatoe (11 bye 1.6 kanaalu) kuudina bitt selga undedi. 2000la madhya nundi areal saandrata purogatini dhanyam parimaanam, dhanyam ayaskanta balam mariyu thala vrayagala saamarthyam kaligina superparamagnetic trilemma savaalu chesindi. sabdam aamodayogyamaina signalnu nirvahinchadaaniki chinna dhanyalu avasaram; chinna dhanyalu vaati ayaskanta balam perigithe tappa sweeya-tirogamanam (vidyudayaskaanta asthirata) kaavacchu, conny telisina vraata thala padaarthaalu perugutunna chinna pradaesamloe meediyamnu vraayadaaniki taginanta balamaina ayaskanta kshetraanni utpatti cheyalevu.
eee trilemmanu parishkarinchadaaniki ayaskanta nilva saanketikatalu abhivruddhi cheyabadutunnayi, mariyu flash memory-aadhaarita salid-state drivelatho (ssd) pootii padutunnaayi. 2013loe, seagate shingled magnetic recording (smr) nuu pravesapettindi, idhi pmr mariyu seagate yokka uddesinchina varasudu heat-assisted magnetic recording (hammer) madhya "stapgap" saanketikatagaa uddesinchabadindi, smr perigina dayta saandrata kosam ativyaapti tracklanu upayogistundi, design sanklishtata mariyu takkuva dayta access vegam (mukhyamgaa vegam mariyu yaadruchchika access 4kae vegam) kharchutho.
dheeniki viruddhamgaa, hgst (ippudu paaschaatya digital loe bhaagam) saadhaarana filter chesina gaaliki badulugaa healium-nindina drivelanu moosivese maargaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadampai drushti pettindi. allakallolam mariyu gharshana tagginanduna, chinna track vedalpunu upayoginchadam valla adhika areal saandratalu saadhinchavachchu, mariyu gharshana kaaranamgaa vedajallabade shakti kooda takkuvagaa untundi, phalitamgaa takkuva shakti dra avutundi. antekakunda, healium vayuvu tappinchukovadaanni nivaarinchadam chaalaa kashtam ayinappatikee, ekkuva plaetlanu oke aavarana sthalamlo amarchavacchu. anduvalla, healium drivelu puurtigaa muusivaeyabadataayi mariyu vaati gaali-nindina pratyardhula maadirigaa kakunda, breather port undadu.
itara recording saanketikatalu parisoedhanaloo unnaayi ledhaa seagate yokka ushna-sahayaka ayaskanta recording (hammer) thoo sahaa areal saandratanu penchadaaniki vaanijyaparamgaa amalu cheyabaddaayi. haamrku redesign cheyabadina media mariyu reed/rait heads, kotta laejarlu mariyu kotta nier-feeled optical transducerlatho bhinnamaina nirmaanam avasaram. 2020 chivarilo ledhaa 2021loe vaanijyaparamgaa hamr ravana cheyabadutundani bhaavistunnaaru. 2009,2015,2016 mariyu 2019 modati ardhabhaagamlo munupati anchanaala nundi saanketika samasyalu hamr pravesapettadaanni oka dasaabdam alasyam chesaayi. konni drivelu chadavadam/vrayadam vegaanni penchadaaniki mariyu ssdlatho pootii padataniki dwandwa swatantra acuator aayudhalanu sweekarinchaayi. hummer yokka pranaalikaabaddhamaina varasudu, bitt-pattern recording (bii. pii. aarr), paaschaatya digital mariyu seagate yokka roadmapla nundi tolaginchabadindi. paaschaatya digital yokka microwave-assisted magnetic recording (mamr), dheenini energy-assisted magnetic recording (eamr) anie kooda pilustaaru, 2020 loe modati eamr drive, ultrastar hechsi550 thoo 2020 chivarilo ravana cheyabadindi. dvi-miteeya magnetic recording (tdmr) mariyu "current perpendicular tuu plain" diggajam magnetoracistance (cpp/gmr) heads parisoedhanaa patraalalo kanipinchaayi. 3dii-actuated vacuum drive (3dihechdi) concept pratipaadinchabadindi.
eee saanketika parignaanaala saadhyasaadhyaalu mariyu samayampai anchanaala aadhaaramgaa, samudrapu dattata 2020-2034 samayamlo samvatsaraaniki 20 saatam perugutundani samudrapu anchanaala anchanaa.
saamarthyam.
2022loe vaanijyaparamgaa atyadhika saamarthyam kaligina hetch. dii. dii. luu 26 tibi. oka operating system tudi viniyogadaaruku nivedinchinatlugaa, haard disk drive yokka saamarthyam, aneka kaaranaala valla tayaareedaaru perkonna mottam kante takkuvagaa untundi, udhaa.zii.operating system kontha sthalaanni upayogistundi, dayta redendency kosam kontha sthalaanni upayogistundi, file system nirmaanaala kosam sthalaanni upayogistundi. dasaamsa puurvapadaalu mariyu dwaipaakshika puurvapadaala gandaragolam kooda lopalaku daariteeyavachchu.
ganana.
aadhunika haard disk drivelu vaati host controllerku oka pakkapakkane unna taarkika blackla samitigaa kanipistaayi, mariyu sthuula drive saamarthyaanni blackla sankhyanu block parimaanamtho guninchadam dwara lekkistaaru. eee samacharam tayaareedaaru yokka utpatti vivarana nundi mariyu takkuva-sthaayi drive aadesaalanu prerepinche operating system functionla upayogam dwara drive nundi andubaatulo untundi. paatha ibm mariyu anukuulamaina drivelu, ii.zii., ibm 3390, sii. keey. dii. rikaardu formatnu upayoginchi, chara podavaina recordulanu kaligi untundi; atuvanti drive saamarthyam gananalu recordula lakshanaalanu parigananaloki teesukoovaali. konni kotta dasd simulate sii. keey. dii, mariyu adhe saamarthyam suutraalu vartistaayi.
paatha ranga-aadhaarita hetch. dii. dii. la sthuula saamarthyam prati recording joneku cylinderla sankhya, prati sector kuu baitla sankhya (saadhaaranamgaa 512) mariyu drive yokka jonela lekkimpu yokka utpattigaa lekkinchabadutundi. konni aadhunika saataa drivelu kooda cylinder-head-sector (chs) saamardhyaalanu nivedistaayi, conny ivi bhouthika paaraamitulu kaavu endukante nivedinchabadina viluvalu chaaritraka operating system interfacela dwara parimitam cheyabadataayi. c/h/s pathakam sthaanamlo logical block addressing (lba) anae saralamaina leanier addressing pathakam undhi, idhi oka puurnaanka suuchika dwara blacklanu gurtistundi, idhi modati block kosam lba 0 vadda praarambhamavutundi mariyu aaa taruvaata increments avutundi. aadhunika pedda drivelanu vivarinchadaaniki sii/hetch/ess paddhatini upayogistunnappudu, headla sankhya tarachugaa 64kii sett cheyabadutundi, ayithe oka saadhaarana aadhunika haard disk drivelo okati mariyu naalugu plaetla madhya untundi. aadhunika hetch. dii. dii. laloe, lopam nirvahana kosam vidi saamarthyam prachurita saamardhyamlo cherchabadaledu; ayithe, aneka prarambha hetch. dii. dii. laloe nirdishta sankhyalo rangaalu vidibhagaluga ketayinchabaddayi, tadwara operating systemku andubaatulo unna saamarthyaanni tagginchaayi. inca, chaalaa mandhi hetch. dii. dii. luu tama firmwarenu reserved servies jonelo nilva chestaayi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa viniyogadaaruniche andubaatulo undadu mariyu saamarthya gananalo cherchabadadu.
daadi upa vyavasthala kosam, dayta samagrata mariyu dosha-sahanam avasaralu kooda grahinchina saamarthyaanni taggistaayi. udaaharanaku, dayta mirroring phalitamgaa oka raid 1 shreni mottam saamardhyamlo sagam kaligi untundi, ayithe drivesto kuudina 5 shreni saamarthyam kolpotundi (idhi oke drive saamardhyaaniki samanam) samanatva samacharanni nilva cheyadam valla. raid upavyavasthalu anevi viniyogadaaruku oka drive ledhaa anthakante ekkuva driveluga kanipinche bahula drivelu, conny avi dosha sahanam andistaayi. chaalaa mandhi raid vikretalu block sthaayilo dayta samagratanu meruguparachadaaniki cheksamlanu upayogistaaru. kontamandi vikretalu 520 baitla sectarsto kuudina hetch. dii. dii. lanu upayoginchi 512 baitla user dayta mariyu enimidi checksum baitlanu kaligi undataaniki ledhaa checksum dayta kosam pratyeka 512-bite sectarnu upayoginchadam dwara vyavasthalanu roopondistaaru.
konni vyavasthalu vyavastha punaruddharana kosam daachina vibhajanalanu upayoginchavacchu, vindosloni diskpart vanti pratyeka disk vibhajana viniyogaala gurinchi teliyakundaane tudi viniyogadaaruku andubaatulo unna saamarthyaanni tagginchavachhu.
aakruti.
dayta haardu drivelo taarkika blackla shrenilo nilva cheyabadutundi. prati block daani prarambham mariyu mugimpunu gurtinche gurtulu, samacharanni gurtinchadamlo lopam mariyu sarididdadam mariyu chinna samaya vaividhyaalanu anumatinchadaaniki blackla madhya sthalam dwara parimitam cheyabadutundi. eee blacklalo tarachugaa 512 baitla upayoginchadagina dayta untundi, conny itara parimaanaalu upayoginchabaddaayi. drive saandrata peragadamtho, adhunaatana formatt anie piluvabade oka chorava block parimaanaanni 4096 baitla upayoginchadagina daetaaku vistarinchindi, phalitamgaa block headerlu, error checking dayta mariyu spacing kosam upayoginche disk space mottamlo gananeeyamaina taggimpu jarigindi.
bhouthika disk platerlapy eee taarkika blacklanu praarambhinchae prakriyanu "takkuva-sthaayi aakruteekarana" anie pilustaaru, idhi saadhaaranamgaa factorylo nirvahinchabadutundi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa feeldlo maarchabadadu. "unnata-sthaayi aakruteekarana" anedi disclo dayta faillanu nirvahinchadaaniki operating system upayoginche dayta nirmaanaalanu vraastundi. indulo vibhajana mariyu file system nirmaanaalanu enchukunna taarkika blacklalo vrayadam untundi. udaaharanaku, disk file paerla directoryni mariyu oka nirdishta failtho anubandhinchabadina taarkika blackla jaabitaanu pattukoodaaniki disk sthalamlo kontha bhaagam upayoginchabadutundi.
vibhajana mapping pathakam yokka udaaharanalalo master boot record (mbr) mariyu guide vibhajana pattika (gpt) unnaayi. faillanu tirigi pondadaaniki disclo nilva cheyabadina dayta nirmaanaala udaaharanalalo daas file systemloni file ketayimpu pattika (kovvu) mariyu aneka unix file systemlaloni inodelu, alaage itara operating system dayta structurelu (metadeta anie kooda pilustaaru) unnaayi. paryavasanamga, hetch. dii. dii. looni mottam sthalam viniyogadaaru failla kosam andubaatulo undadu, conny viniyogadaaru detatho poliste eee system ovar head saadhaaranamgaa chinnadigaa untundi.
unitlu.
ganana prarambha rojullo hetch. dii. dii. la mottam saamarthyam 7 nundi 9 dasaamsa ankelalo tarachugaa "millionlu" anae padabandhaanni kattirinchi perkonabadindi.
1970la natiki, megabytelu (1 mb = 1,000,000 baitlu), gigabitelu (1 gb = 1,000,000,000 baitlu) mariyu terrabytelu (1 tb = 1,000,000,000,000 baitlu) vanti dasaamsa upasargalanu upayoginchi tayaareedaarulu mottam hetch. dii. dii. la saamarthyaanni icchaaru. ayithe, ghnaapakasakti yokka saamarthyaalu saadhaaranamgaa upasargala yokka binary vivarananu upayoginchi coat cheyabadataayi, i.ii. 1000kii badulugaa 1024 adhikaaraalanu upayoginchadam.
software dasaamsa ledhaa binary upasargalanu upayoginchi vividha roopaallo haard disk drive ledhaa memory saamarthyaanni nivedistundi. microsoft vindos operating systems yokka kutumbam nilva saamarthyaanni nivedinchetappudu binary conventionnu upayogistundi, kabatti daani tayaareedaaru 1 tb drivega andinche oka hddnii eee operating systems 931 gb hddgaa nivedistaayi. mac os x 10.6 ("manchu chiruta") anedi hetch. dii. dii. saamarthyaanni nivedinchetappudu dasaamsa sampradaayaanni upayogistundi. lineuxloni command-line utility yokka default pravartana emitante, hetch. dii. dii saamarthyaanni 1024-bite unitla sankhyagaa nivedinchadam.
dasaamsa mariyu binary upasarga vivarana madhya vyatyaasam viniyogadaarulaku kontha gandaragolaanni kaliginchindi mariyu hetch. dii. dii tayaareedaarulapai class action suutlaku daariteesindi. prativaadulu tama marketing mariyu prakatanalu chattaniki anni vidhaluga anugunamgaa unnayani mariyu yea taragati sabhyuniki etuvanti nashtalu ledhaa gayalu jaragaledani nokki chebutuu, dasaamsa upasargala vadakam viniyogadaarulanu samarthavantamgaa tappudova pattinchindani, ayithe prativaadulu etuvanti tappu ledhaa baadhyatanu khandinchaarani vaadi vaadinchaaru. 2020loe, california kortu dasaamsa ardhamtho dasaamsa upasargalanu upayoginchadam tappudova pattinchedi kaadani teerpu ichindi.
roopa karakalu.
ibm yokka modati haard disk drive, ibm 350, yaabhai 24-angulaala plaetla stacknu upayoginchindi, 3.75 embi daetaanu nilva chesindi (sumaru oka aadhunika digital chitram parimaanam), mariyu rendu pedda refrigeratorlatho polchadagina parimaanamlo undhi. 1962loe, ibm thana modal 1311 disknu pravesapettindi, idhi tolaginchagala pyaaklo aaru 14-angulaala (naamamaatrapu parimaanam) plaetlanu upayoginchindi mariyu dadapuga oka dustulanu utike yantram parimaanam kaligi undhi. idhi chaalaa samvatsaraalugaa praamaanika pallem parimaanamgaa maarindi, dheenini itara tayaareedaarulu kooda upayoginchaaru. ibm 2314 padakondu-ettaina pyaaklo adhe parimaanamlo unna plaetlanu upayoginchindi mariyu "drive inn eah dryer" leavutnu pravesapettindi. konnisaarlu "pizza oven" anie pilustaaru, ayithe "dryer" puurti drive kaadu. 1970laloe hetch. dii. dii. luu okati nundi naalugu hetch. dii. dii. luu kaligi unna vividha parimaanaala swatantra cabinetlalo andinchabaddaayi.
1960la chivaralo praarambhamlo puurtigaa 19 angulaala raaklo amarchabade chatramlo saripoye drivelu andinchabaddaayi. digital yokka aarke05 mariyu rl01 tolaginchagala pyaaklalo oke 14-angulaala plaetlanu upayoginchadam prarambha udaaharanalu, mottam drive 10.5-inch-high ryaak space (aaru ryaak unitlu) loe amarchabadi untundi. 1980la madhya nundi chivari varaku adhe parimaanamlo unna fujitsu eegil, dheenini (yaadrucchikamgaa) 10.5-inch plaetarlugaa upayoginchaaru, idhi oka prasiddha utpatti.
floppy-disk drivelu (eff. dii. dii. ess) loe nirminchina microcomputerla ammakalu peragadamtho, eff. dii. dii. mountlaku saripoye hetch. dii. dii. luu kavalsinaviga marai. sugart associates SA1000 thoo praarambhinchi, praarambhamlo 8-angulaala, 51-angulaala mariyu 31-angulaala floppy disk drivela taruvaata hetch. dii. dii. "form factors" unnaayi. eee naamamaatrapu parimaanaala dwara suuchimchabadinappatikii, aaa moodu drivela vaastava parimaanaalu varusaga 9.5 ", 5.75" mariyu 4 "vedalpu untaayi. chinna floppy disk drivelu lenanduna, utpatti samarpanalu ledhaa parisrama pramaanaala nundi 21⁄2-angulaala drivelu (vaastavaaniki 2.75 "vedalpu) vanti chinna hetch. dii. dii. form karakalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
21⁄2 angulaalu mariyu 31⁄2 angulaala haard disclu atyanta prachuryam pondina parimaanaalu. 2009 natiki, anni tayaareedaarulu flash memory dharalu taggadam valla 1.3-inch, 1-angulaalu mariyu 0.85-inch form kaarakaala kosam kotta utpattula abhivruddhini nilipivesaaru, dheeniki kadile bhagalu laevu. naamamaatrapu parimaanaalu angulaalalo undagaa, vaastava kolatalu millimeterlalo perkonabaddaayi.
paniteeru lakshanaalu.
hetch. dii. dii. paie daetaanu access cheyadaaniki samayanni parimitam chese karakalu ekkuvagaa tirige disclu mariyu kadile talala yaantrika swabhaavaaniki sambandhinchinavi, veetilo
saktini aadaa cheyadaaniki drive disclanu nilipivesthe kooda alasyam jaragavacchu.
defragmentation anedi discloni bhouthikamgaa sameepa praantaalaku sambandhita vastuvulanu taralinchadam dwara daetaanu tirigi pondadamlo alasyanni tagginchadaaniki upayoginche prakriya. konni computer operating systems svayamchaalakamgaa defragmentation nirvahistaayi. svayamchaalaka defragmentation anedi access alasyanni tagginchadaaniki uddesinchinappatiki, prakriya purogatilo unnappudu paniteeru tatkalikamga tagginchabadutundi.
dayta access cheyadaaniki samayanni bhramana vegaanni penchadam dwara (tadwara japyanni tagginchadam dwara) ledhaa vetakadaaniki gadipina samayanni tagginchadam dwara meruguparachavacchu. areal saandratanu penchadam valla dayta retunu penchadam dwara mariyu headla samiti kinda dayta mottaanni penchadam dwara nirgamaamsaanni penchutundi, tadwara icchina mottam dayta kosam karyakalapalanu korukovadanni taggistundi. daetaanu access cheyadaaniki samayam nirgamaamsa perugudalato paatu konasagaledu, ivi bitt saandrata mariyu nilva saamardhyamlo perugudalato paatu konasagaledu.
dayta badilee raetu.
oka saadhaarana 7,200-arpm desktop hechdidi 1,030 embit/seey varaku sthiramaina "disk-tuu-buffer" dayta badilee retunu kaligi untundi. eee raetu track sthaanampai aadharapadi untundi; bayati tracklapy dayta kosam raetu ekkuvagaa untundi (prati bhramanaaniki ekkuva dayta sectors unna chota) mariyu lopali trackla vaipu takkuvagaa untundi (prati bhramanaaniki takkuva dayta sectors unna chota); mariyu saadhaaranamgaa 10,000-arpm drivelaku kontha ekkuvagaa untundi. buffer-tuu-computer" interfaces kosam prastutam vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutunna pramaanam 3 gbt/ess saataa, idhi buffer nundi computerku sumaru 300 megabyte/seey (10-bitt encoding) pampagaladu, anduvalla idhi ippatikee soukaryavantamgaa undhi. dayta badilee retunu (chadavadam/vrayadam) pratyeka file-generator saadhanaalanu upayoginchi diskku pedda failnu vrayadam dwara kolavavacchu, aapai failnu tirigi chadavavacchu. badilee raetu file system fragmentation mariyu failla layowoot dwara prabhaavitamavutundi.
hetch. dii. dii. dayta badilee raetu plaetla bhramana vegam mariyu dayta recording saandratapai aadharapadi untundi. endukante vaedi mariyu kampana parimiti bhramana vegam, krama badilee retlanu meruguparachadaaniki saandratanu munduku teesukelladam pradhana paddhati avutundi. adhika vaegaaniki marinta saktivantamaina spindle motaru avasaram, idhi marinta vaedini srushtistundi. disk antataa trackla sankhyanu mariyu prati tracku sectorla sankhyanu penchadam dwara areal saandrata purogamistundi, ayithe rendodi matrame icchina arpm kosam dayta badilee retunu penchutundi. dayta badilee raetu paniteeru areal saandrata yokka rendu bhagalalo okadaanni matrame track chestundi kabatti, daani paniteeru takkuva retutho merugupadutundi.
itara parigananalu.
itara paniteeru parigananalalo naanhyata-sardubaatu dhara, vidyut viniyogam, vinagalige sabdam mariyu operating mariyu naan-operating shock resistance rendoo unnaayi.
access mariyu interfacelu.
prastuta haard drivelu samaantara etaa, seeriyal etaa, sci, seeriyal attached sci (sas) mariyu fiber chhaanel vanti aneka bus rakallo okadaanipai computerku anusandhaaninchabadataayi. konni drivelu, mukhyamgaa bahya portable drivelu, iee 1394 ledhaa usbni upayogistaayi. eee interfacelanni digital; drive prakriyaloo electronics, reed/rait headla nundi analog signals. prastuta drivelu migilina computerku sthiramaina interfacenu andistaayi, antargatamgaa upayoginche dayta encoding pathakam nundi swatantramgaa mariyu drive lopala disclu mariyu headla bhouthika sankhya nundi swatantramgaa untaayi.
saadhaaranamgaa drive lopala electronicslo oka dsp reed head nundi mudi analog voltagelanu teesukuntundi mariyu daetaanu decode cheyadaaniki prml mariyu reed-solaman error diddubaatunu upayogistundi, aapai aaa daetaanu praamaanika interfaces nundi pamputundi. aaa dsp lopam gurtinchadam mariyu diddubaatu dwara kanugonabadina lopam retunu kooda gamanistundi mariyu chedu ranga punahmudrana, sweeya-paryaveekshanha, vislaeshanha mariyu reporting saanketikata mariyu itara antargata panula kosam dayta sekarananu nirvahistundi.
aadhunika interfacelu drivenu oke dayta/controll kebultho host interfaceku anusandhaanistaayi. prati drive loe adanapu power cable kooda untundi, saadhaaranamgaa idhi neerugaa vidyut sarafara unitku cherutundi. paatha interfacelu dayta signals mariyu drive niyantrana signals kosam pratyeka cables kaligi undevi.
samagrata mariyu vaiphalyam.
talalu mariyu disk uparitalam madhya chaalaa daggari dhooram kaaranamgaa, hetch. dii. dii. luu thala debbatinadam dwara debbatine avakaasam undhi-disk vaiphalyam, dheenilo thala platter uparitalam antataa scrap avutundi, tarachugaa sannani ayaskanta poranu grounding chesi dayta nashtanni kaligistundi. electronic vaiphalyam, akasmaattugaa vidyut vaiphalyam, bhouthika shock, drive yokka antargata aavarana kalushyam, dharinchadam mariyu kanneeru, tuppu ledhaa paelavamgaa tayaaru chesina plaetlu mariyu talalu valla thala pramaadaalu sambhavinchavachhu.
disk tirigetappudu, hetch. dii. dii. yokka spindle vyavastha disk aavarana lopala gaali saandratapai aadhaarapadutundi, idhi talalanu vaati saraina egurutunna ettulo maddatu istundi. hetch. dii. dii. luu sarigga panicheyadaaniki nirdishta shreni gaali saandratalu avasaram. bahya paryaavaranam mariyu saandratatoe anusandhanam anedi aavaranalooni oka chinna randhram dwara (vedalpulo sumaru 0.5 mimi), saadhaaranamgaa lopali bhaagamlo oka vadapotato ("breather vadapotha") jarugutundi. gaali saandrata chaalaa takkuvagaa unte, appudu egurutunna talaku taginanta lift undadu, kabatti thala diskku chaalaa daggaragaa untundi, mariyu thala crash ayye mariyu dayta kolpoye pramaadam untundi. pratyaekamgaa tayaaru cheyabadina sealed mariyu pressurised disclu vishwasaneeyamaina adhika-ettulo operation kosam avasaram. aadhunika disculalo ushnograta sensorlu untaayi mariyu vaati kaaryaacharananu nirvahana vaataavaranaaniki anugunamgaa sardubaatu chestaayi. anni disk drivelalo breather randhraalu kanipistaayi-avi saadhaaranamgaa vaati pakkana sticker kaligi untaayi, randhraalanu kappavaddani viniyogadaaruni heccharistaayi. operating drive lopala gaali kooda nirantaram kadulutuu untundi, spinning platerlatho gharshana dwara kadalikalo kottukupotundi. eee gaali tayari nundi edainaa migilipoyina kalushitaalu, edainaa kanaalu ledhaa rasayanalu, mariyu saadhaarana operationlo antargatamgaa utpatti cheyabadina edainaa kanaalu ledhaa avtgassingnu tolaginchadaaniki antargata punarviniyoga (ledhaa "punarviniyoga") vadapotha dwara velutundi. ekkuva kaalam paatu unde adhika thema talalu mariyu pallemlanu naasanam chestundi. dheeniki minahaayimpugaa hermeticga seelu cheyabadina healium nindina hetch. dii. dii. luu, ivi thema ledhaa vaataavarana peedana maarpula kaaranamgaa talette paryaavarana samasyalanu ekkuvagaa tolagistaayi. ituvanti hetch. dii. dii. lanu hetch. zii. ess. tii. 2013loe vaari modati vijayavantamaina adhika parimaana amalulo pravesapettindi.
mukhyamgaa pedda magnetoracistive (gmr) heads kosam, kalushyam nundi oka chinna thala crash (disk yokka ayaskanta uparitalaanni tolaginchanidi) ippatikee disk uparitalamtho gharshana kaaranamgaa thala tatkalikamga vedekkutundi, mariyu thala ushnograta sthireekarinchabade varaku swalpa kaalaaniki daetaanu chadavalenidigaa chestundi ("thermal asperity" anie pilustaaru, idhi reed signal yokka saraina electronic filtering dwara paakshikamgaa parishkarinchagala samasya).
haard disk yokka logic boardu viphalamainappudu, drivenu tarachugaa paniteeru kramamlo punaruddharinchavachhu mariyu circuit boardnu okelanti haard disk thoo bharti cheyadam dwara daetaanu tirigi pondavacchu. chadavandi-vraayandi thala lopaalu vishayamlo, vaatini dummu rahita vaataavaranamloo pratyeka saadhanaalanu upayoginchi bharti cheyavachu. disk platerlu debbatinakapothe, vaatini okelanti aavaranaloki badilee cheyavachu mariyu daetaanu kotta drivelo coppy cheyavachu ledhaa clone cheyavachu. disk-platter vaiphalyala sandarbhamlo, disk platterla vidadeeyadam mariyu imaging avasaram kaavacchu. file vyavasthalaku taarkika nashtam kosam, unix-lanty vyavasthalapai fsc mariyu vindoslo chkdsk thoo sahaa vividha rakaala saadhanaalanu dayta recovery kosam upayoginchavacchu. taarkika nashtam nundi recoveryki file chekkadam avasaram kaavacchu.
sarvar upayogam kosam roopondinchina mariyu vikrayinchina haard disk drivelu saadhaaranamgaa desktop computerlalo upayoginche consumer-grade drivela kante takkuva tarachugaa viphalamavutaayani oka saadhaarana nireekshana. ayithe, carnegie mellan vishwavidyaalayam mariyu google chesina rendu swatantra adhyayanalu drive yokka "grade" drive yokka vaiphalya retutho sambandham ledani kanugonnayi.
tomm yokka hardware dwara ssd mariyu magnetic disk vaiphalya namuunaala parisoedhana yokka 2011 saaraamsam eee krindi vidhamgaa parisoedhana phalitaalanu sangrahinchindih
backblays, oka nilva pradaata, namuunaalu mariyu tayaareedaarula madhya vistrutamgaa maarutuu unde vishwasaneeyathatho 110,000 off-dhi-shelf hetch. dii. dii. latho nilva polaniki samvatsaraaniki rendu saatam vaarshika vaiphalyam retunu nivedinchindi. backblays taruvaata hetch. dii. dii. ess mariyu ssd. kii samaanamaina vayassu vaiphalyam raetu okela undani nivedinchindi.
kharchunu tagginchadaaniki mariyu vyaktigata hetch. dii. dii. la vaiphalyalanu adhigaminchadaaniki, nilva vyavasthala providerlu anavasaramaina hetch. dii. dii shrenulapai aadhaarapadataaru. viphalamaina hetch. dii. dii. luu nirantara praatipadikana bharti cheyabadataayi.
aardhika vyavastha.
dharala parinaamam.
prati bite kuu hetch dii dii dhara <ii dii 5> samayamlo samvatsaraaniki 40 saatam, <ii dii 2> samayamlo samvatsaraaniki 51 saatam mariyu <ii dii 4> samayamlo samvatsaraaniki 34 saatam choppuna taggindi.
federal reserve boardu moodu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva entreprise hetchdeedeelu mariyu anubandha controllerlu, raaklu mariyu kebullatho sahaa pedda ettuna entreprise storage systems kosam naanhyata-sardubaatu dhara suuchikanu prachurinchindi. eee pedda ettuna nilva vyavasthala dharalu 2004-2009 samayamlo samvatsaraaniki 30 saatam mariyu 2009-2014 samayamlo samvatsaraaniki 22 saatam choppuna taggai.
tayaareedaarulu mariyu ammakalu.
200 kante ekkuva companylu kalakramena hetch. dii. dii. lanu tayaaru chesaayi, conny ekikaranalu nedu kevalam moodu tayaareedaarulaku utpattini kendrikarinchayi westran digital, seagate mariyu toshiba. utpatti pradhanamgaa pasiphik anchulo undhi.
disk nilva kosam prapanchavyaaptamgaa aadaayam samvatsaraaniki enimidi saatam taggindi, 2012loe 38 billion dollarla garishta sthaayi nundi 2019loe 22 billion dollarlaku (anchanaa) taggindi. hetch. dii. dii nilva utpatti <ii. dii. 1> samayamlo samvatsaraaniki 15 saatam perigi, samvatsaraaniki 335 nundi 780 exabytelaku cherukundi. eee kaalamlo hetch. dii. dii. egumatulu samvatsaraaniki edu saatam ksheeninchaayi, 620 nundi 406 million unitlaku taggai. hetch. dii. dii. egumatulu <ii. dii. 1> samayamlo 18 saatam taggutayani anchanaa veyabadindi, 375 millionla nundi 309 million unitlaku padipothayi. 2018loe seagate 40 saatam unitla ravaanaanu kaligi undagaa, westran digital 37 saatam unitla ravaanaanu kaligi undagaa, toshibalo 23 saatam unitla ravaanaanu kaligi undhi. 2015loe rendu atipedda tayaareedaarula sagatu ammakapu dhara unitku $60gaa undhi.
ssdla nundi pootii.
hetch. dii. dii. lanu ghana-sthithi drivelu (ssd) dwara adhigaminchabadutunnaayi, ikkada vaati adhika vegam (7 gigabytela varaku) sekanuku emm. 2 (ngff) nvme ssd, ledhaa pisi vistarana card drivela kosam sekanuku 2.5 gigabitelu), kathinatvam mariyu takkuva shakti dhara kante ekkuva mukhyamainavi, endukante ssdd yokka bitt kharchu hechdidi kante naalugu nundi tommidi retlu ekkuva. hetch. dii. dii. luu samvatsaraaniki <ii. dii. 1> vaiphalyam retunu kaligi unnatlu nivedinchabadindi, ayithe ess. ess. dii. luu samvatsaraaniki <ii. dii. 2> vaiphalyalanu kaligi untaayi. ayithe, ssdlalo hetchdeedeela kante ekkuva sarididdaleni dayta lopaalu unnaayi.
ssdlu atipedda hechdeedi mariyu/ledhaa adhika nilva saandratala kante pedda saamardhyaalanu (100 tb varaku) andistaayi (100 tb mariyu 30 tb ssdlu 2.5 angulaala hetchdeedy kesulalo unchabadataayi, conny <id1> hetchdeedy maadirigaane ettutoe untaayi), ayinappatikee vaati dhara nishedhinchabadindi.
96 poralatho (saadhaaranamgaa salid state drivelalo (ssd) upayoginche) oka 1.33-tb 3dii nand chip yokka prayogasaala pradarsanalo 5.5 tibit/inn2 undagaa, hechdidi laku garishta areal saandrata 1.5 tibit/inn2. flash memory yokka areal saandrata prati rendu samvatsaraalaku rettimpu avutundi, moor chattam (samvatsaraaniki 40 saatam) maadirigaane mariyu hechdidi laku samvatsaraaniki <2> kante vaegamgaa untundi. garishta saamarthyam oka hetch. dii. dii. kii 16 terrabytelu, mariyu oka ess. ess. dii. kii 100 terrabytelu. 2016loe utpatti cheyabadina desktop mariyu notebook computerlalo 70 saatam hetch. dii. dii. luu upayoginchabaddaayi, mariyu ssd. luu 30 saatam upayoginchabaddaayi. oka anchanaa prakaram hetch. dii. dii. la viniyoga vataa taggutondi mariyu <ii. dii. 1> loe 50 saatam kante takkuvagaa padipovachhu, endukante desktop mariyu notebook computerlu mariyu emm. pii. 3 playerlalo ess. ess. dii. luu chinna-saamarthyam (oka-terrabyte kante takkuva) hetch. dii. dii. lanu bharti chestunnayi.
ssdlu mariyu itara anuvartanaallo upayoginche silicon aadhaarita flash memory (nmd) chips kosam market hetchdeedeela kante vaegamgaa perugutondi. prapanchavyaaptamgaa nand aadaayam samvatsaraaniki 16 saatam perigi $22 billionla nundi $57 biliyanlaku cherukundi, ayithe utpatti samvatsaraaniki 45 saatam perigi 19 exabytela nundi 175 exabytelaku cherukundi.

