
ledger raayi

ledger raayi ledhaa ledger stone anedi saadhaaranamgaa oka mukhyamaina maraninchina vyakti khananam chesina pradaesaanni gurthu cheyadaaniki ledhaa gurthu cheyadaaniki charchi neelapai chekkabadina raathi palaka. ledger anae padam madhya aangla padaalaina "ligger", "ligger" ledhaa "legger" nundi udbhavinchindi, ivi paatha aangla kriya "ligaon" yokka muulam nundi udbhavinchaayi, dheeni ardham padukovadam (kinda). ledger raallu samadhi chaatii smaaraka chihnala paibhagalanu yerparustunna palakalugaa kooda kanipinchavacchu.
roopam mariyu bhoogarbha shaastram.
ledger raallu chekkabadina raathi palaka roopamlo untaayi, saadhaaranamgaa maraninchina mukhyamaina vyakti khananam chesina sthalaanni gurthu cheyadaaniki ledhaa gurthu cheyadaaniki charchi neelapai unchutaaru. ledger raallu chaatii samaadhula paibhagalanu yerparustunna palakalugaa kooda kanipinchavacchu. saadhaaranamgaa raathi anchu chuttoo nadustunna ledger line lopala raatilo oka saasanam kotha cheyabadutundi. atuvanti saasanam raathi madhya praantamloo konasaagavacchu, veetini shilpam chesina ledhaa kotha chesina aayudhaala kotulu ledhaa purrelu, ganta gaajulu modalaina itara tagina alankaara vastuvulatoe alankarinchavacchu. inset ittadi raallu modatisaarigaa 13va sataabdamloo kanipinchaayi.
cartouchlo atidhi aksharaalato raallu.
idhi breakenshire mariyu linkan mariyu united kingdamloni humbersidelo sambhavinche aksharaala praantiiya shaili. aksharalu mariyu aayudhalanu atidhi paatralo penche shaili mariyu sarihaddu ledhaa cartouchlo amarchina aksharalu sthaanika varkshaapnu suuchimchavachchu. eee slablu sumaru 1630 nundi 1740 varaku sambhavistaayi. breakenshirelo, eee slablu breakenshireloni lanbedder yastrad yulo nivasinchina raathi mesanla krooramaina kutumbaaniki anusandhaaninchabadi undavacchu. adevidhamgaa linkan cathedral mariyu seyint martin charchi praamganamloo linkan loe nalla palarayi aksharaala ledger slablu kanipistaayi, idhi bahusha sthaanika varkshaapnu suuchistumdi. pavitra trimuurtula charchi, pottu loe 1718 yokka eee rakamaina maroka ledger slaabnu neev vivarinchaadu mariyu yorkshire yokka thoorpu swaariiloo itara udaaharanalu unnayani suuchistumdi.
tournai mariyu nalla belgian palarayi.
turnai praantam nundi vacchina raallu carboniferous kaalam nundi unnaayi mariyu 359 nundi 345 million samvatsaraala kritam varaku konasagina carboniferous yokka upavibhaagamaina turnician yuganni nirvachinchadaaniki upayoginchabaddaayi. tournai raayi anedi muduru sunnapurayi, idhi palish teesukuntundi mariyu mukhyamgaa romansk kaalamlo tournai faantlu vanti chekkina vastuvula kosam upayoginchabadindi. idhi bhougolikamgaa sarikaanidi ayinappatikee, dheenini konnisaarlu tournai palarayi anie pilustaaru. eee palarayi madhya belgiumloni pedda praantamloo kanipistaayi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa vaatilo tellani cherikalu mariyu silaajaalu untaayi, ayithe "neero belgio" kooda undhi, idhi dadapuga jett block gaa kanipistundi mariyu ippatikee golzin mariyu somaritanam vadda panichestunna kwaareela nundi vastundi. 18va sataabdam chivari bhaagamlo mariyu 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo "neero belgio" maadirigaane daadaapu jett block palarayi ledger slabluga kanipistundani gamaninchavacchu, dheeniki udaaharana linkan kethadralloni deane kae smaaraka chihnam. 17va nundi 19va sataabdaala naati aneka itara nalla ledger raallu tellati flecking kaligi unnaayi, ivi belgian muulaala nundi vachayani kooda suuchimchavachchu. 17va mariyu 18va sataabdaalaloo ledger raalla digumati gurinchi hull port pustakaalalo unna suuchanalanu neev note chestaadu mariyu humberside looni charchilalo unna vatiki mariyu harlem looni seyint bavokerk charchilo unna vatiki madhya polikalanu geestaadu. ledgerstonelaku konni sameepa udaaharanalu stevenskerk, nizmezen nundi vachayi, ayithe dutch udaaharanalu saadhaaranamgaa saasanaalaku pedda aksharaalanu upayogistaayi. kent charchilalo heraldic ledger raalla sarvelo enn. ii. 1929loe oka raayi namuunaanu daa. hetch. bhougolika museumku chendina thamus, "eee raayi carboniferous yuganiki chendina nalla sunnapurayi anie nivedinchaaru... idhi pradhanamgaa belgium nundi vastundi.... eee smaaraka palakalu belgium nundi digumati chesukunnatluga 'laten' (lyton) palakalu ittadi yugamlo unnatle unde avakaasam undhi. kent mariyu thoorpu anglialo vaati praabalyaaniki idhi kaaranam, endukante eee bhaarii raalla ravana sulabham mariyu choukagaa untundi ".
susex palarayi ledhaa petworth palarayi.
susex palarayi anedi shilaja manchineeti sunnapurayi padaartham, idhi aagneya inglaandlooni kent, thoorpu susex mariyu paschima susex bhagala yokka uppu mattiloo prabalamgaa undhi. dheenini travvakaalaku guraina graamaalaku sambandhinchi "petworth palarayi", "bethersden palarayi" ledhaa "lafton stone" anie kooda pilustaaru, maroka pratyaamnaaya paeru "winklestone". idhi chaalaa baga palish cheyabadinanduna dheenini "palarayi" anie pilustaaru, ayithe idhi nijamaina palarayi kaadu, bhougolikamgaa cheppalante, idhi roopaantaraaniki lobadi undadu. eee maatruka manchineeti gastropods mariyu "viviparas" merupula gundlatho roopondinchabadindi, idhi perbeck palarayini tayaaru chese vaati maadirigaane untundi conny vaati kante peddadi. eee padaarthamthoo tayaaru cheyabadina aneka faantlu unnaayi mariyu idhi madhyayuga kaalamlo ledger slabla kosam mariyu smaaraka ittadi kosam maatruka rayiga kooda upayoginchabadindi. idhi taruvaati ledger slabla kosam upayoginchadam konasaginche avakaasam undhi.
alabaster.
alabaster samadhi bommalatho kuudina charchi smaaraka chihnalaku, conny ledger slabla kosam kooda upayoginchadaaniki prasiddhi chendindi. ivi thoorpu midland counteelaina licessire, derr mariyu nottinghamshirelalo sambhavistaayi, linkenshirelo naalugu bahya udaaharanalu unnaayi.
udaaharanalu pradhanamgaa 14va mariyu 15va sataabdaalaku chendinavi, kotha chesina bommalatho. alabaster ledger slabku asaadhaaranamaina udaaharana 1433 naati northamptonshireloni geddington charchilooni richard mariyu isabel treasum. slabloni katthi neelam-aakupaccha raatitoe chekkabadi undhi alaage isabel talapaagaa kooda undhi. richard thana paadaala kinda oka kukkatho chuupimchabaddaadu, mariyu aaa janta krinda vaari aruguru pillalu, aiduguru kumartelu mariyu oka kumarudu unnaaru.
switzerland slate.
18va sataabdam madhya nundi 1890la chivari kwaareelu moosiveyabade varaku thoorpu midlandloni aneka praantaalalo ledger mariyu gravestonela kosam switzerland slate vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadindi. nalla" palarayila maadirigaa kakunda idhi vaataavaranaanni baga nirodhistundi mariyu charchila lopala mariyu bayata smasaanavaatikallo upayoginchavacchu. switzerland leicesterku uttaraana undhi mariyu kwari karyakalapalu chaalaavaraku 18va mariyu 19va sataabdaalaloo jarigaayi, pradhana slate kwaareelu switzerland kalapa, brand, groby mariyu wood house eevs vadda unnaayi. vaari estatelalo slate vanarulu unna iddaru bhuswamulu beumanore haall yokka herrick kutumbam, paatha kalapa illu mariyu groby mariyu switzerlandloni earl off stamford, 1766 nundi venuka kutumbam groby kwaareeni leejuku teesukuntondani mariyu vaari paeru tarachugaa ledgerstones mariyu gravestones meeda kanipistundi. vaari vilakshanhamaina alankaara chekkadam vaari workshop nundi vachhe panini gurtinchadam sulabham chestundi. vaari panini licessire mariyu staffordshire prakkane unna praantaalalo gurtinchavacchu. switzerland slatenu kooda nairuti linkanshairloki grandham kaaluva dwara ravana chesaaru mariyu grandham chuttoo unna charchilu mariyu charchilalo idhi kanipistundi.
britainlo upayoginchandi.
aneka british parish charchilalo ledger raallu unnaayi. 250, 000 kii paiga raallu manugadalo unnaayi, ekkuvagaa padihedava sataabdam chivari nundi paddenimidava sataabdam chivari varaku, aaa kaalam taruvaata avi arudugaa unnaayi. aarogyam mariyu parisubhrata kaaranaala valla charchi bhavanala lopala samadhulu nilipiveyabadina aadhunika yugam nundi, ledger raayi ikapai saadhaaranamgaa upayoginchabadadu, mariyu daani paniteeru charchi-yard ledhaa uddeshapoorvakamgaa nirminchina smasaanavaatikalo nitaruga chekkabadina samadhi raayi dwara teesukobadindi.
ledger raallu marinta vistrutamaina smaaraka chihnam kante choukainavi kabatti british madhyataragati vaaru vaatini ishtapaddaru. vaatini tarachugaa bhuubhaagam yokka prabhuvu ledhaa charchilo advousan yokka holder kutumbanche unchabadevi, mariyu atuvanti kutumbaaniki tarachugaa parish charchilo daani swantha private chappel undedi, tarachugaa uttara nadava yokka thoorpu chivaralo, ikkada manorrheal pyuu undhi mariyu kutumba sabhyulu khananam cheyabaddaaru.
upayoginchadaaniki hakku.
maraninchina vyaktini charchilo khananam cheyadaaniki (bayati charchi praamganamloo kakunda) ledhaa ledger raayi kosam arhata pondadaaniki yea pramaanaalu avasaramo aspashtamgaa undhi. ledger raalla udaaharanalu kuleenulu, graameena kuleenulu, vruttulu, mataadhikaarula nundi vyaapaarulu mariyu vartakula varaku untaayi. linkenshireloni tatershall vadda purre mariyu adda emukala kinda oka saasanamto sthaanika aushadhaalayam mariyu shastravaidyudiki oka slab undhi. breacon kethadralloni 17va sataabdam chivaralo oka slab oka sthaanika kasaini namodu chesindi. aneka mandhi mataadhikaarulu mariyu kontamandi kuleenula saasanaalu laatinlo chekkabadi undatam gamaninchadagga vishayam, conny idhi 1740 natiki ekkuvagaa adrusyamavutundi.
devon looni hartlandloni seyint necton charchilo thamus docton (d.1618) varaku unna oka ledger raayi, modata oka "vintha" epitafnu kaligi undhi, idhi tarachugaa coat cheyabadindi, udaaharanaku "loe" dwara augustus zaan cuthbert kundelu. idhi "naa meeda santoshinchavaddu, oo naa satruvu" anie modalavutundi, conny modata eee krindi padyamtho chekkabadina ittadi ledger line chuttoo undedih
airopa khandamlo upayoginchandi.
maraninchina vaari chekkina ledhaa upasamana bommalatho kuudina ledger raallu UKloe antha saadhaaranam kaadu, conny german mariyu scandinavian deshaalalo vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutunnaayi. german bhaashalo "grabplatte" (vaachyamgaa "samadhi phalakam") anae padaanni chadunaina palakalaku upayogistaaru, ayithe charchilu mariyu smasaanavaatikala godalapai niluvugaa jatacheyabadina palakalanu kooda suuchimchavachchu, mariyu tarachugaa samaadhulalo samaadhulanu kappe saadaa raathi palakalanu kooda suuchimchavachchu. french padam "dayle funerare".
parirakshana.
avi neelapai kappabadinanduna, ledger raallu paadaala rakapokala valla mariyu charchilaku nirmaanaatmaka maarpula valla debbatine avakaasam undhi. raallapai samacharam pogottukune mundu daanini namodu cheyadaaniki ingland & wales yokka ledgerstones survey undhi.

