bhouthikavaadam

tatvasaastramlo, bhouthikavaadam anedi "pratidee bhouthikamainadi", bhouthikaaniki minchi aemee ledani ledhaa pratidee bhouthikampai aadhipatyam chelaayistundani adhibhouthika siddhaantam. bhouthikavaadam anedi antological advaitavaadam yokka oka roopam-"rendu-padaartham" (dvandvavaadam) ledhaa "aneka-padaartham" (bahuvachanam) drukpathaaniki viruddhamgaa vaastavikata yokka swabhaavam gurinchi "oka padaartham" drukpatham. bhouthika" yokka nirvachanam mariyu bhouthikavaadam yokka ardham rendoo charchinchabaddaayi.
bhouthikavaadam bhouthikavaadamtho daggari sambandham kaligi undhi, mariyu pariseelinchina drugvishayaalanu vivarinchadamlo bhouthika saastraalalo purogathitho bhouthikavaadam nundi udbhavinchindi. bhouthikavaadam" mariyu "bhouthikavaadam" anae padaalu tarachugaa parasparam maarchukoobadataayi, conny vaati taatvika chikkula aadhaaramgaa vaeru cheyavachu. bhouthikavaadam padaartham, conny shakti, bhouthika niyamaalu, sthalam, samayam, nirmaanam, bhouthika prakriyalu, samacharam, sthithi mariyu saktulu, itara vishayaalatoe paatu, bhouthika shaastram mariyu itara saastraalu varninchinatlugaa, bhouthikamlo bhaagamgaa ekatva bhaavamlo untundi. bhouthikavaada drukpatham nundi, ganitam, naitikata, spruha, uddesapurvakata mariyu ardham vanti nairoopya bhaavanalanu kooda bhouthika entiteelugaa pariganistaaru, ayinappatikee avi pedda antological vastuvu mariyu kaarana sanklishta nirmaanaanni kaligi undavacchu. ayinappatikee, avi ippatikee bhouthikamgaa pariganhinchabadutunnaayi.
2009 survey prakaram, tatvavettalalo bhouthikavaadam anedi adhika sankhyalo unna abhiprayam, conny bhouthikavaadaaniki gananeeyamaina vyatiraekata undhi. bhouthika shaastravetta kaani abhipraayaaniki maddatugaa neuroplasticityni oka vaadanagaa upayoginchaaru. taatvika jombi vaadana bhouthikavaadaanni savaalu chese maroka prayatnam.
pratyamnaayamgaa, tatvasaastram velupala, bhouthikavaadam anedi prapancham ledhaa vaastavikata gurinchi satyaanni andinchadaaniki bhouthika saastraanni uttamamaina mariyu ekaika maargamgaa pariganinchaalane praadhaanyata ledhaa drukkoonaanni kooda suuchimchavachchu.
tatvasaastramlo bhouthikavaadam yokka nirvachanam.
bhouthikavaadam" anae padaanni padaanni oto neurat mariyu rudolph carnap tatvasaastramlo pravesapettaaru.
bhouthikavaadamlo "bhouthika" vadakam anedi oka taatvika bhavana mariyu saahityamlo kanipinche pratyaamnaaya nirvachanaala nundi vaeru cheyavachu (udhaa.zii. carle popper bhouthika pratipaadananu kaneesam siddhaantaparamgaa pariseelana dwara tiraskarinchagaladigaa nirvachinchaaru). eee sandarbhamlo "bhouthika aasti" anedi saadhaarana ardhamlo bhouthikamaina lakshanaala adhibhouthika ledhaa taarkika kalayika kaavacchu. a" loe edainaa maarpu tappanisarigaa "b" loe maarpunu suuchisthee, "a" anae lakshanam "b" anae aastipai paryavekshinchabadutundani cheppabadutundi, idhi supervenians anae bhavananu upayoginchi "metaphysical ledhaa logic kalayika lakshanaala" anae bhavananu vyakteekarinchadam sadharanamh oka lakshanam "a" anedi "b" anae aastipai paryavekshinchabadutundani cheppabadutundi. lakshanaala kalayikalo edainaa maarpu kaneesam oka bhagapu aastilo maarpunu kaligi undaali kabatti, kalayika nijamgaa vyaktigata lakshanaalapai aadhipatyam chelaayistundani manam chustamu. eee podigimpu yokka vishayam emitante, bhouthika saastravettalu saadhaaranamgaa padam yokka saadhaarana ardhamlo bhouthikam kaani vividha nairoopya bhavanala unikini oohistaaru; kabatti bhouthikavaadaanni eee nairoopya unikini khandinche vidhamgaa nirvachinchalemu. alaage, supervenians paramgaa nirvachinchabadina bhouthikavaadam antey vaastava prapanchamlo anni lakshanaalu bhouthika lakshanaalatoo samanamga unnayani ardham kaadu. anduvalla, idhi bahula vaastavikataku anukuulamgaa untundi.
supervenians anae bhavana nundi, manasika, saamaajika mariyu jeeva lakshanaalu bhouthika lakshanaalapai aadhipatyam chelaayistaayani bhaavinchi, rendu oohaatmaka prapanchaalu vaati bhouthika lakshanaalalo okela undakudadani, conny vaati manasika, saamaajika ledhaa jeeva lakshanaalalo bhinnamgaa untaayani manam chustamu.
bhouthikavaadam" nuu nirvachinchadaaniki rendu saadhaarana vidhanalu siddhaanta-aadhaarita mariyu vastuvu-aadhaarita vidhanalu. bhouthikavaadam yokka siddhaanta-aadhaarita bhavana "bhouthika siddhaantam manaku cheppe vidhamaina aasti ayithe mariyu adhi bhouthika siddhaantam manaku teliyajese vidhamaina aasti ayithe ledhaa bhouthika siddhaantam manaku cheppe vidhamaina aastipai adhibhouthikamgaa (ledhaa taarkikamgaa) paryavekshinche aasti ayithe matrame oka aasti bhouthikamainadi" anie pratipaadistundi. adevidhamgaa, vastuvu-aadhaarita bhavana "oka aasti bhouthikamainadi, okavelah idhi pratimaana bhouthika vastuvulu mariyu vaati bhagala yokka antargata swabhaavam yokka puurti khaataa dwara avasaramaina aasti rakam ledhaa adhimanava bhouthika vastuvulu mariyu vaati bhagala yokka antargata swabhaavam yokka puurti khaataa dwara avasaramaina aasti rakam meeda adhimanava (ledhaa taarkikamgaa) paryaveekshanha chese aasti ayithe matrame" anie perkondi.
bhouthika saastravettalu saampradayakamgaa prastuta bhouthika shaastram ledhaa bhavishyat (aadarsha) bhouthika shaastram paramgaa bhouthika shaastram yokka "siddhaanta-aadhaarita" lakshanaalanu enchukunnaaru. bhouthikam yokka eee rendu siddhaanta-aadhaarita bhavanalu janapanara yokka gandaragolam yokka rendu kommulanu suuchistaayi (divangata vignaana tatwavetta mariyu taarkika anubhavavetta carle gustav janapanara paeru pettabadindi): bhouthikam yokka siddhaanta-aadhaarita avagaahanalaku vyatiraekamgaa oka vaadana. chaalaa sthuulamgaa, janapanara yokka gandaragolam emitante, prastuta bhouthika saastraanni soochinchadam dwara bhouthika saastraanni nirvachisthe, bhouthikavaadam tappu kaavacchu, endukante prastuta bhouthika saastramlo chaalaa bhaagam tappu kaavacchu (niraasaavaada meta-induction dwara). conny badulugaa manam bhouthikathanu bhavishyattu (aadarsam) ledhaa puurti chesina bhouthika shaastram paramgaa nirvachisthe, appudu bhouthikavaadam nissahayamgaa aspashtamgaa ledhaa anischitamgaa untundi.
bhouthika avasheshaala siddhaanta-aadhaarita bhavanalaku vyatiraekamgaa janapanara yokka gandaragolam yokka shakti vivadaspadamga unnappatikee, bhouthikam yokka pratyaamnaaya "siddhaanta-aadhaarita" bhaavanalanu kooda pratipaadinchaaru. udaaharanaku fraank jackson (1998) bhouthikam gurinchi paina perkonna "vastuvu-aadhaarita" bhavanaku anukuulamgaa vaadinchaaru. vaadinchaaru jackson swayamgaa perkonna eee pratipaadanaku oka abhyantaram emitante, idhi panpichism ledhaa panprotopsichism nijamani thelithe, bhautikata gurinchi atuvanti bhouthikavaada avagahana bhautikata anedi pratikuula phalitaanni istundi, ayinappatikee, atuvanti lakshanaalu bhautikata yokka namuunaa udaaharanala puurti khaataalo kanipistaayi kabatti kooda idhi nijam.
david papino mariyu barbara montero munduku sagaru, tadanantaram bhouthika yokka "negativa dwara" lakshanaanni samarthinchaaru. pratikuula vyuuham yokka saaraamsam emitante, bhouthikamgaa adhi emito ardham chesukovadam maanasikamgaa. maroe maatalo cheppalante, pratikuulata dwara vyuuham bhouthikathanu "naan-mental" gaa ardham chesukuntundi. bhautikata yokka pratikuula bhavana dwara vyatiraekata emitante (vastuvu-aadhaarita bhavana vale) tatastha advaitavaadam (ledhaa panprotopsichism) nuu bhouthikavaadam nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki vanarulu laevu. inca, bhouthikam yokka eee bhavana bhouthika, cartician aatmalu mariyu nairoopya sankhyalu vanti bhautikata laeni adhibhouthika shaastram yokka pradhana bhautikata laeni entiteelanu bhouthikamgaa mariyu tadwara tappudu ledhaa chinnapati nijamani restrepo (2012) vaadinchaaru "devudu viswaanni srushtinchina vastuvugaa maanasikamgaa kaani mariyu jeevasaastraparamgaa kaani vyaktigaa gurtinchadaginavadu. udbhavam nijamani anukundam, bhouthikam kaani udbhavinche lakshanaalu padaartham yokka konni amarikala yokka naan-leanier prabhavaluga maanasikamgaa mariyu jeevasambandhamgaa gurtinchalenivi. abhouthika cartician aatma konni kanaalatoe (penial grandhitho ekakaalamlo) kaaranavasaattu sankarshana chendhe vishayaalalo okatigaa maanasikamgaa mariyu jeevasambandhamgaa gurtinchadaginadi kaadu. enimidi platonic sankhyanu suuryuni chuttoo kakshyalo unna grahala sankhyagaa maanasikamgaa mariyu jeevasambandham kaniviga gurtinchavacchu.
bhouthikavaadam yokka supervenians aadhaarita nirvachanalu.
bhautikata yokka supervenians-aadhaarita khaataanu sweekarinchi, bhouthikavaadam yokka nirvachananni "anni lakshanaalu bhouthikamainavi" anie vippavachuh
1) "doubleu" yokka bhouthika nakilee ayina edainaa prapancham kooda "doubleu symplicitor" yokka nakilee ayithe matrame bhouthikavaadam saadhyamayye prapanchamlo "doubleu" loe nijam.
vaastava prapanchaaniki (mana prapancham) vartimpajeyabadina, paina perkonna prakatana 1, vaastava prapanchamlo bhouthikavaadam nijamani vaadana, vaastava prapancham yokka bhouthika lakshanaalu mariyu chattalu takshaname unna "saadhyamayye prati prapanchamlo", vaastava prapancham yokka bhouthikam kaani (padam yokka saadhaarana ardhamlo) lakshanaalu kooda takshaname niroopinchabadithe matrame. soul cripke (1972) nundi oka roopakaanni sweekarinchadaaniki, vaastava prapanchamlo bhouthikavaadam yokka nijam emitante, devudu mana prapanchamlooni bhouthika lakshanaalu mariyu chattalanu takshaname ledhaa "sthiraparachina" tarvaata, devuni pani puurtavutumdi; migilinavi "svayamchaalakamgaa" vastaayi.
duradrushtavasaattu, 1va prakatana bhouthikavaadam oka prapanchamlo "va" nijamani cheppadaniki avasaramaina paristhitini kooda sangrahinchadamlo viphalamavutundi. dheenini chuudataaniki, bhouthika lakshanaalu matrame unna prapanchaanni oohinchukondi-bhouthikavaadam yea prapanchaanikainaa nijamaithe adhi eee vishayamlo nijam. conny "kaadu" anie kooda saralikrutam chese atuvanti prapancham yokka bhouthika nakileelanu evarainaa oohinchavachhuh mana oohinchina daanitoe samaanamaina bhouthika lakshanaalanu kaligi unna prapanchaalu, conny konni adanapu aasti ledhaa lakshanaalatoo. oka prapanchamlo "epiphenominal ectoplasm" undavacchu, idhi prapanchamlooni bhouthika bhaagaalato sankarshana chendani mariyu vatiki avasaram laeni (vaatipai paryaveekshinchani) konni adanapu swachchamaina anubhavam. epiphenominal ectoplasm samasyanu nirvahinchadaaniki, statement 1 nuu "annee" ledhaa "sampuurnata" nibandhananu chaerchadaaniki ledhaa "saanukuula" lakshanaalaku parimitam cheyadaaniki savarinchavachhu. ikkada munupati suuchananu sweekarinchi, manam eee krindi vidhamgaa prakatana prakatana samskarinchavachuhu
2) "doubleu" yokka "kaneesa" bhouthika nakilee edainaa prapancham "doubleu symplicitor" yokka nakilee ayithe matrame bhouthikavaadam saadhyamayye prapanchamlo "doubleu" loe nijam.
adhe vidhamgaa vartimpajeyabadina, prakatana 2 anedi "doubleu" yokka bhouthika nakilee (tadupari maarpulu lekunda) yea prapancham ayina arhata lekunda "doubleu" yokka nakilee ayithe matrame saadhyamayye prapanchamlo bhouthikavaadam nijam anae vaadana. bhouthika lakshanaalu matrame unna prapanchaanni bhouthikavaadam nijamaina prapanchamgaa pariganinchadaaniki idhi anumatistundi, endukante konni adanapu amsaalu unna prapanchaalu atuvanti prapanchaaniki "kaneesa" bhouthika nakileelu kaavu, ledhaa avi bhouthikamgaa avasaramaina konni bhouthika-kaani lakshanaalanu kaligi unna prapanchaala yokka kaneesa bhouthika nakileelu kaavu.
conny statement 2 konni adanapu amsaalu unna prapanchaala samasyanu adhigaminchinappatikii (konnisaarlu "epiphenominal ectoplasm samasya" gaa suuchistaaru) idhi vaerae savaalunu edurkontundihi "blockers samasya" anie pilavabadedi. eee prapanchamlo bhouthika mariyu bhouthika-kaani lakshanaala madhya sambandham (prapanchaanni 3 anie pilustaaru) adhibhouthika avasaraala kante konchem balaheenamgaa unna prapanchaanni oohinchukondi, antey oka nirdishta rakamaina bhouthika-kaani bhouthika-kaani vadda undi unte, 3 looni bhouthika-kaani lakshanaalu 3 vadda bhouthika lakshanaala takshaname takshaname prerepinchabadakunda nirodhinchavacchu. endukante prakatana 2, 3 yokka bhouthika nakilee prapanchaalanu tosipuchindi, ivi kaneesatvam kaaranamgaa bhouthika-kaani jokyaalanu kaligi untaayi, ledhaa aaa-anni claz, prakatana 2 bhouthikavaadam 3 vadda nijamani (aaropinchabadina) tappudu phalitaanni istundi. eee samasyaku oka pratispandana emitante, 3 looni bhouthika-kaani lakshanaalu 3 vadda bhouthika lakshanaala takshaname prerepinchabadatam dwara takshaname nirodhinchabadataayi. saanukuula aasti anedi okati "...oka prapanchamlo takshaname W nii kaligi unte, anni prapanchaalalo sambandhita vyakti kooda saraina bhaagamgaa W nii kaligi untaadu."eee suuchananu anusarinchi, manam bhouthikavaadaanni eee krindi vidhamgaa roopondinchavachuhu
3) "doubleu" yokka bhouthika nakilee ayina edainaa prapancham "doubleu" yokka saanukuula nakilee ayithe matrame bhouthikavaadam saadhyamayye prapanchamlo "doubleu" loe nijam.
daani mukham meeda, statement 3 epiphenominal ectoplasm samasya mariyu blockers samasya rendintinee nirvahinchagaladani telustondi. modatidaaniki sambandhinchi, prakatana 3 anedi puurtigaa bhouthika prapancham antey bhouthikavaadam nijamani saraina phalitaanni istundi, endukante konni adanapu amsaalu unna prapanchaalu puurtigaa bhouthika prapanchaaniki saanukuula nakileelu. taruvaati vishayaniki sambandhinchi, prakatana 3 anedi 3 yokka saanukuula bhouthika lakshanaalu laeni prapanchaalu blackerlu unna prapanchaalu anae parinaamaanni kaligi unnatlu kanipistundi, anduvalla 3 bhouthikavaadam nijamaina prapanchamgaa pariganinchabadadu. daniel stolzer (2010) blockers samasyaku eee pratispandananu vyatiraekimchaaru, endukante 3 yokka bhouthika lakshanaalu blockers unna prapanchamlo takshaname niroopinchabadavu kabatti, avi chalmers (1996) ardhamlo saanukuula lakshanaalu kaavu, kabatti statement 3 3 nuu bhouthikavaadam nijamaina prapanchamgaa pariganistundi.
bhouthikavaadam yokka supervarians-aadhaarita suutreekaranalaku maroe samasya "avasaramaina jeevula samasya" anie pilavabadutundi. eee sandarbhamlo avasaramaina jeevi anedi saadhyamayye anni prapanchaalalo unna bhouthikam kaani jeevi (udaaharanaku aastikulu devudu anie pilustaaru). avasaramaina jeevi andinchina anni nirvachanaalaku anukuulamgaa untundi, endukante idhi pratidaanipai suuparveeniyantgaa untundi; ayinappatikee idhi saadhaaranamgaa pratidee bhouthikamainadane bhavanaku viruddhamgaa untundi. kabatti bhouthikavaadam yokka edainaa supervenians aadhaarita suutreekarana bhouthikavaadam yokka satyaaniki avasaramaina conny taginanta sharatu kaadani uttamamgaa teliyajestundi.
supervenians physicalism kosam andinchina paina perkonna nirvachanaalaku adanapu abhyantaraalu levanettabaddayi oke ammonium anuvu (ledhaa bhouthika aasti) uniki dwara matrame bhinnamgaa unde pratyaamnaaya prapanchaanni oohinchavachhu, inca prakatana 1 aadhaaramgaa, atuvanti prapancham manasika lakshanaala pampinhee paramgaa puurtigaa bhinnamgaa undavacchu. antekakunda, bhouthikavaadam yokka modal sthithiki sambandhinchi thedaalu vyaktam cheyabaddaayi; idhi avasaramaina nijam ayina, ledhaa konni paristhitulaku anugunamgaa unna prapanchamlo matrame nijam ayina (i.ii. bhouthikavaadam).
bhouthikavaadaanni grahinchadam.
supervenians physicalismtho daggari sambandham, anedi realisation physicalism, prati takshana aasti bhouthikamainadi ledhaa bhouthika aasti dwara grahinchabadutundi anae thesis.
token physicalism.
token physicalism anedi "prati vaastava nirdishta (vastuvu, sanghatana ledhaa prakriya) x kii, x = y vanti konni bhouthika nirdishta y undhi" anae pratipaadana. idhi "bhouthika yantraamgaalu" anae aalochananu sangrahinchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. token physicalism anedi property dualismtho anukuulamgaa untundi, dheenilo anni padaarthaalu "bhouthika" gaa untaayi, conny bhouthika vastuvulu manasika lakshanaalatoo paatu bhouthika lakshanaalanu kaligi undavacchu. ayithe token physicalism anedi supervenians physicalismtho samanam kaadu. modatidi, token physicalism anedi supervenians physicalismnu suuchimchadu endukante modatidi supervenient kaani lakshanaala sambhaavyatanu thosipuchadu (avi bhouthika vivaraalatoe matrame sambandham kaligi unte). rendavadi, atigaa unde bhouthikavaadam anedi sanketha bhouthikavaadaanni suuchimchadu, endukante modatidi yea bhouthika vastuvuku samanam kaani atigaa unde vastuvulanu ("desham" ledhaa "aatma" vantivi) anumatistundi.
taggimpu mariyu aavirbhaavavaadam.
taggimpu.
taggimpu yokka aneka samskaranalu unnaayi. bhouthikavaadam sandarbhamlo, suuchimchabadina taggimpulu "bhasha" swabhaavaaniki chendinavi, manasika drugvishayaala charchalanu bhouthika shaastra charchalaloki anuvadinchadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi. oka suutreekaranaloo, prati bhavana bhouthika bhavana paramgaa vislaeshimchabadutumdi. dheeniki oka prati vaadana, bhouthikam kaani, conny siddhaantam yokka vyakteekarana saktini penche vyakteekaranala adanapu taragati undavacchu anie anukundam. taggimpu yokka maroka roopam oka siddhaantam (manasika ledhaa saareeraka) rendava nundi taarkikamgaa utpannam kavalsina avasaram meeda aadharapadi untundi.
taggimpu mariyu bhouthikavaadam kalayikanu saadhaaranamgaa manassu yokka tatvasaastramlo taggimpu bhouthikavaadam antaaru. dheeniki vyatiraeka drukpatham tagginchani bhouthikavaadam. tagginche saareerakata anedi manasika sthithulu saareeraka sthithulaku minchi aemee kaavu mariyu saareeraka sthithulaku tagginchagalavu anae abhiprayam. tagginche bhouthikavaadam yokka oka roopam rakam bhouthikavaadam ledhaa manassu-shareera gurtimpu siddhaantam. rakam bhouthikavaadam "prati vaastavamgaa takshana property f kii, f = g vanti kontha bhouthika property g undhi" anie nokki chebutundi. token physicalism kakunda, rakam physicalism anedi supervenians physicalismnu kaligi untundi.
saareerakata yokka tagginche samskaranalu manasika jeevitaalaku kaaranam kaananduna avi ekkuvagaa janaadarana pondaledu. bhouthika padaardhamgaa eee sthithilo unna medaduku oka nirdishta parimaanam, oka nirdishta dravyarashi, oka nirdishta saandrata, oka nirdishta sthaanam, oka nirdishta aakaram modalaina bhouthika lakshanaalu matrame untaayi. ayithe, eee sthithilo unna medaduku etuvanti manasika lakshanaalu laevu. medadu atigaa aanandinchadu ledhaa asantrupti chendadu. medadu noppiloo ledhu. oka vyakti vennunoppi mariyu athanu ledhaa aame noppitho unnappudu, medadu naadii circutrytho sambandham kaligi unnappatikee badhapaduthunna medadu noppi anubhavanni andistundi. anduvalla tagginche saareerakata manasika jeevitaalanu vivarinchadu. udaaharanaku, bhayam sambhavinchinappudu, bhayam yokka anubhavaniki anugunamgaa naadii karyakalapalu undatamlo sandeham ledhu. ayithe, medadu kooda bhayapadadu. medadulooni naadii kaaryakalaapaalaku anugunamgaa unnappatikee bhayanni saareeraka medadu sthithiki tagginchalemu. eee kaaranamgaa, tagginche bhouthikavaadam anedi manasika anubhavamtho rajipadalenanduna samarthinchalenidigaa vaadinchabadindi.
rakam bhouthikavaadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa maroka saadhaarana vaadana bahula saakshaatkaaram, manasika prakriyanu (cheppandi) aneka vibhina naraala prakriyala dwara (yantram ledhaa grahaantara medhassu vishayamlo kooda naraala sambandhita prakriyalu) takshaname prerepinche avakaasam undhi. eee sandarbhamlo, manasika padaanni anuvadinche naraala padaalu saadhyamayye takshanaalapai vibhajanalugaa undaali, mariyu yea bhouthika chattam eee vibhajanalanu padaalugaa upayoginchadani vaadinchabadindi. bahula vaastavikata vaadana yokka asalu lakshyam rakam bhouthikavaadam, mariyu token bhouthikavaadam bahula vaastavikata nundi abhyantaraalaku gurayye avakaasam undani spashtamgaa teliyadu.
aavirbhavam.
udbhavavaadam yokka rendu roopaalu unnaayi, balamaina roopamu mariyu balaheenamaina roopamu. atigaa unde bhouthikavaadam aavirbhavam yokka balamaina roopamgaa chudabadindi, dheenilo vishayam yokka manasika anubhavam nijaayiteegaa kottadigaa pariganinchabadutundi. marovaipu, tagginchani bhouthikavaadam anedi udbhavavaadam yokka balaheenamaina roopam, endukante vishayam yokka manasika anubhavam kottadigaa undavalasina avasaram ledhu. udbhavavaadam yokka balamaina roopam bhouthikavaadaaniki anukuulamgaa ledhu. kotta manasika sthithulu unnanduna, manasika sthithulu saareeraka sthithulaku minchi aemee kaavu. ayithe, udbhavavaadam yokka balaheenamaina roopam bhouthikavaadaaniki anukuulamgaa untundi.
aavirbhaavavaadam vaastavaaniki chaalaa vistrutamaina drukpatham anie manam chudavachu. aavirbhavam yokka konni roopaalu bhouthikavaadaaniki anukuulamgaa undavu ledhaa daaniki samanamga kanipistaayi (udhaa.zii. bhouthikavaadam taruvaata), itarulu dvandvavaadam mariyu adhirohana rendintinee vileenam chesinatlu kanipistaaru. dvandvavaadaaniki anugunamgaa udbhavinche aavirbhavam saareeraka sthithulapai manasika sthithula paryaveekshanhanu konasagistune manasika sthithulu mariyu saareeraka sthithulu adhibhouthikamgaa vibhinnamgaa unnayani perkondi. ayithe eee pratipaadana atibharya bhouthikavaadaaniki viruddhamgaa undhi, idhi dvandvavaadaanni khandistundani nokki chebutundi.
"oka praadhaanyata" verses "oka posterio" bhouthikavaadam.
bhouthikavaadulu bhouthikavaadam nijamani nammutaaru. bhouthika saastravettalaku sahajamaina prasna emitante, bhouthikavaadam yokka nijam bhouthika prapancham yokka swabhaavam nundi praadhaanyatatoo oohinchadaginadaa (i.ii.bhouthika prapancham yokka swabhaavaanni anubhavam dwara matrame nirnayinchagaliginappatiki, ledhaa oka prushtabhaagaanni matrame oohinchagaliginappatiki, eee anumanam anubhavam nundi swatantramgaa samarthinchabadutundi (i.ii., anumanam yokka samarthana anubhavam meeda aadharapadi untundi). oka praadhaanyata bhouthika saastravettalu" anie pilavabade vaaru anni bhouthika satyaala kalayika, oka sampuurnata ledhaa aaa-anni satyaala ghnaanam (bhouthika kaani epiphenomina nuu thosipuchadaaniki mariyu bhouthika prapanchaanni muusivaeyadaaniki), mariyu "neenu a" mariyu "ippudu b" vanti konni aadima suuchika satyaalu, bhouthikavaadam yokka nijam oka praadhaanyata anie telusukovacchu. p" anedi anni bhouthika satyaalu mariyu chattaala kalayikanu suuchistumdi, "t" antey anni satyaalu, "i" antey suuchika "kendrikruta" satyaalu, mariyu "n" antey vaastava prapanchamlo edainaa [bahusha bhouthikam kaani] satyaaniki. appudu manam, bhouthika sharatulatho kuudina "→" nuu upayoginchi, pti → n anedi telisina praadhaanyata anae thesisga praadhaanyata bhouthikavaadaanni suuchimchavachchu. ikkada oka mukhyamaina mudata emitante, pti → n anedi oka pradhaanyatagaa telusukovataniki n looni bhavanalu tatkalikamga kaligi undakudadu. appudu, suuchana emitante, paryavasanamga bhaavanalanu kaligi undatam, alaage poorvagaamilo anubhavika samacharam paryavasanamga telisinatlugaa undataaniki saripotundi.
marovaipu, oka "posterio bhouthika shaastravetta", pti → enn anedi telisina praadhaanyata anae vaadananu tiraskaristaaru. badulugaa, pti nundi enn varaku unna anumiti metaphysical parigananala dwara samardhinchabadutundani vaaru bhaavistaaru, adhi anubhavam nundi pondavacchu. kabatti appudu vaadana emitante "pti mariyu enn kaadu" anedi adhibhouthikamgaa asadhyam.
saadhaaranamgaa oka praadhaanyata bhouthikavaadaaniki mariyu saadhaaranamgaa bhouthikavaadaaniki jaarii cheyabadina savaalu "sambhaavyata vaadana" ledhaa jombi vaadana. sthuulamgaa anchanaa veyabadinappudu, oohinchagala vaadana eee krindi vidhamgaa nadustundihi
p1) q kaadu (ikkada "q" anedi spruha gurinchi anni satyaala kalayikanu suuchistumdi, ledhaa evarainaa "asadhaaranamgaa" spruhalo undatam gurinchi konni "saadhaarana" satyaanni suuchistumdi [i.ii., oka vyakti x] gaa undataaniki "idhi laantidi" undhi) oohinchadaginadi (i.ii., q anedi abaddham kaadani, pti anedi tappu anie oka praadhaanyata teliyadu).
p2) q kakunda pti oohinchadaginadi ayithe, appudu pti mariyu q kaadu adhibhouthikamgaa saadhyamavutundi.
p3) q kakunda pti adhibhouthikamgaa saadhyamaithe bhouthikavaadam abaddham.
sii) bhouthikavaadam abaddham.
ikkada pratipaadana p3 anedi spruha yokka supervenians yokka pratyaksha anuvartanam, anduvalla bhouthikavaadam yokka edainaa supervenians aadhaarita samskaranah q kaaka, pti saadhyamaithe, adhi nijam ayye avakaasam unna prapancham undhi. eee prapancham mana prapanchaaniki bhinnamgaa untundi, ikkada ptik nijam. conny itara prapancham mana prapancham yokka kaneesa bhouthika nakilee, endukante akkada pt nijam. kabatti mana prapanchaaniki kaneesa bhouthika nakilee ayina, conny puurti nakilee kaani oka prapanchamu undochu; idhi manam paina chusina bhouthikavaadam yokka nirvachanaaniki viruddhamgaa untundi.
oka praadhamika bhouthika saastravettalu pti → enn anedi praadhaanyata anie bhaavistaaru kabatti, vaaru p1) nuu tiraskarinchadaaniki kattubadi untaaru. kabatti, aadarsha hetubaddhamaina pratibimbam meeda q kakunda pti asambaddhamgaa ledhaa viruddhamgaa undani oka praathamika bhouthika shaastravetta vaadinchaali.
marovaipu, oka prushtha bhouthika saastravettalu saadhaaranamgaa p1) nuu angeekaristaaru, conny p2) nuu tiraskaristaaru-- "oohinchadaginadi nundi adhibhouthika sambhaavyataku" velladam. kontamandi posterio bhouthika saastravettalu chaalaa varaku kaligi undataaniki bhinnamgaa, anni itara anubhavika bhavanalaku kakunda, spruha kaligi undataaniki pratyeka lakshanam undani bhaavistaaru, pti uniki mariyu spruha lekapovadam oohinchadaginavi-vaari abhiprayam prakaram, pti mariyu kyuu kaadu anedi metaphysicalga saadhyam kaadani oka posterior telusu. daniel stolzer (2005) "asaadhaarana bhavana vyuuham" anie pilichina daani yokka konni samskaranalanu eee posterio bhouthika saastravettalu aamodistaaru. sthuulamgaa cheppalante, asaadhaaranamaina bhavana vyuuham anedi oka rakamgaa "pratyekamainadi" ledhaa sui generis-idhi spruha yokka "bhavana" matrame-"aasti" kaadani choopinchadaaniki prayatninche posterio bhouthika saastravettalaku oka label. itara prushtha bhouthika saastravettalu asaadhaaranamaina bhavana vyuuhaanni nivaaristaaru, mariyu "bhoomi yokka uparitalamlo 60 saatam neeru aavaristundi" vanti saadhaarana sthuula satyaalu kooda pti nundi mundugaa teliyavani mariyu "neeru" mariyu "bhoomi" modalaina bhaavanalanu tatkalikamga grahinchaledani vaadistaaru. idhi sarainadi ayithe, bhouthikavaadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa kalpinchagala vaadana yokka oohinchagala saamarthyam metaphysical sambhaavyatanu kaligi undadani, p2) abaddham anie manam (nissandehamgaa) nirdhaarinchaali.
itara abhiprayalu.
vaastavika bhouthikavaadam.
gallen strasson yokka vaastavika bhouthikavaadam ledhaa vaastavika advaitavaadam anedi panpichism-ledhaa kaneesam suukshma manastatvaanni kaligi untundi. strasson vaadistuu, "tamanu taamu bhouthikavaadulu ledhaa bhouthikavaadulu anie piliche vaarilo chaalaa mandhi, bhouthika vastuvulu, daani praathamika swabhaavamlo, puurtigaa mariyu puurtigaa anubhavam laenivi anae siddhaantaaniki kattubadi unnaaru... saareeraka vishayaalalo, 'manasika karyakalapamga tananu taanu vyakteekarinchagala saamarthyam unna swabhaavam' undani vaaru eddington thoo angeekarinchadaaniki siddhamgaa unnappatikee, i.ii. anubhavam ledhaa spruhagaa ". anubhavaatmaka drugvishayam puurtigaa anubhavarahita drugvishayam nundi udbhavinchadani aaropinchinanduna, tatvavettalu padaardha dvandvavaadam, aasti dvandvavaadam, tolagimpu bhouthikavaadam mariyu "mottam manasika-nundi-manasika-kaani taggimpu kosam anni itara verri prayatnaalaku" nadapabadataru.

