
dna ullekhanam

molecular biology mariyu geneticslo, DNA ullekhanam ledhaa janyu ullekhanam anedi janyuvu yokka bhagala nirmaanam mariyu paniteerunu vivarinche prakriya, vaati jeeva praamukhyatanu velikiteese mariyu avi palgone jeeva prakriyalanu ardham chesukovadaniki vaatini vislaeshimchadam mariyu ardham chesukovadam dwara. itara vishayaalatoepaatu, idhi janyuvula sthaanaalanu mariyu janyuvulooni anni coding praantaalanu gurtistundi mariyu aaa janyuvulu emi chestayo nirnayistundi.
genomenu kramabaddhikarinchi, sameekarinchina tarvaata ullekhanam nirvahinchabadutundi, mariyu kramam databaselo jama cheyabadataaniki mariyu prachurinchabadina vyaasamlo vivarinchadaaniki mundu janyuvu vislaeshanhaloo idhi avasaramaina dasha. vyaktigata janyuvulu mariyu vaati utpattulu ledhaa vidhulanu vivarinchadam eee vivarananu ullekhanamgaa pariganinchadaaniki saripotundi, vividha janyuvula kosam saahityamlo nivedinchabadina vislaeshanha yokka lothu vistrutamgaa maarutuu untundi, konni nivedikalu saadhaarana ullekhanaaniki minchina adanapu samaachaaramtho sahaa untaayi. inca, kramabaddheekarinchina janyuvula parimaanam mariyu sanklishtata kaaranamgaa, dna ullekhanam manaveeyamgaa nirvahinchabadadu, badulugaa ganana maargaala dwara svayamchaalakamgaa jarugutundi. ayithe, pondina phalitaala nundi teesukunna nirdhaaranalaku manueval nipunula vislaeshanha avasaram.
dna ullekhanam rendu vargaluga vargeekarinchabadindih "nirmaanaatmaka ullekhanam", idhi janyuvulooni muulakaalanu gurtinchi, gurtistundi, mariyu "kriyaatmaka ullekhanam", idhi eee muulakaalaku vidhulanu ketayistundi. idhi vargeekarinchabadina ekaika maargam kaadu, endukante parimaana-aadhaarita mariyu sthaayi-aadhaarita vargeekaranalu vanti aneka pratyaamnaayaalu kooda pratipaadinchabaddaayi.
charitra.
modati taram janyu ullekhana yantraalu sthaanika "abb initio" paddhatulanu upayoginchaayi, ivi sthaanika sthaayilo dna kramam nundi sekarinchagala samacharampai matrame aadharapadi untaayi, antey, oka samayamlo oka open reeding frame (orf). 1970la chivaralo abhivruddhi chesina maxum-gilbert mariyu sangar dna sequencing paddhatulu utpatti chesina apaaramaina daetaanu nirvahinchaalsina avasaramgaa avi kanipinchaayi. sequencing reedsnu vislaeshimchadaaniki upayoginche modati software 1977loe rodger stadden roopondinchina stadden packagy. idhi bays mariyu codan kountlu vanti ullekhanaaniki sambandhinchina aneka panulanu nirvahinchindi. vaastavaaniki, aneka prarambha protein coding sequence (sii. dii. ess) anchanaa paddhatulu upayoginchina pradhana vyuuham codan vadakam, idhi janyuvulo atyanta anuvadinchabadina praantaalalo atyanta samruddhiga sambandhita tranalu (protein samslaeshanha samayamlo amaino aamlaalanu ribozomecu teesukelladaaniki baadhyata vahinche anuvulu) kaligi unna kodaanlu untaayi anae ooha aadhaaramgaa marinta samarthavanthamaina anuvaadaanni anumatistundi. idhi paryaayapada kodanla vishayamlo kooda telisinadi, ivi tarachugaa diguva sthaayilo vyakteekarinchabadina proteinlalo untaayi.
1990laloe puurti janyuvula agamanam (modatidi 1995loe kramabaddheekarinchabadina "haemophilus influenzae" yokka janyuvu) rendava taram ullekhana yantraalanu pravesapettindi. munupati taram maadirigaane, vaaru "abb initio" paddhatula dwara ullekhanaanni pradarsinchaaru, conny ippudu janyuvu-vistruta sthaayilo vartimpajesaaru. markov namuunaalu eee taram yokka ullekhanakaarulalo upayoginche aneka algorithamla venuka unna chodaka shakti; eee namuunaalanu directed graphluga bhaavinchavachchu, ikkada nodes vividha janyu sankethaalanu (transcription mariyu translation start saitlu vantivi) suuchistaayi, ivi kramaanni scanning cheyadaaniki baanaalatoe anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi. markov namuunaa janyu sanketaanni gurtinchela chuudataaniki, modata telisina janyu sankethaala shrenipai sikshana pondaali. ullekhana sandarbhamlo markov namuunaala avutputlo janyuvu yokka prati okka bhaagamlo prati rakamaina janyu moolakam yokka sambhaavyata untundi, mariyu khachitamaina markov namuunaa ullekhanaalanu saricheyadaaniki adhika sambhaavyatanu mariyu tappu vatiki takkuva sambhaavyatanu ketayistundi.
2000la praarambhamlo mariyu madhyakaalamlo marinta kramabaddhamaina janyuvulu andubaatulo undatam praarambhinchadamtho, prayogaatmakamgaa pondina aneka protein shrenulatho paatu, janyu ullekhana yantraalu homology aadhaarita paddhatulanu upayoginchadam praarambhinchaayi, moodava taram janyu ullekhanaanni praarambhinchaayi. eee kotta paddhatulu ullekhanakartalaku ganaanka maargaala dwara janyu muulakaalanu oohinchadaaniki (munupati taraala maadirigaa) matrame kakunda, ippatike unna mariyu dhruveekarinchabadina itara shrenulatho ullekhanam cheyabadina kramaanni polchadam dwara vaari panini kooda cheyagalavu. abb initio" mariyu homology aadhaarita ullekhanam rendintinee pradarsinche eee combiner ullekhanaalu anie pilavabade vatiki, homology praantaalanu gurtinchadaaniki vegavantamaina amarika algorithamlu avasaram.
2000la chivaralo, janyu ullekhanam DNAloe naan-coding praantaalanu gurtinche disagaa thana drushtini maarchindi, idhi transcription phyaaktar binding saitlu, DNA methylation saitlu, chromatin nirmaanam mariyu itara rna mariyu regulatory region vislaeshanha paddhatulanu vislaeshimchae paddhatula roopaaniki krutagnatalu. itara janyu ullekhanakartalu kooda pangenome dwara praatinidhyam vahinche janabha-sthaayi adhyayanaalapai drushti pettadam praarambhinchaaru; udaaharanaku, ullekhana pipelinelu adhe clade yokka kotta janyuvulalo clade yokka pradhana janyuvulu kooda kanipistaayani nirdhaaristaayi. rendu ullekhana vyuuhaalu nalgava taram genome ullekhana yantraalanu kaligi untaayi.
2010la natiki, veyyiki paiga maanava vyaktula janyuvu shrenulu (1000 janyuvula project dwara) mariyu aneka namuunaa jeevulu andubaatulo vachayi. anduvalla, maanava mariyu itara janyuvulanu parisoedhimchae saastravettalaku janyuvu ullekhanam oka pradhana savaluga migilipoyindi. 
nirmaanaatmaka ullekhanam.
structural ullekhanam anedi open reeding framelu (orfs), coding sequencelu (cds), exanlu, intraanlu, repeats, splies saitlu, regulatory motiflu, startu und stop kodaanlu mariyu promoterlu vanti janyuvulooni vividha muulakaala khachitamaina sthaanaanni vivaristundi. nirmaanaatmaka ullekhanam yokka pradhana dasaluh
gurtinchadam mariyu maskingnu punaraavrutam cheyandi.
nirmaanaatmaka ullekhanam yokka modati dasalo punaraavruttulanu gurtinchadam mariyu masking cheyadam untundi, indulo takkuva sanklishtata shrenulu (agagagog, ledhaa tittit vanti guttadhipatya vibhagalu) mariyu transposanlu (ivi janyuvu antataa aneka kaapeelatoo pedda muulakaalu) untaayi. procaryotic mariyu eucariotic janyuvulu rendintiloonuu punaraavruttulu pradhana bhaagam; udaaharanaku, 0 saatam mariyu 42 saataaniki paiga procariotic janyuvulu punaraavrutamavutaayi mariyu maanava janyuvulo naaluginta moodu vantulu punaraavruta muulakaalatoe koodi untaayi.
rendu pradhana kaaranaala valla punaraavruttulanu gurtinchadam kashtam avi sarigga samrakshinchabadavu mariyu vaati sarihaddulu spashtamgaa nirvachinchabadavu. eee kaaranamgaa, aasaktigala janyuvu kosam punaraavruta grandhaalayaalanu nirminchaali, veetini eee krindi paddhatullo okadaanitoe saadhinchavachchuh
janyuvulo punaraavrutamayye praantaalanu gurtinchina tarvaata, avi musugu cheyabadataayi. "masking" antey nucleotidela aksharaalanu (a, c, g ledhaa t) itara aksharaalato bharti cheyadam. alaa cheyadam dwara, eee praantaalu punaraavrutamgaa gurtinchabadataayi mariyu diguva vislaeshanhalu vatiki anugunamgaa vyavaharistaayi. punaraavruta praantaalu musugu lekunda unte paniteeru samasyalanu kaliginchavacchu, mariyu janyu ullekhanaaniki tappudu aadhaaraalanu kooda utpatti cheyavachu (udaaharanaku, transposanloni open reeding frame (rf) nuu exanga pariganinchadam) bharti cheyadaaniki upayoginche aksharaalanu batti, musugu mruduvaina ledhaa katinamainavigaa vargeekarinchavachuh "saft masking" loe, punaraavruta praantaalanu chinna aksharaalato (eah, sii, zii ledhaa tii) suuchistaaru, ayithe "haard masking" loe, eee praantaala aksharalu enstho bharti cheyabadataayi. eee vidhamgaa, udaaharanaku, padaala saripolikalanu minahaayinchadaaniki mariyu aaa praantaalalo amarikanu praarambhinchakundaa undataaniki saft maskingnu upayoginchavacchu, mariyu haard masking, veetannintitho paatu, musugu praantaalanu amarika skorla nundi kooda minahaayinchavacchu.
sakshyam amarika.
genome masking taruvaata tadupari dasalo saadhaaranamgaa andubaatulo unna anni transcript mariyu protein sakshyalanu vislaeshimchina janyuvutho samalekhanam cheyadam, antey, anni telisina vyaktaparachabadina sequence taglu (sts), rnlu mariyu jeevula proteinlanu janyuvutho ullekhanam cheyadam. idhi aichhikam ayinappatikee, idhi janyu kramam vivarananu meruguparustundi endukante rnalu mariyu proteins coding kramaala yokka pratyaksha utpattulu.
rna-sec dayta andubaatulo unte, sambandhita janyuvulo unna anni janyuvulu mariyu vaati isopharmlanu vyaakhyaaninchadaaniki mariyu lekkinchadaaniki dheenini upayoginchavacchu, vaati sthaanaalanu matrame kakunda, vaati vyakteekarana retlanu kooda andistundi. edemaina, transcripts janyu anchanaa kosam taginanta samacharanni andinchavu endukante avi konni janyuvula nundi pondalevu, avi okati kante ekkuva janyuvula aaperanlanu encode cheyavachu mariyu frame shiftlu mariyu anuvaada prarambha kaarakaala kaaranamgaa vaati prarambham mariyu aapivese kodaanlanu nirnayinchalemu. eee samasyanu parishkarinchadaaniki, proteogenomics aadhaarita vidhanalu upayoginchabadataayi, ivi tarachugaa maas spectrometry nundi pondina vyaktaparachabadina proteinla nundi samacharanni upayogistaayi.
splies gurtimpu.
eucariotic janyuvula ullekhanam rna spliesing kaaranamgaa adanapu poranu kaligi untundi, idhi post-transcriptional prakriya, dheenilo intraanlu (naan-coding praantaalu) tolaginchabadataayi mariyu exanlu (coding praantaalu) kalupabadataayi. anduvalla, eucariotic coding sequencelu (sii. dii. luu) nirantaramgaa untaayi, mariyu vaati saraina gurtimpunu nirdhaarinchadaaniki, intronic praantaalanu filter cheyali. alaa cheyadaaniki, ullekhana pipelinelu exon-intron sarihaddulanu kanugonaali mariyu eee prayojanam kosam bahula paddhatulu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. oka parishkaram emitante, amarika kosam telisina exon sarihaddulanu upayoginchadam; udaaharanaku, aneka intraanlu gt thoo praarambhamai, Ag thoo mugustaayi. ayithe, eee vidhanam kotta sarihaddulanu gurtinchadu, kabatti yantra abhyasa algorithamlu vanti pratyaamnaayaalu unnaayi, ivi telisina exon sarihaddulu mariyu kotta vaatini anchanaa vaeyadaaniki naanhyamaina samacharampai sikshana pondutaayi. kotta exon sarihaddula predictorlaku saadhaaranamgaa samarthavanthamaina dayta-compression mariyu allinement algorithamlu avasaram, conny avi takkuva sequence coverage ledhaa sequencing samayamlo utpatti cheyabadina adhika error-raetlu unna praantaalalo unna sarihaddulalo vaiphalyaaniki gurayye avakaasam undhi.
lakshanaala anchanaa.
janyuvu coding mariyu naan coding praantalugaa vibhajinchabadindi, mariyu nirmaanaatmaka ullekhanam yokka chivari dasalo janyuvulo eee lakshanaalanu gurtinchadam untundi. vaastavaaniki, janyu ullekhanamlo praadhamika pani janyu anchanaa, anduke eee prayojanam kosam aneka paddhatulu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. janyu anchanaa anedi tappudova pattinche padam, endukante chaalaa janyu predictorlu coding sequencelanu (sii. dii. ess) matrame gurtistaaru mariyu anuvadinchani praantaalanu (yuu. tii. aarr. ess) nivedincharu; eee kaaranamgaa, sii. dii. ess anchanaa marinta khachitamaina padamgaa pratipaadinchabadindi. cds predictorlu "sensorlu" anie piluvabade paddhatula dwara janyuvu lakshanaalanu gurtistaaru, veetilo promoterlu mariyu polya saitlu vanti kriyaatmaka sait sankethaalanu gurtinche "signal sensorlu" mariyu dna shrenulanu coding mariyu naan coding contentga vargeekarinche "content sensorlu" untaayi. procaryotic sii. dii. ess predictorlu ekkuvagaa open reeding framelatho (orfs) vyavaharistundagaa, ivi prarambha mariyu aapivese kodanla madhya dna yokka vibhagalu, eucariotic sii. dii. ess predictorlu eucariotic janyuvula sanklishta vyavastha kaaranamgaa marinta kashtamaina samasyanu edurkontunnaayi. sii. dii. ess anchanaa paddhatulanu moodu vistruta vargaluga vargeekarinchavachuh
kriyaatmaka ullekhanam.
kriyaatmaka ullekhanam, kana chakram, kana maranam, abhivruddhi, jeevakriya modalaina jeeva prakriyalaku sambandhinchina nirmaanaatmaka ullekhanam dwara kanugonabadina janyu muulakaalaku vidhulanu ketayistundi. dosham dwara vyaakhyaaninchabadina amsaalanu gurtinchadam dwara dheenini adanapu naanhyata tanikheegaa kooda upayoginchavacchu.
coding sequence function prediction.
janyuvula kriyaatmaka ullekhanaaniki anchanaa vesina kriyaatmaka lakshanaalaku paeru pettadaniki niyantrita padajaalam (ledhaa antology) avasaram. ayithe, janyu vidhulanu nirvachinchadaaniki aneka margalu unnanduna, vividha parisoedhanaa samuuhaalu dheenini nirvahinchinappudu ullekhana prakriyaku aatamkam kaliginchavacchu. anduvalla, praamaanika niyantrita padajaalaanni upayoginchaali, veetilo atyanta samagramainadi janyu antology (goo). idhi functional propertylanu moodu vargalalo okatigaa (molecular function, biological proses mariyu cellular component) vargeekaristundi mariyu vaatini directed asyclic graphlo nirvahistundi, dheenilo prati node oka nirdishta function, mariyu rendu nodes madhya prati anchu (ledhaa baanam) parent-chiled ledhaa sub-ketagiri-ketagiri sambandhaanni suuchistumdi. 2020 natiki, janyuvula kriyaatmaka ullekhanam kosam goo anedi atyanta vistrutamgaa upayoginche niyantrita padajaalam, taruvaata mips kriyaatmaka jabita (funcott).
functional ullekhanam kosam konni sampradaaya paddhatulu homology aadhaaritamainavi, ivi sthaanika amarika shodhana saadhanaalapai aadhaarapadataayi. rendu janyu muulakaala madhya adhika krama parirakshana anedi vaati paniteeru kooda samrakshinchabadindani suuchistumdi. parology, orthology ledhaa orthology dwara kanipinche sajatiya shrenula jatala saadhaaranamgaa idhe vidhamaina panini nirvahistaayi. ayithe, rendu kaaranaala valla orthologous sequencelanu jagrattagaa pariganinchaalih (1) avi modata eppudu vyakhyaaninchabaddaayi anedaanipai aadharapadi vatiki ververu paerlu undavacchu, mariyu (2) avi rendu ververu jeevulalo oke vidhamaina kriyaatmaka paatranu pooshinchakapoevachchu. paramiti, orthology ledhaa genology kanugonabadanippudu ullekhanaalu tarachugaa saaruupya kramaanni suuchistaayi. homology aadhaarita paddhatulu database loe lopaalu, takkuva sunnitatvam/vishishtata, parology mariyu homology madhya thedaanu gurtinchalekapovadam, takkuva sanklishtata praantaalu undatam valla krutrimamgaa adhika skorlu mariyu protein kutumbamlo gananeeyamaina vaividhyam vanti aneka lopaalanu kaligi untaayi.
sambhaavya paddhatula dwara kriyaatmaka ullekhanam cheyavachu. hydrophilic mariyu hydrophobic amaino aamlaala pampinhee anedi protein draavanamloo undaa ledhaa poralo undaa anie suuchistumdi. nirdishta krama muulaamsaalu anuvaadaanantara maarpulu mariyu edainaa protein yokka tudi sthaanampai samacharanni andistaayi. sambhaavya paddhatulanu goo vanti niyantrita padajaalamtho jatha cheyavachu; udaaharanaku, protein-protein paraspara charya (ppi) netvarklu saadhaaranamgaa okadaanikokati daggaragaa saaruupya vidhulu kaligina proteinlanu unchutaayi.
yantra abhyasa paddhatulu kooda kotta proteinla kosam kriyaatmaka ullekhanaalanu roopondinchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi. saadhaaranamgaa, avi prati goo turm kosam binary classifiernu nirminchadamlo untaayi, ivi vyaktigata goo terms (multiclass classifiernu yerparustaayi) paie anchanaalu cheyadaaniki kalisi untaayi, dheeni kosam taruvaata confidences skorlu pondabadataayi. functional ullekhanamlo maddatu vector yantram (ess. vii. emm) atyanta vistrutamgaa upayoginche binary vargeekarana; ayithe, keey-sameepa poruguvaaru (enn. enn. enn) mariyu convolutional neural network (sii. enn. enn) vanti itara algorithamlu kooda upayoginchabaddaayi.
functional ullekhanam kosam binary ledhaa multiclass vargeekarana paddhatulu saadhaaranamgaa takkuva khachitamaina phalitaalanu istayi endukante avi goo terms madhya paraspara sambandhaalanu parigananaloki teesukovu. eee paraspara sambandhaalanu pariganinche marinta adhunaatana paddhatulu chadunaina ledhaa kramaanugata vidhanam dwara alaa chestaayi, ivi modatidi antology nirmaanaanni parigananaloki teesukodu, rendodi parigananaloki teesukuntundi anae vaastavam dwara vaeru cheyabadataayi. eee paddhatullo konni maatrika kaarakatvam dwara ledhaa hashing dwara goo termsnu kudistaayi, tadwara vaati paniteerunu penchutaayi.
naan coding sequence function prediction.
naan coding sequencelu (enn. sii. dii. enn. yea) anevi proteinlaku code cheyanivi. vaatilo sudogens, segmental duplications, binding saitlu mariyu rna janyuvulu vanti muulakaalu untaayi.
sudogenlu anevi protein-coding janyuvula utparivartana kaapeelu, ivi vaati open reeding frame (orf) loe antaraayam kaaranamgaa vaati coding paniteerunu kolpoyayi, tadwara vaatini anuvadinchalenivigaa chestaayi. eee krindi rendu paddhatullo okadaanni upayoginchi vaatini gurtinchavachhuh
segmental duplications anevi 1000 kante ekkuva bays jatala DNA vibhagalu, ivi 90 saataaniki paiga sequence identityto janyuvulo punaraavrutamavutaayi. vaati gurtimpu kosam upayoginche rendu vyuuhaalu wgac mariyu wssd
DNA binding saitlu anevi nirdishta proteinlatho bandhinche mariyu sankarshana chendhe janyuvu shreniloni praantaalu. avi dna replication mariyu marammattu, transcriptional regulation mariyu viral infectionlalo mukhyamaina paatra poeshistaayi. binding sait prediction krindi rendu paddhatulalo okadaanni upayoginchadam kaligi untundih
rna janyuvula dwara utpatti cheyabadina naan coding rna (ncrna) anedi proteinloki anuvadinchabadani rna rakam. indulo trna, rrna, snorna mariyu microrna vanti anuvulu, alaage naan coding mrna-lanty transcripts untaayi. "oke janyuvulo rna janyuvula "abb initio" anchanaa tarachugaa sarikani phalitaalanu istundi (mirna minaha), kabatti badulugaa bahula-janyuvu tulanaatmaka paddhatulu upayoginchabadataayi. eee paddhatulu pratyaekamgaa enn. sii. aarr. enn. yea. yokka dviteeya nirmaanaalaku sambandhinchinavi, endukante avi vaati kramam lenappudu kooda sambandhita jaatulalo samrakshinchabadataayi. anduvalla, bahula kramam amarikanu nirvahinchadam dwara, vaati anchanaa kosam marinta upayogakaramaina samacharanni pondavacchu. rna janyuvulanu gurtinchadaaniki homology shodhananu kooda upayoginchavacchu, conny eee prakriya sanklishtamgaa untundi, mukhyamgaa eucariotslo, pedda sankhyalo punaraavruttulu mariyu sudogenlu undatam valla.
visualization.
file formatlu.
genome brouserlo ullekhanaala drushyeekaranaku vivaranaatmaka avtput file avasaram, idhi prati ullekhanam yokka intron-exon nirmaanaalu, vaati prarambha mariyu aapivese kodaanlu, utrlu mariyu pratyaamnaaya transcriptsnu vivarinchaali mariyu prati janyu namuunaaku maddatu ichhe janyu anchanaala shreni amarikala gurinchi samacharanni kaligi undaali. ullekhanaalanu vivarinchadaaniki saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche konni formatlu genbank, gff3, gtf, bedd mariyu mbl. eee formatlalo konni vaati vivaranaatmaka padajaalaalanu nirvachinchadaaniki mariyu vislaeshanha mariyu drushyeekarana saadhanaala madhya paraspara kaaryaacharanaku haamii ivvadaaniki niyantrita padajaalaalu mariyu antologylanu upayogistaayi.
genome brouserlu.
janyu brouserlu anevi graphical interfaces dwara jeeva antardrushtini pondadaaniki pedda janyu kramam mariyu ullekhana dayta yokka vislaeshanha mariyu drushyeekarananu sulabhataram chese software utpattulu. 
janyu brouserlu web aadhaarita janyu brouserlu mariyu swatantra janyu brouserlugaa vibhajinchavachhu. modatidi databasela nundi samacharanni upayogistundi mariyu "bahula-jaatulu" (bahula jeevula kramam mariyu ullekhanaalanu ekikrutam chesi, cross-jaatula tulanaatmaka vislaeshanhanu prothsahistundi) mariyu "jaatula-nirdishta" (oka jeevi mariyu nirdishta jaatula ullekhanaalapai drushti pettadam) gaa vargeekarinchavachhu. rendodi tappanisarigaa oka nirdishta janyu databaseto anusandhaaninchabadaledu, conny sthaanika computerlo applicationga download chesi install cheyagala saadhaarana-prayojana brouserlu. 
janyuvula tulanaatmaka drushyeekarana.
tulanaatmaka janyusaastram janyu lakshanaalalo saaruupyatalu mariyu thedaalanu gurtinchadam, alaage jeevula madhya parinaama sambandhaalanu pariseelinchadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva janyuvula madhya tulanaatmaka pravartananu vivarinchagala visualization sadhanalu eee vidhaanaaniki avasaram, mariyu polchina janyuvula madhya sambandhaala praatinidhyam aadhaaramgaa moodu vargaluga vargeekarinchavachuh
naanhyata niyantrana.
kramam yokka naanhyata ullekhana naanhyatanu prabhaavitam chestundi, kabatti tadupari ullekhana dasalanu chese mundu assembly naanhyatanu anchanaa veyadam mukhyam. janyu ullekhana naanhyatanu lekkinchadaaniki, moodu kolamanalu upayoginchabaddaayih gurthuku tecchukovadam, khachitatvam mariyu khachitatvam; ayithe eee charyalu ullekhana prajectulalo spashtamgaa upayoginchabadavu, conny anchanaa khachitatvam yokka charchalalo upayoginchabadataayi.
janyu ullekhanamlo naanhyata niyantrana mariyu praamaaneekarana kosam community ullekhana vidhanalu goppa paddhatulu. 2002loe palgonna ullekhana zambori, sangar institute yokka maanava mariyu sakasheruka vislaeshanha project (hawanah) upayoginche ullekhana pramaanaala srushtiki daariteesindi.
punahprarambham.
ullekhana pranaalikalu tarachugaa jeevi yokka janyuvu yokka munupati ullekhanaalapai aadhaarapadataayi; ayithe, eee paatha ullekhanaalu kotta ullekhanaalaku vyaapti chendagala lopaalanu kaligi undavacchu. kotta janyu vislaeshanha saanketikatalu abhivruddhi cheyabadinanduna mariyu susampannamaina database luu andubaatulo unnanduna, konni paatha janyuvula ullekhanam naveekarinchabadavachhu. renotation anie piluvabade eee prakriya, janyuvulu mariyu protein vidhula gurinchi vivaraalatoe sahaa janyuvu gurinchi kotta samacharanni viniyogadaarulaku andinchagaladu. anduvalla naanhyata niyantranalo punahprastavanam upayogakaramaina vidhanam. 
community ullekhanam.
janyu ullekhana prajectulalo oka samajam (shaastreeya mariyu shaasthreeyam kaani) nimagnam cheyadamlo samaja ullekhanam untundi. dheenini eee krindi aaru vargaluga vargeekarinchavachuh 
nirdishta amsaala ullekhanaanni empika chesina nipunulaku abhyardhinchadam dwara prajectnu nirvahinche samanvayakarta unnappudu community ullekhanam "paryaveekshinchabadutundi" anie chebutaaru. marovaipu, evarainaa oka prajectloki pravesinchi, vikendrikruta paddhatiloo samanvayam saadhinchinappudu, daanini "paryaveekshinchani" community ullekhanam antaaru. paryaveekshinchabadina community ullekhanam swalpakaalikamainadi mariyu eevent vyavadhiki parimitam cheyabadindi, ayithe paryaveekshinchani pratiruupaaniki eee parimiti ledhu. ayithe, samayam, prerana, prothsaaham mariyu/ledhaa communication lekapovadam valla rendodi modati daanikante takkuva vijayavantamaindi. 
wikipedialo ullekhanaanni meruguparachadam lakshyamgaa bahula wikiprajectlu unnaayi. udaaharanaku, parisoedhana databasela nundi janyu daetaanu sekarinchi, aaa aadhaaramgaa janyuvunu srushtinche botnu nirvahistundi.
vyaktigata rnalu mariyu rna kutumbaalanu andubaatulo unde vidhamgaa vivarinche kathanaalanu vraayadaaniki prayatnistundi. 
applications.
vyaadhi nirdhaarana.
vyaadhi-janyu sambandhaanni sthaapinchadaaniki parisoedhakulu janyu antologyni upayogistunnaru, endukante kotta janyuvulanu gurtinchadamlo, vaati vyakteekarana, pampinhee mariyu paniteerulo maarpulu, vyaadhigrastulu mariyu aarogyakaramainavi vanti vibhina paristhitulalo sahaayapadataayi.
mokkala-vyadhikaaraka antology, mokkala-sambandhita suukshmajeevula janyu antology ledhaa disgenet vanti vividha jeevula yokka eee vyaadhi-janyu sambandhaala database srushtinchabaddaayi. eluka janyu database loe eluka vyaadhi antology vanti mundugaa unna databaselalo marikonni amalu cheyabaddaayi.
biomeditation.
konni bacteria jaatula dwara hydrocarbon ksheenataku kaaranamayye catabolic enjaimla yokka goppa vaividhyam vaati chalana janyu moolakaalalo (mgs) unna janyuvula dwara encode cheyabadutundi. eee hydrocarbon ksheenata saamardhyaalanu pondadaaniki iteevala eee engisto adavi ledhaa janyuparamgaa savarinchina jaatulaku teekaalu veyadam korinanduna, biomeditation rangamlo eee muulakaala adhyayanam chaalaa mukhyamainadi. 
2013loe, phael mariyu itarulu. carbon mariyu shakti vanarugaa glucose kante naftaleen mariyu itara sugandha sammelanaalaku praadhaanyata ichhe bacterium ayina "sudomonas putida" (sii. ess. vii. 86) yokka jaathi yokka janyuparamaina ullekhanaanni prachurinchindi.
eee bacterium yokka engeelanu kanugonadaaniki, daani janyuvunu raast mariyu ncbi procariotic genome annotation pipeline (pgp) upayoginchi ullekhanam cheyabadindi, mariyu insersion sequence (es) finder databaseto tommidi mobile muulakaalanu gurtinchadam saadhyamaindi. naftaleen ksheenata yokka eguva maarga janyuvula sthaanikeekarana, tra-gly mariyu integragenu encoding chese janyuvula pakkana, alaage solicilate, benzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, phenylasitic aamlam, hydroxyphenyl acetic aamlam ksheenatalo palgone janyuvula encoding enjaimla gurtimputoe mariyu jaatilo glucose ravaanaalo palgone operon gurtimputoe eee vislaeshanha mugisindi.
janyu antology vislaeshanha kriyaatmaka ullekhanamlo chaalaa praamukhyata kaligi untundi, mariyu mukhyamgaa bioremediationlo konni suukshmajeevula janyuvula madhya vaati vidhulatho unna sambandhaalanu mariyu konni kalushitaala nivaaranaloo vaati paatranu telusukovadaaniki dheenini vartimpajeyavachu. idhi bhaarii lohalaku, mukhyamgaa jink mariyu stenotrophomonos ess. pii. laku nirodhakatanu encoding chese muppai okka janyuvulatho kuudina bacterium ayina "halomonas zinchidurans" jaathi bii6 (tii) yokka parisoedhana mariyu gurtimpu vidhanam."konni udaaharanalanu prastaavinchadaaniki, ddt-1, diditini daani ekaika carbon mariyu shakti vanarugaa upayoginchagala saamarthyam kaligina jaathi.
software.
eucariotic janyuvulooni janyuvulanu finder vanti vividha ullekhana saadhanaalanu upayoginchi ullekhanam cheyavachu. aadhunika ullekhana pipeline mosga vanti user friendly web interfaces mariyu software containerisationku maddatu ivvagaladu. procaryotic janyuvula kosam aadhunika ullekhana pipelinelu bakta, prokka mariyu pii. zii. pii.
national center pharr biomedical antology aaa recordula vachana vivaranala aadhaaramgaa database recordula svayamchaalaka ullekhanam kosam saadhanaalanu abhivruddhi chestundi.
oka saadhaarana paddhatigaa, antology nibandhanalu mariyu protein domainlu ledhaa ippatike unna janyuvu/protein-sthaayi ullekhanaala nundi domainla kalayikala madhya ganankaparamga anubandhaanni oohinchadaaniki dcgo oka svayamchaalaka vidhananni kaligi undhi.
tayaareedaaru vanti janyuroopa ullekhanaalanu chuudataaniki mariyu panchukoovadaaniki saastravettalanu anumatinche vividha rakaala software sadhanalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
janyu ullekhanam anedi churukaina parisoedhana rangam mariyu indulo life sains communityloni aneka vividha samsthalu palgontayi, ivi web mariyu itara electronic maargaala dwara andubaatulo unde bahirangamgaa labhinche jeeva databaselalo vaari prayatnaala phalitaalanu prachuristaayi. janyu ullekhanaaniki sambandhinchina konasagutunna prajectula varnamaala jabita ikkada undih

