puraatana greeku kriyalu

puraatana greeku kriyalaku naalugu manobhaavaalu (suuchika, atyavasara, anubandha mariyu optative), moodu swaraalu (kriyaaseela, madhya mariyu nishkriyaatmaka), alaage mugguru vyaktulu (modati, rendava mariyu moodava) mariyu moodu sankhyalu (ekavachanam, dwandwa mariyu bahuvachanam) untaayi.
suuchika kakunda itara manobhavalalo "kaalalu" yokka vyatyaasam pradhanamgaa samayam kante oka amsam.
greeku kriya yokka vividha vyaktulu kriya-mugimpulanu marchadam dwara chuupabadataaru; udaaharanaku () "ii free", () "yuu free", () "athanu ledhaa aame freese" modalainavi. ekavachanamlo mugguru vyaktulu ("i", "you (ekavachanam)," he, he, it "), mariyu bahuvachanamlo mugguru (" we "," you (bahuvachanam), "they") unnaaru. adanamgaa 2va mariyu 3va vyaktula dwandwa ("meeru iddaru", "vaaru iddaroo") mugimpulu unnaayi, conny ivi chaalaa arudugaa matrame upayoginchabadataayi.
saampradayakamgaa "ganita" kriyalu anie pilavabade ("mii"-kriyalu anie kooda pilustaaru), mugimpulu neerugaa muulaaniki atikinchabadataayi, mariyu "nepathya" acchunu ledhaa mugimpuku mundu pradarsinche "nepathya" kriyala taragati madhya vyatyaasam choopabadutundi. mugimpulu "praadhamika" (suuchika yokka prastuta, bhavishyattu, paripuurna mariyu bhavishyat paripuurnata, alaage upa samyogamlo upayoginchevi) mariyu "dviteeya" (suuchika yokka iorist, asampoorna mariyu pluperfect, alaage optative) gaa vargeekarinchabaddaayi.
suuchika manasika sthithi yokka gatha kaalaalanu cheyadaaniki, "eggment" anie piluvabade acchu (), stem anae kriyaku mundu jodinchabadutundi, e.zii. aorist () "neenu vimukti pondaanu", "asampuurnamgaa ()" neenu vimukti pondutunnaanu ". eee perugudala soochikalo matrame kanipistundi, itara manobhavalalo ledhaa anantamaina ledhaa paalgonevaarilo kaadu. paripuurna kaalanni cheyadaaniki modati hallu "reduplicate" cheyabadutundi, antey, "e" () "neenu vidudala chesaanu", () "neenu vrasanu") anae achutho punaraavrutam cheyabadutundi, ledhaa konni sandarbhaallo reduplicationku badulugaa agumentation upayoginchabadutundi (e.zii. () "neenu kanugonnanu"). gatha kaalaala perugudalaku bhinnamgaa, eee reduplication ledhaa perugudala khachitamaina kaalapu anni manobhavalalo alaage khachitamaina anantamaina mariyu paalgonevaarilo unchabadutundi.
puraatana greeku shabda vyavastha proto-indo-european (paie) yokka daadaapu anni sanklishtatalanu samrakshistundi. puraatana greeku kooda paie madhya swaraanni samrakshistundi mariyu bhavishyattulo matrame pratyeka roopaalu mariyu avorist (marekkada, madhya roopaalu upayoginchabadataayi) thoo nishkriyaatmaka swaraanni jodistundi.
swaraalu.
puraatana greeku kriyaku moodu swaraalu unnaih kriyaaseela, madhya mariyu nishkriyaatmaka. madhya mariyu nishkriyaatmaka swaram prastuta, asampoorna, paripuurna mariyu pluperfect kalalalo okela untaayi, conny bhavishyattu mariyu aeroist kalalalo bhinnamgaa untaayi.
kriyaaseela swaram.
kriyaaseela swara kriyalu anevi prastuta kaalam yokka 1 va vyakti ekavachanamlo "-o" ledhaa "-mi" thoo mugisevi. kriyaaseela swara kriya asthira, asthira ledhaa praticharya kaavacchu (conny asthira chaalaa saadhaaranam):
madhya swaram.
itara kriyalu prastuta kaalam yokka 1 va vyakti ekavachanamlo (-omai) ledhaa (-mye) loe mugustaayi. ivi ardhamlo nishkriyaatmakamainavi ledhaa nishkriyaatmakamainavi kaavu. atuvanti kriya yokka ardham nishkriyamgaa lenappudu, daanini "madhya swaram" kriya anie pilustaaru.
madhya swara kriyalu saadhaaranamgaa asthiramainavi, conny parivartanaseelamainavi kooda kaavacchu. tarachugaa madhya chivaralanu oka parivartana kriyanu asthiramgaa chestaih
konnisaarlu okari sonta prayojanam kosam edainaa cheyalane aalochana ledhaa praticharya ardham untundih
konnisaarlu paraspara ardham undavachuhu
prastuta kaalamlo churukuga unna aneka kriyalu bhavishyat kaalamlo madhyakaalamlo marutayi, e.zii.:
deponent madhya kriyalu.
() ledhaa () loe mugise aneka saadhaarana kriyalaku kriyaaseela-swara pratiroopam undadu. veetini "deponent" kriyalu antaaru.
deponent madhya kriyalalo eee krindi kriyalu untaayi. kondariki "balaheenamaina" aeror untaru
balamaina" aerostho
kramarahitamgaah
madhya arrist.
konni madhya avakshepa kriyalu (), e thoo erpadina balaheenamaina iorist kaalanni kaligi untaayi.zii. (), conny tarachugaa vaaru () "neenu vacchaanu" ledhaa () "neenu ayyanu" vanti balamaina iorist madhyabhaganni kaligi untaaru. () "ii cuum" anedi kramarahitamainadi, idhi balamaina iorist kriyaaseela () "ii cuum" nuu daani iorist kaalamgaa upayogistundi.)
nishkriyaatmaka deponent kriyalu.
paina paerkonnavannii, avi madhya swaramlo oka swarakartanu kaligi unnanduna, madhya avakshepakaalu anie pilustaaru. () loe ayoristulatho deponent nishkriyaatmaka kriyalu kooda unnaayi, avi eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
nishkriyaatmaka vois.
appudappudu ("-omai") loe mugise kriyaku spashtamaina nishkriyaatmaka bhaavam untundi. alaa ayithe, idhi nishkriyaatmaka swaramlo undani cheppabadutundih
saadhaaranamgaa nishkriyaatmakamgaa upayoginchinappudu, ("-omai") kriyala mugimpulo ("-thē-") kaligi unna iorist kaalam untundih
appudappudu, oka iorist nishkriyaatmaka-η-("-ē-") thoo mugimpu kaligi undavacchu. dheenini 2va aaviri ledhaa balamaina aaviri nishkriyaatmaka anie pilustaaru, mariyu prastutaaniki bhinnamaina kriya-stemnu upayogistundi. diguva udaaharanalo, kaandam prastuta kaandamku badulugaa untundih
deponent madhya kriyalanu konni kalalalo nishkriyamgaa kooda cheyavachu. anduvalla αρέοναι ("hairiomai") "neenu enchukunnaanu" anedi oka aaviri nishkriyaatmaka αρέθην ("hyrethen") "i empika cheyabadindi" kaligi untundih
- θη-("-thē-") mariyu-η-("-ē-") thoo mugimpulu vaastavaaniki nishkriyaatmakamainavi kakunda asthiramaina kriyaaseelatalu mariyu konnisaarlu shaastreeya greekulo kooda asthiramaina ardhaanni kaligi untaayi. udaaharanaku, εσωθην ("Esóthē") ("sōízō" "i save" "nundi) antey tarachugaa" neenu save cheyabaddaanu "kante" neenu surakshitamgaa tirigi vacchaanu "anie ardham.
nepathya mariyu ganita kriyalu.
puraatana greeku kriyalanu rendu samuhaluga vibhajinchavachhu, nepathya (dheenilo nepathya acchu ledhaa mugimpuku mundu jodinchabadutundi, e.zii. () "memu swechchagaa"), mariyu ganita (dheenilo mugimpulu neerugaa kaandamku jodinchabadataayi, udhaa.zii. () "memu". nepathya kriyalu chaalaa ekkuva.
nepathya kriyalu.
kriyaaseela kriyalu.
thematic kriyalu, prastuta kaalam kriyaaseela 1 va vyakti ekavachanamlo, () loe mugustundi. ivi chaalaa unnaayi, udaaharanaku, () "neenu cheptunnaanu", () "neenu vraastunnaanu", () "neenu pamputunnaanu" modalainavi. veeti mugimpulu kramam tappakunda untayih
brocketlaloni roopaalu dwandwa sankhya, idhi iddaru vyaktulaku upayoginchabadutundi, idhi 2va mariyu 3va vyaktulalo matrame untundi; idhi chaalaa arudu, conny ippatikee konnisaarlu aristophanes mariyu plato vanti rachayitalu upayogistaaruh
nepathya kriyala prastuta anantamaina kriyaaseelamu (), e.zii. () "anie cheppadaniki.
madhya kriyalu.
nepathya kriyalu kooda madhya swaramlo kanipistaayi, 1 va vyakti ekavachanam mugimpu () e thoo.zii. () "neenu samadhanam istaanu", () "neenu avutaanu". prastuta kaalam yokka mugimpulu eee krindi vidhamgaa untayih
madhya vartamaanam anantamainadi (), e.zii. () "samadhanam ivvadaaniki".
konni madhya kriyalu arudugaa unnappatikee, modati vyakti "dwandwa" loe dhruvikarinchabaddayih
i samadhanam" vanti aneka madhya-swara kriyalu "deponent", antey vatiki sambandhita kriyaaseela roopam ledhu. i aapivestundi (edainaa cheyadam)" (asthira) vanti itara madhya kriyalu, sambandhita kriyaaseela roopaanni kaligi untayih () "i aaputundi (edainaa)" (parivartana).
nishkriyaatmaka kriyalu.
prastuta, asampoorna mariyu paripuurna kalalalo, nishkriyaatmaka kriyalu, madhya kriyala maadirigaane mugimpulanu kaligi untaayi. udaaharanalu () "neenu vembadinchabaddaanu" mariyu () "neenu aadesinchabaddaanu (evarainaa)".
ayithe, aaviri kaalam loe, avi madhya kriyala nundi bhinnamgaa untaayi, avi mugimpulanu upayogistaayi (), (), ledhaa (), udaaharanaku () () anusarinchaaru", () () aadesinchaaru", () () haani jarigindi"; ayithe madhya kriyalu (), (), ledhaa () loe mugise aavirini kaligi untaayi, udaaharanaku () "i aagipoyindi", () "neenu samadhanam icchaanu", () "i ayipoyindi".
anubandha kriyalu.
nepathya kriyala yokka pratyeka taragati anubandha kriyalu. nighantuvulo ivi mugimpu (), () ledhaa () gaa namodu cheyabadataayi, udaaharanaku () "neenu chuustunnaanu", () "neenu chestunnanu", () "neenu chuupistunnaanu"; conny chaalaa sandarbhaallo avi oka vachanamlo kanipinchinappudu acchu () oke acchunu cheyadaaniki mugimputho kudinchabadutundi. eee vidhamgaa () "i see" yokka prastuta kaalam eee krindi vidhamgaa untundih
ayithe () "i do" yokka prastuta kaalam eee krindi vidhamgaa untundih
mariyu () "i choopinchu" yokka prastuta kaalam eee krindi vidhamgaa untundih
moodu rakaala anubandha kriyalalo prastuta anantamaina kriyaaseelamu () "chudatam", (), "cheyadam", () "choopinchadam".
madhya mariyu nishkriyaatmaka swaraalalo kooda anubandha kriyalu kanipistaayi, udhaa.zii. () "neenu vacchaanu" mariyu () "neenu gowravinchabaddaanu".
ganita kriyalu.
kriyasilakamga.
ganita shaastra kriyalu () anedi 1va vyakti ekavachanamlo vartamaana kaalam yokka e.zii. () "neenu unnaanu", () "neenu cheptunnaanu", () "neenu istunnaanu", () "neenu nilabadi unnaanu (parivartana)". madhya swaramlo avi e loe mugustaayi.zii. () "neenu cheyagalanu". i (will) goo" yokka prastuta kaalam saadhaaranamgaa shaastreeya kaalamlo bhavishyat ardhamtho upayoginchabadutundi.
eee kriyalu samyogamlo aneka avakatavakalanu pradarsistaayi. udaaharanaku, () "i am" yokka prastuta kaalam eee krindi vidhamgaa untundih
i (will) goo" anae kriya yokka prastuta kaalam eee krindi vidhamgaa untundih
ayithe () "i istundi" yokka prastuta kaalam eee krindi vidhamgaa untundih
siddhaantaparamgaa () anae eee kriya yokka dwandwa roopam kanugonabadaledu.
ganita kriyala kriyaaseela anantam (), e loe mugustundi.zii. () "undataaniki", () "velladaaniki", () "ivvadaaniki".
madhyalo.
ganita kriyalu kooda madhya swaramlo kanipistaayi, e.zii. () "neenu nilabadataanu" ledhaa () "neenu cheyagalanu", eee krindi mugimpulatoeh
anantam ().
kriya ().
kriya () "naaku telusu", kramarahitamgaa untundi. daani mugimpulu ganitasastra khachitamaina kaalaaniki chendinavi, mariyu eee krindi vidhamgaa untayih
() yokka anantam "telusukovadam".
kaalalu.
tens vyavastha.
puraatana greeku shabda vyavasthalo edu kaala-koona roopaalu unnaayi, veetini saampradayakamgaa "kaalalu" (,,, ekavachanam,) anie pilustaaru. taatkaalika bhedaalu krindi pattikalo chuupina vidhamgaa suuchika manasika sthithilo matrame kanipistaayih
ayithe, anubandha mariyu atyavasara manobhavalalo, moodu kaalalu matrame upayoginchabadataayi, mariyu avi samayanni kakunda, amsaalanu matrame vaeru chestaih
optative mood kooda eee moodu kaalaalanu upayogistundi, conny bhavishyat optative kooda undhi, idhi pradhanamgaa pratyaksha prasangamlo bhavishyat suuchika emito parokshamgaa nivedinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi.
praacheena greeku deshaaniki paripuurna pragatiseela ledhaa gatha paripuurna pragatiseelata ledhu. anduvalla, "athanu chestunna" anae ardham saadhaaranamgaa prastuta kaalamtho vyakteekarinchabadutundi, mariyu "athanu (mundu) chestu unnadu" anedi asampoorna kaalamtho vyakteekarinchabadutundi
kaalaala nirmaanam.
mugimpulapai marinta samacharam kosam, puraatana greeku vyaakarana pattikalu chudandi.
kriyala yokka pradhana bhagalu.
puraatana greeku nighantuvulu saadhaaranamgaa edainaa kriyaku aaru pradhana bhaagaalanu istayi. udaaharanaku, "neenu bodhistaanu, sikshana istaanu" anae kriyaku aaru bhagalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
kriya yokka nijamaina kaandamku uttama margadarshi tarachugaa bhavishyattulo ledhaa avorist kriyaaseela kaalam (edainaa jodinchina σ sigma maarkarlanu tolaginchina tarvaata), endukante prastuta vyavasthalo tarachugaa kriya yokka kaandam vakreekarinche pragatiseela markerlu untaayi.
pradhana bhagalu ivih
itara kaalalu.
veeti aadhaaramgaa itara kaalalu yerpadavachhu. udaaharanaku, asampoorna kaalam () "neenu bodhistunnanu" anedi upasarga () ("perugudala" anie pilustaaru, krinda chudandi) thoo kalipi prastuta kaandam meeda aadharapadi untundi, mariyu pluperfect () "neenu bodhinchaanu" paripuurna kaandam nundi erpadutundihi
sigma lekunda bhavishyattu mariyu aeror.
anni kriyalaku () thoo bhavishyat kaalam undadu. kondaru, mukhyamgaa () loe mugise kaandam () "neenu prakatistunnaanu" mariyu () "neenu migilipotunnanu" vanti vatiki, kriya () vanti mugimpulatoe, kudinchabadina bhavishyattu untundi. eee adhe kriyalu kooda saadhaaranamgaa sigma laeni ioristnu kaligi untayih
balamaina arrist.
konni saadhaarana kriyalu, saadhaarana (balaheenamaina) iorist kaalaaniki badulugaa, iorist modalaina vaatilo mugustundi. sarigga asampoornamainavi vale; dheenini "balamaina" iorist ledhaa "2 va" iorist anie pilustaaru. ayithe, idhi asampoornamaina vatiki bhinnamgaa untundi, endukante kriya yokka kaandam bhinnamgaa untundi. anduvalla () "ii flee" yokka iorist () "ii fleed", kaandam () thoo, asampoorna () thoo viruddhamgaa, kaandam () thoo untundi. eee kriya () yokka prastuta vyavastha (asampoorna mariyu prastuta kaalalu) pragatiseela markerga ε epsilaannu kaligi undhi. aaviri mariyu itara kaalalu nijamaina kaandam () nuu pratibimbistaayi.
itara balamaina aeronistlu () "neenu vacchaanu", () "neenu teesukunnaanu", () "neenu annanu", () "neenu tinnaanu"; mariyu madhya swaramlo () "neenu ayyanu" mariyu () "neenu vacchaanu".
ruut aeror.
aneka kriyalu sigma markerlu mariyu saadhaarana iorist yokka lakshana mugimpulu laeni ioristnu kaligi untaayi. saadhaaranamgaa eee kriyalu prastuta vyavasthalo kaandanki jodinchina pragatiseela gurtulanu kaligi untaayi, tadwara praathamika kaandam arrist mariyu itara amsaalalo upayoginchabadutundi. oka udaaharana kriya (), "neenu veltaanu", idhi () avutundi.
takkuva saadhaarana pradhana bhagalu.
edemaina, anni puraatana greeku kriyalu vaati pradhana bhagalalo () vale kramabaddhamgaa laevu. udaaharanaku, "neenu teesukuntaanu" anae kriya () krindi bhaagaalanu kaligi untundih
meeru chudagaliginatluga, kaandam () () modalainavi upayoginchabadutundi. kaalam nundi kaalam varaku maarutuu untundi. avanni oke muulam nundi vachayi, conny prastuta kaalamlo upayoginche kaandam, (), oka pragatiseela kaala gurthugaa adanapu () mariyu () kaligi untundi; itara kalalalo muulamlooni acchu () mariyu () madhya maarutuu untundi; mariyu chivari hallu, () ledhaa () kuu sameekaranam dwara ledhaa () kuu aakaanksha dwara maarutundi.
kriya () () "neenu nadipistunnaanu" ilaa untundih
paina perkonna rendu kriyalu saadhaarana () kante () loe mugise "balamaina aaviri" ledhaa "2 va aaviri" kaligi untaayi, mariyu khachitamaina kaalam mugimpuku mundu () kuu badulugaa aspirated hallunu kaligi untundi.
neenu ista" yokka kaalalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
eee kriya yokka iorist kramarahitamgaa untundi, endukante idhi () loe mugustundi. ayithe, eee () ekavachanamlo matrame kanipistundi, mariyu bahuvachanamlo adrusyamavutundi, e.zii. 3va () "vaaru icchaaru". kriyalu () "i putt" mariyu () "i send" anevi varusaga aorists () 3 va () mariyu () 3 va () thoo samanamga untaayi.
ayithe, () "neenu nilabadi (edho)" eee namuunaanu anusarinchadu mariyu vaerae iorist kaligi untundih
eee kriyalalo moodu (), () mariyu () yokka prastuta kaandamlu pragatiseela markerga reduplicate cheyabadataayi, antey nijamaina kaandam (), (), mariyu () anedi prastutam rettimpu cheyabaddaayi, mariyu (vaastavaaniki σίστη-).
okati kante ekkuva kaandamlanu upayoginche kriyalu.
konni kriyalu vaati pratiphalanamlo puurakatanu upayogistaayih antey, avi ververu kaalaala kosam ververu kaandamlanu upayogistaayi-vaastavaaniki ververu kriyala nundi udbhavinchinavi-(aangla crealine "aam, vaas, vaas" mariyu "goo, goo, goo" ledhaa french "allar, jay vais, jaa 'iraay"). udaaharanaku, "neenu teesukuvastaanu, neenu bharistaanu" anae kriya moodu asalu ververu kriyala nundi udbhavinchina kaandam upayoginchi eee krindi pradhana bhaagaalanu kaligi undih
 () "neenu chuustunnaanu" anedi moodu ververu muulaala nundi udbhavinchina maroka kriya, avi (), () mariyu () (veetilo chivaridi, modata ′ιδ-("wid-") anie uchcharinchabadindi, idhi latin kriya "veediyo" yokka muulaaniki sambandhinchinadi):
 () "neenu vastaanu" ledhaa "neenu veltaanu" kooda kramarahitamgaa untundi. eee kriyaku naalugu pradhana bhagalu matrame unnaayi, endukante nishkriyaatmakata leduh
attaric greeku bhaashalo (antey, chaalaa mandhi pradhana shaastreeya rachayitala mandalikam), prastuta kaalam (soochinche manasika sthithi kakunda), asampoorna kaalam mariyu bhavishyattu saadhaaranamgaa kramarahita kriya () "i (will) goo" yokka bhaagaalato bharti cheyabadataayih suuchika () saadhaaranamgaa shaastreeya kaalamlo ("ii will goo") bhavishyat praamukhyatatoo upayoginchabadutundi, conny anantamaina () "tuu goo" vanti itara bhagalu bhavishyattulo ardham kaadu.
gatha-teevrata perugudala.
shaastreeya kaalamlo moodu gatha kaalalu (asampoornamainavi, iorist mariyu pluperfect), kriya praarambhamlo "eggment" anie piluvabade upasarga ("ii-") nuu jodinchadam dwara tayaaru cheyabadataayi. eee vidhamgaa () nundi "neenu vraastunnaanu" tayaaru cheyabaddayi
eee gatha-teevra perugudala suuchika manasika sthithilo matrame kanipistundi, upanga, anantamaina, palgone ledhaa kriya yokka itara bhagalalo kaadu.
oka kriya achutho prarambhamainappudu, samvardhakam saadhaaranamgaa achutho vileenam ayi podavaina acchunu tayaaru chestundi. eee vidhamgaa +>/ē/, +>/ē/(konnisaarlu), +>/ī/, +>/ō/modalainavi
oka kriya puurvasthiti upasargatho prarambhamainappudu, vruddhi saadhaaranamgaa upasarga tarvaata velutundi (ayithe idhi upasargaku mundu ledhaa rendu pradaesaalaloo kooda vellae konni kriyalu unnappatikee):
homerlo, mariyu appudappudu herodotuslo, perugudala konnisaarlu tolaginchabadutundi.
paripuurna kaalalu.
kaandam yokka modati hallunu acchu () thoo punaraavrutam cheyadam dwara paripuurna kaalam erpadutundi. dheenini "reduplication" antaru
kriya yokka modati hallu aspirated () () ayinappudu, reduplication samaanamaina unspirated hallutho () () thoo cheyabadutundihi
kriya achutho prarambhamainappudu, () ledhaa () ledhaa () vanti hallula kalayikatho, reduplicationku badulugaa oka eggment upayoginchabadutundih
marinta sanklishtamaina reduplication rakalu eee krindi vaatilo kanipistaayih
gatha-teevrata perugudala kakunda, eee reduplication ledhaa khachitamaina-teevrata perugudala anantamaina mariyu bhaagaalato sahaa khachitamaina kaalam yokka prati bhaagamlo kanipistundi.
kaalaala yokka ardhaalu.
kaalaala yokka ardhaalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
prastuta kaalam.
prastuta kaalam (greeku () "lopala nilabadatam") asampuurnamainadi ledhaa paripuurnamainadi kaavacchu, mariyu "neenu chestunnanu (ippudu)", "neenu chestunnanu (kramam tappakunda)," "neenu chestunnanu (ippudu)" anie anuvadinchavacchuhu
chaaritraka kathanamlo, mukhyamgaa uttejakaramaina kshanaalanu vivarinchadaaniki, prastuta kaalam tarachugaa upayoginchabadutundih
asampoorna kaalam.
asampoorna kaalam (greeku () "podiginchadaaniki", () "podiginchadaaniki") suuchika manasika sthithilo matrame upayoginchabadutundi. idhi tarachugaa oka sanghatana kakunda gatamlo konasagutunna paristhitini suuchistumdi. dheenini "chestunnanu", "chesevadini", "chesevadini" modalainavi anie anuvadinchavacchu., pragatiseela, alavaatu ledhaa nirantara paristhitini suchistundihi
tarachugaa "cheyadam praarambhinchindi" anedi saadhyamayye anuvaadamh
paina paerkonnatlugaa, asampuurnata antey "chestunnadi" anie kooda ardham, idhi pradhana kriya yokka samayam kante mundu unna paristhitini suchistundihi
ayithe, asampuurnata saadhaaranamgaa oka paristhitini vivarinchinappatikii, idhi tarachugaa aanglamlo saadhaarana gataanni upayoginche kathanamlo upayoginchabadutundi, mukhyamgaa "pampandi", "vellandi", "cheppandi" mariyu "arder" anae ardhamtho kriyalatho
paina perkonna udaaharanalalo asampuurnata mariyu iorist madhya vyatyaasaanni paripuurnata verses paripuurnata paramgaa antagaa chudalemu. asampuurnata, telecity verses. naipunhyam. arrist () antey "memu bhojanam puurti chesaamu" mariyu idhi oka telec kriya, idhi charya daani mugimpu varaku konasaginchabadindani suuchistumdi, ayithe asampoornamaina () antey "memu bhojanam tinadam praarambhinchaamu" mariyu atelikga untundi, idhi charya praarambhamaindani conny tappanisarigaa puurti cheyaledani suuchistumdi. adevidhamgaa auroist () antey "neenu vijayavantamgaa oppinchaanu", ayithe asampoornamaina () antey "neenu prothsahinchaanu" ledhaa "neenu oppinchadaaniki prayatninchaanu":
asampoorna suuchika yokka maroka ardham prastuta ledhaa gatha kaalamlooni avaastavika (viruddhamaina) paristhitulanu soochinchadam. vaddu" anae ardhaanni ivvadaaniki, kanamu () jodinchabadutundih
bhavishyat kaalam.
bhavishyat kaalam (greeku () "undabotondi") bhavishyattulo jarige oka sanghatana ledhaa paristhitini vivaristundi. udaaharanaku, idhi vaagdaanam cheyabadina ledhaa anchanaa veyabadinadi kaavachuh
balamaina aadesaalu mariyu nishedhaala kosam dheenini () tarvaata kooda upayoginchavachhuh
aerostist tens.
avorist tens (greeku () "aparimita" ledhaa "niravadhika") gatamlo puurtayina charyanu vivaristundi.
tarachugaa kathanamlo idhi prastuta mariyu asampoorna kaalaalato militam cheyabadi untundih
tarachugaa oka iorist aangla pluperfect tensto samanam, udaaharanaku () "eppudu" tarvaata ledhaa eee krindi vakyalalo saapeksha upavaakyaalu
aeroist suuchika yokka maroka ardham gatha kaalamlooni avaastavika (viruddhamaina) sanghatanalanu soochinchadam. vaddu" anae ardhaanni ivvadaaniki, kanamu () jodinchabadutundih
paripuurna kaalam.
paripuurna kaalam (greeku () "sameepamlo padi undhi"), aangla paripuurna kaalam vale, tarachugaa prastuta phalitam mukhyamaina iteevali sanghatananu vivaristundihi
idhi, aangla paripuurnata vale, gatamlo tarachugaa ledhaa ellappuduu jarigina daani gurinchi anubhavapuurvakamgaa upayoginchavachhuh
konni kriyalalo paripuurna kaalanni aanglamlo vartamaana kaalamtho anuvadinchavacchu, e.zii. () "naaku gurtundi", () "neenu nilabadi unnaanu"/"neenu nilabadi unnaanu", () "naaku undhi", () "naaku telusu":
pluperfect tens.
asampoornamainavi vale, pluperfect tens (greeku () "puurti kante ekkuva"), suuchika manasika sthithilo matrame upayoginchabadutundi. idhi munupati kaalamlo jarigina sanghatanala kaaranamgaa unikilo unna paristhitini suchistundihi
ayithe, pluperfect aanglamlo kante greekulo chaalaa takkuvagaa upayoginchabadutundi, endukante () "eppudu" vanti samyogaala taruvaata, saadhaaranamgaa iorist upayoginchabadutundih
bhavishyat paripuurna kaalam.
future perfect tens (greeku () "puurti cheyabotondi") arudugaa upayoginchabadutundi. kriyaaseela swaramlo rendu kriyalu (() "neenu chanipotanu" mariyu () "neenu nilabadataanu") matrame bhavishyat paripuurna kaalaaniki pratyeka roopaanni kaligi untaayi, ayithe oka sammelanam ("periphrastic") kaalanni khachitamaina bhaagaswaamyamto tayaaru cheyavachu, udhaa.g () "athanu grahinchabotunnadu"; conny idhi kooda chaalaa arudu. idhi nishkriyaatmakamlo marinta saadhaaranam. idhi puurtayina charya phalitamgaa vachhe bhavishyat sthithini vivaristundihi
manasika sthithi.
naalugu manasika sthithulu ("vampulu" ledhaa "vampulu") unnaih
suuchika.
(greeku "nirvachinchadaaniki", "neenu nirvachinchaanu" nundi).
suuchika anedi vaastavam yokka saadhaarana prakatanalaku upayoginche kriya yokka roopam.
suuchika yokka pratikuulatanu cheyadaaniki, () ledhaa, oka acchuku mundu, () kriyaku mundu jodinchabadutundih
asampoornamaina mariyu iorist suuchika konnisaarlu prastuta ledhaa gatha kaalamlooni avaastavika (viruddhamaina) paristhitulanu kooda suuchimchavachchu ("cheyadam", "cheyadam", "cheyadam", "cheyadam" modalainavi).). (marinni udaaharanala kosam paina chudandi.)
subjunctive.
(greeku "kinda erpaatu cheyadaaniki", "neenu kinda erpaatu chestunnanu" nundi).
upasheershika saadhaaranamgaa chivaralo () ledhaa () aksharaalanu kaligi untundi.
dheeni ardham "mae" ayinappudu, udaaharanaku prayojana upavakyalalo, mukhyamgaa prastuta ledhaa bhavishyat samayanni soochinche vaatilo idhi tarachugaa upayoginchabadutundih
paina perkonna udaaharana prastuta upasambandhaanni upayogistundi, conny iorist upasambandhaanni samanamga sarainadi, konchem bhinnamaina arthamthoh
() "unte (adhi kaavacchu)", () "eppudu", () "evarainaa", () "" atuvanti samayam varaku "modalaina kalayikanu anusarinche niravadhika adheena upavakyalalo upaangam yokka maroka saadhaarana upayogam., prastuta ledhaa bhavishyat samayanni suuchistumdi. subjunctive thoo upayoginchinappudu, atuvanti samyogaalu ellappuduu άν ("an") kanamtho jatacheyabadataayih
jaragaali" anie suuchimchabadina daaniki kooda upasheershikanu upayoginchavacchu, udaaharanaku prerepanalu, aalochanaatmaka prasnalu mariyu eee krindi pratikuula aadesaalalo
paina perkonna udaaharanalo unnatlugaa, subjunctive yokka pratikuulata, α ("mē").
optive.
(greeku "korika kosam", "neenu korukuntunnanu" nundi).
optative mood saadhaaranamgaa gurtinchavacchu endukante dheeniki chivaralo οι ("oi"), αι ("ai") ledhaa ει ("ei") aksharalu untaayi.
optative mood yokka oka upayogam bhavishyattulo oohaatmaka paristhitini soochinche sharatulatho kuudina vakyalalo untundi. chestaanu" anae ardhaanni ivvadaaniki pradhana nibandhanalo άν ("an") anae kanaanni jodistaruh
ayithe, optative mood anedi prastuta ledhaa gatamlooni oohaatmaka paristhitini soochinche vakyalalo upayoginchabadadu; atuvanti vakyalalo optative anedi asampoornamaina, iorist ledhaa pluperfect indicative dwara bharti cheyabadutundi, pradhana nibandhanalo ("an") thoo untundi.
gatha kaalamlo nivedinchabadina prasangamlo optative mood kooda upayoginchabadutundih
eppudu", "" "modalaina samayam varaku" anae ardham gala samyogam tarvaata upaangam upayoginchabadutundi. prastuta ledhaa bhavishyat samayanni suuchistuu, kabatti optativenu gatha kaalamlo punaraavrutamayye sanghatanalanu soochinche saaruupya upavakyalalo upayoginchavacchu. ayithe, eee sandarbhamlo άν ("an") kanaanni kalayikaku jodincharu
ishtanusaram kooda upayoginchavachhuh
optativenu gatha kaalamlo purposes classlalo mariyu gatha kaalamlo bhayam yokka kriyala tarvaata kooda upayoginchavachhuh
ayithe, herodotus mariyu thucidides vanti kontamandi rachayitalu atuvanti upavakyalalo upasheershikanu upayoginchadaaniki ishtapadataaru.
anivaaryamainadi.
(greeku "aagnaapinchadaaniki", "neenu aagnaapistunnaanu" nundi).
prastuta atyavasaram saadhaarana aadesaala kosam upayoginchabadutundih
speaker okesari edainaa cheyaalani korukunnappudu iorist imperative upayoginchabadutundih
eee krindi udaaharanalalo unnatlugaa, greeku bhaashalo moodava vyakti tappanisari undatam kooda saadhyameh
eee krindi udaaharana chuupinatlugaa, atyavasara manasika sthithini paripuurna kaalamlo kooda upayoginchavachhuh
anantam kaani kriya roopaalu.
anantamainavi.
(greeku "aparemphatos" "soochinchabadaledu").
anantamaina (kriyaaseela) roopaalu.
anantamainadi moodu swaraalalo, mariyu prastuta, iorist, bhavishyattu mariyu paripuurna kalalalo kanipistundi. λύω ("lúō") "i free" anae kriya yokka kriyaaseela swaram yokka naalugu anantaalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche aneka kriyalu, ("-saay") loe iorist anantamaina vatiki badulugaa, badulugaa ("-een") (circumflex yaasato) mugustundi. dheenini "balamaina aaviri" ledhaa "2 va aaviri" anie pilustaaruh
muula ayoristulu vaerae anantamainavi teesukuntaruh
sanklishta kriyalu ("-an"), ("-ein") ledhaa ("-oun") loe mugise prastuta anantamaina mugimpunu kaligi untayih
- ≤ (-mii) loe mugise kriyalu, ("didomi") "neenu istaanu" vantivi, prastuta mariyu iorist anantamainavi kaligi untaayi, ivi ("-nai") loe mugustaih
kramarahita kriya ("oida") "naaku telusu" kooda ("-nai") loe anantamaina mugimpunu kaligi untundih
upayoginchandi.
athanu korukunnaru", "athanu aadesinchaadu", "athanu prayatninchaadu", "idhi avasaram", "athanu cheyagaladu" modalaina ardhaalatho anantamaina kriyalanu tarachugaa upayogistaaru. aanglamlo entah
() "neenu cheptunnaanu" ledhaa () "neenu anukuntunnanu" vanti konni kriyala tarvaata paroksha prasangam kosam kooda dheenini upayoginchavacchu. anantamaina vishayam, idhi pradhana kriya yokka amsaaniki bhinnamgaa unte, aaropana kesulo unchabadutundi. prakatana pratikuulamgaa unnappudu, padam ("ou") "kaadu" anedi () mundu velutundi.
greeku bhaashalo vividha nirmaanaalalo tarachugaa tatastha khachitamaina vyaasamtho anantamaina padaanni kooda upayogistaaru. eee sandarbhamlo idhi "-ing" looni aangla shabda naamavaachakaaniki samanamga untundih
paalgonevaaru.
paalgonevaariki greeku vyaakaranavaettalu "metokh" "share" "anae paeru pettaru, endukante avi visaeshanhaalu mariyu kriyalu rendinti lakshanaalanu panchukuntaayi. visaeshanhaala maadirigaane, avi lingam, cases mariyu sankhyanu kaligi untaayi mariyu avi savarinche naamavaachakaalato ekibhavistayi, mariyu kriyala maadirigaane, avi kaalam mariyu swaraanni kaligi untaayi.
palgone roopaalu.
prastuta, aaviri, bhavishyattu mariyu paripuurna kalalalo moodu swaraalaku bhagaswamyalu unnaayi. dheeniki vilakshanhamaina mugimpulu, mariyu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
kriyaaseelamgaah
madhya mariyu nishkriyaatmakah
upayogaaniki oka udaaharana.
greeku bhaashalo participles chaalaa tarachugaa upayoginchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, plato yokka "fedo" nundi eee krindi vaakyamlo aaru bhagalu unnaih
eee udaaharana diguva peraallo vislaeshimchabadimdi.
palgone vividha kaalalu.
bayataku vellina tarvaata" vanti oka avorist participle, saadhaaranamgaa pradhana kriya yokka samayaniki mundu jarigina charyanu suchistundihi
pradhana kriyatho ekakaalamlo jarugutunna charyanu suuchimchadaaniki () "leading" vanti prastuta palgonedi upayoginchabadutundih
() "pound" vanti paripuurnamaina participle, saadhaaranamgaa munupati charya phalitamgaa edho undani suuchistumdi, udhaa.zii. "padipoyindi," "chanipoyindi", "virigindi" modalainavi ".charyaku badulugao
bhavishyat participle anedi pradhana kriya samayam tarvaata jaragaalsina charyanu suuchistumdi, mariyu tarachugaa uddesyaanni suuchimchadaaniki upayogistaaruh
oppandam.
idhi oka visaeshanhamtoe paatu oka kriya kabatti, oka palgone vyakti adhi soochinche naamavaachakamto kesu, lingam mariyu sankhyalo angeekarinchaali. paie modati udaaharanaloo
paristhitula bhaagaswaamya.
oka paalgonevaaru tarachugaa maroka charya jarigina paristhitulanu vivaristaaru. tarachugaa dheenini "-ing", ii anie anuvadistaaru.zii. () paie udaaharanalo "leading".
konni vakyalalo dheenini "eppudu" ledhaa "nundi" praarambhamayye nibandhanatho anuvadinchavacchuhu
maroka tarachugaa upayoginchedi "genetive absolute" anie piluvabade nirmaanamloo, participle mariyu daani amsaanni genetive kesulo unchinappudu. pradhana kriya yokka vishayam, vastuvu ledhaa paroksha vastuvu kaani vyaktini ledhaa deeninainaa palgone vyakti suuchimchinappudu eee nirmaanam upayoginchabadutundih
conny kriya vyaktigatam kakapothe, adhi aaropanalo unchabadutundi, e.zii. () "idhi saadhyame".
vyaasamlo palgonandi.
konnisaarlu vyaasamtho bhagaswamyanni upayogistaaru, eee sandarbhamlo dheenini tarachugaa "evaru" anie anuvadinchavacchuhu
anubandha bhaagaswaamya.
paina perkonna vakyalalo upayoginchadamto paatu, "naaku telusu", "neenu gamaninchaanu", "neenu avutaanu (undaali)," "neenu vintaanu (adhi)" modalaina ardhaalatho kriyalanu anusarinchi paalgonevaadini upayoginchavacchu. eee upayogaanni "anubandha" paalgonevaaru antaaru.

