khoisan

khoisan, ledhaa (), anedi dakshina aafrikaaloni sthaanika prajalaku catch-aall padam, vaaru bantu bhaashalalo okadaanni matladaru, khoekhoyen (gatamlo "hattentats") mariyu saan prajalanu (gatamlo "bushmen") militam chestaaru. khoisan janabha click bhashalanu matladataru mariyu dakshina african cape praantamloo chaaritraka (baantu-puurva) sanghaluga pariganinchabadataaru, namibia varaku, ikkada naama mariyu damara prajala janabha prabalamaina samuuhaalu, mariyu botswana.
150, 000 samvatsaraala kritam dakshina africaku shareera nirmaanaparamgaa aadhunika maanavulu chaalaa praarambhamlo chedaragottabadina pratyaksha vaarasulu chaalaa mandhi khoyan prajalu. (ayithe, shareera nirmaanaparamgaa aadhunika manavulaku khoisan muula janabha kaavacchu anie soochinche bahula-praantiiya parikalpanaku maddatu ichhe iteevali pani kosam krinda chudandi.) vaari bhashalu aspashtamaina typological saaruupyatanu chuuputaayi, idhi ekkuvagaa click hallula praabalyaaniki parimitam cheyabadindi. avi dhruveekarinchadagina vidhamgaa oka saadhaarana proto-longuage nundi udbhavinchaledu, conny nedu kaneesam moodu ververu mariyu sambandham laeni bhasha kutumbaluga (kho-kwadi, tuyu mariyu kxʼa) vibhajinchabaddaayi. khokhoen (khokho prajalu) dakshina africaku raathi yugam chivarilo vacchina vaarini suuchimchavachchani soochinchabadindi, daadaapu 1,500 mariyu 2,000 samvatsaraala kritam eee praantaaniki cherukunna bantu vistarana valla bahusha sthaanabhramsham chendhi undavacchu.
kalahari edaari mariyu botswana, namibia, angola, zambia, zimbabwe, lesotho mariyu uttara dakshinaafrikaa praantaalalo saannu vetagaallugaa bhaavistaaru. saan" anae padam khokho bhasha nundi vachindi mariyu pasuvulanu kaligi laeni metha ("bhoomi nundi vastuvulanu teesukune vaaru") lanu suuchistumdi. anduvalla, idhi khokho-matlade samaajaalato sambandham unna vetagadi-sekarinche prajalandarinee suuchimchadaaniki upayoginchabadindi, mariyu ekkuvagaa jeevanasailini suuchistumdi, idhi pasuvula pempakandaarulu ledhaa vyavasaayadaarula nundi bhinnamgaa untundi, yea nirdishta jaatiki kaadu. eee jeevana vidhaanaaniki anubandhamgaa sahayaka vishwodbhava saastraalu mariyu bhashalu unnappatikee, eee padam saamskrutika ledhaa jaathi padam kakunda aardhika naamakarta.
paeru.
khoisan"/"khoisan" anae sammelanam padam 20va sataabdam prarambham nundi madhyakaalam varaku upayogamlo unna aadhunika maanavasaastra sampradaayam. "khoisan" anedi anedi leonhard shulz roopondinchina naanhelu mariyu isak scapera dwara prachuryam pondindi. joseph greenberg "khoisan" bhasha kutumbam pratipaadana aadhaaramgaa idhi 1960la nundi vistruta viniyogamloki pravesinchindi.
valasarajyalu/varnavivaksha yugamlo pakshika khoyan puurveekulu kaligina africans matlade vyaktulanu chaaritraatmakamgaa cape block () ledhaa westran cape block () gaa vargeekarinchaaru, vaarini baantu matlade prajala nundi tappugaa vaeru cheyadaaniki, dakshinaafrikaalooni itara sthaanika african janabha kooda gananeeyamaina kho-shaan puurveekulanu kaligi unnaaru.
1990la chivaralo varnavivaksha mugisina taruvaata "khoisan" anae padaanni ("khoisan", "khoi-shaan", "khoy-shaan" anie kooda pilustaaru) kooda dakshina aafrikaalo sweeya-paerugaa pravesapettaaru. 2010la nundi, desamloni private bhoomilo ekkuva bhaganni kaligi unna prabhutvam mariyu tella minority nundi gurtimpu mariyu bhuu hakkulanu koorutuu "khoisan kaaryakarta" udyamam jarugutondi.
charitra.
muulaalu.
aadhunika khoisan puurveekulu 150,000 samvatsaraala kritam dakshina africaku (thoorpu ledhaa madhya africa nundi) vistarinchaarani, bahusha 260,000 samvatsaraala kritam, tadwara 130,000 samvatsaraala kritam miss 5 "megadruit" praarambhaaniki, aafrikaalo rendu puurveekula janabha samuuhaalu undevani, dakshina aafrikaalo enti-dna haplogroup vaipu yokka vahakulu khoi-shaan puurveekulu mariyu madhya/thoorpu aafrikaalo haplogroup haplogroup yokka vahakulu prati okkariki puurveekulu. eee samuuham vetagaalla sekaranadaarula shaan janaabhaaku daariteesindi. vaari sameepa sajeeva bandhuvulu uttara-madhya tanzaniaku chendina hazzeb prajalu anie, thoorpu kangoku chendina mubuti pigmeelu anie bhaavistaaru. chaalaa taruvaata vacchina valasa ala, saadhaarana shakam praarambhamlo ledhaa antaku mundu, goya prajalaku daariteesindi, vaaru pasupaalakulu. eee samuuham eurasia nundi alaage konni neanderthal samuuhaala nundi dnnu teesukuvellindi.
vaari prarambha vistarana mariyu vibhajana kaaranamgaa, 150 kyaa kii mundu vaari prarambha vibhajana nundi eurasia yokka iteevali janabha varaku, shareera nirmaanaparamgaa aadhunika maanava kaalakramamlo ekkuva bhaagam samayamlo khoisan puurveekula janabha "atipedda maanava janabhanu" suuchistumdani anchanaa veyabadindi. avi neti kante chaalaa vistrutamgaa unnaayi, vaati aadhunika pampinhee bantu vistarana samayamlo vaati vinaasanam kaaranamgaa jarigindi. vaaru dakshina mariyu aagneya aafrikaalo chaalaa varaku chellacheduruga unnaaru. 120 mariyu 75 kvaie madhya thoorpu africa vaipu vaipu vahakalu gananeeyamaina venukaku valasa vellaaru. rito mariyu itarulu. (2013) atuvanti venuka-valasala nundi vachhe ottidi africa nundi thoorpu african janabha sumaru 70 kyaa vadda chedaragottadaaniki kooda dohadapadi undavacchani oohinchandi.
bahula-praantiiya parikalpanaku prastuta maanava janabha janyu samacharam maddatu ivvavacchani iteevali parisoedhanalu suuchimchaayi. nature" jarnallo prachurinchabadina 2023 adhyayanam prakaram, prastuta janyu daetaanu khoisan puurveekula janaabhaato sahaa africa antataa bahula janabha vanarula antargata mishramaalanu pratibimbimchaelaa baga ardham chesukovacchu.
chivari raathi yugam.
khoisan puurveekulu shaan janabha sumaru 75 kaa taruvaata raathi yugam chivarilo dakshina mariyu thoorpu aafrikaalo chaalaa varaku vyaapinchindi. sumaru 20 kaa varaku maroe vistarana pratipaadinchabadindi 
l0d haplogroup pampineepai. roasty mariyu itarulu. thoorpu african bhashalaku (hajja bhasha) click hallula vyaaptitoe eee iteevali vistaranaku sambandhaanni suuchistumdi.
raathi yugam chivaralo sangowan parisrama dakshina aafrikaanu vaarshika varshapaatam oka meater (1000 mimi; 39.4 angulaalu) kante takkuvagaa unna praantaalalo aakraminchindi. samakaaleena shaan mariyu khoy prajalu puraatana sangowan asthipanjara avasheshaala dwara suuchimchabadina vaatini pooli untaaru.
khoi mariyu saanlaku ummadi muulaanni kanugonna saampradaaya vivaranaku vyatiraekamgaa, khoi prajala puurveekulu dakshina africaku saapekshamgaa iteevali baantu puurva vyavasaya valasadaarulu anie itara aadharalu suuchimchaayi, vaaru vaataavaranam endipoyinanduna vyavasayanni vidichipetti, saanlo vetagaadigaa cheraaru ledhaa pasuvula pempakaanni konasaaginchaaru.
sumaru 2,300 samvatsaraala kritam praarambhamaina dakshina aafrikaalo pasuvula pempakandaarulu mariyu bantoid vyavasaya-pasuvula pempakandaarula oohinchina raakato, bhasha abhivruddhi taruvaata klikku hallulu mariyu puraatana kho-shaan bhashala nundi runa padaalaloo mishrama vyavasaya-pasuvula pempakandaarulu & vaetagaadu-sekarinche samaajaala parinaamgaa kanipistundi, ivi chivariki dakshinaafrikaa, botswana & namibia (udhaa.zii. dakshina african jhosaa, sotho, swana, julu prajalalo.)
nedu eee samuuhaalu millionla mandhi mishrama puraatana kho-shaan vaarasulalo parimaanaatmaka majorityni suuchistunnaayi.
chaaritraka kaalam.
bantu vaari sthaanabhramsham taruvaata sumaru 1,000 samvatsaraala taruvaata, portugees anveshakulatho vaari modati parichayamtho khoikhoy chaaritraka recorduloki pravesinchaaru. europeanla nundi khoy mashoochi baarina padina taruvaata sthaanika janabha taggindi. dutch eest india company saampradaaya metha bhoomini polaala kosam moosivesinappudu khoi europeanlapy marinta tarachugaa daadulu chesaaru. khoikhoy saamaajika samstha teevramgaa debbatindi, chivariki, 17va sataabdam chivari nundi valasarajyala vistarana mariyu bhuu swaadheenam dwara naasanam cheyabadindi. saamaajika nirmaanaalu vichchinnam kaavadamtho, kontamandi khoikhoy prajalu polaalalo sthirapadi, bandhuvulu (daasulu) ledhaa vyavasaya kuuliilugaa maararu; chaalaa mandhi ippatike unna khoy vamsam mariyu jhosaa prajala kutumba samoohaalalo cherchabaddaaru. ippudu germanylo unna saxonyloni hernhootku chendina moravian sodarudu georg schmidt schmidt genadendalnu sthaapinchaadu, idhi dakshina aafrikaalo modati mission station, revearsonderand parvathaalaloni baviansclufe looni khoi prajalalo idhi okati. prarambha european sthiranivaasulu konnisaarlu khoikhoy mahilalatho vivaham chesukunnaru, phalitamgaa ippudu grikwa anie piluvabade gananeeyamaina mishrama jaathi janabha erpadindi. grica prajalu kooda appatiki jhosaa sthaanika nilvala sarihaddu praantaalaku valasa velli, ekkuvagaa jhosaa janabhanu kaligi unna thoorpu grikavaalandnu sthaapinchaaru.
cape kaalanee thoorpu sarihadduku sameepamlo "cott nadhi" khoi sthaavaraanni srushtinchadaaniki andris stockenstram dohadapadindi. sthaavaraalu abhivruddhi chendaayi mariyu vistarinchaayi, mariyu cott nadhi twaragaa cape yokka pedda mariyu vijayavantamaina praantamgaa maarindi, idhi ekkuva ledhaa takkuva svayampratipattigaa konasaagindi. prajalu pradhanamgaa africans matlade gonakwa khoy, conny eee sthaavaram cape looni itara khoy, jhosaa mariyu mishrama-jaathi samuuhaalanu kooda aakarshinchadam praarambhinchindi.
bushman yuddhalu" anie pilavabadevi chaalaa varaku shaan vaari bahishkarana tarvaata pratispandanagaa undevi.
18va sataabdam praarambhamlo, paschima cape looni khoikhoy dutch thoo sahakaara raashtramlo nivasinchaaru. sataabdam chivari natiki khoisanlalo ekkuva mandhi 'cooley kuuliilugaa' panicheesaaru, baanisalaku bhinnamgaa kaadu. bhougolikamgaa, karmikudu cape town nundi entha dhooramlo unnado, vyavasaya utpattulanu marketlaku ravana cheyadam antha kashtamaindi. berg nadiki uttaraana tulbagh pareevaahaka praantamloo metha licensula jaarii eee praantamloo valasarajyala vistaranaku daariteesindi. eee bhuu marpidi vyavastha khoizou vaari bhoomini mariyu pasuvulanu kolpovadaniki daariteesindi, alaage saamaajika, aardhika mariyu raajakeeya abhivruddhilo naatakeeya maarpuku daariteesindi.
prabhutvam jhosaa tirugubaatu otami taruvaata, kotta cape prabhutvam bhavishyat jaathi asantruptini nivaarinchadaaniki khoy raajakeeya hakkulanu manjuru cheyadaaniki prayatninchindi. prabhutvam prabhutvam cape ootu hakkunu amalu chesindi, idhi takkuva aasti pareekshanu edurkone purusha pourulandarikee, rangutho sambandham lekunda, ootu vaeyadaaniki mariyu paarlamentulo ennikalanu korukune hakku undani prakatinchindi. jaatyahankaara aadhaarita paalana vyavasthanu konasaaginchadaaniki british cape prabhutvam prabhutvam dutch nundi baadhyatalu sweekarinchina) aasti pareeksha paroksha maargam, endukante sagatuna tellajati prajalu matrame pareekshaku saripoye aastini kaligi unnaaru.
german nairuti aafrikaalo jarigina herero mariyu namakwa maranahomam samayamlo, 1904-1907 samayamlo 10,000 mandiki paiga naama champabaddaarani anchanaa.
kalahari yokka saan wilhelm hetch "bushman jaanapada kathala namoonaalalo" varninchabadindi. ii. bleak mariyu lucie sii. lloyd (1911). (1911) dakshinaafrikaa rachayita laurence vaan derr post aaru bhagala television documentarylo vaatini prapancheekarana prapancha drushtiki teesukuvacchaaru. botswanaloni puurveekula bhuu vivaadam vanyapraanula kosam kosam sthaapinchabadina central kalahari game reserve (sii. keey. zii. aarr) kuu sambandhinchinadi, shaan vaari vaetagaadu-sangraahaka jeevanasailini konasaaginchadaaniki anumatinchabadindi. anveshinchabadataayi, botswana prabhutvam ckgr nivaasitulanu reserve velupala "marche" vidhananni praarambhinchindi. praarambhinchindi prabhutvam ckgr nivaasitulaku anni sevalanu nilipivesindi. oka nyaya poraatam praarambhamaindi, praarambhamaindi botswana haikortu nivaasitulanu balavantamgaa mariyu rajyanga viruddhamgaa tolaginchinatlu teerpu ichindi. ayithe, punaravasa vidhanam konasaagindi, konasaagindi shaan peepul (basarwa) tama bhoomi mariyu vanarula hakkulanu gurtinchamani prabhutvaanni balavantam cheyaalani aikyaraajyasamitiki vignapti chesaaru.
chesaaru varnavivaksha mugisina taruvaata, "khoisan" anae padaanni kramamga dakshinaafrikaalooni "modati deshaalu" mariyu paalaka bantu majorityki praatinidhyam vahistunnatlugaa dakshina africaku chendina khoikhoy sweeya-paerugaa upayoginchadam praarambhamaindi. praarambhamaindi westran cape vishwavidyaalayam "khoisan gurtimpulu mariyu saamskrutika vaarasatvam" paie oka samavesanni nirvahinchindi. mariyu 2015 nundi dakshinaafrikaa medialo "khoisan kriyaaseelata" nivedinchabadindi.
1913 kii mundu unna bhuu daavaalanu konasaaginchadaaniki dakshina africa prabhutvam khoisan kutumbaalanu (1998 varaku) anumatinchindi. dakshina africa deputy cheef land claims commissioner, taami mdontswa, khoisan prajalu 1913 juun 9 kii mundu vaari pratyaksha puurveekulanu tolaginchina bhoomipai marinta daavaalanu konasaaginchadaaniki veelugaa rajyanga samskarana avasaramani chepparu.
aavishkaranalu.
aavishkaranalu, university off free state saastravettalu khoisan prajalu chesina 8,000 samvatsaraala puraatana chekkadaalanu kanugonnaru. eee chekkadalu wreadfort prabhava nirmaanam yokka 'varshapu paamu' dikelo hippopotamus, gurram mariyu jinkanu chitreekarinchaayi, ivi khoisan yokka varshanni srushtinche puraanaalaku sambandhinchi aadhyaatmika praamukhyatanu kaligi undavacchu.
khoisan paie himsa.
herero mariyu namakwa maranahomam.
herero mariyu namakwa maranahomam loe, 1904 mariyu 1908 madhya german valasa saamrajyam chesina nirmuulana prachaaramlo sumaru 10,000 naama, oka khokho samuuham mariyu teliyani sankhyalo shaan prajalu champabaddaru.
botswanalo balavantamgaa punaravasam.
botswanalo, chaalaa mandhi sthaanika shaan prajalu tama bhoomi nundi balavantamgaa reservationlaku marchabaddaru. vaarini maarchadaaniki, vaari bhoomipai neeru andubaatulo undakunda niraakarinchaaru mariyu vaaru vetaadithe arrestunu edurkonnaru, idhi vaari praathamika aahara vanaru. vaari bhoomulu prapanchamlooni atyanta dhanika vajraala kshetram madhyalo unnaayi. ganula tavvakaalaku etuvanti sambandham ledani prabhutvam adhikarikamga khandinchindi mariyu shaan prajalu sahasrabdaluga bhoomipai sthiramgaa nivasistunnappatiki, vanyapraanulu mariyu paryaavarana vyavasthanu parirakshinchadame eee sthaanabhramsham anie perkondi. reservationlapy vaaru upaadhi kosam kashtapadataru, mariyu madyapaanam prabalamgaa undhi.
bhashalu.
khoisan bhashalu" bhashalu" joseph greenberg chetha bhasha vargamgaa pratipaadinchabaddaayi. vaati janyu sambandham 20va sataabdam taruvaata prashninchabadindi, mariyu eee padam ippudu janyu aikyatanu suuchimchakumdaa, "papuwan" mariyu "australian" laaga, ekkuvagaa soukaryavantamaina padamgaa panichestundi. vaati atyanta mukhyamaina ekikarana lakshanam vaati click hallulu.
vaaru rendu kutumbaluga vargeekarinchabaddaaru, mariyu aneka saadhyamayye bhashalu verucheyabaddaayi.
kxʼa kutumbam kutumbam pratipaadinchabadindi, idhi aamkai (hohonom) bhashanu kung (juyu) maandalika samuuhamtoe kalapadam dwara pratipaadinchabadindi. kung loe sumaru dozenu maandalikaalu unnaayi, vaati madhya spashtamaina vivarana ledhu. isuka mariyu itarulu. (2010) naalugu samuhaluga vibhajinchadaanni pratipaadinchandih
khoi (khoi) kutumbam khoikhoi (khoikho mariyu khoyamana maandalikaalu) mariyu kalahari (tsu-khwe) saakhalugaa vibhajinchabadindi. khoy yokka kalahari saakhalo shuva mariyu tsova (maandalikaalato), mariyu xoy, naaro, gnaa mariyu habah (maandalikaalato) unnaayi. khoy kooda tatkalikamga kwadi ("kwadi-kho") thoo, inca marinta oohaajanitamgaa tanzania ("kho-sandave") yokka sandave bhaashatho samalekhanam cheyabadindi. click hallulu undatam valla tanzania yokka hajja bhasha khoisan samuuhamtoe mudipadi undhi.
bhouthika lakshanaalu mariyu janyusaastram.
charless darwin darwin "dhi decent off myaan" loe khoisan mariyu laingika empika gurinchi raasaaru, pradhanamgaa streelalo kanipinche vaari steatopysia, maanava parinaamamlo laingika empika dwara parinaamam chendindani, "sariiramlooni venuka bhaagam atyanta adbhutamaina paddhatiloo abhivruddhi chendindani" vyakhyaaninchaadu. chaaritraatmakamgaa, kontamandi streelu nilabadi unnappudu konnisaarlu yoni krinda 10 centimeters varaku anchanaa vese podavaina labia minoranu pradarsinchadaaniki maanava saastravettalu gamaninchaaru. baga namodu cheyabadinappatiki, eee abhyasam venuka unna preranalu mariyu daanini pradarsinche mahilala swaraalu parisoedhanaloo arudugaa anveshinchabadataayi.
anveshinchabadataayi, prapancha prajala janyu adhyayanalu shaan purushula vai chromosome itara anni janabha kante bhinnamaina polymorphisms yokka konni namuunaalanu panchukuntundani kanugonnayi. vai chromosome taraala madhya ekkuvagaa samrakshinchabadinanduna, eee rakamaina dna pareeksha vividha upa samuuhaalu okadaanikokati nundi eppudu vaeru cheyabadatayo nirnayinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi, anduvalla vaati chivari saadhaarana puurveekulu. eee adhyayanala rachayitalu, manugadalo unna manavulandari iteevali saadhaarana pitru puurveekula nundi vaeru chesina modati janabhalo shaan okati ayi undavacchani suuchimchaaru. 
appati nundi vividha vai-chromosome adhyayanalu khoisan atyanta vibhinnamaina (puraatana) vai-chromosome haplogrouplanu kaligi undani dhruvikarinchayi. eee haplogrouplu maanava vai-chromosome chettu yokka rendu prarambha saakhalu, eah mariyu bii haplogroupla yokka nirdishta upa samuuhaalu.
vai-chromosome adhyayanala nundi vacchina phalitaala maadirigaane, mitochondrial dna adhyayanalu kooda khoisan prajalu maanava mitochondrial dna chettulooni mottamodati haplogroup saakhala adhika pounahpunyaalanu kaligi untaarani aadhaaraalanu choopinchaayi. atyanta bhinnamaina (puraatana) mitochondrial haplogroup, l0d, dakshina african khoy mariyu shaan samoohaalalo daani atyadhika pounahpunyaala vadda gurtinchabadindi. matriswamya mariyu pitruswamya samoohaalalo khoisan yokka pratyekata vaaru itara aafrikanla nundi chaaritraatmakamgaa bhinnamaina janabhanu soochistunnaarane maroe suuchika.
parisoedhana mariyu vidya kendram.
21 september 2020naa cape town vishwavidyaalayam thana kotta khoy mariyu shaan centarnu praarambhinchindi, raboye samvatsaraallo under graduate degree prograamnu praarambhinchaalani pranaalika chesindi. bhasha (khokhogao thoo sahaa), pavitra maanava avasheshaalu, bhoomi mariyu lingampai parisoedhanaa commissionlapy eee sahakaara paniki kendram maddatu istundi mariyu ekikrutam chestundi. khoisan prajala vaarasulu chaalaa mandhi ippatikee cape flatlalo nivasistunnaaru.

