
calax off holded

calics off hold anedi ksheeradaala shravana kendra naadii vyavasthalo mukhyamgaa pedda synaps, dheeniki hohns paeru pettaru, athanu thana 1893 vyaasam "dye central gehorletung" loe dheenini modatisaarigaa varninchaadu, endukante idhi oka puvvu yokka kaaliksnu pooli untundi. anteroventral coclear nucleus (eah. vii. sii. enn) looni globular bushi kanaalu trapezoid boddy (emm. enn. tii. bii) yokka contralateral medial nucleusku oxanlanu pamputaayi, akkada avi emm. enn. tii. bii pradhana kanaalapai eee kaalisla dwara samakaaleekarinchabadataayi. eee pradhana kanaalu appudu ipsilateral lateral superior olive (lso) kuu project avtayi, ikkada avi post synaptic neuronlanu nirodhistaayi mariyu adhika frequency dhwani sthaanikeekaranaku avasaramaina interoral sthaayi gurtimpuku (lid) oka aadharaanni andistaayi. eee synaps medadulo atipeddadigaa varninchabadindi.
hold yokka sambandhita end bulb kooda itara shravana medadu vyavastha nirmaanaalalo kanipinche pedda oxon terminal chinna synaps (15-30 micrometer vyaasam), avi coclear nucleus. calises maadirigaane, eee synapses vaegamgaa, samarthavantamgaa samachara badileeni prothsahistaayi.
pattukunna caliax anedi presinaptic terminal meeda glutamate kaligi unna vesikilsnu kaligi untundi, vesicals uddeepanapai vidudala cheyabadataayi (shravana vyavasthalo udbhavistaayi). glutamate appudu rendu telisina glutamate grahakaalu, yampa-mariyu nmda graahakaalato bandhistundi.
saadhaaranamgaa daani pedda parimaanam kaaranamgaa parisoedhanaloo upayoginche, caliaux off hold anedi synaps yokka abhivruddhi mariyu vesikil vidudalaku sambandhinchina vividha vidhaanaalanu ardham chesukovadaniki upayoginchabadindi.
function.
caliax off hold anedi shravana vyavasthalo oka bhaagam, idhi anteroventral coclear nucleus yokka globular bush kanaalanu (gbc) trapezoid boddy (mntb) yokka madhyastha nucleus yokka pradhana neuranlatho kaluputundi. synapsga, holding yokka collex yokka pani gbc nundi pradhana neuronlaku signalnu prasaram cheyadam. emm. enn. tii. bii. yokka pradhana neuronlu glycinergic, tadwara sameepamloni kanaalalo unnatamaina alivarii complexes (ess. oo. sii) kendrakaalanu hyperpolarise chesi, tonotopic nirodhaka prabhavalanu utpatti chestaayi. pradhana neuronlanu prerepinchadamlo daani paatra phalitamgaa, dhwani sthaanikeekaranalo mukhyamaina coclear hair sels yokka taatkaalika kriyaaseelata madhya vyatyaasaanni anumatinchadam holding yokka calics yokka praadhamika pani (interoral sthaayi gurtimpu).
gbc la yokka pedda saapeksha parimaanam, holded yokka calics mariyu pradhana neuronla kaaranamgaa calics vyavastha dwara interaural sthaayini gurtinchadam saadhyamavutundi. eee interoral sthaayi maarpulanu grahinchadamlo parshwa unnata olive looni neuronlu mukhyamgaa mukhyamainavi. bush sell oxanla pedda vyaasam parimaanam prarambha coclear excitation taruvaata emm. enn. tii. bii neuronlu utpatti chese nirodhaka sanketam sumaru 0.2 emm. ess. kuu cherukovadaniki anumatistundi. kshitija samaantara samatalamlo dhwani sthaanikeekaranaku avasaramaina viruddha (vyatiraeka vaipu) mariyu ipsilateral (oke vaipu) uddeepananu poolchadaaniki eee ~ 0.2 milliseconla samaya kolata mukhyamainadi, mariyu takkuva pounahpunya sabdaala sthaanaanni gurtinchadamlo keelakam.
nirmaanam.
prati pradhana neuronku oka calics untundi, mariyu chaalaa gbc oxanlaku oke calics untundi, ayithe eee jataku minahaayimpulu unnaayi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa gbc, holded yokka calises mariyu pradhana neuronla madhya okariki okaru nishpattini srushtistundi. holdu yokka calics oka pratyaekamaina padanirmaana shaastramtho pradhana neuronnu kaligi untundih calics yokka saakhalu rendava mariyu moodava-arder netvarklanu srushtinchadaaniki anumatistaayi. prati saakha pradhana neurantho sambandhaanni yerparachukuntundi, pedda sankhyalo kriyaaseela mandalaalanu erpaatu chestundi. medadulooni synaptic terminals kosam idhi asaadhaaranamainadi, endukante chaalaa varaku oke kriyaaseela praantaanni srushtistaayi. prati calixlo 300 nundi 700 kriyaaseela mandalaalu untaayi, mariyu prati kriyaaseela mandalamlo oka samayamlo sumaru 3 dock cheyabadina putikalatho sumaru 100 glutamate kaligina putikala untaayi. eee vesicles peddavigaa untaayi, itara vayojana synapses loe quantal parimaanaaniki sambandhinchina phalitaalaku anugunamgaa untaayi. saadhaaranamgaa neuropeptides kaligi unde dattamaina-core vesicles kooda untaayi, ayithe vaati content mariyu paniteerunu nirnayinchadaaniki marinta parisoedhana avasaram.
synaps yokka nirmaanaanni nirvahinchadaaniki, itara synapsla maadirigaane, aneka microtubles unnaayi. calics terminal diguvana pedda sankhyalo microtubles kaligi untundi. eee suukshma naalikalu synapsku sthirathvaanni andinchadam, synaptic vesicals pampineeni parimitam cheyadam mariyu mitochondrianu sthaanikeekarinchadam vanti vividha vidhulanu nirvahistaayi. synaptic terminal vadda mitochondria moodu mukhyamaina vidhulanu kaligi untundih sinapsu jeevakriya avasaralanu teerchadaaniki anumatinchadam (mukhyamgaa depolarisation tarvaata calcium tolaginchadaaniki), mitochondrialoki calciumnu teesukoovadaaniki anumatinchadam dwara calciumnu buffer cheyadam mariyu glutamate samshlaeshanhaku saktini andinchadam.
vividha glial kanaalu kooda holded yokka kaaliksto sambandham kaligi untaayi. calics chuttoo rendu rakaala glial kanaalu unnaih austrocytelu mariyu ng2 glial kanaalu. synaps nundi glutamatenu tolaginchadaaniki austrocytelu glutamate transporterlanu vyaktam chestaayi. synaps nundi glutamatenu tolaginchadaaniki telisina ekaika vidhanam idhi. ng2 glial kanaalu ampa grahakalanu vyaktam chestaayi.
abhivruddhi.
saadhaarana abhivruddhi.
prasavaanantara rendava rojuna (p2), pattukunna aparipakva eluka caliaux erpadutundi, daani lakshanamaina sealed-spoon padanirmaanam dwara sulabhamgaa vaeru cheyabadutundi. kaaliksnu yerparuchukune praadhamika synaptic parichayalu emm. enn. tii. bii (trepazoid boddy yokka madhyastha kendrakam) mariyu vii. sii. enn (ventral coclear naram) yokka neuronla madhya samavesamavutayi, chivariki rendu praantaala madhya rekhanu daatadam dwara okadaanitoe okati anusandhaaninchabadataayi. eee anubandhalu vii. sii. enn. neuronlu utpatti ayina ventane kanipinchadam praarambhistaayi; pinda dinam 17 (ii17) chuttoo eee parichayala prarambha erpaatunu gamaninchavacchu. kokliyalo mukhyamaina praantaanni yerparuchukune eee neuronal connections, okadaanitoe okati saakhalanu yerparustaayi, ivi holding yokka calixlo mugustaayi. taruvaati rendu, moodu vaaraala vyavadhilo, pinda kaaliksnu modata roopondinchina neuronal parichayalu aakaram mariyu paniteerulo abhivruddhi chendutaayi, idhi mntb-vcn praantamloo sankethaala sthiramaina, vegavantamaina vyaaptini sulabhataram chese parinati chendina calixlo mugustundi.
saraina calics erpadataaniki veelugaa prarambha neuronal abhivruddhi samayamlo konni empika chesina prakriyalu jarugutaayi, mukhyamgaa fibroblastic groth phyaaktar (fgf), transcription phyaaktar math5, neural sell recognition molecule enbi-2 mariyu kanaalalo ephrin (ef) proteinla prabhavam dwara. math1/math5 mariyu fgf anevi coclear nucleus complexes yokka tagina perugudala mariyu abhivruddhiki avasaramaina rendu niyantrakaalu, veetilo ventral coclear nucleus (vcn) mariyu dorsal coclear nucleus (dcn) rendoo untaayi. taginanta fgf sthaayilu coclear nucleus yokka saraina padanirmaanaanni nirdhaaristaayi, ayithe math5 coclear nucleus yokka saraina parimaanam mariyu prosessingnu nirdhaaristundi. coclear extrameral streamlo alaage unnatamaina alivarii complexes yokka neuronlalo vcn neuronla roopaaniki maroka transcription karakam math1 avasaram. enbi-2 kooda holded yokka calics erpadataaniki sahaayapadutundi, alaage contralatoral mntb nirvahanaku dohadam chestundi. eee moodu anuvula yokka okadaanitoe okati kalipina prabhavalu saraina sanketam mariyu calics erpadatamlo palgone proteinla yokka aneka kutumbaalu unnayane vaastavaanni vivaristaayi.
adanamgaa, prarambha pinda calics erpadina tarvaata shravana circuit vyavastha abhivruddhiki eff proteins samagramainavi. itara signalling vyavasthala nundi eff proteins mariyu vaati grahakalanu vaeru chese oka lakshanam emitante samacharanni rendu disalalo prasaram chese saamarthyam. calixlo saraina sankhya mariyu vcn mariyu ipsilateral mntb projectionla erpaatuku vcn mariyu mntb kanaalalo munduku mariyu riverse signalling avasaram. eff proteins akshatantuvulu ipsilateral mntb gundaa velutunnappudu, eee anchanaala saakhalu mariyu tudi mugimpu contralateral mntblo matrame jarugutundani nirdhaaristaayi, bahusha proteins akshatantuvulapai nirdishta praantaalanu matrame lakshyamgaa pettukuntaayi.
mottammeeda, caliax off holdlo rendu moulika sadupayala maarpulu sambhavistaayi. modatidi, abhivruddhi chendina rendava vaaramlo, emm. enn. tii. bii. looni vii. sii. enn. akshatantuvula myelination perugutundi. mailinlo eee pramukha perugudala signalling circuit yokka kalakramanusaram abhivruddhi mariyu calics yokka anusaranaku anugunamgaa untundi. rendava moulika sadupayala maarpulo emm. enn. tii. bii. la yokka pradhana neuronlu untaayi, veeti kana sareeraalu mariyu kendrakaalu perugudala kaaranamgaa uparitala vaisaalyamlo perugutaayi. idhi vyaktigata, pedda post synaptic saandratalu chinna, bahula saandratalagaa vidipovadam yokka pratyaksha phalitam.
potassium chaanal abhivruddhi.
precinaptic charya saamarthyaanni nirvahinchadamlo potassium chaanallu chaalaa mukhyamainavi. calixlo aneka rakaala potassium chaanallu untaayi, prati okkati sthaanam mariyu sunnitatvamlo bhinnamgaa untundi. takkuva-parimiti k + chaanallu mariyu adhika-parimiti aalasyamaina rectifier-rakam k + chaanallu rendoo prii synaptic neuronlalo untaayi. naalugu takkuva-parimiti k + chaanallu unnaih kv1.1, kv1.2, kv1.3, mariyu kv7.5. kv1.1 mariyu kv1.2 akshatantu mariyu terminal madhya parivartana mandalamlo unnaayi, kv1.3 kv7.5 calixlo unnaayi. calaxlo vyaktamayye calcium activated potassium chhaanel undhi, ayithe eee rakamaina chhaanel neurotransmitter vidudalaku dohadam cheyadu.
oka vaaram vyavadhilo, elukala vishayaala (p7 nundi p14) loe kevi1 mariyu kevi3 takkuva pravesha maargaala saandrata perugutundani choopinchindi, idhi maargaala gtsastranni prabhaavitam chestundi.
sodiyam chaanal abhivruddhi.
paripakvata samayamlo sodiyam chaanellalo maarpulu peragadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi, idhi prii synaptic charya sambhaavya vegaanni penchutundi. ikkada, prasarana taruvaata sodiyam chhaanals vaegamgaa kolukune saamarthyam kaaranamgaa charya sambhaavyata vaegamgaa maarutundi. oka nirdishta rakam sodiyam chaanal ayina nav1.6 yokka alfa upabhaagamlooni vyakteekarana, prasaaramlo perigina vaegaaniki kaaranamani aadharalu chuupistunnaayi. akshatantuvulu mariyu kanupulalo vyakteekarinchabadina maroka sodiyam chaanal, nav1.2, nemmadigaa gtsastranni pradarsistundi.
myelination (perigina capacitance) nuu bharti cheyadaaniki, oxon terminal mundu chivari node (mylin sheet madhya praantam) vadda calics varaku daariteestundi, idhi adhika saandrata kaligina Na + chaanellanu kaligi untundi, tadwara pedda pravahanni (lopali pravaham) anumatistundi.
calcium chaanal abhivruddhi.
calcium (ca2 +) ayanlu n-, p/q-, mariyu r-rakam ca2 + chaanalla dwara mntb neuranlaloki pravesistaayi, ayinappatikee paripakva kaalislalo, ca2 + pravaham pradhanamgaa p/q-rakam chaanalla dwara sambhavistundi. eee grahaka rakalu vidudala pradaesaalaku marinta dhooramlo unnanduna, n-mariyu r-rakam ca2 + grahakaalu vesikil vidudalanu prerepinchadaaniki takkuva anukuulamgaa untaayi. anduvalla, n-mariyu r-rakam chaanellaloki pravesinche calcium ayanlu calax paniteeruku takkuva praamukhyata unna praantaalalo calcium ayan saandratanu penchutaayi.
krindi neurotransmitterla dwara sakriyam cheyabadina zii protein-coupled graahakaala vadakam dwara ca2 + chaanellanu nirodhinchadam sambhavinchavachhuh
vaegamgaa prasaram cheyadaanni prothsahinchadaaniki ayan chaanellalo maarpulu sambhavistaayih
ligand-gated chaanal abhivruddhi.
glutamate grahakam pakkana pedithe, pattukunna vaati aparipakva kaalislalo konni itara ligand-gated chaanellu matrame kanugonabaddayi ionotropic gaba mariyu glycine grahakam. eee grahakaalu chloride (klai-) nuu pora antataa pravahinchadaaniki anumatistaayi, mariyu terminallo adhika chloride gaadata kaaranamgaa eee grahakaalu vidhruveekarana chendutaayi.
fenestration.
rendava mariyu moodava prasavaanantara vaaraala madhya, vinikidi prarambha samayamlo, hold yokka calics daani lakshanaanni, atyanta fenestrated (aneka openings) roopaanni abhivruddhi chestundi. fenestration phalitamgaa pora aneka chinna compartmentlaku taggutundi, idhi pattukunna calics yokka uparitalam-nundi-parimaana nishpattini penchutundi. pora eee bulb lanty nirmaanaalalo ekkuvagaa pinch cheyabadutunnanduna, synaptic vesicals eee pradaesaalaloo marinta samuuhaparachabadataayi, phalitamgaa dock cheyabadina vesicals sankhya perugutundi.
calixlo andubaatulo unna sthalaalanu bharti cheyadaaniki, glutamate grahakaalu mariyu ravaanaalatoe kuudina glial kanaalu bahiranga pradaesaalanu nimpadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi, synapslo glutamate samarthavantamgaa teesukoovadaanni nirdhaaristaayi. 
yantraangam.
sinapsluga, holdla yokka calics itara synapsla maadirigaane oka yantraamgaanni anusaristundi. neuro transmission kinda samagra vivarananu kanugonavacchu.
calcium pravaham.
pattukunna calcium yokka aparipakva caliaux kosam calcium pravaham n-, p/q-, mariyu r-rakam calcium chaanella dwara madhyavartitvam vahistundi; ayithe paripakvata tarvaata p/q-rakam calcium chaanellu matrame prabalamgaa untaayi. calcium pravaham taruvaata, pattukunna calcium yokka aparipakva caliaux daani chinna calcium buffer saamarthyam kaaranamgaa chaalaa pratispandistundi-idhi takkuva sthaayi calcium pravaham vadda kooda glutamate vidudalaku kaaranamavutundi. terminal lopala, itara synapses maadirigaa, rendu calcium ayanlu vesikil vidudalanu prerepinchadaaniki synaptotagmintho bandhistaayi-pattukunna calises kosam, glutamate vesicalslo vidudala avutundi. vesikil vidudalatoe paatu, calcium ayanlu calics terminal kriyaarahita sthithiki tirigi raavadaaniki sanketam istayi. calcium pravaham taruvaata, oka camp-response element binding protein (creb) phosphorylated cheyabadutundi, idhi kanamlooni potassium saandratalanu marchi, terminalnu kriyaarahita sthithiki tirigi testundi. calcium tolagimpu vividha paddhatula dwara jarugutundi, veetilo terminal nundi tolaginchadam, mitochondrialoki teesukelladam ledhaa parvalbumin mariyu colletinin vanti calcium-binding proteinlatho bandhinchadam.
precinaptic nirodham.
precinaptic terminal lopala calcium sthaayilanu niyantrinchadaaniki holding calixlo retrograde signalling avasaram. metabotropic glutamate graahakaala (emm. zii. ell. yuu. aarr) kriyaaseelata zii-protein dviteeya sandesavaahakamnu sakriyam chestundi, idhi vaahakatanu tagginchadaaniki pii/kyuu-rakam calcium chaanellato sankarshana chendutundi. adanamgaa, vesikil pool parimaanam perugutundi mariyu vidudala ayye sambhaavyata taggutundi. prii synaptic nirodham kosam itara paddhatulalo noradrinaline, serotonin mariyu adenosine unnaayi-eee paddhatulu pattukunna vaati aparipakva kaalislalo matrame kanipistaayi.
post synaptic glutamate grahakaalu.
glutamate grahakaalu post synaptic terminallo untaayi-rendu rakalu ionotropic ampa-mariyu nmda grahakaalu. uttejakaramaina neurotransmitterga, glutamate daadaapu ellappuduu post synaptic vaipu charya saamarthyaanni prerepistundi-pradhana neuronla takkuva antargata sodiyam dwara marinta prothsahinchabadutundi. parinati chendina calixlo, ekkuva charya sambhaavya sambhaavyata kosam prasaranni sthaanikeekarinchadaaniki yampa grahakaalu pradhana neuranpy kendrikrutamai untaayi. vinikidi praarambhamaina tarvaata nmda-rakam glutamate graahakaala sahakaram taggutundani kooda gamaninchandi.
presinaptic vesikil endocytosis.
calics marinta parinati chendutunna koddi synaptic vesikil endocytosis venuka unna vidhanam maarutundi. caldodulin mariyu calcinurin vaati kriyaaseela roopamlo aparipakva caliaxlo vesikil endocytosisku avasaram; ayithe, paripakva caliaxlo caldodulin ledhaa calcinurin avasaram ledhu. badulugaa, eee prakriya gtp yokka jalavisleshana dwara srushtinchabadina shakti dwara madhyavartitvam vahistundi. glutamatenu terminal vadda vesicles loki load cheyadaaniki rendu proteins upayoginchabadataayih vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vglut1) mariyu vglut2.
pratispandana.
post synaptic poralooni adhika-parimiti potassium chaanallu lakshya neuron yokka vegavantamaina repolarisation anumatistaayi. post synaptic neuron yokka takkuva-parimiti potassium chaanallu neuron yokka utsahanni tagginchi, daani kriyaaseelatanu atipedda synaptic input (laku) matrame parimitam chestaayi.
parisoedhana praamukhyata.
caliax off hold anedi neurobiology rangamlo oka prasiddha namuunaa vyavasthagaa maarindi. ksheerada naadii vyavasthalo eee synaps undatam ksheerada namoonaalo pratyaksha parisoedhanaku anumatinchindi mariyu pedda parimaanam electrophysiological recording yokka soulabhyaanni penchutundi. eee kaaranaala valla transmitter vidudalanu ardham chesukovadamlo idhi prachuryam pondindi.
pratyaekamgaa, holded yokka calics eee krindi kaaranaala valla upayoginchabadutundih

