manassu yokka tatvasaastram

manassu yokka tatvasaastram anedi manassu yokka antology mariyu swabhaavam mariyu shareeramtho daani sambandhaanni adhyayanam chese tatvasaastram yokka oka saakha. manassu-shareera samasya anedi manassu yokka tatvasaastramlo oka namuunaa samasya, ayinappatikee spruha yokka kathinamaina samasya mariyu nirdishta manasika sthithula swabhaavam vanti aneka itara samasyalanu parishkaristaaru. adhyayanam cheyabadina manassu yokka amsaalalo manasika sanghatanalu, manasika vidhulu, manasika lakshanaalu, spruha mariyu daani naadii sahasambandhaalu, manassu yokka antology, ghnaanam mariyu aalochana yokka swabhaavam mariyu shareeramtho manassu yokka sambandham unnaayi.
dvaitavaadam mariyu advaitavaadam anevi manassu-shareera samasyapai rendu kendra aalochanaa vidhanalu, ayithe suukshmamaina abhiprayalu udbhavinchaayi, avi okati ledhaa maroka vargaaniki chakkaga saripovu.
chaalaa mandhi aadhunika manassu tatvavettalu tagginche bhouthikavaadi ledhaa tagginchani bhouthikavaadi sthaanaanni avalambistaaru, manassu sareeram nundi vaerugaa ledani vaari vibhina margallo konasaagistaaru. eee vidhanalu saastraalalo, mukhyamgaa saamaajika jeevasaastram, computer sains (pratyaekamgaa, krutrima medhassu), parinaamaatmaka manastatvasaastram mariyu vividha naadii saastraala rangaalalo mukhyamgaa prabhaavavantamgaa unnaayi. saareeraka prakriyalu mariyu sthithula yokka shaastreeya vruttaamtaala dwara anni manasika sthithulu mariyu lakshanaalu chivariki vivarinchabadataayani tagginche bhouthika saastravettalu nokkichepparu. manassu oka pratyeka padaartham kaanappatikee, manasika lakshanaalu bhouthika lakshanaalapai aadharapadi untaayi ledhaa manasika vivaranalu mariyu vivaranalalo upayoginche anchanaalu mariyu padajaalam entho avasaramani, mariyu bhouthika shaastram yokka bhasha mariyu diguva sthaayi vivaranalaku parimitam cheyalemani tagginchani bhouthika saastravettalu vaadistunnaaru. nirantara naadii shaastra purogati eee samasyalalo konnintini spashtam cheyadaaniki sahaayapadindi; ayithe, avi parishkarinchabadatam chaalaa dhooramlo undhi. aadhunika manassu yokka tatvavettalu aatmaasraya lakshanaalu mariyu manasika sthithulu mariyu lakshanaala yokka uddesapurvakatanu sahajamaina paramgaa elaa vivarinchavachho adugutune unnaaru.
ayithe, tagginchani bhouthikavaadamtho aneka samasyalu gurtinchabaddaayi. modatidi, idhi kalakramena sweeya-gurtimputoe raajeepadadu. rendavadi, uddesapurvaka spruha sthithulu tagginchani bhouthikavaadampai ardhavantam kaavu. moodavadi, tagginche ledhaa tagginchani bhouthikavaadamtho swechhanu punaruddarinchadam asadhyam. naalgavadi, idhi manasika kaarana drugvishayaanni sarigga vivarinchadamlo viphalamavutundi.
manassu-shareera samasya.
manassu-shareera samasya anedi manassulu ledhaa manasika prakriyalu mariyu saareeraka sthithulu ledhaa prakriyala madhya unna sambandham yokka vivaranaku sambandhinchinadi. eee praantamloo panichestunna tatvavettala pradhana lakshyam manassu yokka swabhaavam mariyu manasika sthithulu/prakriyalanu nirnayinchadam, mariyu manassulu elaa prabhaavitam avtayi mariyu sariiraanni elaa prabhaavitam cheyagalavu anevi.
grahana anubhavalu bahya prapancham nundi mana vividha indriya avayavalaku vachhe uddeepanalapai aadharapadi untaayi, mariyu eee uddeepanalu mana manasika sthithulalo maarpulaku kaaranamavutaayi, chivariki manaku aahlaadakaramaina ledhaa asahyakaramaina anubhootini kaligistaayi. udaaharanaku, pizza mukka kosam okari korika, aaa vyakti thana sariiraanni oka nirdishta paddhatiloo mariyu oka nirdishta disalo kadilinchi, athanu ledhaa aame korukunnadi pondadaaniki kaaranamavutundi. appudu, electrochemical lakshanaalu tappa maremi laeni buudida rangu padaartham yokka mudda nundi chetana anubhavalu elaa udbhavinchagalavu anedi prasna.
okari pratipaadana vaikharulu (udhaa.zii. nammakalu mariyu korikalu) aaa vyakti yokka neuronlu mantalu mariyu kandaraalu kudinchadaaniki kaaranamavutaayi. rene descartes kaalam nundi ghnaana saastravettalu mariyu mana tatvavettalanu edurkonna konni puzzles veetilo unnaayi.
manassu-shareera samasyaku dwandwa parishkaralu.
dvaitavaadam anedi manassu mariyu padaartham (ledhaa sareeram) madhya sambandham gurinchi abhipraayaala samiti. idhi manasika drugvishayaalu konni vishayaalalo bhouthikamainavi kaavu anae vaadanatoe praarambhamavutundi. manassu-shareera dvaitavaadam yokka mottamodati suutreekaranalaloo okati hinduu tatvasaastram yokka thoorpu saankhya mariyu yoga paatasaalallo vyakteekarinchabadindi, idhi prapanchaanni purusha (manassu/aatma) mariyu prakruti (bhouthika padaardham) gaa vibhajinchindi. mukhyamgaa, patanjali yoga suutram manassu yokka swabhaavaaniki vislaeshanhaatmaka vidhananni andistundi.
paaschaatya tatvasaastramlo, dvandvavaada aalochanala yokka prarambha charchalu plato rachanalalo unnaayi, vaaru maanavula "medhassu" (manassu ledhaa aatma yokka adhyapakulu) nuu vaari bhouthika shareeramtho gurtinchalemani ledhaa vivarinchalemani suuchimchaaru. edemaina, dvaitavaadam yokka atyanta prasiddha roopam rene descartes (1641) kaaranamgaa undhi, mariyu manassu oka vistarinchani, bhouthikam kaani padaardham, oka "res cogitans" anie perkondi. manassunu spruha mariyu sweeya-avagaahanato spashtamgaa gurtinchina modati vyakti descartes, mariyu dheenini medhassu yokka sthaanam ayina medadu nundi vaeru chesaaru. anduvalla manassu-shareera samasya netikee unna roopamlo roopondinchina modati vyakti aayane.
dvaitavaadam kosam vaadanalu.
dvaitavaadaaniki anukuulamgaa tarachugaa upayoginche vaadana chetana anubhavam nirjeeva padaarthaaniki bhinnamgaa untundane saadhaarana ghnaana antar drushtini aakarshistundi. manassu antey emiti anie adigithe, sagatu vyakti saadhaaranamgaa daanini vaari aatma, vaari vyaktitvam, vaari aatma ledhaa maroka sambandhita astitvamtho gurtinchadam dwara pratispandistaaru. manassu kevalam medadu anie vaaru daadaapu khachitamgaa khandistaaru, ledhaa dheeniki viruddhamgaa, chaalaa yaantrika ledhaa ardham chesukoleni oke oka antological entity undani bhaavistaaru. aadhunika manassu yokka tatvavettalu eee antar drushti tappudova pattinchedani, mariyu eee oohalanu pariseelinchadaaniki mariyu vatiki edainaa nijamaina aadharam undaa anie nirnayinchadaaniki saastraala nundi anubhavika saakshyaalato paatu vimarsanaatmaka adhyaapakulanu upayoginchaalani bhaavistaaru.
manasika mariyu saareeraka lakshanaalu chaalaa bhinnamgaa, bahusha raajeepadaleni lakshanaalanu kaligi unnatlu anipistundi. manasika sanghatanalu aatmaasraya lakshanaanni kaligi untaayi, ayithe saareeraka sanghatanalu kaligi undavu. kabatti, udaaharanaku, kaalina vaelu elaa anipistundi, ledhaa neelam aakaasam elaa kanipistundi, ledhaa oka vyaktiki manchi sangeetam elaa anipistundi anie sahetukamgaa adagavacchu. conny prefrontal cartex yokka dorsolateral bhaagamlo glutamate yokka perugudala elaa anipistundo adagadam ardharahitam ledhaa kaneesam vichitramainadi.
manasika tatvavettalu manasika sanghatanala yokka aatmaasraya amsaalanu "kwalia" ledhaa "mudi bhavalu" anie pilustaaru. eee manasika sanghatanalalo saareerakamgaa deenikainaa tagginchadam chaalaa kashtamgaa anipinche gunaalu unnaayi. david chalmers eee vaadananu vivaristuu, medadu sthithulu mariyu erupu rangunu chuudataaniki sambandhinchina kaanti tarangadairghyam vanti edainaa vastuni gurinchi anni vastunishtha samacharanni manam oohinchagalamani, conny paristhiti gurinchi praathamikamgaa aemee teliyadu-erupu rangunu chudatam elaa untundo.
chaitanyam (manassu) bhouthika vaastavikata (medadu) nundi swatantramgaa undagaligithe, chaitanyaaniki sambandhinchi bhouthika ghnaapakaalu elaa srushtinchabadataayo vivarinchaali. anduvalla spruha bhouthika vaastavikatanu elaa prabhaavitam chestundo dvandvavaadam vivarinchaali. oka saadhyamayye vivarana emitante, arnald gulinks mariyu nicolus melabranch pratipaadinchina oka adbhutam, ikkada anni manassu-shareera paraspara charyalaku devuni pratyaksha jokyam avasaram.
sii pratipaadinchina maroka vaadana. ess. levis anedi tarkam nundi vacchina vaadanah advaitavaadam suuchimchinatlugaa, mana aalochanalanni bhouthika kaaranaala prabhavalu ayithe, avi kooda sahetukamaina aadharam yokka paryavasanamga unnayani anukovadaniki manaku etuvanti kaaranam ledhu. ayithe, bhoomi nundi paryavasanamga tarkinchadam dwara ghnaanam pattubadutundi. anduvalla, advaitavaadam sarainadi ayithe, dheenini telusukovadaaniki maargam undadu-ledhaa maredainaa-manam daanini oohinchalemu, oka aakasmikata dwara tappa.
jamby vaadana pasipillala moody pratipaadinchina aalochanaa prayogam meeda aadharapadi undhi, mariyu david chalmers thana pustakam "dhi seyims mind" loe abhivruddhi chesaaru. praathamika aalochana emitante, eee shareeramtho etuvanti chetana sthithulu sambandham lekunda, okari sariiraanni oohinchukoovachchu, anduvalla okari sareeram unikini oohinchukoovachchu. chalmers vaadana emitante, atuvanti jeevi unikilo undavacchani anipistundi, endukante avasaram emitante, bhouthika saastraalu jamby gurinchi vivarinche anni vishayalu matrame daani gurinchi nijam ayi undaali. eee saastraalalo unna bhavanalu aevee spruha ledhaa itara manasika drugvishayaalanu suuchimchavu kabatti, mariyu edainaa bhouthika astitvaanni bhouthika shaastram dwara saastriiyamgaa nirvachinchavacchu, oohinchagala saamarthyam nundi sambhaavyataku velladam antha peddadi kaadu. dennet vanti itarulu taatvika jombi bhavana anedi asambaddhamaina ledhaa asambhavamaina bhavana anie vaadinchaaru. bhouthikavaadam kinda, thanatho sahaa evarainaa jamby kaavacchu, ledhaa evaruu jamby kakudadani okaru nammalani vaadinchabadindi-jamby kavadam (ledhaa kakapovadam) gurinchi okari swantha nammakam bhouthika prapancham yokka utpatti mariyu anduvalla idhi itarula nundi bhinnamgaa ledhu. eee vaadananu dennet vyaktam chesaaru, "jambies taamu spruhalo unnamani bhaavistaaru, tamaku kwalia undani bhaavistaaru, vaaru baadhapadutunnaarani bhaavistaaru-vaaru ledhaa manam ennadoo kanugonaleni vidhamgaa vaaru kevalam 'tappu' (eee vishaadakaramaina sampradaayam prakaram)!"
itara manassula samasyanu kooda chudandi.
paraspara charya dvaitavaadam.
paraspara charya dvaitavaadam, ledhaa kevalam paraspara charya, anedi "dhyanalu" loe descartes modata samarthinchina dvaitavaadam yokka pratyeka roopam. 20va sataabdamloo, daani pradhana rakshakulu carle popper mariyu zaan cair eccless. nammakalu mariyu korikalu vanti manasika sthithulu saareeraka sthithulatho kaaranavasaattu sankarshana chendutaayi anae abhiprayam undhi.
eee sthaanam kosam descartes vaadananu eee krindi vidhamgaa sangrahinchavachhuh seth thana manassu gurinchi spashtamaina mariyu pratyaekamaina aalochananu kaligi unnadu, idhi praadaesika podigimpu laeni aalochanaa vishayam (i.ii., dheenini podavu, baruvu, etthu modalaina vaati paramgaa kolavalemu). athanu thana sareeram gurinchi spashtamaina mariyu pratyaekamaina aalochananu kaligi unnadu, idhi praadesikamgaa vistarinchinadi, parimaanaaniki lobadi mariyu aalochinchalekapoyindi. manassu mariyu sareeram okela undavani, endukante avi puurtigaa bhinnamaina lakshanaalanu kaligi unnayani idhi suuchistumdi.
seth yokka manasika sthithulu (korikalu, nammakalu modalainavi).) thana sareerampai kaarana prabhavalanu kaligi untundi mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaah oka pillavadu vaedi poyyini (saareeraka sanghatana) taakadam valla noppi (manasika sanghatana) erpadutundi mariyu aamenu (saareeraka sanghatana) kekalu vestundi, idhi samrakshakudilo bhayam mariyu rakshana bhavanni rekettistundi (manasika sanghatana), modalainavi.
descartes vaadana, thana manassulo "spashtamaina mariyu vibhinnamaina" aalochanalugaa seth vishwasinchevi tappanisarigaa nijamainavi anae aavaranapai aadharapadi untundi. chaalaa mandhi samakaaleena tatvavettalu dheenini anumaanistunnaaru. udaaharanaku, 20va sataabdam prarambham nundi chesina aneka shaastreeya aavishkaranalu okari swantha aalochanalaku pratyeka praapyata anae aalochananu balaheenaparichaayani joseph agassi suuchistunnaaru. maanasikamgaa sikshana pondina pariseelakudu oka vyakti yokka apasmaraka preranalanu aaa vyakti kante baga ardham chesukogaladani frayid paerkonnaaru. vignaana shaastra tatwavetta oka vyakti yokka aavishkarana paddhatulanu aaa vyakti kante baga telusukogaladani duhem choopinchaadu, ayithe malinovsky oka maanava shaastravetta oka vyakti yokka acharalu mariyu alavaatlanu vaari acharalu mariyu alavaatla kante baga telusukogaladani choopinchaadu. prajalu akkada laeni vishayalanu chuudataaniki kaaranamayye aadhunika manasika prayogaalu descartes vaadananu tiraskarinchadaaniki aadhaaraalanu andistaayani kooda ayana nokki chepparu, endukante saastravettalu oka vyakti yokka avagahananu aaa vyakti kante merugga vivarinchagalaru.
dvandvavaadam yokka itara roopaalu.
psychophysical samaantaravaadam.
manasika bhouthika samaantaravaadam ledhaa kevalam samaantaravaadam, manassu mariyu sareeram, vibhina antological hodaalanu kaligi unnappatikee, okadaanikokati kaaranavasaattu prabhaavitam cheyavu anae abhiprayam. badulugaa, avi samaantara margallo nadustaayi (manassu sanghatanalu manassu sanghatanalatho sankarshana chendutaayi mariyu medadu sanghatanalu medadu sanghatanalatho sankarshana chendutaayi) mariyu okadaanikokati matrame prabhaavitam chestaayi. eee abhiprayanni gottfried leibniz atyanta pramukhamgaa samarthinchaaru. leibniz oka antological advaitavaadi ayinappatikee, vishwamlo oke rakamaina padaardham, monad matrame undani, daaniki pratidee tagginchagaladani nammadu, ayinappatikee athanu "manasika" mariyu "bhouthika" madhya mukhyamaina vyatyaasam undani paerkonnaadu. manassu mariyu sareeraalu okadaanitoe okati saamarasyamgaa undataaniki devudu mundugaane vishayalanu erpaatu chesadani ayana bhaavinchaadu. dheenini mundugaa sthaapinchabadina samarasyam yokka siddhaantam anie pilustaaru.
appudappudu.
appudappudu vachhe bhavana anedi nicolus melbranche mariyu abu hameed mohammed ibn mohammed all-gajali vanti islaamik tatvavettalu samarthinchina drukpatham, idhi saareeraka sanghatanala madhya ledhaa saareeraka mariyu manasika sanghatanala madhya anni kaarana sambandhaalanu nokki chebutundi, ivi nijamgaa kaaranamainavi kaavu. sareeram mariyu manassu ververu padaarthaalu ayinappatikee, kaaranaalu (maanasikamgaa ledhaa saareerakamgaa) prati nirdishta sandarbhamloonuu devuni jokyam charya dwara vaati prabhaavaalaku sambandhinchinavi.
aasti dvandvavaadam.
aasti dvandvavaadam anedi prapancham oka rakamaina padaarthamthoo erpadindi-bhouthika rakam-mariyu rendu vibhina rakaala lakshanaalu unnaih bhouthika lakshanaalu mariyu manasika lakshanaalu. konni bhouthika sariiraalaloo (kaneesam, medadulu) bhouthikam kaani, manasika lakshanaalu (nammakalu, korikalu mariyu bhavodvegalu vantivi) unnayani abhiprayam. aasti dvandvavaadam yokka upa-rakaalu
dwandwa kaaraka siddhaantam.
dwandwa-koona siddhaantam ledhaa dwandwa-koona advaitavaadam anedi manasika mariyu bhouthika anevi oke padaardham yokka rendu amsaalu ledhaa drukpathaalu anae abhiprayam. (anduvalla idhi mishrama sthaanam, idhi konni vishayaalalo adviteeyam). aadhunika taatvika rachanalalo, tatastha advaitavaadamto siddhaantam yokka sambandham kontavaraku nirvachinchabadaledu, conny oka pratipaadita vyatyaasam emitante, tatastha advaitavaadam icchina tatastha muulakaala samuuham yokka sandarbhaanni mariyu samuuhaanni manasika, saareeraka, rendintigaa bhavinchavacha ledhaa anie nirnayinchadaaniki avi pravesinche sambandhaalanu anumatistundi, dwandwa-drukpatha siddhaantam manasika mariyu saareeraka siddhaantam anedi saadhaaranamgaa ardham chesukunnatlu manasika ledhaa saareerakamgaa laeni konni antarleena padaartham, astitvam ledhaa prakriya yokka vyakteekaranalu (ledhaa amsaalu) anie suuchistumdi. dwandwa-koona advaitavaadam yokka vividha suutreekaranalaku manasika mariyu saareeraka kooda paripuurakaramainavi, parasparam irreducible mariyu bahusha vidadeeyaraanivi (vibhinnamainappatiki) kaavaali.
anubhavaatmaka dvandvavaadam.
idhi manasika mariyu saareeraka sreyassu madhya swechcha yokka sthaayilanu paryaayapadamgaa pariganinchani manassu yokka tatvasaastram, tadwara sareeram mariyu manassu madhya anubhavapurvaka dvandvavaadaanni suuchistumdi. eee vibhina sthaayila swechchaku oka udaaharana allan walles icchaaru, athanu "okaru saareerakamgaa asoukaryamgaa undavacchani anubhavapuurvakamgaa spashtamgaa telustundi-udaaharanaku, kathinamaina saareeraka vyayamamlo palgonetappudu-maanasikamgaa ullasamga undagaa; dheeniki viruddhamgaa, saareeraka soukaryaanni anubhavistunnappudu maanasikamgaa kalata chendavacchu". bhouthika prapanchamlo kevalam edainaa chusina mana aatmaasraya anubhavam priyamaina vyaktini kolpovadam valla vachhe dukkham vanti manasika prakriyalaku gunaatmakamgaa bhinnamgaa unnatlu anubhavapurvaka dvandvavaadam perkondi. eee tatvasaastram kaarana dvaitavaadaaniki pratipaadakudu, idhi manasika sthithulu mariyu saareeraka sthithulu okadaanikokati prabhaavitam chese dwandwa saamardhyamgaa nirvachinchabadindi. manasika sthithulu saareeraka sthithulalo maarpulaku kaaranamavutaayi mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa kooda.
ayithe, cartician dvaitavaadam ledhaa konni itara vyavasthala maadirigaa kakunda, anubhavaatmaka dvaitavaadam vaastavaaniki rendu praathamika padaarthaalanu suchinchaduhu manassu mariyu padaartham. badulugaa, anubhavaatmaka dvandvavaadaanni manasika mariyu saareeraka sthithula madhya anubhavaniki madhya gunaatmaka vyatyaasaaniki viswasaneeyatanu ichhe sambhaavita chatramgaa ardham chesukovali. anubhavaatmaka dvaitavaadam madhyamaka bouddhamatam yokka sambhaavita chatramgaa angeekarinchabadindi.
madhyamaka bouddhamatam marinta munduku velutundi, manassu yokka bhouthikavaada tatwala yokka advaita drukpathamlo doshaanni kanugontundi, alaage ivi saadhaaranamgaa padaartham mariyu saktini vaastavikata yokka praathamika padaardhamgaa bhaavistaayi. edemaina, cartician dvandvavaada drukpatham sarainadani idhi suuchimchadu, conny vaastavikataku praathamika padaardham yokka dhruveekarinche drukpathaanni madhyamaka tappugaa pariganistundi.mana anubhava prapanchaanni roopondinche anni drugvishayaala swatantra sweeya unikini tiraskarinchadamlo, madhyamaka drukpatham descartes yokka padaardha dvandvavaadam mariyu padaardha advaitavaadam-antey, bhouthikavaadam-aadhunika shaastram yokka lakshanam rendinti nundi vaerugaa untundi. chaalaa mandhi samakaaleena saastravettalu pratipaadinchina bhouthikavaadam vaastava prapancham tamalo taamu bhouthika vishayaalatoe koodi undani nokki chebutundagaa, anni manasika drugvishayaalu kevalam rupaluga pariganinchabadataayi, vaatilo mariyu vaatilo etuvanti vaastavikata ledhu. roopaalu mariyu vaastavikata madhya eee vyatyaasam chaalaa varaku untundi.
nijaaniki, bhouthikavaadam ledhaa vaastavikata yokka ekaika praathamika padaardham padaartham anae aalochananu bouddhamatam spashtamgaa tiraskarinchindi.madhyamaka drukpathamlo, manasika sanghatanalu saareeraka sanghatanala kante ekkuva ledhaa takkuva vaastavikamainavi kaavu. mana saamaanya ghnaanam anubhavam paramgaa, saareeraka mariyu manasika drugvishayaala madhya rakamaina thedaalu unnaayi. modatidi saadhaaranamgaa dravyarashi, sthaanam, vegam, aakaram, parimaanam mariyu aneka itara bhouthika lakshanaalanu kaligi undagaa, ivi saadhaaranamgaa manasika drugvishayaaniki sambandhinchina lakshanaalu kaavu. udaaharanaku, maroka vyakti patla unna aapyaayatanu saamuhikamgaa ledhaa pradaesamgaa manam saadhaaranamgaa bhaavinchamu. eee saareeraka lakshanaalu vicharam, okari balyam nundi gurthuchesukunna chitram, gulabi yokka drushya avagahana ledhaa yea vidhamaina spruha vanti itara manasika sanghatanalaku ikapai saripovu. anduvalla, manasika drugvishayaalu bhouthikamainavigaa pariganinchabadavu, endukante avi bhouthika drugvishayaaniki pratyaekamaina lakshanaalanu kaligi unna aneka lakshanaalanu kaligi undavu. anduvalla, bhouthika vastuvulanu matrame vaastavamainavigaa bhaavinche bhouthikavaada suutraanni bouddhamatam ennadoo sweekarinchaledu.
manassu-shareera samasyaku advaita parishkaralu.
dvaitavaadaaniki viruddhamgaa, advaitavaadam yea praathamika vibhajanalanu angeekarinchadu. rendu sahasraabdaalaku paiga thoorpu tatvasastra roopaalaku vaastavikata yokka praathamikamgaa bhinnamaina swabhaavam kendramgaa undhi. bharatiya mariyu chainees tatvasaastramlo, anubhavanni elaa ardham chesukovalo advaitavaadam antarbhaagamgaa undhi. nedu, paaschaatya tatvasaastramlo advaitavaadam yokka atyanta saadhaarana roopaalu bhouthikavaadulu. bhouthikavaada advaitavaadam, mana uttama shaastram dwara spashtam cheyavalasina aaa padam yokka kontha konamlo, ippatike unna ekaika padaardham bhouthikamainadani nokki chebutundi. ayithe, vividha rakaala suutreekaranalu (krinda chudandi) saadhyame. advaitavaadam yokka maroka roopam, aadarsavaadam, maanasikata matrame unikilo undani perkondi. georg berkley vanti swachchamaina aadarsavaadam samakaaleena paaschaatya tatvasaastramlo asaadhaaranamainappatikii, manasika anubhavam mariyu lakshanaalu saareeraka anubhavam mariyu lakshanaalaku punaadigaa undagala pomsaichism anie piluvabade marinta adhunaatanamaina roopaantaraanni alfred north whitehead mariyu david rae griffin vanti kontamandi tatvavettalu samarthinchaaru.
asaadhaaranavaadam anedi bahya vastuvula praatinidhyaalu (ledhaa indriya dayta) matrame unikilo unna siddhaantam. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo bertrand russell mariyu chaalaa mandhi taarkika pratyakshavaadulu eee abhiprayanni kluptamgaa sweekarinchaaru. moodava avakaasam emitante, saareerakamgaa ledhaa maanasikamgaa laeni praathamika padaartham unikini angeekarinchadam. appudu manasika mariyu saareeraka rendoo eee tatastha padaardham yokka lakshanaalu avtayi. atuvanti sthaanaanni baruch spinoza sweekarinchindi mariyu 19va sataabdamloo ernst maak dwara prachuryam pondindi. eee tatastha advaitavaadam, dheenini pilustaaru, aasti dvandvavaadaanni pooli untundi.
bhouthikavaada advaitavaadaalu.
pravartanaavaadam.
20va sataabdamloo chaalaa varaku, mukhyamgaa modati ardhabhaagamlo, pravartanavaadam manassu yokka tatvasaastrampai aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi. manastatvasaastramlo, pravartanaavaadam anedi aatmapariseelana yokka asamarthathalaku pratispandanagaa abhivruddhi chendindi. okari swantha antargata manasika jeevitampai aatmapariseelana nivedikalu khachitatvam kosam jagrattagaa pareekshinchabadavu mariyu oohaatmaka saadhaaraneekaranalanu roopondinchadaaniki upayoginchabadavu. saadhaaraneekarana mariyu moodava vyakti pareeksha avakaasam lekunda, manastatvasaastram saastreeyamainadi kaadani pravartanaavettalu vaadinchaaru. anduvalla, antargata manasika jeevitam (anduvalla antologicalga swatantra manassu) aalochananu puurtigaa tolaginchi, gamaninchadagina pravartana yokka vivaranapai drushti pettadam dheeniki maargam.
manastatvasaastramlo eee parinaamaalaku samaantaramgaa, taatvika pravartanavaadam (konnisaarlu taarkika pravartanavaadam anie pilustaaru) abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. idhi balamaina dhruvikarana dwara vargeekarinchabadutundi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa antargata manasika jeevitam gurinchi dhruveekarinchaleni prakatanalanu ardharahitamgaa pariganistundi. pravartanaa nipunulaku, manasika sthithulu anevi antargata sthithulu kaavu, veetipai okaru aatmapariseelana nivedikalu cheyavachu. avi kevalam konni margallo pravartinche pravartana ledhaa vaikhariki sambandhinchina vivaranalu, maroka vyakti pravartananu vivarinchadaaniki mariyu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki moodava pakshalu chesinavi.
20va sataabdam chivari sagam nundi taatvika pravartanavaadam anukuulamgaa ledhu, idhi cognitivism perugudalato samanamga undhi.
gurtimpu siddhaantam.
rakam bhouthikavaadam (ledhaa rakam-gurtimpu siddhaantam) nuu jaak smart mariyu ulin plays pravartanaa vaiphalyaaniki pratyaksha pratispandanagaa abhivruddhi chesaaru. eee tatvavettalu, manasika sthithulu bhouthikamainavi, conny pravartanaaparamainavi kakapothe, appudu manasika sthithulu bahusha medadu yokka antargata sthithulatho samanamga untaayani vaadinchaaru. chaalaa saralikruta padaalaloo manasika sthithi "m" anedi medadu sthithi "b" tappa marokati kaadu. manasika sthithi "oka kappu coffey kosam korika" anedi "konni medadu praantaalalo konni neuronla kaalpulu" tappa marokati kaadu.
marovaipu, paina perkonnavi kooda, anni rakaala gurtimpu siddhaantaalanu vidichipettaalani idhi anusarinchadu. token gurtimpu siddhaantaala prakaram, oka nirdishta medadu sthithi oka vyakti yokka oke manasika sthithitho anusandhaaninchabadi undatam antey manasika sthithi yokka rakalu mariyu medadu sthithi yokka rakaala madhya sampoorna sambandham undani ardham kaadu. rakam-matlade vyatyaasaanni oka saadhaarana udaaharana dwara vivarinchavacchuhu "aakupaccha" anae padaaniki naalugu rakaala aksharalu (g, r, e, n) untaayi, veetilo "e" aksharaniki chendina rendu tokenlu (sanghatanalu) mariyu okadaanitoe okati untaayi.
sanketha gurtimpu yokka aalochana emitante, manasika sanghatanala yokka nirdishta sanghatanalu matrame nirdishta sanghatanalu ledhaa saareeraka sanghatanala sanketaalato samanamga untaayi. kramarahita advaitavaadam (krinda chudandi) mariyu chaalaa itara tagginchani bhouthikavaadhaalu sanketha-gurtimpu siddhaantaalu. eee samasyalu unnappatikee, pradhanamgaa jegwan kimm prabhavam kaaranamgaa, eee roeju rakam gurtimpu siddhaantampai kotta aasakti undhi.
kaaryaacharanavaadam.
gurtimpu siddhaantam yokka asamarthathalaku pratispandanagaa hilarii putnam mariyu jerrie fodder dwara kriyaatmakata roopondinchabadindi. putnam mariyu fodder manassu yokka anubhavika ganana siddhaantam paramgaa manasika sthithulanu chuusaaru. daadaapu adhe samayamlo ledhaa konchem taruvaata, d.emm. armstrang mariyu david kellog levis functionalism yokka oka samskarananu roopondinchaaru, idhi functional paatrala paramgaa jaanapada manastatvasaastram yokka manasika bhaavanalanu vislaeshimchimdi. chivaraku, wilfried salers mariyu gilbert herman abhivruddhi chesina ardha siddhaantamgaa kriyaatmakata yokka oka samskaranaku whitzenstein yokka ardhaanni upayoginchaalane aalochana daariteesindi. marokati, psychophunctionalism, jerrie fodder mariyu genan pailishinlatho sambandham unna manassu yokka sahaja tatvasaastram anusarinchina vidhanam.
manasika sthithulu itara manasika sthithulatho vaati kaarana sambandhaala dwara mariyu indriya inputlu mariyu pravartanaa phalitaalato vargeekarinchabadataayi. kriyaatmakata anedi manasika sthithi yokka saareeraka amalu vivaraala nundi dhooramgaa untundi, daanini manasikam kaani kriyaatmaka lakshanaala paramgaa vargeekaristundi. udaaharanaku, moothrapindaalu raktaanni vadapotalo mariyu konni rasayana samatulyatanu nirvahinchadamlo daani kriyaatmaka paatra dwara saastriiyamgaa vargeekarinchabadataayi.
tagginchani bhouthikavaadam.
tagginchani tatvavettalu manassu-shareera sambandhaalaku sambandhinchi rendu mukhyamaina nammakalanu gattiga kaligi untaru 1) saareerakata nijam mariyu manasika sthithulu saareeraka sthithulugaa undaali, conny 2) taggimpu pratipaadanalannii asantruptikaramgaa untayih manasika sthithulanu pravartana, medadu sthithulu ledhaa kriyaatmaka sthithulaku tagginchalemu. anduvalla, tagginchani bhouthikavaadam inca undagaladaa anae prasna talettutundi. donald davidson yokka asaadhaarana advaitavaadam atuvanti bhouthikavaadaanni roopondinche prayatnam. acrassia ledhaa sweeya-mosam vanti saampradayakamgaa tarkam yokka asambaddhatagaa pariganinchabade vaatini chusinappudu, vyaktigata manastatvasastra chatraanni upa-vyaktigatamainadaaniki anukuulamgaa vadulukovalsina avasaram ledani, daanikante daatrutva suutram dwara nirdesinchabadina hetubaddhatanu vaerae chota kanugonadaaniki vistarinchaali ledhaa vistarinchaali anie ayana bhaavistaaru."
davidson supervenians yokka theesisnu upayogistaaduh manasika sthithulu saareeraka sthithulapai paryaveekshistaayi, conny vatiki tagginchabadavu. "anduvalla "supervenians" anedi kriyaatmaka aadharapadataanni vivaristundihi antological taggimpu lekunda manasika mariyu saareeraka madhya saareeraka-kaarana taggimpuloo kontha maarpu lekunda maanasikamlo maarpu undadu.
ayithe, tagginchani bhouthikavaadam kalakramena sweeya-gurtimputoe raajeepadadu [muulam?]. medadu oka kshanam nundi maroka kshanaaniki velutundi; anduvalla medaduku kalakramena gurtimpu untundi. conny daani avagahana yokka sthithulu oka kshanam nundi maroka kshanaaniki konasagavu. saasvatamaina aatma ledhu-oka kshanam nundi maroka kshanaaniki konasage "i" (capital-i) ledhu. sweeya ledhaa "i" yokka saaruupyata kovvotti yokka jwaala avutundi. kovvotti mariyu balli oka kshanam nundi maroka kshanam varaku konasaagutaayi, conny manta konasaagadu. kovvotti mandutunna prati kshanamlo ververu mantalu untaayi. manta oka rakamaina konasaagimpunu pradarsistundi, dheenilo kovvotti mandutunnappudu bayataku velladu, conny kalakramena oka kshanam nundi maroka kshanaaniki mantaku nijamgaa etuvanti gurtimpu undadu. avagahana sthithulatho tagginchani bhouthikathapai eee drushtaantam pooli untundi. medadulooni prati sthithiki ververu samayaallo daaniki sambandhinchina avagahana yokka sthithi vaerugaa untundi, conny oka kshanam nundi maroka kshanam varaku saasvatamaina aatma ledhaa "i" undadu. adevidhamgaa, eee udayam taragatiloki vellina vyakti adhe anae bhrama. vaastavaaniki, kalakramena vyaktigata gurtimpu lenanduna okaru oke vyakti kaadu. okavela okaru undi, eee udayam taragatiloki pravesinchina vyakti adhe ayithe, appudu aatma gurinchi tagginchani bhouthika drukpathaanni thosipuchaali.
endukante tagginchani bhouthikavaada siddhaantaalu manassu mariyu sareeram madhya antological vyatyaasaanni nilupukovadaaniki prayatnistaayi mariyu "vivaranala puzzle yokka surfit" nuu edho oka vidhamgaa parishkarinchadaaniki prayatnistaayi; vimarsakulu tarachugaa dheenini oka vairudhyamgaa chuustaaru mariyu epiphenomenalismcu saaruupyatalanu etthi chuuputaaru, dheenilo medadu muulamgaa "kaaranam" gaa pariganinchabadutundi, manassu jadamgaa unnatlu anipistundi.
epiphenomenalism okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva manasika sthithulanu saareeraka medadu sthithula yokka upa utpattigaa pariganistundi, idhi saareeraka sthithulapai etuvanti prabhavam chuupadu. paraspara charya anedi oka-maargam ("vivaranala puzzle yokka surfit" nuu parishkarinchadam) conny manalni tagginchaleni manasika sthithulatho vadilivestundi (medadu sthithula upa utpattigaa)-kaaranamgaa tagginchadaginadi, conny bhouthika sthithulaku antologicalga irreducible. noppini epiphenomenalistlu medadu sthithi valla sambhavistundani, conny itara medadu sthithulapai prabhavam chuupadani bhaavistaaru, ayinappatikee idhi itara manasika sthithulapai prabhavam chuupavachchu (antey.ii. baadha kaligistundi).
balaheenamaina aavirbhavam.
balaheenamaina aavirbhavam anedi "tagginchani bhouthikavaadam" yokka oka roopam, idhi prakruti yokka poralugala veekshanhanu kaligi untundi, poralanu perugutunna sanklishtata paramgaa amarchabadi, prati okkati daani swantha pratyeka saastraaniki anugunamgaa untundi. kontamandi tatvavettalu udbhavinche lakshanaalu marinta praathamika sthaayilatho kaaranavasaattu sankarshana chendutayani, marikondaru adhika-sthaayi lakshanaalu pratyaksha kaarana paraspara charya lekunda diguva sthaayilapai kevalam paryaveekshinchabadataayani abhipraayapadutunnaaru. anduvalla taruvaati samuuham udbhavavaadam yokka takkuva kathinamaina ledhaa "balaheenamaina" nirvachananni kaligi undhi, dheenini eee krindi vidhamgaa kathinamgaa perkonavacchuhu maroka vastuvu p lakshanaanni kaligi undataaniki adhibhouthikamgaa asadhyam ayithe, aaa vastuvu o looni vaatitho samaanamaina antargata lakshanaalatoo bhaagaalato koodi unte mariyu aaa bhaagaalanu oke aakruteekaranalo kaligi unte, mishrama vastuvu o yokka lakshanam p udbhavistundi.
konnisaarlu udbhavinche saastravettalu hydrogen hetch mariyu oxygen oo kalisi kalisi (neeru) nuu yerparuchukunnappudu neeru kotta lakshanaanni kaligi unna udaaharananu upayogistaaru. eee udaaharanalo hydrogen mariyu oxygennu vayuvulugaa ardham chesukovadam dwara anchanaa veyabadani paaradarsaka dravam yokka kotta lakshanam "udbhavistundi". idhi manasika sthithiki daariteese medadu yokka bhouthika lakshanaalaku saaruupyatanu kaligi untundi. udbhavinchevaaru apakhyaati paalaina manassu-shareera antaraanni eee vidhamgaa parishkarinchadaaniki prayatnistaaru. aavirbhaavaaniki oka samasya emitante, prapanchamlo "kaarana moosiveta" anae aalochana, idhi manassu-nundi-shareera kaaranaanni anumatinchadu.
bhouthikavaadaanni tolaginchadam.
okaru bhouthikavaadi ayithe, mana saamaanya ghnaana manastatvasaastramloni anni amsaalu parinati chendina abhignaa naadii saastraaniki taggudalanu kanugontaayani, mariyu tagginchani bhouthikavaadam porapaatu anie vishwasisthe, appudu okaru tudi, marinta samuulamaina sthaanaanni avalambinchavachuhu tolaginche bhouthikavaadam.
tolagimpu bhouthikavaadamlo aneka rakalu unnaayi, conny mana saamaanya ghnaanam "jaanapada manastatvasaastram" ghnaanam yokka konni amsaala swabhaavaanni chedugaa suuchistumdani andaruu vaadistunnaaru. patricia mariyu paal churchland vanti eleminativistlu jaanapada manastatvasaastram gnaanaanni praathamikamgaa vaakyam laaga pariganistundagaa, neural network siddhaantam ledhaa connectivitiesm yokka bhasha rahita vector/matricks modal medadu elaa panichestundane daanipai marinta khachitamaina khataga niroopinchabadutundani vaadinchaaru.
charchila bhoomulu tarachugaa charitralo udbhavinchina itara, tappudu prajaadarana pondina siddhaantaalu mariyu siddhaantaala vidhini prerepistaayi. udaaharanaku, tolemic khagola shaastram satabdaalugaa grahala kadalikalanu vivarinchadaaniki mariyu sumaruga anchanaa vaeyadaaniki upayogapadindi, conny chivariki soura vyavastha yokka eee namuunaa copernicus namuunaaku anukuulamgaa tolaginchabadindi. pratipaadana vaikharulu" anie piluvabade vaakyam-vanti sthithulanu taarumaaru cheyadam valla aalochana mariyu pravartana phalitamgaa manassu yokka "vaakya-cruncher" namuunaa kosam adhe tolagimpu vidhi vechi undani charchila praantaalu nammutunnaayi. saamaajika shaastravetta jaasee rees anthis spruhatho sahaa manassu yokka anni saamardhyaalapai bhouthikavaadaanni tolaginchaalani vaadistuu, "manassu yokka lothaina rahasyalu manaku andubaatulo unnaayi."
mysterianism.
kontamandi tatvavettalu ghnaanasaastra vidhananni avalambinchi, manassu-shareera samasya prastutam parishkarinchalenidi, bahusha manavulaku ellappuduu parishkarinchalenidigaa untundani vaadistaaru. dheenini saadhaaranamgaa kotta marmavaadam antaaru. collin mcgin maanavulu tama sonta manassula vishayamlo ghnaanaparamgaa sannihitamgaa unnaarani abhiprayapaddaru. mcgin abhiprayam prakaram, spruha vanti manasika lakshanaalu vaati kaarana praatipadika nundi elaa utpannamavutayo puurtigaa ardham chesukovadaniki maanava manassulalo bhavana-erpade vidhanalu laevu. kana bhouthika saastraaniki sambandhinchi enugu elaa ghnaanaparamgaa moosiveyabadindo oka udaaharana.
thamus nagel marinta mitamaina bhavananu vivarinchaaru, idhi shaastreeya abhivruddhi yokka prastuta dasalo manassu-shareera samasya prastutam parishkarinchalenidani mariyu vivaranaatmaka antaraanni tagginchadaaniki bhavishyat shaastreeya namuunaa maarpu ledhaa viplavam kaavacchani perkondi. bhavishyattulo oka vidhamaina "vastunishtha drugvishayam" aatmaasraya chetana anubhavam mariyu daani bhouthika aadharam madhya antaraanni tagginchagaladani nagel abhiprayapaddaru.
manassu-shareera samasyapai bhasha vimarsha.
manassu-shareera samasyaku samadhanam ichhe prati prayatnam gananeeyamaina samasyalanu edurkontundi. kontamandi tatvavettalu antarleenamaina sambhaavita gandaragolam unnanduna idhi jarigindani vaadistaaru. ludwig whitzenstein mariyu bhasha vimarsala sampradaayamlo athani anucharulu vanti eee tatvavettalu, anduvalla eee samasyanu bhramaga tiraskarinchaaru. manasika mariyu jeeva sthithulu elaa kalisipotayani adagadam porapaatu anie vaaru vaadistaaru. badulugaa maanava anubhavanni vividha margallo vivarinchavacchani angeekarinchaali-udaaharanaku, manasika mariyu jeeva padajaalamlo. okadaanini marokari padajaalam paramgaa vivarinchadaaniki prayatniste ledhaa manasika padajaalaanni tappu sandarbhaallo upayoginchinatlayithe bhrama samasyalu talettutaayi. udaaharanaku, medadu yokka manasika sthithula kosam evarainaa vetikinatlayite idhe jarugutundi. manasika padajaalam vaadakaaniki medadu kevalam tappu sandarbham-medadu yokka manasika sthithula kosam anveshana anedi oka varga lopam ledhaa oka vidhamaina tarkam yokka bhranti.
nedu, peater hacker vanti whitzenstein vyaakhyaatalu tarachugaa ituvanti vaikharini avalambistunnaru. ayithe, kriyaatmakataku moolakarta ayina hilarii putnam kooda manassu-shareera samasya oka bhramaatmaka samasya anie, idhi whitzenstein paddhati prakaram kariginchabadaalani abhiprayapaddadu.
prakrutivaadam mariyu daani samasyalu.
bhouthikavaadam yokka siddhaantam emitante manassu bhouthika (ledhaa bhouthika) prapanchamlo bhaagam. atuvanti sthaanam yea itara bhouthika vastuvu kaligi unnatlu kanipinchani konni lakshanaalanu kaligi unna samasyanu edurkontundi. anduvalla bhouthikavaadam eee lakshanaalu bhouthika vastuvu nundi elaa udbhavinchagalavo vivarinchaali. atuvanti vivarananu andinche prajectunu tarachugaa "manasika sahajatvam" anie pilustaaru. eee project parishkarinchadaaniki prayatninche konni keelakamaina samasyalalo arhata uniki mariyu uddesapurvaka swabhaavam unnaayi.
kwali.
aneka manasika sthithulanu ververu vyaktulu vibhina margallo aatmaasrayamgaa anubhavinchinatlu anipistundi. mariyu idhi manasika sthithi yokka lakshanam, idhi kontha anubhavapoorvakamaina "naanhyata" kaligi untundi, udhaa.zii. noppi, adhi baadhistundi. ayithe, iddaru vyaktula madhya noppi yokka anubhooti okela undakapovachhu, endukante edainaa entha baadhistundoe kolavadaniki ledhaa badhapadatam elaa anipistundo vivarinchadaaniki evarikee saraina maargam ledhu. anduvalla tatvavettalu mariyu saastravettalu eee anubhavalu ekkada nundi vachayani adugutaaru. mastishka sanghatanala uniki, tamalo taamu, eee sambandhita gunaatmaka anubhavaalato enduku kalisi unnayo vivarinchalemu. spruhalo anubhavaatmaka amsamtho aneka mastishka prakriyalu enduku sambhavistaayane puzzle vivarinchadam asadhyam anipistundi.
ayinappatikee sains chivariki atuvanti anubhavalanu vivarinchaalsi untundani kooda chaalaa mandiki anipistundi. idhi taggimpu vivaranala sambhaavyata gurinchi oka ooha nundi anusaristundi. eee abhiprayam prakaram, oka drugvishayaanni tagginche vidhamgaa vivarinchadaaniki oka prayatnam vijayavantamgaa cheyagaligithe (udhaa.zii., neeru), appudu eee drugvishayam daani anni lakshanaalanu enduku kaligi undho vivarinchavacchu (udhaa.zii., draavaneeyata, paaradarsakata). manasika sthithula vishayamlo, vaaru oka nirdishta maargamlo anubhavinche lakshanaanni enduku kaligi unnarane daanipai vivarana undaali.
20va sataabdapu german tatwavetta martin heidegger atuvanti taggimpu namuunaaku aadhaaramaina antological oohalanu vimarsinchaaru, mariyu eee paramgaa anubhavanni ardham chesukovadam asadhyam anie paerkonnaaru. endukante, heidegger prakaram, mana aatmaasraya anubhavam yokka swabhaavam mariyu daani "lakshanaalu" "lakshanaalanu kaligi unna cartician" padaarthaala "paramgaa ardham chesukovadam asadhyam. dheenini cheppadaniki maroka maargam emitante, gunaatmaka anubhavam yokka bhavana anedi lakshanaalanu kaligi unna padaarthaala paramgaa asambaddhamgaa untundi-ledhaa ardhaparamgaa asambaddhamgaa untundi.
moodava vyakti parimaanaatmaka naadii shaastram paramgaa manasika sthithulu mariyu spruha yokka aatmapariseelana modati vyakti amsaalanu saadhaaranamgaa vivarinche eee samasyanu vivaranaatmaka antaram antaaru. samakaaleena tatvavettala madhya eee antaram yokka swabhaavam gurinchi aneka vibhina abhiprayalu unnaayi. david chalmers mariyu prarambha fraank jackson eee antaraanni antological swabhaavam galaviga ardham chesukuntaru; antey, bhouthikavaadam abaddham kabatti kwalianu sains eppatikee vivarinchadani vaaru vaadistaaru. indulo rendu ververu vargaalu unnaayi mariyu okadaanni marokadaaniki tagginchalemu. thamus nagel mariyu collin mcgin vanti tatvavettalu oka pratyaamnaaya drukpathaanni teesukunnaru. vaari abhiprayam prakaram, eee antaram ghnaanasaastraparamaina swabhaavam kaligi untundi. nagel kosam, sains inca aatmaasraya anubhavanni vivarinchalekapoyindi endukante idhi inca avasaramaina sthaayiki ledhaa rakamaina ghnaanaaniki cherukoledu. samasyanu manam pondikagaa kooda roopondinchalekapotunnamu. marovaipu, mcginku, samasya shaashwata mariyu swaabhaavika jeeva parimitulalo okati. quantum bhouthika shaastram ghnaanaparamgaa enugulaku moosiveyabadina vidhamgaane aatmaasraya anubhavaala rangam manaku ghnaanaparamgaa moosiveyabadinanduna manam vivaranaatmaka antaraanni parishkarinchalemu. itara tatvavettalu eee antaraanni puurtigaa ardha samasyaga tolaginchaaru. eee ardha samasya, vaastavaaniki, prasiddha "kwalia prasna" kii daariteesindi, idih "erupu erupu ranguku kaaranamavutundaa?
uddeshapoorvakamgaa.
uddesapurvakata anedi manasika sthithula yokka ("gurinchi") vaipu nirdesinchagala ledhaa bahya prapanchamlo edainaa sambandham kaligi undagala saamarthyam. manasika sthithula yokka eee lakshanam emitante avi vishayalu mariyu ardhaparamaina suuchanalanu kaligi untaayi mariyu anduvalla vaatini satya viluvalanu ketayinchavacchu. eee sthithulanu sahaja prakriyalaku tagginchadaaniki prayatninchinappudu oka samasya talettutundihi sahaja prakriyalu nijam ledhaa tappu kaadu, avi kevalam jarugutaayi. sahaja prakriya nijamo abaddhamo anie cheppadamlo ardham undadu. conny manasika aalochanalu ledhaa teerpulu nijamainavi ledhaa tappuduvi, kabatti manasika sthithulu (aalochanalu ledhaa teerpulu) sahaja prakriyalu elaa kaavacchu? aalochanalaku ardha viluvanu ketayinche avakaasam antey atuvanti aalochanalu vaastavaalaku sambandhinchinavani ardham. udaaharanaku, herodotus charitrakaarudane aalochana herodotusnu mariyu athanu charitrakaarudane vaastavaanni suuchistumdi. okavela vaastavam nijamaithe, appudu aalochana nijam; lekapothe, adhi abaddham. conny eee sambandham ekkada nundi vachindi? medadulo, electrochemical prakriyalu matrame unnaayi mariyu veetiki herodotasto sambandham ledani telustondi.
avagahana yokka tatvasaastram.
grahanaseelata yokka tatvasaastram grahanasakti yokka anubhavam yokka swabhaavam mariyu grahanasakti vastuvula sthithiki sambandhinchinadi, mukhyamgaa grahanasakti anubhavam prapancham gurinchi roopaalu mariyu nammakalaku elaa sambandhinchinadi. avagahana yokka tatvasaastramlo pradhana samakaaleena abhiprayalalo amayaka vaastavikata, chattabaddhata mariyu praatinidhya abhiprayalu unnaayi.
manassu mariyu vignaana shaastram yokka tatvasaastram.
maanavulu saareeraka jeevulu, anduvalla, vaaru sahaja saastraala dwara pareeksha mariyu vivaranaku lobadi untaaru. manasika prakriyalu saareeraka prakriyalatho sannihitamgaa sambandham kaligi untaayi kabatti (udhaa.zii., manassu yokka moortha ghnaana siddhaantam), sahaja saastraalu maanavula gurinchi andinche vivaranalu manassu yokka tatvasaastramlo mukhyamaina paatra poeshistaayi. maanasikataku sambandhinchina prakriyalanu adhyayanam chese aneka shaastreeya vibhagalu unnaayi. atuvanti saastraala jaabitaalo jeevasaastram, computer sains, cognitive sains, cybernetics, linguistics, medicine, pharmacology mariyu psychology unnaayi.
neurobiology.
saadhaaranamgaa aadhunika sahaja saastraala maadirigaane jeevasaastram yokka saiddhaantika nepathyam praathamikamgaa bhouthikavaadamainadi. adhyayanam yokka vastuvulu, modati sthaanamlo, saareeraka prakriyalu, ivi manasika karyakalapalu mariyu pravartanaku punaadulugaa pariganinchabadataayi. manasika drugvishayaala vivaranalo jeevasaastram yokka perugutunna vijayanni daani praathamika oohanu etuvanti anubhavika khandinchadam lekapovadam dwara chudavachuhu "medadu sthithulalo maarpu lekunda oka vyakti yokka manasika sthithulalo maarpu undadu."
neurobiology rangamlo, manasika mariyu saareeraka sthithulu mariyu prakriyala madhya sambandhaalaku sambandhinchina aneka upa vibhagalu unnaih indriya neurophysiology avagahana mariyu uddeepana prakriyala madhya sambandhaanni parisoedhistumdi. cognitive neurosines manasika prakriyalu mariyu naadii prakriyala madhya paraspara sambandhaalanu adhyayanam chestundi. neurocycology medadulooni nirdishta shareera nirmaana praantaalapai manasika saamarthyaala aadharapadataanni vivaristundi. chivaraga, parinaamaatmaka jeevasaastram maanava naadii vyavastha yokka muulaalu mariyu abhivruddhini adhyayanam chestundi mariyu idhi manasuku aadharam ayinanta varaku, manasika drugvishayam yokka antogenetic mariyu phylogenetic abhivruddhini kooda vaati atyanta aadima dasala nundi vivaristundi. parinaamaatmaka jeevasaastram inca manassu yokka edainaa taatvika siddhaantampai kathinamaina parimitulanu unchutundi, endukante sahaja empika yokka janyu aadhaarita yantraangam naadii sanklishtata ledhaa naadii software abhivruddhilo yea pedda ettuna doosukelladaaniki anumatinchadu, conny sudeergha kaala vyavadhilo perugutunna dasalanu matrame anumatistundi.
neurosciences yokka kramabaddhamaina purogati, mukhyamgaa haitek neuroimaging vidhaanaala parichayam, saastravettalanu perugutunna pratishtaatmaka parisoedhana kaaryakramaala vistarana vaipu nadipinchindihi pradhana lakshyaalalo okati manasika vidhulaku anugunamgaa unde naadii prakriyalanu vivarinchadam mariyu ardham chesukovadam (chudandi naadii sahasambandham). aneka samuuhaalu eee purogati nundi prerana pondaayi.
computer sains.
computer sains anedi computerlu vanti vaati dwara samacharanni svayamchaalakamgaa proses cheyadam (ledhaa kaneesam samacharam ketayinchabadina chihnala bhouthika vyavasthalatho) thoo sambandham kaligi untundi. modati nundi, computer prograamarlu computerlanu sendriya jeevulaku manassu avasaramayye panulanu nirvahinchadaaniki anumatinche prograamlanu abhivruddhi cheyagaligaaru. oka saadhaarana udaaharana gunakaaram. computerlaku manassu undho ledho spashtamgaa teliyadu. vaaru, edho oka roeju, manam manassu anie pilicheedaanni kaligi undagalara? artificial intelligence (aii) rangamlo parisoedhanalu kaaranamgaa eee prasna chaalaa taatvika charchalo mundanjalo undhi.
oka chinna parisoedhana karyakramam mariyu marinta pratishtaatmakamaina daani madhya thedaanu gurtinchadam sadharanamh eee vyatyaasaanni zaan serl balaheenamaina aii mariyu balamaina aii paramgaa roopondinchaaru. serl prakaram, "balaheenamaina ii" yokka pratyeka lakshyam, computerlu spruha ledhaa avagahana kaliginche prayatnam lekunda, manasika sthithula yokka vijayavantamaina anukarana. balamaina ii yokka lakshyam, dheeniki viruddhamgaa, maanavula maadirigaane spruha kaligina computer. balamaina ii yokka karyakramam ganana maargadarsakulalo okaraina alan turing kuu tirigi velutundi. computerlu alochinchagalava?" anae prasnaku samadhanamga", athanu prasiddha turing pareekshanu roopondinchaadu. oka computernu oka manavudu unna maroka gadhi pakkana unna gadilo unchinatlayithe mariyu computer mariyu maanavuni gurinchi moodava paksham manavudu adigina prasnalatho, computer yokka pratispandanalu maanavula nundi vaeru cheyalenivigaa marayani turing nammadu. mukhyamgaa, yantra medhassu gurinchi turing yokka drukpatham manassu yokka pravartanaa namuunaanu anusarinchindi-medhassu telivitaetala maadirigaane untundi. turing pareeksha aneka vimarsalanu andukundi, veetilo atyanta prasiddhamainadi bahusha serl roopondinchina chainees room thint prayogam.
computerlu ledhaa robotla yokka sambhaavya sunnitatvam (kwalia) gurinchi prasna ippatikee terichi undhi. kontamandi computer saastravettalu "manassu-shareera samasya" parishkaaraaniki aii yokka pratyekata ippatikee kotta sahakaranni andinchagaladani nammutaaru. anni computerlalo jarige software mariyu hardware madhya paraspara prabhaavaala aadhaaramgaa, maanava manassu mariyu medadu (vet ware) madhya paraspara prabhavalanu ardham chesukovadaniki sahayapade siddhaantaalanu edho oka roeju kanugonavacchu anie vaaru suuchistunnaaru.
manastatvasaastram.
manastatvasaastram anedi manasika sthithulanu neerugaa parisoedhimchae shaastram. idhi aanandam, bhayam ledhaa muttadi vanti khachitamaina manasika sthithulanu parisoedhinchadaaniki saadhaaranamgaa anubhavika paddhatulanu upayogistundi. manastatvasaastram eee manasika sthithulanu okadaanitoe okati bandhinche chattalanu ledhaa maanava jeeviki inputlu mariyu avutputlatho daryaaptu chestundi.
dheeniki oka udaaharana avagahana yokka manastatvasaastram. eee rangamlo panichestunna saastravettalu roopaala avagahana yokka saadhaarana suutraalanu kanugonnaru. oke disalo kadile vastuvulu okadaanikokati sambandhinchinavigaa bhaavinchabadataayani roopaala manastatvasaastram yokka chattam chebutundi. eee chattam drushya input mariyu manasika grahana sthithula madhya sambandhaanni vivaristundi. ayithe, idhi grahana sthithula swabhaavam gurinchi aemee suuchimchadu. manastatvasaastram kanugonna chattalu ippatike vivarinchina manassu-shareera samasyaku anni samaadhaanaalaku anukuulamgaa untaayi.
abhignaa shaastram.
abhignaa shaastram anedi manassu mariyu daani prakriyala yokka antar-kramasikshanaa shaastreeya adhyayanam. idhi ghnaanam antey emiti, adhi emi chestundi mariyu adhi elaa panichestundo pariseelistundi. indulo medhassu mariyu pravartanapai parisoedhana untundi, mukhyamgaa naadii vyavasthalu (maanava ledhaa itara jantuvulu) mariyu yantraalalo (udhaa.zii. computerlu). abhignaa saastramlo manastatvasaastram, krutrima medhassu, tatvasaastram, naadii shaastram, bhaashaashaastram, maanava shaastram, saamaajika shaastram mariyu vidyatho sahaa bahula parisoedhanaa vibhagalu unnaayi. idhi neural circutory nundi modular brain organization varaku, takkuva-sthaayi abhyasam mariyu nirnaya yantraamgaala nundi unnata-sthaayi tarkam mariyu pranaalika varaku aneka sthaayila vislaeshanhalanu kaligi untundi. samvatsaraalugaa, abhignaa shaastram oka praatinidhya mariyu samachara prosessing vidhanam nundi manassu yokka sakara drukpathaanni sweekarinchadaaniki vivarinchadaaniki abhivruddhi chendindi. tadanugunamgaa, saareeraka prakriyalu abhignaa saamardhyaalanu sampaadinchadamloo, abhivruddhi cheyadamlo mariyu roopondinchadamlo mukhyamaina paatra poeshistaayi. udaaharanaku, roulands (2012) vaadana prakaram, ghnaanam kriyaaseelakamainadi, sakaram cheyabadindi, ponduparachabadindi, bhaavaatmakamainadi mariyu (sambhaavyamgaa) vistarinchindi. avagahana mariyu charya madhya sandwitch cheyabadina ghnaanam yokka "shaastreeya sandwitch" krutrimamainadani vaikhari teesukobadindi; eee vidhamgaa vibhajinchaleni balamaina jatacheyabadina paraspara charya yokka utpattigaa gnaanaanni chuudaali.
maranaaniki daggaragaa parisoedhana.
maranaaniki daggaragaa unna parisoedhana rangamlo, eee krindi drugvishayam, itarulatoe paatu, sambhavistundihi udaaharanaku, konni medadu operationla samayamlo medadu krutrimamgaa mariyu kolavagaligela nishkriyam cheyabadutundi. ayinappatikee, kontamandi rogulu eee dasalo tama parisaraallo emi jarugutundo grahinchinatlu nivedistaaru, antey.ii. vaariki spruha undani. rogulu gundepotulo anubhavalanu kooda nivedistaaru. eee krindi samasya undih medaduku raktam sarafara cheyabadana ventane, gunde aagipoyina tarvaata praanavaayuvu sarafara cheyabadana ventane, medadu sumaru 15 sekanla tarvaata daani saadhaarana operation nilipivestundi, antey.ii. medadu apasmaraka sthithilo padipotundi.
khandantara sampradaayamlo manassu yokka tatvasaastram.
eee vyaasamlooni charchalo ekkuva bhaagam aadhunika paaschaatya samskrutilo tatvasaastram yokka oka shaili ledhaa sampradaayampai drushti saarinchindi, dheenini saadhaaranamgaa vislaeshanhaatmaka tatvasaastram (konnisaarlu aangla-american tatvasaastram anie pilustaaru) anie pilustaaru. ayithe, aneka itara aalochanaa vidhanalu unnaayi, ivi konnisaarlu khandantara tatvasaastram yokka vistruta (mariyu aspashtamaina) label krinda vileenam cheyabadataayi. edemaina, ikkada aneka vishayalu mariyu paddhatulu unnappatikee, manassu yokka tatvasaastraaniki sambandhinchi eee label (drugvishayam, astitvavaadam modalainavi) kindaku vachhe vividha paatasaalalu.) prapanchavyaaptamgaa vislaeshanhaatmaka paatasaala nundi bhinnamgaa chudavachu, endukante avi bhasha mariyu taarkika vislaeshanhapai matrame takkuva drushti pedataayi, conny maanava unikini mariyu anubhavanni ardham chesukovadaniki itara roopaalanu kooda teesukuntaayi. pratyaekamgaa manassu yokka charchaku sambandhinchi, idhi kevalam bhasha roopaala vislaeshanhanu kaligi undani oka konamlo aalochana mariyu grahanasakti yokka anubhavanni ardham chesukune prayatnaalugaa anuvadistundi.
anuvadistundi modatisaari prachurinchabadina emmanuel cont yokka "swachchamaina kaaranampai vimarsha", vimarsha" pradhana savaranalatho mallee samarpinchabadindi, idhi taruvaata manassu yokka tatvasaastram anie pilavabade daanilo gananeeyamaina jokyanni suuchistumdi. kanth yokka modati vimarsha saadhaaranamgaa paaschaatya deshaalalo aadhunika tatvasaastram yokka atyanta mukhyamaina rachanalalo okatigaa gurtinchabadindi. cont anedi khandantara mariyu vislaeshanhaatmaka/aanglo-american tatvasaastram rendintiloonuu gurtinchabadina vyakti. kanth yokka rachana divya spruha ledhaa avagahana yokka saarvatrika vargaala dwara oohinchina manassu yokka jeevitam gurinchi lothaina adhyayananni abhivruddhi chestundi.
georg wilhelm friedrich hegel yokka "manassu yokka tatvasaastram" (tarachugaa "aatma yokka tatvasaastram" ledhaa geist anie anuvadinchabadindi) loe, athani "taatvika saastraala encyclopedia" yokka moodava bhaagam, hegel moodu vibhina rakaala manassulanu charchistaaduh "aatmaasraya manassu/aatma", oka vyakti yokka manassu; "vastunishtha manassu/aatma", samajam mariyu rashtra manassu; mariyu "sampoorna manassu/aatma", matam, kala mariyu tatvasaastram yokka sthaanam. hegel yokka "aatma yokka drugvishayam" kooda chudandi. edemaina, hegel rachana aanglo-american tatvasaastram yokka shaili nundi teevramgaa bhinnamgaa untundi.
untundi, henry bergson "padaartham mariyu ghnaapakasakti" anae vyaasam shareera mariyu aatma sambandhampai "sareeram mariyu manassu yokka antological vyatyaasaaniki oka saktivantamaina kesu" gaa chesaaru, samasyanu marinta khachitamaina ghnaapakasaktiki tagginchadam dwara, tadwara afasia yokka "anubhavika pareeksha kesu" paie nirminchina parishkaaraaniki veelu kalpistundi.
aadhunika kaalamlo, eee hegelian sampradaayaaniki pratispandanagaa ledhaa vyatiraekatagaa abhivruddhi chendina rendu pradhana paatasaalalu drugvishayam mariyu astitvavaadam. edmond husserl sthaapinchina drugvishaya shaastram, maanava manassu yokka vishayaalapai drushti pedutundi (noma chudandi) mariyu prakriyalu mana anubhavalanu elaa roopondistaayi. soren kierkegaard rachanalapai sthaapinchabadina aalochanaa vidhanam ayina astitvavaadam, maanava dusthiti mariyu prajalu sajeevamgaa unna paristhitini elaa edurkontarane daanipai drushti pedutundi. astitva-drugvishayam khandantara tatvasaastram yokka pradhana saakhanu suuchistumdi (avi viruddhamgaa laevu), idhi husserl rachanalo paatukupoyindi, conny martin heidegger, zeane-paal saartre, simone dii beauvoir mariyu mauris merley-panty rachanalalo daani puurti roopaallo vyakteekarinchabadindi. heidegger yokka "undatam mariyu samayam", merley-panty yokka "drugvishayam yokka drugvishayam", saartre yokka "undatam mariyu aemee ledhu" mariyu simone dii beauvoir yokka "rendava lingam" chudandi.
manassu yokka tatvasaastraaniki sambandhinchina amsaalu.
manassu yokka tatvasaastramlo abhivruddhi chendina aalochanala dwara prabhaavitamaina lekkalenanni vishayalu unnaayi. dheeniki spashtamaina udaaharanalu maranam yokka swabhaavam mariyu daani khachitamaina swabhaavam, bhavodvegam yokka swabhaavam, avagahana mariyu ghnaapakasakti. oka vyakti antey emiti mariyu athani ledhaa aame gurtimpuku manassu yokka tatvasaastramtoe sambandham emiti anae prasnalu. manassu yokka tatvasaastraaniki sambandhinchi, pratyeka shraddhanu rekettinchina rendu vishayalu unnaih swechhaa sankalpam mariyu aatma.
swechcha.
manassu yokka tatvasaastram sandarbhamlo, swechhaa sankalpam yokka samasya kotta teevratanu teesukuntundi. bhouthikavaada nirnayaadhikaarula vishayamlo idhi jarugutundi. eee sthaanam prakaram, sahaja chattalu bhouthika prapancham yokka marganni puurtigaa nirnayistaayi. manasika sthithulu, anduvalla sankalpam kooda bhouthika sthithulugaa untaayi, antey maanava pravartana mariyu nirnayaalu puurtigaa sahaja chattaala dwara nirnayinchabadataayi. kondaru eee tarkaanni oka adugu munduku vestaaruh prajalu tamaku emi kavalo, emi cheyaalo swayamgaa nirnayinchaleru. tatphalitamgaa, vaaru swechchagaa laeru.
eee vaadananu oka vaipu, anukuulavaadulu tiraskarinchaaru. eee vaikharini avalambinche vaaru "manaku swechcha undaa?" anae prasnanu suuchistaaru."swechcha" anae padaaniki ardham emito nirnayinchina tarvaata matrame samadhanam ivvavacchu. swechcha" kii vyatiraekam "kaaranam" kaadu, conny "balavantamgaa" ledhaa "balavantamgaa" untundi. swechhanu anischitigaa gurtinchadam sarikaadu. free act antey agent vaerae vidhamgaa enchukunte vaerae vidhamgaa cheyagaligedi. eee konamlo nirnayaatmakata nijamainappatikee oka vyakti swechchagaa undavacchu. tatvasaastram charitralo atyanta mukhyamaina anukuulatavaadi david hyoom. iteevala, eee sthaanaanni udaaharanaku, daniel dennet samarthinchaaru.
marovaipu, swechchaavaadam anie piluvabade balamaina konamlo sankalpam swechchagaa undani vaaru vishwasistunnanduna vaadananu tiraskarinche chaalaa mandhi ananukuulavaadulu kooda unnaaru. eee tatvavettalu prapancha gatini eah) bhouthikamgaa swatantra agency dwara sahaja chattam addaginchabadina sahaja chattam dwara puurtigaa nirnayinchabadadani, bii) nirvachinchani sahaja chattam dwara matrame nirnayinchabadutundi, ledhaa sii) bhouthikamgaa tagginchaleni agency yokka aatmaasraya prayatnaaniki anugunamgaa nirvachinchani sahaja chattam dwara nirnayinchabadutundi. swechchaavaadam kinda, sankalpam nirnayaatmakamainadigaa undavalasina avasaram ledhu, anduvalla, adhi swechchagaa untundi. rendava pratipaadana (bii) vimarsakulu asambaddhamaina swechcha anae bhavananu upayoginchaarani aaropistunnaru. vaaru eee krindi vidhamgaa vaadistaaruh mana sankalpam dheni dwara nirnayinchabadakapothe, appudu manam korukunnadi swachchamaina avakaasam dwara korukuntamu. mariyu manam korukunedi puurtigaa pramaadavasaattu ayithe, manaku swechcha undadu. kabatti mana sankalpam dheni dwara nirnayinchabadakapothe, manaku swechcha undadu.
sweeya.
manassu yokka tatvasaastram kooda "sweeya" bhavanaku mukhyamaina parinaamaalanu kaligi undhi. sweeya" ledhaa "i" dwara "vyakti" yokka mukhyamaina, maarpuleni kendrakaanni suuchisthee, daniel dennet vanti kontamandi aadhunika tatvavettalu alaantidi ledani nammutaaru. dennet mariyu itara samakaaleenula abhiprayam prakaram, aatma oka bhramaga pariganinchabadutundi. oka aatma anedi oka maarpuleni mukhyamaina kendrakam anae aalochana oka abhouthika aatma anae aalochana nundi udbhavinchindi. bhouthikavaada dhoranulu unna aadhunika tatvavettalaku, aemee cheyakapovadam, aalochinchadam ledhaa anubhooti chendadam vanti vaatini ennadoo pattukoleni david hyoom pratipaadinchinatlugaa "sweeya" anae bhaavanapai vaari saadhaarana samsayavaadaaniki ituvanti aalochana aamodayogyam kaadu. edemaina, abhivruddhi manastatvasaastram, abhivruddhi jeevasaastram mariyu naadii shaastram nundi anubhavika phalitaala velugulo, oka mukhyamaina sthiramaina, padaartha kendrakam-synaptic connectionla maarutunna namuunaalapai pampinhee cheyabadina samagra praatinidhya vyavastha-aalochana sahetukamainadigaa anipistundi.

