com prajalu

chainaalo adhikarikamga dang prajalu () anie piluvabade com prajalu (com,), com-sui prajalu mariyu peeples republic off chaina adhikarikamga gurtinchina 56 jaathi samoohaalalo okaru. vaaru ekkuvagaa thoorpu guizou, paschima huna mariyu uttara gwangsilalo nivasistaaru. viyatnaamlooni tuen kwang provincelo com matladevari chinna paaketlu kanipistaayi.
vaaru tama sthaanika jaathi cuum teepi biyyam (), vadrangi naipunyaalu mariyu pratyaekamaina vaastusilpaaniki prasiddhi chendaaru, mukhyamgaa "gaali mariyu varshapu vantena" () anie piluvabade kappabadina vantena yokka roopam. com prajalu tamanu taamu "com", "jeml", "jeml" ledhaa "gamel" anie piluchukuntaaru.
charitra.
dakshina chainaalo ekkuva bhaganni aakraminchina puraatana rau prajala aadhunika vaarasulu com anie bhaavistaaru. com puurveekulu thoorpu nundi valasa vacchaarani com puraanaalu saadhaaranamgaa chebutunnayi. dakshina com prajala valasa itihaasaala prakaram, vaari puurveekulu gwangjou, gwangdong mariyu vujou, gwangsheela nundi vacchaaru. midatala samuuhaala kaaranamgaa tama puurveekulu jejiang mariyu fujian nundi paaripoyaarani uttara com vaadistunnaaru. kontamandi panditulu (pradhanamgaa chaineeyulu) kooda com cree. sha. modati sataabdam nundi baayi yuu yokka oka saakha anie nammutaaru. cree. sha. modati sataabdamloo yuu rajyam kuulipooyina taruvaata baay yuu yangje nadhee pareevaahaka praantamloo nivasinchaaru, idhi aneka chinna adhipatula sthaapanaku daariteesindi.
com (ledhaa dang) prajala gurinchi modati spashtamaina prastaavana ming raajavamsam muulaala nundi vachindi. ming, quing raajavamsaala samayamlo aneka com tirugubaatlu jarigaayi, conny deerghakaalamlo edhee vijayavantam kaaledu. quing eee praantamloo vistrutamaina neetipaarudala vyavasthalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru mariyu vari panta gananeeyamgaa perigindi, ayithe idhi ekkuvagaa sthaanika bhuuswaamulaku prayojanam chekurchindi. modati nallamandu yuddham tarvaata com nuu paaschaatya dalaalu, pettubadidaarulu, bhuswamulu, vaddeedaarulu mariyu quing adhikarulu marintagaa dopidi chesaaru.
eee sanghatanala paryavasanamga, chaalaa mandhi com com sthaapinchabadina ventane chainees kamyoonistulaku sahayam chesaaru ledhaa cheraaru. vaaru erra sainyam sudeergha yaatralo gwangsey gundaa velutunnappudu vaariki aaharam mariyu vanarulanu sarafara chesaaru. kontamandi com kooda chiang kaii-shake dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa gerilla unitlanu sthaapinchadam dwara prajala vimukti sainyamtho pottu pettukunnaru. 1949 taruvaata, com praantaalalo moulika sadupayalu twaragaa abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. paatasaalalu, roadlu, chinna karmagaralu mariyu marinni nirminchabaddaayi. chaalaa mandhi com luu prabhutva adhikarulu kooda ayyaru.
com mariyu hohn chainees prajalu saadhaaranamgaa nedu baga kalisipoyinappatiki, guizou charitra hohn chainees mariyu naan-hohn minority samuuhaala madhya asankhyaaka udriktatalu mariyu sangharshanhalatho gurtinchabadindi. nedu, graameena com pattana praantaalloki maaradamtho chaalaa mandhi com pradhana sravanti chainees samaajamlo kalisipotunnaru, phalitamgaa hohn chaineeyulatoo vivaham jarigindi mariyu com bhasha kolpoyindi. ayithe, com samskrutini mariyu bhashanu parirakshinchadaaniki chesina vividha prayatnaalu chaalaa vijayavantamayyaayi, mariyu graameena guizoulo jeevana paristhitulanu meruguparachadam sthaanika com graamastulanu pradhana pattana praantaalaku vellakundaa undataaniki pralobhapettavachu.
bhasha.
com bhasha (swayamnaamah) anedi thaay-kaday (chainees "jhuwang-dang") bhasha. "ethnolog" moodu com rakalanu ververu conny daggari sambandham unna bhashaluga vaeru chestundih uttara dang [dock], dakshina dang [kmc], mariyu cavo miao [cove]. sui, monan mariyu mulav bhashalu kaamtho atyanta daggari sambandham kaligi unnaayi. chaaritraatmakamgaa, uttara com dakshina com kante chaalaa ekkuvagaa chaineeyulache prabhaavitamaindi.
com bhashaku daani swantha saampradaaya lipi ledhu. com prajalu konnisaarlu com padaala sabdaalanu suuchimchadaaniki chainees aksharaalanu upayogistaaru. upayogistaaru latin varnamaala abhivruddhi cheyabadindi, conny mudrinchina padaarthaalu mariyu sikshana pondina upaadhyaayula korata kaaranamgaa idhi peddagaa upayogamlo ledhu.
samskruti.
com prajalu tama bahuswara gayaka brundaaniki antarjaateeyamgaa prasiddhi chendaaru, dheenini com bhaashalo () "kagal locks" anie pilustaaru, dheenini aanglamlo aksharala "com grand gayaka brundam" ledhaa "grand sang" gaa anuvadinchavacchu. com grand gayaka brundaanni unesco 2009 nundi prapancha sthaayi kanipinchani saamskrutika vaarasatvamgaa jabita chesindi. com brunda paatalalo prakruti paatalu, kathanaalu mariyu pillala paatalu unnaayi.
oka bhaagam paatalu (bahuswara ledhaa aneka bhagala paatalaku viruddhamgaa) okati ledhaa ekkuva mandhi vyaktulu paadavacchu. vaatilo ivi unnaih
com loe operaalu baga prachuryam pondaayi mariyu sthaanika brundaalu pradarsistaayi. iddaru prasiddha com naataka rachayitalu "mae liangue" rachayita vu vencoy (1798-1845) mariyu jhang hanggaon (1779-1839).
com moukhika saahityamlo goppa puraanaalu mariyu jaanapada kathalu unnaayi. eee prajaadarana pondina kathalalo chaalaa varaku gatha tirugubatla nayakula gurinchi unnaayi (garry 2003:218). pramukha nayakulalo
pramukha jaanapada kathalu krinda ivvabaddaayi. vaaru "chaina yokka com prajalu" loe dii dwara chudavachu. norman garry.
samajam.
com vamsaalanu "dow" anie pilustaaru mariyu avi varusaga "zee", "gaang" mariyu gruhaluga ("kichenlu" anie pilustaaru) vibhajinchabaddaayi, ivi parimaanamlo varusaga peddavi nundi chinnaviga untaayi. 1911 nundi 1949 varaku prabhutvam eee peddala sthaanamlo graama peddalanu niyaminchinappatikii, graama peddalu saampradayakamgaa graama nayakulu. cuum samajam kooda saampradayakamgaa matruswamyamga undedi, dheeniki saa sui (garry 2003:88) devata aaradhana dwara sakshyam pondavacchu. hohn chaineeyula raakaku mundu, com kuu intiperlu laevu, badulugaa vaari tandrula paerlatoe okarinokaru vaeru chesukuntaru.
com saadhaarana chattanni "kuwan" anie pilustaaru mariyu dheenini naalugu sthaayilalo abhyasistaaru.
prema vyavaharam mariyu vivaham.
saampradaaya prema vyavaharam moodu dasalanu kaligi untundih
vivahalu moodu rojula paatu konasaagutaayi mariyu modata vaduvu kutumba intilo jarugutaayi. taruvaata vadhuvunu varudi intiki pamputaaru, akkada madhyahnam reception mariyu raatrantaa vindu jarugutundi. marusati roeju "gurraanni addukovadam" veduka untundi, ikkada atidhulu paatalu paadutunnappudu atithulanu addukuntaaru. vaduvu saadhaaranamgaa konni nelalu ledhaa samvatsaraalu kooda thana tallidandrula intlo nivasistundi. vendi aabharanaalanu vadhuvuku aame talli andajestundi.
jananam.
pillala jananam eee krindi sanghatanalatho puurti cheyabadutundihi
antyakriyalu.
miao prajala maadirigaane, com antyakriyalu kooda chaalaa vistrutamgaa untaayi. asahaja kaaranaala valla maraninchina vyaktulu (udhaa.zii.pramaadaalu) dahanam cheyabadataayi, ayithe sahaja kaaranaala valla maraninchina vaarini khananam chestaaru. khananam krindi dasalanu kaligi untundih
paryaavaranam.
sagatu-parimaanam gala com graamamlo 200-300 gruhalu unnaayi, ayithe athi chinna vaatilo 10-20 matrame unnaayi mariyu atipedda vaatilo 1,000 kante ekkuva unnaayi. com gramalalo saadhaaranamgaah
com-matlade bhoobhagalalo prasiddha sundaramaina pradaesaalu jiudang praantam, leudong praantam, chengyang graamam, pingdeng praantam mariyu uping praantam.
vyavasayam mariyu aardhika vyavastha.
com prajalu dozenla koddi rakaala jiddugala biyyanni (sthaanikamgaa "com" ledhaa "manchi" biyyam anie pilustaaru) saagu chestaaru. hohn chaineeyulu jiddu laeni biyyanni saagu chestaaru, dheenini com dwara "hohn (chainees) biyyam" anie pilustaaru. mokkajonna, chirudhanyalu, kuuragaayalu, plums, peaches, baeri, puttagodugulu, manderine narinja, pomelos mariyu pucchakaayalu vanti anubandha aaharaalu. vastraala utpatti kosam patthi saagu chestaaru. saadhaaranamgaa miao kante diguva praantaalanu com prajalu aakramistaaru, anduvalla vaaru marinta dhanavanthulu.
com prajalu tarachugaa penchina jantuvulalo ivi unnaih
com vantakaalalo "naalugu stambhaalu" jiddugala biyyam, pullani (ooragaaya) aaharam, vaedi miriyalu mariyu biyyam wine. itara prasiddha sthaanika vantakaalu mariyu masala dinusulalo barbecude chepalu, pregu saas, oodaa raktapu pandhi maamsam, chiken-blood saas, ayil tii, "gongguo" (leanatho tiyyagaa chesina jiddaina biyyam chirutindi) mariyu "bianmi" (maroka jiddaina biyyam chirutindi) unnaayi. bhaarii salamonder oka arudaina sthaanika pratyekata. pratiroojuu rendu vaedi bhojanam (alpaharam mariyu raatri bhojanam) mariyu oka challani bhojanam (bhojanam) andistaaru.
com matlade praantam daani deevadaaru chekkaku prasiddhi chendindi. com praantam nundi vacchina phir nuu 15va sataabdapu anveshakudu jeng hay yokka noukalanu mariyu prajala goppa mandiraanni nirminchadaaniki upayoginchaaru. pradhana aardhika karyakalapalalo vadrangi pani, vendi pani, wicker work tayari unnaayi. buttalu mariyu itara vikarvarklanu saadhaaranamgaa purushulu tayaaru chestaaru. buttalanu aidu rakaala mokkala padaarthaala nundi tayaaru cheyavachu, avi jiddugala vari gaddi, kogan grass, gwangsi gaddi, veduru mariyu ratton.
iteevali samvatsaraalalo, paryatakam com prajalaku pradhana aadaaya vanarugaa maarindi.
pandugalu.
saampradaaya com pandugala jabita krinda ivvabadindi.
rendu noothana samvatsara pandugalu
okaroju pani sambandhita pandugalu, ikkada chiken, chepalu mariyu jiddugala biyyam tintaaru.
naalugu pantakota pandugalu unnaayi, ivi 1 nundi 3 rojula paatu konasaagutaayi.
paatala pandugalu
ghnaapakaartha pandugalu
vividha pandugalu
com prajalalo eddula poraatam kooda chaaritraatmakamgaa prachuryam pondindi.
matam.
com prajalu saampradayakamgaa aneka jeevavaada amsaalatoe bahudevataradhana chesevaaru. totemlalo taabellu, pamulu mariyu dragonlu unnaayi, mariyu poojinchabade puurveekulaloo sang sang, sang enn, jhang liang mariyu jhang meyi vanti pouraanika bommalu unnaayi. ayithe, hohn thoo chaaritraka sambandhaala dwara bouddhamatam, tavoism, confucianism dwara com prabhaavitamayyaaru. eee prabhavam pradhanamgaa puurveekula aaradhana, antyakriyala acharalu mariyu vasanta mariyu dragon boat pandugalu vanti konni pandugalaku sambandhinchi kanipistundi. com prajalu bhavishyavaani kosam vari dhanyalu, veduru muulaalu, nattalu mariyu kodi emuka, kallu, raktam mariyu gudlanu kooda upayogistaaru. nedu, tavoism, bouddhamatam mariyu kontavaraku kraistava mataanni com aacharistunnaru.
aatmalu mariyu devatalu.
konni devatalu mariyu pavitramaina sahaja drugvishayaalu kooda krinda ivvabaddaayi.
pamulu atyanta gouravaneeyamainavi mariyu tarachugaa kaamtho sahaa puraatana baayyuu prajala puurveekulugaa bhaavistaaru. com prajala puraana vyavasthaapakulu, jhang liang mariyu jhang meyi, tarachugaa anaarogyaalu mariyu vipattulaku sahayam cheyadaaniki piluvabadataaru.
nishedhaalu mariyu muudanammakaalu.
saampradaaya com matam aneka nishiddhaalu, sakunaalu mariyu fetishlanu upayogistundi. fetishlu saadhaaranamgaa chettu kommalu, rellu, aakulu mariyu muulaalu vanti mokkala bhagalu. konni nishedhaalu mariyu muudanammakaalu krinda ivvabaddaayi.
magic mariyu shamanism.
atindriya amsaalatoe kuudina acharalalo dragon nrutyaalu, vasanta gede nrutyaalu mariyu agni nivaarana vedukalu unnaayi, ikkada buudidanu padavalalo unchi diguvaku pamputaaru.
maantrikatanu vyaktigatamgaa nirvahinchavacchu. dushtasaktulanu tippikottadam, kalata chendina pillala aatmanu tirigi pondadam, satruvulapai prateekaaram teerchukovadam mariyu premanu prerepinchadam vanti aneka uddeshaalu maayaajaalaaniki unnaayi. chainees nundi aruvu teesukunna vuuduu bommalu, vaatipai pinlanu unchi, vaatipai vyakti paeru mariyu puttina teedeeni vrasela tayaaru cheyabadataayi. bommanu bankamatti kundalo choppinchina taruvaata bhoogarbhamlo khananam chestaaru. tellani cox prateekaara maantrikata kosam upayoginchavacchu.
shamanism com chetha abhyasinchabadutundi mariyu miao (hmong) shamanijamto aneka samaantaraalanu kaligi undhi. anaarogyamtho unna vyaktula aatmalanu tirigi pondadam shamanla pradhana kartavyam.
bahya linkulu.
audeo

