
maaks havelar

maaks havelar; ledhaa, dutch trading company yokka coffey velampata () anedi 1860loe multituli (edward dows dekkar kalam paeru) raasina navala, idhi pantommidava mariyu iravayyava sataabdam praarambhamlo dutch eest indiisloo dutch valasa vidhananni roopondinchadamlo mariyu savarinchadamlo keelaka paatra pooshinchindi. eee navalalo, kathaanaayakudu maaks havelar, javalo avineeti prabhutva vyavasthaku vyatiraekamgaa pooraadataaniki prayatnistaadu, idhi appudu dutch kaalaneega undedi. navala yokka prarambha pankthi prasiddhi chendindihi "kaafeeloo ick benn makelar, enn woon opp dii laurier gract, nem. 37". ("neenu coffey broker nii, mariyu laurier gratcht loe nivasistunnaanu, nem. 37"). 
nepathyam.
pantommidava sataabdam madhya natiki, dutch eest indies (prastuta indonesia) yokka valasa niyantrana dutch eest india company (voke) nundi dutch prabhutvaaniki voke yokka aardhika vaiphalyam kaaranamgaa daatindi. aadaayaanni penchadaaniki, dutch valasa prabhutvam saagu vyavastha (dutch "culturestelsel") anie piluvabade vidhaanaala shrenini amalu chesindi, idhi indonesia raitulanu vari vanti pradhana aaharalanu pandinche badulu chakkera mariyu coffey vanti vaanijya pantalanu pandinchaalani aadesinchindi. adhe samayamlo, valasa prabhutvam pannu vasoolu vyavasthanu kooda amalu chesindi, dheenilo sekarana agentlaku commission dwara chellistaaru. eee rendu vyuuhaala kalayika valasarajyala adhikaranni, mukhyamgaa jaava mariyu sumatra dveepaalalo vistrutamgaa durviniyogam cheyadaaniki kaaranamaindi, phalitamgaa teevramaina pedarikam mariyu raitulu vistrutamgaa aakalitho unnaaru. eee kaalaneeni kaneesam sainikulu, prabhutva adhikarulu paalinchevaaru. puurva paalakulu sthaanikulapai tama sampoorna adhikaranni, niyantrananu konasagincharuh aneka valasarajyalu upayoginche chaalaa saadhaarana vyuuham.
adanamgaa, dutch rashtram sthaanikulaku nallamandu ammakamtho sampadanu sampaadinchindi, eee aacharam sataabdaala kritam voke paalanalo praarambhamaindi. aaa samayamlo, nallamandu matrame prabhaavavantamaina noppi nivaarana, mariyu gananeeyamaina saatam mandhi sthaanikulu dheeniki banisaluga unnaaru, eee vidhamgaa paedalugaa unchabaddaaru. dheenini "nallamandu-paalana" anie pilicheevaaru. akrama ravana mariyu chattabaddhamaina nallamandu madhya thedaanu gurtinchadaaniki, oka saadhaarana karakanni jodinchaaru. kanugonna tarvaata akrama ravaanaadaarudu kathinamaina sikshanu aasinchavachchu.
eee valasa vidhaanaalaku nirasanaga multituli "maaks havelar" raasaaru, conny prabhutva seva nundi rajinama chesinanduku punaravasam pondadam maroka lakshyam. daani sankshipta rachana shaili unnappatikee, vaaru aanandinchina sampada prapanchamlooni itara praantaalalo badhala phalitamgaa undani airopalo nivasistunna europeanla avagahananu penchindi. eee avagahana chivariki kotta naitika vidhaanaaniki preranagaa maarindi, dheeni dwara dutch valasa prabhutvam konni taragatula sthaanikulaku, saadhaaranamgaa valasa prabhutvaaniki vidheyata kaligina unnatavargaalaku vidyanu andinchadam dwara vaari valasavaada prajalapai vaari runaanni "tirigi chellinchadaaniki" prayatninchindi.
indonesia navala rachayita pramoyedya ananta thore eee vidya samskaranalanu prerepinchadam dwara, 1945 taruvaata indoneshiyaalo dutch valasavaadaanni antam chesina jaateeyavaada udyamaaniki "maaks havelar" baadhyata vahinchindani, idhi aafrikaalo mariyu prapanchamlooni itara praantaalalo valasarajyala nirmuulanaku pilupulo keelaka paatra pooshinchindani vaadinchaaru. anduvalla, pradhanudi abhiprayam prakaram, "maaks havelar" anedi "valasavaadaanni champina pustakam".
chivari adhyaayamlo rachayita eee pustakaanni naaku telisina konni bhaashalaloki, neenu neerchukoogala aneka bhaashalaloki anuvadistaanani prakatinchaadu."nijaaniki," "maaks havelar" "muppai naalugu bhaashalaloki anuvadinchabadindi". idhi 1868loe modatisaarigaa aanglamloki anuvadinchabadindi. indoneshiyaalo, eee navalanu sukarno mariyu rachayita yokka indo (eurasian) varasudu ernest dows dekkar vanti itara prarambha jaateeyavaada nayakula preranagaa paerkonnaaru, vaaru daanini daani asalu dutch bhaashalo chadivaaru. idhi 1972 varaku indonesia loki anuvadinchabadaledu.
eee navalalo, dutch valasavaada nirvahakudu maaks havelar kathanu rendu puurtigaa vyatiraeka paatrala dwara cheppabadindih coffey vyaparam gurinchi vraayadaaniki havelar yokka vraatapratulanu upayoginchaalani bhaavinche kapata coffey vyapari batawas drugstopel, mariyu drugstopel kathapai aasakti kolpoinappudu baadhyatalu sweekarinche srungaara german apprentices sturn. pustakam yokka prarambha adhyayam anusarinchaalsina vaati yokka vyangya swabhaavam yokka swaraanni chakkaga nirdesistundi, drugstopel thana aadambaramaina mariyu kirai prapancha-drukpathaanni sudeerghamgaa vyakteekarinchaadu. navala chivaralo multituli swayamgaa lekhanu teesukuntaadu mariyu eee pustakam dutch valasa vidhaanaalanu khandinchadamtho paatu netherlands raaju vilium III thana indonesia prajala tarapuna jokyam chesukovalani abhyardhinchadamtho mugustundi.
cinema version.
dutch-indonesia bhaagaswaamyamlo bhaagamgaa fance redemakers darsakatvam vahinchina eee navala yokka chalana chitra anusarana 1976loe vidudalaindi. maaks havelar" chitram 1987 varaku indoneshiyaalo pradarsinchadaaniki anumatinchabadaledu.
editionlu.
maaks havelar" pustakam yokka edition charitra 1860laloe "maaks havelar, off dii coffey-wheelingen derr netherlandshe handell-matchapi" anae prachuranatho praarambhamaindi. dekkar thana jeevitakaalamlo netherlandslo maaks havelar yokka aaru patrika-editionlanu mugguru ververu prachuranakarthalatho prachurinchaadu. adanamgaa, eee pustakaanni aanglamloki modati sariga anuvadinchadaaniki dekkar gananeeyamaina krushi chesaaru. dekkar maranam taruvaata, eee pustakam chalasarlu punarmudrinchabadindi. eee roeju pustaka dukaanaalaloo kanipinche vachanam mariyu punarmudranalu konnisaarlu 1875 nundi 4va edition, konnisaarlu chethitho vraasina manuscript (0va edition anie kooda pilustaaru), mariyu 1881 aidava edition aadhaaramgaa untaayi, chivaridi rachayita savarinchaaru.
eee rahasya editionku kaaranam teliyadu, conny dekkarku raayalteelu chellinchakundaa undataaniki dii ruiter dheenini chesinatlu oohinchabadindi. kaapeela sankhya teliyadu.

