
cobol

cobol (; "saadhaarana vyapara-aadhaarita bhasha" kuu sankshipta roopam) anedi vyapara upayogam kosam roopondinchina aanglam lanty computer prograaming bhasha. idhi 2002 nundi tappanisari, vidhaanaparamaina mariyu object-oriented bhasha. cobol pradhanamgaa vyapara, aardhika mariyu companylu mariyu prabhutvaala paripalana vyavasthalalo upayoginchabadutundi. pedda ettuna batch mariyu lavadevila prosessing udyogaalu vanti mainframe computerlalo moharinchina anuvartanaallo cobol ippatikee vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutundi. ayithe, daani prajaadarana taggadam mariyu anubhavagnulaina cobol prograamarla padavee viramana kaaranamgaa, prograamlu kotta platfamlaku valasapoyayi, aadhunika bhaashalalo tirigi vrayabadutunnayi ledhaa software pyaakaejeelatoo bharti cheyabadutunnayi. kobollo chaalaa prograaming ippudu puurtigaa ippatike unna anuvartanaalanu nirvahinchadaaniki; ayithe, aneka pedda aardhika samsthalu 2006 chivari natiki kobollo kotta vyavasthalanu abhivruddhi chestunnayi.
cobol 1959loe kodasil roopondinchindi mariyu paakshikamgaa grays hopper roopondinchina prograaming longuage flow-matic aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi. dayta prosessing kosam portable prograaming languagenu roopondinchadaaniki us department off defence prayatnamlo bhaagamgaa idhi srushtinchabadindi. idhi modata oka stop gyap gaa chudabadindi, conny rakshana vibhagam ventane computer tayaareedaarulanu dheenini andinchadaaniki balavantam chesindi, phalitamgaa dheenini vistrutamgaa sweekarinchaaru. idhi 1968loe praamaanikam cheyabadindi mariyu appati nundi naalugu saarlu savarinchabadindi. vistaranalalo nirmaanaatmaka mariyu object-oriented prograaming kosam maddatu untundi. prastuta pramaanam "iso/iec 1989:2014".
cobol prakatanalu aanglam lanty vaakyanirmanaanni kaligi untaayi, idhi sweeya-documentation mariyu atyanta chadavagalige vidhamgaa roopondinchabadindi. ayithe, idhi kriyaatmakamainadi mariyu 300 kii paiga rijarvu chesina padaalanu upayogistundi. aadhunika, klupta vaakyanirmaanaaniki viruddhamgaa, cobol marinta aanglam lanty vaakyanirmanaanni kaligi undhi (eee sandarbhamlo,).
cobol code naalugu vibhagaluga (gurtimpu, paryaavaranam, dayta mariyu vidhanam) vibhajinchabadindi, indulo vibhagalu, paeraalu mariyu vaakyaala yokka kathinamaina sopanakramam untundi. pedda praamaanika library laeni, praamaanikam 43 prakatanalu, 87 vidhulu mariyu kevalam oka taragatini perkontundi.
cobol srushtinchabadinappudu vidya computer saastravettalu saadhaaranamgaa vyapara anuvartanaalapai aasakti chuupaleedu mariyu daani roopakalpanalo paalgonaledu; idhi (samarthavantamgaa) vyaparam kosam computer bhashaga roopondinchabadindi, inputlu mariyu avutputlaku praadhaanyatanistuu, dheeni dayta rakalu matrame sankhyalu mariyu vachana teegalanu kaligi unnaayi.
cobol daani sabdaseelata, roopakalpana prakriya mariyu nirmaanaatmaka prograamingku paelavamaina maddatu kosam daani jeevitaantam vimarsinchabadindi. eee balaheenatalu sulabhamgaa ardham kaani ekasila, kriyaatmaka (aanglam laaga undataaniki uddesinchina) kaaryakramaalaku daariteestaayi.
cobol karyakalapalanu cloude computingku maarchadampai aasakti perugutunnappatiki, kobolnu mainframelalo vyapara kaaryakalaapaalaku prograaming bhashaga samvatsaraalugaa bhaavistunnaaru.
charitra mariyu vivarana.
nepathyam.
1950la chivaralo, computer viniyogadaarulu mariyu tayaareedaarulu perugutunna prograaming vyayam gurinchi aandolana chendutunnaru. 1959loe nirvahinchina oka sarvelo edainaa dayta prosessing installationlo, prograaming kosam sagatuna $800,000 kharchu avtundani, kotta hardwarelo amalu cheyadaaniki prograamlanu anuvadinchadaaniki $600,000 kharchu avtundani kanugonnaru. kotta prograaming bhashalu nirantaram perugutunna retutho vistaristunna samayamlo, adhe survey oka saadhaarana vyapara-aadhaarita bhashanu upayogiste, marpidi chaalaa choukagaa mariyu vaegamgaa untundani suuchimchimdi.
april 8,1959naa maerii keey. burafs corporationlo computer shaastravetta ayina haves, pensylvania vishwavidhyaalayamlo vidyaavaettalu, computer viniyogadaarulu mariyu tayaareedaarula pratinidhula samavesanni pilichi saadhaarana vyapara bhaashalapai adhikaarika samavesanni nirvahinchaaru. pratinidhulalo grays happer (aanglam lanty dayta prosessing longuage flomatic yokka aavishkarta), zeane summate mariyu soul gorn unnaaru.
april samavesamlo, oka saadhaarana vyapara bhashanu roopondinche prayatnaanni spaansar cheyamani rakshana saakhanu (dodd) samuuham korindi. pratinidhi brundam charless eah. nii aakattukundi. dodd vadda dayta system research staff director ayina phillips, vaaru dodd yokka samasyalanu "puurtigaa ardham chesukunnarani" bhaavinchaaru. dodd 225 computerlanu nadipevaaru, arderlo inca 175 unnaayi mariyu vaatipai amalu cheyadaaniki kaaryakramaalanu amalu cheyadaaniki $200 millionlaku paiga kharchu chesaaru. portable prograamlu samayanni aadaa chestaayi, kharchulanu taggistaayi mariyu aadhuneekarananu sulabhataram chestaayi.
charless phillips eee samavesaniki spaansar cheyadaaniki angeekarinchi, pratinidhi brundaaniki ejendaanu roopondinche panini appaginchaaru.
cobol 60.
28 mariyu 29 mae 1959naa (jurich algol 58 samavesam jarigina sarigga oka samvatsaram taruvaata), vyaparam kosam oka saadhaarana prograaming bhashanu roopondinchadampai charchinchadaaniki pentagonlo oka samavesam jarigindi. dheeniki 41 mandhi hajarayyaru mariyu phillips adhyakshata vahinchaaru. vividha computerlalo oke dayta prosessing prograamlanu amalu cheyagalama anae daanipai rakshana vibhagam aandolana chendindi. aaa samayamlo pradhana sravanti bhasha ayina fortran loe ituvanti karyakramalu vraayadaaniki avasaramaina lakshanaalu laevu.
banking mariyu beema nundi utilitylu mariyu jabita niyantrana varaku aneka rakaala vaataavaranaalaloo pani cheyagala bhashanu pratinidhulu utsaahamgaa vivarinchaaru. ekkuva mandhi prajalu programme cheyagalagaalani, kotta bhashanu samakaaleena saanketika parignaanam yokka parimitula dwara parimitam cheyakudadani vaaru ekagreevamgaa angeekarinchaaru. bhasha aanglaanni garishtamgaa upayoginchukovalani, marchagala saamarthyam kaligi undaalani, yantra-swatantramgaa undaalani, shakti vyayamtho kooda upayoginchadaaniki sulabham kaavaalani majority angeekarinchaaru.
eee samavesam phalitamgaa oka steering kamitee mariyu chinna, madhyantara mariyu suduura kamiteelanu erpaatu chesaaru. taatkaalika bhasha kosam nirdishtatalanu roopondinchadaaniki swalpa-shreni kamiteeni september (moodu nelalu) kuu icchaaru, taruvaata itara kamiteelu vaatini meruguparustaayi. ayithe, vaari adhikaarika lakshyam, ippatike unna prograaming bhashala balaalu mariyu balaheenatalanu gurtinchadam mariyu kotta bhashanu srushtinchadaaniki vaarini spashtamgaa nirdesinchaledu.
swalpa-shreni kamitee eee gaduvunu avishwaasamtho edurkondi. oka sabhyudu, betty holberton, moodu nelala gaduvunu "sthuula aasaavaadam" gaa abhivarninchaaru mariyu bhasha nijamgaa oka viramam avtunda anie anumanincharu.
steering kamitee juun 4naa samavesamai, mottam kaaryakalaapaalaku "dayta systems longuages kamitee" ledhaa kodasil anie paeru pettadaniki mariyu executive kamiteeni erpaatu cheyadaaniki angeekarinchindi.
swalpa shreni kamitee sabhyulu aaru computer tayaareedaarulu mariyu moodu prabhutva samsthalaku praatinidhyam vahinchaaru. computer tayaareedaarulu burafs corporation, ibm, minnepolis-honeywell (honeywell labs), rca, sperry raand mariyu silvania electric utpattulu. prabhutva samsthalu us vaimanika dalam, naavikaadalam yokka david taylor modal besin mariyu national beuro off standards (ippudu national institute off standards und technology). eee kamiteeki us national beuro off standards kuu chendina joseph wegstein adhyakshata vahinchaaru. dayta vivarana, prakatanalu, ippatike unna anuvartanaalu mariyu viniyogadaaru anubhavalanu parisoedhinchadam dwara pani praarambhamaindi.
eee kamitee pradhanamgaa flow-matic, aimeko mariyu comtron prograaming bhashalanu pariseelinchindi. pravaaha-aadhaarita bhasha mukhyamgaa prabhaavavantamgaa undhi endukante idhi amalu cheyabadindi mariyu endukante aimeko anedi chinna maarpulatoe daani nundi utpannamaindi. flow-matic aavishkarta, grays hopper, kamiteeki saanketika salahadaruga kooda panicheesaaru. kobolku flow-matic yokka pradhana sahakaralu podavaina chararaasula paerlu, aadesaala kosam aangla padaalu mariyu dayta vivaranalu mariyu suuchanala vibhajana.
happernu konnisaarlu "cobol yokka talli" ledhaa "cobol yokka ammamma" anie pilustaaru, ayithe cobol yokka pradhana designer ayina zeane summet, happer "cobol yokka talli, srushtikarta ledhaa developer kaadu" anie paerkonnaadu.
baab bemar kanipettina ibm yokka comtron bhashanu, grays happer yokka sahacharulatho kuudina swalpa-shreni kamitee dwara flow-matic kuu potidaarugaa pariganinchaaru. daani konni lakshanaalu cobol loe cherchabadaledu, tadwara idhi design prakriyaloo ibm aadhipatyam chelaayinchinatlu kanipinchadu, mariyu 1981loe zeane summet kontamandi kamitee sabhyula nundi (aametho sahaa) "balamaina anty-ibm pakshapaatam" undani chepparu. oka sandarbhamlo, comtron manueval rachayita mariyu intermediate-range kamitee sabhyudu raay goaled finger, thana bhashaku maddatu ivvadaaniki mariyu beejaganita vyakteekaranala vadakanni prothsahinchadaaniki oka upasamiti samavesaniki haajaraina taruvaata, grays hopper aanglam aadhaaramgaa oka bhashanu srushtinchadaaniki sperry raand chesina prayatnaalanu punarudghaatistuu swalpa shreni kamiteeki oka memo pampaaru. 
1980loe, grays happer "cobol 60 anedi 95 saatam pravaham-kaliginadi" mariyu comtron "chaalaa chinna" prabhavanni kaligi undani vyakhyaaninchaadu. inca, pani anedi flow-matic mariyu comtron rendinti dwara prabhaavitamaindani, "itarulanu santoshamgaa unchadaaniki [tadwara vaaru] mammalni kottadaniki prayatnincharu" anie aame perkondi.
kobollo cherchabadina comtron nundi lakshanaalu suutraalu, claz, merugaina coque _ 1 statement, idhi goo tuu yokka avasaranni nivaarinchindi mariyu marinta balamaina file management system.
kamitee pani yokka upayogam goppa charchaku guraindi. kontamandi sabhyulu eee bhaashalo chaalaa raajeelu unnayani, kamitee roopondinchina phalitamani bhaavinchagaa, itarulu pariseelinchina moodu bhashala kante idhi manchidani bhaavinchaaru. kondaru bhasha chaalaa sanklishtamgaa undani bhaavinchaaru; itarulu, chaalaa saralamgaa bhaavinchaaru.
vivaadaaspada lakshanaalalo dayta prosessing viniyogadaarulaku panikiranivi ledhaa chaalaa adhunaatanamainavigaa pariganinchabadevi unnaayi. atuvanti lakshanaalalo booliyan vyakteekaranalu, suutraalu mariyu pattika "(suuchikalu) unnaayi. keelaka padaalanu sandarbhochitamgaa sensitivga cheyala vadda mariyu chadavagalige saamardhyampai prabhavam chupala anedi vivaadaaniki sambandhinchina maroe amsam. sandarbha-sunnitamaina keelaka padaalu tiraskarinchabadinappatiki, eee vidhananni taruvaata pl/ailo mariyu paakshikamgaa kobollo 2002 nundi upayoginchaaru. paraspara charya, operating systemlatho paraspara charya (aaa samayamlo konni unikilo unnaayi) mariyu vidhulu (puurtigaa ganitasaastramgaa bhaavistaaru mariyu dayta prosessinglo upayogam ledhu) gurinchi takkuva pariganana ivvabadindi.
eee vivaraalanu september 4naa karyanirvahaka kamiteeki samarpinchaaru. vaaru anchanaalanu tagginchaaruh joseph wegstein "indulo kathinamaina macchalu unnayani mariyu konni cherpulu avasaramani" paerkonnaadu, taruvaata baab bemar vaatini "hodgepadge" gaa abhivarninchaadu. daanini meruguparachadaaniki upasangham december varaku ketayinchabadindi.
september madhyalo jarigina samavesamlo, kamitee kotta bhasha paerupai charchinchindi. salahalalo "bijeegaa" (vyapara vyavastha), "infosil" (samachara vyavastha bhasha) mariyu "cocosyl" (saadhaarana computer vyavasthala bhasha) unnaayi. cobol" anae paerunu evaru srushtinchaaro aspashtamgaa undhi, ayithe baab bemar taruvaata idhi thana suuchana anie paerkonnaadu.
octoberlo, madhyantara shreni kamitee raaynat roopondinchina vaastava bhasha vivarana yokka kaapeelanu andukundi. daani lakshanaalu kamiteeni enthagaa aakattukunnayante, vaaru daanipai aadharam cobol cheyadaaniki oka teermaanaanni aamodinchaaru. 
specificationpy manchi purogati saadhinchina short-range kamiteeki idhi debba. saanketikamgaa unnatamainadi ayinappatikee, portabilityni drushtilo unchukuni ledhaa tayaareedaaru mariyu viniyogadaaru ekaabhipraayam dwara vaastavam srushtinchabadaledu. idhi pradarsinchadagina amalu kooda kaligi ledhu, idhi pravaaha-aadhaarita cobol maddatudaarulanu teermaanaanni tippikottadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. rca pratinidhi howard bromberg kooda vaastavaanni addukunnaru, tadwara cobol amalupai rca chesina pani vrudhaa kaadu.
tadupari purogati twaragaa jaragadaniki kamitee chaalaa peddadani twaralone spashtamaindi. niraasaku guraina howard bromberg "cobol" chekkabadina $15 samadhi raayini konugolu chesi, thana asantruptini pradarsinchadaaniki charless phillips kuu pampaadu.
ippatike unna bhashalanu vislaeshimchadaaniki oka upa-kamiteeni erpaatu chesaaru, indulo aruguru vyaktulu unnaru
sub-kamitee specification srushtinche paniloo ekkuva bhaagam chesindi, puurti chesina specification utpatti cheyadaaniki mundu vaari panini sameekshinchadaaniki mariyu savarinchadaaniki swalpa-shreni kamiteeni vadilivesindi.
eee pratyaekatalanu executive kamitee 1960 janavari 8naa aamodinchindi, mariyu prabhutva mudrana kaaryaalayaaniki pampindi, adhi vaatini "cobol 60" gaa mudrinchindi. samarthavanthamaina, portable prograamlanu sulabhamgaa vraayadaaniki anumatinchadam, viniyogadaarulu kaneesa prayatnam mariyu kharchutho kotta vyavasthalaku velladaaniki anumatinchadam mariyu anubhavam laeni prograamarlaku anukuulamgaa undatam bhasha yokka perkonna lakshyalu.
kodasil executive kamitee taruvaata viniyogadaarulu mariyu vikretala prasnalaku samadhanam ivvadaaniki mariyu specificationlanu meruguparachadaaniki mariyu vistarinchadaaniki cobol nirvahana kamiteeni srushtinchindi.
1960loe, cobol kampailarlanu nirminchaalani yochistunna tayaareedaarula jabita perigindi. septembaru natiki, maroe aiduguru tayaareedaarulu kodasil (bendics, controll dayta corporation, general electric (ge), national cash register mariyu filco) loe cheraaru, mariyu anni praatinidhyam vahinchina tayaareedaarulu cobol kampailarlanu prakatinchaaru. ge mariyu ibm varusaga tama sonta bhaashalaina jacom mariyu comtronlalo kobolnu ekikrutam cheyaalani pranaalika chesaaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, antarjaateeya computerlu mariyu tabulatorlu tama bhasha, kodelnu coboltho bharti cheyaalani pranaalika vaesaayi.
intalo, rca mariyu sperry raand cobol kampailarlanu roopondinchadaaniki krushi chesaaru. modati cobol karyakramam augustu 17naa rca 501loe nadichindi. december 6 mariyu 7naa, adhe cobol karyakramam (chinna maarpulatoe unnappatikee) rca computer mariyu remington-brand univac computerlo nadichindi, idhi anukuulatanu saadhinchagaladani pradarsistundi.
anni cobol reference maanyuvallalo mudrinchina sifaarsu chesina salahaalo yea bhashalanu upayoginchaaro daani yokka saapeksha prabhavalu eee roeju varaku konasagutunnayi
cobol-61 nundi cobol-65 varaku.
cobol 60" loe aneka taarkika lopaalu kanugonabaddayi, idhi saadhaarana electric yokka charless cotz dheenini nissandehamgaa ardham chesukolerani heccharinchindi. ayishtamgaa unna swalpakaalika kamitee mottam subhraparachadaanni amalu chesindi mariyu marchi 1963 natiki, cobol yokka vaakyanirmaanam algols vale nirvachinchadaginadani nivedinchabadindi, ayinappatikee ardha aspashtatalu migili unnaayi.
pedda vaakyanirmaanam mariyu vaakyanirmaana nirmaanaalalo aneka aichhika amsaalu alaage aneka saadhyamaina dayta praatinidhyaalu, avyakta rakam marpidulu mariyu ii/oo karyakalapala kosam avasaramaina setaplatho oka bhasha kosam samarthavanthamaina kodnu roopondinchaalsina avasaram kaaranamgaa cobol compiler vraayadaaniki kashtamaina bhasha. prarambha cobol compilerlu aadimamainavi mariyu nemmadigaa undevi. 1962 US naavikaadala moolyaankanam nimishaaniki 3-11 prakatanala sankalana vegaanni kanugondi. 1964 madhya natiki, avi nimishaaniki 11-1000 statementlaku perigayi. ghnaapakasaktini penchadam valla vegam baga perugutundani mariyu sankalanam kharchulu vipareetamgaa marutayani gamaninchabadindih prati prakatanaku kharchulu $0.13 mariyu $18.91 madhya undevi.
1962 chivaralo, cobol vaari praathamika abhivruddhi bhashaga untundani mariyu comtron abhivruddhi aagipotundani ibm prakatinchindi.
cobol vivarana daani prachurana tarvaata aidellalo moodusaarlu savarinchabadindi. 1961loe cobol-60 sthaanamlo cobol-61nuu upayoginchaaru. 1963loe dheeni sthaanamlo cobol-61 podiginchina lakshanaalu upayoginchabaddaayi, idhi kramabaddheekarana mariyu nivedika rachayita soukaryaalanu pravesapettindi. 1959 chivaralo honeywell gurtinchina lopaalanu swalpa shreni kamiteeki raasina lekhalo adanapu soukaryaalu sarididdaayi. cobol edition 1965 specificationlaku marinta vivaranalanu teesukuvacchindi mariyu maas storage files mariyu tablesnu nirvahinchadaaniki soukaryaalanu pravesapettindi.
cobol-68.
samskaranala madhya ananukuulatalanu adhigaminchadaaniki kobolnu praamaanikam cheyadaaniki prayatnaalu prarambhamayyayi. 1962 chivaralo, ii. ess. oo mariyu united states off america standards institute (ippudu yansi) rendoo pramaanaalanu roopondinchadaaniki samuuhaalanu erpaatu chesaayi. aansi 1968 augustulo "usa standard cobol x3.23" nuu utpatti chesindi, idhi taruvaati samskaranalaku muulastambhamgaa maarindi. eee samskarananu american national standard (yans) cobol anie pilicheevaaru mariyu 1972loe ii. ess. oo. dheenini sweekarinchindi.
cobol-74.
1970 natiki, cobol prapanchamlo atyanta vistrutamgaa upayoginche prograaming bhashaga maarindi.
ansi kamitee nundi swatantramgaa, kodasil prograaming longuage kamitee bhashanu meruguparachadaaniki krushi chestondi. vaaru 1968,1969,1970 mariyu 1973loe kotta samskaranalanu vivarinchaaru, veetilo kotta inter-programme communication, debugging mariyu file vileena soukaryaalu, alaage merugaina string-handling mariyu library cherika lakshanaalu vanti maarpulu unnaayi.
kodasil anedi ansis kamitee nundi swatantramgaa unnappatikee, amalu cheyadaaniki taginanta prajaadarana pondina lakshanaalanu gurtinchadaaniki ansis dwara "kodasil journal off development" upayoginchabadindi. prograaming longuage kamitee kooda ekma mariyu japanese cobol standard kamiteetho anusandhaaninchabadindi.
ayithe, prograaming longuage kamiteeki antagaa teliyadu. upaadhyakshudu vilium rainhalls, moodinta rendu vantula cobol communityki kamitee uniki gurinchi teliyadani firyadu chesaaru. samavesala nidivi mariyu maarpula pratipaadanalu vanti bahiranga patraalanu uchitamgaa andubaatulo unchadaaniki kooda dheeniki nidhulu laevu.
1974loe, ansi (ans) cobol yokka savarinchina samskarananu prachurinchindi, indulo file samsthalu, prakatana mariyu vibhajana module vanti kotta lakshanaalu unnaayi. tolaginchina lakshanaalalo prakatana, prakatana (idhi bharti cheyabadindi) mariyu amalu chesevaaru nirvachinchina yaadruchchika access module (idhi kotta varusa mariyu saapeksha i/o modules dwara bharti cheyabadindi) unnaayi. ivi 44 maarpulanu chesaayi, ivi kotta pramaanaaniki anugunamgaa laeni prastuta prakatanalanu andinchaayi. nivedika rachayitanu cobol nundi tolaginchaalani nirnayinchaaru, conny pramaanaanni prachurinchadaaniki mundhe punaruddharinchaaru. ii. ess. oo taruvaata 1978loe naveekarinchabadina pramaanaanni sweekarinchindi.
cobol-85.
1978 juun loe, cobol-74 nuu savarinche pani praarambhamaindi. pratipaadita pramaanam (saadhaaranamgaa cobol-80 anie pilustaaru) munupati daanikante gananeeyamgaa bhinnamgaa undhi, idhi ananukuulata mariyu marpidi kharchula gurinchi aandolana kaligistundi. janavari 1981loe, joseph tii. traveller insurance senior vais president ayina broffey, praamaanika kamiteepai daavaa vestaanani bedirinchaaru, endukante idhi cobol-74kii anukuulamgaa ledhu. mister. broffey vaari 40 million-line code bays yokka munupati maarpidulanu "utpaadakata laenivi" mariyu "maa programmer vanarula puurti vyardham" gaa varninchaaru. aaa samvatsaram taruvaata, dayta prosessing management association (dpma) kotta pramaanaanni "gattiga vyatirekinchindi", "nishedhaatmaka" marpidi kharchulu mariyu merugudalalu "viniyogadaaruni meeda balavantam cheyabaddaayi" anie perkondi.
modati praja sameeksha kaalamlo, kamiteeki 2,200 pratispandanalu vachayi, veetilo 1,700 pratikuula patraalu. itara pratispandanalu cobol-80 vaari vyavasthalapai choope prabhavam yokka vivaranaatmaka vislaeshanhalu; marpidi kharchulu prati line code kii kaneesam 50 sentlu untundani anchanaa veyabadindi. dozenu kante takkuva pratispandanalu pratipaadita pramaanaaniki anukuulamgaa unnaayi.
wime ibinquizen choravatho 1979loe antarjaateeya cobol nipunula brundaanni iso tii. sii. 97-ess. sii. 5 sthaapinchabadindi. eee samuuhamloo united statesto sahaa aneka deshaala nundi cobol nipunulu unnaaru. kotta cobol lakshanaala avasaraniki sambandhinchi ansiki mariyu migilina prapanchaaniki madhya paraspara avagahana mariyu gowravaanni saadhinchadam dheeni lakshyam. moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata, ii. ess. oo. samuuham yokka hodaanu adhikaarika working groupugaa marchindihi doubluesy 4 cobol. samuuham cobol pramaanam yokka praathamika yajamanyam mariyu abhivruddhini teesukundi, ikkada ansiye chaalaa pratipaadanalu chesindi.
1983loe, praja aandolanalaku kamitee pratispandistundani paerkontuu, pramaanaaniki thana vyatiraekatanu upasamharinchukundi. adhe samvatsaramlo, pratipaadita pramaanam konni samasyalanu pradarsistundani jaateeya pramaanaala beuro adhyayanam teelchindi. oka samvatsaram taruvaata, deck oka vaaks/vms cobol-80 nuu vidudala chesindi, mariyu cobol-74 kaaryakramaala marpidi konni samasyalanu kaliginchindani perkondi. kotta coque _ 2 statement mariyu inline coque _ 3 mukhyamgaa baga sweekarinchabaddaayi mariyu utpaadakatanu meruguparichayi, saralikruta niyantrana pravaham mariyu debugging kaaranamgaa.
rendava praja sameeksha maroe 1,000 (pradhanamgaa pratikuula) pratispandanalanu aakarshinchindi, ayithe chivaridi kevalam 25 matrame aakarshinchindi, appatiki aneka aandolanalu parishkarinchabaddaayi.
1985loe, iso working group 4, appati-version ayina ansi pratipaadita pramaanaanni angeekarinchindi, aneka maarpulu chesi, daanini kotta iso praamaanika cobol 85gaa sett chesindi. idhi 1985 chivarilo prachurinchabadindi.
aravai lakshanaalu marchabaddayi ledhaa tagginchabaddaayi mariyu 115 jodinchabaddaayi, avih
kotta pramaanaanni ansitho sahaa anni jaateeya praamaanika samsthalu sweekarinchaayi.
1989 mariyu 1993loe rendu savaranalu jarigaayi, modatidi antargata vidhulanu pravesapettadam mariyu marokati diddubaatlanu andinchadam.
cobol 2002 mariyu object-oriented cobol.
1997loe, gartner group anchanaa prakaram mottam 200 billionla cobol linelu unikilo unnaayi, ivi anni vyapara karyakramalalo 80 saatam nadustaayi.
1990la praarambhamlo, cobol yokka tadupari puurti punarvimarsalo object-oriyanteshannu jodinche pani praarambhamaindi. object-oriented lakshanaalu sii + + mariyu smaltack nundi teesukobaddaayi.
prarambha anchanaa prakaram eee savarana 1997 natiki puurtavutumdani, mariyu 1997 natiki oka ii. ess. oo kamitee draft (sii. dii) andubaatulo undindi. kontamandi vikretalu (micro phocus, fujitsu mariyu ii. bii. emm. thoo sahaa) puurti savarana yokka draft aadhaaramgaa object-oriented vaakyanirmanaanni pravesapettaaru. tudi aamodinchabadina ii. ess. oo. pramaanam 2002 chivarilo aamodinchabadindi mariyu prachurinchabadindi.
fusitsu/jiti software, micro phocus mariyu raincode lakshyamtho object-oriented cobol kampailarlanu pravesapettaayi.nikara framework.
aneka itara kotta lakshanaalu unnaayi, veetilo chaalaa varaku 1978 nundi "kodasil cobol journal off development" loe unnaayi mariyu cobol-85loe cherchabade avakaasaanni kolpoyayi. eee itara lakshanaalalo ivi unnaih
praamaanikam kosam moodu sarididdabadinavih 2006loe rendu mariyu 2009loe okati.
cobol 2014.
2003 mariyu 2009 madhya, cobol kosam object finalization, exml prosessing mariyu collection klaasulanu vivarinche moodu saanketika nivedikalu tayaaru cheyabaddaayi.
cobol 2002 paelavamaina maddatutoe badhapadindi yea compilerlu kooda pramaanaaniki puurtigaa maddatu ivvaledu. kotta lakshanaala kosam viniyogadaaru demand lekapovadam mariyu compiler conformansnu pareekshinchadaaniki upayoginchina nist test suut raddu kaaranamgaa idhi jarigindani micro phocus kanugondi. praamaaneekarana prakriya kooda nemmadigaa mariyu takkuva vanarulatho unnatlu kanugonabadindi.
cobol 2014 loe eee krindi maarpulu unnaih
vaarasatvam.
cobol prograamlu prapanchavyaaptamgaa prabhutvaalu mariyu vyapaaraalalo upayoginchabadutunnaayi mariyu ivi z/os, z/vse, vme, unix, nonstop os, openvmlu mariyu vindos vanti vibhina operating systemlapy nadustunnaayi. 1997loe, prapanchamlooni 80 saatam vyaparam cobol meeda nadustundani, 200 billion linela code mariyu 5 billion linelu samvatsaraaniki vraayabadutunnaayani gartner group nivedinchindi.
20va sataabdam chivaralo, samvatsaram 2000 samasya (y2k) gananeeyamaina cobol prograaming prayatnaaniki kendramgaa undedi, konnisaarlu dasaabdaala kritam vyavasthalanu roopondinchina adhe prograamarlu. cobol kodnu saricheyadaaniki avasaramaina nirdishta sthaayi prayatnam pedda mottamlo vyapara-aadhaarita cobol kuu aapaadinchabadindi, endukante vyapara anuvartanaalu teedeelanu ekkuvagaa upayogistaayi mariyu sthira-nidivi dayta feeldlaku aapadinchabaddaayi. konni adhyayanalu "y2k software marammatu kharchulalo 24 saatam cobol" anie aapaadinchaayi. y2k kosam eee karyakramalalo subhram cheyadaaniki chesina prayatnam taruvaata, 2003loe nirvahinchina oka sarvelo chaalaa mandhi upayogamlo unnaarani kanugonnaru. survey dayta "[tadupari] 10 samvatsaraalalo application abhivruddhilo cobol yokka praamukhyata kramamga taggutundani suuchistumdi... itara bhashalu mariyu saanketikatalato ekikarananu avalambinchavacchu ".
2006 mariyu 2012loe, "computer varald" sarvelu (352 mandhi paatakula) 60 saataaniki paiga samsthalu cobol (sii + + mariyu vijuval basic kante ekkuva) nuu upayoginchaayani kanugonnayi.nikara) mariyu vaatilo sagam, cobol vaari antargata softwarelo ekkuva bhaagam upayoginchabadindi. 36 saatam mandhi nirvaahakulu cobol nundi valasa vellaalani yochistunnatlu chepparu, 25 saatam mandhi adhi choukagaa unte vaaru korukuntamani chepparu. badulugaa, konni vyaparalu tama cobol kaaryakramaalanu nirvahistuunae, tama vyavasthalanu khareedaina mainframela nundi choukaina, marinta aadhunika vyavasthalaku marchai.
2016loe pratinidhula sabha mundu icchina sakshyam aneka samakhya agencylu ippatikee kobolnu upayogistunnayani suuchimchimdi. 2017loe 43 saatam banking vyavasthalu ippatikee 220 biliyanlaku paiga cobol code lainlatho kobolnu upayogistunnayani reuters nivedinchindi.
2019 natiki, padavee viramanala kaaranamgaa cobol prograamarla sankhya vaegamgaa taggutondi, idhi vyapara mariyu prabhutva samsthalalo raboye naipunhyaala antaraaniki daariteesindi, ivi ippatikee adhika-valume lavadevila prosessing kosam mainframe vyavasthalanu upayogistunnaayi. kotta bhaashalalo vyavasthalanu tirigi vraayadaaniki prayatnaalu khareedainavi mariyu samasyaatmakamainavigaa niroopinchabaddaayi, code nirvahana yokka avtsourcing kooda undhi, anduvalla ekkuva mandiki cobol loe sikshana ivvadaaniki pratipaadanalu samardhinchabaddaayi.
covid-19 mahammari samayamlo mariyu nirudyogam yokka tadupari perugudala samayamlo, aneka us rashtraalu nirudyoga prayojana nirvahana kosam upayoginche vaarasatva vyavasthalaku maddatugaa naipunhyam kaligina cobol prograamarla koratanu nivedinchaayi. eee vyavasthalalo chaalaa varaku mahammariki mundu marinta aadhunika prograaming bhashalaku marpidi prakriyaloo unnaayi, conny prakriya nilipiveyabadindi. adevidhamgaa, coronavirus sahayam, upasamanam mariyu aardhika bhadrata chattam dwara tappanisari cheyabadina lakshalaadi chellimpulanu pampinhee cheyadaaniki us antargata revenue servies thana cobol aadhaarita vyaktigata master failnu pyaach cheyadaaniki taralinchindi.
lakshanaalu.
vaakyanirmaanam.
cobol aanglam lanty vaakyanirmanaanni kaligi undhi, idhi oka prograamlooni daadaapu pratidee vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. udaaharanaku, oka paristhitini ledhaa gaa ledhaa marinta sankshiptamgaa vyakteekarinchavachhu. punaraavruta paristhitulu mariyu chararaasulanu tolaginchadam dwara marinta sanklishtamaina paristhitulanu "sankshiptam" cheyavachu. udaaharanaku, dheenini kluptamgaa cheppavacchu. eee aangla vaakyanirmaanaaniki maddatu ivvadaaniki, cobol loe 300 kii paiga keelaka padaalu unnaayi. konni keelaka padaalu oke padaaniki saralamaina pratyaamnaaya ledhaa bahuvachana aksharakramalu, ivi marinta aangla-vanti prakatanalu mariyu upavaakyaalanu andistaayi; udhaa.zii., mariyu keelaka padaalanu parasparam marchukovacchu, veelainanta varaku mariyu, mariyu.
prati cobol programme naalugu praathamika lexical amsaalatoe roopondinchabadindih padaalu, aksharalu, chitra akshara-teegalu (chudandi) mariyu separatorlu. padaalaloo rijarvu chesina padaalu mariyu viniyogadaaru-nirvachinchina identifierlu untaayi. avi 31 aksharaala varaku podavu untaayi mariyu aksharalu, ankelu, hyphenlu mariyu underscourlanu kaligi undavacchu. aksharaalalo sankhyalu untaayi (udhaa.zii. ) mariyu teegalu (ii.zii. ). separatorlalo space aksharam mariyu kaamalu mariyu semee-kolanlu, taruvaata space untaayi.
cobol karyakramam naalugu vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindih gurtimpu vibhagam, paryaavarana vibhagam, dayta vibhagam mariyu vidhana vibhagam. gurtimpu vibhagam muulam moolakam yokka paeru mariyu rakanni perkontundi mariyu taragatulu mariyu interfacelu paerkonabadina chota untundi. paryaavarana vibhagam faillu mariyu aksharaala setlu vanti daanini naduputunna vyavasthapai aadhaarapade edainaa programme lakshanaalanu perkontundi. dayta vibhagam chararaasulu mariyu paaraamitulanu prakatinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. prakriya vibhaagamlo programme yokka prakatanalu untaayi. prati vibhagam vibhagaluga upavibhajana cheyabadindi, ivi paeraalatoe roopondinchabaddaayi.
loha bhasha.
cobol vaakyanirmaanam saadhaaranamgaa kalupulu, brocketlu, baarlu mariyu underlining upayoginchi oka pratyaekamaina loha bhaashatho vivarinchabadutundi. asalu cobol specificationla kosam loha bhasha abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. aaa samayamlo byakasa-naur roopam unnappatikee, kamitee daani gurinchi vinaledu.
udaaharanaku, oka coque _ 12 prakatana yokka eee krindi vivarananu pariganinchandih
 suutram _ 1
eee vivarana eee krindi vaividhyaalanu anumatistundihi
x kii 1 nii jodinchandi
1, a, b nundi x gundramgaa, y, z gundramgaa jodinchandi
a, b nii c kii jodinchandi
 parimaanamlo lopam
 dosham" pradarsinchandi"
mugimpu-jodimpu
a nii b kii jodinchandi
 parimaanam lopam ledhu
 dosham ledhu" pradarsinchandi"
 parimaanamlo lopam
 dosham" pradarsinchandi"
code formatt.
cobol yokka prajaadarana yokka etthu keypunch yantraalu mariyu punch kaardula yugamtho samanamga undhi. prograamnu punch kardulapai vraayabadindi, taruvaata chadivi sankalanam cheyabadindi, mariyu prograamloki andinchina dayta konnisaarlu kaardulalo kooda undedi.
kobolnu rendu formatlalo vraayavachuhu sthira (default) ledhaa uchitam. sthira-aakrutilo, code konni praantaalalo saripoyela samalekhanam cheyabadaali (punch kaardulanu upayoginchadam nundi oka hold-ovar). cobol 2002 varaku, ivih
cobol 2002loe, programme-text praantaanni roopondinchadaaniki a mariyu b praantaalu vileenam cheyabaddaayi, idhi ippudu amalu-nirvachinchina kaalam vadda mugustundi.
cobol 2002 kooda uchita-formatt kodnu pravesapettindi. kotta prograaming bhaashalalo vale, free-formatt kodnu file yokka yea kaalamlonaina unchavacchu. vyakhyalanu coc _ 13 upayoginchi paerkonabadataayi, veetini ekkadainaa unchavacchu mariyu sthira-formatt soars kodlo kooda upayoginchavacchu. konasagimpu panktulu laevu, mariyu coque _ 14 aadesam coque _ 15 suuchikanu bharti chestundi.
gurtimpu vibhagam.
gurtimpu vibhagam eee krindi code entiteeni gurtistundi mariyu taragati ledhaa interfaces yokka nirvachananni kaligi untundi.
object-oriented prograaming.
taragatulu mariyu interfacelu 2002 nundi kobollo unnaayi. taragatulu factory vastuvulanu kaligi unnaayi, taragati paddhatulu mariyu chararaasulanu kaligi untaayi, mariyu udaaharana vastuvulu, udaaharana paddhatulu mariyu chararaasulanu kaligi untaayi. vaarasatvam mariyu interfacelu bahuroopatanu andistaayi. saadhaarana prograaming kosam maddatu paramiti taragatula dwara andinchabadutundi, idhi edainaa taragati ledhaa interfacenu upayoginchadaaniki takshaname cheyavachu. vastuvulu oka nirdishta rakaniki parimitam cheyabadina suuchanalugaa nilva cheyabadataayi. oka paddhatini pilavadaaniki rendu margalu unnaih prakatana, idhi adhe vidhamgaa panichestundi, ledhaa inline paddhati ahvanam dwara, idhi functionlanu upayoginchadaaniki saruupyamgaa untundi.
naa-taragati "phuu" returning varni aahvaaninchandi
naa-taragatini taralinchandih: "phuu" nundi varr *> inline paddhati aahvanaaniki
cobol paddhatulanu daachadaaniki oka marganni andinchadu. ayithe, taragati daetaanu claz lekunda prakatinchadam dwara daachavacchu, idhi viniyogadaaruni access cheyadaaniki maargam lekunda chestundi. cobol 2014loe paddhati overloading jodinchabadindi.
paryaavarana vibhajana.
paryaavarana vibhaagamlo aakruteekarana vibhagam mariyu input-avtput vibhagam untaayi. currency sankethaalu, sthaanaalu mariyu aksharaala setlu vanti chararaasulanu paerkonadaaniki aakruteekarana vibhagam upayoginchabadutundi. input-avtput vibhaagamlo file-sambandhita samacharam untundi.
faillu.
cobol moodu file formatlaku maddatu istundi, ledhaa ': sequential, indexed mariyu relative. varusa faillaloo, recordulu pakkapakkane untaayi mariyu anusandhaaninchabadina jabita maadirigaane varusaga daataali. suuchika cheyabadina faillaloo okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva suuchikalu untaayi, ivi recordulanu yaadrucchikamgaa access cheyadaaniki anumatistaayi mariyu vaatipai kramabaddheekarinchavachhu. prati rikaarduku oka pratyaekamaina kii undaali, conny marokati, ', record keelu pratyekamainavi kanavasaram ledhu. suuchika failla amalu vikretala madhya maarutuu untundi, ayithe sii-aisam mariyu verses aam vanti saadhaarana amalu ibm yokka aisam aadhaaramgaa untaayi. itara amalu openvmlalo rikaardu nirvahana sevalu mariyu hetch. pii. ii. nonstop (tandum) loe namodu cheyadam. suuchika failla vanti saapeksha faillaku pratyaekamaina rikaardu kii untundi, conny vatiki pratyaamnaaya keelu undavu. saapeksha rikaardu yokka kii daani krama sthaanam; udaaharanaku, 10va recordulo 10 yokka kii untundi. antey 5 yokka keetho rikaardunu srushtinchadaaniki (khaalii) munupati recordulanu srushtinchaalsina avasaram undavacchu. saapeksha faillu varusa mariyu yaadruchchika praapyata rendintinee kooda anumatistaayi.
oka saadhaarana praamaanikam kaani podigimpu "samstha", idhi vachana faillanu proses cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. oka failulooni recordulu kotta line dwara muginchabadataayi mariyu vividha podavulu undavacchu.
dayta vibhagam.
dayta vibhagam aaru vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi, ivi ververu amsaalanu prakatistaayih file vibhagam, file recordula kosam; pani-nilva vibhagam, static variables kosam; sthaanika-nilva vibhagam, automatic variables kosam; linkage vibhagam, paaraamitulu mariyu return viluva kosam; nivedika vibhagam mariyu screen vibhagam, text-aadhaarita user interfacela kosam.
samagra dayta.
kobolloni dayta amsaalu sthaayi-sankhyala vadakam dwara kramaanugatamgaa prakatinchabadataayi, idhi dayta amsam marokadaanilo bhaagamaite suuchistumdi. adhika sthaayi sankhya kaligina vastuvu, takkuva sthaayi sankhya kaligina vastuvuku lobadi untundi. 1 sthaayi sankhyatho unna unnata sthaayi dayta amsaalanu 'anie pilustaaru. adheena mottam daetaanu kaligi unna amsaalanu 'anie pilustaaru; laeni vaatini' anie pilustaaru. praamaanika dayta amsaalanu vivarinchadaaniki upayoginche sthaayi-sankhyalu 1 mariyu 49 madhya untaayi.
 1 kontha rikaardu. *> mottam samuuha rikaardu amsam
 05 sankhya chitram 9 (10). *> praathamika amsam
 05 thedhee. *> mottam (upa) samuuha rikaardu amsam
 10 dhi iyar pick 9 (4). *> praathamika amsam
 10 nela chitram 99. *> praathamika amsam
 10 dhi-day pick 99. *> praathamika amsam
paina perkonna udaaharanalo, praathamika amsam mariyu samuuha amsam rikaarduku lobadi untaayi, ayithe praathamika amsaalu, mariyu samuuha amsamlo bhaagamgaa untaayi.
adheena amsaalanu (ledhaa) keelaka padamtho aspashtamgaa cheppavacchu. udaaharanaku, eee krindi udaaharanhatho paatu paina perkonna udaaharana kodnu pariganinchandih
 1 ammakapu thedhee.
 05 dhi iyar pick 9 (4).
 05 dhi-manth pick 99.
 05 dhi day pick 99.
paerlu, mariyu avi tamalo taamu aspashtamgaa untaayi, endukante okati kante ekkuva dayta amsaalu aaa paerlatoe nirvachinchabaddaayi. oka nirdishta dayta amsaanni paerkonadaaniki, udaaharanaku samuuhamloo unna amsaalalo okadaanni, programmer upayogistaadu (ledhaa samaanamainadi). eee vaakyanirmaanam chaalaa samakaaleena bhashalache maddatu ivvabadina "dott sangnaamaanam" nuu pooli untundi.
itara dayta sthaayilu.
aaa vastuvulu elaa nirmanatmakamga unnayo ledho lekkinchakundaa, gatamlo nirvachinchina vastuvula punahsamuuhaanni prakatinchadaaniki 66 sthaayi sankhyanu upayogistaaru. anubandhinchabadinavaaru kooda soochinche eee dayta sthaayini chaalaa arudugaa upayogistaaru mariyu, daadaapu 1988 loe, saadhaaranamgaa paatha prograamlalo kanugonabadindi. kramaanugata mariyu taarkika nirmaana daetaanu vismarinche daani saamarthyam antey daani upayogam sifaarsu cheyabadaledu mariyu aneka samsthaapanalu daani upayogaanni nishedhinchaayi.
 1 customer-record.
 05 custom-kii pick x (10).
 05 custom-paeru.
 10 custom-modati-paeru pick x (30).
 10 custom-laast-name pick x (30).
 05 custom-dobb pick 9 (8).
 05 custom-balance pick 9 (7) v99.
 66 custom-vyaktigata-vivaralu custom-paeru thrue custom-dobb anie paeru marchai.
 66 custom-aall-vivaralu custom-balance dwara custom-paerunu marchai.
77 sthaayi-sankhya anedi vastuvu swatantramgaa undani suuchistumdi, mariyu atuvanti paristhitulalo sthaayi-sankhya 1kii samanamga untundi. udaaharanaku, eee krindi code rendu 77-sthaayi dayta amsaalanu prakatistundi, mariyu ivi yea itara dayta amsaala nundi swatantramgaa (adheenamlo laenivi) samuuha-kaani dayta amsaalu
 77 aasti-paeru pick x (80).
 77 sales-region pick 9 (5).
88 sthaayi-sankhya oka "(88-sthaayi anie pilavabade)" anie prakatistundi, idhi daani maatru dayta amsam daani clazlo perkonna viluvalalo okadaanni kaligi unnappudu nijam. udaaharanaku, eee krindi code dayta amsam yokka prastuta akshara dayta viluvanu batti nijamaina ledhaa tappudu rendu 88-sthaayi paristhiti-paeru amsaalanu nirvachistundi. dayta amsamlo viluva unnappudu, sharatu-paeru nijam, ayithe adhi viluvanu kaligi unnappudu ledhaa, sharatu-paeru nijam. dayta amsamlo edainaa itara viluva unte, rendu sharatu-paerlu tappu.
 1 vaetana-rakam pick x.
 88 vetanam-ganta viluva "hetch".
 88 vetanam-antey-vaarshika viluva "luu", "y".
dayta rakalu.
praamaanika cobol eee krindi dayta rakalanu andistundihi
kobollo rakam bhadrata maarutuu untundi. sankhyaaparamaina dayta vividha praatinidhyaalu mariyu parimaanaala madhya nissabdamgaa maarchabadutundi mariyu alphanumeric daetaanu sankhya mariyu samuuha detatho sahaa stringa nilva cheyagala edainaa dayta amsamlo unchavacchu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, object referencelu mariyu pointerlu oke rakamaina vastuvula nundi matrame ketayinchabadavachu mariyu vaati viluvalu oka nirdishta rakaniki parimitam cheyabadavachhu.
chitra nibandhana.
a (ledhaa) claz anedi aksharaala string, veetilo prati okkati dayta amsamlo oka bhaganni mariyu daanilo emi undavacchu anedaanni suuchistumdi. konni chitra aksharalu vastuvu yokka rakanni mariyu adhi enni aksharalu ledhaa ankelanu memarylo aakraminchindo paerkontaayi. udaaharanaku, a anedi dasaamsa ankenu suuchistumdi, mariyu a anedi vastuvu santakam cheyabadindani suuchistumdi. itara chitra aksharalu ('mariyu' aksharalu anie pilustaaru) oka vastuvunu elaa formatt cheyaalo paerkontaayi. udaaharanaku, aksharaala shreni akshara sthaanaalanu alaage tudi akshara detaalo oka pramukha sanketha aksharanni elaa unchaalo nirvachistundi; kudi vaipuna unna sankhya-kaani aksharam amsam yokka gurtunu kaligi untundi, ayithe eee sthaanaaniki edama vaipuna unna itara akshara sthaanaalu oka sthalaanni kaligi untaayi. oka chitra aksharam tarvaata kundaleekaranaalalo oka sankhyanu perkonadam dwara punaraavruta aksharaalanu marinta sankshiptamgaa paerkonavacchu; udaaharanaku, dheeniki samanam. anke () mariyu saine () aksharaalanu matrame kaligi unna chitra lakshanaalu puurtigaa 'dayta amsaalanu' nirvachistaayi, ayithe varnamaala () ledhaa alphanumeric () aksharaalanu kaligi unna chitra lakshanaalu 'dayta amsaalanu' nirvachistaayi. itara aakruteekarana aksharaala uniki 'ledhaa' dayta amsaalanu nirvachistundi.
viniyoga nibandhana.
dayta nilva cheyabadina aakrutini claz prakatistundi. dayta rakanni batti, idhi oka nibandhanaku badulugaa puurti cheyavachu ledhaa upayoginchavacchu. pointerlu mariyu object referencelanu prakatinchadaaniki dheenini upayoginchavacchu, idhi ekkuvagaa sankhya rakalanu paerkonadaaniki siddhamgaa untundi. eee sankhya swaroopaalu
nivedika rachayita.
nivedika rachayita anedi nivedikalanu roopondinchadaaniki oka declarative soukaryam. programmer nivedika layowoot mariyu daanini utpatti cheyadaaniki avasaramaina daetaanu matrame paerkonaali, paejee viramalu, dayta formatting mariyu sheershikalu mariyu punaadulu vanti vishayalanu nirvahinchadaaniki code vrayadam nundi vaarini vimukti chestundi.
nivedikalu nivedika faillatho anubandhinchabadi untaayi, ivi nivedika rachayita prakatanala dwara matrame vrayabade faillu.
 eff. dii. nivedika-avt nivedika ammakalu-nivedika.
prati nivedika dayta divisionloni nivedika vibhaagamlo nirvachinchabadindi. nivedika yokka sheershikalu, punaadulu mariyu vivaraalanu nirvachinche nivedika samuhaluga oka nivedika vibhajinchabadindi. nivedikalu kramaanugatamgaa panicheestaayi. oka keelaka chararashi daani viluvanu marchinappudu niyantrana viramalu sambhavistaayi; udaaharanaku, viniyogadaarula aadesaalanu vivarinche nivedikanu roopondinchetappudu, programme vaerae customer aadesaalanu cherukunnappudu niyantrana viramam sambhavinchavachhu. ammakandaarula ammakalanu andinche mariyu edainaa chellani recordula gurinchi heccharinche nivedikaku sambandhinchina nivedika vivaranaku ikkada oka udaaharana undih
 ardy sales-report
 paejee 60 panktulanu parimitam chestundi
 modati vivaralu 3
 vikreta paerunu niyantristundi.
 paejee sheershikanu type cheyandi.
 3 cole 1 viluva "ammakaala nivedika".
 03 cole 74 viluva "paejee".
 03 cole 79 pick z9 soars paejee-counter.
 1 ammakaala-aann-day rakam vivaralu, line + 1.
 3 cole 3 viluva "ammakalu".
 03 cole 12 pick 99/99/9999 muulam ammakaala thedhee.
 03 cole 21 viluva "unnaayi".
 3 cole 26 pick $$9.99 muula ammakaala-mottam.
 1 chellani-ammakaala rakam vivaralu, line + 1.
 03 cole 3 viluva "chellani recordu".
 03 cole 19 pick x (34) muulam ammakaala rikaardu.
 1 rakam niyantrana sheershika vikreta-paeru, line + 2.
 3 cole 1 viluva "vikretah".
 03 cole 9 pick x (30) muulam vikreta paeru.
paina perkonna nivedika vivarana eee krindi leavutnu vivaristundihi
naalugu prakatanalu nivedika rachayitanu niyantristaayih, idhi mudrana kosam nivedika rachayitanu siddham chestundi; idhi oka nivedika samuuhaanni mudristundi; idhi oka nivedika samuuham yokka mudrananu anichivestundi; mariyu, idhi nivedika prosessingnu mugistundi. paina perkonna ammakaala nivedika udaaharana kosam, prakriya vibhagam ilaa undavachuhu
 open input sales, avtput report-avt
 ammakaala nivedikanu praarambhinchandi
 1 varaku pradarsinchandi
 ammakalu chadavandi
 chivaralo
 nishkramana pradarsana
 mugimpu chadavandi
 ammakaala rikaardunu dhruvikarinchandi
 chellubaatu ayye recorduga unte
 rojuvaaree ammakalanu srushtinchandi
 vaerae
 chellani ammakalanu srushtinchandi
 mugimpu-iff
 mugimpu-paniteeru
 ammakaala nivedikanu muginchandi
 ammakalanu moosiveyandi, nivedinchandi
nivedika rachayita soukaryam yokka upayogam gananeeyamgaa maarutuu untundi; konni samsthalu dheenini vistrutamgaa upayogistaayi mariyu konni assalu upayoginchavu. adanamgaa, nivedika rachayita yokka amalu naanhyathalo untundi, diguva anchuna unnavaaru konnisaarlu runn timelo adhika mottamlo memarini upayogistaaru.
prakriya vibhajana.
vidhanalu.
prakriya vibhaagamlooni vibhagalu mariyu paeraalanu (samishtiga vidhanalu anie pilustaaru) lebullugaa mariyu saadhaarana upa margaluga upayoginchavacchu. itara vibhagala maadirigaa kakunda, paeraalu vibhagalalo undavalasina avasaram ledhu.
amalu anedi programme yokka vidhaanaala dwara adhi mugise varaku taggutundi.
vidhaanaalanu upa-margaluga upayoginchadaaniki, kriya upayoginchabadutundi.
oka prakatana kontavaraku kotta bhaashalalo oka vidhana kaalnu pooli untundi, antey code anie piluvabade chivarilo prakatnanu anusarinche kodku amalu tirigi vastundi; ayithe, idhi paraamitini paas cheyadaaniki ledhaa phalita viluvanu tirigi ivvadaaniki oka yantraamgaanni andinchadu. oka upa-rutin vanti saadhaarana prakatnanu upayoginchi upayoginchinatlayithe, appudu piluvabade vidhanam chivarilo niyantrana tirigi vastundi. ayithe, idhi asaadhaaranamainadi, idhi aneka prakkane unna vidhaanaala shrenini vistarinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. idhi nirmaanamtho jarugutundihi
prakriya kabatti mariyu kabatti.
 alfa cheyandi
 alfa throo gaama cheyandi
 parugettadam aapandi.
alfa.
 a' nii pradarsinchandi.
beata.
 bii' nii pradarsinchandi.
gaama.
 sii' nii pradarsinchandi.
eee programme yokka avtput ilaa untundih "a a b c".
 kaneesam saampradayakamgaa, coll stock anae bhavana lenanduna sampradaaya vidhana calls nundi kooda bhinnamgaa untundi. paryavasanamga, samuuha ahvanalu saadhyame (code yokka kramam 'edd' anedi oka prakatnanu amalu cheyavachu), conny oke code yokka bhagalu rendu ahvanala dwara amalu cheyabadithe adanapu shraddha avasaram. lopali aahvaanamlooni code bayati aahvaanamlooni nishkramana sthaanaaniki cherukunnappudu samasya talettutundi. marinta adhikarikamga, niyantrana anedi intaku mundu pilavabadina conny inca puurti cheyani ahvanam yokka nishkramana sthaanam gundaa velthe, cobol 2002 pramaanam pravartana nirvachinchabadaledani nirdesistundi.
kaaranam emitante, "return adrus" kante cobol, konasagimpu chirunama anie pilavabade daanitoe panichestundi. niyantrana pravaham edainaa prakriya mugimpuku cherukunnappudu, konasagimpu chirunama pariseelinchabadutundi mariyu niyantrana aaa chirunamaku badilee cheyabadutundi. programme nadustunna mundu, prati prakriyaku konasagimpu chirunama programme vachanamlo tadupari vachhe prakriya yokka prarambha chirunamaku praarambhinchabadutundi, tadwara, prakatanalu jaragakapothe, programme dwara paie nundi diguvaku niyantrana pravahistundi. conny oka prakatana amalu chesinappudu, adhi piluvabade vidhanam yokka konasagimpu chirunamanu savaristundi (ledhaa upayoginchinatlayithe, pilavabade paridhi yokka chivari vidhanam), tadwara aaa niyantrana chivariki coll saitku tirigi vastundi. asalu viluva save cheyabadutundi mariyu taruvaata punaruddharinchabadutundi, conny oke oka nilva sthaanam untundi. rendu samuuha ahvanalu ativyaapti chendutunna code meeda panichesthe, avi aneka vidhaluga konasagimpu chirunama yokka okari nirvahanalo jokyam chesukovacchu.
eee krindi udaaharana (nundi teesukunnadi) samasyanu vivaristundihi
label 1.
 pradarsinchu '1'
 label 2 thrue label 3 cheyandi
 parugettadam aapandi.
label 2.
 pradarsinchu '2'
 label 3 thrue label 4 nuu nirvahinchandi.
label 3.
 3' pradarsinchandi.
label 4.
 4' pradarsinchandi.
eee programme yokka avtput "1 2 3 4 3" gaa untundani evarainaa aasinchavachuhu "2" pradarsinchina tarvaata, rendava kaaranam "3" mariyu "4" pradarsinchabadataayi, aapai modati ahvanam "3" thoo konasaagutundi. saampradaaya cobol amalulalo, idhi alaa kaadu. badulugaa, modati prakatana mugimpulo konasagimpu chirunamanu sett chestundi, tadwara adhi lopala coll saitku tirigi dookutundi. rendava prakatana chivarilo tirigi vachedi sett chestundi, conny konasagimpu chirunamanu savarinchadu, idhi default konasagimpuga untundani aasistundi. anduvalla, lopali ahvanam chivarilo vachinappudu, adhi bayati prakatanaku tirigi dookutundi, mariyu programme kevalam "1 2 3" mudrinchadam aagipotundi. marovaipu, open-soars smicobole compiler vanti konni cobol amalu loe, rendu prakatanalu okadaanitoe okati jokyam chesukovu mariyu avtput vaastavaaniki "1 2 3 4 3". anduvalla, atuvanti sandarbhaallo pravartana (bahusha) aascharyakaramainadi matrame kaadu, idhi portable kooda kaadu.
eee parimiti yokka pratyeka parinaamam emitante, punaraavruta code vraayadaaniki upayoginchalemu. dheenini vivarinchadaaniki maroka saadhaarana udaaharana (nundi koddigaa saralikrutam):
 1 nundi a kii taralinchandi
 label cheyandi
 parugettadam aapandi.
label.
 oka pradarsana
 okavela <3
 okadaaniki 1 jodinchandi
 label cheyandi
 mugimpu-iff
 mugimpu' pradarsinchandi.
avtput "1 2 3 end end end" anie evarainaa aasinchavachchu, vaastavaaniki kontamandi cobol compilerlu utpatti chestaayi. conny ibm cobol vanti itara compilerlu, "1 2 3 end end end" nuu mudrinche kodnu utpatti chestaayi..."mariyu modalainavi, antuleni looplo" end "nii mallee mallee mudrinchandi. backup konasagimpu chirunaamaalanu nilva cheyadaaniki parimita sthalam unnanduna, punaraavruta ahvanala samayamlo byakaplu bharti cheyabadataayi mariyu punaruddharinchagaladantaa tirigi velladam matrame.
prakatanalu.
cobol 2014loe 47 prakatanalu unnaayi ("anie kooda pilustaaru), veetini eee krindi vistruta vargaluga vargeekarinchavachuh niyantrana pravaham, i/o, dayta taarumaaru mariyu nivedika rachayita. nivedika rachayita prakatanalu nivedika rachayita vibhaagamlo cover cheyabadataayi.
pravahanni niyantrinchandi.
cobol yokka sharatulatho kuudina prakatanalu mariyu. bahula viluvalu mariyu paristhitulanu moolyaankanam chese adanapu saamardhyamtho kuudina switch lanty prakatana. nirnaya pattikalu amalu cheyadaaniki dheenini upayoginchavacchu. udaaharanaku, eee krindi vaatini sii. enn. sii. lethnu niyantrinchadaaniki upayoginchavachhuh 
kaavalasina vegam kooda prastuta vegam kooda nijamani anchanaa veyandi
 mootha moosivesinappudu kooda kaneesa-vegam dwara garishta-vegam kooda kaavalasina-vegam kante takkuvagaa untundi
 vegam-up-yantram nirvahinchandi
 mootha moosivesinappudu kooda kaneesa-vegam dwara garishta-vegam kooda kaavalasina-vegam kante ekkuvagaa untundi
 nemmadigaa yantram cheyandi
 mootha terichinappudu kooda sunna kaadu
 atyavasara-stop cheyandi
 itara
 konasaginchandi
mugimpu-moolyaankanam
amalu cheyabadina sthithulu nijamainavi (nijam kaadu, idhi itara bhaashalalo marinta saadhaaranam) anie nirvachinchadaaniki prakatana upayoginchabadutundi. idhi vidhanalu ledhaa vidhaanaala shrenulanu coll cheyadaaniki kooda upayoginchabadutundi (marinni vivaraala kosam vidhaanaala vibhaganni chudandi). mariyu varusaga upaprograamulu mariyu paddhatulanu coll cheyandi. upaprogram/paddhati paeru aksharala ledhaa dayta amsam kaavacchu. paraamitulanu suuchana dwara, content dwara (oka kaapeeni suuchana dwara pampina chota) ledhaa viluva dwara (conny oka namuunaa andubaatulo unte matrame) aamodinchavachhu.
 memory nundi upaprograamulanu unload chestundi. programme oka nirdishta vidhaanaaniki dookadaaniki kaaranamavutundi.
prakatana anedi return statement mariyu prakatana prograamnu aaputundi. prakatanalo aaru ververu formatlu unnaih dheenini return statement, break statement, continue statement, end marker ledhaa vidhananni vadiliveyadaaniki upayoginchavacchu.
minahaayimpulu oka prakatana dwara levanettabadataayi mariyu oka handler thoo pattubadataayi, ledhaa, "prakriya vibhajana yokka bhaagamlo nirvachinchabadindi. declaratives anevi nirvahinchaalsina lopaalanu perkone prakatanatho praarambhamayye vibhagalu. minahaayimpulu paerlu ledhaa vastuvulu kaavacchu. minahaayimpunu levanettina tarvaata ledhaa minahaayimpu velupala unna vidhaanaaniki velladaaniki prakatanalo upayoginchabadutundi. itara bhashala maadirigaa kakunda, pattukoni minahaayimpulu prograamnu muginchakapovacchu mariyu programme prabhaavitam kakunda konasaagavacchu.
ii/oo.
file i/o anedi sweeya-vivarana, mariyu prakatanalatho paatu maroe mooduh, idhi rikaardunu naveekaristundi; idhi oka nirdishta keetho rikaardunu kanugonadam dwara access cheyadaaniki tadupari recordulanu enchukuntundi; mariyu, idhi access chesina chivari recordupy laaknu vidudala chestundi.
viniyogadaaru paraspara charya upayoginchadam dwara jarugutundi.
dayta taarumaaru.
eee krindi kriyalu daetaanu taarumaaru chestaih
faillu mariyu pattikalu upayoginchi kramabaddheekarinchabadataayi mariyu kriya faillanu vileenam chestundi mariyu kramabaddheekaristundi. kramabaddheekarinchina recordulanu kramabaddheekarinchadaaniki mariyu tirigi pondadaaniki eee kriya recordulanu andistundi.
paridhi mugimpu.
mariyu vanti konni prakatanalu, prakatanalanu kaligi undavacchu. atuvanti prakatanalanu rendu vidhaluga muginchavacchuhu oka vyavadhi (") dwara, idhi" anni "antam kaani prakatanalanu mugistundi, ledhaa oka paridhi mugimpu dwara, idhi sameepa saripolika bahiranga prakatnanu mugistundi.
chellani-rikaardu ayithe
 ekkuva recordulu lekapothe
 tadupari vaakyam
 vaerae
 record-file chadavandi
 chivariki noo-more-recordulanu nijamani sett cheyandi.
chellani-rikaardu ayithe
 ekkuva recordulu lekapothe
 konasaginchandi
 vaerae
 record-file chadavandi
 chivariki noo-more-recordulanu nijamani sett cheyandi
 mugimpu chadavandi
 mugimpu-iff
mugimpu-iff
oka kaalamtho muginchabadina samuuha prakatanalu doshaalaku saadhaarana muulam. udaaharanaku, eee krindi kodnu pariseelinchandih
x ayithe
 y nii pradarsinchandi.
 pradarsana z.
ikkada, paristhiti coque _ 21 nijamaithe coque _ 19 mariyu coque _ 20 pradarsinchadame uddesam. ayithe, coque _ 21 viluva emainappatiki coque _ 20 pradarsinchabadutundi endukante coque _ 1 statement taruvaata tappu vyavadhi dwara muginchabadutundi.
maroe bugg anedi velaadutunna itara samasya yokka phalitam, rendu coque _ 1 prakatanalu coque _ 26 thoo anubandhinchagalavu.
x ayithe
 okavela
 oka pradarsana
vaerae
 pradarsana bii.
paie bhaagamlo, coque _ 26 prakatanaku badulugaa prakatanatho anubandhistundi, idhi bugg kaligistundi. spashtamaina paridhi mugimpulanu pravesapettadaaniki mundu, daanini nirodhinchadaaniki lopali coque _ 1 tarvaata unchaalsina avasaram untundi.
sweeya-savarinche code.
asalu (1959) cobol vivarana aprasiddha prakatanaku maddatu ichindi, dheeni kosam chaalaa mandhi compilerlu sweeya-savarinche kodnu roopondinchaaru. coque _ 29 mariyu coque _ 30 anevi vidhana lebullu, mariyu prakriyaloo oke prakatana coque _ 29 atuvanti prakatana tarvaata amalu cheyabadutundi. aneka compilerlu ippatikee dheeniki maddatu istunnaayi, conny idhi 1985 cobol pramaanamloo vaadukalo ledani bhaavinchi 2002loe tolaginchabadindi.
eee prakatnanu sarigaa pariganinchaledu endukante idhi "sandarbham yokka sthaanaanni" balaheenaparichindi mariyu programme yokka mottam tarkaanni ardham chesukovadam kashtataram chesindi. paatyapustaka rachayita daniel dii. 1976loe mccracken ilaa vraasaadu, "intaku mundennadoo eee karyakramanni chuudani evarainaa veelainanta twaragaa, konnisaarlu klishtamaina samaya ottidilo, programme viphalamainanduna, daanitoe suparichitulai undaali... oka peraalo oka prakatnanu chudatam, idhi programme antataa teliyani pradaesaalaloo teliyani sankhyalo maarpu prakatanala unikini suuchistumdi, dhairyavanthudaina programmer hrudayamlo bhayanni kaligistundi."
halo, prapancham.
cobol loe "halo, varald" karyakramam
 gurtimpu vibhagam.
 programme-idi. halo-varald.
 prakriya vibhajana.
 halo, varald!" anie pradarsinchandi."
ippudu prasiddhi chendinappudu-"halo, prapancham!"sii prograaming longuage" loe programme udaaharana 1978loe modatisaari prachurinchabadindi, idhe vidhamaina mainframe cobol programme namuunaa jcl dwara samarpinchabadindi, bahusha punch card reader mariyu 80 kaalam punch kaardulanu upayoginchi. diguva jabita, "khaalii dayta vibhaagamto", linux mariyu system/370 herculus emulatornu upayoginchi pareekshinchabadindi, idhi mvs 3.8zhe nadustundi. juulai 2015loe raasina jcl, jay moseley nirvahinchina herculus tutorials mariyu namuunaala nundi teesukobadindi. aaa yugam yokka cobol prograamingnu drushtilo unchukuni, halo, prapancham anni pedda aksharaalalo pradarsinchabadutundi.
//cobuclug jaab (001), 'cobol bays test', 00010000
// taragati = a, msg class = a, msg sthaayi = (1,1) 00020000
//basetest execute cobuclug 00030000
//cobe.sisin dd * 00040000
 00000 * bays cobol install 00050000 yokka dhruveekarana
 1, 000 gurtimpu vibhagam. 000 60000
 01100 programme-idi. 'halo'. 00070000
 02000 paryaavarana vibhagam. 00080000
 02100 aakruteekarana vibhagam. 000900
 02110 muulam-computer. gnulinux. 00100000
 02120 object-computer. herculus. 00110000
 0200 pratyeka paerlu. 00120000
 02210 console anedi console. 00130000
 03000 dayta vibhagam. 00140000
 04000 prakriya vibhagam. 00150000
 04100 00-pradhana. 00160000
 04110 display 'halo, varald' aann kansal. 00170000
 04900 stop runn. 00180000
//visigipoyindi.syslib dd dsname = sys1.coblib, disp = shr 00190000
// dd dsname = sys1.linklib, disp = shri 00200000
//vellandi.sysprint dd sysout = a 00210000
// 00220000
jclnu samarpinchina tarvaata, mvs console pradarsinchabadutundih
 19.52.48 jaab 3 $100 cobuclug aann reader1 cobol bays test
 19.52.48 jaab 3 ief677i heccharika sandesam (luu) jaab cobuclug jaarii cheyabadindi
 19.52.48 udyogam 3 $hyash 373 cobuclug praarambhamaindi-init 1-class a-sys bsp1
 19.52.48 jaab 3 iec130i syspunch dd statement ledhu
 19.52.48 jaab 3 iec130i syslib dd statement ledhu
 19.52.48 jaab 3 iec130i syspunch dd statement ledhu
 19.52.48 jaab 3 ifactort-step name proxtape programme retcode
 19.52.48 jaab 3 cobucleg basetest cobe ikfcbl00 rc = 0000
 19.52.48 jaab 3 cobucleg basetest elked ive arsi = 0000
 19.52.48 jaab 3 + halo, varald
 19.52.48 jaab 3 cobucleg bays test pgm = *.dd rc = 0000
 19.52.48 udyogam 3 $hyash395 cobuclug mugisindi
"paina perkonna console jabita yokka line 10 prabhavam kosam highlight cheyabadindi, highlight cheyadam anedi vaastava console avutputlo bhaagam kaadu".
anubandha compiler jabita saanketika vivaralu mariyu jaab runn samacharam yokka naalugu paejeelaku paiga utpatti cheyabadindi, cobol yokka 14 linela nundi oke line avtput kosam.
reception.
nirmaanam lekapovadam.
1970laloe, nirmaanaatmaka prograaming namuunaanu sweekarinchadam marinta vistrutamgaa maarindi. pramukha computer shaastravetta ayina edger dijkstra, 1975loe prachurinchabadina acm communications editarku "baadha kaliginche satyaalanu manam elaa chebutamu?" anae sheershikato oka lekha raasaaru.", dheenilo athanu cobol mariyu aneka itara samakaaleena bhashalanu vimarsinchaadu;" cobol vadakam manassunu angavaikalyam chestundi "anie vyakhyaaninchaadu.
dijkstra vyaakhyalapai prachurinchina asammati loe, computer shaastravetta howard ii. nirmaanaatmaka cobol baga bodhinchina prayojanam ennadoo laeni prograamarlu vrasinatluga nirmaanaatmaka cobol undani tompkins paerkonnaaru, eee samasya pradhanamgaa sikshanalo okati anie vaadinchaaru.
spagetti code yokka oka kaaranam prakatana. ayithe, cobol code nundi s lanu tolaginche prayatnaala phalitamgaa prograamlu chikkukunnayi mariyu code naanhyata taggindi. modular prograamingnu prothsahinchi, saktivantamaina looping soukaryaalaku sulabhamgaa praapyatanu andinche prakatana mariyu vidhaanaala dwara ekkuvagaa bharti cheyabaddaayi. ayithe, loop bodylu upayoginchina chota undakunda undataaniki, prograamlanu ardham chesukovadam kashtataram cheyadaaniki, vidhaanaalatho matrame upayoginchavacchu.
cobol karyakramalu ekasila mariyu modularization lekapovadam valla apakhyaati palayyayi.
cobol kodnu vidhaanaala dwara matrame modularise cheyavachu, ivi pedda vyavasthalaku saripovani kanugonabaddayi. daetaaku praapyatanu parimitam cheyadam asadhyam, antey oka vidhanam dayta amsaanni access cheyavachu mariyu savarinchavachhu. inca, oka vidhaanaaniki paaraamitulanu paas cheyadaaniki maargam ledhu, oka minahaayimpu samiti yokka atipedda porapatuga pariganinchabadindi.
maroka samasya anedi nirdishta kramam vidhaanaala saamarthyam nundi udbhavinchindi. dheeni ardham niyantrana anedi edainaa prakriya nundi tirigi raavacchu, idhi chikkaina niyantrana pravahanni srushtistundi mariyu programmer single-entry single-egjit niyamanni vichchinnam cheyadaaniki anumatistundi.
cobol marinta lakshanaalanu sweekarinchadamtho eee paristhiti merugupadindi. cobol-74 upaprograamulanu jodinchindi, prograamarlaku programme yokka prati bhaagam access cheyagala daetaanu niyantrinche saamarthyaanni istundi. cobol-85 appudu samuuha upaprograamulanu jodinchindi, prograamarlu upaprograamulanu daachadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. 2002loe object-oriented prograaming, user-defined functionlu mariyu user-defined dayta rakalanu cherchinappudu dayta mariyu kodpai marinta niyantrana vachindi.
ayinappatikee, chaalaa mukhyamaina legacy cobol software nirmaanaatmaka kodnu upayogistundi, idhi aacharanatmakamgaa nirvahinchabadadu. code yokka saadhaarana vibhaganni kooda savarinchadam chaalaa pramaadakaramainadi mariyu khareedainadi kaavacchu, endukante idhi teliyani pradaesaala nundi teliyani margallo upayoginchabadavachhu.
anukuulata samasyalu.
cobol atyanta portable, "saadhaarana" bhashaga uddesinchabadindi. ayithe, 2001 natiki, sumaru 300 maandalikaalu srushtinchabaddaayi. maandalikaala yokka oka muulam pramanameh 1974 pramaanam oka tappanisari kendrakam mariyu padakondu kriyaatmaka maadyuullatoe koodi undhi, prati okkati rendu ledhaa moodu sthaayila maddatunu kaligi undhi. idhi 104,976 sambhaavya vaividhyaalanu anumatinchindi.
cobol-85 munupati samskaranalatho puurtigaa anukuulamgaa ledhu, mariyu daani abhivruddhi vivadaspadamga undhi. joseph tii. travellers insurance yokka sioo ayina broffey, kotta pramaanaanni amalu cheyadaaniki bhaarii reprogramming kharchula gurinchi cobol viniyogadaarulaku teliyajese prayatnaaniki naayakatvam vahinchindi. phalitamgaa, ansi cobol kamiteeki prajala nundi 2,200 kante ekkuva lekhalu vachayi, ekkuvagaa pratikuulamgaa, kamitee maarpulu cheyavalasi vachindi. marovaipu, cobol-85kii marpidi cheyadam valla bhavishyat samvatsaraallo utpaadakata perugutundani bhaavinchaaru, tadwara marpidi kharchulanu samarthinchaaru.
kriyaatmaka vaakyanirmaanam.
cobol vaakyanirmaanam tarachugaa daani sabdabaddhata kosam vimarsinchabadindi. code sweeya-documentation, programme nirvahananu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki idhi uddesinchabadindani pratipaadakulu chebutunnaru. prograamarlu neerchukoevadaaniki mariyu upayoginchadaaniki sulabhamgaa undataaniki cobol kooda uddesinchabadindi, ayithe nirvaahakula vanti saanketika-kaani sibbandiki chadavagaligedigaa undhi.
chadavagalige korika aanglam lanty vaakyanirmaanam mariyu namavachakalu, kriyalu, upavaakyaalu, vakyalu, vibhagalu mariyu vibhagalu vanti nirmaanaatmaka amsaala vaadakaaniki daariteesindi. ayinappatikee 1984 natiki, cobol kaaryakramaala nirvaahakulu "apaaramaina" kodnu edurkovataniki kashtapadutunnaru mariyu nirvahananu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki cobol-85loe pradhana maarpulu unnaayi.
zeane summate, oka swalpa shreni kamitee sabhyudu, "professional prograamarnu teerchadaaniki chaalaa takkuva prayatnam jarigindi, vaastavaaniki prograaming anae pradhana aasakti unna vyaktulu cobol patla chaalaa asantruptigaa untaaru" anie paerkonnaaru, idhi cobol yokka kriyaatmaka vaakyanirmaanaaniki kaaranamani aame perkondi.
computer sains community nundi verucheyadam.
cobol community ellappuduu computer sains community nundi verucheyabadindi. cobol roopakalpanalo yea vidya computer saastravettalu palgonaledu kamiteelo unna vaarandaruu vaanijyam ledhaa prabhutvam nundi vacchaaru. aaa samayamlo computer saastravettalu cobol abhivruddhini parishkarinche vaanijya file-prosessing samasyala kante sankhya vislaeshanha, bhouthika shaastram mariyu system prograaming vanti rangaalapai ekkuva aasakti chuupaaru. zeane summet cobol yokka aprasiddhatanu daani asamarthatha, roopakalpana prakriyaloo palgone prabhaavavantamaina computer saastravettala lekapovadam mariyu vyapara dayta prosessing patla tiraskaaram kaaranamgaa prarambha "snobe reaction" kuu aapaadinchindi. cobol vivarana anedi kamiteeki teliyani kotta byakasa-noor roopam kante daani vaakyanirmanaanni nirvachinchadaaniki oka pratyaekamaina "sangnaamaanam" ledhaa loha bhashanu upayoginchindi. dheeni phalitamgaa "teevramaina" vimarsalu vachayi.
taruvaata, cobol daanini kappi unche padaarthaala koratato baadhapadindi; parichaya pustakaalu kanipinchadaaniki 1963 varaku pattindi (richard dii. 1966loe irvin cobol paie oka kalaasaala paatyapustakaanni prachurinchaadu). 1985 natiki, congress librarylo kobolpai kante rendu retlu ekkuva pustakaalu mariyu naalugu retlu ekkuva pustakaalu unnaayi. vishwavidyaalaya professorlu "vaanijya paatasaala" swabhaavaanni kaligi unnaarani cheppabade kobolku badulugaa marinta aadhunika, atyaadhunika bhashalu mariyu paddhatulanu bodhinchaaru. kodasil cobol kamitee chairman ayina donald nelson 1984loe "vidyaavaettalu" anie annaru... kopolnu dveshinchandi "mariyu computer sains graduatelu" vaarilo 'dweshapurita cobol' nuu travvaaru ".
1980la madhya natiki, itara bhashala viniyogadaarula nundi vyapara samaajamlo cobol patla gananeeyamaina nigraham kooda undhi, udaaharanaku fortran ledhaa assembly, idhi koobaalnu savaalu cheyani samasyalaku matrame upayoginchavacchani suuchistumdi.
2003loe, samyukta rashtraalalo samachara vyavasthala paatyaamsaallo 80 saatam, sii + + mariyu jaavaaku samaanamaina nishpattilo cobol pradarsinchabadindi. padhi samvatsaraala taruvaata, micro phocus dwara nirvahinchina oka sarvelo 20 saatam vishwavidyaalaya vidyaavaettalu cobol paatadani ledhaa chanipoyinatlu bhaavinchaarani, 55 saatam mandhi tama vidyaarthulu cobol paatadani ledhaa chanipoyinatlu bhaavinchaarani kanugonnaru. adhe pole prakaram, kevalam 25 saatam mandhi vidyaavaettalu matrame tama paatyaamsaallo cobol prograaming kaligi unnaarani, ayithe 60 saatam mandhi vaaru daanini bodhinchaalani bhaavinchaaru.
design prakriya gurinchi aandolana.
pramaanaala kamitee saamarthyam gurinchi sandehaalu levanettabaddaayi. swalpakaalika kamitee sabhyudu howard bromberg matladutu, abhivruddhi prakriyapai "takkuva niyantrana" undani, idhi "sibbandi mariyu sibbandi yokka nilipivethatho badhapaduthondani" annaru... pratibha lekapovadam."zeane summate mariyu gerom garfunkel kooda praamaanikam yokka oka savaranalo pravesapettina maarpulu taduparidi tirigi ivvabadataayani, praamaanika kamiteelo evaru unnarane maarpula kaaranamgaa vastunishtha sakshyam kooda anie paerkonnaaru.
cobol pramaanaalu padepade alasyam valla badhapaddaih cobol-85 aasinchina daanikante aidu samvatsaraala taruvaata vachindi, cobol 2002 aidu samvatsaraala alasyam, mariyu cobol 2014 aaru samvatsaraala alasyam. aalasyalanu edurkovadaniki, praamaanika kamitee aichhika anubandhaanni srushtinchadaaniki anumatinchindi, idhi tadupari praamaanika savarana kosam vechi undatam kante marinta twaragaa lakshanaalanu jodistundi. ayithe, kontamandi kamitee sabhyulu amalu mariyu pramaanaala yokka tarachugaa maarpula madhya ananukuulatala gurinchi aandolana vyaktam chesaaru.
itara bhaashalapai prabhavam chooputundi.
cobol yokka dayta nirmaanaalu tadupari prograaming bhashalanu prabhaavitam chesaayi. daani rikaardu mariyu file nirmaanam pl/i mariyu paaskalnu prabhaavitam chesindi, mariyu coque _ 32 claz pascal yokka roopaantara recordulaku mundunnadi. spashtamaina file nirmaanam nirvachanalu database nirvahana vyavasthala abhivruddhiki mundu mariyu samagra dayta fortran yokka shrenula kante gananeeyamaina purogati.
chinna maarpulatoe, coque _ 16 dayta declarations pl/iloe cherchabaddaayi.
cobol soukaryam, "aadimamainadi" gaa pariganhinchabadinappatiki, include directives abhivruddhini prabhaavitam chesindi.
portability mariyu praamaaneekaranapai drushti pettadam antey kobollo vraayabadina prograamlu portable kaavacchu mariyu bhashanu aneka rakaala hardware platformlu mariyu operating systemlaku vyaapti cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. adanamgaa, baga nirvachinchabadina vibhajana nirmaanam paryaavarana vibhajanaku bahya suuchanala nirvachananni parimitam chestundi, idhi mukhyamgaa vedika maarpulanu sulabhataram chestundi.