
sainyam

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samishtiga saayudha dalaalu anie kooda piluvabade sainyam, pradhanamgaa yuddham kosam uddesinchina bhaarii saayudha, atyanta vyavastheekruta dalam. idhi saadhaaranamgaa oka saarvabhouma raajyanche adhikaram pondhi nirvahinchabadutundi, daani sabhyulu vaari pratyaekamaina sainika unifam dwara gurtinchabadataru. idhi sainyam, naavikaadalam, vaimanika dalam, antariksha dalam, naavikaadalam ledhaa coast gaard vanti okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva sainika saakhalanu kaligi undavacchu. sainyam yokka pradhana pani saadhaaranamgaa bahya saayudha bedirimpulaku vyatiraekamgaa rashtra rakshana mariyu daani prayojanaalugaa nirvachinchabadutundi.
vistrutamgaa upayoginchetappudu, "saayudha dalaalu" mariyu "sainyam" anae padaalanu tarachugaa paryayapadaluga pariganistaaru, ayithe saanketika viniyogamlo konnisaarlu oka desham yokka saayudha dalaalu daani sainika mariyu itara paramilitary dalaalanu kaligi undavacchani oka vyatyaasam cheyabadutundi. gurtimpu pondina raashtraaniki chendinavi kaani vividha rakaala kramarahita sainika dalaalu unnaayi; avi saadhaarana sainika dalaalatoe aneka lakshanaalanu panchukunnappatiki, vaatini takkuva tarachugaa "sainika" anie pilustaaru.
sainika gruhalu, paatasaalalu, viniyogaalu, logistics, aasupatrulu, nyaya sevalu, aahara utpatti, aardhika mariyu banking sevalu vanti ankitamaina moulika sadupaayaalato oka desham yokka sainyam vivikta saamaajika upasamskrutigaa panicheyavacchu. yuddhaaniki minchi, antargata bhadrata bedirimpulu, janasamuuha niyantrana, raajakeeya ejendaalanu prothsahinchadam, atyavasara sevalu mariyu punarnirmaanam, corporate aardhika prayojanaalanu parirakshinchadam, saamaajika vedukalu mariyu jaateeya gourava gaardulatoe sahaa raashtramlo adanapu manjuru cheyabadina mariyu manjuru cheyani vidhullo sainyanni niyaminchavacchu.
sainyamlo bhaagamgaa sainikudi vrutti namodu cheyabadina charitra kante puraatanamainadi. praacheena kaalaaniki chendina atyanta saasvatamaina konni chitraalu daani sainika nayakula saktini, paraakramaalanu varnistaayi. kristupurvam 1274loe jarigina kadesh yuddham rendava faroe ramases paalanalo nirvachinche amsaalalo okati, mariyu athani smaaraka chihnalu daanini baas-releaflo gurtuchestayi. veyyi samvatsaraala taruvaata, ekikruta chaina modati chakravarthy, kinn shhi huwang, thana sainika saktitoe devullanu aakattukovaalani entha nischayinchukunnaaro, athanu terrakota sainikula sainyamtho khananam cheyabaddaadu.
romanlu sainika vishayaalapai gananeeyamaina shraddha chuupaaru, eee amsampai aneka grandhaalu mariyu rachanalu, alaage aneka vilaasavantamgaa chekkina vijaya thoranaalu mariyu vijaya stambhaalanu bhavishyat taragatiki vadilivesaaru.
vyutpatti mariyu nirvachanalu.
aanglamlo "military" anae padaanni mottamodata namodu cheyabadina upayogam 1582loe jarigindi. idhi latin (latin nundi) nundi french dwara vachindi, conny anischita sabdavyutpatti shaastram kaligi undhi, oka suuchana "* mill-itt-" nundi teesukobadindi-sareeram ledhaa dravyaraasilo velladam.
namavachakamga, sainyam saadhaaranamgaa oka desham yokka saayudha dalaalanu suuchistumdi, ledhaa konnisaarlu, marinta pratyaekamgaa, vaariki aadesinche senior adhikaarulanu suuchistumdi. saadhaaranamgaa, idhi saayudha dalaala bhautikata, vaari sibbandi, parikaraalu mariyu vaaru aakraminchina bhouthika praantaanni suuchistumdi.
oka visaeshanhamgaa, sainyam modata sainikulu mariyu sainikulanu matrame suuchistumdi, conny idhi saadhaaranamgaa bhuu dalaalaku mariyu vaari vruttiki sambandhinchina deenikainaa vartinchela vistarinchindi. raayal military academy (1741) mariyu united states military academy (1802) rendinti paerlu dheenini pratibimbistaayi. ayithe, nepolian yuddhaala samayamlo, "sainika seva", "sainika nigha" mariyu "sainika charitra" vanti mottam saayudha dalaalaku sambandhinchi "sainyam" upayoginchadam praarambhamaindi. anduvalla, idhi ippudu saayudha dhala sibbandi chese edainaa karyakalapalanu suuchistumdi.
charitra.
sainika charitranu tarachugaa anni sangharshanhala charitragaa pariganistaaru, kevalam rashtra sainika charitra matrame kaadu. idhi yuddha charitraku kontha bhinnamgaa untundi, sainika charitra prajalu mariyu yuddha nirmaana samsthalapai drushti saarinchindi, ayithe yuddha charitra maarutunna saanketikata, prabhutvaalu mariyu bhougolika paristhitula nepathyamlo yuddha parinaamampai drushti pedutundi.
sainika charitraku aneka koonaalu unnaayi. oka pradhana amsam emitante, bhavishyattulo marinta samarthavantamgaa yuddham cheyadaaniki, gatha vijayalu mariyu tappula nundi neerchukoevadam. marokati sainika sampradaayam yokka bhavanni srushtinchadam, idhi samanvaya sainika dalaalanu srushtinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. ayinappatikee, yuddhaalanu marinta samarthavantamgaa nivaarinchadam neerchukoevadam marokati kaavacchu. sainyam gurinchi maanava ghnaanam ekkuvagaa sainika sangharshanhalu (yuddham), vaari palgone sainyalu mariyu naavikaadalaalu mariyu iteevala, vaimanika dalaala yokka namodu cheyabadina mariyu moukhika charitra rendintipai aadharapadi untundi.
samstha.
sibbandi mariyu unitlu.
sainika saanketika parignaanam yokka praamukhyata perugutunnappatiki, sainika karyakalapalu annintikante ekkuvagaa prajalapai aadharapadi untaayi. udaaharanaku, 2000loe british sainyam ilaa prakatinchindih "manishi ippatikee yuddhaaniki modati ayudham."
rank mariyu paatra.
sainika samstha sainika hodaato vibhajinchabadina command sopanakramam dwara vargeekarinchabadutundi, ryaankulanu saadhaaranamgaa (adhikaram yokka avarohana kramamlo) adhikaruluga vargeekaristaaru (udhaa.zii. kalnal), commission kaani adhikarulu (udhaa.zii. sargent), mariyu atyalpa hodaalo unna sibbandi (udhaa.zii. private). senior adhikarulu vyuuhaatmaka nirnayaalu teesukuntunnappudu, adheena sainika sibbandi (sainikulu, naavikulu, naavikulu ledhaa vaimanika sibbandi) vaatini neraverustaaru. rank sheershikalu sainika saakha mariyu deshaanni batti maarutuu unnappatikee, rank sopanakramam prapanchavyaaptamgaa anni rashtra saayudha dalaalaku saadhaaranam.
vaari hodaato paatu, sibbandi aneka vaanijya paatralalo okadaanni aakramistaaru, ivi tarachugaa yuddha karyakalapalapai paatra yokka sainika panula swabhaavam prakaram vargeekarinchabadataayih yuddha paatralu (udhaa.zii. padaatidalam), poraata sahayaka paatralu (udhaa.zii. poraata injaneerlu), mariyu yuddha seva sahayaka paatralu (udhaa.zii. logistical maddatu).
niyaamakaalu.
rashtram enchukunna vyavasthanu batti sibbandini niyaminchavacchu ledhaa niyaminchavacchu. sainika sibbandilo ekkuva mandhi purushulu; mahilaa sibbandilo minority nishpatti antarjaateeyamgaa maarutuu untundi (bhaaratadesamlo sumaru 3 saatam, yukelo 10 saatam, sweedanlo 13 saatam, uslo 16 saatam, dakshinaafrikaalo 27 saatam). moodinta rendu vantula rashtraalu ippudu peddavaarini matrame niyaminchukuntunnaayi ledhaa niyaminchukuntunnaayi, 2017 natiki 50 rashtraalu ippatikee tama saayudha dalaalalo sibbandigaa 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pillalapai (saadhaaranamgaa 16 ledhaa 17 samvatsaraala vayassu) paakshikamgaa aadharapaddaayi.
adhikaruluga cherina niyaamakaalu paiki kadilevigaa untaayi, ayithe namodu chesukunna chaalaa mandhi sibbandi saapeksha saamaajika-aardhika laemi yokka baalya nepathyam kaligi untaaru. udaaharanaku, 1973loe samyukta rashtraalu nirbandha sainika niyamakanni nilipivesina taruvaata, "sainyam african american purushulu, takkuva-sthaayi saamaajika-aardhika nepathyaalaku chendina purushulu, vidyaavaetara unnata paatasaala karyakramalalo unna purushulu mariyu unnata paatasaala taragatulu takkuvagaa unna purushulanu asamanamga aakarshinchindi". ayithe, 2020loe us saamaajika-aardhika nepathyaalapai oka adhyayanam vidudala cheyabadindi.ess. tallidandrula aadaayam, tallidandrula sampada mariyu abhignaa saamardhyalu vanti saamaajika-aardhika suuchikalaku sambandhinchi saayudha dalaala sibbandi pourula janabha kante samanamga ledhaa konchem ekkuvagaa unnaarani suuchistunnaaru. saanketika, vyuuhaatmaka, kaaryaacharana mariyu siddhaantaparamaina maarpulu sibbandi demandlo maarpuku daariteesaayani adhyayanam kanugondi. inca, atyanta venukabadina saamaajika-aardhika samuuhaalu aadhunika yuu yokka avasaralanu teerchagala avakaasam takkuvagaa undani adhyayanam suuchistumdi.ess. sainyam.
baadhyatala.
sainika upaadhi yokka baadhyatalu chaalaa unnaayi. puurti samayam sainika udyogaaniki saadhaaranamgaa kaneesam aneka samvatsaraala seva avasaram; rendu nundi aaru samvatsaraala madhya australia, yuke mariyu yueslaloni saayudha dalaalaku vilakshanamainadi, udaaharanaku, paatra, saakha mariyu ranknu batti. konni saayudha dalaalu saadhaaranamgaa sikshana samayamlo, niyaamakaalu saayudha dalaanni vadili vellae avakaasam unnappudu, oka chinna utsarga vindoonu anumatistaayi. pratyamnaayamgaa, reserve servies anie piluvabade paart time military upaadhi, vaaraantaallo sainika kramasikshanalo sikshana pondutuu poura udyogaanni nirvahinchadaaniki niyamakanni anumatistundi; puurti samayam sibbandini bharti cheyadaaniki operationlalo moharinchadaaniki atanni ledhaa aamenu pilavavacchu. saayudha dalaalanu vidichipettina taruvaata, operationlalo sikshana ivvadaaniki ledhaa moharinchadaaniki puurti samayam sainika udyogaaniki tappanisarigaa tirigi raavadaaniki niyaamakaalu baadhyata vahinchavachhu.
poura nyaayasthaanaalu gurtinchani neeraalanu sainika chattam pravesapedutundi, avi selavu lekunda lekapovadam (avol), parityaagam, raajakeeya charyalu, narahatya, agouravamgaa pravartinchadam mariyu avidheyata (udaaharanaku, united kingdamlo sainika chattaniki vyatiraekamgaa neeraalu chudandi). kortu marshal tarvaata aneka samvatsaraala jailu siksha varaku jarimaanaalu untaayi. sangha swechchatho sahaa konni hakkulu kooda parimitam cheyabaddaayi ledhaa nilipiveyabaddaayi (udhaa.zii. union organizing) mariyu vaak swaatantyram (mediatho matladatam). konni deshaalalo sainika sibbandi oka uttarvu anaitikamainadi ledhaa chattaviruddhamainadi anie vishwasisthe ledhaa manchi manassakshito daanini amalu cheyalekapothe manassakshiga abhyantaram cheppe hakku kaligi untaaru.
sibbandini kaaryaacharana avasaraniki anugunamgaa vaari swadesamloni ledhaa videshaalalo unna sthaavaraalaku niyaminchavacchu mariyu aaa sthaavaraala nundi vyayamalu ledhaa kaaryakalaapaalaku niyaminchavacchu. shanti samayamlo, sainika sibbandi saadhaaranamgaa rakshana dalaalu ledhaa itara shaashwata sainika soukaryaalalo unnappudu, vaaru paripalana panulu, sikshana mariyu vidya karyakalapalu, saanketika nirvahana mariyu niyamakanni nirvahistaaru.
sikshana.
prarambha sikshanaa paristhitulu sainika jeevitam yokka demandla kosam niyaminchabadataayi, indulo itarulanu gaayaparachadaaniki mariyu champadaaniki samsiddhata, mariyu paripokunda praanaantaka pramaadaanni edurkovadam vantivi untaayi. idhi saareerakamgaa mariyu maanasikamgaa teevramaina prakriya, idhi sainika demandla yokka pratyeka swabhaavam kosam niyamakalanu tirigi saanghikeekaristundi. udaaharanakuh
telivitaetalu.
tadupari avasaram emitante, sainyam edurkonavalasina sambhaavya bedirimpulanu gurtinchadam anedi chaalaa praathamika avasaram. eee prayojanam kosam, konni commanding dalaalu mariyu itara sainika, alaage tarachugaa poura sibbandi eee bedirimpulanu gurtinchadamlo palgontaru. idhi okesari oka samstha, oka vyavastha mariyu samishtiga military intelligence (mii) anie piluvabade prakriya.
sainika nigha bhavanalu mariyu sainika nigha paddhatulanu upayoginchadamlo ibbandi vaaru korukune samacharam yokka gopyata yokka swabhaavam, mariyu sangharshananu penchadam, poraataanni praarambhinchadam ledhaa dandayaatra kosam pranaalikalu emito pondadamlo nigha kaaryakartalu rahasyamgaa panichese swabhaavam.
bhavishyat sambhaavya duraakramanadaarula sainika saamarthyaanni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki, mariyu dalaala poolika cheyagala kaarakaalanu ardham chesukovadaniki sahayapade poraata namuunaanu andinchadaaniki sainika nigha paatralo oka mukhyamaina bhaagam sainika vislaeshanha. idhi "chaina mariyu bharatadesam prapanchamlone atipedda saayudha dalaalanu nirvahistunnaayi" ledhaa "yuu.ess. sainyanni prapanchamlone atyanta saktivantamainadigaa pariganistaaru "anie annaru.
teevravaadulu ledhaa pratighatana udyamaalu vanti poraatamlo nimagnamaina konni samuuhaalu tamanu taamu sainika padajaalaanni upayoginchukunnappatiki, mukhyamgaa 'sainyam' ledhaa 'front', eee suuchananu samarthinchadaaniki yea okkariki jaateeya sainyam yokka nirmaanam ledhu, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa bayati jaateeya sainikula maddatupai aadhaarapadavalasi untundi. vaaru tama nijamaina saamardhyaalanu naa nundi daachadaaniki mariyu sambhaavya saiddhaantika niyamakalanu aakattukovadaaniki kooda eee padaalanu upayogistaaru.
jaateeya rakshana vidhananni amalu cheyadamlo sainika nigha pratinidhulanu palgonadam mukhyam, endukante gurtinchina bedirimpula vaastavaalato poliste, idhi vidhaanampai aasinchina vyuuhaatmaka lakshyampai modati prativaadi mariyu vyaakhyaata avutundi. nigha nivedikalanu vidhaanamtho polchinappudu, adhikarulu mariyu vaari adheena sainikulaku sainika vetanam mariyu vaariki sainika soukaryaalu mariyu sainika maddatu sevalanu nirvahinchadaaniki ayye kharchuku minchi vanarulanu ketayinchadanni jaateeya naayakatvam pariganinchagaladu.
aardhikasaastram.
rakshana aardhikasaastram anedi sainikulanu vanarulugaa mariyu nilabettukovadaaniki, yuddhamtho sahaa sainika kaaryakalaapaalaku aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki chese aardhika mariyu dravya prayatnaalu.
sainika budgetnu nirnayinchadam dwara vanarulanu ketayinche prakriya nirvahinchabadutundi, dheenini sainyamlooni sainika aardhika samstha nirvahistundi. sainika sekarana appudu saantikaalamlo shaashwata sthaavaram vadda ledhaa sthaanika janabha nundi poraata praantamloo sainyaniki vastuvulu mariyu sevalanu konugolu cheyadaaniki ledhaa oppandam kudurchukovadaniki adhikaram kaligi untundi.
saamarthya abhivruddhi.
saamardhya abhivruddhi, tarachugaa sainika 'balam' gaa suuchistaaru, idhi maanavajaatiki telisina atyanta sanklishtamaina karyakalapalalo okati; endukante dheeniki nirnayinchaalsina avasaram undih gurtinchina bedirimpulanu edurkovadaniki vyuuhaatmaka, kaaryaacharana mariyu vyuuhaatmaka saamarthya avasaralu; pondina saamardhyaalanu upayoginche vyuuhaatmaka, kaaryaacharana mariyu vyuuhaatmaka siddhaantaalu; siddhaantaalanu amalu cheyadamlo nimagnamaina bhavanalu, paddhatulu mariyu vyavasthalanu gurtinchadam; yuddhamlo vaati upayogam kosam tagina parimaanamlo mariyu naanhyathatho veetini utpatti chese tayaareedaarula kosam roopakalpana vivaranalanu srushtinchadam; bhavanalu, paddhatulu mariyu vyavasthalanu konugolu cheyadam; bhavanalu, paddhatulu mariyu vyavasthalanu atyanta samarthavantamgaa mariyu samarthavantamgaa upayoginche dalaala nirmaanaanni srushtinchadam; sainika vidya, sikshana mariyu abhyasanni andinchadam dwara eee bhavanalu, paddhatulu mariyu vyavasthalanu shakti nirmaanamloo ekikrutam cheyadam; uddesinchina yuddha vaataavaranaanni pooli unde sainika vyavasthala nirantara mariyu nirantaraaya paniteerunu anumatinchadaaniki sainika logistics vyavasthalanu srushtinchadam; aarogya sevala nirvahana, nirvahana, sibbandi yokka nilvalu mariyu debbatinna parikaraala punaruddharana, chivaraku yuddhaanantaram, punaruddharana, debbatinna sibbandi yokka nilvalu, punaruddharana, punaruddharana, punaruddharana, punaruddharana, punaru
sainika siddhaantam abhivruddhi bahusha anni saamardhya abhivruddhi karyakalapalalo atyanta mukhyamainadi, endukante idhi sangharshanhalalo sainika dalaalanu elaa upayoginchaalo, yuddham, pracharam, yuddham, nischitaartham mariyu charya yokka spashtamaina lakshyalu mariyu lakshyalanu saadhinchadaaniki tagina sainika naipunhyam kaligina, saayudha mariyu sannaddhamaina sibbandini niyaminchadaaniki command upayoginche bhavanalu mariyu paddhatulanu nirnayistundi. vyuuham mariyu vyuuhaala madhya rekha sulabhamgaa aspashtamgaa undadu, ayithe charchinchabadutunnadi emito nirnayinchadam konnisaarlu kontamandi vyaakhyaatalu mariyu sainika charitrakaarula vyaktigata teerpu vishayamgaa undedi. vyuuhaatmaka mariyu vyuuhaatmaka madhya samstha sthaayilo dalaala vadakanni kaaryaacharana chalanasheelata antaaru.
sains.
sainyam upayoginche chaalaa bhavanalu mariyu paddhatulu, mariyu daani aneka vyavasthalu vaanijya saakhalalo kanipinchavu kabatti, chaalaa varaku padaarthaalu sainika shaastra samsthalachae mottam sainika nirmaanamloo aayudhagaaraalalo chaerchadaaniki parisoedhana cheyabadataayi, roopondinchabadataayi, abhivruddhi cheyabadataayi mariyu andinchabadataayi. anduvalla sainika saastravettalu saayudha dalaala yokka anni aayudhalu mariyu sevalatho mariyu sainika sopanakramam yokka anni sthaayilalo sankarshana chendutaaru.
sainika manastatvasaastram, mukhyamgaa poraata ottidi mariyu adhi dalaala manosthairyaanni elaa prabhaavitam chestundane daanipai parisoedhanaku sambandhinchinappatikii, tarachugaa sainika shaastra karyakalapalalo ekkuva bhaagam sainika nigha saanketikata, sainika samachara marpidi mariyu parisoedhana dwara sainika saamarthyaanni meruguparachadam vaipu drushti saaristaaru. aayudhalu, sainika sahayaka parikaraalu mariyu saadhaaranamgaa sainika saanketika parignaanam yokka roopakalpana, abhivruddhi mariyu namuunaa kooda chaalaa krushini pettubadi pette praantam-indulo prapancha communication netvarklu mariyu vimaana vahakalu nundi paint mariyu aaharam varaku pratidee untundi.
logistics.
eee saamarthyaanni yuddha kaaryakalaapaalaku upayoginchalekapothe, sainika saamarthyaanni kaligi unte saripodu. dheenini saadhinchadaaniki, sainika sarafara golusu nirvahana, viniyoga vastuvulu mariyu dalaala muuladhana parikaraala dalaala logistics nirvahana mariyu logistics pranaalika kosam sainika logistics upayoginchabadutundi.
sainika truckula nundi, shaashwata sainika sthaavaram nundi panichese container naukala varaku, vividha ravana vidhaanaalanu upayoginchi pampinhee chese saadhanamgaa sainika ravaanaaku ekkuvagaa sambandhinchinappatikii, indulo poraata john venuka bhaagamlo kshetra sarafara dumplanu srushtinchadam mariyu nirdishta unit yokka vyuuhaatmaka baadhyata praantamloo forward sarafara paayintlanu kooda kaligi untundi.
lopabhooyishtamaina mariyu padubadina vahanalu mariyu aayudhaala recovery, polamlo aayudhaala nirvahana, aayudhalu mariyu parikaraala marammattu mariyu kshetra savarana vanti sainika injaneering sevalanu andinchadaaniki kooda eee sarafara kendraalu upayoginchabadataayi; mariyu saantikaalamlo, parikaraala nirantara viniyogaanni anumatinchadaaniki chepattina jeevita-podigimpu karyakramalu. logistics yokka atyanta mukhyamaina paatralalo okati praathamika rakam viniyogayogyamaina aayudhaala sarafara, vaati nilva mariyu paaraveyadam.
poraatamlo.
sainyam unikiki praathamika kaaranam, jaateeya rakshana vidhanam prakaram alaa cheyavalasi vasthe, yuddhamlo palgonadam mariyu gelavadam. idhi edainaa sainyam yokka samsthaagata lakshyanni suuchistumdi, mariyu sainika charitra dwara sainika aalochanaku praathamika drushti. vijayam elaa saadhinchabadutundi, adhi yea aakaraanni teesukuntundi, anni kakapoyina, moodu sthaayilalo unna sainika samuuhaalu chaalaa mandhi adhyayanam chestaaru.
vyuuhaatmaka vijayam.
sainika vyuuham anedi yuddhalu mariyu sainika pracharalalo dalaala nirvahananu commander-inn-cheef chetha nirvahinchadam, jaateeya mariyu anubandhamgaa pedda sainika dalaalanu ledhaa sainyam, naavikaadalam mariyu vaimanika dalaala yokka bhagalu; sainika samuuhaalu, naukaadala naukaadalaalu mariyu pedda sankhyalo vimanalu. sainika vyuuham anedi sainika aadesam yokka aandolanalaku velupala sahaa phalitaala chikkula gurinchi vistruta drukpathamtho, pooraatakaarula vidhanam yokka deerghakaalika anchanaa. sainika vyuuham anedi kshetra dalaala nirvahana mariyu vaati madhya poraatam kante yuddham mariyu pranaalika yokka sarafara gurinchi ekkuvagaa untundi. vyuuhaatmaka sainika pranaalika yokka paridhi vaaraala paatu undavacchu, conny chaalaa tarachugaa nelalu ledhaa samvatsaraalu kooda untundi.
kaaryaacharana vijayam.
kaaryaacharana chalanasheelata anedi, yuddham mariyu sainika siddhaantamlo, vyuuhaala yokka suukshma vivaraalanu vyuuham yokka vistruta lakshyaalato samanvayam chese command sthaayi. kaaryaacharana kala anedi oka saadhaarana paryaayapadamgaa undhi.
kaaryaacharana sthaayi anedi oka sthaayi kante peddadi, ikkada drushti rekha mariyu roeju samayam mukhyamainavi, mariyu vyuuhaatmaka sthaayi kante chinnadi, ikkada utpatti mariyu rajakeeyaalu parigananaloki teesukobadataayi. nirmaanaalu tamantata taamugaa karyakalapalanu nirvahinchagaligite, mariyu neerugaa nirvahinchadaaniki ledhaa vyuuhaatmaka sthaayilo gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chuupadaaniki tagina parimaanamlo unte avi kaaryaacharana sthaayiki chendinavi. eee bhavananu rendava prapancha yuddhaaniki mundu mariyu samayamlo german sainyam maargadarsakatvam vahinchindi. eee sthaayilo, pranaalika mariyu karyakalapala vyavadhi oka vaaram nundi oka nela varaku padutundi, mariyu kshetra sainyalu mariyu armi corps mariyu vaati naukaadalam mariyu vaayu samaanamainavi amalu chestaayi.
vyuuhaatmaka vijayam.
sainika vyuuhaalu satruvunu pratyaksha poraatamlo nimagnam cheyadaaniki mariyu oodinchadaaniki sambandhinchina paddhathulatho sambandham kaligi untaayi. sainika vyuuhaalanu saadhaaranamgaa unitlu gantalu ledhaa rojulalo upayogistaayi, mariyu squadronlu, companylu, betalianlu, regimentlu, brigedlu mariyu divisionlu mariyu vaati naukaadalam mariyu vaimanika dalaaniki samaanamaina nirdishta panulu mariyu lakshyalapai drushti pedataayi.
chaina tatwavetta sunn juu rachinchina "dhi art off waar" puraatana sainika prachuranalalo okati. kristupurvam 6va sataabdamloo vraayabadina 13 adhyaayaala pustakam sainika siddhaantamgaa kakunda sainika bodhanagaa uddesinchabadindi, conny asea sainika siddhaantampai mariyu 19va sataabdam chivari nundi european mariyu united states sainika pranaalikapai bhaarii prabhavanni choopindi. idhi vyapara vyuuhaalanu roopondinchadaaniki kooda upayoginchabadindi, mariyu saamaajika mariyu raajakeeya rangaalalo kooda vartinchavachhu.
shaastreeya greekulu mariyu romanlu sainika pracharam gurinchi vistrutamgaa raasaaru. atyanta prasiddha roman rachanalalo gallic yuddhaalapai juuliyas seasure vyakhyaanaalu mariyu cree puu 50 loe vraayabadina roman antaryuddham unnaayi.
vyuuhaalapai rendu pradhana rachanalu roman kaalam chivari nundi vachaih alianus tacticus rachinchina "tactic theoria", mariyu vegetius rachinchina "dii rae military" ('sainika vishayaalapai'). "tuctike theoria" greeku sainika vyuuhaalanu pariseelinchindi, mariyu byzantine prapanchamlo mariyu islam swarna yugamlo atyanta prabhaavavantamainadi.
"dii rae military" 17va sataabdam chivari varaku european sainika vyuuhaalaku aadharam ayyindi. bahusha daani atyanta saasvatamaina saameta "igitur kvi deciderate paysm, preparet bellam" (saantini korukunevadu yuddhaaniki siddham kaavanivvandi).
european madhya yugaalalo phirangula prayogam mariyu punarujjeevanamlo padaatidala thupaakeelatho yuddham yokka maarutunna swabhaavam kaaranamgaa, yuddhaaniki mundu devullanu praardhinchadamlo romanlu saadhinchina daanikante ekkuva vijayanni andinche vyuuhaalu, goppa vyuuhaalu mariyu vyuuhaalanu nirvachinchadaaniki mariyu gurtinchadaaniki prayatnaalu jarigaayi.
taruvaata idhi sainika saastramgaa prasiddhi chendindi, taruvaata kooda, paarisraamika viplavam aalochana prabhaavamtho sainika karyakalapala nirvahanaku shaastreeya paddhati vidhananni avalambinchindi. prashyan majer general mariyu aadhunika sainika vyuuhampai pramukha nipunudu carle vaan clousewitz thana praathamika pustakam "aann waar" loe sainika vyuuhaanni 'yuddham mugimpunu pondadaaniki yuddhaalanu niyaminchadam' gaa nirvachinchaaru. clousewitz prakaaram 
vyuuham yuddha pranaalikanu roopondistundi, mariyu eee disagaa idhi tudi nirnayaaniki daariteese charyala shrenini kaluputundi, antey, idhi pratyeka prachaaraala kosam pranaalikalanu roopondistundi mariyu pratidaaniloo poraadavalasina pooraataalanu niyantristundi.
anduvalla, clousewitz sainika lakshyalaku minchi raajakeeya lakshyalanu unchi, sainyam meeda poura niyantrananu nirdhaarinchaadu. sainika vyuuham anedi yuddha nirvahananu nirvahinche 'kalalu' ledhaa 'vignaana saastraala' yokka trayam, migilinavi sainika vyuuhaalu, yuddhamlo pranaalikala amalu mariyu dalaala yukti, mariyu sainyam nirvahana.
sainika vyuuhaala ardham kalakramena maarindi; puraatana yuddhalu mariyu gallie naukaadalaala maidaanaallo mottam bhuu sainyala moharimpu mariyu yukti nundi; chinna unit aakasmika daadulu, chuttupakkala, bambu daadula daadulu, mundu daadulu, vaimanika daadulu, pradhanamgaa gerilla dalaalu upayoginche hitt-und-runn vyuuhaalu mariyu konni sandarbhaallo, bhoomi mariyu samudramlo atmahuti daadula aadhunika upayogam varaku. vaimanika yuddham yokka parinaamam daani swantha vaimanika poraata vyuuhaalanu pravesapettindi. tarachugaa, sainika mosam, sainika mabhyapettadam ledhaa decoylanu upayoginchi tappudu disalo, satruvunu oka vyuuhamgaa gandaragolaniki guricheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi.
19va mariyu 20va sataabdaalaloo kandaka yuddhanni ekkuvagaa upayoginchadamto padaatidala viewhalalo oka pradhana abhivruddhi jarigindi. idhi pradhanamgaa modati prapancha yuddhamlo gallipoli dandayaatralo mariyu paschima frontlo upayoginchabadindi. kandaka yuddham tarachugaa pratishtambhanagaa maarindi, pedda praananashtam matrame sambhavinchindi, endukante, satruvu kandakampai daadi cheyadaaniki, sainikulu tama pratyarthi balamaina satruvu nundi bhaarii kaalpula kinda bahirgatamaina 'noo mans land' gundaa parugettavalasi vachindi.
saanketikata.
praacheena kaalam nundi, yea vruttiloonainaa maadirigaane, sainyam samaajamlooni itara sabhyula nundi vaari saadhanaala dwara vaeru cheyabadindihi yuddhamlo upayoginche aayudhalu mariyu sainika parikaraalu. raathi yugapu maanavulu eete konadaniki modatisaari flint teesukunnappudu, aayudhanni meruguparachadaaniki saanketika parignaanaanni vartimpajeyadaaniki idhi modati udaaharana. appati nundi, maanava samajalu, aayudhaala purogati daggari sambandham kaligi unnaayi. raathi aayudhalu kaamsya yuganiki, kattulu, shields vanti inupa yuga aayudhaalaku daari teesaayi. prati saanketika maarputho sainika saamardhyamlo kontha spashtamaina perugudala grahinchabadindi, kavachanni oodinchadamloo padunaina anchu yokka ekkuva prabhavam dwara ledhaa aayudhaala tayaareeloo upayoginche padaarthaala merugaina saandrata dwara.
bhoomipai, yuddhamlo modati mukhyamaina saanketika purogati shreni aayudhaala abhivruddhi, mukhyamgaa sling mariyu taruvaata villu mariyu baanam. gurralanu pempakam cheyadam mariyu gurrapu swaariiloo praaveenyam pondadam, aswikadalam srushtinchadam mariyu vegavantamaina sainika purogati mariyu merugaina ravana vyavasthanu anumatinchadam vanti tadupari mukhyamaina purogati vachindi. bahusha atyanta mukhyamaina purogati chakram, idhi rathamutho praarambhamai, chivariki muttadi enginelatho praarambhamayye pradhana ravana. aayudha paridhi mariyu kavacha vyaapti paniteeru rendintinee penchadaaniki villu marinta pedda mariyu marinta saktivantamaina samskaranalalo tayaaru cheyabadindi, idhi mishrama villulu, punaraavruta villulu, podavaina villulu mariyu addabommalugaa abhivruddhi chendindi. ivi aswikadalam perugudala samayamlo mukhyamgaa upayogakaramgaa niroopinchabaddaayi, endukante marinta adhunaatanamaina kavachamtho kappabadina gurrapu sainikulu yuddhabhoomilo aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru.
madhyayuga chainaalo, gunpouder kanugonabadindi, mariyu yuddhamlo sainyam ekkuvagaa upayoginchabadindi. airopaloni prarambha kundii vanti mortarlalo gunpouder vadakam, mariyu kavacha-kutlu baanam talalatho podavaina villu mariyu crossbo yokka adhunaatana samskaranalu, saayudha gurram yokka aadhipatyaaniki mugimpu palikayi. tupaki mandhu phalitamgaa tupaki abhivruddhi mariyu feelding jarigindi, idhi takkuva shikshanhato samarthavantamgaa upayoginchabadutundi. kalakramena, tupaakulu mariyu phirangula vaarasulu, raifils mariyu phirangula roopamlo, pradhana yuddha saanketikatagaa maararu.poura anuvartanaallo saanketika purogati vegam peragadamtho, sainika mariyu yuddhalu kooda paarisraamikeekarana chendaayi. kottagaa kanugonna meshin gunn mariyu repeating raifil yuddhabhoomilo kaalpula saktini punarnirvachinchaayi, mariyu kontavaraku, american antaryuddham yokka adhika pramaadaala raetlu mariyu yuddhamlo kotlatala ksheenatanu vivaristundi. tadupari purogati emitante, phirangi paarkulanu moothi-loading tupaakula nundi, recoiling barrelsto vegavantamaina breach-loading tupaakulugaa marchadam, idhi vaegamgaa lakshya kaalpulu mariyu kavachanni upayoginchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. 1880la nundi takkuva poga (poga laeni) propellent podini vistrutamgaa pravesapettadam kooda phirangi shrenula goppa merugudalaku veelu kalpinchindi. breach loading abhivruddhi madhya yugaala taruvaata modatisaarigaa naukaadala yuddhampai goppa prabhavanni choopindi, yuddhanaukalapai aayudhalanu amarchina vidhananni maarchindi. naukaadala vyuuhaalu antargata dahana aavishkaranatoe terachaapalapai aadharapadatam nundi vidipoyaayi. sainika naavikaadala saanketika parignaanamlo jalaantargaami mariyu torpedo marinta purogati saadhinchaayi.modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, kandaka yuddha pratishtambhananu vichchinnam cheyavalasina avasaram aneka kotta saanketika parignaanaala, mukhyamgaa tankula vegavantamaina abhivruddhini chusindi. sainika vimanayanam vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadindi, rendava prapancha yuddhamlooni aneka yuddhaalalo bomberlu nirnayaatmakamainavi, idhi charitralo aayudhaala abhivruddhilo atyanta ugramaina kaalamgaa gurtinchabadindi. yuddhamlo aneka kotta namuunaalu mariyu bhavanalu upayoginchabaddaayi, 1939 mariyu 1945 madhya yuddhaaniki sambandhinchina anni saanketikatalu meruguparachabaddayi.
rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo, radeo vadakam dwara sainika samachara marpidi, radar vadakam dwara sainika nigha, pencillin vadakam dwara sainika vaidyamlo gananeeyamaina purogati saadhinchagaa, gaalilo guided kshipani, jett vimanam, helicopterlu modatisaarigaa kanipinchaayi. bahusha anni sainika saanketika parignaanaalalo atyanta apakhyaati paalainadi anvaayudhaala srushti, ayinappatikee daani vikiranam yokka khachitamaina prabhavalu 1950la prarambham varaku teliyaledu. sainika vaahanaala yokka chaalaa ekkuva upayogam chivaraku sainika dhala nirmaanam nundi aswikadalam tolaginchabadindi.
rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata, pracchanna yuddham praarambhamtho, kotta aayudhaala nirantara saanketika abhivruddhi samsthaagatam cheyabadindi, endukante paalgonevaaru saamardhya abhivruddhilo nirantara aayudha pootiiloo nimagnamai unnaaru. aayudhaala abhivruddhi yokka eee nirantara sthithi netikee konasagutondi. pradhana yuddha tankulu, mariyu saayudha poraata vahanalu, sainika vimanalu mariyu noukalu vanti itara bhaarii parikaraalu vyavastheekruta sainika dalaalaku vilakshanhamainavi.
poraataanni prabhaavitam chesina atyanta mukhyamaina saanketika parinaamaalu guided kshipanulu, veetini saayudha sevalaloni anni saakhalu upayoginchavacchu. iteevala, samachara saanketikata, mariyu nigha loe daani upayogam, antariksha aadhaarita nigha vyavasthalatho sahaa, sainika karyakalapalalo perugutunna paatra poeshinchaayi. command communication vyavasthalu mariyu sainika databaselapy daadi cheyadampai drushti saarinche samachara yuddham yokka prabhavam, maanavarahita yuddha vaimanika vahanalu mariyu maanavarahita bhuu vahanalu vanti poraatamlo robotic vyavasthala vaadakamtho jatacheyabadindi.
iteevala, sainika vahanalanu nadapadaniki punarutpaadaka indhanaala vaadakampai kooda pratyeka drushti pettaru. shilaja indhanaala maadirigaa kakunda, punarutpaadaka indhanaalanu yea desamloonainaa utpatti cheyavachu, idhi vyuuhaatmaka prayojanaanni srushtistundi. yuu.ess. sainyam thana indhana viniyogamlo 50 saatam pratyaamnaaya vanarula nundi vastundani kattubadi undhi.
samaajamlo bhaagamgaa.
sainika charitralo chaalaa varaku, saayudha dalaalanu vaari samaajaala adhipatulu, iteevala varaku, raajyaadhipatulu upayoginchadaaniki pariganinchevaaru. praja prayojanaala kosam nadiche prajaswamyamlo ledhaa itara raajakeeya vyavasthalo, adhi oka praja shakti.
sainyam mariyu adhi panichese samajam madhya sambandham sanklishtamainadi mariyu nirantaram abhivruddhi chendutunnadi. samajam yokka swabhaavam meeda, mariyu adhi sainyanni mukhyamainadigaa chustunda, udaaharanaku muppu ledhaa yuddham samayamlo, ledhaa shanti samayamlo rakshana kothalu dwara vargeekarinchabadina bhaaramaina kharchu meeda chaalaa aadharapadi untundi.
sainyam mariyu samajam madhya sambandhamlo oka klishtamaina vishayam niyantrana mariyu paaradarsakata. konni deshaalalo, sainika karyakalapalu mariyu budget paie parimita samacharam prajalaku andubaatulo untundi. ayithe, avineetiki vyatiraekamgaa pooraadataaniki sainika rangamlo paaradarsakata chaalaa keelakam. idhi 2013loe prachurinchabadina prabhutva rakshana avineeti nirodhaka suuchika paaradarsakatanu choopinchindi.
sainikulu tarachugaa tama sonta sainika sanghaalu, aardhika vyavasthalu, vidya, vaidyam mariyu panichese poura samaajamlooni itara amsaalanu kaligi undatam dwara samajalalo samajaluga panicheestaaru. sainyam anedi deshaalaku matrame parimitam kaadu, endukante aneka private sainika samsthalanu (ledhaa pmc) samsthalu mariyu vyaktulu pooliisulu, agencylu ledhaa sainikulu laeni ledhaa nammani itara rakshana margaluga bhadrata, escort ledhaa itara rakshana margaluga upayoginchavacchu ledhaa niyaminchavacchu.
bhaavajaalam mariyu naitikata.
sainika bhaavajaalam anedi uttamamgaa seva cheyabadatam ledhaa prabhutvam yokka labdhidarugaa undatam ledhaa sainika "samskruti, siddhaantam, vyavastha" ledhaa "nayakulu" loe ponduparachabadina bhavanala dwara maarganirdesam cheyabadatam anae samajam yokka saamaajika vaikhari.
saamskrutika ghnaapakasakti, jaateeya charitra ledhaa sainika muppu yokka sambhaavyata kaaranamgaa, poura janabha aadharapadi undani, tadwara nirantara swaatantryam kosam daani sainyam yokka avasaralu mariyu lakshyalaku lobadi untundani sainika vaadana nokki chebutundi. sainikavaadam konnisaarlu samagra jaateeya shakti, saft power mariyu haard power anae bhaavanalatho viruddhamgaa untundi.
chaalaa deshaalalo yuddhamlo mariyu saantikaalamlo pravartananu niyantrinche pratyeka sainika chattalu unnaayi. prarambha pratipaadakulu hugo grotius, ayana "yuddham mariyu shanti chattam meeda" (1625) yuddha abhivruddhiki manavata vidhanam yokka pradhana prabhavanni chuupaaru. athani itivruttaanni gustavus adolphus pratidhvaninchindi.
khaideelu mariyu pourula patla sainika pravartanapai, pradhanamgaa geniva samavesala dwara, parimitulanu srushtinchadaaniki 1945 nundi yuddha neethi abhivruddhi chendindi; conny raajakeeya sangharshana samayaallo sainika dalaalanu antargata bhadrata dalaalugaa upayoginchadaaniki arudugaa vartistundi, idhi prajaadarana pondina nirasanalaku mariyu praja tirugubaatuku prerepinchadaaniki daariteestundi.
antarjaateeya niyamaavali vadakanni parimitam chestundi ledhaa konni rakaala aayudhalapai, mukhyamgaa saamuuhika vidhvamsaka aayudhalapai (doubluendy) antarjaateeya nishedhaalanu kooda srushtinchindi. antarjaateeya samavesalu yuddha neeraanni nirvachistaayi mariyu yuddha neeraala vichaaranaku veelu kalpistaayi. vyaktigata deshaalalo sainika nyayam yokka vistrutamaina niyamaavalulu kooda unnaayi, dheeniki udaaharana united states yokka ekareeti sainika nyayam, idhi yuddha neeraalaku paalpadinatlu theelina sainika sibbandiki kortu marshal kuu daariteestundi.
saranaarthulanu rakshinchadaaniki vipattu sahaya karyakalapalu vanti manavata prayojanaanni munduku teesukelladam dwara sainika charyalu konnisaarlu samarthinchabadathaayani vaadistaaru; ituvanti charyalanu sainika maanavataavaadam antaaru.

