
liang sitcheng

liang sitcheng (20 april 1901-9 janavari 1972) aadhunika chainees vaastusilpaaniki pitaamahudigaa prasiddhi chendina chainees vaastusilpi mariyu nirmaana charitrakaarudu. athani tandri liang kichavo 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo atyanta pramukha chainees panditulalo okaru. ayana bhaarya vaastusilpi mariyu kavi linn huin. athani tammudu liang seong chaina yokka modati puraavastu saastravettalalo okaru.
liang chainees vaastusilpampai modati aadhunika charitranu rachinchaadu, mariyu athanu 1928loe eshaanya vishwavidyaalayam yokka vaastusilpa vibhagam mariyu 1946loe singhuwa vishwavidyaalayam vyavasthaapakudu. athanu newyork nagaramlo aikyaraajyasamiti pradhana karyalayanni roopondinchina design borduku chaina pratinidhi. athanu, bhaarya linn huin, moe jong jiang mariyu zee yutanglatho kalisi, chainaalo ippatikee nilabadi unna modati mariyu rendava puraatana kalapa nirmaanaalanu kanugoni vislaeshimchaadu, idhi nanchan aalayam mariyu mount vutay vadda unna phoguwang aalayam vadda undhi.
athanu "aadhunika chainees vaastusilpaaniki pitamahudu" gaa gurtinchabaddadu. 1947loe aayanaku gourava doctorate degreeni pradaanam chesina prinsetton vishwavidyaalayam, aayananu "nirmaana charitraku upadhyayudiga, chainees vaastusilpam mariyu pranaalikaloo chaaritraka parisoedhana mariyu anveshanhalo maargadarsakudigaa, mariyu thana desamloni amoolyamaina smaaraka chihnala punaruddharana mariyu samrakshanhalo nayakudiga unna srujanaatmaka vaastusilpi" gaa prasamsistuu oka prakatana vidudala chesindi."
prarambha jeevitam.
liang sitcheng 1901 april 20naa japaanlooni tokyolo janminchaadu, akkada athani tandri, phalavantamaina panditudu mariyu samskaranavaadi liang kichavo, vanda rojula samskarana viphalamaina taruvaata chaina nundi bahishkarinchabaddaaru. chaina yokka chivari saamraajya raajavamsam ayina quing raajavamsam ksheenistunna samvatsaraallo, saamrajyam 1840loe modati nallamandu yuddhamtho praarambhamaina videshee dandayaatralu mariyu desheeya poraataala paramparanu bharinchindi. 1898loe gwangsu chakravarthy, salahaadaarula vruttam netrutvamlo, chainanu aadhunikata maargamloki teesukuraavadaaniki teevramaina samskaranalanu pravesapettadaaniki prayatninchaadu. liang eee udyamaaniki nayakudu. ayithe, quing aasthaanamlo sampradaayavaadula vyatiraekata nepathyamlo, udyamam viphalamaindi. chakravarthy dattata teesukunna talli, simhasana venuka unna shakti ayina saamraagni dovger sixi chakravartini khaidu chesi, udyama naayakulalo chaalaa mandini uriteesaaru. liang kichavo japaanlo aasrayam pondaadu, akkada athani pedda kumarudu janminchaadu.
1911loe king raajavamsam patanam taruvaata, liang sitcheng tandri japaanlo bahishkarinchabadina taruvaata chainaku tirigi vacchaadu. athanu kottagaa sthaapinchabadina republic prabhutvamlo kontakaalam panicheesaadu, dheenini uttara chainaalooni yuddhaveerula vibhagam swaadheenam chesukundi ("biang gumpu", antey uttara mahasamudram). liang kichavo thana prabhutva padavini vidichipetti, aadhunika, paaschaatya aalochanalanu chaina samaajaaniki parichayam cheyadaaniki saamaajika, saahitya udyamaanni praarambhinchaadu.
liang sitcheng eee pragatiseela vaataavaranamloo thana tandri chetha vidyaavantudayyaadu. 1915loe, liang beijinglooni singhuwa kalasalalo pravesinchaaru, idhi oka sannahaka paatasaala. (eee kalaasaala taruvaata singhuwa vishwavidyaalayamgaa maarindi) 1924loe, paal cret aadhvaryamlo vaastusilpaanni adhyayanam cheyadaaniki baxer nashtaparihara scholarship programme dwara nidhulu samakuurchina pensylvania vishwavidhyaalayaaniki ayana mariyu linn vellaaru. moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata, liang vaastusilpamlo masters degreeni pondaadu. athanu americalo thana vidya nundi entho prayojanam pondaadu, idhi chainaalo panditudigaa mariyu professorga thana bhavishyat vruttiki kooda atanni siddham chesindi.
1928loe, liang linn huin (aanglamlo phillis linn anie pilustaaru) nuu vivaham chesukunnadu, athanu pensylvania vishwavidhyaalayamlo athanitho kalisi chaduvukuni, samanamga prasiddha panditudu ayyadu. aame oka kalaakaarini, vaastusilpi mariyu kaviga gurtinchabadindi, kavi juu jimo (aametho kooda aameku swalpa sambandham undhi), tatwavetta zin euelin mariyu aardhikavetta chenn daisun vanti aame kaalamlooni aneka mandhi prasiddha panditulu aamenu mecchukunnaru mariyu snehitulugaa chesukunnaru.
vrutti.
1928loe eee janta tirigi vellinappudu, vaarini shenyangloni eshaanya vishwavidyaalayam aahvaaninchindi. aaa samayamlo shenyang japanese dalaala niyantranalo undhi, idhi edainaa vruttiparamaina abhyasanni nirvahinchadaaniki pedda savaluga undedi. vaaru emainappatiki, chainaalo rendava nirmaana paatasaalanu sthaapinchaaru, conny paaschaatya paatyaamsaalanu (pensylvania vishwavidyaalayam nundi paatyaamsaalanu khachitamgaa cheppalante) daani namoonaga teesukunna modati paatyaamsaalanu kooda sthaapinchaaru. taruvaati samvatsaramlo japan aakramana kaaranamgaa vaari prayatnaaniki antaraayam kaligindi, conny 18 samvatsaraala taruvaata, 1946loe, lianglu mallee beijinglooni singhuwa vishwavidhyaalayamlo tama professor padavini abhyasinchagaligaaru. esaari lalita kalalu, siddhaantam, charitra, vignaana shaastram mariyu vruttiparamaina abhyasam korsulato kuudina marinta kramabaddhamaina mariyu samagramaina paatyaamsaalanu telivigaa munduku tecchaaru. idhi taruvaata chainaalo abhivruddhi cheyabadina itara nirmaana paatasaalalaku suuchanagaa maarindi. eee merugudala 1920la nundi andamaina kalala sampradaayam nundi aadhunika bouhouse sailiki nirmaana shaili maarpunu kooda pratibimbistumdi.
1930loe, liang mariyu athani sahodyogi jhang rui, tianzin yokka bhouthika pranaalikaku avaardunu geluchukunnaru. eee pranaalikaloo johning, praja paripalana, prabhutva aardhika mariyu munisipal injaneeringlo samakaaleena american paddhatulu unnaayi. nagara pranaalikaloo liang prameyam reginal planning association off america chairman clarence steyn nundi marinta prerana pondindi. 1936loe steyn asea paryatanalo vaaru beepinglo kalusukunnaru. liang mariyu steyn manchi snehitulu ayyaru mariyu liang united statesnu sandarsinchinappudu, liang newyork nagaraniki vachinappudu steyn apartmentlo basa chesaaru. singhuwa vishwavidhyaalayamlo nirmaana mariyu pranaalika karyakramanni sthaapinchadamlo steyn keelaka paatra pooshinchaaru.
1931loe, liang beijing loe kottagaa abhivruddhi chendina society pharr research inn chainees architecture anae samsthalo sabhyudayyadu. chainees saampradaaya nirmaanaanni adhyayanam cheyadaaniki athanu balamaina prerananu anubhavinchaadu mariyu daani nirmaana paddhatulanu ardham chesukovadam mariyu teliyajeyadam thana baadhyata anie cheppadu. idhi antha thelikaina pani kaadu. vadrangulu saadhaaranamgaa niraksharaasyulu kabatti, nirmaana paddhatulu saadhaaranamgaa guruvu nundi apprentisku noti dwara teliyajeyabadataayi mariyu prati naipunhyamlo rahasyaluga pariganinchabadataayi. eee ibbandulu unnappatikee, liang shaastreeya maanyuvallanu "decoding" cheyadam dwara mariyu saampradaaya naipunyaalu unna kaarmikulanu sampradinchadam dwara thana parisoedhananu praarambhinchaadu.
charitrakaarudigaa thana kotta vrutti jeevitam prarambham nundi, liang "chainees vaastusilpam yokka vyaakaranam" anie piliche vaatini vetakadaaniki mariyu kanugonadaaniki nischayinchukunnaadu. chaina charitra antataa kalapa-chatram nirmaanaaniki praathamika roopamgaa undani ayana gurtinchaaru. thana officelo raatrimbavallu pustakaallo nimagnamai koorchunte saripodani kooda athanu grahinchaadu. athanu thana oohalanu dhruveekarinchadaaniki migili unna bhavanala kosam vetakavalasi vachindi. athani modati prayaanam april 1932loe jarigindi. taruvaati samvatsaraallo athanu mariyu athani sahacharulu poguwang aalayam (857), ekanta aanandam yokka aalayam (984), yingjou pagoda (1056), jhavojou vantena (589-617) mariyu aneka itara saampradaaya bhavanalu manugadalo unnayani varusaga kanugonnaru. vaari krushi kaaranamgaa, eee bhavanalu manugada saginchagaligayi.
1931loe mukden sanghatana taruvaata, saamraajya japan chaina uttaraana gonthu kosina pattulanu sthaapinchadam praarambhinchindi, chivariki saadhaaranamgaa pratighatana yuddham anie piluvabade puurti sthaayi yuddhamgaa mugisindi (rendava sino-japanese yuddham mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham, 1937-45 yokka paraakaashta), idhi liang sitcheng mariyu linn huinlanu beijing loe vaari saamskrutika punaruddharana panini tagginchamani balavantam chesindi, mariyu eshaanya vishwavidyaalayam yokka nirmaana vibhagam yokka adhyapakulu mariyu saamagritho paatu dakshinam vaipu paaripoyindi. liang mariyu linn vaari pillalu mariyu vaari vishwavidyaalayamtho kalisi tianzin, kunming mariyu chivaraku lizuang nagaraalloni taatkaalika sthaavaraalalo tama adhyayanalu mariyu parisoedhanaa panulanu konasaaginchaaru.
rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaati dasalalo, americanlu japan maatrubhoomipai bhaarii bambu daadi praarambhinchaaru. chaina vaimanika dalamlo faitar pailatga panichesi, japanku vyatiraekamgaa jarigina vaimanika yuddhamlo maraninchina linn heng baavamaridi ayina liang, puraatana japanese nagaralaina kyoto mariyu naaraa lanu vidichipettaalani american sainika adhikarulu sifaarsu chesaru
yuddham taruvaata, singhuwa vishwavidhyaalayamlo nirmaana mariyu pattana pranaalika kaaryakramaalanu sthaapinchadaaniki liangnu aahvaninchaaru. 1946loe, ayana yael vishwavidhyaalayaaniki visiting pheloga velli, aikyaraajyasamiti pradhana karyalaya bhavanam roopakalpanalo chaina pratinidhigaa panicheesaaru. 1947loe, liang prinsetton vishwavidyaalayam nundi gourava doctorate degreeni andukunnaru. chainaku tirigi raakamundu singhuwa vadda oka namuunaa karyakramanni abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki ayana pradhana nirmaana karyakramalu mariyu prabhaavavantamaina vaastusilpulanu sandarsinchaaru.
pani chestundi.
chainees vaastusilpam gurinchi thana avagahana mariyu prasamsalanu vyaapti cheyadaaniki mariyu panchukoovadaaniki, mariyu mukhyamgaa, daani ksheenistunna nirmaana saanketika parignaanaanni kapadukovadamlo sahaayapadataaniki, liang 1934loe thana modati pustakam, "quing structural regulations" nuu prachurinchaadu. eee pustakam 1734 quing architecture regulation mariyu paatyapustakamgaa aneka itara puraatana manyuvallu, upadhyayuluga vadrangulu mariyu bodhana samagriga beijing looni nishedhinchabadina nagaramtho quing architecture paddhatulu mariyu niyamaala adhyayanam gurinchi undhi. daani prachurana nundi, edu dasaabdaalaku paiga, eee pustakam puraatana chainees vaastusilpam yokka saraamsaanni ardham chesukovalanukune evarikainaa praamaanika paatyapustakamgaa maarindi. quing raajavamsam nirmaana paribhaashaku gananeeyamgaa bhinnamgaa aaa maanyuvallo upayoginchina pedda sankhyalo pratyeka padaalu unnanduna," "yingjo fashi" ("nirmaana paddhatulapai grandham") anae paata raajavamsaanni adhyayanam chese marinta kashtataramaina paniki "" quing nirmaana niyantrana "" adhyayananni oka mettu rayiga liang bhaavinchaaru ".
1940 nundi 1963 varaku rendu dasaabdaalaku paiga vistarinchina liang yokka "yingzao fashi" adhyayanam, mariyu athani "ullekhana yingzao fashi" yokka modati musaida 1963loe puurtayimdi. ayithe, chainaalo saamskrutika viplavam visphotanam kaaranamgaa, eee rachana prachurananu tagginchaaru. liang yokka "ullekhana yinjao fashi" nuu singhuwa vishwavidyaalayam yokka nirmaana vibhagam yokka yinjao fashi adhyayana brundam 1980loe maranaanantaram prachurinchindi. (eee vachanam athani padhi-valuemla "sekarinchina rachanalalo" mottam valume 7nuu aakraminchindi.)
liang "yingjo fashi" mariyu "quing nirmaanaatmaka nibandhanalu" nuu "chainees vaastusilpam yokka rendu vyaakarana pustakaalu" gaa pariganinchaaru."ayana ilaa vraasaaru," prabhutva manyuvallu rendoo, chainees vaastusilpam yokka saanketika amsaala adhyayanaaniki atyanta praamukhyata kaligi unnaayi."
chainees architecture charitra" anae maroka pustakam "eee rakamaina modati vishayam"."ayana maatallo cheppalante, eee pustakam" gatha pannendu samvatsaraalalo neenu mariyu samsthalooni itara sabhyulu sekarinchina saamagrini vyavastheekarinchae prayatnam "."ayana gatha 3,500 samvatsaraalanu aaru nirmaana kalaluga vibhajinchaaru, prati kaalanni chaaritraka mariyu saahitya ullekhanaala suuchanala dwara nirvachinchaaru, prati kaalaaniki chendina prastuta smaaraka chihnalanu vivarinchaaru, chivaraku sramatho kuudina library mariyu kshetra parisoedhana kalayika nundi rujuvu chesina vidhamgaa prati kaalapu nirmaanaanni vislaeshimchaaru. eee pustakaalannii taruvaati panditulaku chainees vaastusilpam yokka suutraalu mariyu parinaamaanni anveshinchadaaniki vaedikagaa marai, mariyu netikee classicga pariganhinchabadutunnaayi.
liang yokka maranaanantara manuscript "chainees architecture eah pictorial history", aanglamlo vraayabadindi, vilma fairbank () chae savarinchabadindi, dheenini 1984loe mitt press prachurinchindi mariyu mundumaata patrika yokka architecture "book off dhi iyar" avaardunu geluchukundi.
punaruddharana panulu.
paatha bhavanam punaruddharanalo palgonna liang modati anubhavam 1932loe, nishedhinchabadina nagaramloni nairuti bhaagamlo 1776loe nirminchina rendu antastula imperial library, venuevan chhaambarnu punaruddharinchamani adiginappudu. 1935loe confucius aalaya punaruddharana prajectuku salahadaruga ayana empikayyaaru. thana pratipaadanalo ayana chaaritraka bhavanala patla thana vaikharini vyaktam chesaaru. vividha kaalaalaku chendina anni paatha bhavanala nepathyamlo, vaatini rakshinchadam mariyu punaruddharinchadam mana baadhyata. mana panini praarambhinchae mundu, saadhyamainanta ekkuva kaalam daani unikini vistarinchadaaniki hetubaddhamaina reetilo daanni parishkarinchadaaniki, daani nepathyaanni jagrattagaa pariseelinchaali."
design pani chestundi.
1950 loe, athanu mariyu athani bhaarya iddaroo kotta jaateeya chihnanni roopondinche samuuhaalaku niyaminchabaddaaru. aaa chihnamlo sutthi, kodavali kakunda chainees lakshanaalu undaalani vaaru koraru. vaaru vijayam saadhinchaaru, chivariki erupu mariyu bangaaramlo tianonmen mukhabhagam yokka praatinidhyam netikee upayoginchabadutunna chihnamgaa maarindi. 1951loe, tianonmen square madhyalo nirminchaalsina prajala veerula smaaraka chihnanni roopondinchadaaniki vaarini niyaminchaaru. idhi chaina antataa vishwavyaaptamgaa kanipinche raathi smaaraka stambhaanni pooli undaalani liang icchina salaha roopakalpana samuuhaanni kadilinchindi.
jaateeya shaili.
taruvaata chaina communistu party liangku jaateeya shaili nirmaanaanni abhivruddhi chese baadhyatanu appaginchinappudu, chainees vaastusilpam yokka saraamsaanni teliyajeyadam athani uddesam. eee nirdishta "saaraamsam", "pedda paikappu" gaa pariganinchabadindi, aalaya-shaili putaakaara vakra paikappulu mariyu vaati chainees muulaanni suuchimchadaaniki velaadutunna eevs. raajakeeya prachaaraala samayamlo ayana dheeni kosam teevramgaa vimarsinchabadinappatiki, jaateeya shaili yokka oka ala appatike vyaapinchindi mariyu okati ledhaa rendu dasaabdaala taruvaata kooda prabhaavavantamgaa konasaagindi. prasiddha udaaharanalalo chaina fine arts gallery (1959), national library off chaina (1987), mariyu beijing west railway station (1996) unnaayi, ivanni vaati pedda paikappulaku vilakshanhamainavi.
beijing pattana pranaalika.
zin, yuvan, ming mariyu quing raajavamsaala rajadhaanigaa panichesina paatha beijingnu puurtigaa parirakshinchadame liang yokka atipedda aasayam. communistu prabhutvamlo, athanu beijing nagara pranaalika commissionku vais directorga niyaminchabaddaadu. beijingnu kotta jaateeya rajadhaanigaa maarchaalani thana prarambha sifaarsulalo, eee nagaram paarisraamika praantamgaa kakunda raajakeeya mariyu saamskrutika kendramgaa undaalani ayana pattubattaru. puraatana antargata nagaraniki gananeeyamaina dhooramlo unna nishedhita nagaraniki paschimaana uttara-dakshina akshamtho prabhutva bhavanala kosam kotta paripalana kendraanni erpaatu cheyaalani ayana taruvaata oka pratipaadananu munduku tecchaaru. 1950loe, beijing nagara pranaalika kamiteelo vais directorga baadhyatalu sweekarinchina taruvaata. liang mariyu maroka pranaalikakarta chenn jhanxiang kotta prabhutvam kosam kalisi panicheesaaru, chivariki "kendra prabhutva jilla sthaanampai suuchanalu" anae nivedikanu samarpinchaaru, dheenini chaina nirmaana rangamlo "liang-chenn pratipaadana" () anie pilustaaru. eee pratipaadanalo, liang sitcheng mariyu chenn jhanxiang nishedhinchabadina nagaraniki paschimaana, gongzufenku thoorpuna mariyu eueton kuu paschimaana nagara kendram kosam vividha pradaesaalanu pratipaadinchaaru. vaaru tama vaadanalanu "kendra prabhutva jilla sthaanampai suuchanalu" loe jabita chesaaru, idhi aaa samayamlo chaina pradhana mantri jhou enlaayku liang raasina lekhalo kooda chudavachu. vaaru beijing yokka kotta pranaalika pratipaadanapai 5 mukhya drushti amsaalanu pradarsinchaaru.
saamskrutika viplavam.
peeples republic off chaina jaateeya chihnanni roopondinchadamlo mariyu beijing punarnirmaanamlo liang sahakaram andinchinappatikii, chainees bhavanala sampradaayam yokka goppatanaanni nokkicheppina athani nirmaana siddhaantam teevramgaa mariyu bahirangamgaa vimarsinchabadindi; liang "communist paarteeki vaastusilpam ardham kaaledani" bhaavinchaadani mariyu saampradaaya designlatho athani anubandham "nirmaanamloo vyardhaala drugvishayam" anie aaropinchabadindi. 1955loe, appatike anaarogyamtho unna liang mariyu athani bhaarya linn huin iddaroo chaina yokka saampradaaya nirmaanaanni punaruddharinchadaaniki vaaru chesina prayatnaalaku vimarsala kaaranamgaa goppa bhavodvega mariyu aadhyaatmika debbaku gurayyaru. kshaya vyaadhitho thana jeevitamlo migili unna anchanaa samayanni chaalaa samvatsaraalu adhigaminchina taruvaata athani bhaarya 1955 eprillo thana sudeergha anaarogyamtho maraninchindi. 1956loe liang tananu taanu vimarsinchukovalasi vachindi, tanaku tappulu unnayani angeekarinchavalasi vachindi; veetini adhikarulu "raajakeeya tappulu" kakunda "vidyaaparamaina tappulu" gaa bhaavinchaaru. jaateeya swabhaavam" kaligina kotta chaina kosam liang mariyu athani ibbandullo unna aadarsaalapai bahiranga vimarsalu appatike aagipoyinappatiki, bahiranga vimarsalu mariyu sweeya-vimarsala pilupula kotta drushti akasmaattugaa huu shih, huu feng mariyu liang shuming vanti panditulu praatinidhyam vahistunna tatvasaastram mariyu saamaajika saastraala vidyaavaettalaku vyatiraekamgaa maarindi.
aadhunika chaina kosam saampradaaya namuunaala gurinchi athani aalochanalu mariyu siddhaantaalu punarujjeevanam pondhi, marosari vistrutamgaa prachurinchabadinappudu, konni samvatsaraala taruvaata liang sichengku upasamanam kaligindi. athanu singhuwa vishwavidhyaalayamlo vaastusilpa directorga thana sthaanaanni tirigi pondaadu, puraatana nirmaana nirmaanaalapai marinni sarvelu nirvahinchaadu mariyu thana dasaabdaala sudeergha pani, "ullekhana yinzo fashi" nii puurti chesaadu. athanu 1962loe thoti singhuwa adhyapaka sabhyudu linn juni vivaham chesukunnadu. ayithe, saamskrutika viplavam samayamlo, liang sitcheng mallee "prati-viplavaatmaka scholarship yokka adhikaram" gaa himsimchabaddaadu, mariyu singhuwa vishwavidhyaalayamlo athani sahodyogulandarini "graameena udyamaaniki" bhaagamgaa graameena praantaalaku pampaaru. erra kaapalaadaarulu swaadheenam chesukovadam ledhaa vidhvamsam cheyakunda undataaniki liang bhaarya linn juu thana bhartaku "ullekhana yinjao fashi" (oka dasaabdam taruvaata maranaanantaram prachurinchabadaali) thoo sahaa notlu mariyu vraatapratulanu daachadaaniki sahayam chesindi. athanu 1972loe beijing loe maraninchaadu. 1973loe, linn juu kolukuni, "liang sitcheng rachanala puurti sekarana" anae sheershikalato prachurana kosam thana bhartha patraalanu erpaatu chesindi; mariyu "oka goppa guruvu, vaastusilpi liang sitcheng yokka digbhranti kaliginchina aalochanalu" mariyu "chainees vaastusilpam adhyayanam kosam charitra mariyu samajam" rachanalanu konasaaginchindi.
punaravasam.
saamskrutika viplavam mugisina taruvaata liang maranaanantaram punaravasam pondaadu. 1992 november 20naa, chaina post thana "aadhunika chainees saastravettala" stamp syries (krama sankhya 1992-19) yokka moodava setlo bhaagamgaa liang sitcheng ghnaapakaartham oka stampnu vidudala chesindi. 54 million kaapeelu mudrinchabaddaayi.

