chinna saamrajyam

chinna saamrajyam oka madhya shreni naalugu enginela monoplane flying boat, idhi muulam chinna sodarulache abhivruddhi cheyabadindi, perugutunna vaanijya vimanayana rangam yokka avasaralanu teerchadaaniki, united kingdamku sevalandinche pradhana margalapai daani upayogaaniki pratyeka praadhaanyatanistuu. idhi rendava prapancha yuddhamlo sevalandinchina chinna samudra gastee bomberku samaantaramgaa abhivruddhi cheyabadindi mariyu tayaaru cheyabadindi; taruvaata abhivruddhi cheyabadina marinta utpannam piggy-byaak short maayo misramam.
chinna saamrajyam yokka abhivruddhi daani praathamika customer, imperial airways dwara bhaareega prabhaavitamaindi, vaaru modata daanini modata arder chesi, roopondinchina avasaralanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. imperial airways, daani varasudu, british ovarsees airways corporation (boke), quantas mariyu teal thoo paatu, vaanijya sevalo eee rakanni nirvahinchindi. sevaloki pravesinchina taruvaata, saamrajyam british pradhana bhuubhaagam mariyu australia mariyu africa mariyu aasiyaaloni vividha british kaalaneela madhya mamuluga prayaaninchindi, saadhaaranamgaa prayaaneekula mariyu mail sarukula kalayikanu mosukelutundi; bermuda mariyu newyork nagaram madhya seva vanti vividha itara margallo kooda saamrajyaalu upayoginchabaddaayi.
rendava prapancha yuddha samayamlo kooda eee saamrajyam sainika sevanu chusindi. raayal air fores (raaf), raayal australian air fores (raaf), raayal newzealand air fores (arenzaf), mariyu kluptamgaa raayal kenadian air fores (rcaf) vividha sainika karyakalapalanu nirvahinchadaaniki eee rakanni upayoginchaayi, mukhyamgaa jalaantargaami vyatiraeka gastee kosam mariyu saadhaarana ravana vidhula kosam gaalilo panichese vaedikagaa.
abhivruddhi.
muulam.
muulam, vimaana prayaanaaniki prapanchavyaaptamgaa demand sthiramgaa mariyu vaegamgaa perugutuu undedi. anduvalla, eee abhivruddhi chendutunna marketlo tama vatanu penchukoovadaaniki aasaktigaa, british airline imperial airways vistarinchadaaniki aasaktigaa undhi mariyu alaa cheyadaaniki taja saanketika parignaanaanni korindi. mukhyamgaa, imperial airways saanketika salahaadaaru, majer robbert hobert maayo prapanchavyaaptamgaa prayaaneekula mariyu saruku ravana avasaralanu teerchadaaniki kotta rakam vimaanaala kosam oka vivarananu abhivruddhi chesaaru. eee vivarana 24 mandhi prayaanikulanu visaalamaina soukaryavantamaina vimaanamlo mosukellagala saamarthyam, air mail ledhaa saruku ravaanaaku taginanta sthalam, adhe samayamlo cruising vegam mariyu kaneesam shreni saamarthyam kaligi undela chesindi; uttara atlantic maargamlo sevalandinchadaaniki vistarinchina shreni saamarthyam kooda nirdesinchabadindi. vimanayana rachayita geophrey norris prakaram, aaa samayamlo, ippatikee aamodayogyamaina landing/takeoff paniteerunu kaligi unna parimaanam mariyu baruvutho kuudina bhoomi aadhaarita vimananni nirminchadam asadhyamga pariganinchabadindi, anduvalla egire padava avasaramani nirnayinchaaru.
praarambhamlo, intakumundu saamraajya vaimanika maargaala kosam aneka pedda egire padavalanu abhivruddhi chesi, utpatti chesina chinna sodarulu, paniteeru mariyu bhadrata paramgaa dhwani namoonalugaa niroopinchabadina raayal air fores (raaf), avasaranni teerchadaaniki mundanjalo untaarani spashtamaindi. ayithe, shorts atuvanti vimananni nirminchadaaniki sankochinchindi, avasaramaina purogati kaaranamgaa, munupati namuunaa utpatti lekunda droying boardu nundi neerugaa, mariyu anduvalla atuvanti vimananni nirminchadaaniki samayanni anumatinchamani abhyardhinchabadindi; atuvanti alasyam anumatinchabadadani paerkontuu imperial airways dheenini tiraskarinchindi. tiraskarinchindi, imperial airways 18 tannula baruvunna inca roopondinchani rakaniki chendina 28 flying botla kosam arder ivvadaanni prakatinchindi; eee arder "vimanayanamlo prapanchamlooni saahasopetamaina prayogaalalo okati" gaa prasamsimchabadimdi, ayithe sandehavaadulu eee nirnayaanni 'joodam' gaa takkuva anukuulamgaa paerkonnaaru.
orther gauz netrutvamloni oka roopakalpana brundam saamrajyam emi avtundo roopakalpana cheyadaaniki siddhamaindi. propellerlu mariyu neeti konala madhya taginanta clearance kaligi undataaniki, rekka adhika mounted sthithilo undaali; praarambhamlo taginanta etthu kosam fuselage paina oka muddalo unchadaaniki, fuselage lothu penchabadindi, idhi avasaramaina daanikante ekkuva antargata parimaanaanni andistundi, conny fuselagetho contilever rekka yokka thelikaina mariyu balamaina ekikarananu praarambhistundi. 18 tannula baruvu atuvanti aakruteekaranhatho adhika dragnu utpatti chestundi kabatti vaari egire padavala kosam vistruta pranaalika diguva pottu kosam shorts yokka sonta sampradaayam tiragabadindi; neeti tank prayogaala shrenini anusarinchi, taggina punjam thoo kotta rakam pranaalika diguva taginadigaa bhaavinchabadutundi. praathamika aerodynamic design chinna chinna skion senior floatplane nundi teesukobadindi, idhi saamrajyam mariyu daani thobuttuvula kosam sagam-sthaayi namoonaga, sainika-aadhaarita chinna sundarlyandga upayogapadindi.
abhivruddhi samayamlo, british vimaana parisrama intha parimaanam mariyu sanklishtata kaligina vimananni nirminchadaaniki ennadoo prayatninchaledu; tadanugunamgaa, mukhyamgaa daani nirmaana prakriyaloo edurkonna samasyalanu adhigaminchadaaniki aneka kotta paddhatulu roopondinchabaddaayi. pradhana spaarnu kaligi unna avasaramaina 'tii' aakarapu hiduminium mishrama podavulanu utpatti cheyadaaniki shorts daani swantha yantraalanu abhivruddhi cheyalsi vachindi. vaati srushtikarta paeru meeda gauz flaps anie piluvabade oka pratyaekamaina mariyu patent pondina flap erpaatu, aerophoil paibhagamlo gaali pravaahaaniki bhaarii antaraayam kaliginchakundaa, dragg loe chinna perugudalato rekkala praantaanni penchadaaniki saamrajyamlo upayoginchabadindi; operationlo, rekka yokka lift gunakam 30 saatam penchavacchu, landing vegaanni 12 saatam tagginchavachhu, sardubaatu cheyadaaniki etuvanti trimmingnu upayoginchakundaa.
prarambha utpatti.
1936 juulai 4naa, nirminchina saamrajyamlo mottamodati egire padavalu, 'canopus' anae paeru gala 'zii-adl', shorts cheef test pailat, zaan lankester parker dwara eguraveyabadina daani toli vimananni nirvahinchindi. eee rakamaina prarambha vimanalu saapekshamgaa ibbandi laenivi, parker vimanam yokka panitiirutoe thana santruptini prakatinchaadu; upayoginchina planning bottom yokka kotta styling kooda daani viluvanu twaragaa niroopinchindi. 1936 septembaru 17naa, imperial airways tarapuna "zii-adl" yokka modati vimanam jarigindi, majer hechji brockley, imperial airways air superintendent dwara eguraveyabadindi; tudi delivery mariyu france looni marcellesku vimanam yokka vimananni niroopinchadam 1936 aktobaru 22naa jarigindi. chinna saamrajyaala modati syries, "ess. 23", 5 mandhi sibbandi, 17 mandhi prayaanikulu mariyu 4,480 elbi (2,035 kilolu) sarukunu garishtamgaa 174 naatlu (320 kimmy/gamm) vegamtho mosukellagaladu mariyu naalugu bristol pegasus exci radial enginela dwara saktini pondindi.
rendava saamrajyam mariyu utpatti cheyabadina deergha shreni namoonaalalo modatidi, 'caledonia' anae paeru gala 'zii-adam', 1936 september 15naa thana modati vimananni nirvahinchindi mariyu 1936 december 4naa imperial airwaysku pampinhee cheyabadindi. 1936 september nundi, saamrajyam nelaku oka vimanam choppuna utpatti cheyabadindi; saadhaaranamgaa, prati vimanam yokka pampinhee thedhee daani toli vimananni nirvahinchina konni rojula tarvaata matrame jarigindi, konnisaarlu modati vimananni ventane appaginchadam jarigindi. saamrajyam adhikarikamga saamraajya vaimanika maargaala dwara sii-class anie piluvabadindi mariyu vaariche nirvahinchabadutunna prati vimaanaaniki 'sii' thoo praarambhamayye paeru ivvabadindi.
1938 fibravari 26naa, saamraajya vaayu margalache unchabadina prarambha kramamlo chivari moodu saamrajyaalu-'korang', 'koogie' mariyu 'coreo'-saamraajya vaayu maargaala nundi mallinchabaddaayi mariyu badulugaa aanglo-australian quantas saamraajya vaayu maargaalaku pampinhee cheyabaddaayi. 1937 chivaralo, prarambha batch vimaanaalato daani kaaryaacharana anubhavamtho imperial airways santrupti kaaranamgaa, company maroe 11 saamraajya egire padavala kosam phaalo-aann aardarnu unchindi; asalu 28 ordertho kalipi, idhi aaa samayamlo british poura vimaanaala kosam unchabadina atipedda single arder anae vishishtatanu kaligi undhi. adanapu kramamlo modati moodu vimanalu quantas saamraajya vayumaargaala kosam uddesinchina saadhaarana ess. 23 taragatiki chendinavi kaga, migilinavi "ess. 30" gaa perkonna vibhina roopakalpanaku tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. mottam 42 saamrajyaalu nirminchabaddaayi, annee short rochester factorylo nirminchabaddaayi.
marinta abhivruddhi.
s30" shrenilo pegasus enginela sthaanamlo naalugu bristol perseus xiic sleeve valve enginelu amarchabaddayi; perseus enginelu marinta samarthavantamgaa undevi, conny takkuva shakti utpattini andinchaayi, conny abhivruddhi chendina thrust loe taggudala chinna vyaasam gala naasellanu sweekarinchadam dwara samarthavantamgaa bharti cheyabadindi, dheeni phalitamgaa dragg loe gananeeyamaina taggimpu erpadindi. idhi balopetam cheyabadina airframenu kooda kaligi undhi mariyu fuselage mariyu rekkalapai bhaarii gaze sheetingnu upayoginchindi; eee maarpulu takeoff baruvunu sambandhita shreniki penchadaaniki anumatinchinappatikii, ess. 30 vistrutamgaa munupati ess. 23 egire padavala maadirigaane paniteerunu kaligi undhi.
30va teedeena veyabadina mariyu puurti cheyabadina egire padavalalo modatidi 'zii-phaakt', 'chhampian' anie paeru pettabadindi. 1938 decemberulo, 'cabot' anae paerutoe rendava ess. 30 vimanam "zii-afku" modati vijayavantamaina tekaafnu nirvahinchina siriislooni modati vimanam ayindi. eee kramamlo chivari moodu vimanalu-'kepten cook', 'clair' mariyu 'ayoterova'-paeru marchabaddayi mariyu teal dwara upayogam kosam tirigi namodu cheyabaddaayi. panicheestaayi, chivari s30 flying boat, "g-afkz", arder cheyabadindi mariyu 1940 marchi chivaralo imperial airwaysku pampinhee cheyabadindi.
mottam naalugu egurutunna ess. 30 syries flying botlu-"cabot", "caribou", "clyde" mariyu "konemara"-vimaanamlo indhanam nimpe parikaraalu mariyu adanapu indhana tankulanu kaligi unnaayi, tadwara vaatini saadhaarana trans-atlantic air mail sevanu andinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. eee bhavana emitante, vimanam takkuva baruvulatho takeoff cheyatam mariyu okasari gaalilo prayaaninchina tarvaata, mottam baruvunu cherukovadaniki adanapu indhanaanni teesukovadam, vimaanaaniki ovar paridhini ivvadam. adanapu indhanam praamaanika vimaanaaniki vyatiraekamgaa pelodunu tagginchindi. indhanam nimpadam moodu marchabadina handley pages haaro bomberlu, okati ireland nundi mariyu rendu newfoundland nundi panicheestaayi.
panicheestaayi, imperial airways "s. 33" gaa perkonna s. 30 yokka savarinchina namuunaa kosam tadupari phaalo-aann aardarnu unchindi. eee shrenilo daani takshana puurveekula maadirigaane praathamika nirmaanam undhi, kotta pegasus xi injin, asalu s. 23 syries upayoginchina powerplant yokka abhivruddhi, badulugaa sweekarinchabadindi. eee moodu tudi vimanalalo, rendu-'clifton' mariyu 'cleopatra'-matrame puurtavutaayi mariyu kottagaa erpadina british ovarsees airways corporation (boke) kuu pampinhee cheyabadataayi.
saamrajyam yokka gananeeyamaina pedda abhivruddhi, samarthavantamgaa oka kotta vimanam, "s. 26", "g taragati" gaa niyaminchabadindi. eee vimanalu praamaanika saamrajyam maadirigaane kanipinchaayi, conny vaastavaaniki anni parimaanaalalo sumaru 15 saatam peddavi, alaage marinta saktivantamaina bristol herculus radial injin vaadakamlo bhinnamgaa unnaayi mariyu merugaina pottu roopakalpananu sweekarinchaayi, indulo rekkala podavu mariyu podavu. idhi uttara atlantic maargamlo edaadi podavunaa sevalaku upayoginchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. oka chinna sankhya matrame nirminchabadindi, mariyu ivi rendava prapancha yuddha samayamlo sainika sevalo twaragaa akattukunnayi.
design.
chinna saamrajyam egire padava saapekshamgaa subhramgaa kanipinche adhika-rekka monoplane, praarambhamlo naalugu rekkalu-mounted bristol pegasus xc radial enginela amarikatho saktini pondutundi, idhi dii havilland-nirmita chararashi-pitch propellarlanu naduputundi. enginelu prati okkati naaka couls lopala moosiveyabadi, rekkala mundu anchuku mundu amarchabadi undevi. idhi enginela prakkane unna pradhana anchu yokka bhaagaalanu munduku biginchi, enginelanu nirvahinchadaaniki platformluga upayoginchadaaniki anumatinchindi.
pegasus exci enginelu prati okkati takeoff samayamlo utpatti cheyagalavu, 3,500 adugula ettuku taggutaayi. modal yokka paatra mariyu uddesyaanni batti ekkuva mariyu takkuva shakti utpatti rendinti vimaanaala yokka vividha namuunaalapai pratyaamnaaya enginelu vyavasthapinchabaddaayi. prarambha utpatti vimanalu sthuula baruvu kosam roopondinchabaddaayi; ayithe, 1939 natiki, aneka vimanalu sthuula baruvu perugudalaku balopetam cheyabaddaayi. mottammeeda, daani upayogakaramaina lodlo indhanam (baruvu), chamuru, vividha rakaala onboard parikaraalu (baruvu), payload mariyu aidu (baruvu) sibbandi puurti unnaayi. ess. 23 syries samudra prayaana vegamtho paatu ettulo garishta vegaanni mariyu kanishta egurutuu vegaanni saadhinchindi.
rekkalu flush-rivated alclaud kavarnu kaligi unnaayi mariyu freeze-rakam ileronlu mariyu antargatamgaa abhivruddhi chendina gauz flaaplu rendintinee kaligi unnaayi, veetilo rendodi gearing system mariyu screw jaakla dwara anusandhaaninchabadina electric motaru dwara actuate cheyabadindi, flaaplanu 60 seconlalo tagginchadaaniki mariyu 90 seconlalo paiki lepadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. pedda sthuupaakaara 325-gallen indhana tankulanu rekkala lopala unchaaru, lopali mariyu bayati enginela madhya amarcharu mariyu pramaanikamgaa amarcharu; vimanam yokka suduura rakaalapai, adanapu indhana tankulu rekkalalo unnaayi, prati rekkalo 280 gaalanlu, 325 gaalanlu mariyu 175 gaalanlu unnaayi. injin nasselles yokka iruvaipula amarchabadina rekka yokka mundari anchu yokka muulakaalanu, enginelu mariyu floatlu rendintikee servicing platformluga panicheyadaaniki madata pettavacchu, veetilo rendodi pradhana sparr meeda sthirapadina tandum stratlapai teesukuvellabadindi mariyu vegamtho prayaninchetappudu taramgaala aakasmika prabhavam dwara rekkalaku prasaram cheyabadutunna anavasaramaina tortional lodlanu tolaginchadaaniki shock absorberlanu kaligi untundi.
puurtigaa kotta aakaraanni sweekarinchina pottu, pradhanamgaa shorts vadda saampradaaya nirmaana paddhatulanu upayoginchindi. eee nirmaanam 'z' aakarapu stringerlu mariyu 'i' aakarapu gardarlanu upayoginchi tribhujaakaara vibhaagaalanu roopondinchindi, ivi fuselage vaipula unna binduvu vadda unna chains venta nadustaayi, ivi planning undersidetho kalustaayi. tayaareeni saralikrutam cheyadaaniki mariyu andubaatulo unna antargata parimaanaanni penchadaaniki oka charyaga, chinn loki pottu yokka vaipula tudichivese saadhaarana vakrata matrame upayoginchabadindi; munupati shorts-built flying botlalo, marinta sanklishtamaina 's' aakarapu vakrata mariyu chinlaku paina unna punjam akasmaattugaa tagginchadam upayoginchabadindi.
lothaina pottu mottam rendu deklaku vasati kalpinchindi, eguva deck oka podavaina compartmentnu yerparustundi, idhi nilva sthalam mariyu ooda yokka clerk kaaryaalayamtho paatu saruku ravana mariyu meyilnu unchadaaniki vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi. eee karyalayamlo vidyut fusebox mariyu circuit switchlu, ventilation niyantranalu mariyu fuel cox vanti niyantranalu undevi. diguva declo oka pedda samudra compartment, oka jatha draglu, oka mooring bollard mariyu oka padava hook, kaakpitku oka adugu nicchenatho paatu unnaayi; mooring compartment yokka oka adugu munduku prayaaneekula seloon, taruvaata marugudodlu mariyu gallie, madhya-ooda cabin, visaalamaina promenade cabin mariyu chivaraku oka eft-cabin thoo kuudina central carridar undhi. cabinlanu pratyamnaayamgaa soukaryavantamaina seating ledhaa sleeper sevala kosam banklatho amarchavacchu. vimanam venuka bhaagamlo, saruku ravana mariyu meyilnu kaligi undataaniki maroe compartment undhi, idhi fuselage tarvaata varaku vistarinchabadindi.
flying sibbandi oka visaalamaina kaakpitlo kuurchunnaaru, dheenini vantena anie kooda pilustaaru; kepten mariyu koo-pailat pakkapakkane kuurchunnaaru, radeo operator kepten venuka kuurchuni, venukaku mukham chesaaru. flight deck aaa sakaaniki saapekshamgaa baga amarchabadi undhi, indulo autopylot vanti lakshanaalu unnaayi; flying instrumentationlo hugs-built turn indicator, diksuchi mariyu variometer, sperry corporation-built artificial horizone mariyu heading indicator, collsman-built sensitive altimeter, marconi-built radeo direction finder, smiths-built chronometer mariyu vaikhari suuchika unnaayi. radeo operator radeo spectrum antataa sweekarinchadaaniki mariyu prasaram cheyadaaniki marconi-nirmita shock-proof radeo setlatho amarchabadindi; upasamharinchagala loop antennanu drushya ledhaa aaral hoaming kosam maarchavacchu.
poura vimanamga roopondinchinappatiki, eee rakaniki chendina udaaharanalu sainika sevanu chudatame kakunda eee prayojanam kosam pratyaekamgaa naveekarinchabadataayi. naveekarinchabadataayi, rendu saamraajya egire padavalu-'cleo' mariyu 'cardelia' shorts 'belfast sadupaayaaniki tirigi vachayi, akkada vaatini dorsal mariyu rear positionlalo gunn tarretlanu mariyu fuselage paina mariyu vaipula air tuu surface vessel (esvi) radar parikaraalanu vyavasthaapinchi savarinchaaru. vaatini teerapraanta command upayoginchindi. saamrajyam yokka thobuttuvula roopakalpana, chinna sunder land marinta vistrutamaina sainika upayogam cheyabadindi.
kaaryaacharana charitra.
1937 fibravari 8naa, saamrajyamlo okataina "caster" anae padavalu, inglaandlooni hampshireloni calshot nundi eejiptlooni alegzandriaku modati saadhaarana vimananni nadipayi. sumaruga nirantaraayamgaa prayaaninchina eee vimanam, britton thana sainika saamagrini thana videshee sthaavaraalaku vaayu maargam dwara taralinchagaladani choopinchindi. 1937 fibravari 18naa, nirminchina saamrajyaalalo modatidi, "caledonia", adhe calshot-alexandria maargamlo prayaaninchindi; idhi gantaku 170 mailla sagatu vegamtho eee marganni nirantaraayamgaa daatagaligindi.
1937 juulai 5naa, oka saamrajyam egire padava dwara atlantic yokka modati daatadam jarigindi. prayogaatmaka praatipadikana, kepten doubleu enn cummings nadipe "caledonia", shannon nadhi paschimaana unna foynes nundi boat wood, nyuu foundlandku oka maargamlo prayaaninchindi. adhe rojuna, oka american sikorsky ess-42 egire padava vyatiraeka disalo egiripoyindi. "caledonia" kevalam 15 gantalaku paiga pattindi (landing spot kosam vetakadaaniki gadipina kaalamtho sahaa), cover cheyadaaniki oka ettulo egurutuu-sagatu vegam sumaru. 1937 juulai 22naa nirvahinchina daani tirigi vachhe vimaanamlo, "caledonia" 12 gantala samayamlo vyatiraeka disalo adhe maargamlo egiripoyindi; pootiiloo unna sikorsky sikorsky poliste, saamrajyam mottam marganni vaegamgaa daatagaligindi.
atlantic yokka aneka survey vimanalu "caledonia" mariyu "cambria" dwara tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. 1937 augustulo, "cambria" 14 gantala 24 nimishaallo thoorpu-padmara vimananni nirvahinchindi. nirvahinchindi, "kavalir" bermudaaku ravana cheyabadindi, tirigi samavesamaina taruvaata, 1937 mae 25naa akkada mariyu newyork nagaram madhya sevanu praarambhinchindi.
chinna saamrajyam dakshina africa mariyu australiaku saamraajya vayumaargaala maargaala venta panicheyadaaniki roopondinchabadindi, ikkada yea kaalu kooda antagaa ledhu. saamrajyam yokka roopakalpana khararu cheyabadi, utpatti praarambhamaina taruvaata, united states nundi kontha ottiditoe, atlantic antataa ilanti sevanu andinchadam vaanchaneeyamani gurtinchabadindi. S. 23 yokka paridhi sikorsky S-42 roopamlo samaanamaina american-nirmita pratiroopam kante takkuvagaa undhi, mariyu vaaru nijamaina trans-atlantic sevanu andinchalekapoyaru. rendu padavalu ("caledonia" mariyu "cambria") teelikagaa mariyu suduura tankulatho amarchabaddayi; rendu vimanalu prayaanaanni nirvahinchadaaniki prayogaatmaka inn-flight indhanam nimpe pareekshalalo upayoginchabaddaayi; eee maarpulu takkuva mandhi prayaanikulanu mariyu takkuva sarukunu teesukuvellagalige kharchutho vachayi.
atlantic crossingnu nirvahinche prayatnamlo, pratyaamnaaya 'piggy-byaak' vidhananni pareekshinchaaru. eee bhavananu imperial airways saanketika salahaadaaru, majer robbert hobert maayo, paridhi mariyu payload rendintinee gananeeyamgaa penche saadhanamgaa gattiga samardhinchaaru, mariyu vimanayana samstha mariyu british vaimanika mantritva saakha rendinti dwara baga sweekarinchabadindi, veetilo rendodi shortlatho arder chesindi. vaahaka noukagaa ess. 21 roopakalpananu (ess. 23 aadhaaramgaa) upayoginchi, chinna naalugu enginela float plain, short ess. 20, daani venuka bhaagamlo amarchabadindi; ess. 21 mariyu regular ess. 23 vimaanaala madhya atyanta spashtamaina vyatyaasam float plaennu teesukelladaaniki adanapu uparitala nirmaanam. miah" anae paerutoe ess. 21 carrier vimaanaaniki mariyu "paadarasam" anae paerutoe ess. ess oke oka udaaharana matrame nirminchabadindi. kalisi, vaaru chinna maayo misramam anie piluvabaddaru.
1938 juulai 21naa, mishrama saruku mariyu mail yokka 600 poundla paeloednu mosukeltunnappudu ireland paschima teeramlo "paadarasam" yokka vijayavantamaina madhya-gaali prayogam amalu cheyabadindi; idhi 22 gantala 22 nimishala taruvaata, kenadaaloni montrial cherukoga, sagatu vegaanni saadhinchindi. tadupari vimanalalo, saamraajya-sainika kalayika aneka suduura recordulanu nelakolpindi; atuvanti oka vimananni 1938 aktobaru 6naa skaatlaandlooni dundy nundi dakshinaafrikaalooni aurange nadiki 42 gantala 5 nimishaallo eguravesi, nirvahinchabadindi. ayithe, eee bhavana yokka pradarsinchabadina yogyatalu mariyu pani saamarthyam unnappatikee, rendava prapancha yuddham praarambhamaina phalitamgaa anni abhivruddhi panulu samarthavantamgaa muginchabaddaayi. yuddha samayamlo, madhya-atlantic meeda vaimanika rakshana kosam hocker hariken faitar aircraftnu andinchadaaniki pratyaamnaaya bhuu-aadhaarita vimanalanu upayoginchadam anae bhaavanapai aasakti undedi.
1940 juunloo italii rendava prapancha yuddhamloki pravesinchina taruvaata, britton mariyu eejiptu (mariyu aaa vidhamgaa australiapy) madhyadhara dwara meyilnu surakshitamgaa eguraveyadam asadhyam ayyindi. tadanugunamgaa, oka kotta "gurrapu pandem maargam" sthaapinchabadindi, idhi accland/sidney nundi kairo (paatha "thoorpu maargam" nuu anusarinchi) nundi durban, dakshinaafrikaa varaku, aapai samudram dwara britton varaku nadichindi. 1942 fibravarilo singapurnu kolpoyina taruvaata idhi bharatadesamloni durban mariyu kalakatta madhya undataaniki parimitam cheyabadindi.
overload baruvula vadda eee rakanni nirvahinchadamlo yuddhakaala anubhavam phalitamgaa shorts andinchina sampradaayavaada garishta baruvula kante saamrajyaalu gananeeyamgaa ekkuva baruvulatho bayaludaeragalavani grahinchaaru, ayithe americaku chivari saamraajya crossinglu crossinglu (clar mariyu clyde dwara) cheyabaddaayi, sudeerghamaina, demand mariyu mukhyamaina neetipai lisban-batherst vimanalalo marinni vimanalu tayaaru cheyabaddaayi.
vaividhyaalu.
31 s.23s, tommidi s.30s mariyu rendu s.33s thoo sahaa 42 "sii class" chinna saamraajya egire padavalu nirminchabaddaayi.
aneka ess. 23, ess. 30 & ess. 33luu yuddha samayamlo bristol pegasus xxii papet valve radial enginelatho tirigi injin cheyabaddaayi.
pramaadaalu mariyu sanghatanalu.
vimaanaaniki sambandhinchina chaalaa pramaadaalu landing samayamlo sambhavinchaayi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa pailat lopam kaaranamgaa sambhavinchaayi.
saamrajyam yokka adhika kaakpit, alaage vegaanni nirvahinchadaaniki flaaplanu upayoginchaalane bhavana kaaranamgaa takkuva adhunaatana vimaanaala etthu nirnayampai sikshana pondina pailatlaku kashtam. kalakramena merugaina parichayamtho pramaadaala raetu taggindi. okasari sevalo unnappudu, nirmaanam pradaesaalaloo, mukhyamgaa pranaalika diguva bhagalalo balaheenamgaa unnatlu kanugonabadindi, idhi taruvaata namuunaalu pottu mariyu rekkalapai mandapati gaze tokkalanu upayoginchadaaniki daariteesindi.

