
krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya

krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya anedi suuryarashmi, neeru mariyu carbon dioxidenu carbohydratelu mariyu oxygennugaa maarchadaaniki kiranajanya samyogakriya yokka sahaja prakriyanu biomimics chese oka rasayana prakriya. krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya anae padaanni saadhaaranamgaa indhanam (soura indhanam) yokka rasayana bandhaalalo suuryarashmi nundi saktini sangrahinchi nilva cheyadaaniki edainaa pathakaanni suuchimchadaaniki upayogistaaru. kaanti utpreraka neeti vibhajana neetini hydrogen mariyu oxygennugaa maarustundi mariyu idhi krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya yokka pradhana parisoedhanaa amsam. kaanti-aadhaarita carbon dioxide taggimpu anedi sahaja carbon sthireekarananu pratibimbimchae adhyayanam chesina maroka prakriya.
eee amsampai parisoedhanaloo soura indhanaala pratyaksha utpatti kosam parikaraala roopakalpana mariyu assembly, photoelectrochemistry mariyu indhana kanaalalo daani anuvartanam, mariyu suukshmajeevula jeeva indhanam mariyu suuryarashmi nundi jeeva hydrogen utpatti kosam enjaimlu mariyu photoautotrophic suukshmajeevula injaneering unnaayi.
sameeksha.
kiranajanya praticharyanu aakseekarana mariyu taggimpu yokka rendu ardha-praticharyalugaa vibhajinchavachhu, eee rendoo indhanaanni utpatti cheyadaaniki avasaram. mokkala kiranajanya samyogakriyalo, neeti anuvulu oxygen mariyu protaanlanu vidudala cheyadaaniki photo-oxidise cheyabadataayi. mokkala kiranajanya samyogakriya yokka rendava dasha (calvin-benson saikil anie kooda pilustaaru) anedi carbon dioxidenu glucose (indhanam) gaa marche kaanti-swatantra praticharya. krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya parisoedhakulu eee rendu praticharyalanu nirvahinchagala prakaasa utprerakaalanu abhivruddhi chestunnaru. antekakunda, neeti vibhajana phalitamgaa erpade protaanlanu hydrogen utpattiki upayoginchavacchu. eee utprerakaalu twaragaa pratispandinchi, sanghatana soura photaanlalo pedda saataanni grahinchagalagaali.
kaantivipeedanaalu suuryarashmi nundi neerugaa saktini andinchagalavu, kaantivipeedana vidyut (paroksha prakriya) nundi indhana utpatti asamarthatha mariyu rojanta suuryarashmi sthiramgaa undakapovadam daani viniyogaaniki parimitini nirdesistundi. 
sahaja kiranajanya samyogakriyanu upayoginchadaaniki oka maargam jeeva indhanam utpatti, idhi takkuva shakti marpidi saamarthyam (suuryarasmini jeeva dravyaraasigaa maarchadamlo kiranajanya samyogakriya yokka takkuva saamarthyam kaaranamgaa), pantakota mariyu ravana kharchu mariyu aahara utpatti kosam bhoomi dravyarashi yokka perugutunna avasaram kaaranamgaa vibhedaalu kaligi unna paroksha prakriya. 
krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya yokka uddesyam suuryarashmi nundi indhanaanni utpatti cheyadam, idhi soukaryavantamgaa nilva cheyabadutundi mariyu suuryarashmi andubaatulo lenappudu, pratyaksha prakriyalanu upayoginchadam dwara, antey soura indhanaanni utpatti cheyadam dwara upayoginchabadutundi. kiranajanya samyogakriya yokka pradhana bhaagaalanu punarutpatti cheyagala utprerakaala abhivruddhitho, swachchamaina saktini utpatti cheyadaaniki avasaramaina inputlu chivariki neeru, carbon dioxide mariyu suuryarashmi matrame. ekaika upa utpatti oxygen, mariyu soura indhanam utpatti gasoline kante choukagaa unde avakaasam undhi.
swachchamaina mariyu sarasamaina indhana sarafaraanu srushtinchadaaniki oka prakriya soura kaanti kinda kaanti utpreraka neeti vibhajana abhivruddhi. sthiramaina hydrogen utpatti yokka eee paddhati pratyaamnaaya shakti vyavasthala abhivruddhiki pradhana lakshyam. 
idhi neeti nundi hydrojannu pondadaaniki atyanta samarthavanthamaina margalalo okati kakapoyina, okatigaa kooda anchanaa veyabadindi. 
photosemiconductor utprerakaalu sahayamtho neeti vibhajana prakriya dwara soura saktini hydrojanga marchadam abhivruddhilo atyanta aasaajanaka saanketika parignaanaalalo okati. 
eee prakriyaloo pedda mottamlo hydrogen paryaavaranaparamgaa manchi paddhatiloo utpatti ayye avakaasam undhi. parisara paristhitulalo soura saktini swachchamaina indhanamgaa (hetch2) marchadam iravai okatava sataabdamloo saastravettalu edurkontunna atipedda savaallalo okati.
hydrogen utpatti kosam soura indhana kanaala nirmaanaaniki saadhaaranamgaa rendu paddhatulu gurtinchabaddaayih
krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriyalo parisoedhana yokka maroka rangam soura indhanaala utpatti kosam harita suukshmajeevulu mariyu sinobacteria anae kiranajanya suukshmajeevula empika mariyu taarumaaru. aneka jaatulu sahajamgaa hydrojannu utpatti cheyagalavu, vaatini meruguparachadaaniki saastravettalu krushi chestunnaru. beautanol mariyu mithanol vanti algay jeeva indhanaalu prayogasaala mariyu vaanijya pramaanaalalo utpatti cheyabadataayi. eee paddhati synthetic biology abhivruddhi nundi prayojanam pondindi, dheenini zhe kooda anveshistunnaru. jeeva indhana utpatti cheyagala krutrima jeevulanu utpatti cheyadaaniki craigg ventor institute. 
2017loe, "saiborg bacteria" nuu upayoginchi carbon dioxide nundi acetic aamlanni utpatti cheyadaaniki samarthavanthamaina prakriya abhivruddhi cheyabadindi.
charitra.
krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriyanu 1912loe italian rasayana shaastravetta giacomo camitian modatisaarigaa oohinchaaru. taruvaata vignaana saastramlo prachurinchabadina oka upanyaasamlo ayana shilaja indhanaala vadakam nundi suuryudu andinche prakaasavantamaina saktiki maaraalani pratipaadinchaaru mariyu saanketika prakaasa rasayana parikaraala dwara sangrahinchaaru. eee maarpulo airopaloni sampanna uttara mariyu paedha dakshina praantaala madhya vyatyaasaanni tagginche avakaasaanni ayana chuusaaru mariyu boggu nundi sourasaktiki eee maarpu "purogatiki mariyu maanava aanandaaniki hanikaram kaadu" anie oohinchaaru."
1960la chivaralo, akira fujishima titanium dioxide yokka prakaasa utpreraka lakshanaalanu kanugonnaru, idhi hydolysis kosam upayoginchagala honda-fujishima prabhavam anie pilavabadedi.
oka mukka multy function semiconductor parikaramtho kanipinche telikapati neeru vibhajana (verses. titanium dioxide semikandaktarlatho kuudina yuvi kaanti) 1983loe shakti marpidi parikaraalalo vilium iyers chetha pradarsinchabadindi mariyu patent cheyabadindi. eee samuuham neeti photolysisnu hydrogen mariyu oxygennu pradarsinchindi, ippudu dheenini takkuva kharchutho, sannani pora anakara silicon multijunction sheet neerugaa neetilo munigipotundi. vividha utprerakaalato alankarinchabadina mundu nirakara silicon uparitalampai hydrogen udbhavinchindi, ayithe venuka vaipu loha uparitalam nundi oxygen udbhavinchindi, idhi mishrama hydrogen/oxygen vayuvu parinaama pramaadaanni kooda tolaginchindi. nimajjanam cheyabadina parikaram paina unna polymer pora protan ravaanaaku oka marganni andinchindi. bahu-kaaryaacharana sannani pora parikaram nundi kanipinche kaantitoe labhinche adhika kantivipeedanamu anedi yuvi ledhaa itara single junction semiconductor photoelectrodelatho munupati photolysis prayatnaalatoe poliste oka pradhana purogati. samuuham yokka patent anamaka silikanto paatu aneka itara semiconductor multijunction kuurpulanu kooda jabita chestundi.
krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya kosam swedish consortium, eee rakamaina modatidi, 1994loe moodu ververu vishwavidyaalayaala samuuhaala sahakaaramtho sthaapinchabadindi, lund, upsala mariyu stockholm, prastutam lund mariyu upsaalaaloni amstrom prayogasaalala chuttoo churukuga unnaayi. sahaja kiranajanya samyogakriya nundi neerchukoevadampai drushti pettadaniki mariyu eee gnaanaanni biomematic vyavasthalalo vartimpajeyadaaniki bahula vibhaga vidhaanamtho consortium nirminchabadindi.
krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya parisoedhana 21va sataabdam praarambhamlo oopandukuntondi. 2000loe, commonwealth shaastreeya mariyu paarisraamika parisoedhanaa samstha (sii. sii. aarr. oo) parisoedhakulu carbon dioxide sangraham mariyu daanini hydrocarbonluga marchadanni nokki cheppadaniki tama uddesaanni pracharam chesaaru. 2003loe, brookhaven jaateeya prayogasaala carbon dioxidenu koo (saadhyamainanta saralamaina carbon dioxide taggimpu praticharya) kuu tagginchadamlo oka mukhyamaina madhyantara bhaganni kanugonnatlu prakatinchindi, idhi merugaina utprerakaalaku daariteestundi.
neeti vibhajana utprerakaalu kosam krutrima vyavasthala yokka pratikuulatalaloo okati, avi ruthenium ledhaa renium vanti arudaina, khareedaina muulakaalapai aadharapadatam. 2008loe, united states air fores office off scientific research nidhulatho, mitt chemist mariyu solar revolution project director daniel zii. nosera mariyu post doctoral thoti mathue connon choukaina mariyu samruddhiga unde cobalt mariyu fasfate muulakaalanu kaligi unna utprerakaanni upayoginchadam dwara eee samasyanu tappinchukovadaaniki prayatninchaaru. utprerakam suuryarasmini upayoginchi neetini oxygen mariyu protanluga vibhajinchagaligindi, mariyu platinum vanti hydrogen vaayuvunu utpatti chese utprerakamto jatacheyavachhu. antekakunda, utprerakam utprerakam samayamlo vichchinnamainappatiki, adhi sweeya-marammattu cheyagaladu. eee prayogaatmaka utpreraka roopakalpananu chaalaa mandhi parisoedhakulu oka pradhana merugudalagaa pariganinchaaru.
CO anedi CO2 yokka pradhana taggimpu utpatti ayithe, marinta sanklishtamaina carbon sammelanaalu saadhaaranamgaa korukuntaru. 2008loe, andrew bii. chaalaa samarthavanthamaina prakaasa rasayana kanamlo soura saktini upayoginchi carbon dioxide mariyu neetini mithanolga neerugaa marchadanni bocarsley nivedinchaaru.
nosera mariyu sahodyogulu neetini oxygen mariyu protanluga vibhajinchadam saadhinchagaa, hydrojannu utpatti cheyadaaniki telikapati prakriya kaavaalsinadi. 2009loe, leibniz institute pharr catalysis chavakaina inupa carbonyl complexelu alaa cheyagalavani nivedinchindi. adhe samvatsaramlo, thoorpu anglia vishwavidhyaalayamloni parisoedhakulu 60 saatam saamardhyamtho photoelectrochemical hydrogen utpattini saadhinchadaaniki inupa carbonyl sammelanaalanu kooda upayoginchaaru, esaari inupa samudaayaalanu anusandhaaninchina indium phosphide poralatho kappabadina bangaaru electrodenu upayoginchaaru. eee rendu prakriyalu paramaanu vidhananni upayoginchaayi, ikkada vivikta suukshmakanaalu utpreranaku baadhyata vahistaayi.
2009loe eff. dell vaale mariyu keey. domen photocatalistulanu upayoginchi moosivesina vaataavaranamloo ushna chikitsa yokka prabhavanni choopinchindi. ghana draavanam suuryarashmi vikiranam kinda neeru vidipovadam valla hydrogen utpattilo adhika kaaryaacharananu nivedistundi. 2010loe california vishwavidyaalayam, shanta cruze parisoedhakulu mishrama bhinnamaina/paramaanu vidhaanamtho, natrajani-doped mariyu cadmium selenide quantum dots-sensitized titanium dioxide nanoparticals mariyu nanovirelanu upayoginchi, photoproduct hydrojannu kooda utpatti chesaaru.
krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya chaalaa samvatsaraalu vidya rangamgaa undipoyindi. ayithe, 2009 praarambhamlo, mitsubishi rasayana nilvalu suuryarashmi, neeru mariyu carbon dioxidenu upayoginchi "resinlu, plaastiklu mariyu fiberlanu samslaeshanha cheyagala carbon building blacklanu srushtinchadaaniki" daani swantha krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya parisoedhananu abhivruddhi chestunnatlu nivedinchabadindi."krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya dwara carbon dioxidenu tagginchadam pradhana lakshyaalalo okatigaa, aaa samvatsaram chivarlo kaiteki institute sthaapanatho idhi dhruvikarinchabadindi.
2010loe, united states department off energy, daani indhana aavishkarana kendraalalo okatigaa, krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya kosam ummadi kendramgaa sthaapinchabadindi. suuryarashmi, neeru mariyu carbon-dioxidenu matrame inputlugaa upayoginchi indhanaalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki kharchutho koodukunna paddhatini kanugonadam jkp yokka lakshyam.  jkp nii california institute off technology (caltech) nundi oka brundam nirvahistundi, dheeniki professor nathan levis darsakatvam vahinchaaru mariyu caltech nundi 120 mandiki paiga saastravettalu mariyu injaneerlanu mariyu daani pradhana bhagaswamy, laurence berkley national laboratoryni okachota cherchindi. jkp stanford vishwavidyaalayam, berkleylooni california vishwavidyaalayam, ucsb, california vishwavidyaalayam, irvin mariyu shaan diagoloni california vishwavidyaalayam mariyu stanford leanier accelerator nundi keelaka bhaagaswaamula naipunhyam mariyu saamardhyaalanu kooda aakarshistundi.  adanamgaa, jkp 20 doow energy frontier research center thoo sahaa united states antataa itara soura indhanaala parisoedhanaa brundaalaku kendra kendramgaa panichestundi.  eee karyakramam aidu samvatsaraalalo $122 millionla budgetnu kaligi undhi, idhi congress ketayinpuku lobadi untundi.
2010loe kooda, sinkinnati vishwavidhyaalayamloni professor david vendell darsakatvam vahinchina brundam nurugu gruhamlo velaadadeesina enjaimlatho kuudina krutrima nirmaanamloo kiranajanya samyogakriyanu vijayavantamgaa pradarsinchindi.
2011loe, daniel nosera mariyu athani parisoedhanaa brundam modati aacharanaatmaka krutrima aaku srushtinchinatlu prakatinchaaru. american chemical society 241va jaateeya samavesamlo chesina prasangamlo, nosera neetini oxygen mariyu hydrojanga vibhajinchagala pokar card parimaanamlo unna adhunaatana soura ghataanni vivarinchindi, idhi sahaja kiranajanya samyogakriya kante sumaru padhi retlu ekkuva samarthavantamgaa untundi. 
kanam ekkuvagaa chavakaina padaarthaalatho tayaaru cheyabadindi, ivi vistrutamgaa labhistaayi, saadhaarana paristhitulalo panicheestaayi mariyu munupati utprerakaalato poliste perigina sthirathvaanni chuputai prayogasaala adhyayanaalalo, oka krutrima aaku namuunaa kaneesam nalabhai aidu gantala paatu nirantaram panichestundani rachayitalu pradarsinchaaru. 2012 maeloe, nosera parisoedhana aadhaaramgaa praarambhamaina sunn catalytics, suuryarashmi nundi hydrojannu tayaaru cheyadaaniki itara maargaala kante eee parikaram takkuva podupunu andistunnanduna idhi namuunaanu penchadani perkondi. 
eee rangamlooni pramukha nipunulu indhana bhadrata mariyu vaataavarana maarpula mishrama parishkaramga krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriyapai prapancha project pratipaadanaku maddatu icchaaru. 
eee amsampai samavesalu 2011loe lard hove dveepamlo, 2014loe yukeloni chicheli haallo mariyu 2016loe conbera mariyu lard hove dveepamlo jarigaayi.
prastuta parisoedhana.
shakti paramgaa, sahaja kiranajanya samyogakriyanu moodu dasalugaa vibhajinchavachhuh
biomematic vidhaanaalanu upayoginchi, krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya adhe rakamaina prakriyalanu chese vyavasthalanu nirminchadaaniki prayatnistundi. aadarsavantamgaa, oka trayam assembly oka utprerakamto neetini aakseekarinchagaladu, marokadaanito protaanlanu tagginchagaladu mariyu mottam vyavasthaku saktinivvadaaniki photosensitizer anuvunu kaligi untundi. saralamaina designlalo okati, photosensitizer neeti aakseekarana utprerakam mariyu hydrogen abhivruddhi chendutunna utprerakam madhya anusandhaaninchabadi untundih
oka utprerakam oka chivara aakseekarana chendadamtho mariyu rendavadi trayam yokka maroka chivara taggadamtho trayam yokka sthithini chaarj separation anie pilustaaru, mariyu marinta electron badileeki mariyu tatphalitamgaa utprerakam jaragadaniki idhi oka chodaka shakti. vividha bhaagaalanu supramolecular complexelu, compartmentalized kanaalu ledhaa leanier, covelantly linked molecules vanti vividha margallo sameekarinchavachhu.
neeru, carbon dioxide mariyu suuryarasmini carbohydratelu ledhaa hydrojanga marchagala utprerakaalanu kanugonadamlo parisoedhana anedi prastuta, kriyaaseela kshetram. sahaja oxygen-abhivruddhi sanklishtatanu (oisi) adhyayanam cheyadam dwara, parisoedhakulu daani paniteerunu anukarinchadaaniki "blue diamer" vanti utprerakaalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. ayithe, eee utprerakaalu ippatikee asamarthamgaa unnaayi.
carbon dioxidenu carbon monoxide (koo), formic assid (hkuh) mariyu mithanol (chii3ohech) gaa marche photoelectrochemical kanaalu abhivruddhilo unnaayi. sahaja kiranajanya samyogakriya maadirigaane, ituvanti krutrima aakulu mottam neeti vibhajana ledhaa carbon dye oxide taggimpu kosam kaanti shooshakaalanu upayoginchavacchu. eee samagra vyavasthalanu telikapati, anuvaina uparitalaalapai sameekarinchavachhu, phalitamgaa taamara akulanu pooli unde teliade parikaraalu erpadataayi.
punarutpaadaka indhana utpatti kosam algay nundi vachhe phycobilitproteinlu abhivruddhilo unnaayi.
hydrogen utprerakaalu.
hydrogen anedi samshlaeshanhaku saralamaina soura indhanam, endukante idhi rendu electronlanu rendu protanlaku badilee cheyadaanni matrame kaligi untundi. ayithe, idhi madhyantara hydride ayan erpadadamtho dasalavaareegaa cheyali
prakrutilo unde protan-nundi-hydrogen marpidi utprerakaalu hydrogenesslu. ivi protaanlanu molecular hydrojanga tagginchagala ledhaa hydrojannu protaanlu mariyu electronluga aakseekaranam cheyagala enjaimlu. aneka dasabdaluga saagina spectroscopic mariyu sphatika shaastra adhyayanalu hydrogenase utprerakam yokka nirmaanam mariyu yantraangam rendinti gurinchi manchi avagahanaku daariteesaayi. eee samacharanni upayoginchi, nickel-inumu mariyu inumu-inumu hydrogenessla kriyaaseela pradaesam yokka nirmaanaanni anukarinche aneka anuvulu samslaeshanha cheyabaddaayi. itara utprerakaalu hydrogenase yokka nirmaana anukaranalu kaavu, conny kriyaatmakamainavi. samslaeshanha utprerakaalu nirmaanaatmaka hetch-cluster namuunaalu, dirhodium photocatalist mariyu cobalt utprerakaalu.
neeti-oxidising utprerakaalu.
protan taggimpu kante neeti aakseekarana anedi marinta sanklishtamaina rasayana praticharya. prakrutilo, oxygen-abhivruddhi chendutunna sanklishtata photosystem II (ps II) lopala manganese-calcium samuuhamloo samaanamaina (electronlu) nuu tagginchadam dwara eee praticharyanu nirvahistundi, taruvaata vaatini neeti anuvulaku pampinhee chestundi, phalitamgaa paramaanu oxygen mariyu protanla utpatti jarugutundihi
utprerakam (sahaja ledhaa krutrima) lekunda, eee praticharya chaalaa endothermic, dheeniki adhika ushnogratalu (kaneesam 2500 k) avasaram.
praanavaayuvu-abhivruddhi chendutunna samudaayam yokka khachitamaina nirmaanaanni prayogaatmakamgaa gurtinchadam kashtam. 2011 natiki, atyanta vivaranaatmaka namuunaa photosystem II yokka 1.9 Â resolution christal structure nundi vachindi. eee samudaayam naalugu manganese mariyu oka calcium ayaanlanu kaligi unna samuuhamgaa untundi, ayithe samuuhamloo neeti aakseekarana yokka khachitamaina sthaanam mariyu vidhanam teliyadu. ayinappatikee, jeeva-prerepita manganese mariyu manganese-calcium complexelu samslaeshanha cheyabaddaayi, [mn4o4] cubane-rakam samuuhaalu vantivi, konni utpreraka charyatho unnaayi.
dinuclear micro-oxo-sankareeta "blue diamer" (samslaeshanha cheyabadina eee rakamaina modatidi) vanti konni ruthenium complexelu, adhika valence sthithulanu yerparuchukogaliginanduku krutagnatalu teluputuu, kaanti-aadhaarita neeti aakseekarana saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi. eee sandarbhamlo, ruthenium complexes photosensitizer mariyu utprerakam rendintiloonuu panichestundi. eee sanklishtatalu mariyu itara paramaanu utprerakaalu ippatikee eee rangamlo parisoedhakulanu aakarshistaayi, spashtamaina nirmaanam, kriyaaseela pradaesam mariyu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki sulabhamaina yantraangam vanti vividha prayojanaalanu kaligi unnaayi. adhigaminchaalsina pradhana savaallalo okati vaati swalpakaalika sthirathvam mariyu krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya parikaraalalo anuvartanaala kosam vaati samarthavanthamaina bhinnajanikeekarana.
aneka loha oxidelu neeti aakseekarana utpreraka charyanu kaligi unnatlu kanugonabadindi, veetilo ruthenium (IV) oxide (ruuo2), iridium (IV) oxide (airo2), cobalt oxidelu (nickel-doped koo3oo4 thoo sahaa), manganese oxide (pora mno2 (birnesite), mn2o3 thoo sahaa), mariyu comn2oo4 thoo mn2o3 misramam unnaayi. oxidelu paramaanu utprerakaalu, mukhyamgaa saapekshamgaa samruddhiga unna parivartana lohaalu (citiobal mariyu manganese) nundi pondadam sulabham, conny takkuva turnover frequency mariyu nemmadigaa electron badilee lakshanaalatoo baadhapadataayi, mariyu vaati charya yokka yantraamgaanni ardham chesukovadam kashtam, anduvalla, sardubaatu cheyadam kashtam.
iteevala loha-sendriya chatram (moff) aadhaarita padaarthaalu modati varusa parivartana lohalatho neeti aakseekaranaku atyanta aasaajanakamaina abhyardhigaa chuupabaddaayi. eee vyavastha yokka sthirathvam mariyu tunability bhavishyat abhivruddhiki atyanta prayojanakaramgaa untundani anchanaa veyabadindi.
photosensitizerlu.
prakruti varnapatamlo vistruta bhaganni grahinchadaaniki varnadravyam, pradhanamgaa chlorophyllanu upayogistundi. krutrima vyavasthalu vistruta shoshana paridhitho oka rakamaina varnadravyam upayoginchavacchu ledhaa oke prayojanam kosam aneka varnadravyam kalapavacchu.
ruthanium polypyridine complexes, mukhyamgaa triss (bipyridine) ruthanium (ii) mariyu daani utpannaalu, vaati samarthavanthamaina kanipinche kaanti shoshana mariyu deerghakaalika paryavasanamga metal-tuu-ligand chaarj badilee uttejita sthithi kaaranamgaa hydrogen photoproductionlo vistrutamgaa upayoginchabaddaayi, idhi complexenu balamaina tagginche agentlanu chestundi. upayoginche itara goppa loha-kaligina samudayalalo platinum, rhodium mariyu iridium unnaayi.
loha rahita sendriya samudaayaalu kooda photosensitizerluga vijayavantamgaa upayoginchabaddaayi. udaaharanalalo eosine vai mariyu roez bengaul unnaayi. porphyrines vanti pyrol valayalu kooda nanamaterials ledhaa semikandaktarlanu puuta veyadamlo sajatiya mariyu vaividhya utprerakam rendintikee upayoginchabaddaayi.
prastuta parisoedhana prayatnaalalo bhaagamgaa krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya kosam kaantini sekarinchadaaniki samarthavanthamaina mariyu sthiramaina maargaalanu nirnayinchadaaniki krutrima kaanti antenna vyavasthalanu adhyayanam chestunnaru. jion calzaferry (2009) atuvanti antennanu vivaristundi, idhi mokkala kaanti sekarana vyavasthalanu anukarinchadaaniki sendriya rangulaku geolite elnu hostga upayogistundi. geolite ell yokka chaanellalo dye anuvulanu choppinchadam dwara antenna tayaaru cheyabadutundi. vacuum kinda mariyu adhika ushnograta paristhitulalo jarige choppinche prakriya, geolite framework mariyu dye anuvula sahakaara kampana kadalika dwara saadhyamavutundi. phalitamgaa vachhe padaarthaanni stapcock intermediate dwara bahya parikaraniki anusandhaaninchavacchu.
carbon dioxide taggimpu utprerakaalu.
prakrutilo, carbon sthireekarananu calvin chakramlo bhaagamgaa enjaim rubisconi upayoginchi aakupaccha mokkalu chestaayi. itara enjaimlatho poliste rubisco chaalaa nemmadigaa utprerakam, nimishaaniki ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate loki carbon dioxide yokka konni anuvulanu matrame kaluputundi, conny vaataavarana peedanam vadda mariyu telikapati, jeeva paristhitulalo alaa chestundi. phalitamgaa utpatti marinta tagginchabadutundi mariyu chivariki glucose samshlaeshanhaloo upayoginchabadutundi, idhi cellulose mariyu pindi vanti marinta sanklishtamaina carbohydratelaku puurvagaami. eee prakriya eah. tii. pii mariyu nadf roopamlo saktini viniyogistundi.
indhana utpatti kosam krutrima carbon dye oxide taggimpu ekkuvagaa vaataavarana carbon dye oxide nundi taggina carbon sammelanaalanu utpatti cheyadame lakshyamgaa pettukundi. eee disagaa konni parivartana loha polyphosphine complexelu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi; ayithe, vatiki saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche mundu carbon dye oxide yokka munupati saandrata avasaram, mariyu vahakalu (carbon dye oxidenu sthirapariche anuvulu) aerobic paristhitulalo sthiramgaa untaayi mariyu vaataavarana saandratala vadda carbon dye oxidenu kendrikarinchagalavu, ivi inca abhivruddhi cheyabadaledu. carbon dye oxide taggimpu nundi saralamaina utpatti carbon monoxide (koo), conny indhana abhivruddhiki, marinta taggimpu avasaram, mariyu marinta abhivruddhi avasaramayye keelaka dasha kooda hydride ayaanlanu koo kii badilee cheyadam.
indhanaala photobiological utpatti.
konni photoautotrophic suukshmajeevulu, konni paristhitulalo, hydrojannu utpatti cheyagalavu. philamentus sinobacteria vanti natrajani-sthireekarana suukshmajeevulu, vaataavarana n2 nuu ammoniyaga maarchadaaniki baadhyata vahinche enjaim natrajanini kaligi untaayi; molecular hydrogen eee praticharya yokka upa utpatti, mariyu chaalaa saarlu suukshmajeevulachae vidudala cheyabadadu, conny hydrogen-oxidising (up take) hydrogenase dwara teesukobadutundi. eee jeevulanu hydrojannu utpatti cheyamani balavantam cheyadaaniki oka maargam hydrogenase charyanu grahinchadam. idhi "nasika punctiform" yokka jaatipai cheyabadindihi nife up take hydrogenase yokka nirmaana janyuvulalo okati insertional utparivartana dwara nishkriyam cheyabadindi, mariyu utparivartana jaathi prakaasam kinda hydrogen parinaamaanni choopinchindi.
eee photoautotrophlalo chaalaa varaku dvimukha hydrogeneslanu kooda kaligi untaayi, ivi konni paristhitulalo hydrojannu utpatti cheyagalavu. ayithe, itara shakti-demand jeevakriya margalu protan taggimpu kosam avasaramaina electronlatho potipadagalavu, mottam prakriya yokka saamarthyaanni taggistaayi; alaage, eee hydrogenesslu praanavaayuvuku chaalaa sunnitamgaa untaayi.
1-beautanol vanti sinobacterianu upayoginchi aneka carbon aadhaarita jeeva indhanaalu kooda utpatti cheyabaddaayi.
synthetic biology techniclu eee amsaaniki upayogapadatayani anchanaa veyabadindi. microbiological mariyu enzymatic injaneering enjaim saamarthyam mariyu drudatvaanni merugupariche saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi, alaage gatamlo laeni photoautotrophlalo kotta jeeva indhanaanni utpatti chese jeevakriya maargaalanu nirminchagalavu ledhaa ippatike unna vaatini meruguparustaayi. vaanijyaparamaina anuvartanam kosam photobio reactorla optimisation anedi abhivruddhi cheyabadutunna maroka amsam.
aahara utpatti.
parisoedhakulu cheekatilo vibhina aaharaala niyantrita perugudalanu saadhinchaaru. idhi aahara utpatti yokka shakti saamarthyaanni penchadaaniki mariyu daani paryaavarana prabhavalanu tagginchadaaniki oka maargamgaa maaravacchu. ayithe, prayogaatmaka prakriya aadhaaramgaa aahara utpatti yantraamgaalu aacharaneeyamainavaa mariyu kolavagalava anedi aspashtamgaa undhi.
parisoedhana paddhatulanu upayoginchaaru.
krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriyalo parisoedhana anedi tappanisarigaa bahula vibhagala amsam, dheeniki aneka rakaala naipunhyam avasaram. utprerakaalu mariyu soura ghataala tayari mariyu parisoedhanalaloo upayoginche konni paddhatulu
prayojanaalu, aprayojanaalu mariyu saamarthyam.
krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya dwara soura indhana utpatti yokka prayojanaaluh
pratikuulatalu unnaih
utpreraka roopakalpanalo saadhaaranamgaa parishkarinchabade oka aandolana saamarthyam, mukhyamgaa aacharanalo oka vyavasthalo sanghatana kaantini entha upayoginchavacchu. idhi prakaasamslaeshita saamardhyamtho polchadaginadi, ikkada kaanti nundi rasayana-shakti maarpidini kolustaaru. kiranajanya jeevulu sambhavinche soura vikiranamlo 50 saatam sekarinchagalavu, ayithe kiranajanya saamarthyam yokka saiddhaantika parimiti c3 mariyu c4 mokkalaku varusaga 4.6 mariyu 6.0 saatam. vaastavaaniki, kiranajanya samyogakriya saamarthyam chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa 1 saatam kante takkuvagaa untundi, ushnamandala vaataavaranamloo cheraku vanti konni minahaayimpulato. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, krutrima kiranajanya samyogakriya prayogasaala namuunaalaku atyadhika nivedinchabadina saamarthyam 22.4%. ayithe, mokkalu vaataavarana saandratala vadda carbon dye oxidenu upayoginchadamlo samarthavantamgaa untaayi, idhi krutrima utprerakaalu ippatikee cheyaleni vishayam.

