
biosensor

biosensor anedi oka vislaeshanhaatmaka parikaram, idhi oka rasayana padaardhaanni gurtinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi, idhi oka jeevasambandhamaina bhaganni bhouthika rasayana detectortho militam chestundi. 
sunnitamaina jeeva moolakam", e.zii. kanajaalam, suukshmajeevulu, kanajaalaalu, kana grahakaalu, enjaimlu, pratiroedhakaalu, nucleic aamlalu modalainavi., anedi jeevasaastraparamgaa utpannamaina padaartham ledhaa biomematic bhaagam, idhi adhyayanam cheyabadutunna vislaeshanhatoe sankarshana chendutundi, bandhistundi ledhaa gurtistundi. jeevasastra sunnitamaina muulakaalanu jeeva injaneering dwara kooda srushtinchavachu.
oka signalnu maroka signalga marche "transducer" ledhaa "detector element", bhouthika rasayana maargamlo panichestundihi optical, piezoelectric, electrochemical,
electrochemiluminsense modalainavi., jeeva muulakamtoe vislaeshanha yokka paraspara charya phalitamgaa, sulabhamgaa kolavadaniki mariyu parimaanam cheyadaaniki.
biosensor reader parikaram anubandha electronics ledhaa signal praasesarlatoe anusandhaanistundi, ivi praathamikamgaa phalitaalanu viniyogadaaru-snehapoorvaka maargamlo pradarsinchadaaniki baadhyata vahistaayi. idhi konnisaarlu sensor parikaram yokka atyanta khareedaina bhaagaaniki kaaranamavutundi, ayithe transducer mariyu sunnitamaina moolakam (holographic sensor) kaligi unna viniyogadaaru snehapoorvaka pradarsananu utpatti cheyadam saadhyamavutundi. paatakulanu saadhaaranamgaa biosensorla yokka vividha pani suutraalaku anugunamgaa custom-design chesi tayaaru chestaaru.
biosensor vyavastha.
biosensorlo saadhaaranamgaa bio-receptor (enjaim/antibody/sell/nucleic assid/optamer), transducer bhaagam (semee conducting material/naano material) mariyu signal amplifier, processor & displayto kuudina electronic vyavastha untaayi. transducerlu mariyu electronicsnu kalapavacchu, udhaa.zii., CMOS-aadhaarita microsensor vyavasthalalo. gurtimpu bhaagam, tarachugaa bioreceptor anie pilustaaru, jeeva vyavasthala tarvaata roopondinchina jeevula nundi ledhaa graahakaala nundi jeeva anuvulanu aasakti yokka vislaeshanhatoe sankarshana chendadaaniki upayogistundi. eee paraspara charyanu biotransducer dwara kolustaaru, idhi namoonaalo lakshya vislaeshanha unikiki anulomaanupaatamlo kolavagala sanketaanni utpatti chestundi. biosensor roopakalpana yokka saadhaarana lakshyam, namuunaanu sekarinchina chota aandolana ledhaa samrakshana samayamlo twarita, soukaryavantamaina pareekshanu praarambhinchadam.
bio receptorlu.
biosensorlo, bio receptor anedi transducer dwara kolavagala prabhavanni utpatti cheyadaaniki aasakti unna nirdishta vislaeshanhakarthathoo sankarshana chendadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. itara rasayana ledhaa jeevasambandhamaina bhagala maatrukalo vislaeshanha kosam adhika empika anedi bioreceptor yokka mukhya avasaram. upayoginche biomolecule rakam vistrutamgaa maaravacchu, biosensorlanu saadhaarana rakaala bio receptor paraspara charyala prakaram vargeekarinchavachuh antibody/antigen, enjaimlu/ligandlu, nucleic aamlalu/dna, cellular nirmaanaalu/kanaalu ledhaa biomematic padaarthaalu.
antibody/antigen paraspara charyalu.
oka immunocensor oka nirdishta sammelanam ledhaa antigen kosam pratirodhakaala yokka chaalaa nirdishta bandhinche anubandhaanni upayogistundi. antibody-antigen paraspara charya yokka nirdishta swabhaavam lock mariyu kii fitt kuu saaruupyata kaligi untundi, indulo antigen saraina aakrutini kaligi unte matrame antibodytho bandhistundi. bandhinche sanghatanalu bhouthika rasayana maarpuku daariteestaayi, idhi fluorescent anuvulu, enjaimlu ledhaa radioisotopulu vanti tracertho kalipi signalnu utpatti cheyagaladu. sensorlalo pratiroedhakaalanu upayoginchadamlo parimitulu unnaih 1. pratirakshaka bandhinche saamarthyam anedi vislaeshanha paristhitulapai balamgaa aadharapadi untundi (udhaa.zii. pH mariyu ushnograta), mariyu 2. antibody-antigen paraspara charya saadhaaranamgaa balamgaa untundi, ayithe, chitropic karakalu, sendriya draavakaalu ledhaa ultrasonic radiation dwara kooda bandham debbatintundi.
antibody-antigen paraspara charyalanu serological pareeksha kosam ledhaa oka nirdishta vyaadhiki pratispandanagaa prasarana chese pratiroedhakaalanu gurtinchadaaniki kooda upayoginchavacchu. mukhyamgaa, covid-19 mahammariki prapancha pratispandanalo serology pareekshalu mukhyamaina bhaagamgaa marai.
krutrima binding proteins.
biosensorla yokka bio-recognition bhaagamgaa pratiroedhakaalanu upayoginchadam valla aneka lopaalu unnaayi. avi adhika paramaanu baruvulu mariyu parimita sthirathvaanni kaligi untaayi, avasaramaina disulfide bandhaalanu kaligi untaayi mariyu utpatti cheyadaaniki khareedainavi. eee parimitulanu adhigaminchadaaniki oka vidhaanamlo, pratirakshakaala yokka recombinant binding sakalaalu (fab, efvi ledhaa scfv) ledhaa domainlu (vihech, vihech) roopondinchabaddaayi. maroka vidhaanamlo, anukuulamaina jeevabhouthika lakshanaalatoo kuudina chinna protein paranjaalu, maatru anuvu yokka anukuulamaina lakshanaalanu nilupukuntuu, vividha lakshya proteinlaku nirdishta bandham cheyagala saamarthyam kaligina antigen binding proteinla (eah. zii. bii. pii) krutrima kutumbaalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. icchina lakshya antigentho pratyaekamgaa bandhinche kutumbam yokka amsaalu, tarachugaa pradarsana paddhatula dwara vitrolo empika cheyabadataayih faze display, ribosome display, eest display ledhaa mrna display. krutrima binding proteins pratirodhakaala kante chaalaa chinnavi (saadhaaranamgaa 100 amaino-assid avasheshaala kante takkuva), balamaina sthirathvaanni kaligi untaayi, disulfide bandhaalu laevu mariyu antibodies mariyu vaati utpannaalaku viruddhamgaa, bacteria cytoplasm vanti cellular vaataavaranaalanu tagginchadamlo adhika digubadilo vyakteekarinchavachhu. anduvalla avi biosensorlanu roopondinchadaaniki pratyaekamgaa anukuulamgaa untaayi.
enzymatic paraspara charyalu.
enjaimla yokka nirdishta bandhinche saamarthyaalu mariyu utpreraka karyakalapalu vaatini prajaadarana pondina jeeva grahanasaktulugaa chestaayi. vislaeshanhaatmaka gurtimpu aneka saadhyamayye vidhaanaala dwara praarambhinchabadutundih 1) vislaeshanhaatmaka enjaimnu sensor-detectable utpattigaa marchadam, 2) vislaeshanhaatmaka enjaim dwara nirodham ledhaa kriyaaseelatanu gurtinchadam, ledhaa 3) vislaeshanhaatmaka enjaim lakshanaala maarpunu paryaveekshinchadam. biosensorlalo enjaimla saadhaarana viniyogaaniki pradhana kaaranaalu 1) pedda sankhyalo praticharyalanu utprerakam chese saamarthyam; 2) vislaeshanhaatmaka samuuhaanni (uparitalaalu, utpattulu, nirodhakaalu mariyu utpreraka karyakalapala modulatorlu) gurtinche saamarthyam; mariyu 3) vislaeshanhanu gurtinchadaaniki aneka vibhina transduction paddhathulatho anukuulata. mukhyamgaa, praticharyalalo enjaimlu viniyoginchabadavu kabatti, biosensornu sulabhamgaa nirantaram upayoginchavacchu. enjaimla utpreraka karyakalapalu saadhaarana binding paddhathulatho poliste takkuva parimitulanu gurtinchadaaniki kooda anumatistaayi. ayithe, enjaim yokka sthirathvam dwara sensor yokka jeevitakaalam parimitam cheyabadutundi.
anubandha bandham grahakaalu.
pratirakshakaalu 10°8l/mol kante ekkuva binding sthiraamkaanni kaligi untaayi, idhi antigen-antibody janta erpadina tarvaata dadapuga tirigi pondaleni anubandhaanni suuchistumdi. glucose anubandham vanti konni vislaeshanhaatmaka anuvula kosam binding proteins unnaayi, ivi vaati ligandnu antibody vanti adhika nirdishtatatoe bandhistaayi, conny 10 ^ 2 nundi 10 ^ 4l/mol kramamlo chaalaa chinna binding sthiraamkamtho untaayi. vislaeshanha mariyu grahakam madhya anubandham appudu tirogamana swabhaavam kaligi untundi mariyu rendinti madhya jantaku pakkana vaati uchita anuvulu kooda kolavagala gaadatalo sambhavistaayi. udaaharanaku, glucose vishayamlo, kankanavalin a anedi 4x10 ^ 2l/mol yokka binding sthiraamkaanni pradarsinche affinity receptorga panichestundi. biosensing prayojanaala kosam affinity binding graahakaala vadakanni 1979loe shultz mariyu sims pratipaadinchaayi, taruvaata 4.4 mariyu 6.1 mmol/ell madhya sambandhita saareeraka paridhiloo glucosenu kolavadaniki fluorescent aselo configure cheyabadindi. enzymatic vislaeshanhalaloo sambhavinche vidhamgaa, vislaeshanhaatmaka rasayana praticharyalo adhi viniyoginchadu anae prayojanam sensor suutraaniki undhi.
nucleic assid paraspara charyalu.
nucleic assid aadhaarita grahakalanu upayoginche biosensorlu genocensorluga suchinchabade paripuurakaramaina bays jatha paraspara charyala aadhaaramgaa ledhaa optasensorluga nirdishta nucleic assid aadhaarita antibody mimics (optamerlu) aadhaaramgaa undavacchu. modatidaanilo, gurtimpu prakriya paripuurakaramaina bays jatha suutram, adenine thymine mariyu cytosine dnalo gwanin paie aadharapadi untundi. lakshya nucleic aamlam kramam telisinatlayite, paripuurakaramaina shrenulanu samslaeshanha cheyavachu, label cheyavachu, aapai sensor meeda sthireekarinchavachhu. hybridisation eeventnu opticalga gurtinchavacchu mariyu target dna/rna unikini nirdhaarinchavacchu. taruvaati bhaagamlo, lakshyaaniki vyatiraekamgaa utpatti cheyabadina optamerlu nirdishta samayojaneeya kaani paraspara charyala paraspara charya mariyu prerita amarika dwara daanini gurtistaayi. eee optamerlanu optical detection kosam sulabhamgaa fluorophore/metal nanoparticals thoo label cheyavachu ledhaa vistruta shreni lakshya anuvulu ledhaa kanaalu mariyu vairaslu vanti sanklishta lakshyaala kosam label-free electrochemical ledhaa contilever aadhaarita detection platformla kosam upayoginchavacchu. adanamgaa, optamerlanu rna-cleaving dnazimes vanti nucleic assid enjaimlatho kalapavacchu, idhi oke anuvulo lakshya gurtimpu mariyu signal generation rendintinee andistundi, idhi multiplexes biosensorla abhivruddhilo sambhaavya anuvartanaalanu chooputundi.
epigenetics.
epigenetic maarpulanu gurtinchadaaniki sarigga optimize cheyabadina integrated optical resonatorlanu upayoginchukovacchani pratipaadinchabadindi (udhaa.zii. cancer ledhaa itara vyaadhula dwara prabhaavitamaina rogula nundi shareera dravaalalo dna methylation, histone post-translational maarpulu). roogi moothramlo cancer kanaalanu sulabhamgaa gurtinchadaaniki ultra-sensitivitiitoe kuudina photonic biosensorlanu eee rojullo parisoedhana sthaayilo abhivruddhi chestunnaru. vividha parisoedhanaa prajectulu choukaina, paryaavarana anukuulamaina, punarviniyogaparachaleni gulikalu upayoginche kotta portable parikaraalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaanni lakshyamgaa pettukunnayi, dheeniki nipunulaina saanketika nipunulache marinta prosessing, kadukkovadam ledhaa taarumaaru cheyalsina avasaram lekunda saralamaina nirvahana matrame avasaram.
avayavalu.
kanaala lopala kanajaalaalu ververu compartmentlanu yerparustaayi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa swatantramgaa vidhulanu nirvahistaayi. vividha rakaala avayavalu vividha jeevakriya maargaalanu kaligi untaayi mariyu daani paniteerunu neraverchadaaniki enjaimlanu kaligi untaayi. saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche kanajaalaalo lysosome, chloroplast mariyu mitochondria unnaayi. calcium yokka praadaesika-taatkaalika pampinhee namuunaa sarvavyaapta sanketha maargaaniki daggari sambandham kaligi untundi. mitochondria calcium ayanla gvakriyalo churukuga paalgontundi, paniteerunu niyantrinchadaaniki mariyu calcium sambandhita signalling maargaalanu kooda savarinchadaaniki. calcium chaanellanu teravadam dwara vaati sameepamlo utpatti ayye adhika calcium saandratalaku pratispandinche saamarthyam mitochondriaku undani prayogaalu niroopinchaayi. eee vidhamgaa, medium loe calcium gaadatanu gurtinchadaaniki mitochondrianu upayoginchavacchu mariyu adhika praadaesika spashtata kaaranamgaa gurtinchadam chaalaa sunnitamainadi. neeti kalushyanni gurtinchadaaniki mitochondria yokka maroka anuvartanam upayoginchabadutundi. detergent sammelanaala vishapuuritam mitochondriatho sahaa kana mariyu upa kana nirmaanaanni debbateestundi. detergentlu vaapu prabhavanni kaligistaayi, dheenini shoshana maarpu dwara kolavavacchu. prayoga dayta maarpu raetu detergent gaadataku anulomaanupaatamlo undani choopistundi, idhi gurtinche khachitatvaniki adhika pramaanaanni andistundi.
kanaalu.
kanaalu tarachugaa bioreceptorlalo upayoginchabadataayi endukante avi chuttupakkala paryaavaranaaniki sunnitamgaa untaayi mariyu avi anni rakaala uddeepanalaku pratispandinchagalavu. kanaalu uparitalaaniki jodinchabadataayi, tadwara avi sulabhamgaa sthireekarinchabadathaayi. avayavaalatho poliste avi ekkuva kaalam churukuga untaayi mariyu punarutpatti saamarthyam vaatini punarviniyogaparachadaginadi chestundi. avi saadhaaranamgaa ottidi paristhiti, vishapuuritam mariyu sendriya utpannaalu vanti prapancha paraamitini gurtinchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi. mandula chikitsa prabhavanni paryaveekshinchadaaniki kooda veetini upayoginchavacchu. oka anuvartanam emitante, pradhana jala kalushitamaina herbicidelanu nirnayinchadaaniki kanaalanu upayoginchadam. suukshmajeevulu quartz microfiberpy chikkukupotayi mariyu herbysides dwara savarinchabadina chlorophyll fluorescence optical fiber bundle kona vadda sekarinchabadutundi mariyu fluorimeterku prasaram cheyabadutundi. optimize chesina kolata pondadaaniki algay nirantaram samskarinchabadataayi. konni herbicidela gurtinche parimiti upa-ppb ekagrata sthaayiki cherukogaladani phalitaalu chuupistunnaayi. suukshmajeevula tuppuni paryaveekshinchadaaniki kooda konni kanaalanu upayoginchavacchu. sudomonas ess. pii. idhi ksheeninchina padaartham uparitalam nundi verucheyabadi, acetylcellulose porapai sthiramgaa untundi. swaasakriya karyakalapalu oxygen viniyogaanni kolavadam dwara nirnayinchabadataayi. utpatti cheyabadina current mariyu sulfuric aamlam yokka gaadata madhya sarala sambandham undhi. pratispandana samayam kanaalu mariyu chuttupakkala vaataavaranaala loadingku sambandhinchinadi mariyu 5 nimishala kante ekkuva niyantrinchabadadu.
kanajaalam.
jeeva kanajaalaalu jeevasamvedakaaniki upayoginchabadataayi, ivi ippatike unna enjaimla samruddhi kosam upayoginchabadataayi. biosensorluga kanajaalaala yokka prayojanaalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
itara enjaimla jokyam kaaranamgaa nirdishtata lekapovadam mariyu ravana avarodham kaaranamgaa ekkuva pratispandana samayam vanti kanajaalaala yokka konni pratikuulatalu kooda unnaayi.
suukshmajeevula biosensorlu.
suukshmajeevula jeevasamvedakaalu icchina padaarthaaniki bacteria pratispandananu upayoginchukuntaayi. udaaharanaku, aneka bacteria vargeekaranalo kanipinche ars operaannu upayoginchi arsenic nuu gurtinchavacchu.
jeeva muulakaala uparitala anubandham.
biosensor yokka mukhyamaina bhaagam jeeva muulakaalanu (chinna anuvulu/protein/kanaalu) sensor yokka uparitalaaniki (adhi lohamu, polymer ledhaa gaaju kaavacchu) jodinchadam. jeeva muulakaalatoe puuta puuyadaaniki uparitalaanni kriyaatmakamgaa marchadam saralamaina maargam. silicon chips/silika glass vishayamlo polylycin, aminosilane, epoxicillane ledhaa nitrocellulose dwara idhi cheyavachu. taruvaata, bandhinchabadina jeevasambandha agentnu kooda sthiraparachavachu-udaaharanaku, pratyamnaayamgaa charge cheyabadina polymer coatingla pora nikshepana dwara.
pratyamnaayamgaa, trimiteeya jaalakaalu (hydrogel/jerogel) veetini rasaayanikamgaa ledhaa bhouthikamgaa bandhinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu (dheeni dwara rasaayanikamgaa bandhinchabadina jeeva moolakam balamaina bandham dwara unchabadutundi, ayithe bhouthikamgaa avi zell matricks yokka randhraala gundaa vellalekapoyinappudu unchabadataayi). atyanta saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche hydrogel anedi soal-zell, silicate monomerla polymerisation dwara utpatti cheyabadina gaaju silika (tmos ledhaa teos vanti tetra alkyl orthosylicateluga jodinchabadindi) jeeva muulakaala samakshamlo (pegg vanti itara sthireekarana paalimarlatoe paatu) bhouthika entrapment vishayamlo.
kanaalu ledhaa proteinlaku anuvaina paristhitulalo amarchabadina hydrogels yokka maroka samuuham, accrylate hydrogel, ivi radikal praarambhampai polymerise avtayi. oka rakamaina radikal initiator anedi peroxide radikal, idhi saadhaaranamgaa persulfatenu temmed (polyacrylamide jelnu saadhaaranamgaa protein electrophoresis kosam kooda upayogistaaru) thoo kalapadam dwara utpatti avutundi, pratyamnaayamgaa kaantini dmpa (2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone) vanti photoinitiatortho kalipi upayoginchavacchu. sensor yokka jeeva bhaagaalanu anukarinche smart materiallanu biosensorluga kooda vargeekarinchavachhu, ivi kriyaaseela ledhaa utpreraka sait ledhaa biomaluel yokka analog configurationlanu matrame upayogistaayi.
biotransducer.
biosensorlanu vaati biotransducer rakam dwara vargeekarinchavachhu. biosensorlalo upayoginche atyanta saadhaarana rakaala biotransducerlu
electrochemical.
electrochemical biosensorlu saadhaaranamgaa electronlanu utpatti chese ledhaa viniyoginche praticharya yokka enzymatic utprerakam meeda aadharapadi untaayi (atuvanti enjaimlanu sarigga redox enjaimlu anie pilustaaru). sensor uparitalamlo saadhaaranamgaa moodu electrodelu untaayi; oka reference electrode, oka working electrode mariyu oka counter electrode. kriyaaseela electrode uparitalampai jarige praticharyalo lakshya vislaeshanha paalgontundi, mariyu praticharya double pora antataa electron badileeki kaaranam kaavacchu (karentnu utpatti chestundi) ledhaa double layer potential (voltagenu utpatti chestundi) kuu dohadam cheyavachu. manam sthira sambhaavyata vadda karentnu (electronla pravaham raetu ippudu analyte concentrationku anulomaanupaatamlo undhi) kolavavacchu ledhaa sambhaavyatanu sunna current vadda kolavavacchu (idhi lagarithmic pratispandananu istundi). pani chese ledhaa kriyaaseela electrode yokka sambhaavyata space chaarj sensitive anie gamaninchandi mariyu idhi tarachugaa upayoginchabadutundi. inca, biofunctionalised ayan-sensitive feeled-effect traansistarlanu upayoginchi chinna peptidelu mariyu proteinla label-free mariyu direct electrical detection vaati antargata chaarjeela dwara saadhyamavutundi.
maroka udaaharana, potentiometric biosensor, (sunna current vadda utpatti cheyabadina potential) adhika dynamic shrenitho lagarithmic pratispandananu istundi. ituvanti biosensorlanu tarachugaa plaastik uparitalampai electrode namuunaalanu terapai mudrinchadam dwara tayaaru chestaaru, conducting paalimartho puuta pooyabadi, aapai kontha protein (enjaim ledhaa antibody) jatacheyabadutundi. avi rendu electrodelanu matrame kaligi untaayi mariyu chaalaa sunnitamainavi mariyu drudamainavi. avi gatamlo hetch. pii. ell. sii mariyu ell. sii/emm. ess dwara matrame saadhinchagala sthaayilalo mariyu kathinamaina namuunaa tayari lekunda vislaeshanhalanu gurtinchadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi. anni biosensorlu saadhaaranamgaa kaneesa namuunaa tayaareeni kaligi untaayi, endukante biological sensing bhaagam sambandhita vislaeshanhaku atyanta empika cheyabadutundi. sensor uparitalampai sambhavinche maarpula kaaranamgaa conducting polymer poralo electrochemical mariyu bhouthika maarpula dwara signal utpatti avutundi. ituvanti maarpulaku ionic balam, Ph, aardreekarana mariyu redox praticharyalu kaaranamani cheppavacchu, rendodi enjaim label uparitalampai tiragadam valla. feeled effect transisterlu, indulo gate praantam enjaim ledhaa antibodytho savarinchabadindi, vividha analytela yokka chaalaa takkuva saandratalanu kooda gurtinchagaladu, endukante analytenu pindam yokka gate praantaaniki bandhinchadam valla drain-soars current loe maarpu vastundi.
impedence spectroscopy aadhaarita biosensor abhivruddhi eee rojullo aadarana pondutondi mariyu ituvanti aneka parikaraalu/abhivruddhi vidyaasamsthalu mariyu parisramalo kanipistaayi. 4-electrode electrochemical sell aadhaaramgaa, nanoporus alumina membrane upayoginchi, atuvanti oka parikaram, seeram albumin yokka adhika nepathyam samakshamlo maanava alfa thrombin yokka takkuva saandratalanu gurtistundani choopabadindi. impedence biosensorla kosam kooda interdisited electrodelu upayoginchabaddaayi.
ayan chaanal switch.
ayan chaanalla vadakam atyanta sunnitamaina gurtimpunu andistundani choopabadindi. 
lakshya jeeva anuvula. bangaaru vidyudvaaraaniki anusandhaaninchabadina ayan chaanellanu maddatu ledhaa mudipadi unna dvipadara pora (tii-blm) loe ponduparachadam dwara, oka vidyut circuit srushtinchabadutundi. pratirodhakaala vanti anuvulanu bandhinchadam ayan chaanelku kattubadi untundi, tadwara lakshya anuvu yokka bandham chhaanel dwara ayan pravahanni niyantristundi. dheeni phalitamgaa vidyut prasaranalo kolavagala maarpu vastundi, idhi lakshyam yokka yekagrataku anulomaanupaatamlo untundi.
ayan chaanal switch (ii. sii. ess) biosensornu oka tithered bilayer membranelo gramisidine anae diameric peptide chaanelnu upayoginchi srushtinchavachu. gramisidine yokka oka peptide, jatacheyabadina antibodytho, kadiledi mariyu okati sthiramgaa untundi. diamer nuu vichchinnam cheyadam valla pora dwara ionic current aagipotundi. hydrophilic spacernu upayoginchi loha uparitalam nundi poranu vaeru cheyadam dwara vidyut sankethamlo maarpu yokka parimaanam baga perugutundi.
proteins, bacteria, aushadham mariyu vishapadaarthaalatho sahaa lakshya jaatula yokka vistrutamaina taragati parimaanaatmaka gurtimpu vividha pora mariyu sangraha aakruteekaranalanu upayoginchi pradarsinchabadindi. european research project greensense anedi lalajalam mariyu moothramlo thisi, marphin mariyu kokain vanti maadakadravyaala durviniyoga parimaanaatmaka screening cheyadaaniki biosensornu abhivruddhi chestundi.
reagent laeni fluorescent biosensor.
oka kaaraka rahita biosensor adanapu karakalu lekunda sanklishtamaina jeeva mishramamlo lakshya vislaeshanhanu paryaveekshinchagaladu. anduvalla, oka ghanamaina maddatu meeda sthiraparachabadithe idhi nirantaram panicheyagaladu. oka fluorescent biosensor daani fluorescence lakshanaala maarpu dwara daani lakshya vislaeshanhatoe paraspara charyaku pratispandistundi. lakshya vislaeshanhaku vyatiraekamgaa nirdesinchabadina jeevasambandhamaina grahakanni mariyu daani sthaanika paryaavarana swabhaavaaniki sunnitamaina udgaara lakshanaalu kaligina solvatochromic fluorofornu oke macromalicullo ekikrutam cheyadam dwara kaaraka rahita fluorescent biosensor (rf biosensor) nuu pondavacchu. fluorophore gurtimpu sanghatananu kolavagala optical signalga maarustundi. extricic fluorophores vadakam, dheeni udgaara lakshanaalu proteinla yokka antargata fluorophores, tryptophan mariyu tyrosine nundi vistrutamgaa bhinnamgaa untaayi, sanklishta jeeva mishramaalalo analytenu ventane gurtinchadaaniki mariyu parimaanam cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. graheeta yokka anubandhaanni bhangaparachakunda vislaeshanha yokka bandhaaniki sunnitamaina pradaesamloe fluorophore yokka ekikarana cheyali.
antibodies mariyu antigen binding proteins (eah. zii. bii. pii) yokka krutrima kutumbaalu aarr. eff. biosensorla gurtimpu maadyuulnu andinchadaaniki baga saripothayi, endukante avi edainaa antigenku vyatiraekamgaa nirdesinchabadataayi (bioresepterlapy paeraanu chudandi). complexes yokka anhu nirmaanam daani antigentho telisinappudu, oka agbipilo salvatochromic fluorofornu ekikrutam cheyadaaniki oka saadhaarana vidhanam, mariyu aaa vidhamgaa daanini rf biosensorga marchadam gurinchi vivarinchabadindi. eah. zii. bii. pii yokka avasheshaalu vaati samudaayamlo antigen yokka parisaraallo gurtinchabadataayi. sait-directed mutagenesis dwara eee avasheshaalu systeinga maarchabadataayi. fluorophore rasaayanikamgaa utparivartana systeintho jatacheyabadutundi. design vijayavantam ayinappudu, coupled fluorophore antigen yokka bindingnu nirodhinchadu, eee binding draavakam nundi fluorofornu rakshistundi mariyu fluorescence maarpu dwara dheenini gurtinchavacchu. eee vyuuham antibody sakalaalaku kooda chellutundi.
ayithe, nirdishta nirmaanaatmaka samacharam lenappudu, itara vyuuhaalanu vartimpajeyaali. antibodies mariyu agbips yokka krutrima kutumbaalu protein yokka pratyaekamaina upa-praantamloo unna hypervariable (ledhaa yaadruchchika) avashesha sthaanaala samiti dwara erpadataayi mariyu sthiramaina polypeptide paranjaanu dwara maddatu istayi. icchina antigen kosam binding saitnu yerparuchukune avasheshaalu, hypervariable avasheshaalalo empika cheyabadataayi. utparivartana dwara eee avasheshaanni systeinga marchina taruvaata, pratijanakamtho paraspara charyaku takkuva ledhaa praamukhyata laeni hypervariable avasheshaalalo okadaaniki solvatochromic fluorofornu kalapadam dwara, eee kutumbaala yokka edainaa agbpni lakshya pratijanakaaniki nirdishtamaina rf biosensorga marchadam saadhyamavutundi. marinta pratyaekamgaa, eee vyuuham anedi janyuparamaina sthaayilo hypervariable sthaanaala avasheshaalanu vyaktigatamgaa systeinga marchadam, utparivartana systeintho rasaayanikamgaa salvatochromic fluorofornu kalapadam, aapai atyadhika sunnitatvaanni kaligi unna phalita samyogaalanu unchadam (fluorescence signal yokka anubandham mariyu vaividhyam rendintinee kaligi unna paramiti). eee vidhanam antibody sakalaala kutumbaalaku kooda chellutundi.
fluoreseptor bioreceptor yokka uparitalamtho naan-covalent paraspara charyalanu cheyakapoyinappudu, idhi nepathya sanketaanni penchutundi mariyu lakshya antigen yokka uparitalampai binding paaketto sankarshana chendutunnappudu uttama regentless fluorescent biosensorlu labhistaayani posterior adhyayanalu choopinchaayi. paina perkonna paddhatula dwara pondina rf biosensorlu, jeeva kanaala lopala lakshya vislaeshanhalanu pani cheyagalavu mariyu gurtinchagalavu.
ayaskanta biosensorlu.
ayaskanta jeevasamvedakaalu jeevasambandha paraspara charyalanu gurtinchadaaniki paramagnetic ledhaa supra-paramagnetic kanaalu ledhaa spatikaalanu upayogistaayi. udaaharanalu kaayil-inductains, resistance ledhaa itara ayaskanta lakshanaalu kaavacchu. ayaskanta naano ledhaa suukshma kanaalanu upayoginchadam sarvasaadhaaranam. atuvanti kanaala uparitalamlo jeeva grahanakaalu untaayi, avi DNA (oka kramam ledhaa optamerlaku paripuurakaramainavi) pratiroedhakaalu ledhaa itarulu kaavacchu. bioreceptor yokka bandham esi susseptometry, haall effect sensor, oka pedda ayaskanta nirodhakata parikaram ledhaa itarula dwara kolavagala konni ayaskanta kana lakshanaalanu prabhaavitam chestundi.
itarulu.
piezoelectric sensorlu spatikaalanu upayogistaayi, ivi vidyut saamarthyaanni vartimpajesinappudu saage vaikalyaaniki lonavutaayi. pratyaamnaaya sambhaavyata (a.sii.) oka vishishtamaina pounahpunyamtho sphatikamlo nilabadi unde taramgaanni utpatti chestundi. eee pounahpunyam sphatikam yokka saage lakshanaalapai ekkuvagaa aadharapadi untundi, antey oka sphatikam jeeva gurtimpu muulakamtoe pooyabadi unte, graahakaaniki (pedda) lakshya vislaeshanha yokka bandham pratidhvani pounahpunyamlo maarpunu utpatti chestundi, idhi binding signalnu istundi. uparitala dhwani taramgaalanu (rampam) upayoginche reetilo, sunnitatvam baga perugutundi. idhi biosensorga quartz christal microbalance yokka pratyeka anuvartanam
eee rojullo electro chemiluminisense (eccless) anedi biosensorlalo pramukha saanketikata. uttejita jaatulu kaanti utsarga muulamtoe kakunda electrochemical uddeepanatoo utpatti cheyabadataayi kabatti, kaanti scattering mariyu prakaasa nepathyam kaaranamgaa kanishta prabhaavaalato, photoluminisense thoo poliste merugaina signal-tuu-sabdam nishpattini pradarsistundi. mukhyamgaa, saanukuula sambhaavyata (aakseekarana-taggimpu vidhanam) unna praantamloo bufferred jaleeya draavanamloo panichese coractant grahanam roganirodhaka shakti kosam khachitamgaa penchabadindi, aneka parisoedhanaa anuvartanaalu dhruvikarinchayi mariyu inca, prati samvatsaram billion dollarla viluvaina marketlo adhika nirgamaamsa roganirodhaka shakti vislaeshanha kosam vaanijya hardwarenu abhivruddhi chesina mukhyamaina companyla uniki dwara.
thermometric biosensorlu chaalaa arudu.
biosensor mosefet (biophet).
mosefet (metal-oxide-semiconductor feeled-effect transister, ledhaa mose transister) nuu mohmed emm kanugonnaru. 1959loe atalla mariyu davon kahng, mariyu 1960loe pradarsinchaaru. rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata, leyland sii. clark mariyu chhamp leonelu 1962loe modati biosensornu kanugonnaru. biosensor mosphetlu (biofetlu) taruvaata abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi, mariyu avi bhouthika, rasayana, jeeva mariyu paryaavarana paaraamitulanu kolavadaniki vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutunnaayi.
modati biophet ayan-sensitive feeled-effect transister (isfet), dheenini 1970loe electrochemical mariyu biological applicationla kosam peat bergeld kanugonnaru. adsorption phet (adfet) kuu p patent pondindi.eff. 1974loe cox, mariyu hydrogen-sensitive mosphetnu ii pradarsinchindi. lundstrom, emm.ess. shivaraman, sii.ess. swenson mariyu ell. 1975loe lundkivist. isfet anedi oka nirdishta dhooramlo oka gettho kuudina oka pratyeka rakam mosefet, mariyu ikkada lohapu gate ayan-sensitive membrane, electrolyte solution mariyu reference electrode dwara bharti cheyabadutundi. DNA hybridisation, raktam nundi biomarker detection, antibody detection, glucose kolata, Ph sensing mariyu janyu saanketikata vanti biomedical applicationlalo isfet vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutundi.
1980la madhya natiki, gyaas sensor phet (gasphet), pressure sensor phet (presfet), chemical feeled-effect transister (kemphet), reference isfet (refet), enjaim-modified phet (enfet) mariyu immunological modified phet (imphet) vanti itara biophates abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. 2000la praarambhamlo, dna feeled-effect transister (dnft), janyu-savarinchina phet (genfet) mariyu sell-potential biophet (sipiphet) vanti biophates abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
biosensorla sthaanam.
biosensorla yokka tagina sthaanam vaati anuvartana rangampai aadharapadi untundi, veetini sumaruga biotechnology, vyavasayam, aahara saanketikata mariyu biomedicine gaa vibhajinchavachhu.
biotechnologylo, saagu rasam yokka rasayana kuurpu yokka vislaeshanhanu inn-line, aann-line, ett-line mariyu off-linelo nirvahinchavacchu. us phud und drugg administration (fda) vivarinchinatlugaa, namuunaanu inn-line sensorla kosam prakriya pravaham nundi tolaginchabadadu, ayithe idhi aann-line kolatala kosam tayari prakriya nundi mallinchabadutundi. ett-line sensorla kosam namuunaanu tolaginchi, prakriya pravaahaaniki daggaragaa vislaeshimchavachchu. paadi prosessing plantlo lactose paryaveekshanha anedi rendodaaniki udaaharana. off-line biosensorlu kshetramlo kakunda prayogasaalalo panichese bionalytical paddhathulatho polchabadataayi. eee paddhatulu pradhanamgaa vyavasayam, aahara saanketikata mariyu biomedicine loe upayoginchabadutunnaayi.
vaidya anuvartanaallo biosensorlanu saadhaaranamgaa "inn vitro" mariyu "inn vivo" vyavasthalugaa vargeekaristaaru. oka "inn vitro", biosensor kolata oka test tube, oka culture dish, oka microtetor plate ledhaa oka jeevi velupala vaerae chota jarugutundi. paina vivarinchina vidhamgaa sensor bioreceptor mariyu transducernu upayogistundi. raktamlo glucose paryaveekshanha kosam enjaim-conductimetric biosensor anedi "inn vitro" biosensorku udaaharana. point-off-cair testing suutram dwara panichese biosensornu srushtinchadam oka savaalu.ii. pareeksha avasaramaina pradaesamloe. dharinchagalige biosensorla abhivruddhi atuvanti adhyayanaalalo okati. prayogasaala pareekshalanu tolaginchadam valla samayam mariyu dabbu aadaa avutundi. rogulaku pareekshinchadam kashtamgaa unna praantaalalo hechaivi pareeksha kosam poct biosensor yokka application undavacchu. biosensornu neerugaa aaa pradaesaaniki pampavacchu mariyu vegavantamaina mariyu sulabhamaina pareekshanu upayoginchavacchu. 
inn vivo" biosensor anedi sareeram lopala panichese implant cheyagala parikaram. vaastavaaniki, biosensor implantlu implantation tarvaata prarambha shotha pratispandananu nivaarinchadaaniki sterilisationpy kathinamaina nibandhanalanu neraverchaali. rendava aandolana deerghakaalika jeeva anukuulataku sambandhinchinadi, antey.ii. upayoginchina samayamlo shareera vaataavaranamtho hanikaram kaani paraspara charya. talette maroe samasya vaiphalyam. vaiphalyam unte, parikaranni tolaginchi, bharti cheyali, idhi adanapu shastrachikitsaku kaaranamavutundi. inn vivo biosensor yokka anuvartanaaniki oka udaaharana sareeramlo insulin paryaveekshanha, idhi inca andubaatulo ledhu.
glucose yokka nirantara paryaveekshanha kosam atyanta adhunaatana biosensor implantlu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. eee chitram oka parikaranni pradarsistundi, dheeni kosam pays makerlu mariyu defibrillatorlu vanti cardiovascular implantla kosam erpaatu chesina tii casing mariyu battery upayoginchabadutundi. daani parimaanam oka samvatsaram jeevitakaalaaniki avasaramaina battery dwara nirnayinchabadutundi. kolichina glucose dayta vaidya implantla kosam aamodinchabadinatlugaa mikes 402-405 mhz byaand lopala sareeram nundi teegarahitamgaa prasaram cheyabadutundi.
biosensorlanu mobile phone vyavasthalalo kooda vileenam cheyavachu, vaatini viniyogadaaru-snehapuurvakamgaa mariyu pedda sankhyalo viniyogadaarulaku andubaatulo unchavacchu.
applications.
vividha rakaala biosensorla yokka aneka sambhaavya anuvartanaalu unnaayi. parisoedhana mariyu vaanijya anuvartanaala paramgaa viluvaina biosensor vidhaanaaniki pradhana avasaralu lakshya anuvunu gurtinchadam, tagina jeeva gurtimpu moolakam labhyata mariyu konni paristhitulalo sunnitamaina prayogasaala aadhaarita paddhatula kante disposable portable detection systems kuu praadhaanyata ivvadam. konni udaaharanalu
vaanijyaparamaina biosensorku oka saadhaarana udaaharana raktamlo glucose biosensor, idhi raktamlo glucosenu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki enjaim glucose aaksidesnu upayogistundi. alaa cheyadamlo idhi modata glucosenu aakseekaranam chestundi mariyu faded (enjaim yokka oka bhaagam) nuu phaad2kii tagginchadaaniki rendu electronlanu upayogistundi. idhi aneka dasallo electrode dwara aakseekarana chendutundi. phalitamgaa vachhe current anedi glucose gaadata yokka kolata. eee sandarbhamlo, electrode anedi transducer mariyu enjaim anedi jeevasaastraparamgaa kriyaaseela bhaagam.
gyaas gurinchi heccharinchadaaniki mainarlu upayoginche bonuloni kaanareeni biosensorga pariganinchavacchu. neti biosensor anuvartanaalu chaalaa varaku okela unnaayi, avi maanavulu gurtinchagalige daanikante chaalaa takkuva saandratatoe visha padaarthaalaku pratispandinche jeevulanu upayogistaayi. ituvanti parikaraalanu paryaavarana paryaveekshanha, trace gyaas detection mariyu neeti suddhi soukaryaalalo upayoginchavacchu.
glucose paryaveekshanha.
vaanijyaparamgaa labhinche glucose monetarlu glucose oxidase dwara glucose yokka amperometric sensing meeda aadhaarapadataayi, idhi hydrogen peroxidenu utpatti chese glucosenu aakseekaristundi, idhi electrode dwara kanugonabadutundi. amparometric sensorla parimitini adhigaminchadaaniki, fluorescent glucose biosensorlu vanti kotta sensing paddhatulalo parisoedhana yokka oka alajadi untundi.
interferometric reflectains imaging sensor.
interferometric reflectains imaging sensor (iris) optical interference suutraalapai aadharapadi untundi mariyu silicon-silicon oxide substrate, praamaanika optics mariyu takkuva saktitoe kuudina pondikaina eleedeelanu kaligi untundi. poralu gala silicon-silicon oxide uparitalampai takkuva magnification lakshyam dwara kaanti prakaasinchinappudu, interferometric santakam utpatti avutundi. silicon oxide maadirigaane vakreebhavana suuchikanu kaligi unna biomass, uparitalampai perukupotundi, interferometric santakamlo maarpu sambhavistundi mariyu maarpu parimaanaatmaka dravyaraasitoe sahasambandham kaligi untundi. "babul mariyu itarulu."sumaru 19 ng/ml yokka label-free sensitivitiini ivvadaaniki iris upayoginchabadindi. "aahn mariyu itarulu."maas tagging technic dwara iris yokka sunnitatvaanni meruguparichindi.
prarambha prachurana nundi, iris vividha vidhulanu nirvahinchadaaniki sweekarinchabadindi. modata, iris fluorescence imaging saamarthyaanni interferometric imaging parikaramlo fluorescence protein microere vaividhyaanni parishkarinchadaaniki sambhaavya maargamgaa vileenam chesindi. kluptamgaa, fluorescence microarelalo vaividhyam pradhanamgaa uparitalaalapai asthiramaina protein sthireekarana nundi udbhavistundi mariyu allergy microarelalo tappu nirdhaaranaku kaaranam kaavacchu. protein sthireekaranalo edainaa vaividhyaanni saricheyadaaniki, fluorescence modalitylo pondina dayta appudu label-free modalitylo pondina dayta dwara saadhaaraneekarinchabadutundi. label-free biomass quantification kosam upayoginche takkuva magnification lakshyanni adhika objective magnificationku marchadam dwara oke nanopartical enikanu nirvahinchadaaniki iris kooda sweekarinchabadindi. eee vidhanam sanklishtamaina maanava jeeva namoonaalalo parimaana vivakshanu anumatistundi. "monro mariyu itarulu."maanava mottam raktam mariyu seeramloki protein sthaayilanu parimaaninchadaaniki irisnu upayoginchaaru mariyu sunna namuunaa prosessingnu upayoginchi maanava rakta namoonaalalo allergy sunnitatvaanni nirnayinchaaru. eee parikaram yokka itara aacharanaatmaka upayogaalalo virus mariyu vyadhikaaraka gurtimpu unnaayi.
aahara vislaeshanha.
aahara vislaeshanhaloo biosensorla yokka aneka anuvartanaalu unnaayi. aahara parisramalo, rogakaarakaalu mariyu aahara vishanni gurtinchadaaniki pratirakshakaalato puuta puusina optics saadhaaranamgaa upayogistaaru. saadhaaranamgaa, eee biosensorlalo kaanti vyavastha fluorescence, endukante eee rakamaina optical kolata signalnu baga vistarinchagaladu.
neetilo karige vitaminlu mariyu sulphonamides mariyu beata-aganists vanti rasayana kalushitaalu (aushadha avasheshaalu) vanti chinna anuvulanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu kolichenduku roganirodhaka shakti mariyu ligand-binding vislaeshanhala shrenini sprar aadhaarita sensor vyavasthalapai upayoginchadaaniki abhivruddhi chesaaru, ivi tarachugaa ippatike unna elissa ledhaa itara roganirodhaka pareeksha nundi sweekarinchabaddaayi. ivi aahara parisrama antataa vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutunnaayi.
kalushya kaarakaalanu gurtinchadam/paryaveekshinchadam.
purugumandulu, sambhaavya carcinogenic, utparivartana, mariyu/ledhaa visha padaarthaalu mariyu endocrine antaraayam kaliginche rasayanalu vanti gaali, neeru mariyu matti kalushya kaarakaalanu paryaveekshinchadaaniki biosensorlanu upayoginchavacchu.
udaaharanaku, bionato technology nipunulu vaividhyamaina neeti kalushya sthaayilanu gurtinchagala aacharaneeyamaina biosensornu abhivruddhi chesaaru.
ojon kolata.
ojon haanikaramaina atineelalohita vikiranaanni filter chestundi kabatti, bhoomi yokka vaataavaranam yokka ojon poralo randhraala aavishkarana atineelalohita kaanti bhoomi yokka uparitalaaniki entha cherutundane daani gurinchi aandolana kaliginchindi. samudrapu neetilo atineelalohita vikiranam entha lothugaa chochukupotundi mariyu idhi samudra jeevulanu, mukhyamgaa plankton (teliade suukshmajeevulu) mariyu planktonpy daadi chese vairaslanu elaa prabhaavitam chestundi anae prasnalu pratyeka aandolana kaligistaayi. plankton samudra aahara golusula punaadini yerparustundi mariyu kiranajanya samyogakriya kosam kooni teesukovadam dwara mana graham yokka ushnograta mariyu vaataavaranaanni prabhaavitam chestundani nammutaaru.
radeo-biology mariyu paryaavarana aarogyam (california vishwavidyaalayam, shaan francisco) prayogasaalalo parisoedhakudu ayina deneb carrentz atineelalohita vyaapti mariyu teevratanu kolavadaniki oka saadhaarana paddhatini roopondinchaaru. antarcitic mahasamudramlo pani chestu, aame "ii" yokka pratyeka jaatulanu kaligi unna palu lotula sannani plaastik sanchulaku munigipoyindi. vaari dnaku atineelalohita vikiranam valla kalige nashtanni daadaapu puurtigaa saricheyaleni kolai. eee sanchulalo bacteria maranaala raetlu adhe jeevi yokka bahirgatam kaani niyantrana sanchulalo retlatho polchabaddaayi. bacteria "biosensorlu" 10 mea lotula vadda mariyu tarachugaa 20 mariyu 30 mea vadda sthiramaina gananeeyamaina atineelalohita nashtanni velladinchaayi. samudraalalo atineelalohita rangu kaalaanuguna plankton puvvulanu (perugudala spurt) elaa prabhaavitam cheyavachane daanipai adanapu adhyayanalanu carrentz pranaalikalu vestunnaru.
metastatic cancer kanaala gurtimpu.
metastasis anedi rakta prasarana vyavastha ledhaa shosharasa vyavastha dwara sariiramlooni oka bhaagam nundi maroka bhaagaaniki cancer vyaapti chendadam. radiology imaging pareekshala (mamogramlu) maadirigaa kakunda, ivi shakti roopaalanu (ex-raelu, ayaskanta kshetraalu modalainavi) pamputaayi.) sareeram dwara antargata chitraalu matrame teeyadaaniki, biosensorlu kaniti yokka praanaantaka saktini neerugaa pareekshinche saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi. jeevasambandhamaina mariyu detector moolakam kalayika oka chinna namuunaa avasaram, oka compact design, vegavantamaina sankethaalu, vegavantamaina gurtimpu, adhika empika mariyu vislaeshimchadaaniki adhika sunnitatvaanni anumatistundi. saadhaarana radiology imaging pareekshalatoo poliste biosensorlaku cancer entha dhooram vyaapinchindo telusukovadam mariyu chikitsa prabhaavavantamgaa undho ledho tanikhi cheyadam matrame kakunda, cancer prarambha dasallo metastatityni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki choukaina, marinta samarthavanthamaina (samayam, kharchu mariyu utpaadakata) margalu kooda unnaayi.
biological injaneering parisoedhakulu rommu cancer kosam oncological biosensorlanu srushtinchaaru. prapanchavyaaptamgaa mahilallo rommu cancer anedi atyanta saadhaarana cancer. oka udaaharana transferrin-quartz christal microbalance (qcm). biosensorga, quartz christal microbalanslu naano-gram maas maarpulanu gurtinchadaaniki pratyaamnaaya sambhaavyata nundi christal yokka nilabadi unna tarangam yokka frequencylo dolanalanu utpatti chestaayi. eee biosensorlu pratyaekamgaa sankarshana chendadaaniki mariyu kana (cancer mariyu saadhaarana) uparitalaalapai graahakaala kosam adhika empikanu kaligi undataaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. aadarsavantamgaa, idhi mamogramulu icchina gunaatmaka chitraanni gurtinchadaaniki badulugaa prati uparitala praantaaniki eee graahakamtho kanaala parimaanaatmaka gurtimpunu andistundi.
hassettape vishwavidhyaalayamloni biotechnology parisoedhakudu seda atae, qcm mariyu mda-embi231 rommu kanaalu, mcf7 kanaalu mariyu vitro loe aakalitho unna mda-embi231 kanaala madhya eee vishishtata mariyu empikanu prayogaatmakamgaa gamaninchaaru. itara parisoedhakulatoe kalisi, transferrin graahakaala yokka vividha parimaanaala kaaranamgaa dravyarashi maarpulanu kolavadaniki sensorla meeda eee vibhina metastatic sthaayi kanaalanu kadagadaniki aame oka paddhatini roopondinchindi. mukhyamgaa, rommu cancer kanaala metastatic saktini nanoparticals mariyu transferrin thoo kuudina quartz christal microbalances dwara nirnayinchavacchu, ivi cancer kana uparitalaalapai transferrin graahakaalaku jatacheyagalavu. transferrin graahakaalaku chaalaa ekkuva empika untundi endukante avi cancer kanaalalo atigaa vyakteekarinchabadataayi. kanaalu adhika metastatic saktini choopinche transferrin graahakaala adhika vyakteekarananu kaligi unte, avi adhika anubandhaanni kaligi untaayi mariyu dravyarashi perugudalanu koliche qcm thoo marinta bandhistaayi. naano-gram dravyarashi maarpu yokka parimaanaanni batti, metastatic saktini nirnayinchavacchu.
adanamgaa, gatha samvatsaraallo, biopsy lekunda oopiritittula cancer yokka biomarkerlanu gurtinchadaaniki gananeeyamaina shraddha kendrikarinchabadindi. eee vishayamlo, oopiritittula cancer prarambha rooga nirdhaarana kosam vegavantamaina, sunnitamaina, nirdishtamaina, sthiramaina, kharchutho koodukunna mariyu invasive kaani detectionlanu andinchadaaniki biosensorlu chaalaa aakarshanheeyamaina mariyu vartinche sadhanalu. anduvalla, cancer biosensorlu, antibodies, complimentary nucleic assid probes ledhaa transducer uparitalampai itara sthiramaina biomolecules vanti nirdishta biorecognition anuvulanu kaligi untaayi. jeeva-gurtimpu anuvulu pratyaekamgaa jeeva-gurtulato (lakshyalu) sankarshana chendutaayi mariyu utpatti cheyabadina jeeva pratispandanalanu transducer dwara kolavagala vislaeshanhaatmaka sanketamgaa maarchabadataayi. jeevasambandha pratispandana rakanni batti, electrochemical, optical mariyu maas-based transducers vanti cancer biosensorla kalpanalo vividha transducerlu upayoginchabadataayi.
vyadhikaaraka gurtimpu.
vyadhikaaraka jeevulanu gurtinchadaaniki biosensorlanu upayoginchavacchu.<reifer paeru = "10.1002/bab.1621"> </reifer>
dharinchagalige saars-cove-2 vanti vyadhikaaraka santakaala kosam embeded biosensorlu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi-antarnirmita pareekshalatoo faces masklu vantivi. ivi kooda chudandi covid-19 praja ravana aarr & dii
kotta rakaala biosensor-chips "drone-moharinchina vyadhikaaraka sensorlu churukuga gaali ledhaa muruguneetini survey cheyadam" vanti kotta paddhatulanu praarambhinchagalavu. protein-binding optamerlanu antu vyaadhi vyadhikaaraka kaarakaala pareeksha kosam upayoginchavacchu. antarnirmita biosensorlu (ledhaa rasayana sensorlu) mariyu maanava-yantram interfacelatho kuudina electronic tokkalu (ledhaa robot tokkalu) vyavasthalu dharinchagaligevi alaage remot sensed parikaram ledhaa robotic sensing off pathogens (alaage aneka pramaadakaramaina padaarthaalu mariyu sparsha avagahanalu) nuu praarambhinchavacchu.
rakalu.
optical biosensorlu.
aneka optical biosensorlu uparitala plassman pratidhvani (spr) paddhatula drugvishayampai aadharapadi untaayi. idhi itara padaarthaala yokka lakshanaanni upayogistundi; mukhyamgaa adhika vakreebhavana suuchika gaaju uparitalampai bangaaram yokka sannani pora lazer kaantini grahinchagaladu, bangaaram uparitalampai electron taramgaalanu (uparitala plassmanlu) utpatti chestundi. idhi oka nirdishta konam mariyu sanghatana kaanti tarangadairghyam vadda matrame sambhavistundi mariyu bangaaram uparitalampai ekkuvagaa aadharapadi untundi, antey bangaaru uparitalampai graahakaaniki lakshya vislaeshanhanu bandhinchadam anedi kolavagala sanketaanni utpatti chestundi.
uparitala plasmone pratidhvani sensorlu oka gaaju palakku maddatu ichhe plaastik cassetnu kaligi unna sensor chipnu upayoginchi panicheestaayi, dheeni oka vaipu bangaaram yokka suukshma poratho puuta pooyabadutundi. eee vaipu parikaram yokka optical detection upakaranaanni sampradistundi. vyatiraeka vaipu appudu microfluidic pravaaha vyavasthatho sampradinchabadutundi. pravaaha vyavasthatho sambandham anedi vahinulanu srushtistundi, veeti gundaa karakalu draavanamloo paas cheyabadataayi. aasaktigala anuvulanu sulabhamgaa jodinchadaaniki veelugaa, gaaju sensor chip yokka eee vaipu aneka vidhaluga savarinchavachhu. saadhaaranamgaa idhi carboxymethyl dextron ledhaa ilanti sammelanamlo pooyabadutundi.
chip uparitalam yokka pravaaha vaipu unna vakreebhavana suuchika bangaaram vaipu nundi pratibimbimchae kaanti pravartanapai pratyaksha prabhavanni chooputundi. chip yokka pravaaha vaipuku bandhinchadam vakreebhavana suuchikapai prabhavam chooputundi mariyu eee vidhamgaa jeeva paraspara charyalanu oka vidhamaina saktitoe adhika sthaayi sunnitatvaaniki kolavavacchu. uparitalaaniki jeeva anuvulu jatacheyabadinappudu uparitalaaniki sameepamlo unna madhyamam yokka vakreebhavana suuchika maarutundi, mariyu eee maarpu yokka vidhiga spurr konam maarutundi.
sthira tarangadairghyam yokka kaanti mottam antargata pratibimbam konamlo chip yokka bangaaru vaipu nundi pratibimbistumdi mariyu parikaram lopala kanugonabadutundi. uparitala plasmone dhruvanaala yokka vyaapti retutho evanescent taranga vyaapti retutho saripolchadaaniki sanghatana kaanti konam vaividhyamgaa untundi. idhi gaaju palaka dwara chochukupovadaniki mariyu uparitalampai pravahinche dravamloki kontha dhooram chochukupovadaniki evanescent taramgaanni prerepistundi.
itara optical biosensorlu pradhanamgaa tagina suuchika sammelanam yokka shoshana ledhaa pratideepti maarpulapai aadharapadi untaayi mariyu vatiki mottam antargata pratibimbam jyaamiti avasaram ledhu. udaaharanaku, paalalo kesainnu gurtinche puurtigaa panichese namuunaa parikaram tayaaru cheyabadindi. eee parikaram bangaaru pora shoshanalo maarpulanu gurtinchadam meeda aadharapadi untundi. vistrutamgaa upayoginche parisoedhanaa sadhanam, micro-arre, kooda biosensorga pariganinchabadutundi.
jeevasambandhamaina biosensorlu.
optogenetic sensorlu anie kooda piluvabade biological biosensorlu, tarachugaa sthaanika protein ledhaa enjaim yokka janyuparamgaa savarinchina roopaanni kaligi untaayi. oka nirdishta vislaeshanhanu gurtinchadaaniki protein configure cheyabadindi mariyu tadupari signalnu fluorometer ledhaa luminometer vanti gurtimpu parikaram dwara chadavabadutundi. iteevala abhivruddhi chesina biosensorku oka udaaharana vislaeshanha shibiram (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) yokka cytosolic yekagratanu gurtinchadaaniki okati, idhi kana porapai graahakaalato sankarshana chendhe ligandla dwara prerepinchabadina cellular signalinglo palgone rendava sandesavaahakamu. sthaanika ligandlu ledhaa genobiotics (taxins ledhaa chinna molecule inhibitors) kuu cellular pratispandanalanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki ilanti vyavasthalu srushtinchabaddaayi. ituvanti "vislaeshanhalu" saadhaaranamgaa aushadha mariyu biotechnology companylu aushadha aavishkarana abhivruddhilo upayoginchabadataayi. prastuta upayogamlo unna chaalaa shibira pareekshalaku shibiram yokka kolataku mundu kanaala lysis avasaram. receptor pratispandana yokka gtsastranni adhyayanam cheyadaaniki bahula reeds yokka adanapu prayojanamtho naan-liced kanaalalo shibiram kosam live-sell biosensornu upayoginchavacchu.
nanobiosensorlu sthiramaina bioreceptor probnu upayogistaayi, idhi lakshya vislaeshanha anuvula kosam empika cheyabadutundi. suukshma padaardhaalu chaalaa sunnitamaina rasayana mariyu jeevasambandhamaina sensorlu. nanoscale padaarthaalu pratyaekamaina lakshanaalanu pradarsistaayi. vaati pedda uparitala vaisaalyam mariyu parimaana nishpatti vividha rakaala designlanu upayoginchi vegavantamaina mariyu takkuva kharchutho kuudina praticharyalanu saadhinchavachchu.
itara evanescent wave biosensorlu taranga maargadarsini upayoginchi vaanijyeekarinchabaddaayi, ikkada taranga margadarshi dwara vyaapti sthiraamkam taranga margadarshi uparitalaaniki anuvula shoshana dwara maarchabadutundi. atuvanti oka udaaharana, dwandwa dhruveekarana interferometry oka referencega khananam cheyabadina taranga maargadarsini upayogistundi, dheeniki vyatiraekamgaa pracharam sthiraamkamlo maarpunu kolustaaru. maach-gender vanti itara aakruteekaranalu uparitalampai suuchika aayudhalanu lithographicga nirvachinchaayi. anuvulu grahinchabadinappudu ring resonator yokka pratidhvani frequency maare resonator jyaamitulanu upayoginchi adhika sthaayi samaikyatanu saadhinchavachchu.
electronic mukku parikaraalu.
iteevala, electronic mukku parikaraalu anie pilavabade vaatilo aneka vibhina detector anuvula shrenulu vartimpajeyabaddaayi, ikkada detectorla nundi pratispandana yokka namuunaanu velimudra padaarthaaniki upayogistaaru. kandireega hound vaasana-detectorlo, yaantrika moolakam oka veediyo camera mariyu jeeva moolakam aidu paraannajeevi kandireegalu, ivi oka nirdishta rasayana unikiki pratispandanagaa samuuhaaniki condition cheyabaddaayi. ayithe, prastuta vaanijya electronic mukkulu jeeva muulakaalanu upayoginchavu.
DNA biosensorlu.
dna anedi biosensor yokka vislaeshanha kaavacchu, nirdishta maargaala dwara kanugonabadutundi, conny dheenini biosensorlo bhaagamgaa ledhaa siddhaantaparamgaa, mottam biosensorga kooda upayoginchavacchu.
dnnu gurtinchadaaniki aneka paddhatulu unnaayi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa aaa nirdishta dna unna jeevulanu gurtinche sadhanam. paina vivarinchina vidhamgaa dna sequencelanu kooda upayoginchavacchu. conny marinta munduku chuse vidhanalu unnaayi, ikkada jeevasambandhamaina, sthiramaina jello enjaimlanu pattukoovadaaniki dnanu samslaeshanha cheyavachu. itara anuvartanaalu optamerla roopakalpana, kaavalasina anuvunu bandhinchadaaniki nirdishta aakaraanni kaligi unna dna yokka shrenulu. atyanta vinootna prakriyalu dheeni kosam dna origamini upayogistaayi, gurtinchadaaniki upayogapade oohinchadagina nirmaanamloo madata pette shrenulanu srushtistaayi.
saastravettalu gaalilo peelchukunna jantuvula dna, "gaalilo edna" nuu gurtinchadaaniki namuunaa sensaarlanu nirminchaaru.
"dna nundi tayaaraina "nanoantenas"-oka kotta rakam naano-scale optical antenna-proteinlaku jodinchabadavachhu mariyu ivi tama jeevasambandhamaina vidhulanu nirvartinchinappudu, mukhyamgaa vibhina conformational maarpula kosam fluorescence dwara signalnu utpatti cheyavachu.
graphane aadhaarita biosensor.
graphane anedi merugaina optical, electrical, mechanical, thermal mariyu mechanical lakshanaalatoo kuudina dvi-miteeya carbon aadhaarita padaardham. vividha rakaala proteinlanu grahinchi, sthireekarinche saamarthyam, mukhyamgaa konni carbon ring nirmaanaalatoo, biosensor transducerga graphane oka adbhutamaina abhyardhigaa niroopinchabadindi. phalitamgaa, iteevali kaalamlo vividha graphane aadhaarita biosensorlu anveshinchabaddaayi mariyu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.

