
sendriya soura ghatam

sendriya soura ghatam (oessee) ledhaa plaastik soura ghatam anedi kaantivipeedana prabhavam dwara suuryarashmi nundi vidyuttunu utpatti cheyadaaniki kaanti shoshana mariyu chaarj ravana kosam vaahaka sendriya polymerlu ledhaa chinna sendriya anuvulatho vyavaharinchae electronics yokka oka saakha ayina sendriya electronicsnu upayoginche oka rakamaina kaantivipeedana kanamu. chaalaa sendriya kaantivipeedana kanaalu polymer soura kanaalu.
sendriya soura ghataalalo upayoginche anuvulu adhika nirgamaamsamtoe draavana-proses cheyadaginavi mariyu choukainavi, phalitamgaa pedda parimaanamlo tayaaru cheyadaaniki takkuva utpatti kharchulu untaayi. sendriya anuvula vasyatatoe kalipi, sendriya soura ghataalu kaantivipeedana anuvartanaalaku kharchutho kuudukunnavi. molecular injaneering ("ii.zii., polymerla podavu mariyu kriyaatmaka samuuhaanni marchadam) byaand antaraanni maarchagaladu, idhi electronic tunabilityni anumatistundi. sendriya anuvula optical shoshana gunakam ekkuvagaa untundi, kabatti pedda mottamlo kaantini chinna mottamlo padaarthaalatho grahinchavacchu, saadhaaranamgaa vandala nanometers kramamlo. silicon soura ghataala vanti akarbana kaantivipeedana kanaalatoe poliste sendriya kaantivipeedana kanaalatoe mudipadi unna pradhana pratikuulatalu takkuva saamarthyam, takkuva sthirathvam mariyu takkuva balam.
silicon aadhaarita parikaraalatoe poliste, polymer soura ghataalu telikainavi (chinna swayampratipatti sensaarlaku mukhyamainavi), punarviniyogaparachalenivi mariyu tayaaru cheyadaaniki chavakainavi (konnisaarlu printed electronicsnu upayoginchadam), anuvainavi, paramaanu sthaayilo anukuuleekarinchadaginavi mariyu takkuva pratikuula paryaavarana prabhavanni kaligi untaayi. polymer soura ghataalu kooda paaradarsakatanu pradarsinche saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi, kitikeelu, godalu, anuvaina electronics modalaina vaatilo anuvartanaalanu suuchistaayi. oka udaaharana parikaram anjeerilo choopabadindi. 1. polymer soura ghataala yokka pratikuulatalu kooda teevramainavih avi kathinamaina padaarthaala saamardhyamlo moodinta oka vanthu andistaayi mariyu gananeeyamaina prakaasa rasayana ksheenatanu anubhavistaayi.
polymer solar sels yokka sthirathva samasyalu, takkuva kharchulu mariyu saamarthyaanni penche saamarthyam yokka vaagdaanamtho kalipi vaatini solar sell parisoedhanaloo prajaadarana pondina rangamgaa marchai. 2015loe polymer soura ghataalu oka samanvaya nirmaanam dwara 10 saataaniki paiga saamarthyaanni saadhinchaayi. 2023loe, hankong polytechnic vishwavidyaalayam 19.3% yokka kotta rikaardu baddalu saamarthyam saadhinchindi.
bhouthika shaastram.
kaantivipeedana kanam anedi kaantini pratyaksha pravaham (disi) vidyuttugaa marche pratyeka semiconductor diode. kaanti-shoshaka padaartham yokka byaand gyapnu batti, kaantivipeedana kanaalu takkuva-shakti, paraaruna (ir) ledhaa adhika-shakti, atineelalohita (yuvi) photaanlanu disi vidyuttugaa marchagalavu. chinna anuvulu mariyu polymerlu rendinti yokka saadhaarana lakshanam (anjoorapu bomma. 3) kaantivipeedanamlo kaantini grahinche padaarthamgaa upayoginchevi, avanni pedda samyoga vyavasthalanu kaligi untaayi. carbon anuvulu yeka mariyu dwandwa bandhaalatho samayojaneeyamgaa bandhinche oka samyoga vyavastha erpadutundi. eee hydrocarbonla electronlu pz kaksyalu delocalise avtayi mariyu π * antibanding kakshyatho delocalised banding π kaksyanu yerparustaayi. delocalised π arbital anedi atyadhika aakramita molecular arbital (homo), mariyu π * arbital anedi athi takkuva aakraminchani molecular arbital (lumo). sendriya semiconductor bhouthika saastramlo, homo valence byaand paatranu pooshistundagaa, lumo conduction bandga panichestundi. homo mariyu lumo shakti sthaayila madhya shakti vibhajana sendriya electronic padaarthaala yokka byaand gapga pariganinchabadutundi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa 1-4 EV paridhiloo untundi.
padaartham yokka byaand gyap kante ekkuva shakti kaligina anni kaantini grahinchavacchu, ayithe byaand gyapnu tagginchadaaniki oka marpidi undhi, endukante byaand gyap kante ekkuva saktulatoe soshinchabadina phootaanlu ushnaparamgaa vaati adanapu saktini vidudala chestaayi, phalitamgaa takkuva voltagelu mariyu shakti marpidi saamarthyaalu untaayi. eee padaarthaalu oka photaannu grahinchinappudu, oka uttejita sthithi srushtinchabadutundi mariyu oka anuvu ledhaa polymer golusu yokka praantaaniki parimitam cheyabadutundi. uttejita sthithini oka excitan ledhaa sthiravidyuth paraspara charyala dwara okadaanitoe okati mudipadi unna electron-hole jatagaa pariganinchavacchu. kaantivipeedana kanaalalo, excitanlu samarthavanthamaina kshetraala dwara uchita electron-randhram jatalagaa vibhajinchabadataayi. rendu bhinnamaina padaarthaala madhya bhinnamaina charyanu srushtinchadam dwara prabhaavavantamaina kshetraalu erpaatu cheyabadataayi. sendriya kaantivipeedanamlo, samarthavanthamaina kshetraalu shoshanakaaruni yokka vaahaka patti nundi grahanakaarini anuvu yokka vaahaka patteeki electron padipovadaaniki kaaranamavadam dwara excitanlanu vichchinnam chestaayi. sweekarta padaartham anedi shoshaka padaartham kante takkuvagaa unde vaahaka patti anchunu kaligi undatam avasaram.
polymer soura ghataalu saadhaaranamgaa indium tinn oxide (ii. tii. oo) vaahaka gaaju paina electron-ledhaa randhram-nirodhinche poranu kaligi untaayi, taruvaata electron daata mariyu electron sweekarta (bulk heterojunction soura kanaala vishayamlo), randhram ledhaa electron nirodhinche pora mariyu paina loha electrode untaayi. nirodhinche porala swabhaavam mariyu kramam-alaage loha electrode yokka swabhaavam-kanam saadhaarana ledhaa viloma parikara nirmaanaanni anusaristundaa anae daanipai aadharapadi untundi. oka viloma kanamlo, vidyut chaarjeelu saadhaarana parikaramlo vale parikaram nundi vyatiraeka disalo nishkramistaayi endukante saanukuula mariyu pratikuula electrodelu tiragabadataayi. viloma kanaalu marinta anukuulamaina padaartham nundi kaathodlanu upayoginchagalavu; viloma opv luu kramam tappakunda nirmaanaatmaka opv la kante ekkuva jeevitakaalaanni aasvaadistaayi mariyu avi saadhaaranamgaa sampradaaya sahacharulatho poliste adhika saamarthyaanni chuuputaayi.
bhaarii bhinnamaina polymer soura ghataalalo, kaanti excitanlanu utpatti chestundi. parikaram yokka kriyaaseela poralo electron daata mariyu sweekarta misramam madhya interfacelo tadupari chaarj vibhajana. eee chaarjeelu appudu parikaram yokka electrodelaku ravana cheyabadataayi, akkada chaarjeelu sell velupala pravahistaayi, panini nirvahistaayi, aapai parikaranni vyatiraeka vaipu tirigi pravesapedataayi. kanam yokka saamarthyam aneka kaarakaala dwara parimitam cheyabadindi, mukhyamgaa aadhipatyam laeni punarekeekarana. randhraala kadalika kriyaaseela pora antataa vaegamgaa prasaranaku daariteestundi.
sendriya kaantivipeedanaalu semiconductor p-n junctionla kante electron daata mariyu electron sweekarta padaarthaalatho tayaaru cheyabadataayi. sendriya pivi kanaala yokka electron daata praantaanni yerparustunna anuvulu, ikkada excitan electron-hole jatala utpatti cheyabadataayi, ivi saadhaaranamgaa carbon pii arbital hybridisation phalitamgaa delocalised π electronlanu kaligi unna samyoga polymerlu. eee π electronlanu anuvu yokka atyadhika aakramita paramaanu kakshya (homo) nundi athi takkuva aakraminchani paramaanu kakshya (lumo) varaku varnapatam yokka kanipinche bhaagamlo ledhaa sameepamlo kaanti dwara uttejitam cheyavachu, dheenini π-π * parivartana dwara suuchistaaru. eee kakshyala madhya shakti byaand gyap kaanti yokka yea tarangadairghyam (luu) grahinchavachho nirnayistundi.
akarbana spatikaakaara pivi kana padaarthamloo kakunda, daani byaand nirmaanam mariyu delocalised electronlatho, sendriya kaantivipeedanamlo excitanlu 0.01 mariyu 1.4 ivi madhya saktitoe balamgaa bandhinchabadi untaayi. sendriya anuvulalo electronic taranga vidhulu marinta sthaanikeekarinchabadinanduna eee balamaina bandham sambhavistundi, mariyu sthiravidyuth aakarshana tadwara electron mariyu randhraanni oka excitanga kalisi unchutundi. electronla rasayana sambhaavyata taggipoye antarmukhaanni andinchadam dwara electron mariyu randhraanni vidadeeyavachhu. photaannu grahinche padaartham daata, mariyu electronnu pondhe padaarthaanni sweekarta antaaru. fig loe. 3, polymer golusu daata mariyu fulerine sweekarta. vidipoyina taruvaata kooda, electron mariyu randhram ippatikee "geminate jatha" gaa kalapabadavacchu, aapai vaatini vaeru cheyadaaniki vidyut kshetram avasaram. electron mariyu randhram parichayala vadda sekarinchabadaali. chaarj carrier mobility saripokapothe, carrierlu parichayaalanu cherukoru, badulugaa trop saitlalo tirigi kalapandi ledhaa kotta carrierla pravahanni vyatirekinche avaanchaneeya space chaarjeelugaa parikaramlo undandi. electron mariyu randhraala chalanaseelatalu saripolakapothe taruvaati samasya sambhavinchavachhu. aaa sandarbhamlo, space-chaarj limited photocurrent (ess. sii. ell. pii) parikara paniteeruku aatamkam kaligistundi.
sendriya kaantivipeedanaalanu kriyaaseela polymer mariyu fulerine aadhaarita electron sweekartho tayaaru cheyavachu. kanipinche kaanti dwara eee vyavastha yokka prakaasam polymer nundi fulerine anuvuku electron badileeki daariteestundi. phalitamgaa, polymer golusupai kaanti-nirvartita quasipartical ledhaa polaran (p +) erpadutundi mariyu fulerine radikal ayan (c) avutundi. dhruvalu chaalaa kadilevi mariyu dhooramgaa vyaapinchagalavu.
junction rakalu.
saralamaina sendriya pivi parikaram planner heterojunction (anjoorapu bomma) kaligi untundi. 1). electron daata ledhaa electron sweekarta rakam sendriya kriyaaseela padaartham (polymer ledhaa chinna anuvu) yokka pora parichayala madhya sandwitch cheyabadutundi. kriyaaseela padaarthamloo srushtinchabadina excitanlu tirigi kalapadaniki mariyu vaeru cheyadaaniki mundu vyaapti chendavacchu, randhram mariyu electron daani nirdishta sekarana electrodeku vyaapti chendutaayi. chaarj carrierlu saadhaarana nirakara sendriya semiconductorlalo kevalam 3-10 nm yokka vyaapti podavunu kaligi untaayi kabatti, planner kanaalu sannaga undaali, conny sannani kanaalu kaantini takkuvagaa grahistaayi. bhaarii bhinnamaina vidhulu (beehechje) eee lopaanni parishkaristaayi. oka bii. hetch. zhe. loe, electron daata mariyu sweekarta padaarthaala misramam mishramamgaa veyabadutundi, taruvaata avi dasha-vibhajana chendutaayi. parikaramloni prati padaartham yokka praantaalu aneka nanometers dwara matrame vaeru cheyabadataayi, idhi vaahaka vyaaptiki saripoye dhooram. beehechjeelaku nanoskelpai padaarthaala padanirmaana saastrampai sunnitamaina niyantrana avasaram. mukhyamaina chararaasulaloo padaarthaalu, draavakaalu mariyu daata-graheeta baruvu nishpatti unnaayi.
beehechjelaku minchina tadupari taarkika dasha soura ghataala kosam suukshma padaardhaalanu ledhaa kramabaddheekarinchina bhinnamaina charyalanu (ohchjs) kramabaddheekaristaaru. oo. hetch. zhe. luu. bii. hetch. zhe. latho anubandhinchabadina vaividhyaanni taggistaayi. oj luu saadhaaranamgaa kramabaddheekarinchina akarbana padaarthaalu mariyu sendriya kriyaaseela praantaala sankara jaatulu. udaaharanaku, oka kaantivipeedana paalimarnu teo2 vanti syramic randhraalalo jama cheyavachu. randhraalu ippatikee polymer dwara randhram yokka podavunu oka sparsaku vyaapti cheyali kabatti, ohj luu ilanti mandam parimitulanu kaligi untaayi. oj yokka parikara paniteerunu marinta meruguparachadaaniki randhraala chalanasheelata addankini tagginchadam keelakam.
oke pora.
oke pora sendriya kaantivipeedana kanaalu saralamaina roopam. eee kanaalu rendu loha vahakalu, saadhaaranamgaa adhika pani paniteeru kaligina indium tinn oxide (ito) pora mariyu aluminium, magnitium ledhaa calcium vanti takkuva pani paniteeru kaligina loha pora madhya sendriya electronic padaarthaala poranu sandwitch cheyadam dwara tayaaru cheyabadataayi. atuvanti kanam yokka praathamika nirmaanam anjooramlo vivarinchabadindi. 5.
rendu conductorla madhya pani paniteeru yokka vyatyaasam sendriya poralo vidyut kshetraanni erpaatu chestundi. sendriya pora kaantini grahinchinappudu, electronlu lumoku uttejitamavutaayi mariyu homo loe randhraalanu vadili, tadwara excitanlanu yerparustaayi. vividha pani vidhula dwara srushtinchabadina sambhaavyata, uttejita jatalanu vibhajinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi, electronlanu saanukuula electrodeku (circuit yokka loha-kaani bhaagamtho parichayam cheyadaaniki upayoginche vidyut vaahaka) mariyu pratikuula electrodeku randhraalaku laagutundi.
udaaharanalu.
1958loe kaantivipeedana prabhavam ledhaa magnitium thalaysinine (emm. zii. pii. sii) aadhaaramgaa oka kanam yokka voltage srushti-pratyaamnaaya natrajani anuvu-carbon anuvu valaya nirmaanaanni kaligi unna sthoolachakra sammelanam-200 emm. vii. kaantivipeedanaanni kaligi unnatlu kanugonabadindi. oka all/emm. zii. pii. sii/yea. zii. kanam 690 enn. emm. vadda prakaasam kinda <ii. dii. 1> kaantivipeedana saamarthyaanni pondindi.
eee rakamaina kaantivipeedana kanamlo samyojita paalimarlanu kooda upayoginchaaru. oka parikaram polyacetylene (anjoorapu) nuu upayoginchindi. 1) aall mariyu graphite thoo sendriya poragaa, 0.3 vii open-circuit voltage mariyu 0.3% chaarj sekarana saamarthyaanni utpatti chestundi. oka all/paalii (3-nythyl-ethiopian)/piti sell bahya quantum digubadi 0.17%, open-circuit voltage 0.40 vii mariyu phil phyaaktar 0.3 kaligi undhi. oka ito/ppv/aall sell 1vii open-circuit voltage mariyu white-light prakaasam kinda 0.01% shakti marpidi saamarthyaanni choopinchindi.
samasyalu.
oke pora sendriya soura ghataalu sarigga panicheyavu. avi takkuva parimaana saamarthyaalu (<1 saatam) mariyu takkuva shakti marpidi saamardhyaalanu (<0.1 saatam) kaligi untaayi. rendu vaahaka electrodela madhya vyatyaasam valla kalige vidyut kshetram excitanlanu vibhajinchadaaniki arudugaa saripotundi anedi vaatitho oka pradhana samasya. tarachugaa electronlu electrodenu cherukokunda randhraalatho tirigi kalustaayi.
dwiparshwa.
dvistareeya kanaalu vaahaka electrodela madhya rendu poralanu kaligi untaayi (anjoorapu bomma. 6). rendu poralu ververu electron anubandham mariyu ayaneekarana saktulanu kaligi untaayi, anduvalla rendu porala madhya interfaces vadda sthiravidyuth saktulu utpatti avtayi. samarthavanthamaina charge vibhajana mariyu sekarana kosam kaanti eee chinna chaarj cheyabadina praantamloo excitanlanu srushtinchaali. eee sthaanika vidyut kshetraalu balamgaa undentha pedda thedaalanu cheyadaaniki padaarthaalu enchukoobadataayi, ivi oke pora kaantivipeedana kanaala kante excitanlanu marinta samarthavantamgaa vibhajistaayi. adhika electron anubandham mariyu ayaneekarana sambhaavyata kaligina pora electron sweekarta, mariyu itara pora electron daata. eee nirmaanaanni planner daata-graheeta bhinnamaina charya anie kooda pilustaaru.
udaaharanalu.
c60 adhika electron anubandhaanni kaligi undhi, idhi manchi sweekartagaa chestundi. oka c60/meh-ppv double layer sell saapekshamgaa adhika nimpe karakam 0.08 mariyu ekavarna prakaasam kinda 0.04% shakti marpidi saamarthyaanni kaligi undhi. ppv/c60 kanaalu 9 saatam ekavarna bahya quantum saamarthyaanni, 1 saatam shakti marpidi saamarthyaanni mariyu 0.08 nimpe karakanni pradarsinchaayi.
perileen utpannaalu adhika electron anubandham mariyu rasayana sthirathvaanni pradarsistaayi. electron daatagaa raagi thathocyanin (cupc) pora mariyu electron sweekartagaa perileen tetracarboxylic utpannam, 0.65 varaku adhika nimpe kaarakamtho oka kanaanni tayaaru chestundi mariyu anukarana AM2 prakaasam kinda 1 saatam shakti marpidi saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi. halls mariyu itarulu. electron daatagaa ppv porapai bis (phenethylimido) perileen poratho oka kanaanni tayaaru chesaaru. eee kanam garishta bahya quantum saamarthyaanni 6 saatam mariyu ekavarna prakaasam kinda 1 saatam shakti marpidi saamarthyaanni kaligi undhi mariyu 0.6 varaku nimpe karakanni kaligi undhi.
samasyalu.
sendriya electronic padaarthaalalo excitanla vyaapti podavu saadhaaranamgaa 10 nm kramamlo untundi. chaalaa excitanlu porala interfaceku vyaapinchi, vahakaalugaa vibhajinchadaaniki, pora mandam vyaapti podavu adhe paridhiloo undaali. ayithe, oka polymer poraku saadhaaranamgaa taginanta kaantini grahinchadaaniki kaneesam 100 nm mandam avasaram. intha pedda mandam vadda, excitanlalo oka chinna bhaagam matrame heterojunction interfaceku cherukogaladu.
vivikta bhinnamaina charya.
moodu porala (rendu sweekarthalu mariyu oka daata) fulerine rahita stock 8.4% marpidi saamarthyaanni saadhinchindi. amalu adhika open-circuit voltagelanu utpatti chesindi mariyu kanipinche spectraalo mariyu adhika short-circuit pravahalalo shoshananu utpatti chesindi. 400 nm mariyu 720 nm tarangadairghyala madhya quantum saamarthyam 75 saataaniki paiga undhi, open-circuit voltage 1 vii chuttoo undhi.
bhaarii heterojunction.
pedda mottamlo bhinnamaina vidhulu daata mariyu sweekarta padaarthaala suukshma shreni mishramtho kuudina shoshana poranu kaligi untaayi. eee misramam yokka domine parimaanaalu nanometers kramamlo untaayi, takkuva jeevitakaalamto kuudina excitanlu interfaceku cherukovadaniki mariyu pedda daata-graheeta interfatial praantam kaaranamgaa vidipovadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. ayithe, samarthavanthamaina bhaarii bhinnamaina vidhulu, daata padaarthaalu electrodenu ravana chese randhram (anjeeramlo electrode 1) cherukovadaniki veelu kalpinche oka prasarinche netvarknu roopondinchadaaniki taginanta pedda domine parimaanaalanu nirvahinchaalsina avasaram undhi. 7) mariyu electron ravana electrode (electrode 2) cherukovadaniki sweekarta padaarthaalu. eee percolating network lekunda, chaarjeelu daata ledhaa sweekarta sampanna domainlo chikkukuni, tirigi kalayikaku lonavutaayi. poralu gala photoactive nirmaanaala kante pedda mottamlo bhinnamaina vidhulu oka prayojanaanni kaligi untaayi, endukante vaatini poralu gala nirmaanaanni nirdesinchadamlo klishtamaina prosessing lekunda, adhe sthaayi paniteerunu konasaagistuu, samarthavanthamaina photan shoshanaku taginanta mandamgaa cheyavachu.
casting ("e") anae rendu bhaagaalanu kaligi unna draavanaanni roopondinchadam dwara bulk heterojunctions saadhaaranamgaa srushtinchabadataayi.zii., drop casting mariyu spin coating) aapai rendu dasalanu vaeru cheyadaaniki anumatistundi, saadhaaranamgaa oka annealing dasha sahayamtho. rendu bhagalu rendu electrodelanu anusandhaaninche interpenetrating netvarkloki sweeya-sameekaristaayi. avi saadhaaranamgaa samyoga anuvu aadhaarita daata mariyu fulerine aadhaarita sweekarthatho koodi untaayi. bhaarii bhinnamaina panula yokka suukshma nirmaanaatmaka padanirmaana saastraanni niyantrinchadam kashtam, conny kaantivipeedana paniteeruku keelakam.
photaannu swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata, electronlu sweekarta domainlaku taralinchabadataayi, taruvaata parikaram dwara teesukuvelli, oka electrode dwara sekarinchabadataayi, mariyu randhraalu vyatiraeka disalo kadulutaayi mariyu maroka vaipu sekarinchabadataayi. rendu padaarthaala chedaragottadam chaalaa bagunte, adhi pora dwara paelavamaina chaarj badileeki daariteestundi.
moodu bhagala kanaalu anveshinchabadinappatiki, chaalaa pedda heterojunction kanaalu rendu bhaagaalanu upayogistaayi. moodava bhaagam, dviteeya pii-rakam daata polymer, soura varnapatam yokka vaerae praantamloo kaantini grahinchadaaniki panichestundi. idhi siddhaantaparamgaa soshinchabadina kaanti mottaanni penchutundi. eee tribhuja kanaalu moodu vibhina yantraamgaalalo okadaani dwara panichestaayih charge badilee, shakti badilee ledhaa samaantara anusandhanam.
chaarj badileeloo, daatalu iddaroo uchita chaarj carrierla utpattiki neerugaa sahakaristaaru. anode vadda sekaranaku mundu randhraalu oka daata domine gundaa matrame velataayi. shakti badileeloo, oka daata matrame randhraala utpattiki dohadam chestaaru. rendava daata kaantini grahinchadaaniki matrame panicheestaadu, modati daata padaarthaaniki adanapu saktini badilee chestaadu. samaantara anusandhaanamlo, daatalu iddaroo swatantramgaa excitanlanu utpatti chestaaru, avi taruvaata vaari sambandhita daata/sweekarta interfacelaku valasa velli vidipotaayi.
udaaharanalu.
sii60 vanti fulerinelu mariyu daani utpannaalu bulk heterojunction photovoltaic kanaalalo electron sweekarana padaarthaalugaa upayoginchabadataayi. meh-ppv mariyu mithano-functionalised sii60 derivative kalayikatho oka sell, idhi electrodeluga 29 saatam quantum saamarthyaanni mariyu ekavarna prakaasam kinda 2.9 saatam shakti marpidi saamarthyaanni choopinchaayi. meh-ppv sthaanamlo pii3echti 10vii riverse bayas kinda 45 saatam quantum digubadini utpatti chesindi. electron sweekartanu savarinchadamlo marinta purogati phalitamgaa electron sweekartagaa pc71bm mariyu electron daatagaa ptb7-th mishramtho 10.61% shakti marpidi saamarthyam kaligina parikaram erpadindi.
polymer/polymer mishramaalanu chedaragottabadina heterojunction photovoltaic kanaalalo kooda upayogistaaru. electrodeluga all mariyu itolatho cn-ppv mariyu meh-ppv misramam, 1 saatam garishta ekavarna vidyut marpidi saamarthyaanni mariyu 0.38 nimpe karakanni andinchindi.
dye sensitized photovoltaic kanaalanu kooda eee rakaniki mukhyamaina udaaharanalugaa pariganinchavacchu.
samasyalu
pisi71bm vanti fulerinelu tarachugaa adhika paniteeru kaligina bulk heterojunction soura ghataalalo kanipinche electron sweekarana padaarthaalu. ayithe, eee electron sweekarta padaarthaalu chaalaa balaheenamgaa kanipinche kaantini grahistaayi, balamgaa grahinche electron daata padaartham aakraminchina valume bhinnanni taggistaayi. inca, fulerinelu paelavamaina electronic tunabilityni kaligi untaayi, phalitamgaa adhika voltagela kosam marinta aakarshanheeyamaina electronic nirmaanaalatoo kuudina samyojita vyavasthala abhivruddhipai aankshalu vidhinchabadataayi. electronicga tune cheyagala mariyu kaanti shoshanaku dohadapade sendriya anuvulatho eee fulerinelanu bharti cheyadaaniki prayatnistunna daanipai iteevali parisoedhana jarigindi.
graded heterojunction.
electron daata mariyu sweekarta kramamga unde vidhamgaa militam cheyabadataayi. eee nirmaanam chedaragottabadina bhinnamaina charyalo chinna electron prayaana dooraanni dvistareeya saanketikata yokka chaarj pravanata yokka prayojanamtho militam chestundi.
udaaharanalu.
cupc mariyu c60 mishramtho kuudina oka kanam 50 saatam quantum saamarthyaanni mariyu 100 mw/cm2 anukarana am1.5g soura prakaasaanni upayoginchi 2 saatam shakti marpidi saamarthyaanni choopinchindi.
nirantara junction.
graded heterojunction maadirigaane nirantara junction bhavana electron daata nundi electron sweekartaku kramamga parivartananu grahinchadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. ayithe, polymerisation anantara savarana dasalo daata polymer nundi neerugaa sweekarta padaartham tayaaru cheyabadutundi.
utpatti.
daani kriyaaseela pora ekkuvagaa parikara saamarthyaanni nirnayistundi kabatti, eee bhaagam yokka padanirmaana shaastram chaalaa shraddhanu pondindi.
oka padaartham draavakam loe maroka daanikante ekkuva karigedi ayithe, adhi modata uparitalam paina jama avutundi, deenivalla pora gundaa ekagrata pravanata erpadutundi. paalii-3-hexil theophane (p3ht), phenyl-c61-beautric assid methyl ester (pcbm) parikaraala kosam idhi pradarsinchabadindi, ikkada odcb draavanaala nundi spin puuta meeda pcbm parikaram diguva vaipu perukupotundi. eee prabhavam kanipistundi endukante puuta prakriya samayamlo marinta karige bhaagam "draavakam samruddhiga" dasha vaipu valasa velutundi, marinta karige bhaagam film diguva vaipu perukupotundi, ikkada draavakam ekkuva kaalam untundi. utpatti cheyabadina pora yokka mandam dasala vibajananu prabhaavitam chestundi endukante marinta kendrikruta parishkaralu ledhaa vegavantamaina aaviri raetla (mandamaina parikaraalanu nirminchadaaniki avasaramaina) kosam sphatikeekarana mariyu avapaatam yokka gatiseelata bhinnamgaa untundi. randhram-sekarinche electrodeku daggaragaa unna spatikaakaara p3ht susampannata saapekshamgaa sannani (100 nm) p3ht/pcbm poralaku matrame saadhinchavachchu.
prarambha padanirmaana saastramlo pravanatalu pradhanamgaa draavakam aaviri raetu mariyu misramam lopala daata mariyu sweekarta madhya draavaneeyataloo vyatyaasaala dwara utpatti cheyabadataayi. draavaneeyatapai eee aadharapadatam fulerine utpannaalu mariyu p3ht upayoginchi spashtamgaa pradarsinchabadindi. nemmadigaa aaviraipoye draavakaalanu upayogistunnappudu (chlorobenzene (sibi) ledhaa dichlorobenzine (dcb) gaa) meeru pedda sthaayilo niluvu vibhajana ledhaa agregationnu pondavacchu, ayithe vaegamgaa aaviraipoye draavakaalu chaalaa takkuva prabhaavavantamaina niluvu vibajananu utpatti chestaayi. pedda draavaneeyata pravanatalu marinta prabhaavavantamaina niluvu vibhajanaku daariteeyaali, ayithe chinna pravanatalu marinta sajatiya poralaku daariteeyaali. eee rendu prabhavalu p3ht: pcbm soura ghatalapai dhruvikarinchabaddayi.
draavakam aaviri vegamtho paatu prushtha draavakam aaviri ledhaa ushna annealing vidhanalu kooda adhyayanam cheyabaddaayi. pii3hetch tih pcbm vanti misramaalu thermal annealing vidhaanaala nundi prayojanam pondutunnatlu anipistundi, ayithe ptb7: pcbm vanti itara misramaalu etuvanti prayojanaanni chuupadam ledhu. p3ht loe prayojanam p3ht dasha yokka sphatikeekarana perugudala nundi vachinatlu anipistundi, idhi eee domainla nundi pcbm anuvulanu bahishkarinchadam dwara utpatti avutundi. p3ht loe pcbm missibility adhyayanala dwara alaage domine kuurpu anedi annealing samayala vidhiga maarutundi.
daata ledhaa sweekarta padaarthaala yokka swachchamaina nirakara dasalu matrame pedda heterojunction parikaraalalo eppuduu undavu kabatti, doshapuritata aadhaaramgaa paina perkonna parikalpana parikaraala saamarthyaanni puurtigaa vivarinchadu. swachchamaina amorphus praantaalu lenanduna swachchamaina dasalu mariyu vivikta interfacelanu oohinche prastuta namuunaalu viphalamavutaayani 2010 paper suuchimchimdi. prastuta namuunaalu dasha swachchatanu parigananaloki teesukokunda interfacela vadda dasha vibajananu oohistaayi kabatti, namuunaalanu maarchaalsina avasaram undavacchu.
thermal annealing vidhanam sarigga eppudu vartimpajeyabadutundane daanipai aadharapadi maarutuu untundi. niluvu jaatula valasalu paakshikamgaa kriyaaseela pora mariyu gaali ledhaa maroka pora madhya uparitala udriktata dwara nirnayinchabadataayi kabatti, adanapu porala nikshepanaku mundu ledhaa taruvaata (chaalaa tarachugaa loha cathode) annealing phalitaanni prabhaavitam chestundi. p3ht vishayamlo loha cathode nikshepana tarvaata kanaalanu eniil chesinappudu pcbm soura ghataala niluvu valasalu merugupadataayi.
prakkane unna porala pakkana daata ledhaa sweekarta perukupovadam prayojanakaramgaa undavacchu, endukante eee perukupovadam valla randhram ledhaa electron nirodhinche prabhaavaalaku daariteestundi, idhi parikara paniteeruku prayojanam chekuurustumdi. 2009loe p3ht: pcbm soura ghatalapai niluvu pampinheelo vyatyaasam electron chalanaseelatato samasyalanu kaligistundani choopabadindi, idhi chaalaa takkuva parikara saamardhyaalanu istundi. parikara nirmaanamloo saadhaarana maarpulu-p3ht paina PCBM yokka sannani poranu tippadam-parikara bhagala madhya punarutpaadaka niluvu vibajananu andinchadam dwara kana punarutpatti saamarthyaanni baga penchutundi. merugaina saamarthyaala kosam pcbm mariyu cathode madhya adhika parichayam avasaram kabatti, idhi ekkuvagaa parikara punarutpatti saamarthyaanni penchutundi.
neutron chedaragotte vislaeshanha prakaram, p3ht: pcbm mishramaalanu "pravahalu" (pcbm praantaalu) antaraayam kaliginche "nadulu" (p3ht praantaalu) gaa varninchaaru.
draavakam prabhavalu.
spin puuta mariyu aaviri kosam paristhitulu parikara saamarthyaanni prabhaavitam chestaayi. draavakam mariyu sankalanaalu daata-graheeta padanirmaana saastraanni prabhaavitam chestaayi. sankalanaalu aavirini taggistaayi, marinta spatikaakaara paalimarlaku daariteestaayi, tadwara randhra vaahakatalu mariyu saamardhyaalanu meruguparustaayi. saadhaarana sankalanaalalo 1,8-octanidithiol, ortho-dichlorobenzine, 1,8-diodoactane (deo) mariyu nitrobenzine unnaayi. deo prabhavam pcbm bhagala empika chesina draveekaranaku aapaadinchabadindi, electronla sagatu hopping dooraanni praathamikamgaa savaristundi, tadwara electron chalanaseelatanu meruguparustundi. sankalanaalu polymerla saamardhyamlo pedda perugudalaku kooda daariteestaayi. hcxs-1/pcbm soura ghataala kosam, eee prabhavam chaarj utpatti, ravana mariyu shelf-sthirathvamtho sambandham kaligi undhi. pttb vanti itara polymerlu kooda deo nundi gananeeyamgaa prayojanam pondutaayi, ivi sankalanaalu lekunda sumaru 3.7 saatam nundi 5 saataaniki paiga pce viluvalanu saadhistaayi.
chloronafthalene (cn) nundi saha-draavakam gaa tayaaraina polymer soura ghataalu marinta sampradaaya swachchamaina chlorobenzene draavanam nundi tayaaraina vaati kante ekkuva saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi. endukante daata-graheeta padanirmaana shaastram maarutundi, idhi daata polymer mariyu fulerine madhya dasha vibajananu taggistundi. phalitamgaa, idhi adhika randhraala chalanaseelatagaa anuvadistundi. saha-draavakaalu lekunda, fulerine roopam yokka pedda domainlu, draavanamloo polymer aggregation kaaranamgaa sell yokka kaantivipeedana paniteerunu taggistaayi. eee padanirmaana shaastram endabettadam samayamlo drava-drava dasha vibhajana nundi udbhavistundi; aavirini parishkarinchadam valla misramam spinodal praantamloki pravesistundi, dheenilo gananeeyamaina ushna hecchutaggulu untaayi. pedda domainlu electronlanu samarthavantamgaa sekarinchakunda nirodhistaayi (pce taggutundi).
polymer nirmaanamloo chinna thedaalu kooda christal packinglo gananeeyamaina maarpulaku daariteestaayi, ivi anivaryamgaa parikara padanirmaana saastraanni prabhaavitam chestaayi. rendu polymerla (sii verses sii) madhya vantena anuvulo vyatyaasam kaaranamgaa pisidipitibiti, psbtbt nundi bhinnamgaa untundi. sii), idhi pisidipitibitito merugaina padanirmaanaalu saadhinchagalavani suchistundihi pcbm soura ghataalu adanapu padaarthaala sahayam lekunda manchi padanirmaanaalanu saadhinche ci vyavasthaku viruddhamgaa sankalanaalanu kaligi untaayi.
sweeya-sameekarinchabadina kanaalu.
spin casting mariyu heating meeda sameekarinche daata mariyu sweekarta anuvulanu upayoginchi supromolecular chemistreeni parisoedhimchaaru. chaalaa varaku athi anuvula sammelanaalu chinna anuvulanu upayogistaayi. gottapu nirmaanamloo daata mariyu sweekarta domainlu sendriya soura ghatalaku anuvainaviga kanipistaayi.
fulerine kaligina diablock polymerlu thermal annealing meeda sthiramaina sendriya soura ghatalanu andistaayi. mundugaane roopondinchina padanirmaanaalatoe kuudina soura ghataalu tagina uparitala paraspara charyalanu pravesapettinappudu phalitamgaa erpadataayi.
polyethiophene utpannaalanu kaligi unna bcps paie purogati baga nirvachinchabadina networklalo sameekarinche soura ghatalanu istundi. eee vyavastha 2.04% yokka pce nii pradarsistundi. hydrogen bandham padanirmaana saastraaniki maarganirdesam chestundi. 
koo-polymer vidhaanaala aadhaaramgaa parikara saamarthyam inca 2 saatam addankini daataledu, ayithe bulk-heterojunction parikaraalu single junction configurationlalo 7 saatam kante ekkuva saamarthyaanni pradarsistaayi.
domine samsthanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki fulerine-grafted raad-kaayil block kopalimarlanu upayoginchaaru.
sendriya soura ghatalaku atiaanuva vidhanalu domine vibajananu nadipinche sthuulaanuva saktula gurinchi avagahananu andistaayi.
paaradarsaka polymer kanaalu.
paaradarsaka ledhaa pakshika-paaradarsaka psc luu kanipinche varnapatam velupala takkuva ledhaa adhika-shakti photaanlanu grahinchadaaniki anumatistaayi, tadwara daani suuryarasmini upayoginchukune saamardhyaalanu optimize chestundi mariyu vistruta shoshana varnapataanni cover chestundi. eee rakamaina psc luu kanipinche varnapatamlo photanlaku takkuva swaabhaavika sunnitatvam kaaranamgaa sameepa-paraaruna ledhaa atineelalohita photaanlanu sangrahinchadaaniki anuvainavi. saadhaarana psc luu apaaradarsaka loha electrodelanu upayogistaayi, ivi daani paaradarsakatanu mariyu daani paniteerunu parimitam chestaayi. psc la yokka shoshaka pora antargatamgaa pakshika paaradarsakamgaa untundi. anduvalla, spashtamgaa paaradarsakamaina pscni saadhinchadaaniki oka vidhanam emitante, paie electrodenu marinta paaradarsakamgaa cheyadaaniki savarinchadam. pakshika paaradarsakamaina paie electrodelanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki ito, ultra-sannani lohaalu, loha gridlu, graphane mariyu carbon nanotubela vanti padaarthaalu upayoginchabaddaayi. ayinappatikee, paaradarsaka psc la paniteeru vaati apaaradarsaka electrode psc sahacharulatho polchinappudu lopinchinatlu choopabadindi. eguva electrodenu paaradarsakamgaa chesinappudu, absorber poralo vidyudayaskaanta kshetraanni bandhinche kanam yokka saamarthyam taggutundi, phalitamgaa takkuva pce erpadutundi. atuvanti kanaala pii. sii. ii. nii meruguparachadaaniki prastutam vistrutamaina parisoedhanalu jarugutunnaayi. eee rakamaina psc luu building-integrated photovoltoics, tandum parikaraalu mariyu portable electronicsku vartimpajeyabaddaayi.
paraaruna polymer kanaalu.
paraaruna kanaalu kanipinche tarangadairghyala kante paraaruna paridhiloo kaantini grahinchadaaniki praadhaanyata istayi. 2010 adhyayanam venuka vaipu cnt film top electrode mariyu mundu vaipu ito glass poratho paraaruna-paaradarsaka psc lanu abhivruddhi chesindi, idhi kanaaniki rendu vaipula nundi optical transmittensenu anumatistundi. ito paina oka pii3hetch tih pcbm poranu geno kii jodinchi, tadwara ito/geno/pii3hetch tih pcbm/cn tii (diguva nundi paie varaku) selnu srushtistundi. eguva cnt electrode mariyu diguva ito electrode rendoo 500 nm nundi 2.5 umm spectraalo 80 saatam prasaranni pradarsinchaayani gamaninchabadindi. sell 670 nm nundi 1.2 umm paridhiloo 80 saatam optical transmittens kaligi undhi, 1.2 nundi 2.5 umm paridhiloo 60 saatam. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, eji top electrodtho kuudina niyantrana kanam phalitamgaa eee varnapatamlo prasaram jaragaledu. adanamgaa, p3ht: pcbm pora yokka adhika kanipinche shoshana kaaranamgaa kanipinche praantamloo kanam saapekshamgaa takkuva prasaranni kaligi undhi. atuvanti kanaalanu tandum parikaraalaku mariyu psc la niluvu assembleaki vartimpajeyavachu.
2012 natiki, paraaruna kanaalu daadaapu 70 saatam paaradarsakamgaa kanipinche kaantiki kanipinchaayi. solution prosessing upayoginchi takkuva kharchutho adhika parimaanamlo kanaalanu tayaaru cheyavachani aaropinchabadindi. kanaalu vendi nanovire/titanium dioxide mishrama poralu paie electrodga upayogistaayi, sampradaaya apaaradarsaka loha electrodela sthaanamlo untaayi. eee kalayikatho 4 saatam vidyut-marpidi saamarthyam saadhinchabadindi.
2014loe, nafthodithiophane diamide mariyu bithiophane (pndti-bt-dt) yokka copalimer aadhaaramgaa electron daatagaa ptb7thoo kalipi nier-infrared polymer solar sels tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. pndti-bt-dt mariyu ptb7 rendoo kooda sahajamaina chitraala maadirigaane mishrama chitraalalo spatikaakaara nirmaanaanni yerparustaayi, idhi rendu polymerla nundi samarthavanthamaina chaarj utpattiki daariteestundi.
psc la kosam paaradarsakamaina agra electrodenu abhivruddhi cheyadampai chaalaa parisoedhanalu drushti saarinchaayi. ayithe, 2017 adhyayanam pakshika-paaradarsaka psc la kriyaaseela poranu optimize cheyadaanni anveshinchindi. parisoedhakulu merugaina saamardhyamtho pakshika paaradarsaka pscni pratipaadinchaaru, idhi irukaina bandgap polymer daata, ptb7-va, mariyu naan-fulerine sweekarta, aihechaisi rendintinee upayogistundi. eee adhyayanam yokka phalitaalu pratipaadita psc paraaruna varnapatamlo adhika prasaram mariyu shoshananu pradarsinchindani, ayithe kanipinche varnapatamlo takkuva shoshananu pradarsinchindani choopinchaayi. eee kanam saapekshamgaa sthiramgaa undani mariyu garishtamgaa 9.77% pcE kaligi undani choopabadindi, idhi 2017 natiki, atyadhika nivedinchabadina pcE viluva.
vilakshanhamaina current-voltage pravartana mariyu shakti marpidi saamarthyam.
akarbana kaantivipeedanaala maadirigaane sendriya kaantivipeedanaalu saadhaaranamgaa current-voltage vislaeshanha dwara vargeekarinchabadataayi. eee vislaeshanha parikara paniteerunu ardham chesukovadaniki upayoginche bahula parikara kolamaana viluvalanu andistundi. atyanta keelakamaina kolamanalalo okati vidyut marpidi saamarthyam (pce).
pce (η) anedi short-circuit current (JSC), open-circuit voltage (voc) mariyu phil phyaaktar (ff) yokka utpattiki anulomaanupaatamlo untundi, ivanni current-voltage vakrata nundi nirnayinchabadataayi.
suutram _ 1
ikkada pinn anedi aakasmika sourashakti.
short circuit current (jsc), garishta photocurrent generation viluva. idhi praamaanika current-voltage vakrarekha yokka y-intercept viluvaku anugunamgaa untundi, dheenilo current y-aksham venta plaat cheyabadutundi mariyu voltage x-aksham venta plaat cheyabadutundi.  sendriya soura ghataalalo, short circuit current vividha rakaala padaartha kaarakaala dwara prabhaavitamavutundi. veetilo chaarj carrierla kadalika, optical shoshana profile mariyu chaarj carrierla marinta samarthavanthamaina velikiteetaku daariteese saadhaarana saktivantamaina chodaka saktulu unnaayi. 
open-circuit voltage (voke) anedi parikaram gundaa current pravahinchanappudu voltage. idhi current-voltage vakrarekhapai x-antaraayaaniki anugunamgaa untundi. bhaarii bhinnamaina sendriya kaantivipeedana parikaraalalo, eee viluva homo mariyu lumo shakti sthaayilu mariyu kriyaaseela pora padaarthaala pani vidhulapai ekkuvagaa aadharapadi untundi. 
power anedi voltage mariyu current yokka utpatti kabatti, voltage mariyu current madhya utpattini garishtamgaa chesinappudu garishta power point sambhavistundi.
nimpe karakam, ff, current voltage vakrata yokka "chaturasram" gaa bhaavinchavachchu. idhi garishta shakti viluva yokka bhagamu mariyu open-circuit voltage mariyu short circuit current yokka utpatti. idhi paie chitramlo pasupu deerghachaturasram yokka vaisaalyam mariyu pedda neelam deerghachaturasram yokka nishpattigaa choopabadindi. sendriya kaantivipeedanaaniki, eee nimpe amsam tappanisarigaa parikaram nundi utpatti cheyabadina chaarjeelu entha samarthavantamgaa sekarinchabadatayo kolata. dheenini parikaram dwara ravana chese chaarjeelu mariyu tirigi kalipe chaarjeela madhya "pootii" gaa bhaavinchavachchu.
polymer soura ghataala chuttoo unna oka pradhana samasya kalpita kanaala takkuva shakti marpidi saamarthyam (pce). vaanijyaparamgaa aacharaneeyamainadigaa pariganinchaalante, psc kaneesam 10-15% saamarthyaanni saadhinchagalagaali-idhi ippatike akarbana pvs kante chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi. ayithe, polymer soura ghataala takkuva dhara kaaranamgaa, 10-15% saamarthyam vaanijyaparamgaa aacharaneeyamainadi.
polymer solar sell paniteerulo iteevali purogatulu short-circuit karentnu meruguparachadaaniki bandgapnu kudinchadam valla, open-circuit voltagenu penchadaaniki atyadhika aakramita molecular arbital (homo) nuu tagginchadam valla sambhavinchaayi. ayithe, psc luu ippatikee takkuva nimpe kaarakaalato (saadhaaranamgaa 70 saatam kante takkuva) baadhapadutunnaayi. ayithe, 2013 natiki, parisoedhakulu 75 saataaniki paiga nimpe kaarakaalato psclanu roopondinchagaligaaru. saastravettalu viloma bhj dwara mariyu saampradaayetara daata/sweekarta kalayikalanu upayoginchadam dwara saadhinchagaligaaru.
vaanijyeekarana.
polymer soura ghataalu inca silicon soura ghataalu mariyu itara sannani pora kanaalatoe vaanijyaparamgaa pootii padaledu. polymer soura ghataala prastuta saamarthyam silicon kanaala kante 10 saatam takkuvagaa undhi. polymer soura ghataalu kooda paryaavarana ksheenatatoo baadhapadataayi, samarthavanthamaina rakshana puutalu laevu.
chaarj carrier vyaaptini prothsahinchadaaniki paniteerulo marinta merugudalalu avasaram; kramam mariyu padanirmaana shaastram yokka niyantrana dwara ravaanaanu meruguparachaali; mariyu interfacelalo chaarj badilee samasyaku interfaces injaneeringnu vartimpajeyaali.
polymer soura ghataala saamarthyaanni penchadaaniki tandum nirmaanaanni upayoginchadampai parisoedhanalu jarugutunnaayi. akarbana tandum nirmaanam maadirigaane, sendriya tandum nirmaanam saamarthyaanni penchutundani bhaavistunnaaru. takkuva-byaand gyap padaarthaalanu upayoginche single-junction parikaramtho poliste, photan-tuu-electron marpidi samayamlo tandem nirmaanam ushna nashtanni taggistundi.
polymer solar sellu vaanijyaparamgaa vistrutamgaa utpatti cheyabadavu. 2008loe praarambhamaina konarka saanketikatalu polymer-fulerine soura ghataala utpattini praarambhinchaayi. prarambha modules 3-5% samarthavantamgaa undevi, mariyu konni samvatsaraalu matrame untaayi. aaa polymer solar sellu pivi marketloki pravesinchalekapovadamto konarka diwala kosam daakhalu chesindi.
psc luu ippatikee takkuva nimpe kaarakaalato (saadhaaranamgaa 70 saatam kante takkuva) baadhapadutunnaayi. ayithe, 2013 natiki, parisoedhakulu 75 saataaniki paiga nimpe kaarakaalato psclanu roopondinchagaligaaru. saastravettalu viloma bhj dwara mariyu saampradaayetara daata/sweekarta kalayikalanu upayoginchadam dwara saadhinchagaligaaru.
ayithe, kharchulanu tagginchadaaniki mariyu psc utpattiki aacharanaatmaka vidhanam kosam kooda vaadinchadaaniki, polymer soura ghataala tayaareeni penchadaaniki prayatnaalu jarugutunnaayi. ituvanti prayatnaalalo puurti roll-tuu-roll solution prosessing untundi. ayithe, polymer solar sels yokka takkuva jeevitakaalam kaaranamgaa roll-tuu-roll solution prosessing aann-grid vidyut utpattiki anukuulamgaa undadu. anduvalla, polymer soura ghataala kosam vaanijya anuvartanaalalo ippatikee pradhanamgaa viniyogadaaru electronics mariyu gruhopakaranaalu unnaayi.
sendriya soura ghataala namuunaa.
paina charchinchinatlugaa, sendriya semikandaktarlu deerghakaalika kramam laeni atyanta kramarahita padaarthaalu. dheeni ardham conduction byaand mariyu valence byaand anchulu baga nirvachinchabadaledu. inca, eee bhouthika mariyu saktivantamaina rugmata ucchu sthithulanu utpatti chestundi, dheenilo photogenerated electronlu mariyu randhraalu chikkukupotayi mariyu chivariki tirigi kalapabadataayi.
parikara namoonaalo sendriya soura ghatalanu khachitamgaa vivarinchadaaniki keelakam vaahaka bandham mariyu trop sthithula dwara punassamyojanam. saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche vidhanam samarthavanthamaina madhyama namuunaanu upayoginchadam, ikkada praamaanika drift vyaapti sameekaranaalu parikaram antataa ravaanaanu vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi. appudu, trop sthithula ghaataanka thoka pravesapettabadutundi, idhi chalanasheelata anchula nundi byaand gyap loki ksheenistundi. eee ucchula nundi sangrahinchadam/tappinchukovadaanni vivarinchadaaniki shockley-reed-haall (esrhetch) nuu upayoginchavacchu. shockley-reed-haall mechanism paalimarnu punarutpatti cheyagaladani choopabadindihi time domine mariyu sthiramaina sthithi rendintiloonuu fulerine parikara pravartana.
sendriya soura ghataala roopakalpanaku byaand antaraalu mariyu pora mandam vanti pedda sankhyalo nirmaanaatmaka mariyu kuurpu paaraamitulanu optimize cheyadam avasaram. sankhya parikara anukarana vaanchaneeya stock aakruteekarananu gurtinchadaaniki vaayidya antardrushtini andistundi. idhi samarthavanthamaina soura ghataala abhivruddhiki abhyardhinchina samayanni tagginchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
prastuta savaallu mariyu iteevali purogati.
manchi antargata quantum saamarthyaanni kaligi unnappatikee, sendriya kaantivipeedana kanaalatoe sambandham unna ibbandulalo akarbana kaantivipeedana parikaraalatoe poliste vaati takkuva bahya quantum saamarthyam (70 saatam varaku) untundi; idhi 100 nanometers kramamlo kriyaaseela poralatho taginantagaa shoshana lekapovadam valla. aakseekarana mariyu taggimpuku vyatiraekamgaa asthiratalu, punah sphatikeekarana mariyu ushnograta vyatyaasaalu kooda parikara ksheenataku daariteestaayi mariyu kalakramena paniteeru taggutundi. idhi ververu kuurpulu kaligina parikaraala kosam ververu sthaayilalo sambhavistundi mariyu idhi churukaina parisoedhana jarugutunna praantam.
itara mukhyamaina karakalalo excitan vyaapti podavu, chaarj vibhajana mariyu chaarj sekarana unnaayi, ivi malinaala uniki dwara prabhaavitamavutaayi.
chaarj carrier mobility mariyu ravana.
mukhyamgaa bulk heterojunction solar sels kosam, sendriya kaantivipeedana saamardhyaalanu meruguparachadamlo chaarj carrier ravaanaanu ardham chesukovadam chaalaa mukhyam. prastutam, bulk heterojunction parikaraalu asamatulya chaarj-carrier chalanaseelatanu kaligi unnaayi, randhram chalanasheelata electron chalanasheelata kante kaneesam parimaanam yokka kramaanni takkuvagaa kaligi untundi; dheeni phalitamgaa space chaarj billed-up mariyu parikaram yokka phil phyaaktar mariyu power conversion saamardhyamlo taggudala erpadutundi. takkuva chalanasheelata kaaranamgaa, chaarj carrierla punassamyojanaanni nivaarinchadaaniki samarthavanthamaina bulk heterojunction photovoltaiklanu sannani kriyaaseela poralatho roopondinchaali, idhi prosessinglo shoshana mariyu scalabilityki hanikaram. 0. 8 kante ekkuva nimpe karakam mariyu 90 saatam kante ekkuva bahya quantum saamardhyamtho kuudina bhaarii bhinnamaina soura ghataanni kaligi undataaniki, space chaarj prabhavanni tagginchadaaniki samatulya chaarj carrier chalanasheelata undaali, alaage chaarj carrier chalanaseelatalo perugudala mariyu/ledhaa bimolecular recombination raetu sthiraamkamlo taggudala undaali anie anukaranalu niroopinchaayi.
film morphology yokka prabhavam.
paina vivarinchinatlugaa, daata-graheeta sendriya padaarthaala chedaragottabadina bhinnamainavi planar bhinnamainavi-junctiontho poliste adhika parimaana saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi, endukante chedaragottabadina bhinnamainavi daani vyaapti podavulo oka interfacenu kanugone avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi. film padanirmaana shaastram kooda parikaram yokka quantum saamardhyampai teevramaina prabhavanni chooputundi. kathinamaina uparitalaalu mariyu shoonyathala uniki syries nirodhakatanu mariyu short circuit avakaasaanni kooda penchutundi. film padanirmaana shaastram mariyu, phalitamgaa, oka parikaranni ~ 1000 Â mandapati loha cathode thoo kappina tarvaata daanini annealing cheyadam dwara quantum saamarthyaanni meruguparachavacchu. sendriya pora paina unna lohapu pora sendriya porapai ottidini vartimpajestundi, idhi sendriya poralo padanirmaana sadalimpunu nivaarinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. idhi marinta dattamgaa pyaak cheyabadina filmlanu istundi mariyu adhe samayamlo organic sannani film lopala dasha-vaeru cheyabadina interpenetrating daata-graheeta interfaces erpadataaniki anumatistundi.
niyantrita vruddhi bhinnamaina paniteeru.
chaarj vibhajana daata-graheeta interfaces vadda jarugutundi. electrodeku prayaninchetappudu, oka chaarj chikkukupovacchu mariyu/ledhaa kramarahitamaina antarpravesinche sendriya padaarthamloo tirigi kalapavacchu, phalitamgaa parikara saamarthyam taggutundi. heterojunction yokka niyantrita perugudala daata-graheeta padaarthaala sthaanaalapai merugaina niyantrananu andistundi, phalitamgaa planner mariyu atyanta disahara hetero-junctionla kante chaalaa ekkuva shakti saamarthyam (avtput shakti mariyu input shakti nishpatti) erpadutundi (anjooramlo chuupina vidhamgaa. 8). anduvalla, nirmaanam mariyu film padanirmaana saastraanni baga niyantrinchadaaniki tagina prosessing paaraamitula empika chaalaa avasaram.
vruddhi paddhatulalo purogati.
kaantivipeedana anuvartanaala kosam ekkuvagaa sendriya poralu spin puuta mariyu aaviri-dasha nikshepana dwara jama cheyabadataayi. ayithe prati paddhatiki konni lopaalu unnaayi, spin coating technic pedda uparitala praantaalanu adhika vegamtho puuyagaladu, ayithe oka poraku draavakam vadakam ippatike unna polymer poranu digajaarchagaladu. maroka samasya parikaram kosam uparitalam yokka namuunaatoe sambandham kaligi untundi, endukante spin-puuta phalitamgaa mottam uparitalaanni oke padaarthamthoo puuyadam jarugutundi.
vacuum ushna aaviri.
maroka nikshepana saanketikata vacuum thermal evaporation (vte), indulo vacuumloo sendriya padaarthaanni vaedi cheyadam untundi. uparitalaanni muulam nundi aneka centimeters dhooramlo unchutaaru, tadwara aaviraina padaartham neerugaa uparitalampai jama cheyabadutundi, anjooramlo chuupina vidhamgaa. 9 (eah). vividha porala madhya rasayana paraspara charya lekunda vividha padaarthaala yokka aneka poralanu jama cheyadaaniki eee paddhati upayogapadutundi. ayithe, konnisaarlu pedda-praanta uparitalaalapai film-mandam ekaruupata mariyu ekareeti dopingto samasyalu unnaayi. adanamgaa, gadhi godapai jama chese padaarthaalu taruvaata nikshaepanhalanu kalushitam chestaayi. eee "line off sait" technic shahdoing kaaranamgaa chitramlo randhraalanu kooda srushtinchagaladu, idhi parikara shreni-nirodhakata mariyu short circuitlo perugudalaku kaaranamavutundi.
sendriya aaviri dasha nikshepana.
sendriya aaviri dasha nikshepana (oo. vii. pii. dii), anjooramlo choopabadindi. 9 (bii), vacuum thermal evaporation kante film yokka nirmaanam mariyu padanirmaana saastraanni merugga niyantrinchadaaniki anumatistundi. eee prakriyaloo jada vaahaka vayuvu samakshamlo uparitalampai sendriya padaartham aaviri avutundi. gyaas pravaham raetu mariyu muulam ushnogratanu marchadam dwara phalitamgaa vachhe film padanirmaana saastraanni tune cheyavachu. vaahaka vayuvu ottidini tagginchadam dwara ekareeti poralu penchavacchu, idhi vayuvu yokka vegaanni penchutundi mariyu vayuvu yokka swechchaayuta marganni suuchistumdi, phalitamgaa sarihaddu pora mandam taggutundi. ovipidi dwara utpatti ayye kanaalaku gadhi godala nundi bayataku vachhe poralu nundi kaalushyaaniki sambandhinchina samasyalu undavu, endukante godalu vecchagaa untaayi mariyu anuvulu vatiki atukkupoyi vaatipai poranu utpatti cheyadaaniki anumatinchavu.
vte kante maroka prayojanam aaviri retulo ekaruupata. vaahaka vayuvu muulam nundi bayataku vachhe sendriya padaartham yokka aavirulatoe santruptamai, aapai challabadina uparitalam, anjoorapu vaipu kadulutundi kabatti idhi jarugutundi. 9 (bii). vruddhi paaraamitulanu batti (muulam yokka ushnograta, bays presure mariyu carrier gyaas yokka fluxes) jama cheyabadina pora sphatikakaramga ledhaa nirakaramga untundi. oveepeedeeni upayoginchi tayaaru chesina parikaraalu vteni upayoginchi tayaaru chesina parikaraala kante ekkuva short circuit current saandratanu chuuputaayi. kanapu eguvana unna daata-graheeta hetero-junction yokka adanapu pora excitanlanu nirodhinchavacchu, adhe samayamlo electron prasarananu anumatistundi; phalitamgaa kana saamarthyam merugupadutundi.
sendriya soura sira.
sendriya soura sira nirakara silicon soura ghataalato poliste "fluorescent" laiting paristhitulalo adhika paniteerunu andinchagaladu mariyu praamaanika sendriya soura saanketikatato poliste indor shakti saandrataloo 30 saatam nundi 40 saatam perugudalanu kaligi undani chepparu.
telikapati tropping.
sannani sendriya soura ghataalalo kaanti bandham (kaanti loe-jodimpu) prabhavalanu penchadaaniki vividha rakaala bhagalu vartinchabadataayi. sendriya soura ghataala vasyatatoe paatu, ito mariyu gaajuku badulugaa anuvaina electrodelu mariyu uparitalaalanu upayoginchadam dwara, puurtigaa anuvaina sendriya soura ghatalanu utpatti cheyavachu. anuvaina uparitalaalu mariyu uparitalaalanu upayoginchadam dwara, opivilaku telikapati tropping prabhavalanu andinchadaaniki sulabhamaina paddhatulu pravesapettabaddaayi, veetilo ponduparachabadina chedaragotte kanaalatoe polymer electrodelu, naano mudrinchina polymer electrodelu, namuunaa pempudu jantuvula uparitalaalu mariyu drava sphatika pradarsanala kosam vaanijyeekarinchabadina optical display film (elsidi) kooda unnaayi. telikapati tropping structure prosessing yokka arhatato opivila paniteerunu meruguparachadaaniki chaalaa parisoedhanalu jarugutaayi.
photovoltoics loe upayoginchandi.
sendriya soura ghataanni hybrid tandum soura ghataala stacklo agra kanam vale upayoginchadamlo iteevali parisoedhana mariyu adhyayanam jarigindi. silicon ledhaa siggs vanti saampradaaya akarbana kaantivipeedanaala kante sendriya soura ghataalu adhika byaand gyapnu kaligi unnanduna, avi ushneekarana kaaranamgaa ekkuva saktini kolpokunda adhika shakti photaanlanu grahinchagalavu, tadwara adhika voltage vadda panicheestaayi. takkuva shakti gala phootaanlu mariyu adhika shakti gala phootaanlu grahinchabadanivi eguva sendriya soura ghatam gundaa velataayi mariyu taruvaata diguva akarbana kanam dwara grahinchabadataayi. sendriya soura ghataalu kooda chadarapu meetaruku 10 dollarla takkuva kharchutho takkuva ushnogratala vadda proses cheyagala parishkaram, phalitamgaa mudrinchagala top sell erpadutundi, idhi ippatike unna, akarbana soura ghata saanketikatala yokka mottam saamardhyaalanu meruguparustundi. adhika paaradarsakatato takkuva sparsha nirodhakatanu nirvahinche pakshika-paaradarsaka electrodela nikshepanalo parisoedhanatoe sahaa atuvanti hybrid tandum solar sell stock erpadataaniki veelugaa chaalaa parisoedhanalu jarigaayi.
yaantrika pravartana.
sendriya semiconductorla yaantrika lakshanaalanu ardham chesukovadam mariyu mukhyamgaa, sendriya soura ghatalanu upayoginche parikaraala yokka vistruta shreni vaiphalya yantraamgaalu vividha anuvartanaala kosam sendriya soura ghataala kaaryaacharana sthirathvaanni nirnayinchadamlo keelakam.sendriya soura ghataala yaantrika lakshanaalanu padaarthamloo unna antar paramaanu mariyu uparitala saktulaku aapaadinchavachchu. eee lakshanaalu paramaanu nirmaanam dwara prabhaavitamavvadame kakunda prosessing paristhitulaku kooda chaalaa sunnitamgaa untaayi, tadwara tanyata modulus, ductility mariyu fracture kaatinyam vanti polymer sannani poralu yokka yaantrika lakshanaala adhyayanam chaalaa kashtamgaa untundi. eee kaaranamgaa, parikaram yokka yaantrika sthirathvaanni anchanaa vese "merrit figure" nuu lekkinchadam chinna vishayam kaadu mariyu ottidiki guraina parikaram yokka drudhatvam aneka karakalapai aadharapadi untundi.
chaalaa tarachugaa, uparitalam parikaraniki maddatunu andistundi mariyu uparitalam yokka yaantrika vaiphalyam parikaram yokka upa-optimal shakti marpidi saamardhyaaniki daariteestundi. anduvalla uparitalam sendriya kriyaaseela poraku yaantrika maddatunu andinchadam avasaram ayinappatikee, uparitalam yokka tanyata balaanni penchadam valla takkuva jaatula vadda pora pagilipovadam valla vachhe kharchutho kaadani nirdhaarinchukovadaaniki jaagratta teesukoovaali. saadhaaranamgaa, kriyaaseela pora uparitalamtho kalisi vaikalyam chendadam manchidi. takkuva saage modulus mariyu adhika saage parimititoe idhi saadhyamavutundi. sannani pora yokka saage saamarthyaanni saadhaaranamgaa porapai pagullu kanipinche ottidigaa kolustaaru. ayithe, pagullu praarambhamayye ottidi anedi pora mariyu uparitalam madhya samanvayam/samslaeshanha sthaayi vanti itara karakalapai kooda aadharapadi untundi. vividha adhyayanalu bandhana ledhaa antukune fracture energy zii. sii. kii sambandhinchinavi, ivi paramaanu paaraamitulu mariyu prosessing paristhitulaku pratyeka polymer interfacelanu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki avasaramaina panigaa nirvachinchabaddaayi. samanvayamtho paatu, erpadina taruvaata pagullu vyaapti yokka patham pagullu vyaapti chendhe padaartham yokka yaantrika lakshanaalapai aadharapadi untundi. manchi plaastisitiini pradarsinche p3ht vanti polymerlalo, parikaram yokka plaenku normal tanyata straine vartimpajesina taruvaata pagulla kona vadda plaastik john erpadutundi mariyu adhi filmloni chrystalline domainla dwara ledhaa drudamaina uparitalam dwara parimitam ayye varaku vistaristundi, tadwara vaikalya saktini vedajallutundi mariyu interfacela madhya samanvayaanni taggistundi. vividha sendriya sannani poralu yokka saage maadyuulini nirnayinchadamlo yaantrika buckling saanketikata kooda chaalaa vijayavantamaindani niroopinchabadindi. eee paddhati sampeedana ottidilo chitramlo mudatalu padee buckling asthirathapai aadharapadi untundi.mudatalu padee namuunaa yokka tarangadairghyam, pora mandam mariyu uparitalam yokka saage modulus paramgaa pora yokka tanyata modulusku sambandhinchinadi kaavacchu.
sendriya soura ghatalanu kaligi unna parikaraala roopakalpanalo, jisi mariyu fracture vadda ottidi pariganinchavalasina rendu kolamanaluga gurtinchabaddaayi. bulk heterojunction (bihechje) pora saadhaaranamgaa sendriya soura ghatam yokka balaheenamaina pora, kabatti bihechje padaarthaalanu yaantrikamgaa sthiramgaa undela roopondinchadam avasaram, 5 zhe mea-2 yokka lakshyam zii. sii mariyu 20-30% fracture vadda lakshyam straintho. chinna-anuvu-sweekarthalu mariyu fulerine-aadhaarita sweekartalato polchinappudu polymer-aadhaarita sweekarthalu unnatamaina yaantrika lakshanaalanu pradarsistaayani choopabadindi. adanamgaa, polymer-aadhaarita sweekartala yaantrika lakshanaalu polymer anuvula sankhya-sagatu paramaanu baruvu ayina mn dwara prabhaavitamavutaayi. perugutunna mn thoo yaantrika lakshanaalu perugutaayani nirdhaarinchabadindi, conny mn mc nii adhigaminchina tarvaata matrame, chikkulu perugutunna mn thoo snigdhata maarpu raetu peragadaaniki kaaranamayye klishtamaina paramaanu baruvu. polymer sweekarta mariyu daata madhya golusu chikkukovadam mariyu apasavyata raetu rendoo peragadam valla eee drugvishayam sambhavistundi. eee lakshanaala prabhavam emitante, yaantrika ottidiki pratispandanagaa eee padaarthaala plaastik vaikalyam ekkuvagaa undhi, antey ekkuva shakti chedaragottabadindi, ayithe takkuva yaantrika balam unna padaarthaalu marinta sulabhamgaa virigipoyaayi. 
bulk heterojunction materials research kosam iteevali aadesaalu.
prastuta parisoedhanaloo oka pradhana rangam fulerine kaani sweekartala vadakam. pedda mottamlo bhinnamaina kanaala namoonaalalo vaati anukuulata mariyu vaati manchi ravana lakshanaala kaaranamgaa chaalaa sendriya kaantivipeedanaalaku fulerine sweekarthalu pramaanamgaa unnappatikee, avi konni pratikuulatalanu kaligi unnaayi, ivi parisoedhakulanu pratyaamnaayaalanu kanugonadaaniki prayatnistaayi. fulerine sweekartala yokka konni pratikuulatalu vaati asthirata, avi shakti-samatulyatalo kontavaraku parimitam mariyu avi paelavamaina optical shoshananu kaligi untaayi. parisoedhakulu chinna anuvula sweekarthalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru, avi vaati manchi shakti tunability kaaranamgaa, adhika open-circuit voltagelanu pradarsinchagalavu. polymer daata (dii18) nuu oka chinna anuvu sweekarta (vai6) thoo kalipi, saastravettalu prayogasaalalo sendriya soura ghatalanu tayaaru chesi 18 saataaniki paiga adhika saamarthyaanni icchaaru. edemaina, chinna anuvula sweekartala takkuva chaarj carrier chalanaseelatalato sahaa, inca fulleen kaani sweekartalato pedda savaallu unnaayi, mariyu saadhyamayye anuvula sankhya parisoedhanaa samaajaaniki adhikamgaa untundi.
fulerine kaani sweekarthalanu (nfas) upayoginchi sendriya soura ghataala abhivruddhini edurkontunna savaalu emitante, adhika marige binduvu mariyu paryaavarana anukuulamaina draavakam yokka empika, ayithe chloroform (cf) vanti sampradaaya draavakaalu takkuva marige binduvulu mariyu vishapuuritatanu pradarsistaayi. sendriya soura ghatalanu marinta penchadaaniki atuvanti draavakam avasaram, conny draavakam lopala daata mariyu sweekarta padaarthaala paelavamaina draavaneeyata kaaranamgaa pcelo taggudalatoe kooda mudipadi undhi. nfsku alkyl golusulanu jodinchadam valla draavaneeyata perugutundi, conny molecular packing (π-stocking) taggutundi, idhi pcepy nikara prabhaavaaniki daariteeyadu. athidhi sahayanni upayoginchadam valla draavaneeyata mariyu molecular packing rendintikee prayojanam chekurutundani kanugonabadindi. aaligo (ethylene glycol) (oo. ii. zii) side chainlatho kuudina bii. tii. oo anae athidhi anuvu, enn. eff. eah. vai6nuu sweekartagaa, pii. emm. 6nii daatagaa, paraxilline (pii. ex) nuu adhika-karige-binduvugaa mariyu sthiramaina draavakamgaa upayoginchadam valla pii. sii. ii. 11 saatam nundi 16 saataaniki perigindi, idhi aamodayogyamaina sthaayi saamardhyamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. swachchamaina sendriya kaantivipeedanaala abhivruddhilo vijayavantamaina maroe maarpu emitante, naan-hologenated draavakaala dwara uparitalaala yokka vaedi-spin puuta. vaedi-spin puutanu nirvahinche ushnograta sweekarta-daata mishramaala yokka ghana dasha parinaamaaniki draavanaanni maarchindani kanugonabadindi, tadwara adhika ushnogratalu uparitalampai adhika sweekarta gaadataku daariteestaayi. endukante adhika ushnogratalu aggregation mariyu avapaataanni tagginchadaaniki veelu kalpinchaayi, idhi uparitalam adhika sweekarta saandratanu nilupukodaniki veelu kalpistundi. oka prayogamlo, pm6 daata mariyu vai6-1oo mariyu boow-4cl sweekartala trimukha misramaalato nirminchina sendriya soura ghataalu mariyu oo-sailin mariyu toluin vanti vividha naan-hologenated draavakaalatoe kuudina pce viluvalanu pradarsinchaayi, ivi ippati varaku naan-hologenated draavakaalatoe nirminchina atyanta samarthavanthamaina sendriya kaantivipeedanaalu. marinta padanirmaana vislaeshanhalu hologenated kaani draavakaalatoe tayaaru chesina vaedi-kattirinchina opivilu hologenated draavakaalatoe tayaaru chesina opivilatho samaanamaina padanirmaana lakshanaalanu pradarsinchaayani choopinchaayi. 
polymeric daatala sthaanamlo daata padaarthaalugaa panicheyadaaniki chinna anuvulu kooda bhaareega parisoedhinchabadutunnaayi. chinna anuvulu polymerla maadirigaa paramaanu baruvulalo maaravu kabatti, vatiki takkuva suddeekarana dasalu avasaram avtayi mariyu macromalicule lopaalu mariyu kinklaku takkuva avakaasam untundi, ivi tirigi kalayikaku daariteese ucchu sthithulanu srushtinchagalavu. adhika paniteeru kaligina chinna paramaanu daata nirmaanaalu samathattamaina 2-dii nirmaanaalanu kaligi untaayani mariyu vaatini sameekarinchagalavani ledhaa sweeyamgaa sameekarinchagalavani iteevali parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi. eee parikaraala saine paniteeru kriyaaseela pora padanirmaana saastrampai ekkuvagaa aadharapadi untundi, prastuta parisoedhana chinna anuvu avakaasaalanu parisoedhinchadam konasagistondi mariyu vividha padaarthaala kosam annealing vanti prakriyala dwara parikara padanirmaana saastraanni optimize chestondi.