
russia express region

saadhaaranamgaa sankshiptamgaa rer () anie piluvabade reso express regional (;), paris mariyu daani shivaaru praantaalaku sevalu andinche hybrid prayaanikula railu mariyu vegavantamaina ravana vyavastha. idhi nagara-kendra bhoogarbha railu vyavastha mariyu shivaaru-nundi-nagara-kendra prayaanikula railuga panichestundi. nagara madhyalo, idhi takkuva staplanu kaligi, paris metroku vegavantamaina pratiruupamgaa panichestundi.
modata 1930la madhyalo "metropolitan express" (express metro) gaa bhaavinchina eee pathakam 1950laloe punaruddharinchabadindi mariyu 1960la praarambhamlo nirmaanam praarambhamaindi. 1965loe "shmema directure dii 'amanagement ett dii' urbanism" (sthuulamgaah "pattana abhivruddhi kosam master plaan") poortayye varaku rer puurtigaa bhavana cheyabadaledu. praarambhamlo rendu linelanu kaligi unna rer network, adhikarikamga 8 december 1977naa adhyakshudu valery giscard dii 'estoying haajaraina vedukalo praarambhinchabadindi. 1970la chivarilo rendava dasha nirmaanam praarambhamaindi, indulo asalu rendintiki podigimpulatoe paatu adanapu linelu nirminchabaddaayi. paarislo chaalaa varaku praja ravaanaanu nirvahinche adhikaram ayina raat pii dwara mariyu paakshikamgaa france jaateeya railu operator ayina sncf dwara rer paakshikamgaa nirvahinchabadutundi.
2023 natiki, network aidu linelanu kaligi undih a, b, c, d mariyu e. eee networklo 257 stationlu unnaayi mariyu paris nagaram mariyu shivaaru praantaallo metro mariyu prayaanikula raillatho paraspara marpidi undhi. metro lainlatho gandaragolaanni nivaarinchadaaniki linelanu aksharaala dwara gurtistaaru, ivi sankhyala dwara gurtinchabadataayi. network inca vistaristondihi 1999loe praarambhamaina rer ii, laa defence mariyu montes-laa-jolie vaipu paschima disagaa rendu dasallo 2024-2026 dwara vistarinchadaaniki pranaalika cheyabadindi. rer paniteeru itara nagarallo ravaanaanu meruguparachadaaniki pratipaadanalaku oka namoonaga chesindi. november 2022loe, french adhyakshudu emmanuel macron 2040 natiki padhi atipedda french mahaanagaraalaku sevalu andinche adanapu rerlanu srushtistunnatlu prakatinchaaru.
lakshanaalu.
eee reerlo 257 stationlu unnaayi, veetilo 33 paris nagaramlo unnaayi, mariyu bhoogarbhamtho sahaa track meedugaa nadustaayi. prati line daadaapu puurtigaa bhoogarbhamlo mariyu reerku ankitamaina tracklapy nagaram gundaa velutundi, ayithe konni city center tracklu line dii mariyu line bii madhya panchukoobadataayi. paarislo chaalaa praja ravaanaanu nirvahinche adhikaram ayina raat pii dwara paakshikamgaa mariyu paakshikamgaa jaateeya railu operator ayina sn cf dwara eee rail nadupabadutundi. saampradaaya radial amarikalo nirminchina eee vyavastha, oka throo-sarveesnu nirvahistundi mariyu aneka itara praja ravana vyavasthalatho sajavuga panichese oke chaarjee namuunaanu upayogistundi. 2006loe raat pii dwara nirvahinche eah mariyu bii linela madhya vibhagalalo mottam traaphik 452 millionlu; adhe samvatsaramlo, ess. enn. sii. eff. (rer mariyu transilian raillu rendoo) dwara nirvahinche anni paris praanta prayaanikula linelalo mottam traaphik 657 millionlu.
natere-prefectureku thoorpuna unna anni stationlu mariyu seyint-germaine-enn-lae varaku unna saakhalalooni anni staeshanlatoe sahaa 65 reer stationlanu raat pii nirvahistundi. idhi gaare du nordku dakshinaana unna line bii loe stationlanu kooda nirvahistundi. rendu linelalo mariyu sii, dii mariyu ii linelalo unna itara stationlanu sncf nirvahistundi. raat pii dwara nirvahinche reer stationlalo, 9 metro lainlatho interchangeelanu kaligi unnaayi, mariyu 9 sn cf yokka transilian sevaku badileeni anumatistaayi. vyavasthatho poliste, paris shivaaru praantaalaku merugaina kavarejeeni andistundi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa adhika vegamtho mariyu stationla madhya ekkuva dhooraalatho panichestundi. nagara kendram lopala, punah sevalu parimita stop karyakalapalanu abhyasistaayi.
juun 2017loe, ravana adhikarulu eee brandnu viramistunnatlu prakatinchaaru, mariyu eee vyavasthanu praja sankethaalu, pataalu mariyu itara padaarthaalapai "railu" gaa suuchistaamani prakatinchaaru. sthaanikulu kaanivaariki, mukhyamgaa frenchnu modati bhashaga matlade vaariki eee padaanni uchcharinchadam kashtamani aaropinchabadindi.
charitra.
muulaalu.
dheeni muulaalu 1936loe metropolitan express (express metro) kosam compagny du chemin dii ferr metropolitan dii paris (paris yokka metropolitan railway company) yokka "ruhlman-longuin" pranaalikaloo unnaayi. company yuddhaanantara varasudu, raat 1950laloe eee pathakaanni punaruddharinchaadu, 1960loe oka antar mantritva kamitee thoorpu-padmara maarga nirmaanaanni munduku teesukellaalani nirnayinchindi. taruvaata, 1962 mariyu 1977 madhya pedda ettuna sivil injaneering prajectulo reer yokka madhya bhaagam puurtayimdi, dheeni pradhana paryaveekshakudu siyawash taimouri. paarisiyanlu mariyu nagaramloni vividha pradaesaalaloo paryaatakulanu sandarsinchadam rendintikee ekkuva kaalam kanipinche eee rear nirmaanam oka pradhana pani.
daani prerepakudigaa, kotta linknu nadapadaniki raatpku adhikaram ivvabadindi. rendu uttara-dakshina maargaalato hetch-aakarapu netvarknu oohinchina 1965 "shmema directure dii 'amanagement ett dii' urbanism" (sthuulamgaah "pattana abhivruddhi kosam master plaan") varaku pinda (inca paerulaeni) rer sarigga oohinchabadaledu. 1969 mariyu 1970 madhya, thoorpu-padmara anusandhaanaaniki aadhaaramgaa, raat sncf nundi winsenness mariyu seyint-germaine linelanu konugolu chesindi. edama oddunu daatutunna oke oka uttara-dakshina maargam matrame ippativaraku phalinchindi, ayithe metro yokka line 13 idhe vidhamaina panini nirvahinchadaaniki vistarinchabadindi.
1960luu mariyu 1970laloe punarnirmaanam yokka modati dasha nirmaanam sthaayi mariyu vyayamtho gurtinchabadindi. 1973loe matrame, budjetlo 2 billion dollarla efrf eee prajectuku kattubadi undhi, idhi 2005loe sumaru 1.37 billion eurolaku samanam, mariyu eee praantam yokka (appudu chaalaa chinna) aardhika utpattilo nishpattigaa rettimpu cheyadaaniki daggaragaa undhi. dheeni nirmaana samayamlo nirmaana vyayam vivadaspadamga undedi. eee prarambha pettubadi, tadupari kharchulatho paatu, paakshikamgaa "versement transport" dwara nidhulu samakuurchabadindi, idhi juulai 1971loe pravesapettina vyapaaraalapai vidhinchina sthaanika pannu. idhi iravai okatava sataabdam varaku amalulo undhi.
modati dasha.
modati dasalo, winsenness mariyu seyint-germaine linelu thoorpu-padmara line eah yokka chivaralaga marai, veetilo madhya bhaagam 1969 mariyu 1977 madhya station dwara station dwara teravabadindi. puurtayina tarvaata, line eah uttara-dakshina line bii yokka prarambha dakshina vibhaagamto cherindi. a mariyu b rendu linelu ippatike unna prayaanikulaku daani upayogaanni penchadaaniki veelainanni ekkuva prayaanikula lainlatho kalise vidhamgaa uddeshapoorvakamgaa roopondinchabaddaayi. eee modati dasalo, aaru kotta stationlu nirminchabaddaayi, vaatilo moodu puurtigaa bhoogarbhamlo unnaayi.
adhikaarika network blueprint prachuranaku naalugu samvatsaraala mundu, 1961 juulai 6naa pont dii neurillylo appati praja panula mantri robbert burran nirmaanaanni praarambhinchaaru. paschimaana laa defence vyapara jilla vaegamgaa vistarinchadam valla modati varusalooni paschima vibhaagaaniki praadhaanyata labhinchindi. modati kotta station ayina desham, 1969 december 12naa praarambhinchabadindi mariyu taruvaati 8 samvatsaraalaku winsenness line yokka kotta paschima terminusga maarindi. etoil nundi (charless dii galle paeru meeda inca paeru maarchabadaledu) nundi laa defence varaku unna vibhagam konni vaaraala taruvaata praarambhinchabadindi. taruvaata dheenini 1971 november 23naa thoorpuvaipu kottagaa nirminchina ouber station varaku, 1972 october 1naa paschimaana seyint-germaine-enn-lae varaku vistarinchaaru. rendava podigimpu prastuta seyint-germaine-enn-lae lineku anusandhanam dwara saadhinchabadindi, idhi paarisloki vellae puraatana railway line, nantere vadda.
thoorpu desham-bossie vibhagam mariyu paschima ouber-seyint-germaine-enn-lae vibhaganni chatlet-less halles vadda kalapadamtho 1977 december 8naa rer network praarambhinchabadindi. praarambhootsavaaniki adhyakshudu valery giscard dii 'estoying hajarayyaru. dakshina "ligney dii schiax" ekakaalamlo luxembourg nundi "chatelet-less halles" vadda line eah nii kalavadaniki vistarinchabadindi, idhi kotta line bii gaa maarindi. kontakaalamgaa raat pii mariyu ess enn sii eff antargatamgaa upayoginchinappatiki, eee sandarbhamgaa line letters vyavasthanu prajalaku parichayam chesaaru.
rendava dasha.
rendava dasha nirmaanam 1970la chivarilo praarambhamaindi, idhi modati dasha kante nemmadigaa jarigindi. sncf thana sonta maargaalanu nirvahinchadaaniki adhikaram pondindi, ivi linelu sii, dii mariyu ii gaa marai. eee netvarkku suburban trackla yokka vistrutamaina vibhagalu jodinchabaddaayi, conny naalugu kotta stationlu matrame nirminchabaddaayi.
1979loe, line sii (seen edama odduna) jodinchabadindi, ayithe idhi daadaapu puurtigaa ippatike unna sncf linelanu kaligi undhi. nirvahinchina pradhana sivil injaneering panulalo invlides mariyu musey dii 'orse madhya anusandhaana anusandhanam nirmaanam undhi. 1981loe, line bini chatelet-less halles nundi kotta lothaina sorangam dwara gaare du nord varaku vistarinchaaru. taruvaata idhi marinta uttara disagaa vistarinchabadindi. 1992 natiki, mottam 233 mailla track panichestondi, maroe 94 mailla track nirmaanamloo undhi.
1995loe, line dii (chatelet-less halles dwara uttaram nundi aagneyaaniki) puurtayimdi; dheeni praathamika lakshanam chatelet-less halles mariyu gair dii leone madhya uddeshapoorvakamgaa nirminchina lothaina sorangam. 20 samvatsaraala kritam station nirmaanam samayamlo line dii kosam adanapu platformlu nirminchabadinanduna, chatelet-less halls vadda kotta nirmaana panulu avasaram ledhu. 1999loe, line ii netvarkku jodinchabadindi, idhi eshaanya praantaanni gair dii ell 'est nundi kotta lothaina sorangam dwara gair seyint-lajartho kaluputundi.
rolling stock.
raillu moodava railu saktini upayoginche mariyu kudi vaipuna nadiche metroku viruddhamgaa, rer networklo suburban sncf track yokka praabalyam, rer raillu overhead line saktini enduku upayogistaayo mariyu sncf railla maadirigaa (alsays-mosellelo tappa) edama vaipuna enduku nadustayo vivaristundi. rendu ververu operatorlu nadipe raillu oke track moulika sadupaayaalanu panchukuntaayi, eee paddhatini interconnection antaaru. tirigi, interconnectionku nirdishta railla abhivruddhi avasaram ("material dii 'interconnection" 1979 kosam mye 79 syries, mariyu "material dii' interconnection eah 2 nivex" (double-deck interconnection stock) kosam mye 2enn syries) raat pii networklo 1.5 kilowatt pratyaksha current mariyu ess enn sii eff networklo 25 kilowatt/50 heartz pratyaamnaaya current rendinti krinda panicheyagala saamarthyam kaligi untundi. ms 61 syries ("matriel suburbine 1961") nuu 1.5 kevi disi networklo matrame upayoginchavacchu.
reer soramgaalu asadhaaranamgaa pedda cross-sectionlanu kaligi untaayi. 1961loe union international dess camins dii ferr nirdesinchina pramaanaala prakaram raillaku ovar head catainary vidyut sarafara kosam sthalamtho nirminchaalani teesukunna nirnayam dheeniki kaaranam. single-track soramgaalu 630 meterla vedalpu mariyu 8.7 meterla varaku double-track soramgaalu, antey 50 chadarapu meterla varaku cross-sectional praantam, aneka polchadagina bhoogarbha railu netvarklaloni "stationla" kante peddadi.
modati rear rolling stock vaastavaaniki 40 samvatsaraala mundu, 1937 nundi 27 fibravari 1987 varaku "ligney dii sukes" (aaa taruvaata rear bii loe vileenam cheyabadindi) loe upayoginchina jedd 23000 stacknu kaligi undhi. 1965loe jedd 5300 railu pravesapettabadindi, taruvaata 1967loe ms 61 (punaruddharinchabadina 1985-1987 mariyu 2006-2009), 1980loe mi 79,1985loe mi 84 mariyu jedd 8800,1998loe jedd 20500,1996loe mi 2enn, 2001loe jedd 20900,2001 december 5naa mi 09,2015loe jedd 50000 (francillion) mariyu 2019loe regio 2enn (jedd 57000) rendinti sthaanamlo alstom mariyu bombardier ravaanaatoe kuudina consortiumnu empika chesinatlu prakatinchaaru. 2023 eprillo, servies frequencini penchadaaniki 60 adanapu city duplexelanu aadesinchaaru.
aneka sevalu double dekkar railu setla dwara nirvahinchabadataayi, ivi saadhaaranamgaa double formationlalo panicheestaayi.
stationlu.
1960la nundi paris nadibodduna padhi kotta stationlu reer prajectlo bhaagamgaa nirminchabaddaayi. 1969 mariyu 1977 madhya praarambhinchina aaru line stationlu
line eah nirmaanam taruvaata konni vivaadaalu talettaayi. ippatike unna metro namuunaanu upayoginchi, mariyu prapanchamlooni itara bhoogarbha network maadirigaa kakunda, injaneerlu moodu kotta lothaina stationlanu (etoil, ouber mariyu nation) parshwa platformlu mariyu sahayaka stambhaalu laeni oke ekasila mandiraalugaa nirminchadaaniki enchukunnaaru. prakkane unna mandiraala yokka mishrama parishkaram, idhi "nirmaana amsaanni puurtigaa tyaagam chesindi" anae kaaranamtho tiraskarinchabadindi. prashnaarthakamaina sthaayi vistaaramainadih kotta "stationla cathedrals" metro stationla kante moodu retlu podavu, vedalpu mariyu podavugaa unnaayi, anduvalla 20 ledhaa 30 retlu ekkuva parimaanamlo unnaayi. murry mukhyamgaa, metro maadirigaa kakunda vaatini lothaina bhoogarbhamlo nirminchaalsi undhi. eee nirnayam khareedainadigaa marindi moodu stationlaku sumaru 8 billion fraanklu, 2005 paramgaa €1.20 biliyanlaku samanam, rendu-sthaayi ouber eee moodintilo atyanta khareedainadi. london victoria line thoo poolika spashtamgaa mariyu ananukuulamgaa undhi, adhe kaalamlo nirminchina lothaina line, takkuva saamardhyamtho unnappatikee chaalaa takkuva kharchutho rendu-tunnell vidhananni upayoginchindi. ayithe, eee moodu stationlu kaadanaleni injaneering vijayaalanu suuchistaayi mariyu saampradaaya bhoogarbha stationla kante takkuva clastrophobicga untaayi.
bii, sii mariyu dii linelanu puurti cheyadaaniki rendu stationlu matrame prarambhinchabaddayih
1990laloe line ii loe bhaagamgaa rendu stationlu netvarkku jodinchabaddaayi. avi vilaasavantamaina visaalamaina lothaina nirmaanaaniki prasiddhi chendaayi, eee saanketikata ouber nundi upayoginchabadaledu. 1960lalooni moodu "cathedral stationla" line eah maadirigaane unnappatikee, vaari prayaaneekula rakapokalu ippativaraku chaalaa takkuvagaa niroopinchabaddaayi.
vadakam.
prayaana samayalu, mukhyamgaa thoorpu-padmara mariyu uttara-dakshina margallo, tirigi tagginchabaddaayi; chatelet-less halls vadda cross-platfam connectiontho kalipi, konni "vikarna" paryatanalu kooda prayaana samayaalanu tagginchaayi. saadhaaranamgaa vishraanti prayaanaalaku upayoginchabadutunna eee rer gananeeyamaina saamaajika prabhavanni choopindi. suduura shivaaru praantaalanu central paris sulabhamgaa cherukovadamlo, network saampradayakamgaa dveepakalpa rajadhaanini daani chuttupakkala bhaagamtho tirigi vileenam cheyadaaniki sahaayapadindi. eee saamaajika prabhaavaaniki aadharalu chatelet-less haaleslo chudavachu, dheeni porugu mariyu forum dess haale vishraanti mariyu shopping soukaryaalu "banliusards" (suburbanitelu) loe, mukhyamgaa thoorpu shivaaru praantaala nundi prachuryam pondaayi.
eah mariyu bii linelu saapekshamgaa vaegamgaa santruptatanu cherukunnayi, idhi anni traaphik anchanaalanu minchipoyindih eah line (1992) loe prati disalo gantaku 55,000 mandhi prayaanikulu, thoorpu asea velupala ituvanti sankhya atyadhikam. 1989loe digital signalling erpaatu, 1998 nundi 2017 varaku double dekkar raillanu kramamga pravesapettadam dwara prati rendu nimishaalaku okati kante ekkuva railla rakapokalu saadhyamainappatikii, eah lineloni central stationlu raddi samayaallo teevramgaa raddiigaa untaayi. juun 2015loe, rrlo automatic railu operation (eto) vyavasthanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki mariyu vyavasthaapinchadaaniki alstom ravaanaaku €20 millionla viluvaina oppandam ivvabadindi; aaa samayamlo, eee line airopalo ekkuvagaa sandarsinche praantiiya line, eto parichayam valla seva tarachudanam mariyu merugaina paniteerunu saadhinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
grater paris yokka suburban praantaalapai, mukhyamgaa daani linela venta stationlaku daggaragaa unna bhoomi viluvala real estatepy rer gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chooputundi. raddiigaa unde samayaallo adhika sthaayi kana kalushyam kaaranamgaa, ekkuvagaa railu breaking kaaranamgaa, rair vimarsalanu andukundi. pm10 kanaala dwara kalushyam kramam tappakunda ouber vadda 400 microgram/mea3కii cherukuntundi, idhi porugu metro stationla kante chaalaa ekkuva mariyu iyu commission yokka rojuvaaree sagatu parimiti kante enimidi retlu ekkuva. 50 microgram/mea3
bhavishyat parinaamaalu.
line ii paie drushti kendreekarinchadaaniki podigimpulu, idhi hasman-seyint-lazare vadda mugustundi, idhi anni itara rer linela maadirigaa kakunda, paarisku oka vaipu matrame sevalu andistundi. vividha line ii podigimpulu pratipaadinchabaddaayih
paschima vibhagam sevalo unde varaku, thoorpu vistaranalu aevee sevalo pettalemu, endukante houseman-seyint lazare station garishta saamardhyamtho undhi, endukante prastutam anni raillu eee station vadda tiragavalasi vastundi. paschima vistarana sevaloki vacchina tarvaata, hasman-seyint lazare oka station avutundi mariyu thoorpu vistaranalu saadhyamavutaayi. paris dwara line ii puurti kaavadaaniki pradhana kaaranaalalo okati, mukhyamgaa raddiigaa unde prayaana samayaallo, line eah loe raddeeni tagginchadam. paschima disagaa vistarana nirmaanam 2013loe praarambhamaindi, prastutam 2023loe praarambhotsavam pranaalika cheyabadindi.
gair dii ell est vidhaanampai "ruu dii ell evangele" (chivariki adhikarikamga "rosa paarkulu" anie pilustaaru) vadda pratipaadinchina kotta line ii station, december, 2015loe praarambhinchabadindi.

