
chaina aardhika charitra (1912-1949)

1912loe quing raajavamsam patanam taruvaata, chaina asthirata mariyu aardhika kaaryakalaapaalaku antaraayam kaliginchindi. nanjing dasaabdamloo (1927-1937), chaina aneka paarisraamika rangaalalo, mukhyamgaa sainyaniki sambandhinchina vaatilo, paschima deshaalatho kalisipovadaniki mariyu japanto yuddhaaniki siddham ayye prayatnamlo munduku saagindi. rendava sino-japanese yuddham (1937-1945) mariyu aaa taruvaata jarigina chainees antaryuddham republic off chaina tirogamananiki mariyu peeples republic off chaina erpadataaniki kaaranamayyaayi.
ganatantra yugam gandaragola kaalam. 1913 nundi 1927 varaku, chaina adhikaranni kaapaadataaniki poradi, praantiiya yuddhaveerulagaa vidipoyindi, idhi kashtalanu kaliginchindi mariyu vruddhiki antaraayam kaliginchindi. 1927 taruvaata, chiang kaii-shake chainanu tirigi ekam cheyagaligadu. poura yuddham mariyu japan durakramana unnappatikee nonging dasaabdam saapeksha sreyassu kaalam. prabhutvam pannu sekarananu sthireekarinchadam, jaateeya budgetnu erpaatu cheyadam, communicationlu mariyu railroadlu vanti moulika sadupayala nirmaanaaniki spaansar cheyadam, pratishtaatmaka jaateeya pranaalikalanu roopondinchadam praarambhinchindi, veetilo konni 1949 taruvaata amalu cheyabaddaayi. 1937loe, japaneeyulu enimidi samvatsaraala yuddhamlo chainapai daadi chesi, daanini vrudhaa chesaaru. eee yugamlo japanese utpattulanu kooda bahishkarinchaaru. 1945 taruvaata, chaina antaryuddham chainanu marinta naasanam chesindi mariyu 1949loe taivaanku jaateeyavaada prabhutvaanni upasamharinchukovadaaniki daariteesindi. ayinappatikee aardhikavetta gregori chow "raajakeeya asthirata unnappatikee, aardhika karyakalapalu konasagayi mariyu aardhika abhivruddhi 1911 mariyu 1937 madhya jarigindi" anie muginchinappudu iteevali paandityaanni sangrahinchaaru, sankshiptamgaa, "aadhuneekarana jarugutondi."1937 varaku, chaina market aardhika vyavasthanu kaligi undhi, idhi" "baga panichestondi", "idhi 1978loe aardhika samskaranalu praarambhamaina tarvaata chaina market aardhika vyavasthaku tirigi raavadaaniki enduku samarthamaindho vivaristundi".
quing mariyu ganatantra kaalamlo chaina aardhika vyavasthanu adhyayanam chesina panditulalo rendu pradhana pootii vivaranalu (sampradaayavaadi verses punarvimarsavaadi) unnaayi.
sampradaayavaadulu (pradhanamgaa lloyd eastman, joseph esheric mariyu itarulu vanti charitrakaarulu) 19va sataabdam prarambham nundi 20va sataabdam madhyakaalam varaku chaina aardhika paniteerunu durbharamgaa chuustaaru. quing, ganatantra kaalaala chivarilo saampradaaya aardhika, raajakeeya vyavasthanu paschima deshaala ottillaku pratispandinchalekapovadam, aardhika vruddhini nirodhinchadam vanti vaatini vaaru chuustaaru. 1949loe vaegamgaa aardhika vruddhiki daariteesina raajakeeya, aardhika viplavaniki veelugaa prc sthaapinchabadinappudu eee panditulu oka malupu anie nokki chepparu.
punarvimarsavaadulu (pradhanamgaa thamus rassky, lorren brand mariyu itarulu vanti aardhikavettalu) 19va sataabdam chivari taruvaata talasari gdp loe nemmadigaa conny sthiramaina vruddhitho saampradaaya aardhika vyavasthanu ekkuvagaa vijayavantamainadigaa bhaavistaaru. eee panditulu saampradaaya aardhika vyavastha yokka lakshanaalu mariyu daani vegavantamaina vruddhitho prc aardhika vyavastha madhya konasaagimpupai drushti pedataaru. ganatantra mariyu chivari quing kalalalo unna anukuula paristhitulapai prc nirminchabadindani vaaru nammutaaru, idhi aaa kaalamlo vegavantamaina aardhika vruddhiki veelu kalpinchindi.
poura yuddham, karuvu mariyu prarambha ganatantramlo gandaragolam.
prarambha ganatantram tarachugaa yuddhalu mariyu varga pooraataalatoo gurtinchabadindi. 1927 varaku yuvan shikay adhyaksha padavi taruvaata, karuvu, yuddham mariyu prabhutva maarpu chaina rajakeeyaalalo pramaanamgaa undindi, praavinsulu kramaanugatamgaa "swaatantryam" prakatinchaayi. kendra adhikaram patanam kaaranamgaa chivari quing dasaabdaalalo unna aardhika sankocham vegavantam ayyindi, mariyu 1927loe jaateeyavaada general chiang kaii-shake paalanalo chaina tirigi kalisina taruvaata matrame idhi tiragabadindi.
desheeya parisramala abhivruddhi.
chaina rajakeeyaalalo gandaragolam unnappatikee, quing raajavamsam patanam taruvaata chaina desheeya parisramalu vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendaayi. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo eee parisramala abhivruddhi garishta sthaayiki cherukundi, idhi chaina vastuvulaku goppa perugudalanu chusindi, idhi chaina parisramalaku prayojanam chekurchindi. adanamgaa, airopalo mottam yuddham praarambhamaina taruvaata chainaku digumatulu baga perigayi. udaaharanaku, chaina vastra parisramalo 1913loe 482,192 suudi yantraalu undagaa, 1918 natiki (yuddham mugise samayaniki) aaa sankhya 647,570kii perigindi. 1921 natiki eee sankhya marinta vaegamgaa 1,248,282 kuu perigindi. adanamgaa, rotte karmagaralu 57 nundi 131kii perigayi.
mae 4va udyamam, dheenilo chaina vidyaarthulu chainaalo tayaaru cheyani utpattulanu konugolu cheyadaanni tiraskarinchaalani chaina janaabhaaku pilupunicchaaru, maroe maatalo cheppalante, videshee vastuvulanu bahishkarinchadam kooda abhivruddhini prothsahinchadaaniki sahaayapadindi. 1919 nundi 1921 varaku mariyu 1925 nundi 1927 varaku videshee digumatulu gananeeyamgaa padipoyayi.
1929loe mahaa maandyam praarambhamainappatiki, chaina parisrama 1930la varaku vruddhi chendadam mariyu abhivruddhi chendadam konasaagindi. eee sakaanni ippudu nanking dasaabdam anie pilustaaru, idhi chiang kaii-shake aadhvaryamlo chainaalo chaalaa varaku kimeeteeni tirigi ekam chesinappudu praarambhamayye kaalamgaa kanipistundi, idhi dasaabdaalalo chuudani raajakeeya sthirathva sthaayini teesukuvastundi. chiang kaii-shake yokka nanking aadhaarita prabhutvamlo, chaina aardhika vyavastha 1927 nundi 1931 varaku apuurvamaina vruddhini saadhinchindi. ayithe, 1931 natiki, mahaa maandyam yokka prabhavalu chaina aardhika vyavasthanu teevramgaa prabhaavitam cheyadam praarambhinchaayi, adhe samvatsaramlo japan dandayaatra mariyu manchuria aakramanato eee samasya marinta perigindi. tatphalitamgaa, 1932loe chaina yokka mottam gdp 28.8 biliyanlaku padipoyindi. 1934 natiki gdp 21.3 biliyanlaku padipovadamtho stabdata mariyu ksheenata kaalam, aaa taruvaata 1935loe gdp 23.7 biliyanlaku peragadamtho sreyassu tirigi ravadam praarambhinchindi, 1936 natiki chaina paarisraamika utpatti 1931 sthaayilanu adhigaminchi vaegamgaa punaruddharananu praarambhinchindi.
chaina ganatantram yokka graameena aardhika vyavastha.
graameena aardhika vyavastha chivari quing yokka chaalaa lakshanaalanu nilupukundi. eee paata mariyu ming raajavamsaala nundi marketlu erpadi undagaa, ganatantra yugam natiki, chaina vyavasayam ekkuvagaa videshee viniyogam kosam nagadu pantalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki siddhamgaa undhi, idhi antarjaateeya marketlaku haani kaligistundi. pradhana egumatulalo jiguru, tii, pattu, cheraku, pogaaku, patthi, mokkajonna mariyu verusenagalu unnaayi.
vyavasaya vastuvula desheeya adhika utpatti, alaage videshee digumatula perugudala (paaschaatya deshaalalo utpatti cheyabadina vyavasaya vastuvulu chainaalo "visiriveyabadina" kaaranamgaa) aahara dharala pathanaaniki daariteesinappudu graameena aardhika vyavastha mahaa maandyamtho chaalaa teevramgaa debbatindi. 1931loe chainaalo biyyam digumatulu 1928loe 12 millionlatho poliste 21 million bushelsga unnaayi. itara vastuvulu marinta aascharyakaramaina perugudalanu chushai. 1932loe, 1928loe 900,000 thoo poliste 15 million bushels dhanyam digumati cheyabadindi. eee perigina pootii kaaranamgaa chaina vyavasaya dharalalo bhaarii ksheenata (ivi choukagaa undevi) mariyu graameena raitula aadaayam taggindi. 1932loe vyavasaya dharalu 1921 sthaayilalo 41 saatamgaa undevi. konni graameena praantaallo 1934 natiki aadaayaalu 1931 sthaayilalo 57 saataaniki padipoyayi.
chaina ganatantramlo videshee pratyaksha pettubadulu.
republic prarambha samvatsaraallo chainaalo videshee pratyaksha pettubadulu perigayi. 20va sataabdam prarambham natiki chainaalo sumaru 1.50 kotla pettubadi undhi, russia, united kingdom mariyu germany atipedda pettubadidaarulu. ayithe, modati prapancha yuddham prarambhamainappudu, germany mariyu russia nundi pettubadulu aagipoyaayi, ayithe yuke mariyu japan pradhana paatra poeshinchaayi. 1930 natiki, chainaalo videshee pettubadulu 3.5 biliyanlaku paiga unnaayi, japan (1.4 billion) mariyu ingland 1 biliyanlaku mundunnaayi. ayithe, 1948 natiki, pettubadi kevalam 3 billion dollarlaku padipovadamtho muuladhana stock aagipoyindi, us mariyu britton mundanjalo unnaayi.
chaina ganatantram yokka currency.
chaina karenseeki modatlo vendi maddatu undedi, conny 1935 naati apakhyaati paalaina banking tirugubaatulo jaateeyavaada prabhutvam private byaankula niyantrananu swaadheenam chesukuni, aaa currency sthaanamlo aarosi jaarii chesina fiat currency ayina fabini upayoginchindi. chaina yokka currenciega tayaaraina munupati vendi mariyu bangaaru-maddatu notlanu mudrinchi, eee karenseeni chaina yokka guttadhipatya currenciega sthaapinchadaaniki aarosi prabhutvam pratyeka prayatnam chesindi. duradrushtavasaattu, aarosi prabhutvam eee pratyeka hakkunu upayoginchi dravyaraasini jaarii chesindi; 1936loe mottam 1.4 billion chainees yuvan jaarii cheyabadindi, conny rendava saino-japanese yuddham mugise samayaniki konni 1.031 trillion notlu jaarii cheyabaddaayi. 1946loe chaina antaryuddham tirigi prarambhamainappudu eee dhorani marinta digajaarindi. 1947 natiki daadaapu 33.2 laksala kotla roopaayala currency jaarii cheyabadindi. yuddham valla vacchina bhaarii budget lotunu moosivese prayatnamgaa idhi chaalaa varaku jarigindi (yuddha kharchulalo 2500 biliyanlatho poliste pannu aadaayam kevalam 0.25 biliyanlu). 1949 natiki, chelaamanilo unna mottam currency 1936 kante 120 billion retlu ekkuva.
chaina yuddha aardhika vyavastha (1937-1945).
1937loe japan chainapai daadi chesi, phalitamgaa jarigina yuddham chainaku nashtam kaliginchindi. sampannamaina thoorpu teeramlo chaalaa bhaganni japaneeyulu twaragaa jayincharu, vaaru poura janabhapai krooramaina aakramananu vidhinchaaru, 1937loe nonging atyaachaaram mariyu mottam gramalalo yaadruchchika saamuuhika hatyalu vanti aneka duraagataalanu nirvahinchaaru. japan vaimanika dalam chaina nagaraalapai kramabaddhamaina mariyu tarachugaa vichakshanaarahita bambu daadulanu nirvahinchindi. jaateeyavaada saktulu dandayaatraku pratispandanagaa "kaalchina bhoomi" vidhananni vartimpajesaayi; japan sainika purogatini edurkontu vaaru vidichipettaalsina praantaala utpaadaka saamarthyaanni naasanam chesaayi. 1942loe oka gerilla vyatiraeka daadi samayamlo, japan vaaru edurkonna yea chaina pratighatananu edurkonnappatiki krooramgaa vyavaharinchaaru, oka nelaloo 200,000 mandhi pourulanu champaru. 1942 mariyu 1943loe henanlo karuvulo maroe 2 nundi 3 millionla mandhi chainees pourulu maraninchaaru. mottam meeda yuddhamlo 20 nundi 25 millionla mandhi chaineeyulu maraninchaarani anchanaa. idhi gatha dasabdapu abhivruddhini teevramgaa venakki nettindi. yuddham taruvaata vinaasakaramaina sangharshanhatho paatu choukaina american vastuvula pravaham kaaranamgaa parisrama teevramgaa debbatindi. 1946 natiki, chaina parisramalu 20 saatam saamardhyamtho panicheesaayi mariyu yuddhaaniki mundu utpattilo kevalam 25 saatam matrame utpatti chesaayi.
1945 augustulo japan longipoyinappudu, rendava saino-japanese yuddhamlo kolpoyina chaalaa aardhika kendraalanu marinta vidhvamsamku guri cheyakunda tirigi pondagaligindi. ayithe, yuddham mariyu tadupari japan aakramana valla kalige nashtam yokka paridhini batti idhi chivariki peddagaa thedaa chuupaleedu. praarambhamlo japan suduura thoorpuna goppa paarisraamika kendramgaa roopaantaram chendina manchuria, yuddham yokka chivari vaaramlo soviet dandayaatra varaku yea pedda ettuna vinaasanam nundi tappinchukundi. erra sainyam japan dalaalanu vaegamgaa aakraminchindi, dopidi mariyu vidhvamsam yokka vyavasthaagata pracharam dwara nirvachinchabadina 3 nelala aakramananu praarambhinchindi. soviet premiere joseph stallin anni parikaraalu, kadile bhagalu, sadhanalu mariyu private illa nundi dochukunna bhouthika sampadanu kooda USR kii tirigi ravana cheyaalani aadesinchaadu, dochukolenidi naasanam cheyabadaali. octoberulo soviet luu upasamharinchukunnappudu, phalitam dadapuga mottam. chaina yokka paarisraamika kendram shidhilaalugaa tagginchabadindi, daadaapu anni karmagaralu naasanam cheyabaddaayi, okka gani kooda panicheyaledu. manchuria daadaapu anni bhaarii yantraalanu tolaginchi, vidyut kooda lekunda vadiliveyabadindi, endukante soviet luu anni vidyut plaantlanu kuulchiveesaaru ledhaa naasanam chesaaru, dyaamla nundi turbinelanu kooda tolaginchaaru.
eee yuddham parisramalapai prabhutva niyantranalo bhaarii perugudalanu teesukuvacchindi. 1936loe prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni parisramalu gdplo kevalam 15 saatam matrame undevi. ayithe, yuddhamlo pooraadataaniki aarosi prabhutvam aneka parisramalanu niyantrinchindi. 1938loe, aarosi parisramalu mariyu ganula kosam samsthalanu niyantrinchadaaniki mariyu paryaveekshinchadaaniki, alaage dharala niyantranalanu erpaatu cheyadaaniki oka kamishannu erpaatu chesindi. 1942 natiki, chaina parisrama yokka rajadhanilo 70 saatam prabhutva yajamanyamlo undedi.
yuddha samayamlo dravyolbanam perigindi. aarosi prabhutvam kotta currencyla pravesamto dravyolbanaanni arikattadaaniki viphala prayatnam chesindi mariyu 1942 mariyu 1943 rendintiloonuu saadhaarana dharala stambhimpajeyadaaniki chesina prayatnaalu viphalamayyayi. chaina vyavasaya aardhika vyavastha chaalaa kendrikrutamai undatam, parisramalu ksheeninchadam, marakam raetlu kuppakooladam valla dharala niyantrana prayatnaalu viphalamayyayi. phalitamgaa sarafaraadaarulu sthiramaina dharalaku ration ivvaledu, dukaanadaarulu tama sarafaraalanu oohagaanaala kosam upayoginchaaru, [e] utpaadaka samsthalu kotta utpatti nundi stacklapy oohaagaanaalaku marai, ayithe pettubadula upasamharana mariyu muuladhana vimanalu utpatti saamardhyaalanu marinta balaheenaparichaayi."
adhika dravyolbanam, poura yuddham mariyu ganatantra prabhutvam taivaanku maaradam.
1945loe japan mitraraajyaalaku besharatugaa longipoyina taruvaata, chaina modati mariyu rendava saino-japanese yuddhaalalo kolpoyina chaalaa bhoobhaganni tirigi pondindi, taivaantoe sahaa, itara praantaalu videshee aakramanalo padataniki bhinnamgaa, japaneeyulu (chivariki dveepaanni vileenam cheyalane uddesamto) aadhunika vidya vyavastha mariyu aardhika vyavasthanu vadilivesaaru. chiang mariyu kimeeti appudu communistulatho tama poraataanni punaruddharinchaaru.
ayithe, kimiti yokka prabalamaina avineeti, adhika dravyolbanam, adhika currency jaarii mariyu yuddha prayatnaala valla poura janabhapai pravaham, chaina antataa saamuuhika asaantini rekettinchindi, communist prayojanam patla saanubhootini pempondinchindi. saino-japanese yuddham praarambhamtho dravyolbanam praarambhamaindi mariyu 1940la madhya natiki deerghakaalika adhika dravyolbananiki digajaarindi. dravyolbana samasya gananeeyamgaa aadaaya vanarulanu punaruddharinchadamlo kimeeti vaiphalyam mariyu daani lotuku aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki daani dabbu mudranapai aadharapadi undhi.
1940la chivaralo mariyu 1950la praarambhamlo adhika dravyolbanaanni oodinchadam dwara communistlu gananeeyamaina chattabaddhatanu pondaaru. rashtra vaanijya samsthala abhivruddhi marketlu mariyu vaanijya netvarklanu tirigi ekikrutam chesindi, chivariki dharalanu sthireekarinchindi. adanamgaa, bhoomini punahpampinii chestaanani communistlu icchina vaagdaanam vaariki sudeerghakaalam badhapaduthunna graameena janabhalo maddatunu pondindi.
1949loe, koolipotunna jaateeyavaada sainyaniki vyatiraekamgaa communistu dalaalu vaegamgaa munduku saagadam praarambhinchaayi. aktobaru natiki communistlu beijingnu swaadheenam chesukunnaru, aaa tarvaata ventane nonging padipoyindi. 1949 aktobaru 1naa peeples republic off chaina prakatinchabadindi. communist vistarananu kooda mandaginchadaaniki kooda kimiti saktiheenamgaa anipinchindi mariyu yuddha samayamlo pedda ettuna vidhvamsam anubhavinchani chainaalooni ekaika paarisraamika praantaalalo okataina taivaanku chaina republicnu taralinchaalani chiang aadesinchaadu. pradhana bhoobhaganni tirigi geluchukovadaaniki tirigi vachhe mundu chiang thana dalaalanu tirigi ekam chesi punarvyavastheekarinchaalani pranaalika vesinanduna eee punaravasam tatkalikamga matrame uddesinchabadindi.
kimeeti paaripovadamto, bangaaram, vendi mariyu dhesha dollar nilvalatho sahaa chaina yokka drava aastulanu tolaginchindi. kimiti dalaalu paarisraamika pradaesaalapai bambu paelchadaaniki kooda prayatninchaayi, conny kaarmikulu vaatini aneka pradaesaalaloo aapagaligaru. kimiti odipoye samayaniki, vaanijyam naasanam cheyabadindi, jaateeya currency viluvalaenidigaa maarindi, aardhika vyavastha vastu marpidi meeda aadharapadi undhi.
aneka samvatsaraala pranaalika unnappatikee, chaina pradhana bhoobhaganni tirigi swaadheenam chesukovadaniki etuvanti daadi eppuduu jaragadu, dveepamlo shaashwata pravaasamlo unna aarosi. taiwan republic off chaina prabhutva aadhvaryamlo abhivruddhi chendadam konasaaginchindi mariyu daani "aardhika adbhutam" kaaranamgaa naalugu asea pululalo okatigaa prasiddhi chendindi, taruvaata deng samskaranala taruvaata prc aardhika vyavastha daani vegavantamaina vruddhini praarambhinchina taruvaata chaina pradhana bhoobhaagamlo pettubadula atipedda vanarulalo okatigaa maarindi.

