
bacteria kana nirmaanam

bacteria, daani saralata unnappatikee, baga abhivruddhi chendina kana nirmaanaanni kaligi undhi, idhi daani pratyaekamaina jeeva nirmaanaalu mariyu vyaadhikaarakataku baadhyata vahistundi. aneka nirmaana lakshanaalu bacteriaku pratyekamainavi mariyu archia ledhaa eukariotlalo kanipinchavu. pedda jeevulaku sambandhinchi bacteria yokka saralata mariyu vaatini prayogaatmakamgaa sulabhamgaa marchagalagadam valla, bacteria yokka kana nirmaanam baga adhyayanam cheyabadindi, taruvaata itara jeevulaku vartimpajesina aneka jeevarasaayana suutraalanu velladistundi.
sell morphology.
bahusha bacteria yokka atyanta moulika nirmaana lakshanam vaati padanirmaana shaastram (aakaram). saadhaarana udaaharanalu
kana aakaram saadhaaranamgaa icchina bacteria jaatula lakshanam, conny perugudala paristhitulanu batti maaravacchu. konni bacteria kaandam mariyu anubandhaala utpattitoe kuudina sanklishta jeevita chakralanu kaligi untaayi (udhaa.zii. "collobacter") mariyu konni punarutpaadaka beejaamsaalanu kaligi unna vistrutamaina nirmaanaalanu utpatti chestaayi (udhaa.zii. "myxococcus", "streptomyces"). kaanti suukshmadarshini mariyu petri plaetlapai periginappudu vibhina kaalanee padanirmaanaala dwara pariseelinchinappudu bacteria saadhaaranamgaa vilakshanhamaina kana padanirmaanaalanu yerparustundi.
bahusha bacteria yokka atyanta spashtamaina nirmaanaatmaka lakshanam (konni minahaayimpulato) vaati chinna parimaanam. udaaharanaku, "escherichia kooli" kanaalu, oka "sagatu" parimaana bacteria, sumaru 2 micrometers (micrometers) podavu mariyu 0.5 micrometers vyaasam kaligi untaayi, sell valume 0.6-0.7 micromy3 thoo untundi. idhi sumaru 1 picogram (piji) tadi dravyaraasiki anugunamgaa untundi, idhi sell ekkuvagaa neetitho koodi untundani bhaavistaaru. oke kanam yokka podi dravyaraasini tadi dravyaraasilo 23 saatamgaa anchanaa veyavachu, idhi 0.20 pg. bacteria kanamlooni podi dravyaraasilo sagam carbon kaligi untundi, mariyu daanilo sagam proteinlaku aapaadinchavachchu. anduvalla, "escherichia kooli" yokka oka vilakshanhamaina puurtigaa perigina 1-leater culture (1 yokka optical saandrata vadda, c kii anugunamgaa untundi. 109 kanaalu/ml) sumaru 1 graa tadi kana dravyaraasini istundi. chinna parimaanam chaalaa mukhyamainadi endukante idhi pedda uparitala vaisaalyam-parimaana nishpattiki anumatistundi, idhi poeshakaalanu vaegamgaa grahinchadaaniki mariyu kanaantara pampinheeki mariyu vyardhaalanu visarjinchadaaniki anumatistundi. takkuva uparitala vaisaalyam-parimaana nishpattulalo bacteria kana pora antataa poeshakaalu mariyu vyardha utpattula vyaapti suukshmajeevula jeevakriya sambhavinche retunu parimitam chestundi, idhi kanaanni takkuva parinaamaparamgaa saripoyela chestundi. pedda kanaala unikiki kaaranam teliyadu, ayinappatikee perigina kana parimaanam pradhanamgaa adanapu poeshakaala nilva kosam upayoginchabadutundani oohinchabadindi.
oka vilakshanhamaina bacteria kanam mariyu oka vilakshanhamaina maanava kanam yokka poolika (rendu kanaalu golaalu anie bhaavinchi):
sell goda.
sell envalap sell membrane mariyu sell wall thoo koodi untundi. itara jeevula maadirigaane, bacteria kana goda kanaaniki nirmaanaatmaka samagratanu andistundi. procariotlalo, kana goda yokka praadhamika pani kanaanni daani bahya vaataavaranamtho poliste kanamlooni proteinla adhika saandratala valla kalige antargata turger ottidi nundi mariyu itara anuvula nundi rakshinchadam. kana pora velupala ventane unna peptidoglycon undatam dwara bacteria kana goda anni itara jeevula nundi bhinnamgaa untundi. peptidoglycon anedi polysaccharide vennemukatoe tayaaravutundi, indulo pratyaamnaaya enn-acetylmuramic aamlam (naam) mariyu enn-acetylglucosamine (naag) avasheshaalu samaana mottamlo untaayi. peptidoglycon anedi bacteria kana goda yokka drudatvaaniki mariyu kana aakaraanni nirnayinchadaaniki baadhyata vahistundi. idhi saapekshamgaa randhraalu kaligi untundi mariyu chinna uparitalaalaku paaragamyata avarodhamgaa pariganinchabadadu. anni bacteria kana godalu ("mycoplasma" vanti extra cellular paraannajeevulu vanti konni minahaayimpulato) peptidoglycannu kaligi untaayi, anni kana godalu oke mottam nirmaanaalanu kaligi undavu. kana goda bacteria manugadaku avasaram, conny konni eukariotlalo undadu kabatti, aneka antibiatics (mukhyamgaa pensilinlu mariyu sephalosporinlu) kana goda samshlaeshanhaloo jokyam chesukovadam dwara bacteria infectionlanu aaputaayi, ayithe kana goda laeni maanava kanaalapai etuvanti prabhavalanu chuupavu, kana pora matrame. rendu pradhana rakaala bacteria kana godalu unnaayi, avi gram-positive bacteria mariyu gram-negative bacteria, ivi vaati gram steining lakshanaala dwara vaeru cheyabadataayi. eee rendu rakaala bacterialaku, sumaru 2 nm kanaalu peptidoglycon gundaa vellagalavu. bacteria kana godanu puurtigaa tolaginchinatlayithe, daanini protoplast anie pilustaaru, ayithe daanini paakshikamgaa tolaginchinatlayithe, daanini spheroplast anie pilustaaru. pencillin vanti beata-lactum antibiatics bacteria kana godalo peptidoglycon cross-linklu erpadataanni nirodhistaayi. maanava kanneellalo kanipinche enjaim lysozyme, bacteria yokka kana godanu kooda jeernam chestundi mariyu kanti infectionlaku vyatiraekamgaa sareeram yokka pradhana rakshana.
gram-positive sell wall.
gram-positive kana godalu mandamgaa untaayi mariyu peptidoglycon pora ("muren" anie kooda pilustaaru) konni gram-positive bacterialo kana godalo daadaapu 95 saatam mariyu gram-negative bacterialo kana godalo 5-10% kante takkuvagaa untundi. gram-positive bacteria christal violet rangunu teesukuntundi mariyu oodaa rangulo untundi. konni gram-positive bacteria yokka kana godanu lysogymela dwara puurtigaa kariginchavacchu, ivi enn-acetylmuramic aamlam mariyu enn-acetylglucosamine madhya bandhaalapai daadi chestaayi. staphylococcus arius" vanti itara gram-positive bacterialo, godalu lysogymela charyaku nirodhakatanu kaligi untaayi. avi konni muramik aamlam avasheshaala carbon-6paie oo-acetyl samuuhaalanu kaligi untaayi.
gram-positive bacteria godalaloni maatrika padaarthaalu polysaccharides ledhaa teacoic aamlalu kaavacchu. rendodi chaalaa vistrutamgaa vyaapinchi undhi, conny gram-positive bacterialo matrame kanugonabadindi. rendu pradhana rakaalaina teacoic aamlalu unnaih ribitol teacoic aamlalu mariyu glycerol teacoic aamlalu. rendodi marinta vistrutamgaa undhi. eee aamlalu varusaga ribitol fasfate mariyu glycerol fasfate yokka polymerlu, mariyu aneka gram-positive bacteria uparitalampai matrame untaayi. ayithe, teacoic aamlam yokka khachitamaina paniteeru charchaneeyaamsamgaa undhi mariyu puurtigaa ardham kaaledu. gram-positive sell wall loe pradhana bhaagam lipotichoic aamlam. daani prayojanaallo okati antigenic functionnu andinchadam. lipid moolakam poralo kanugonabadutundi, ikkada daani antukune lakshanaalu poraku langaru veyadamlo sahaayapadataayi.
gram-negative sell wall.
gram-negative kana godalu gram-positive kana godala kante chaalaa sannaga untaayi, mariyu avi vaati sannani peptidoglycon poraku uparitalamgaa rendava plasma poranu kaligi untaayi, idhi cytoplasmic poraku prakkane untundi. gram-negative bacteria gulabi rangulo untundi. bayati pora yokka lipopalisaccharide yokka rasayana nirmaanam tarachugaa nirdishta bacteria upa-jaatulaku pratyekamainadi mariyu eee jaatula yokka aneka antigenic lakshanaalaku baadhyata vahistundi.
plasma pora.
plasma pora ledhaa bacteria cytoplasmic pora phospholipid dvipadaramtho koodi untundi, anduvalla chaalaa anuvulaku paaragamyata avarodhamgaa panicheyadam mariyu kanamloki anuvulanu ravana cheyadaaniki sthaanamgaa panicheyadam vanti kana pora yokka anni saadhaarana vidhulanu kaligi untundi. eee vidhulatho paatu, procaryotic poralu shakti parirakshanhalo kooda protan prerana shakti utpatti ayye pradaesamgaa panicheestaayi. eukariotla maadirigaa kakunda, bacteria poralu (konni minahaayimpulato udhaa.zii. "mycoplasma" mariyu methanotrophelu) saadhaaranamgaa sterols kaligi undavu. ayithe, aneka suukshmajeevulu hopanoids anie piluvabade nirmaanaatmaka sambandhita sammelanaalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi bahusha adhe panini neraverustaayi. eukariotla maadirigaa kakunda, bacteria vaati porallo aneka rakaala kovvu aamlaalanu kaligi untundi. vilakshanhamaina santrupta mariyu asantrupta kovvu aamlaalatoe paatu, bacteria adanapu methyl, hydroxy ledhaa chakriya samuuhaalatoe kovvu aamlaalanu kaligi untundi. pora yokka vaanchaneeya dravatanu nirvahinchadaaniki eee kovvu aamlaala saapeksha nishpattulanu bacteria dwara niyantrinchavacchu (udhaa.zii. ushnograta maarpu taruvaata).
gram-negative mariyu mycobacteria lopali mariyu bayati bacteria poranu kaligi untaayi. phospholipid dvipadaramgaa, bacteria bayati poralooni lipid bhaagam charge cheyabadina anuvulaku abhedyamgaa untundi. ayithe, porinlu anie piluvabade chaanellu bayati poralo untaayi, ivi bayati pora antataa aneka ayanlu, chakkeralu mariyu amaino aamlaala nishkriyaatmaka ravaanaaku anumatistaayi. anduvalla eee anuvulu cytoplasmic mariyu bayati pora madhya unna praantam ayina periplaajamlo untaayi. periplasmlo peptidoglycon pora mariyu uparitala bandham ledhaa jalavisleshana mariyu bahya kana sankethaala sweekaranaku baadhyata vahinche aneka proteins untaayi. periplasmlo adhika saandrata kaligina proteins mariyu peptidoglycon kaaranamgaa dravamlo kakunda zell lanty sthithilo untundani bhaavistunnaaru. cytoplasmic mariyu bayati pora madhya unnanduna, sweekarinchina sankethaalu mariyu bandhinchabadina uparitalaalu akkada ponduparachabadina ravana mariyu signalling proteinlanu upayoginchi cytoplasmic pora antataa ravana cheyadaaniki andubaatulo unnaayi.
bahya (bahya) nirmaanaalu.
fimbria mariyu pili.
fimbria (konnisaarlu "attachment paili" anie pilustaaru) anevi "sudomonadota" looni aneka sabhyulalo bayati pora nundi vistarinche protein gottalu. avi saadhaaranamgaa podavulo chinnaviga untaayi mariyu mottam bacteria kana uparitalam chuttoo adhika sankhyalo untaayi. fimbria saadhaaranamgaa oka uparitalaaniki bacterianu jodinchadaaniki veelugaa panichestundi (udhaa.zii. biofilmnu roopondinchadaaniki) ledhaa itara kanaalaku (udhaa.zii. vyadhikaaraka samayamlo janthu kanaalu). konni jeevulu (udhaa.zii. "myxococcus") falaalu ichhe sareeraalu vanti bahula kana nirmaanaala assembleeni sulabhataram cheyadaaniki chalanasheelata kosam fimbrianu upayogistundi. paili nirmaanam fimbrietho samanamga untundi, conny chaalaa podavugaa untundi mariyu bacteria kanampai takkuva sankhyalo untundi. pili bacteria samyoga prakriyaloo palgontayi, ikkada vaatini samyoga pili ledhaa "sex pili" anie pilustaaru. rakam IV pili (lingabhedam laeni pili) kooda pattukune uparitalaalo bacteriaku sahaayapadutundi.
ess-poralu.
ess-pora (uparitala pora) anedi aneka rakaala bacterialalo mariyu konni archaealo kanipinche kana uparitala protein pora, ikkada idhi kana godagaa panichestundi. anni ess-poralu proteinla dvi-miteeya shrenitho tayaaravutaayi mariyu spatikaakaara roopaanni kaligi untaayi, dheeni samaruupata jaatula madhya bhinnamgaa untundi. ess-poralu yokka khachitamaina paniteeru teliyadu, conny avi pedda uparitalaalaku pakshika paaragamyata avarodhamgaa panicheestaayani soochinchabadindi. udaaharanaku, oka ess-pora kanaaniki dhooramgaa vyaapti chendakunda nirodhinchadam dwara kana poraku sameepamlo kana-pora proteinlanu unchagaladu. konni vyadhikaaraka jaatulalo, atidheya rakshana yantraamgaala nundi rakshananu andinchadam dwara atidheya lopala manugadanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki oka ess-pora sahaayapadavachhu.
glycocolics.
aneka bacteria glycocolics anie piluvabade vaari kana godala velupala extracellular paalimarlanu sravistaayi. eee polymerlu saadhaaranamgaa polysaccharidelu mariyu konnisaarlu proteintho koodi untaayi. capsules anevi saapekshamgaa abhedyamaina nirmaanaalu, veetini india sira vanti rangulatho tadapalemu. avi phagocytosis mariyu endabettadam nundi bacterianu rakshinchadamlo sahayapade nirmaanaalu. biofilmlanu roopondinchadaaniki itara kanaalu ledhaa nirjeeva uparitalaalaku bacterianu jodinchadamlo burada pora paalgontundi. burada poralanu kanaaniki aahara nilvagaa kooda upayoginchavacchu.
flagella.
bahusha atyanta gurtinchadagina bahya kana kana kana nirmaanaalu flazella. flazella anevi bacteria kana goda nundi poduchukunna korada lanty nirmaanaalu mariyu ivi bacteria chalanasheelata (kadalika) kii baadhyata vahistaayi. bacteria kanam gurinchi flazella yokka amarika gamaninchina jaatulaku pratyekamainadi. saadhaarana rupalu
bacteria flazellamlo moodu praathamika bhagalu untayih oka korada lanty filament, oka motaru complexes mariyu vaatini kalipe hook. eee tantuvu sumaru 20 nm vyaasam kaligi untundi mariyu aneka protophilamentlanu kaligi untundi, prati okkati vaelaadi flazelin upabhaagaalato roopondinchabadindi. kattanu oka topeetho kalisi pattukuni, kappabadi undavacchu ledhaa undakapovachhu. motaru complexelo lopali mariyu bayati porallo flazellamnu langaru vese valayalu untaayi, taruvaata protan-nadiche motaru untundi, idhi filamentlo bhramana kadalikanu naduputundi.
kanaantara (antargata) nirmaanaalu.
eukariotlatho poliste, bacteria kanam yokka kanaantara lakshanaalu chaalaa saralamgaa untaayi. eucariotes maadirigaane bacterialo organels undavu. badulugaa, chromosome mariyu bahusha ribozomelu matrame anni bacterialo kanipinche sulabhamgaa gamaninchadagina kanaantara nirmaanaalu. ayithe, marinta sanklishtamaina kanaantara nirmaanaalanu kaligi unna pratyeka bacteria samuuhaalu unnaayi, veetilo konni krinda charchinchabaddaayi.
bacteria dna mariyu plasmids.
eucariotes maadirigaa kakunda, bacteria dna pora-kattubadi unna kendrakam lopala moosiveyabadadu, badulugaa bacteria cytoplasm lopala untundi. dheeni ardham anuvaadam, pratilekhanam mariyu dna pratiroopam prakriyala dwara cellular samacharam badilee annee oke compartmentlo jarugutaayi mariyu itara cytoplasmic nirmaanaalatoo, mukhyamgaa raibojomlatho sankarshana chendutaayi. bacteria dna rendu pradaesaalaloo undavachuhu
eukariotlalo vale chromatin erpadataaniki histonelanu upayoginchi bacteria dna pyaak cheyabadadu, conny badulugaa atyanta compact suupar coiled nirmaanamgaa untundi, dheeni khachitamaina swabhaavam aspashtamgaa undhi. chaalaa bacteria chromosomelu vruttaakaaramlo untaayi, ayithe leanier dna yokka konni udaaharanalu unnaayi (udhaa.zii. "borelia bergdorferry"). saadhaaranamgaa oke bacteria chromosome untundi, ayithe bahula chromosomelu kaligina konni jaatulu vivarinchabaddaayi. 
chromosome dnatho paatu, chaalaa bacterialo plasmids anie piluvabade chinna swatantra dna mukkalu kooda untaayi, ivi tarachugaa prayojanakaramaina lakshanaalanu encode chestaayi, conny vaati bacteria hostku avasaram ledhu. plaasmidlanu bacteria sulabhamgaa pondavacchu ledhaa kolpovachhu mariyu kshitija samaantara janyu badilee roopamgaa bacteria madhya badilee cheyavachu. kabatti plaasmidlanu bacteria kanamlo extrachromosomal dnaga varninchavachhu.
ribozomelu mariyu itara bahula protein sanklishtatalu.
chaalaa bacterialalo atyanta aneka kanaantara nirmaanam ribozome, idhi anni jeevulalo protein samshlaeshanhaku pradaesam. anni prokariyotlu 70la ribozomelanu kaligi untaayi (ikkada s = sweadberg unitlu), eukariotlu vaati cytosollo pedda 80la ribozomelanu kaligi untaayi. 70la ribozome 50luu mariyu 30la upabhaagaalato roopondinchabadindi. 50la upabhaagamlo 23luu mariyu 5luu rrna undagaa, 30la upabhaagamlo 16luu rrna unnaayi. eee rrna anuvulu eukariotlalo parimaanamlo bhinnamgaa untaayi mariyu pedda sankhyalo ribosomal proteinlatho sanklishtamgaa untaayi, veeti sankhya mariyu rakam jeevula madhya koddigaa maaravacchu. ribozome anedi bacterialo atyanta saadhaaranamgaa gamaninchabade intracellular multiprotein complexes ayithe itara pedda complexelu sambhavistaayi mariyu konnisaarlu microscopyni upayoginchi chudavachu.
kanaantara poralu.
konni suukshmajeevulu anni bacterialaku vilakshanhamainavi kaanappatikee, vaati cytoplasmic poralaku adanamgaa (ledhaa podigimpulugaa) kanaantara poralu kaligi untaayi. oka prarambha aalochana emitante, bacterialo mesozomelu anie piluvabade pora madatalu undavacchu, conny ivi taruvaata electron microscopy kosam kanaalanu siddham cheyadaaniki upayoginche rasaayanaala dwara utpatti cheyabadina kalakhandaluga chuupabaddaayi. kanaantara poralu kaligina bacteriaku udaaharanalu phototrophes, nitrifying bacteria mariyu methane-oxidising bacteria. paelavamgaa adhyayanam cheyabadina planctomycetota samuuhaaniki chendina bacterialo kooda kanaantara poralu kanipistaayi, ayinappatikee eee poralu yookaariyotlaloni organellar poranu marinta daggaragaa pooli untaayi mariyu prastutam teliyani paniteerunu kaligi unnaayi. chromatophores anevi phototrophic bacterialo kanipinche kanaantara poralu. pradhanamgaa kiranajanya samyogakriya kosam upayoginche veetilo bacteriolochlorophy varnadravyam mariyu carotenoidlu untaayi.
cytoskeleton.
procaryotic cytoskeleton anedi procariotlaloni anni nirmaanaatmaka tantuvulaku saamuuhika paeru. procaryotic kanaalaku cytoskelitanlu levani okappudu bhaavinchaaru, conny imaging technology mariyu nirmaana nirnayamlo purogati eee kanaalalo tantuvula unikini choopinchindi. yookaariyotlaloni anni pradhana cytoskelital proteinlaku homolaglu prokariyotlalo kanugonabaddayi. vividha procariotlalo kana vibhajana, rakshana, aakara nirdhaarana mariyu dhruvanata nirdhaaranalo cytoskelital muulakaalu mukhyamaina paatralu poeshistaayi.
poeshaka nilva nirmaanaalu.
chaalaa bacteria anni samayaallo pedda mottamlo poeshakaalanu kaligi unna vaataavaranamloo nivasinchavu. eee taatkaalika sthaayila poeshakaalaku anugunamgaa undataaniki, bacteria avasaramaina samayaallo upayoginchadaaniki pushkalamaina samayaallo poeshaka nilva yokka aneka vibhina paddhatulanu kaligi untundi. udaaharanaku, aneka bacteria adhika kaarbannu polyhydroxialcanoists ledhaa glycogen roopamlo nilva chestaayi. konni suukshmajeevulu nitrate vanti karige poeshakaalanu vaculeslo nilva chestaayi. sulfur chaalaa tarachugaa muulaka (s0) kanikalugaa nilva cheyabadutundi, veetini kanaala lopala ledhaa bahya kanaalalo jama cheyavachu. hydrogen sulfidenu electron muulamgaa upayoginche bacterialo sulfur kanikalu mukhyamgaa saadhaaranam. paina perkonna udaaharanalalo chaalaa varaku suukshmadarshini upayoginchi chudavachu mariyu vaatini cytoplasm nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki oka sannani naan-unit poratho chuttumuttabadi untaayi.
cherikalu.
jeevakriya karyakalapalanu kaligi laeni mariyu poralu sarihaddulugaa laeni kanamlooni nirjeeva bhagaluga cherikalu pariganinchabadataayi. atyanta saadhaarana cherikalu glycogen, lipid binduvulu, spatikaalu mariyu varnadravyam. volutin kanikalu sanklishtamaina akarbana polyphosphate yokka cytoplasmic cherikalu. eee kanajalalanu metachromatic kanajaalaalu anie pilustaaru, endukante avi metachromatic prabhavanni pradarsistaayi; avi methylene neelam ledhaa toluidine neelam rangulatho tadisinappudu erupu ledhaa neelam rangulo kanipistaayi.
gyaas vacules.
gyaas vacules anevi pora-kattubadi, kuduru aakarapu vesicals, ivi konni planctonic bacteria mariyu "sinobacteria" loe kanipistaayi, ivi eee kanaalaku vaati mottam kana saandratanu tagginchadam dwara telikapati pravahanni andistaayi. kanaalanu neeti niluvu varusa eguva bhaagamlo unchadaaniki saanukuula teelika avasaram, tadwara avi kiranajanya samyogakriyanu konasaginchagalavu. avi adhika hydrophobic lopali uparitalaanni kaligi unna protein shelltho tayaaravutaayi, idhi neetiki abhedyamgaa maarutundi (mariyu neeti aaviri lopala ghaneebhavinchakundaa aaputundi) conny chaalaa vaayuvulaku paaragamyamgaa untundi. gyaas vesikil oka bolu cylinder kabatti, chuttupakkala peedanam periginappudu adhi koolipoye avakaasam undhi. sahaja empika anedi bucklingku daani nirodhakatanu penchadaaniki gyaas vesikil yokka nirmaanaanni chakkaga tune chesindi, indulo bahya balopetam chese protein, jivipisi, brided hospipe looni aakupaccha daaram laaga untundi. gyaas vesikil yokka vyaasam mariyu adhi koolipoye peedanam madhya oka saadhaarana sambandham undhi-gyaas vesical entha vedithe antha balaheenamavutundi. ayithe, vistruta vayuvu vesicles marinta samarthavantamgaa untaayi, ivi irukaina vayuvu vesicals kante protein yokka unitku ekkuva telikanu andistaayi. vividha jaatulu ververu vyasala gyaas vesikilnu utpatti chestaayi, ivi neeti niluvu varusalooni ververu lotulalo valasarajyalanu yerparachadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi (vaegamgaa perugutunna, atyanta poralalo vistruta gyaas vesikilstoe atyanta potitatva jaatulu; nemmadigaa perugutunna, muduru-sweekarinchabadina, lothaina poralalo balamaina irukaina gyaas vesikalsto jaatulu). gyaas vesikil yokka vyaasam kooda vividha neeti vanarulalo yea jaatulu manugada saagistunnaayo nirnayinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. siitaakaalapu misramaanni anubhavinche lothaina sarassulu kanaalanu puurti neeti niluvu varusa dwara utpatti ayye sthiramaina ottidiki bahirgatam chestaayi. idhi irukaina, balamaina gyaas vesicals unna jaatulanu enchukuntundi.
gyaas vesikalsnu samslaeshanha cheyadam dwara kanam neeti niluvu varusalo daani ettunu saadhistundi. kanam paiki lechinappudu, adhi perigina kiranajanya samyogakriya dwara daani carbohydrate bharanni penchukogaladu. chaalaa ekkuvagaa mariyu kanam kaanti sraavam mariyu sambhaavya maranaaniki guravutundi, ayithe, kiranajanya samyogakriya samayamlo utpatti ayye carbohydrate kanam yokka saandratanu penchutundi, idhi munigipotundi. cheekati samayaallo kiranajanya samyogakriya mariyu carbohydrate catabolism nundi carbohydrate yokka rojuvaaree chakram neeti niluvu varusalo kanam yokka sthaanaanni chakkaga saricheyadaaniki, daani carbohydrate sthaayilu takkuvagaa unnappudu uparitalam vaipu teesukuraavadaaniki mariyu kiranajanya samyogakriya avasaram, mariyu kanam yokka carbohydrate sthaayilu tirigi nimpabadinappudu haanikaramaina yuvi radiation nundi dhooramgaa munigipovadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. carbohydrate yokka vipareetamaina adhikata kana antargata peedanam loe gananeeyamaina maarpuku kaaranamavutundi, idhi vayuvu putikalanu kattukoni koolchivesi, kanam bayataku munigipovadaaniki kaaranamavutundi.
micro bhagalu.
bacteria suukshmabhaagaalu vistrutamgaa, pora-kattubadi unde kanajaalaalu, ivi vividha enjaimlanu chuttumutty chuttumutte protein shelltho tayaaravutaayi. marinta sthaayi samsthanu andistundi; avi lipid poralu kakunda polyheadral protein shellatho chuttumuttabadina bacteria lopala compartmentlu. eee "polyhedral organellu" bacteria jeevakriyanu sthaanikeekaristaayi mariyu compartmentalise chestaayi, idhi yookaariyotlaloni pora-kattubadi unna organellu chese pani.
carboxisomlu.
carboxisomlu anevi sinobacteria, nalgasbacteria, nitroso-mariyu nitrobacteria vanti aneka autotrophic bacterialo kanipinche bacteria suukshmabhaagaalu. avi vaati padanirmaana saastramlo faze headlanu pooli unde proteinla nirmaanaalu mariyu eee jeevulalo carbon dioxide sthireekarana enjaimlanu kaligi untaayi (mukhyamgaa ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, rubisco mariyu carbonic unhydrase). carbonic unhydrase dwara bicarbonate carbon dioxidega vaegamgaa maarchadamtho paatu enjaimla adhika sthaanika saandrata cytoplasm lopala saadhyamainanta vaegamgaa mariyu marinta samarthavanthamaina carbon dioxide sthireekarananu anumatistundani bhaavistunnaaru. ilanti nirmaanaalu konni enterobacteriacylo (udhaa. zii. salmonella).
magnetosomelu.
magnetosomelu anevi magnetotactic bacterialo kanipinche bacteria suukshma bhagalu, ivi ayaskanta kshetram (magnetotoxis) venta tamanu taamu grahinchadaaniki mariyu samalekhanam cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi. magnetotoxis yokka paryaavarana paatra teliyadu, conny saraina praanavaayuvu saandratalanu nirnayinchadamlo idhi paalgontunnatlu bhaavistunnaaru. magnetosomelu khanija magnetite ledhaa grazite koodi untaayi mariyu vaati chuttoo lipid dvipadara pora untundi. magnetosomla padanirmaana shaastram jaatula-nirdishtamainadi.
endospores.
bahusha ottidiki baga telisina bacteria anusarana endospores erpadatam. endosporelu anevi aneka rakaala rasayana mariyu paryaavarana ottillaku atyanta nirodhakata kaligina bacteria manugada nirmaanaalu, anduvalla eee kanaalaku vaati saadhaarana vruksha roopamlo praanaantakamaina vaataavaranamloo bacteria manugadaku veelu kalpistaayi. endospore erpadatam valla konni bacteria vandala millionla samvatsaraala paatu manugadaku veelu kalpinchindani pratipaadinchabadindi (udhaa.zii. uppu sphatikaalalo) ayithe eee prachuranalu prashninchabaddaayi. endospore nirmaanam "basillus" mariyu "clostridium" vanti aneka gram-positive bacteria jaatulaku parimitam cheyabadindi. idhi punarutpaadaka beejaamsaalaku bhinnamgaa untundi, endukante prati kanaaniki oka beejaamsam matrame erpadutundi, phalitamgaa endospore ankurotpatti tarvaata kanaala sankhyalo nikara labham undadu. oka kanam lopala endospore yokka sthaanam jaatula-nirdishtamainadi mariyu bacteria yokka gurtimpunu nirnayinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. dipicolinic aamlam anedi oka rasayana sammelanam, idhi bacteria beejaamsaala podi baruvulo 5 saatam nundi 15 saatam varaku untundi mariyu endosporla ushna nirodhakataku baadhyata vahistundi. puraavastu saastravettalu eejiptu mammeela pregula nundi alaage uttara sweedanlooni sarassu avakshepaala nundi teesukunna aacharaneeyamaina endosporelanu kanugonnaru, ivi aneka vaela samvatsaraala nativiga anchanaa veyabaddaayi.

