
glyoxylate chakram

glyoxylate chakram, tricorboxylic assid saikil yokka vaividhyam, mokkalu, bacteria, protistulu mariyu sileendhraalalo sambhavinche anabolic maargam. glyoxylate chakram carbohydratela samslaeshanha kosam acetyl-cova yokka maarpidini suskinate cheyadaaniki kendrikaristundi. suukshmajeevulaloo, glaxilate chakram glucose ledhaa fructose vanti saadhaarana chakkeralu andubaatulo lenappudu cellular carbon avasaralanu teerchadaaniki acetate vanti rendu carbonlanu (sii2 sammelanaalu) upayoginchadaaniki kanaalanu anumatistundi. pindjanana prarambha dasalalo nematodlu minaha, eee chakram saadhaaranamgaa jantuvulalo ledani bhaavistaaru. ayithe, iteevali samvatsaraalalo, konni janthu kanajaalaalo glyoxylate chakramlo palgone keelaka enjaimlu ayina mallet synthase (ms) mariyu isocitrate lies (icl) nuu gurtinchadam, bacteria mariyu jantuvulalo enjaimla parinaama sambandhaaniki sambandhinchi prasnalanu levanettindi mariyu jantuvulu telisina ms mariyu icl nundi bhinnamaina chakram yokka pratyaamnaaya enjaimlanu encode chestayani suuchistumdi.<reifer paeru = "doi = 10.1007/s10893-006-0004-3> </reifer>
mokkalu alaage konni algay mariyu bacteria carbon sammelanaala utpattiki asitetnu carbon muulamgaa upayoginchavacchu. mokkalu mariyu bacteria rendu carbon acetate unitla nundi naalugu carbon dicarboxylic aamlanni utpatti cheyadaaniki glyoxylate saikil anie piluvabade tii. sii. eah. saikil yokka maarpunu upayogistaayi. glyxylate chakram tii. sii. eah. chakram yokka rendu aakseekarana decorboxylation praticharyalanu daatavestundi mariyu isocitrate lies mariyu mallet synthase dwara neerugaa isocitratenu mallet mariyu suxinatega maarustundi.
1957loe oxford vishwavidhyaalayamlo surr hohns cornberg mariyu athani guruvu hohns crebs dwara glyoxylate chakram kanugonabadindi, phalitamgaa prakruti kaagitam "savarinchina tricorboxylic aamlam chakram dwara sii2-unitla nundi kana bhagala samslaeshanha" erpadindi.
tii. sii. eah. chakramtho saaruupyatalu.
glyoxylate chakram tricorboxylic aamlam chakramtho anubandhinchabadina enimidi enjaimlalo aidu enjaimlanu upayogistundih citrate synthase, aconitase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumourase mariyu mallet dehydrogenase. glyoxylate chakramlo rendu chakralu bhinnamgaa untaayi, isocitrate glyoxylatega maarchabadutundi mariyu α-ketogluteratega badulugaa isocitrate lies (icl) dwara suckwinate avutundi. idhi citric assid saikil (tii. sii. eah. saikil) loe jarige decorboxylation dasalanu daatavestundi, idhi glucozto sahaa macromalicules yokka taruvaati samshlaeshanhaloo saadhaarana carbon sammelanaalanu upayoginchadaaniki anumatistundi. glyxylate taruvaata acetyl-koyato kalipi maletnu utpatti chestundi, idhi mallet synthase dwara utprerakam avutundi. suckwinate dehydrogenase mariyu fumourase charya dwara suckwinate nundi samaantaramgaa kooda mallet erpadutundi.
gluconiogenesis loe paatra.
kovvu aamlalu beata aakseekarana dwara acetate anuvulugaa ksheeninchadam valla kovvu aamlalu saadhaaranamgaa sakasherukaalache shakti vanarugaa upayoginchabadataayi. eee acetate, kmjime eah yokka kriyaaseela theol samuuhaaniki kattubadi, "citric assid saikil" (tii. sii. eah. saikil) loki pravesistundi, ikkada idhi puurtigaa carbon dioxidega aakseekaranam chendutundi. eee maargam kovvu nundi saktini pondadaaniki kanaalanu anumatistundi. carbohydratela biosynthesis kosam kovvu nundi asitetnu upayoginchadaaniki, glyoxylate chakram, dheeni prarambha praticharyalu tii. sii. eah. chakraniki samanamga untaayi, upayoginchabadutundi.
mokkalu, sileendhraalu mariyu bacteria vanti kana-goda kaligina jeevulaku, cellulose, glucons mariyu chittin vanti sanklishta nirmaanaatmaka polysakaridela jeevasansleshanha kosam perugudala samayamlo chaalaa pedda mottamlo carbohydratelu avasaram. eee jeevulalo, andubaatulo unna carbohydratelu lenappudu (udaaharanaku, konni suukshmajeevula vaataavaranamloo ledhaa mokkalalo vittana ankurotpatti samayamlo), glyoxylate chakram kovvu aamlam β-oxidationlo utpatti ayye acetate dwara lipidla nundi glucose samshlaeshanhanu anumatistundi.
glyoxylate chakram citric assid chakramloni dasalanu daatavestundi, ikkada carbon carbon roopamlo kolpotundi. glyoxylate chakram yokka rendu prarambha dasalu citric assid chakramlo unna vatiki samanamga untayih "acetate → citrate → isocitrate". tadupari dasalo, modati glyoxylate saikil enjaim, isocitrate lies dwara utprerakam cheyabadina isocitrate, succinate mariyu glyoxylatega cheelikaku lonavutundi (rendodi chakraniki daani paerunu istundi). glyxylate acetyl-koo (mallet synthase dwara utprerakam cheyabadina oka dasha) thoo ghaneebhavistundi, idhi maletnu istundi. mallet mariyu oxaloacetate rendintinee phosphoenolpiruvetga maarchavacchu, idhi gluconogenesislo modati enjaim ayina phosphoenolpiruvate carboxykiness yokka utpatti. glyoxylate chakram yokka nikara phalitam kovvu aamlaala nundi glucose utpatti. modati dasalo utpatti cheyabadina suicinate citric assid saikil loki pravesinchi chivariki oxaloacetate yerparustundi.
jeevulalo pani.
mokkalu.
mokkalalo glyoxylate chakram pratyeka peroxisomlalo sambhavistundi, veetini glyoxysomelu antaaru. eee chakram vittanaalanu molakette samayamlo chigurunu roopondinchadaaniki shakti vanarugaa lipidlanu upayoginchadaaniki anumatistundi. eee panini nirvahinchadaaniki avayavam lekapovadam valla vittanam kiranajanya samyogakriyanu upayoginchi jeevaraasini utpatti cheyadu. molakette vittanaala lipid nilvalu jeevula perugudala mariyu abhivruddhiki indhanamgaa unde carbohydratela erpadataaniki upayoginchabadataayi.
glyxylate chakram jeevakriya vaividhyam yokka maroka amsamtho mokkalanu kooda andinchagaladu. eee chakram mokkalu asitetnu carbon vanarugaa mariyu shakti vanarugaa teesukoovadaaniki anumatistundi. acetate acetyl koo (tii. sii. eah. chakram maadirigaane) gaa maarchabadutundi. eee acetyl koo glyoxylate chakram dwara munduku saagavacchu, mariyu kontha sokinet chakram samayamlo vidudala avutundi. naalugu carbon suicinate anuvulanu itara jeevakriya prakriyala kalayikala dwara vividha rakaala carbohydrateluga maarchavacchu; mokka kaarbanku muulamgaa asitetnu upayoginchi anuvulanu samslaeshanha cheyavachu. acetyl koya glyoxylate kooda pratispandinchi naad pii + nundi kontha nadfnu utpatti cheyagaladu, idhi taruvaata electron ravana golusulo etipi roopamlo shakti samshlaeshanhanu nadapadaniki upayoginchabadutundi.
vyadhikaaraka sileendhraalu.
glyxylate chakram konni jaatula vyadhikaaraka sileendhraalalo puurtigaa bhinnamaina prayojanaanni andinchavacchu. glyoxylate chakram yokka pradhana enjaimla sthaayilu, icl mariyu ms, maanava atidheyatho sambandham unnapudu baga perugutaayi. icl laeni oka nirdishta jaathi sileendhraala utparivartanalu kooda adavi rakamtho poliste elukalatho adhyayanaalalo gananeeyamgaa takkuva vishapuuritamainavi. eee rendu pariseelanala madhya khachitamaina sambandham ippatikee anveshinchabadutondi, ayithe eee suukshmajeevula vyaadhikaarakamlo glyoxylate chakram oka mukhyamaina karakamga undani nirdhaarinchavacchu.
sakasherukaalu.
sakasherukaalu eee chakranni nirvahinchalevani okappudu bhaavinchaaru, endukante daani rendu mukhya enjaimlu, isocitrate lies mariyu mallet synthesku etuvanti aadharalu laevu. ayithe, konni parisoedhanalu eee maargam konnintiloo, annee kakapoyina, sakasherukaalalo undavacchani suuchistunnaayi. 
 pratyaekamgaa, konni adhyayanalu kolla kaaleya kanajaalamlo gananeeyamaina mottamlo unna glyoxylate chakram yokka bhagalaku aadhaaraalanu chuuputaayi. eee rakamaina dayta atyanta sanklishtamaina sakasherukaalalo kooda eee chakram siddhaantaparamgaa sambhavinchagaladane aalochanaku maddatu istundi. itara prayogaalu kooda konni purugulu mariyu samudra akasheruka jaatulalo eee chakram undani, alaage nematode jaatulalo chakram unikiki balamaina sakshyalanu andinchaayi. ayithe, itara prayogaalu eee vaadananu khandistunnayi. ksheeradaalalo chakram unikipai konni prachuranalu vibhedistaayih udaaharanaku, oka kaagitam glyoxylate chakram nidraanamaina elugubantlalo churukuga undani perkondi, conny eee nivedika taruvaata kaagitamlo vivaadaaspadamaindi. clibel anae mitochondrial muulam yokka dwandwa kriyaatmaka mallet/bii-methylmalate synthase kaaranamgaa maanavulalo mallet synthase kaaryakalaapaaniki aadharalu unnaayi, idhi godhuma kovvu mariyu moothrapindaalalo vyakteekarinchabadindi. vitamin dii sakasherukaalalo eee marganni niyantrinchavacchu.
glyoxylate chakram yokka nirodham.
sileendhraalu mariyu bacteriatho sahaa vyadhikaaraka jaatula gvakriyalo glyoxylate chakram yokka pradhana paatra kaaranamgaa, glyoxylate chakram yokka enjaimlu vyaadhula chikitsaku prastuta nirodha lakshyalu. glyxylate chakram yokka chaalaa nivedinchabadina nirodhakaalu chakram yokka modati enjaim (icl) nuu lakshyamgaa chesukuntaayi. anty fangal agentluga sambhaavya upayogam kosam "kandida albicons" kosam inhibitors nivedinchabaddaayi. kshayavyadhi yokka sambhaavya chikitsala kosam mycobacterial glyoxylate chakram kooda lakshyamgaa pettabadindi.
injaneering bhavanalu.
vaatini kaligi laeni ksheeradaalaloki vividha jeevakriya maargaalanu injaneering chese avakaasam nedu bio-injaneerlaku goppa aasakti kaliginche amsam. ksheerada kanaalaloki injaneerlu maarchadaaniki prayatninchina margalalo glyxylate chakram okati. gorrelalo unni utpattini penchadaaniki injaneerlaku idhi pradhanamgaa aasakti kaligistundi, idhi glucose nilvalaku praapyata dwara parimitam cheyabadindi. gorrelaloki marganni pravesapettadam dwara, kanaalalo unde acetate yokka pedda nilvalanu chakram dwara glucosenu samslaeshanha cheyadaaniki upayoginchavacchu, idhi unni utpattini penchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. rendu enjaimlu, isocitrate lies mariyu mallet synthase lekapovadam valla ksheeradaalu marganni amalu cheyalevu, ivi chakram jaragadaniki avasaram. ayithe, eee enjaimlanu utpatti chese janyuvulu ksheeradaalalo nakileevi anie kondaru nammutaaru, antey janyuvu tappanisarigaa ledani, badulugaa, idhi kevalam "aapiveyabadindi".
kanaalaloki marganni roopondinchadaaniki, enjaimlaku coding cheyadaaniki baadhyata vahinche janyuvulanu vaeru chesi, kramabaddheekarinchaalsi untundi, idhi bacteria "ii" nuu upayoginchi cheyabadindi.kolai, dheeni nundi isocitrate lies kosam encodingku baadhyata vahinche asea janyuvu mariyu mallet synthase kosam encodingku baadhyata vahinche aseb janyuvu kramabaddheekarinchabaddayi. injaneerlu essa mariyu aseb janyuvulanu ksheerada kanaalalo samskrutilo vijayavantamgaa cherchagaligaaru, mariyu kanaalu janyuvulanu anuvadinchadamlo mariyu tagina enjaimlaloki lipyantareekarinchadamlo vijayavantamayyaayi, kanaala kaaryaacharana ledhaa aarogyaanni debbateeyakundaa janyuvulanu kanaala dnalo vijayavantamgaa cherchavacchani rujuvu chesindi. ayithe, transgenic elukalaloki marganni injanir cheyagalagadam injaneerlaku kashtamani niroopinchabadindi. pareeksha jantuvulalo kaaleyam mariyu chinna pregulatho sahaa konni kanajaalaalo dna vyakteekarinchabadinappatiki, vyakteekarana sthaayi ekkuvagaa ledhu mariyu ganankaparamga mukhyamainadigaa kanugonabadaledu. marganni vijayavantamgaa roopondinchadaaniki, injaneerlu vyakteekarana sthaayini penchadaaniki niyantrinchagala pramotarlatho janyuvunu fuse cheyalsi untundi, mariyu epithelial kanaalu vanti saraina kanaalalo vyakteekarananu kaligi untaaru.
gorrelu vanti marinta sanklishtamaina jantuvulaku marganni roopondinche prayatnaalu samarthavantamgaa jaragaledu. eee amsampai marinta parisoedhana cheyalsina avasaram undani idhi vivaristundi, mariyu jantuvulalo chakram yokka adhika vyakteekarana kana rasayana shaastram dwara sahinchabadakapovachhu anie suuchistumdi. ksheeradaalalo chakranni cherchadam valla anhu badilee saanketika parignaanamlo purogati nundi prayojanam pondutundi, idhi jantuvulaku badilee cheyadaaniki mundu janyuvulo kriyaatmaka ekikarana kosam marganni pariseelinchadaaniki mariyu access cheyadaaniki injaneerlaku veelu kalpistundi.
ayithe, ksheerada kanaalalo chakram lekapovadam valla prayojanaalu undavacchu. eee chakram vyaadhini kaliginche suukshmajeevulaloo untundi, conny ksheeradaalalo undadu, udaaharanaku maanavulalo. glyxylate chakrampai daadi chese antibiatics abhivruddhiki balamaina sambhaavyata undhi, idhi vaati manugada kosam chakrampai aadhaarapade vyaadhini kaliginche suukshmajeevulanu champutundi, ayinappatikee chakram unna manavulaku haani kaliginchadu, anduvalla antibiatic lakshyamgaa pettukunna enjaimlu laevu.

