
criss hufnagil

criss jay hoofnagil berkileelooni california vishwavidhyaalayamlo oka american professor, ayana samachara gopyata chattam, computer naera chattam, online gopyata niyantrana, internet chattam mariyu kotta saanketikatapai seminarlanu bodhistaaru. gopyata chattam chattaparamaina sameekshalanu vrayadam dwara mariyu americanla gopyata praadhaanyatalapai parisoedhana nirvahinchadam dwara goupyata saahityaaniki hoofnagil dohadapadindi. mukhyamgaa, chaalaa mandhi americanlu prakatanala kosam aanlainlo lakshyamgaa undakudadani ishtapadataarani, dheeniki viruddhamgaa vaadanalu unnappatikee, yuvakulu gopyata gurinchi shraddha vahistaaru mariyu daanini rakshinchadaaniki charyalu teesukuntaaru anie ayana parisoedhana choopistundi. hufnagil gurtimpu dongatanam, viniyogadaarula gopyata, yuu gurinchi panditula kathanaalu raasaaru.ess. mariyu european gopyata chattalu mariyu gopyata vidhana suuchanalu.
vrutti.
hoofnagal gunderson detmer elpeelo professor mariyu attarney. berkley school off informationloni california vishwavidhyaalayamlo aneka vidyaarthi prajectulaku salahadaruga panicheesaaru. athanu ashkan soltani mariyu athani sahacharulaku vaari vyaasam "flash kukeelu mariyu gopyata" paie salaha icchaadu.
nirantara gurtimpulanu nilva cheyadaaniki "HTTP etags" vadakanni document chestu 2011loe hufnagil mariyu soltani eee panipai tadupari kathanaanni prachurinchaaru. eee parisoedhana haarvard palasi laa reviewlo "pravartanaa prakatanalu meeru tiraskarinchaleni pratipaadana" gaa prachurinchabadindi mariyu sii. pii. dii. pii 2014 bahula vibhagala gopyata parisoedhana avaardunu geluchukundi.
gopyata saahityam sahakaralu.
gurtimpu dongatanam.
nedu, gurtimpu dongatanam sanghatanalaku sambandhinchina chaalaa samacharam vaari gurtimpulu dongilinchabadutunna baadhitula nundi sekarinchabadutundi. phalitamgaa, gurtimpu dongatanaaniki sambandhinchina aneka amsaalu ippatikee teliyavu. synthetic gurtimpu dongatanampai dayta lekapovadam (baadhitulaku neram gurinchi teliyani gurtimpu dongatanam paristhitulu), chaalaa mandhi baadhitulu gurtimpu dongatanaanni naera adhikaarulaku nivedinchakapovadam mariyu vanarulu lekapovadam valla gurtimpu dongatanam kesulanu daryaaptu cheyadaaniki fbi niraakarinchadam dheeniki kaaranam. nijaaniki, gurtimpu dongatanaaniki guraina 32 mandhi baadhitulaloo okaru kante takkuva mandhi eee amsampai adhikaarika firyadu chestaaru.
eee samasyala kaaranamgaa, gurtimpu dongatanam samacharanni aardhika samsthala nundi sekarinchaalani hufnagil vaadinchaaru. gurtimpu dongatanam neeraala samayamlo aardhika samsthalu pradhana paatra poeshistaayi, endukante avi mosagallu dabbunu dongilinchadaaniki upayoginche samstha, mosagallu dabbunu dongilinchina tarvaata vaaru chellincharu, mariyu chellinchana tarvaata vaaru baadhitulanu recharge chestaaru. anduvalla, aardhika samsthalu mosagaallatoe ekkuvagaa paraspara charyanu kaligi untaayi, idhi gurtimpu dongatanam gurinchi samacharanni sekarinchadaaniki uttama aatagadiga chestundi, anie hufnagil chepparu. jarigina ledhaa nivaarinchabadina gurtimpu dongatanam sanghatanala sankhyanu aardhika samsthalu track cheyalsina avasaram undani, donga yokka lakshya utpattini gurtinchaalani mariyu nashtam jariginatlu ledhaa tappinchukunnatlu nivedinchaalani hufnagil vishwasistunnaaru. eee vidhanalu gurtimpu dongatanaaniki sambandhinchi marinta samacharanni sekaristaayani, bhavishyattulo eee samasyanu nivaarinchadaaniki samsthalaku sahaayapadataayani ayana vaadinchaaru.
credit card khaataalapai drushti saarinchina pedda samsthalu chinna samsthala kante gurtimpu moesaala raetlu ekkuvagaa unnayani kooda hoofnagil parisoedhana kanugondi. gurtimpu mosam samasyalanu nivaarinchadaaniki pedda samsthalaku avasaramaina sadhanalu unnayani viniyogadaarulu viswasinchinanduna idhi viniyogadaarula anchanaalaku viruddhamgaa undavacchani ayana vaadinchaaru.
viniyogadaarula gopyata.
saamaajika networking sevalu.
instagram mariyu facebook vanti soshal networking sevalaku (snss) saine up cheyadaaniki etuvanti dabbu kharchu kaanappatikee, eee lavadeviki goppa dhara undani hufnagil vaadinchaaru vyaktigata samacharam sekarana. viniyogadaarulu snss paie ekkuva post chestunnanduna, snss viniyogadaarula gurinchi marinta vyaktigata samacharanni sekaristundi. smartphone yajamani postlanu track cheyadam dwara ledhaa parikaramloni itara phone applicationla nundi samacharanni nilva cheyadam dwara daetaanu neerugaa sekarinchavachhu. smartphone yajamani gurinchi itarulu tama sonta parikaraallo nilva chese samacharam nundi parokshamgaa kooda dheenini sekarinchavachhu. eee lavadevi viniyogadaarula gopyata nashtanni suuchistumdani hufnagal vaadinchaaru. vyaktigata samacharanni swechchagaa bahirgatam cheyadam dwara, viniyogadaarulu dayta sekarana, gurtimpu dongatanam, mosam mariyu vembadinchadam vanti vatiki marinta guravutaaru.
adanamgaa, bhavishyattulo vaari samacharam elaa upayoginchabadutundo viniyogadaarulaku teliyadu. snss loe post cheyabadina samacharanni tolaginchadam daadaapu asadhyam, mariyu aaa samacharanni elaa parishkaristaaro viniyogadaarulaku teliyadu.
internet tracking.
flash kukeelu, eeteglu, hetch. tii. emm. ell5 lokal storage, ever kukeelu mariyu brouser velimudrato sahaa internet tracking yokka aneka paddhatulu unnaayi. oka adhyayanamlo, 2009 mariyu 2011 madhya praamaanika kukeela vaadakamlo naatakeeya perugudala undani hufnagil kanugonnadu. adanamgaa, chaalaa kukeelanu moodava party hostlu unchaaru, ivi pradhanamgaa prakatanadaarulato roopondinchabaddaayi.
aadhunika gopyata niyantrana viniyogadaarulaku marketlo marinni empikalanu istundani hufnagal vaadinchaaru. eee rakamaina prabhutva jokyam pitruswamya swabhaavam kaligi undani ayana khandinchaaru.
vaanijya dayta brokerlu.
vaanijya dayta brokerlu (sii. dii. bii. ess) antey vyaktula vyaktigata samacharanni sekarinchi vikrayinche vyaparalu. vyaktula gurinchi samachara sekaranalanu download cheyadaaniki pooliisulanu anumatinchadam dwara chhaayis point vanti cdb luu chatta amalu vidhulanu nirvartistaayani hufnagil vaadinchaaru. phalitamgaa 1974 naati gopyata chattam dwara sii. dii. bii. lanu niyantrinchaalani ayana bhaavistaaru. sii. dii. bii. laku prabhutva praapyata vaaru chattabaddhamgaa sekarinchaleni chatta amalu samacharanni istundani, idhi gananeeyamaina chattaparamaina samasyanu pradarsistundani ayana vaadinchaaru.
chatta amalu nundi vyaktigata daetaanu rakshinchadaaniki hufnagil moodu vidhana parishkaralanu andistundi. vaanijya mariyu prabhutva samachara sekarana vibhinnamgaa undakudadani, praja recordulu aadhunika saanketika parignaanaaniki anugunamgaa undaalani, 1974 gopyata chattam sii. dii. bii. laku vartinchaalani ayana abhiprayapaddaru.
bhouthika mariyu digital vastuvulu.
manam ippudu konugolu chesinappudu manam konugolu chesevi" anae pustakamlo, rachayitalu aaron perzanovsky mariyu criss hufnagil digital vastuvulanu konugolu chesetappudu viniyogadaarula hakkulaku sambandhinchi oka saadhaarana apohanu anveshistaaru; mukhyamgaa, adhe nibandhanalu bhouthika mariyu digital medianu niyantristaayane apoha. rachayitalu tama adhyayananni mediashop studdy anie pilicharu. web aadhaarita survey nirvahinchina taruvaata, chaalaa mandhi viniyogadaarulu digital vastuvulu mariyu bhouthika vastuvulanu upayoginchadaaniki mariyu badilee cheyadaaniki samaana hakkulu unnayani nammutunnaarani vaaru kanugonnaru. udaaharanaku, oka vyakti bhouthika pustakaanni evarikainaa sulabhamgaa badilee cheyagaliginatle, chaalaa mandhi viniyogadaarulu digital pustakaalato tamaku idhe saamarthyam undani nammutaaru. prastuta digital yajamanya hakkula prakaram idhi jaragadu. digital vastuvulanu badilee chese hakku kosam viniyogadaarulu ekkuva chellinchadaaniki siddhamgaa untaarani, viniyogadaarula digital hakkulanu vivarinche chinna noteesunu jodinchadam viniyogadaarula tappudu avagahanalanu tagginchadamlo prabhaavavantamgaa untundani adhyayanam velladinchindi.
gopyata vidhanalu.
eftisi gopyata vidhaanaaniki parimitulu unnayani hufnagal vaadinchaaru. federal trade commission (eftisi) united stateslo praadhamika viniyogadaarula rakshana samstha. gopyata yokka sweeya niyantranaku eftisi nibaddhata unnappatikee, viniyogadaarulu tama vyaktigata samacharanni sekarinchadam gurinchi chaalaa aandolana chendutunnaarani hufnagal vaadinchaaru. raboye dasaabdamloo federal trade commission und consumer privasy" loe, hufnagil mariyu itara rachayitalu chaalaa mandhi americanlu tama samacharam elaa gopyamgaa untundo company gopyata vidhanam vivaristundani elaa nammutaro vivaristaaru. ayithe, vaastavaaniki, gopyata vidhanalu kevalam website viniyogadaaru yokka vyaktigata samacharanni elaa upayogistundo vivaristaayi. vaari parisoedhana aadhaaramgaa, viniyogadaarula gopyataku gopyata noteesulu matrame saripovani rachayitalu nirdhaarinchaaru. gopyatanu munduku teesukelladaaniki, rachayitalu eftisi moodu nibandhanalanu cheyaalani suchistunnaruhu "gopyata vidhanam" anae padaanni upayoginchandi, gopyata-rakshana yantraamgaalanu roopondinchadaaniki viniyogamlo nipunulatoe sampradinchandi mariyu sweeya-niyantrana kosam pramaanaalanu nirdesinchandi.
gopyata chattam.
airopa.
european union yokka general dayta protection regulation (gdpr) ii.yuu.'dayta rakshanapai chattam. oka taramlo samachara vidhaanamlo atyanta paryavasanamga niyantrana abhivruddhi anedi gdpr anie hufnagil vaadinchaaru."vyaktigata dayta" "proses cheyabadina" "paristhitulaku gdpr vartistundi, kabatti vyaktigata daetaaku sambandhinchina anni charyalu gdpr kinda rakshinchabadataayi". gdpr dayta controllerlapy kooda gananeeyamaina bhaaram vestundi (udhaa.zii. companylu) viniyogadaarula samacharam yokka gopyatanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki. udaaharanaku, vaaru tama dayta prosessing recordulanu unchukoovaali, dayta rakshana vidhananni avalambinchaali mariyu vaari dayta viniyogampai paaradarsakamgaa undaali. vyaktigata upayogam ledhaa jaateeya bhadrata yokka dayta karyakalapalu gdpr nibandhanalaku minahaayimpulu. gdpr nibandhanalanu ullanghinchinanduku jarimaanaalu mariyu jarimaanaalu untaayi, mariyu dayta rakshana adhikarulu gdpr nibandhanalanu amalu chese pradhana vyaktulu. 
united states.
yuu.ess.'1974 yokka gopyata chattam mariyu 1970 yokka fair credit reporting chattam (eff. sii. aarr. yea) yuu kosam framework.ess. gopyata chattam. aneka companylu losugulanu kanugonnanduna, eee nibandhanalu gopyatanu taginantagaa rakshinchavani hufnagil vaadinchaaru. gopyata chattamtho samasya emitante idhi prabhutvam kosam panichese samakhya prabhutvam mariyu private companylaku matrame vartistundani ayana vaadinchaaru. idhi itara private companylu ledhaa dayta brokerlaku vartinchadu. viniyogadaarula nivedikalanu upayoginche "viniyogadaarula reporting agencylaku" matrame darakhaastu chesinanduku eff. sii. aarr. eah. nii kooda hufnagil vimarsinchaaru."viniyogadaarula nivedikalu credit moolyaankanam, upaadhi pareeksha, beema haamii ledhaa licensing kuu sambandhinchina viniyogadaarulapai samachara maarpidiki sambandhinchinavi, mariyu anni itara upayogaalu eff. sii. aarr. yea. dwara rakshinchabadavu.
hufnagil mariyu daniel solov vaaru meetho pratipaadinchina samasyalaku parishkaraluga "namuunaa paalana" gaa label chese nibandhanala shrenini pratipaadinchaaru.ess. gopyata chattam. eee parishkaralalo ivi unnaih 
eurup mariyu yuu.ess. polchi choosthe.
gopyataku sambandhinchi united states mariyu eurup madhya oka mukhya vyatyaasam emitante gopyata chattabaddhamgaa elaa charchinchabadutundi. yuu loe.ess.gopyata yokka bhavanalu vistrutamgaa "gopyata" ledhaa "samachara gopyata" samasyaluga vargeekarinchabaddaayi. marovaipu, european chattam samachara gopyata mariyu dayta rakshana madhya thedaanu gurtistundi. dayta rakshana anedi dayta yokka tagina prakriyanu nirdhaaristundi, ayithe gopyata anedi vyaktigata jeevita hakkunu suuchistumdi (udhaa.zii. vyaktigata kutumba jeevitam mariyu vyaktigata illu).
adanamgaa, gdpr viniyogadaarula samacharam yokka gopyata bharanni dayta controllerlapy unchutundi, yuu.ess. gopyata chattam eee bharanni dayta vishayaalapai vestundi. antey U loe anie ardham.ess.gopyata noteesulanu chadavadam mariyu vaari vyaktigata samacharam rakshinchabadutundani vaaru bhavistara ledhaa anie nirnayinchukovadam viniyogadaarula baadhyata.
kotta lavadevila vyavasthalu.
2013loe, kotta lavadevila vyavasthalalo gopyata patla american abhipraayaaniki sambandhinchi gennifer urban mariyu suu leetho kalisi hufnagil oka prayogaanni nirvahinchindi (udhaa.zii. mobile chellimpu vyavasthalu). mobile chellimpu vyavasthala yokka prayojanam emitante avi digital walletga panicheestaayi, viniyogadaarulaku online lavadevilu chese soulabhyam kalpistaayi. vaariki merugaina chellimpu bhadrataku kooda avakaasam undhi. ayithe, eee kotta saanketikata viniyogadaarulaku sambandhinchi vyaktigatamgaa gurtinchadagina sampradimpu samacharanni sekarinchadaaniki vyaapaarulanu anumatistundi, idhi oka saadhaarana credit card lavadevilalo andinchani lakshanam. vaaru dukaanaalanu brouse chesinappudu mariyu konugolla tarvaata vaari samacharanni panchukunnappudu vaatini track chese vyavasthalanu americanlu vyatiraekistaarani rachayitala parisoedhana suuchimchimdi (udhaa.zii. vaari phone nambarnu panchukondi).
cyber neeraalu.
cyber neeraalanu nirodhinchadamh madhyavartulapai drushti pettandi" anae pustakamlo rachayitalu aniket kesari, criss hufnagil mariyu dammon makkay madhyavartulu cyber neeraalanu elaa parimitam cheyagalaro niroopinchaaru. rachayitala abhiprayam prakaram, cyber nerasthulu chattaviruddhamaina charyalaku paalpadataaniki chaalaa mandhi madhyavartulapai aadhaarapadataaru. veetilo kotta viniyogadaarulanu sampaadinche paddhatulu, web hosting, chellimpulanu sekarinchadam mariyu utpattula pampinhee unnaayi. cyber neeraalapai chaalaa varaku chattaparamaina scholarship viniyogadaarula chattaviruddha charyala nundi madhyavartulaku saadhaarana minahaayimpunu manjuru chestundagaa, madhyavartulu viniyogadaarula naera karyakalapalapai charyalu teesukoovaalsina avasaram undani rachayitalu vaadistunnaaru. madhyavartulanu charya teesukoovadaaniki balavantam cheyadaaniki rachayitalu prastuta paddhatula udaaharanalanu jabita chestaaru. prabhutva netrutvamloni jokyaniki udaaharana domine paeru swaadheenam. idhi proo-aipi chattam dwara adhikaram pondindi, idhi chattaviruddha kaaryakalaapaalaku paalpadinatlu aaropanalu edurkontunna websitenu swaadheenam chesukune adhikaranni federal prabhutvaaniki istundi. cyber nerasthula haanini parimitam chese private companylaku udaaharanagaa online (vero) eebe dhruveekarinchabadina hakkula karyakramam undhi. eee karyakramam ammakandaarulanu chattaviruddhamgaa vastuvulanu marketing cheyadam mariyu vikrayinchakundaa nirodhistundi.
mudipadi unna aardhika vyavastha.
tethering anedi saadhaaranamgaa mobile parikaraalanu okadaanitoe okati anusandhaninchadaanni suuchistumdi. edemaina, criss hoofnagil, aniket kesari mariyu aaron perzanovsky chetha "kattabadina aardhika vyavastha" loe, rachayitalu tetheringnu vaati operation kosam ammakandaarulapai vastuvula anusandhanam mariyu aadharapadatam anie suuchistaaru. mudipadi unna parikaraalaku udaaharanalalo google home, amazon alexa, smart kitchen upakaranaalu mariyu itara internet off things parikaraalu unnaayi. eee vastuvulannee vaati kaaryaacharana kosam viniyogadaarulapai aadharapadi untaayi. tethering yokka prayojanaalu emitante, mudipadi unna utpattulu vaanijya utpaadakatanu penchutaayi, upayoginchadaaniki surakshitamgaa undavacchu mariyu kalakramena kotta mariyu vyaktigateekarinchina vidhulaku saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi. tayaareedaarulu itukalu veyadam, lakshanaala taggimpu, bearam nibandhanalanu marchadam dwara utpattula mannikanu nirnayinchadam anedi tethering yokka oka haani. parikaraalu nirantaram viniyogadaarula pravartanapai samacharanni sekaristunnanduna, tethering samachara pramaadaalanu kooda andistundi. chivaraga, tethering marketlo empika mariyu pootiini taggistundi, viniyogadaarulanu nirdishta parikaraalu ledhaa platformlaloki lock chese marpidi kharchulanu penchutundi. udaaharanaku, oka viniyogadaarudu ippatike aneka aapil parikaraalanu kaligi unna tarvaata microsoft parikaraalaku maaradam kashtam kaavacchu.
rachayitalu vikretalu mariyu konugoludaarula madhya sambandhaanni marchagala mariyu aardhika vyavastha yokka sthireekarananu parishkarinchagala chattaparamaina jokyaalanu pradarsistaaru. oppandaalu, himsa chattam, antitrust mariyu viniyogadaarula rakshana chattalu annee tethering nundi utpannamayye viniyogadaarula samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki suuchimchina samskaranalu; ayithe, yea okka vidhanam kooda vyaasamlo charchinchina anni samasyalanu parishkarinchadani rachayitalu vaadistunnaaru.

