
transgen

transgene anedi sahajamgaa ledhaa aneka janyu injaneering paddhatula dwara oka jeevi nundi maroka jeeviki badilee cheyabadina janyuvu. transgenesis anie piluvabade prakriyaloo transgene parichayam, oka jeevi yokka samalakshanaanni marche saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi. "transgene" anedi oka jeevi nundi verucheyabadi, vaerae jeeviloki pravesapettabadina janyu kramaanni kaligi unna DNA yokka oka vibhaganni vivaristundi. DNA yokka eee sthaanikam kaani vibhagam janyuparamaina jeevilo rna ledhaa proteinnu utpatti chese saamarthyaanni nilupukovacchu ledhaa janyuparamaina jeevi yokka janyu sanketam yokka saadhaarana paniteerunu maarchavacchu. saadhaaranamgaa, DNA jeevi yokka suukshmakrimula shrenilo cherchabadutundi. udaaharanaku, adhika sakasherukaalalo phaladeekarana andaasayam yokka kendrakamloki videshee dnnu inject cheyadam dwara dheenini saadhinchavachchu. eee saanketikata aaa nirdishta janyuvutho sambandham unna paniteeru ledhaa pathologyni adhyayanam cheyadaaniki prayogasaala elukala jaatulalo maanava vyaadhi janyuvulu ledhaa itara aasaktigala janyuvulanu pravesapettadaaniki mamuluga upayoginchabadutundi.
transgene nirmaanaaniki konni pradhana bhagala assembly avasaram. transgenelo oka prothsaahakamu undaali, idhi transgene ekkada mariyu eppudu churukuga undho nirnayinche niyantrana kramam, oka exon, protein coding kramam (saadhaaranamgaa aasaktigala protein kosam cdna nundi teesukobadindi) mariyu stop kramam. ivi saadhaaranamgaa bacteria plasmidlo militam cheyabadataayi mariyu coding sequencelu saadhaaranamgaa gatamlo telisina vidhulatho transgenla nundi enchukoobadataayi.
transgenic ledhaa janyuparamgaa maarpu chendina jeevulu, avi bacteria, vairaslu ledhaa sileendhraalu kaavacchu, aneka parisoedhana prayojanaalaku upayogapadataayi. janyuvulanu marche mokkalu, keetakaalu, chepalu mariyu ksheeradaalu (maanavulato sahaa) pempakam cheyabaddaayi. mokkajonna mariyu soyabean vanti janyuvulanu marche mokkalu konni deshaalalo vyavasaayamlo adavi jaatula sthaanamlo unnaayi (udhaa.zii. united states). 2001 nundi gmo pantalaku transgene escape pattudala mariyu aakramanato namodu cheyabadindi. janyu marpidi jeevulu naitika prasnalanu levanettutaayi mariyu jeeva bhadrata samasyalanu kaliginchavacchu.
charitra.
oka nirdishta avasaraniki anugunamgaa oka jeevini roopondinchaalane aalochana kotta shaastram kaadu. edemaina, 1900la chivari varaku raitulu mariyu saastravettalu oka mokka ledhaa jeevi yokka kotta jaatulanu daggari sambandham unna jaatula nundi matrame pempakam cheyagaligaaru, endukante santaanam punarutpatti cheyagalagadaaniki dna anukuulamgaa undaali.
1970 mariyu 1980laloe, saastravettalu rendu ververu jaatula DNAని janyu injaneeringtho kalipe vidhaanaalanu kanipettadam dwara eee addankini adhigaminchaaru. eee vidhaanaala dwara utpatti ayye jeevulanu transgenic anie pilicheevaaru. transgenesis anedi janyu chikitsato samanam, antey avi rendoo oka nirdishta prayojanam kosam kanaalanu maarustaayi. ayithe, avi vaati prayojanaalalo puurtigaa bhinnamgaa untaayi, endukante janyu chikitsa kanaalalo lopaanni nayam cheyadame lakshyamgaa pettukundi, mariyu transgenesis prati kanamlo nirdishta transgeennu cherchadam dwara mariyu janyuvunu marchadam dwara janyuparamgaa maarpu chendina jeevini utpatti cheyadaaniki prayatnistundi. anduvalla jeevulu punarutpatti chesinappudu transgenlu santaanaaniki sankraminchela chuudataaniki transgenesis somatic kanaalanu matrame kakunda suukshmakrimula kanaalanu kooda maarustundi. transgenlu atitheya janyuvu yokka paniteerunu nirodhinchadam dwara janyuvunu maarustaayi; avi atitheya janyuvunu vaerae protein kosam code chese daanitoe bharti cheyavachu ledhaa adanapu janyuvunu pravesapettavachu.
1974loe anee chang mariyu stanley kohen "escherichia kooli" loe "stephylococcus arius" janyuvulanu vyaktam chesinappudu modati janyuroopa marpidi jeevi srushtinchabadindi. 1978loe, eest kanaalu janyu badileeki guraina modati eucariotic jeevulu. eluka kanaalu modatisaarigaa 1979loe roopaantaram chendaayi, taruvaata 1980loe eluka pindaalu. chaalaa varaku modati parivartanalu neerugaa kanaalloki DNAని suukshma injection dwara jarigaayi. saastravettalu transgenlanu retrovirusluga cherchadam, aapai kanaalaku sokadam vanti parivartanalanu nirvahinchadaaniki itara paddhatulanu abhivruddhi cheyagaligaaru; electroinfusion upayoginchi, idhi sell wall dwara videshee dnnu paas cheyadaaniki vidyut pravahanni sadviniyogam chesukuntundi; biolystics, idhi dna bulletlanu kanaalloki shoot chese prakriya; mariyu kottagaa phaladeekarana guddu loki dnnu kooda pampinhee chestundi.
modati janyuparamaina jantuvulu janyuvu yokka nirdishta paniteerunu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki janyu parisoedhana kosam matrame uddesinchabaddaayi, mariyu 2003 natiki, vaelaadi janyuvulanu adhyayanam chesaaru.
mokkalalo upayoginchandi.
mokkajonna, soyabean, rapeseed ayil, patthi, vari mariyu marinni vanti janyuparamgaa savarinchina pantalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki vyavasayam kosam vividha rakaala transgenic mokkalu roopondinchabaddaayi. eee gmo pantalanu prapanchavyaaptamgaa 170 million hectarlalo nataru.
bangaaru biyyam.
transgenic mokkala jaatiki oka udaaharana bangaaru biyyam. 1997loe, kevalam agneyasialone aidu millionla mandhi pillalu vitamin eah lopam valla kalige gerofthalmia anae vaidya paristhitini abhivruddhi chesaaru. aaa pillalalo paavu millionla mandhi andhulu ayyaru. dheenini edurkovadaniki, saastravettalu asea desheeya vari saagulalo daffodil phytoin synthase janyuvunu choppinchadaaniki biolisticsnu upayoginchaaru. daffodil choppinchadam valana β-kerotin utpatti perigindi. eee utpatti golden rais anie piluvabade vitamin eah samruddhiga unna transgenic vari jaathi. gerofthalmiapy bangaaru vari prabhavam gurinchi chaalaa takkuva telusu, endukante GMO vyatiraeka pracharalu avasaramaina vyavasaya vyavasthalaloki bangaaru biyyanni puurtigaa vaanijyaparamgaa vidudala cheyadaanni nirodhinchaayi.
transgen tappinchukovadam.
adavi bandhuvulatho sankareekarana dwara janyuparamgaa roopondinchina mokkala janyuvula tappinchukovadam gurinchi 1990la madhyalo mexico mariyu airopalo modata charchinchi, pariseelinchaaru. transgenla tappinchukovadam anivaryam anie oka oppandam undhi, "adhi jarugutondani kontha rujuvu kooda undhi". 2008 varaku namodu cheyabadina kesulu chaalaa takkuva.
mokkajonna.
meksikoolooni sierra juarez, oksaka nundi 2000loe sekarinchina mokkajonna namoonaalo 35ess transgenic promoter undagaa, 2003 mariyu 2004loe adhe praantam nundi vaerae paddhati dwara teesukunna pedda namoonaalo adhi ledhu. 2002 nundi maroka praantam nundi vacchina namuunaa kooda cheyaledu, conny 2004 loe teesukunna nirdesita namuunaalu transgene sthirathvam ledhaa tirigi pravesapettadaanni suuchimchaayi. 2009 adhyayanam prakaram, saadhaaranamgaa aagneya mexicolo 3.1% mariyu 1.8% namoonaalalo recombinant proteins kanugonabaddayi. united states nundi vittanaalu mariyu dhanyam digumati paschima-madhya mexicolo transgenla tarachudanam mariyu pampineeni vivarinchagaladu, conny aagneyamlo kaadu. alaage, mexican mokkajonna nilvallo 5 saatam mokkajonna vittanaalu gm pantalapai taatkaalika nishedham unnappatikee punarutpaadaka proteinlanu vyaktam chesaayi.
patthi.
2011loe, 15 samvatsaraala GMO patthi saagu taruvaata, mexicolo adavi patthi madhya janyuparamaina patthi kanugonabadindi.
rapeseed (kanola).
transgenic rapeseed "brassicus napas"-sthaanika japanese jaathi "brassica rapa" thoo sankareekarinchabadindi-2006loe kenadaaloni cubeclo gurtinchabadina taruvaata 2011loe japaanlo kanugonabadindi. avi kalupu samhaaraka empika ottidi lekunda mariyu adavi roopamtho sankareekarana unnappatikee, aaru samvatsaraala adhyayana kaalamlo sthiramgaa undevi. idhi "brassica napas" nundi adavi roopam janyu pool loki kalupugolu-nirodhakata transgene yokka-oka janyu pool nundi maroka janyu pool loki janyuvulanu sthiramgaa cherchadam-chorabaatuku sambandhinchina modati nivedika.
vangutunna bentgrass.
glyphosate-thattukogala "modati gaali-paragasamparka, shaashwata mariyu atyanta bahirgata transgenic pantalalo okati" gaa roopondinchabadina transgenic creeping bentgrass, 2003loe central oregonlo madras, oregon sameepamlo pedda (sumaru 160 hectorlu) kshetra pareekshalo bhaagamgaa naatabadindi. 2004loe, daani puppodi 14 kilometres dhooramlo adavi perugutunna bentgrass janaabhaaku cherukunnatlu kanugonabadindi. cross paraagasamparkam "agrostis gigantia" 21 kilometres dhooramlo kooda kanugonabadindi. scott company, saagu chesevaaru, janyuparamgaa injaneering cheyabadina anni mokkalanu tolaginchalekapoyaru, mariyu 2007loe, yuu.ess. nibandhanalanu paatinchananduku vyavasaya saakha $500,000 jarimana vidhinchindi.
pramaada anchanaa.
oka nirdishta transgene yokka deerghakaalika paryaveekshanha mariyu niyantrana saadhyapadadani choopabadindi. european phud safety authority 2010loe pramaada anchanaa kosam maargadarsakaalanu prachurinchindi.
elukalalo upayoginchandi.
janyuparamgaa savarinchina elukalu janyuparamaina parisoedhanaku atyanta saadhaarana janthu namuunaa. cancer, oobakaayam, gunde jabbulu, arthuritis, aandolana mariyu parkinsons vyaadhitho sahaa vividha vyaadhulanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki transgenic elukalanu prastutam upayogistunnaru. janyuparamgaa savarinchina elukalalo rendu atyanta saadhaarana rakalu nakout elukalu mariyu ancomis. nakout elukalu anedi oka rakamaina eluka namuunaa, idhi ippatike unna janyuvu yokka vyakteekaranaku antaraayam kaliginchadaaniki janyuparamaina choppimpunu upayogistundi. nakout elukalanu srushtinchadaaniki, electroporation upayoginchi kaavalasina kramamlo oka transgeennu vivikta eluka blastosistlo choppistaaru. appudu, konni kanaalalo sahajamgaa homolagus recombination jarugutundi, aasaktigala janyuvunu design chesina transgeentho bharti chestundi. eee prakriya dwara, parisoedhakulu oka transgeennu jantuvu yokka janyuvulo vileenam cheyavachani, kanamlo oka nirdishta paniteerunu andistundani mariyu bhavishyat taraalaku badilee cheyavachani niroopinchagaligaaru.
ancomis anedi janyuparamgaa savarinchabadina eluka jaatulu, ivi cancerku jantuvu yokka durbalatvaanni penche transgenlanu choppinchadam dwara srushtinchabadataayi. cancer parisoedhakulu eee gnaanaanni maanava adhyayanalaku vartimpajeyadaaniki vividha cancerla profilenu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki aankomisnu upayogistaaru.
drosophilalo" upayoginchandi.
fruit fly ayina "drosophila melanogaster" loe transgenesis gurinchi bahula adhyayanalu jarigaayi. baga ardham chesukunna abhivruddhi namuunaa kaaranamgaa eee jeevi 100 samvatsaraalaku paiga upayogakaramaina janyu namoonaga undhi. drosophila" janyuvuloki transgenlanu badilee cheyadam anedi p moolakam, cree-locks, φc31 choppimputho sahaa vividha paddhatulanu upayoginchi nirvahinchabadindi. drosophila" janyuvuloki transgenlanu choppinchadaaniki ippativaraku upayoginchina atyanta practies cheyabadina paddhati p muulakaalanu upayogistundi. transposence anie kooda piluvabade transposable pii muulakaalu, host yokka janyuvulo paripuurakaramaina kramam lekunda, janyuvuloki badilee cheyabadina bacteria dna yokka vibhagalu. p muulakaalu rendu jatalalo nirvahinchabadataayi, ivi aasakti unna DNA choppinche praantaaniki pakkane untaayi. adanamgaa, p muulakaalu tarachugaa rendu plasmid bhaagaalanu kaligi untaayi, okati p moolakam transposage anie mariyu marokati, p transposan vennemuka anie pilustaaru. transposus plasmid bhaagam p transposan vennemuka yokka badileeni naduputundi, indulo transposan yokka rendu antima pradaesaala madhya aasaktigala transgene mariyu tarachugaa marker untundi. eee choppinchadam yokka vijayam janyuvuloki aasakti unna transgeennu tirigi maarchaleni adanamgaa chaeradaaniki daariteestundi. eee paddhati prabhaavavantamgaa niroopinchabadinappatiki, p muulakaala choppinche pradaesaalu tarachugaa aniyantritamgaa untaayi, phalitamgaa "drosophila" janyuvuloki transgene ananukuulamaina, yaadruchchika choppimpuku daariteestundi.
transgenic prakriya yokka sthaanam mariyu khachitatvanni meruguparachadaaniki, cree anie piluvabade enjaim pravesapettabadindi. recombinase-meditiated casset exchange (rmce) anie piluvabade prakriyaloo cree oka keelaka amsamgaa niroopinchabadindi. idhi p moolakam transposesla kante transgenic parivartana yokka takkuva saamarthyaanni kaligi unnatlu chuupimchinappatikii, yaadruchchika p choppimpulanu samatulyam chese shrama-teevramaina samruddhini chaalaa taggistundi. eloxp saitlu anie piluvabade transgene choppinche saitla mappingku maddatu istundi kabatti, aasakti unna dna janyu vibhagam yokka lakshya transgenesislo cree sahaayapadutundi. eee pradaesaalu, p muulakaala maadirigaa kakunda, aasakti unna chromosome vibhaagaaniki pakkaku pratyaekamgaa choppinchavacchu, idhi lakshya transgenesisku sahaayapadutundi. jagrattagaa unchina eloxp saitlalo unna bays jatala utpreraka cheelikalo cree transposage mukhyamainadi, idhi transgenic daata plasmid yokka marinta nirdishta choppimpulanu anumatistundi.
transposan-madhyavartitva mariyu cree-loxp parivartana paddhatulu utpatti chese parimitulu mariyu takkuva digubadini adhigaminchadaaniki, bacteriophase φc31 iteevala upayoginchabadindi. iteevali purogati adhyayanaalalo bacteriophase φc31 integrase yokka microenjection untundi, idhi p muulakaala dwara matrame badilee cheyaleni pedda DNA sakalaala merugaina transgene choppimpunu chooputundi. eee paddhatiloo fageloni attachment (etipi) sait mariyu bacteria host genome (etibi) looni attachment sait madhya punarekeekarana untundi. saadhaarana pii moolakam transgene choppinche paddhathulatho poliste, φc31 bacteria shrenulu mariyu antibiatic nirodhakata janyuvulatho sahaa mottam transgene vektarnu anusandhaanistundi. duradrushtavasaattu, eee adanapu choppimpula uniki transgene vyakteekarana yokka sthaayi mariyu punarutpatti saamarthyaanni prabhaavitam chestundani kanugonabadindi.
pasuvulu mariyu ockwaculture loe upayoginchandi.
nirdishta lakshanaala kosam jantuvulanu empika cheyadam oka vyavasaya anuvartanam perigina kandaraala samalakshanam kaligina janyuroopa pasuvulu rna jokyanni upayoginchi myostatine mrnaku homologytho kuudina chinna hairpin rnanu atigaa vyakteekarinchadam dwara utpatti cheyabaddaayi.
mekalu nundi adhika sthaayi proteins ledhaa pattu kaligina palanu utpatti cheyadaaniki transgenlanu upayogistunnaru. biopharmaceutical utpatti kosam vyaadhulu ledhaa jantuvulaku nirodhakata kaligina jantuvulanu empika cheyadam maroka vyavasaya anuvartanam.
bhavishyat sambhaavyata.
transgenela anuvartanam anedi molecular biologylo vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna praantam. 2005 natiki, raboye rendu dasaabdaalalo, 300,000 transgenic elukala shrenulu utpatti avtayani anchanaa veyabadindi. transgenlaku, mukhyamgaa vaidya rangamlo, parisoedhakulu aneka anuvartanaalanu gurtinchaaru. saastravettalu vyaadhini baga ardham chesukovadaniki, maanavulalo marpidi kosam janthu avayavalanu sweekarinchadaaniki, insulin, groth harmon mariyu raktam gaddakattadam vanti aushadha utpattula utpatti kosam maanava janyuvu yokka paniteerunu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki transgenlanu upayoginchadampai drushti saarinchaaru.
2004 natiki aidu vaela telisina janyu vyaadhulu unnaayi, mariyu janyuparamaina jantuvulanu upayoginchi eee vyaadhulaku chikitsa chese saamarthyam bahusha, janyuvula yokka atyanta aasaajanaka anuvartanaallo okati. janyu rugmataku chikitsa cheyadaaniki parivartana chendina janyuvunu transgene yokka maarpuleni kaapeetho bharti cheyadaaniki maanava janyu chikitsanu upayoginche avakaasam undhi. idhi cree-locks ledhaa nakout vadakam dwara cheyavachu. antekakunda, janyuparamaina elukalu, pandulu, kundellu mariyu elukala vadakam dwara janyu rugmatalanu adhyayanam chestunnaru. elukatho poliste kundelu gunde maanava hrudayaanni baga pooli untundi kabatti, vaarasatvamgaa vacchina cardiac arithmiyaasnu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki transgenic kundellu srushtinchabaddaayi. iteevala, saastravettalu santaanotpattiki sambandhinchina janyu rugmatalanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki janyuparamaina mekalu upayoginchadam kooda praarambhinchaaru.
pandhi avayavaala nundi genotransplantation kosam transgenlanu upayoginchavacchu. geno-orgaon tiraskarana adhyayanam dwara, marpidi cheyabadina avayavam yokka endothelial kanaalapai videshee pratiroedhakaalanu gurtinchadam valla graheeta nundi raktamtho avayavam yokka sparsapai marpidi cheyabadina avayavam yokka teevramaina tiraskarana sambhavistundani kanugonabadindi. saastravettalu eee praticharyaku kaaranamayye pandulalo antigennu gurtinchaaru, anduvalla antigennu tolaginchadam dwara takshana tiraskarana lekunda avayavam marpidi cheyagalugutaru. ayithe, antigen taruvaata vyakteekarinchabadatam praarambhamavutundi, mariyu tiraskarana sambhavistundi. anduvalla, tadupari parisoedhanalu jarugutunnaayi.
utpreraka proteins ledhaa enjaimlanu utpatti cheyagala transgenic microarganisms, ivi paarisraamika praticharyala retunu penchutaayi.
naitika vivaadam.
maanavulalo transgene vadakam prastutam samasyalatho nindi undhi. janyuvulanu maanava kanaalugaa marchadam inca paripuurnamgaa jaragaledu. dheeniki atyanta prasiddha udaaharana ex-linked teevramaina combined immuno deficiency (ex-skid) kosam chikitsa pondina tarvaata kontamandi rogulu tii-sell leukemianu abhivruddhi cheyadam. elmo2 proto-ankogene yokka transcription niyantrinche elmo2 promoterku choppinchina janyuvu daggaragaa undatam dheeniki kaaranam.

