maikhel kaalekee

maikhel kaalekki (22 juun 1899-18 april 1970) oka polish marks aardhikavetta. thana jeevita kaalamlo, kaalekee london school off economics, university off cambridge, university off oxford mariyu warsa school off economics loe panicheesaaru mariyu polland, france, cuba, izrael, mexico mariyu bharatadesam prabhutvaalaku aardhika salahadaruga panicheesaaru. ayana newyork nagaramlo aikyaraajyasamiti aardhika vibhaagaaniki deputy directorga kooda panicheesaaru.
kaalekkini "20va sataabdapu atyanta vishishta aardhikavettalalo okaru" mariyu "bahusha atyanta asalaina vyakti" anie pilustaaru. athanu keynes kante mundu zaan maynard keynes maadirigaane aneka aalochanalanu abhivruddhi chesaadani tarachugaa cheppabadutundi, conny athanu aanglam matlade prapanchaaniki chaalaa takkuvagaa telusu. athanu marxist taragati vislaeshanha mariyu alpadhikara siddhaantampai kotta saahityaanni ekikrutam chese samshlaeshanhanu andinchaadu, mariyu athani rachanalu neo-marxian ("guttadhipatya muuladhanam") mariyu post-keynesian aardhika aalochanala paatasaalalapai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chupayi. aardhika prasnalaku ganita namuunaalu mariyu ganaanka daetaanu vartimpajesina modati sthuula aardhikavettalalo ayana okaru. raajakeeya aardhikavetta mariyu vamapaksha vishwaasangala vyaktigaa kooda, kaalekki aardhika vidhaanaala saamaajika amsaalu mariyu parinaamaalanu nokki chepparu.
vyapara chakram, vruddhi, puurti upaadhi, aadaaya pampinhee, raajakeeya vruddhi chakram, alpajanyu aardhika vyavastha mariyu pramaada rangaalalo kaalekki pradhana saiddhaantika mariyu aacharanaatmaka sahakaram andinchaaru. athani itara mukhyamaina aasaktulalo dravya samasyalu, aardhika abhivruddhi, aardhika, vaddii mariyu dravyolbanam unnaayi. unnaayi, kaalekki aardhika saastramlo nobel smaaraka bahumatiki nominate cheyabaddaadu, conny adhe samvatsaram athanu maraninchaadu.
jeevita charitra.
prarambha samvatsaraaluh 1899-1933.
maikhel kaalekki 1899 juun 22naa appati russian saamrajyamlo bhaagamaina congress polandloni ladgelo janminchaadu. athani prarambha samvatsaraala gurinchi samacharam chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi, andulo kontha bhaagam naajii aakramana samayamlo poyindi, conny athanu oka pradhana kaarmika-allakallola paarisraamika kendramlo perigaadu, idhi athani bhavishyat abhipraayaalanu prabhaavitam chesindi. chesindi kaalekki sivil injaneering chadavadaaniki warsa polytechniclo cheraadu. athanu chaalaa samarthudaina vidyaarthi mariyu rendava-sthaayi vakrarekhalo geesina shatkonaniki sambandhinchi pascal siddhaantam yokka saadhaaraneekarananu lanchanaprayamga chesadu kaalekki daanini 2n vaipula bahubhujaaniki saadhaaraneekarinchaadu.
athani tandri oka chinna vastra karmagaranni kolpoyinanduna, kaalekki ganakudigaa udyogam pondavalasi vachindi; warsa loe thana modati samvatsaramlo athanu chedurumaduru udyogaalanu konasaginchadu. injaneering modati samvatsaram puurti chesina taruvaata, sainika sevanu puurti cheyadaaniki 1918 nundi 1921 varaku thana chaduvulaku antaraayam kaliginchaalsi vachindi. sainyanni vidichipettina taruvaata athanu gdansk polytechniclo cheraadu, akkada athanu 1923 varaku unnadu, conny kutumba aardhika paristhiti kaaranamgaa graduation puurti cheyadaaniki mundu samsthanu vidichipettavalasi vachindi.
eee samvatsaraallo ayana anadhikarikamga unnappatikee, modata aardhika saastraanni aasrayinchaaru. athanu ekkuvagaa "saampradaayetara" rachanalanu, mukhyamgaa mikhail tugan-baranowski mariyu rosa luxemberg rachanalanu chadivaadu. konni samvatsaraala taruvaata avi pettubadidaarii vyavastha yokka sambhaavya vruddhiki sambandhinchina ayana rachanalalo konnintini prabhaavitam chesaayi.
puurti samayam udyoga marketloki pravesinchavalasi vacchina kaalekki manchi kosam thana adhikaarika chaduvunu vidichipettadu. athani modati pani credit korukune companyla daetaanu sekarinchadam. idhe kaalamlo ayana oka vaartaapatrikanu praarambhinchadaaniki viphala prayatnam chesaaru, conny badulugaa ippatike unna rendu patrikalu, "polska gospodarja" ('economic polland') mariyu "prajeglad gospodarji" ('dhi economic review') kosam vyasalu rayadam muginchaaru. bahusha eee vyasalanu vraasetappudu athanu anubhavika samacharanni pondadamlo mariyu vislaeshimchadamloe naipunhyaalanu pondadam praarambhinchaadu, taruvaata daanini athanu thana vruttiparamaina rachanalalo upayoginchaadu.
upayoginchaadu kaalekee warsa loe vyapara chakralu mariyu dharalapai parisoedhana samsthalo ("institut badania koniyankur gospodorgic ii seen") udyogam kosam darakhaastu chesukunnadu mariyu ganaamkaalanu upayoginchagala saamarthyam kaaranamgaa akkada udyogam pondaadu. ayana akkada edu samvatsaraalu nivasinchaaru. 1930 juun 18naa ayana adhaa sjternfeldnu vivaham chesukunnaru. institute loe athanu ludwick landou nuu kalusukunnadu, athani ganaamkaala parignaanam kaalekki yokka panini prabhaavitam chesindi. athani modati prachuranalu aacharanaatmakamainavi mariyu sthuula parimaanaala madhya sambandhaalanu yerparachukovadamlo nimagnamai undevi. aneka tadupari rachanalanu oohinchina modati vyaasam vyaasam henrique bran anae maaruperuto "presglad sokjalistikjni" ('soshalistu review') patrikalo prachurinchabadindi. aardhika maandyam samayamlo vaetanaala kotha prabhavam gurinchi eee vyaasam vivarinchindi.
kaaleki mariyu keynes yokka viplavam 1933-1939.
october kaalekki "proba teori koniyankaturi" ('vyapara chakram siddhaantam yokka prayatnam') anae vyasanni raasaaru, idhi athani jeevitaantam athani aalochanalo aadhipatyam chelaayinchina aneka samasyalanu okachota cherchindi. vyaasamlo kaalekki modatisaarigaa vyapara chakraala samagra siddhaantaanni abhivruddhi chesaaru. kaagitamlo samarpinchina samarthavanthamaina demand yokka sthuula aardhika siddhaantam yokka punaadulu moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata zaan maynard keynes "upaadhi, vaddii mariyu dabbu yokka saadhaarana siddhaantam" loe prachurinchina ilanti aalochanalanu oohinchaayi. laurence clain (1951) prakaram, kaalekki "itara sahakaaraalato paatu keynesian vyavasthalo mukhyamaina pratidee kaligi unna vyavasthanu srushtinchindi". vyaasam yokka 1966 aangla anuvaadam parichayamlo, john robinson ilaa vraasaaru "daani padunaina mariyu kendrikruta prakatana upaadhi, vaddii mariyu dabbu yokka saadhaarana siddhaantaaniki inca utpatti cheyabadina daanikante merugaina parichayaanni andistundi."
ayana rachanala gurinchi telisina koddimandi aardhikavettalu (mukhyamgaa aardhikavettalu) minaha, kalekki rachanalu, modata polish bhaashalo, gurtimpu pondadamlo viphalamayyayi. october october ayana leadenloni international econometrics associationku thana vyasanni chadivi, chadivi daanini rendu pradhana patrikalalo prachurinchaaruh "review dii econometric politic" mariyu "econometric". yea patrika paatakulanuu pratyaekamgaa aakattukoledu, conny eee vyaasam ragner frish mariyu zaan tinbergen vanti pramukha aardhikavettala nundi anukuulamaina vyakhyalanu andukundi.
prayatnistunnaaru landoutho sahaa thana sahacharulapai institute off research teesukunna raajakeeya prerepita charyalanu kaalekki nirasinchaaru. kaalekee rajinama chesi, rockfeller foundation yokka travelling phelowship manjuru cheyabadi, videshaalalo panicheyadaaniki vellaadu. athanu pheloshipnu pondakapothe, yuddham polandlo kaalekkini pattukuni undedi, mariyu athani yoodu muulaalanu batti choosthe, athanu bahusha batiki undevaadu kaadu.
eee scholarship valla kaalekki thana bhaaryatho kalisi sweedanku prayaaninchadaaniki veelu kaligindi, ikkada nutt vixel anucharulu kaalekki maadirigaane oka siddhaantaanni lanchanaprayamga roopondinchadaaniki prayatnistunnaaru. prayatnistunnaaru sweedanlo keynes yokka "saadhaarana siddhaantam" prachurana gurinchi telusukunnaru. kaalekee taanu gatamlo abhivruddhi chesina aardhika aalochanala samagra vivaranapai pani chestu unnadu, conny athanu cheppaboye vaatilo chaalaa varaku keynes pustakamlo kanugonnanduna, athanu thana paniki antaraayam kaliginchi ingland vellaadu. ayana modata london school off ekanaamiksnu sandarsinchaaru, aaa taruvaata cambridgeku vellaaru. aaa vidhamgaa richard cohn, john robinson mariyu piero sraafaalatoe athani sneham praarambhamaindi, idhi vaarandaripai cheragani mudra vesindi. vesindi kaalekee keynesnu kalisaaru. samavesam challaga undhi mariyu keynes dhooramgaa undipoyaaru. vaari rachanalalo vaaru saadhinchina teermaanaalu chaalaa saruupyamgaa unnappatikee, vaari paatralu marinta bhinnamgaa undakapovachhu. kaalekki tanaku prachuranaku praadhaanyata undani perkonadamlo dayatho nirlakshyam chesaadu. john robinson ilaa perkonnaduh
taruvaata kaalekki ellappuduu "keynesian viplavam" anedi aardhika saastramlo udyamaaniki tagina paeru anie angeekarinchaadu, endukante athanu keynes yokka sthirapadina sthaanam yokka praamukhyatanu, keynes anubhavinchina gurtimpu mariyu pramotionlo athani nirnayaatmaka paatranu grahinchi, chivariki kalekki maargadarsakatvam vahinchina aalochanalanu angeekarinchaadu.
angeekarinchaadu kaalekki thana atyanta mukhyamaina rachanalalo okataina "aardhika hecchutaggula siddhaantamlo vyasalu" raasaaru. ayana bhavana samvatsaraalugaa marinappatiki, kalekian aardhika saastramlooni anni mukhyamaina amsaalu ippatike eee rachanalo unnaih oka konamlo ayana tadupari prachuranalu ikkada pratipaadinchina aalochanalapai kevalam vivaranalanu kaligi untaayi.
kaalekee saadhaaranamgaa keynesian viplavam gurinchi utsaahamgaa unnappatikee, thana vyaasam "puurti upaadhi yokka raajakeeya amsaalu" loe, anatol kaletsky ippativaraku prachurinchina atyanta puurvabhaava aardhika patraalalo okatigaa paerkonnaadu, adhi nilabadadani athanu anchanaa vaesaadu. keynesian vidhanam dwara andinche puurti upaadhi chivariki marinta drudamaina kaarmika vargaaniki daariteestundani, vyapara nayakula saamaajika sthaanaanni balaheenaparustundani, "lices-fair" vyavastha kinda labhalu ekkuvagaa unnappatikee, unnatavargaalu vaari raajakeeya shakti ksheeninchataaniki pratispandinchi, aaa vidhananni sthaanabhramsham cheyamani balavantam chestayani kaalekki viswasinchaadu.
rendava prapancha yuddham samvatsaraaluh 1939-1945.
1940 praarambhamlo oxford institute off statistics (ois) dwara kaalekki niyaminchabaddaadu. akkada athani udyogam pradhanamgaa yuddha aardhika vyavastha nirvahana gurinchi british prabhutvaaniki ganaanka mariyu aardhika vislaeshanha rayadam. appudappudu ayana oxford vishwavidhyaalayamlo upanyaasaalu icchaaru. prabhutvam kosam tayaaru chesina vistrutamaina nivedikalu pradhanamgaa vastuvula rationing gurinchi, mariyu athanu abhivruddhi chesina pathakam rationing pravesapettinappudu taruvaata avalambinchina vidhaanaalaku chaalaa daggaragaa undhi. georg feavel prakaram, "yuddha kaalam gurinchi kaalekki chesina rachanalu arhata kante chaalaa takkuvagaa telusu".
kaalekki yokka aneka yuddhakaala vastuvulu dravyolbananiki ankitam cheyabaddaayi. dharala adhikaarika niyantrana dwara, prabhutva vaetana sthireekarana (vaetanaala stambhimpajeyadam) dwara dravyolbanaanni anachiveyadaaniki prabhutvam chestunna prayatnaalaku vyatiraekamgaa, aardhika praatipadikana, prati sandarbhamlo aardhika rationingnu (mukhyamgaa vaetana sthireekarana karyakramam kante puurti rationing vyavastha) sifaarasu chestu ayana vaadinchaaru.
kaalekki yokka konni pradhana rachanalu eee kaalamlo vrayabaddayi. chepparu ayana rendu vyasalanu roopondinchaaru, okati saampradaaya vyapara chakra siddhaantaaniki kotta cherpulatho vyavaharistundi, mariyu okati raajakeeya sanghatanala valla kalige vyapara chakraala gurinchi thana puurtigaa asalu siddhaantaanni pradarsistundi. rendodi rendodi prachurinchabadindi mariyu puurti upaadhi praatipadikana roopondinchabadindi. idhi kaalekki mariyu ois vadda athani sahacharulu chesina adhyayanala sankalanam, vaaru kaalekki 'dwara balamgaa prabhaavitamayyaaru.
prabhaavitamayyaaru kaalekki thana pratibhanu taginantagaa prasamsimchalaedani bhaavinchi oisnu vidichipettadu. athanu thana pani gurinchi goppa vinayanni pradarsinchaadu mariyu adhika jeetam aasinchaledu, conny athani valasa hodha kaaranamgaa vivakshaku gurainanduku badhapaddadu. ayana marinta senior hodaaku niyaminchabadakapovadaaniki oka kaaranam, ayana british subject kaavadaaniki darakhaastu chesukoledu.
yuddhaanantara samvatsaraaluh 1945-1955.
kaalekee kontakaalam paris vellaadu, taruvaata montriyalku vellaadu, akkada athanu antarjaateeya kaarmika karyalayamlo padihenu nelalu panicheesaadu. 1946 joolailo aardhika mantritva saakha kendra pranaalika kaaryaalayaaniki naayakatvam vahinchamani polish prabhutvam icchina ahvaanaanni ayana angeekarinchaaru, conny konni nelala taruvaata ayana vellipoyaaru. 1946 chivari natiki, ayana newyorkloni aikyaraajyasamiti sachivalayam yokka aardhika vyavahaaraala vibhaagamlo deputy directorga baadhyatalu sweekarinchaaru. pradhanamgaa prapancha aardhika nivedikalanu siddham chestu, 1955 varaku ayana akkade unnaaru. mccarthist ottidi phalitamgaa kaaleki aaa padaviki rajinama chesaaru. raajakeeya kaaranaala valla atanni sikshinchaarani vaadinchaaru (arhata laeni aardhika pranaalikakarta vaikhari ataniki aapaadinchabadindi). senator joseph makkarthi yokka mantragatte vetatho athanu niraasaku gurayyadu, endukante athani sannihitulu chaalaa mandhi neerugaa prabhaavitamayyaaru. us senatelo communism maddatudaarugaa khandinchabadina kaalekee, chivariki uslo vruttiparamaina vijayanni saadhinchadamlo viphalamayyaadu (athanu akkada bhavishyat post-keynesianlanu prabhaavitam chesinappatiki), inglandlo kakunda, akkada ataniki pedda falloying undhi mariyu mukhyamgaa athani snehitudu john robinson maddatu icchaadu.
communistu pollandlo 1955-1968.
1955-1968 kaalekki polandku tirigi vacchaadu, mallee ennadoo videshaalalo ekkuva kaalam panicheyaledu. samajikamga prayojanakaramgaa unde samskaranalalo palgone avakaasam labhistundani aasatoe, pettubadidaarii vidhaanaala valla vachhe badhalanu socialism nivaaristundani ayana vishwasinchaaru. ayana mantrivarga kaaryaalayaaniki aardhika salahadaruga ayyaru. ayyaru ayana kendra drukpatha pranaalika commissionku chairmanga niyamitulayyaaru. eee drukpatha pranaalika 1961 nundi 1975 varaku kaalaparimitilo undhi, praathamikamgaa soshalistu aardhika vyavasthalalo kaalekki yokka vruddhi siddhaantaala aacharanaatmaka amalu anie ardham. ayithe, kaalekki roopondinchina tudi pranaalikanu boardu sabhyulu otamipadinatlugaa kottipaaresaaru. appudu paristhitulu marinta digajarai, dheeniki sambandhinchinadi feavel
ippatikee thana prabhutva niyamakalalo konnintini kaligi unna kaalekee thana migilina vruttiparamaina jeevitaanni bodhana mariyu parisoedhanaloo gadiparu, 1956 nundi vishwavidyaalaya professorga (central school off planning und statistics mariyu warsa vishwavidyaalayam) mariyu 1957 nundi polish academy off sciences sabhyudiga. sabhyudiga, athanu ascar aarr thoo paatu moodava prapancha saamaajika aardhika samasyalapai oka seminaarnu darsakatvam cheyadam praarambhinchaadu. long mariyu sjesla bobrowski. warsa vishwavidyaalayam mariyu school off planning und statistics samyuktamgaa nirvahistunna abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo aardhika samasyala vibhagam sthaapana mariyu paniteerulo ayana keelaka paatra pooshinchaaru.
1968 polish raajakeeya sankshobham talettinappudu, kaalekki thana sahodyogulalo chaalaa mandini prabhaavitam chesina yoodula vyatiraeka tolagimpulu mariyu kaalpula alalaku nirasanaga padavee viramana chesaaru.
ayana eee kaalanni ganita adhyayanaaniki kooda ankitam chesaaru. kontavaraku idhi ayana chinnatanamlo unna aasakti konasagimpu mariyu pascal siddhaantam saadhaaraneekarinchabadindi. athani parisoedhanalu ippudu sankhya siddhaantam mariyu sambhaavyatapai kendrikrutamai unnaayi. ganitamlo kaalekki yokka nimagnata aardhika vidhaanamlo thana deshaaniki sahayam cheyadaaniki adhikaram lekapovadam valla kalige teevra niraasanu tagginchadaaniki sahaayapadindi.
padavee viramanalo 1968-1970.
kaalekee parisoedhanaa kathanaalu rayadam konasaginchadu. konasaginchadu ayana chivarisariga cambridgenu sandarsinchinappudu, ayana debbadiva puttinarojunu jarupukunnaru. vividha saamaajika vyavasthala krinda vruddhi siddhaantaalapai kaalekee vishwavidyaalaya upanyaasam icchaaru, aaa taruvaata ayana thana vaadanala drudatvaaniki, alaage thana jeevitamlooni mottam pathaaniki entho prasamsalu andukunnaru.
pettubadidaarii aardhika vyavasthanu niyantrinche chattaala parignaanam prajalanu marinta sampannulugaa, santoshamgaa, teesukunna aardhika nirnayaalaku sambandhinchi marinta baadhyataayutamgaa maarustundani keynes chepparu. raajakeeya vyapara chakram (prabhutvaalu paristhitulanu tama prayojanaaniki balavantam cheyagalavu) anae aalochana vyatiraeka disalo suuchistunnatlu anipistundani vaadistuu, kaalekki eee abhiprayanni vyatiraekimchaaru. athanu peddayyaaka, kaalekki eee vishayanni marintagaa oppinchaadu, mariyu maanavatvam gurinchi athani drukpatham marinta niraasaavaadamgaa maarindi.
maikhel kaalekee 1970 april 18naa 70 samvatsaraala vayasulo maraninchaadu, raajakeeya parinaamaalatoe teevra niraasaku gurainappatikee, aardhika saastraaniki ayana chesina aneka moulika rachanala viluvanu gurtinchenta kaalam jeevinchaadu. fevel kaalekki jeevitam yokka saraamsaanni eee krindi vidhamgaa vraasaaru
aardhika saastraaniki thodpaatu.
nepathyam mariyu avalokanam.
kaalekee aneka saiddhaantika aardhika nirmaanaalanu rachinchinappatikii, aardhika saastrampai athani aasakti vidyaaparamaina daanikante aacharanaatmakamainadi mariyu injaneering, journalism, credit investigation, ganaamkaala vadakam mariyu vyapara karyakalapala pariseelanaloo athani pani phalitamgaa undhi. puurti samayam vishwavidyaalaya bodhana, dheeniki aayanaku adhikaarika arhatalu (degree) laevu, athanu thana kereerlo chivari padamudu samvatsaraalalo matrame chesaadu. athanu nairoopya parisoedhananu dhikkarinchaadu mariyu zaan tinbergen yokka aardhikasaastra vyapara chakram panini vimarsinchadaaniki keynes ahvaanaanni tiraskarinchaadu, dheeni kosam ataniki ganaanka siddhaantam gurinchi lothaina ghnaanam kooda undadu.
pradhana aardhika vruddhi namuunaalu aadarsavantamaina "lices-fair" pettubadidaarii vidhanam oohapai nirminchabaddaayi mariyu prabhutva rangam yokka keelakamaina mariyu anubhavapuurvakamgaa pradarsinchadagina paatra, rashtra jokyam mariyu rashtra mariyu private rangaala madhya paraspara charyanu sarigga parigananaloki teesukoledani kaalekki nokki chepparu.
chepparu kaalekki ilaa vraasaadu '... "karmagaralalo kramasikshana" mariyu "raajakeeya sthirathvam" laabhaala kante vyapara nayakulu ekkuvagaa mecchukuntaaru. vaari varga pravrutti vaari drukkonam nundi shaashwata puurti upaadhi anedi asamanjasamainadani mariyu nirudyogam saadhaarana pettubadidaarii vyavasthalo antarbhaagamani vaariki chebutundi.'anduvalla pettubadidaarulu prabhutva jokyam mariyu kharchulanu mottam aardhika paniteerupai vaari "vishwaasa sthithi" nii tagginche "lices-fair" kuu antarayaluga parimitam cheyalanukuntunnaru, aayudha vyayam mariyu aayudha vyayam peragadaaniki daariteese vidhanalu minaha (chivari amsam amsam mallii nokki cheppabadindi).
kaalekki yokka aardhika vyavastha, keynes kante marinta spashtamgaa mariyu kramabaddhamgaa, physiocrat francois kwesneki tirigi vellae aadaaya vruttaakaara pravaham suutrampai aadharapadi undhi. aaa suutram prakaram, aadaayam anedi vanarula marpidi (muuladhanam ledhaa shrama) dwara kakunda, vyaya nirnayaala dwara nirnayinchabadutundi. pettubadidaarii aardhika vyavasthalo, utpatti mariyu upaadhi sthaayilu (aardhika samatulyata) pradhanamgaa vyapara samsthala (vyapara chakraniki keelakamaina chodaka) pettubadi parimaanam dwara nirnayinchabadataayani, dhara mariyu vaetana vasyata dwara kaadani kaalekki mariyu keynes paerkonnaaru. podupulu pettubadula dwara nirnayinchabadataayi, maroe vidhamgaa kaadu. ricardian, marxian mariyu neoclassical aardhika saastraaniki viruddhamgaa, adhika vaetanaalu puurti upaadhiki daariteestaayani kaalekki nokki chepparu. athani dravya siddhaantam nott vixel yokka vyapara chakra siddhaantamlo paatukupoyindi. 19va sataabdapu raajakeeya aardhika vyavasthalo quesney yokka vruttaakaara aadaaya pravaham apakeerti chendindi, dharalu marakam nirnayaalanu ekikrutam chestayane aalochana punjukundi, conny joseph schumpeter chetha punaruddharinchabadindi, athanu icchina kaalamlo mottam aardhika prakriyapai samagra avagahana pondadaaniki aadaayam yokka vruttaakaara pravahanni (aardhika chakram yokka gurtimpu) samagra karakamga pariganinchaalsina avasaranni etthi chuupaaru. aardhika saastramlo navaudaaravaada aadhipatyam mariyu aardhika samatulyata dharala dwara nirvachinchabadina daani pradhana pravaham raavadamtho eee suutram mallee vismarinchabadindi. 19va sataabdam chivari nundi prabalamgaa unna vyapara chakram gurinchi kaalekki siddhaantam "saadhaarana samatulya sthuula aardhika saastraaniki atyanta teevramaina savaluga" migilipoyindani aardhikavetta zaan toporovsky annaru. aardhika mariyu dravya uddeepana vidhaanaalanu konasaginche prabhutva saamarthyam ledhaa puurti upaadhi kosam vyapara maddatu gurinchi kaalekki kante ekkuva sandeham undedi.
keynes maadirigaane, kaalekki kooda demand nirvahanaku sambandhinchinadi. kaalekki demandnu uttejapariche moodu maargaalanu vaeru chesaru prabhutvam private pettubadula kosam paristhitulanu meruguparachadam dwara (idhi prajalaku samayam teesukune mariyu bhaaram), laabhaala nundi vaetanaalaku aadaayaanni punahpampinii cheyadam dwara, mariyu upaadhi mariyu demandnu svayamchaalakamgaa penche prabhutva pettubadi dwara.
kaalekki abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaala samasyalalo nimagnamai unnadu. vaari paarisraamikeekarana bhuu samskaranalu, bhuu yajamaanulu, madhyataragati prajala pannulapai aadharapadi undani ayana vaadinchaaru. aardhika aadhuneekarananu uttejaparachadamlo videshee pratyaksha pettubadula saanukuula paatra gurinchi ayana sandehinchaaru. soviet kootami yokka kendra pranaalikaabaddhamaina saamyavaada aardhika vyavasthalapai kooda kaalekeetho kalisi panichesina polish aardhikavetta oskar lange, aayananu "vamapaksha keynesian" gaa abhivarninchaaru.
toporovsky prakaram, kaalekki yokka dravya siddhaantam pratyeka praamukhyata kaligi undhi. keynes maadirigaa kakunda, kaalekki runaanni pettubadidaarii aardhika vyavasthalo aardhika ganana yokka praathamika vyavasthagaa pariganinchaadu, vaanijya byaankulu mariyu kendra byaanku madhya chellimpula clearinga matrame kaadu. dravya vidhananni vyapara chakraniki antarnirmitamgaa, vaddii raetu mariyu kendra bankerla runa vidhaanampai kakunda vyapara pettubadulapai aadharapadi ayana chuusaaru. pakshika samatulya vidhananni anusarinchina keynes maadirigaa kakunda, kaalekki aardhika gatiseelata vyapara chakraniki paryaayapadamgaa undhi, ikkada "aadaaya vruttaakaara pravaham oka kaalam nundi maroka kaalaaniki sanchita maarpulanu srushtistundi". aardhika siddhaantaalanu nirminchadaaniki ledhaa suuchimchina kaaryaacharana maargaalaku mundu, abhivruddhi chendina mariyu abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo vaastavaaniki panichese pettubadidaarii vidhanam yokka vislaeshanha avasaranni kaalekki mariyu lange nokki chepparu. pettubadidaarii samsthala gurinchi kaaleki chesina adhyayanaalalo vaari aardhika, pettubadi namuunaalu mariyu pettubadulanu prabhaavitam chese amsaalu, aardhika marketla abhivruddhi, suukshma aardhika paristhitulu mariyu prabhutva aardhika jokyalu vantivi unnaayi.
labha sameekaranamu.
kaalekki thana jeevitakaalamlo raasina aardhika saahityam chaalaa peddadi. thana vyasalalo chaalaa varaku athanu adhe vishayaalaku (vyapara chakralu, pettubadini nirnayinchevi, saamyavaada pranaalika) tirigi vachinappatikee, athanu tarachugaa konchem asaadhaaranamaina konam nundi mariyu asalu rachanalatho chesaadu.
kaalekki yokka atyanta prasiddha sahakaram athani labha sameekaranamu. marxian aardhikavettala nundi prarambha prabhavalu vacchina kaalekki, laabhaala parimaanam mariyu pettubadidaarii samaajamlo vaati bhagaswamyam pariganinchavalasina mukhyamaina amsaalu anie bhaavinchaaru. migulu viluva raetu ledhaa muuladhanam yokka sendriya kuurpu (mariyu laabhaala mottam dhorani gurinchi anchanaa kooda) vanti sambandhaalapai carle marks chesina pani nundi idhi anusarinchindi. ayithe, icchina kaalamlo mottam laabhaala parimaanam gurinchi marks ardhavantamaina prakatana cheyalekapoyadu.
kaaleki eee sambandhaanni chaalaa sankshiptamgaa, sogasaina mariyu sahajamaina reetilo pondaaru. athanu saralikaranalu cheyadam dwara praarambhistaadu, taruvaata athanu kramamga tolagistaadu. eee anchanaalu
eee oohalatho kaalekki eee krindi accounting gurtimpunu pondutundihi
suutram _ 1 anedi sthuula laabhaala parimaanam (labhalu mariyu tarugudala), suutram _ 2 anedi mottam vaetanaala parimaanam, suutram _ 3 anedi pettubadidaarula viniyogam, suutram _ 4 anedi kaarmikula viniyogam mariyu suutram _ 5 anedi aardhika vyavasthalo chesina sthuula pettubadi. podupu cheyani kaarmikulu (antey munupati sameekaranamlo suutram _ 6) anie manamu bhaavinchaamu kabatti, manamu rendu padaalanu saralikrutam chesi, ikkadiki cherukovachhuh
idhi laabhaala yokka prasiddha sameekaranam, idhi labhalu pettubadi mariyu pettubadidaarula viniyogam mottaaniki samanamani chebutundi.
eee samayamlo, kaalekki eee sameekaranaaniki rendu vaipula madhya kaarana sambandhaanni nirnayistundih pettubadidaarula viniyogam mariyu pettubadi laabhaalanu ledhaa laabhaalanu nirnayistaya, badulugaa pettubadidaarula viniyogam mariyu pettubadini nirnayistaya? kaaleki ilaa antaadu,
munupati sambandhaanni intaku mundu chuudani vyaktiki, pareekshinchinappudu, idhi kontavaraku viruddhamgaa anipinchavacchu. pettubadidaarulu ekkuva viniyogiste, samvatsaram chivarilo vaari vadda unna nidhula mottam takkuvagaa undaali. ayithe, oka pettubadidaarudi viniyogam maroka pettubadidaarudi labhalalo bhaagamavutunnanduna, eee tarkam, vyaktigata vyavasthaapakudiki spashtamgaa, mottam vyapara vargaaniki vartinchadu. oka vidhamgaa, "vaaru tama vidhini nirvartinche yajamaanulu".
munupati sameekaranamlo manam pettubadidaarula viniyogaanni edama vaipuku taraliste, sameekaranam ilaa avtundi
labhalu mainus pettubadidaarula viniyogam aardhika vyavasthalo mottam podupu (suutram _ 7), endukante kaarmikulu podupu cheyaru. munupati kaarana sambandham ippatikee vartistundi, mariyu pettubadi nundi podupu varaku velutundi. antey, pettubadini nirnayinchina tarvaata mottam podupulu nirnayinchabadataayi. anduvalla, oka vidhamgaa, pettubadi taginanta vanarulanu utpatti chestundi. "pettubadi aardhikamgaa untundi", tadwara podupu mariyu pettubadi madhya samaanatvam munupati aardhikavettalu bhaavinchinatlugaa etuvanti vaddii raetu yantraangam valla jaragadu.
chivaraku, asalu sameekaranam yokka oohalanu manam tolaginchavachhuh aardhika vyavastha bahirangamgaa undavacchu, prabhutva rangam undavacchu mariyu kaarmikulanu edainaa aadaa cheyadaaniki anumatinchavacchu. phalitamgaa vachhe sameekaranamh
eee namoonaalo mottam labhalu (esaari nikara pannulu) antey pettubadidaarula viniyogam, pettubadi, praja lotu, nikara bahya migulu (egumatulu mainus digumatulu) mainus kaarmikula podupu.
aadaaya pampineeni vivarinchadaaniki prayatninche mundu, kaalekki thana laabhaala saralikruta sameekaranamlo konni pravartanaa anchanaalanu parichayam chestaadu. ataniki, pettubadi anedi vivarinchadaaniki kashtamaina aneka kaarakaala kalayika dwara nirnayinchabadutundi, ivi bahirgatamgaa pariganinchabadataayi. pettubadidaarula viniyogaaniki sambandhinchi, saralikruta roopam eee krindi sameekaranam anie ayana bhavistaruh
antey, pettubadidaarula viniyogam anedi sthiramaina bhaagam (swatantra bhaagam), suutram _ 8 anae padam, laabhaala yokka anulomaanupaatamlo vataa, suutram _ 9 anae padam meeda aadharapadi untundi, dheenini pettubadidaarula viniyogaaniki upanta pravrutti anie pilustaaru. eee viniyoga function labha sameekaranamlo pratyaamnaayam cheyabadithe, manaku ivi unnaih
suutram _ 10 paramgaa vyakteekarinchabadinadi, idhi istundih
paina perkonna taarumaaru yokka prayojanam emitante, memu rendu aadaaya nirnayakaalanu (pettubadidaarula viniyogam mariyu pettubadi) okadaaniki (pettubadi) matrame tagginchaamu.
aadaaya pampinhee mariyu vaetanaala vataa sthirathvam.
vyapara chakra siddhaantaanni roopondinchadaaniki kaalekki chesina prayatnaalaku aadaaya pampinhee maroka stambham. idhi cheyataaniki, parisramalu asampuurnamgaa potipade marketlalo, mukhyamgaa alpajanyu marketlalo pootii padathaayani, ikkada samsthalu tama chararashi sagatu kharchulapai (mudi padaarthaalu, dukaanamloo panichese udyogula vaetanaalu) oka nirdishta mottamlo labhanni pondadaaniki, vaari ovar head kharchulanu (senior management mariyu administrationku jeetaalu) bharinchadaaniki markup chestayani kaalekki bhaavistundi. guttadhipatya sthaayini batti ledhaa companylu demand chesina parimaanamlo taggimpu kaliginchakundaa dharanu penchagala soulabhyaanni batti samsthalu nirnayinche markup ekkuvagaa ledhaa takkuvagaa untundi.
dheenini eee krindi sameekaranamlo sangrahinchavachhuh
suutram _ 11 mariyu suutram _ 12 labhalu mariyu vaetanaalu ayithe, suutram _ 13 mottam aardhika vyavasthaku sagatu markup, suutram _ 14 mudi padaarthaala dhara mariyu suutram _ 15 mottam jeetaalu (idhi vaetanaala nundi vaeru cheyali, chararaasula dwara suuchimchabadutumdi, ayithe jeetaalu sthiramgaa pariganinchabadataayi). eee sameekaranam jaateeya aadaayamlo vaetana vatanu pondadaaniki manaku veelu kalpistundi. manamu rendu sabhyula suutram _ 12 kii jodinchi, okadaanni maroka vaipuku pampithe, manakuh
manam prati vaipu suutram _ 12 thoo guninchi, maroka padaaniki paas chesthe, manaku untundih
ledah
ikkada suutram _ 18 anedi jaateeya aadaayamlo vaetana vataa mariyu suutram _ 19 anedi mudi padaarthaala dhara mariyu vaetanaala madhya sambandham. jaateeya aadaayamlo vaetana vataa pratikuulamgaa markup mariyu mudi padaarthaala kharchulu mariyu vaetanaala sambandhampai aadharapadi untundi.
eee samayamlo vyapara chakramlo vaetana vaataaku emi jarugutundo telusukovadamlo kaalekki aasakti kaligi untaadu. maandyam samayamlo, laabhaala patanaanni edurkovataniki samsthalu tamalo taamu sahakarinchukuntaayi, kabatti guttadhipatya sthaayi perugutundi mariyu idhi maarkapnu penchutundi. suutram _ 20 paramiti paiki velutundi. edemaina, maandyam samayamlo demand lekapovadam valla mudi padaarthaala dhara taggutundi, kabatti formula _ 19 paramiti taggutundi. eee vaadana vruddhi samayamlo samaruupamgaa untundih mudi padaarthaala dharalu perugutaayi (formula _ 19 paramiti perugutundi), ayithe perigina upaadhi sthaayi kaaranamgaa unionla balam guttadhipatya sthaayini mariyu tadwara markup sthaayini taggistundi. mugimpu emitante, α paramiti vyapara chakramlo daadaapu sthiramgaa untundi.
chivaraga, aardhika vyavastha yokka mottam utpattini nirnayinche sameekaranam manaku avasaramh
antey labhalu mariyu jeetaala vataa anedi vaetanaala vaataaku puurti anie ardham. suutram _ 23 kosam parishkaram istundih
ippudu manaku mottam utpattini nirnayinchadaaniki avasaramaina moodu bhagalu unnaih laabhaala sameekaranam, aadaaya pampinhee siddhaantam mariyu utpattini labhalu mariyu aadaaya pampinheetho anusandhaaninche sameekaranam. idhi manam intaku mundu pondina suutram _ 1 kosam vyakteekarananu pratyaamnaayam cheyadaaniki matrame migili undih
munupati sameekaranam prabhutva rangam laeni closed systemlo aadaaya nirdhaarananu chooputundi. idhi utpatti puurtigaa pettubadi dwara nirnayinchabadutundani choopistundi. oka vyavadhi nundi maroka vyavadhiki avtput elaa maarutundi? suutram _ 25 mariyu suutram _ 26 sthiraamkaalu anie manam oohinchinanta varaku, paina perkonna suutram gunakam varaku vastundih
anduvalla pettubadi parimaanamlo maarpula kaaranamgaa utpatti mariyu vyapara chakramlo maarpu samasya undhi. pettubadidaarii aardhika vyavasthalo hecchutaggulaku kaaranaalanu manam kanugonaalsinadi pettubadilone anie idhi anusaristundi.
pettubadula nirnayinche amsaalu.
paie vaadana pettubadidaarii vyavasthalo pettubadi pooshinchina keelaka paatranu pradarsistundi. baga perkonna pettubadi kaaryaacharananu kanugonadam pettubadidaarii aardhika vyavasthalo aneka samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. eee amsaanni kaalekki sudeerghakaalam paatu pariseelinchaaru, mariyu athanu thana parishkaaraalato eppuduu puurtigaa santrupti chendaledu. endukante pettubadi nirnayaalanu nirnayinche amsaalu bahulamgaa untaayi mariyu ellappuduu spashtamgaa undavu.
eee krindi vidhamgaa kaalekki thana oka pustakamlo icchina parishkaram undhi.
vyapara chakraala adhyayanamlo kaalekki yokka pettubadi paniteeru eee krindi vidhamgaa untundih
ikkada formula _ 27 anedi sthira mooladhanamlo pettubadi nirnayaala mottam, formula _ 28, formula _ 29 mariyu formula _ 30 anevi sarala sambandhaanni perkone paaraamitulu, formula _ 31 anedi deerghakaalamlo maragala sthiraamkam, formula _ 1 anedi labhalu, formula _ 7 anedi samstha utpatti chese sthuula podupu, mariyu formula _ 34 anedi sthira muuladhana stock. pettubadi nirnayaalu samstha utpatti chese podupu, laabhaala maarpu raetu, deerghakaalika maarpulaku lobadi unde sthiraamkam mariyu sthira muuladhanam perugudalapai pratikuulamgaa aadharapadi untaayani sameekaranam choopistundi.
paina perkonna sameekaranam chakralanu swayamgaa utpatti cheyagaladu. vruddhi chendutunna samayamlo, samsthalu ekkuva nagadu pravahanni utpatti cheyagalavu mariyu labhalalo perugudalanu aasvaadinchagalavu. ayithe, muuladhana pettubadi kosam arderla perugudala muuladhana stock nuu penchutundi, ekkuva pettubadulu pettadam laabhadaayakam kaadu. chivariki, pettubadi sthaayilalo vaividhyaalu vyapara chakralanu srushtistaayi. kaaleki ilaa chebutaru
prabhavam.
1990la modati ardhabhaagamlo, oxford vishwavidyaalaya patrika "maikhal kaalekki yokka sekarinchina rachanala" 7 samputaalanu prachurinchindi, aayananu "20va sataabdapu atyanta vishishta aardhikavettalalo okarigaa paerkonnadi."ayana rachanalalo chaalaa varaku eee sekaranalo modatisaarigaa aanglamloki anuvadinchabaddaayi.
kaalekki yokka rachanalu cambridge (yuke) post-keynesianlaku, mukhyamgaa john robinson, nicolus culder mariyu richard emm. kuu prerananichaayi. goodwin, alaage aadhunika american post-keynesian aardhikavettalu.
gamanikalu.
"aaa."british aardhikavetta zaan toporovsky" "pettubadidaarii taragati yokka raajakeeya, saamaajika mariyu aardhika saktini addukovadam valla vanarula hetubaddhamaina viniyogaanni bhadraparachukovadamlo pettubadidaarii vidhanam asamarthatha" "gurinchi matladaru, eee drugvishayaanni kaalekee jagrattagaa tarkabaddhamaina vislaeshanhaloo vivarinchaadu, prastutam saadhaaranamgaa aacharinche pakshapaatam, anyayam ledhaa chedu vishwaasam aaropanalanu aasrayinchakundaa".
"bii."toporovsky prakaram, aardhika vrutti ippudu siddhaantaalatoe tamanu taamu gurtinche aalochanaa vidhanaluga vibhajinchabadindi, avi prasninchani" "praadhaanyata" "suutraala samiti". 21va sataabdamloo manam kalekki yokka bhaavanalanu mariyu sthuula aardhika vislaeshanha yokka samagra karakamga aadaaya vruttaakaara pravaham yokka niyamanni takshaname punaruddharinchaalsina avasaram undani toporovsky annaru. ivi lenanduna, aardhikavettalu dhanavanthula podupu yokka dharmam anie bhaavinche vaatini prasamsimchae victorian viluvala vaipu tirogaminchaaru. saampradaaya samaajaala aardhika abhivruddhiki sambandhinchi kalekki mariyu oskaar lange yokka daarsanikataku manam tirigi ravali, idhi vyaktula saamarthyaanni penchadam matrame kakunda, maarutunna saamaajika nirmaanaalu vanti abhivruddhi paatranu nokki cheppe drushti.

