
bangaaru yugam

samyukta raashtraala charitralo, bangaaru yugam anedi 1877 nundi 1900 varaku vistarinchi unna oka yugam, idhi punarnirmaana yugam mariyu pragatiseela yugam madhya sandwitch cheyabadindi. idhi vegavantamaina aardhika vruddhi kaalam, mukhyamgaa uttara mariyu paschima united stateslo. airopaloni vaetanaala kante, mukhyamgaa naipunhyam kaligina kaarmikula kante american vaetanaalu chaalaa ekkuvagaa peragadamtho, mariyu paarisraamikeekarana nirantaram perugutunna naipunhyam laeni kaarmika saktini demand cheyadamtho, eee kaalamlo lakshalaadi mandhi european valasadaarulu vacchaaru. 
paarisraamikeekarana yokka vegavantamaina vistarana 1860 mariyu 1890 madhya 60 saatam nijamaina vaetana vruddhiki daariteesindi mariyu nirantaram perugutunna kaarmika saktilo vyaapinchindi. paarisraamika kaarmikula sagatu vaarshika vetanam (purushulu, mahilalu mariyu pillalatho sahaa) 1880loe $380 nundi 1890loe $564kii perigindi, idhi 48 saatam labhanni aarjinchindi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, bangaaru yugam kooda ghoramaina pedarikam mariyu asamaanata yugam, endukante lakshalaadi mandhi valasadaarulu-chaalaa mandhi paedha praantaala nundi-united statesloki vacchaaru, mariyu adhika sampada kendrikarana marinta spashtamgaa mariyu vivadaspadamga maarindi.
karmagara vyavastha, ganula tavvakam, aardhika praamukhyata peragadamtho railumargalu pradhana vruddhi parisramagaa unnaayi. airopa mariyu thoorpu united states nundi valasalu vyavasayam, pasugraasam mariyu ganula tavvakam aadhaaramgaa paschima deshaala vegavantamaina vruddhiki daariteesaayi. vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna paarisraamika nagarallo kaarmika sanghaalu marinta praamukhyata santarinchukunnaayi. rendu pradhana desavyaapta maandyaalu-1873 yokka bhayandolana mariyu 1893 yokka bhayandolana-vruddhiki antaraayam kaliginchi saamaajika mariyu raajakeeya tirugubaatlaku kaaranamayyaayi. 
america antaryuddham taruvaata dakshinaadi aardhikamgaa naasanamaindi; eee praantam yokka aardhika vyavastha takkuva dharalatho badhapaduthunna vastuvulu, patthi mariyu pogaaku utpattitoe ekkuvagaa mudipadi undhi. 1877loe punarnirmaana shakam mugiyadamtho, dakshinaana unna african american prajalu raajakeeya adhikaram mariyu oating hakkulanu kolpoyaru mariyu aardhikamgaa venukabadinavaaru.
kontha avineeti unnappatikee, ennikalaloo oating chaalaa ekkuvagaa undadamtho paatu jaateeya ennikalaloo rendu paarteelu samanamga saripoladam raajakeeya drushyam gurtinchadaginadi. saamskrutika (mukhyamgaa nishedham, vidya mariyu jaathi ledhaa jaathi samuuhaalaku sambandhinchi) mariyu aardhika (sunkaalu mariyu dabbu sarafara) pradhana samasyalu. nagaraala vegavantamaina vruddhitho, raajakeeya yantraalu pattana rajakeeyaalapai niyantrananu ekkuvagaa swaadheenam chesukunnayi. vyaparamlo, konni parisramalalo saktivantamaina desavyaapta trustlu erpaddaayi. enimidi gantala pani dinam kosam unionlu poradayi, mariyu baala kaarmikula nirmuulana; madhyataragati samskartalu poura seva samskaranalu, madyam mariyu beeru nishedham mariyu mahilala ootu hakkunu demand chesaaru. 
uttara, paschima praantaalalo sthaanika prabhutvaalu pradhanamgaa praathamika sthaayilo prabhutva paatasaalalanu nirminchaayi; prabhutva unnata paatasaalalu udbhavinchadam praarambhinchaayi. aneka mataparamaina vargaalu sabhyatvam mariyu sampadalo perugutuu, kaathalikkulu atipeddavaarugaa maararu. vaarandaruu tama missionary karyakalapalanu prapancha rangaaniki vistarinchaaru. kaathalikkulu, lutheranlu mariyu episcopalianlu mataparamaina paatasaalalanu erpaatu chesaaru, mariyu aaa paatasaalallo atipeddavi aneka kalaasaalalu, aasupatrulu mariyu swachchanda samsthalanu erpaatu chesaayi. samajam edurkontunna aneka samasyalu, mukhyamgaa paedalu, taruvaati pragatiseela yugamlo samskaranala prayatnaalaku daariteesaayi.
paeru mariyu yugam.
bangaaru yugam" anae padam, american antaryuddham taruvaata praarambhamai, sataabdam praarambhamlo mugisina aardhika vijrumbhana kaalaaniki 1920laloe charitrakaarulu eee yuganiki vartimpajesaaru, maark twine yokka antagaa teliyani navalalo okadaani nundi eee padaanni teesukunnaru "," (1873) ". eee pustakam (charless dudley vaarnartho kalisi vraayabadindi) poura yuddham taruvaata vaagdaanam cheyabadina "swarnayugam" nuu vyangyamgaa chithreekarinchindi, idhi aardhika vistarana yokka sannani bangaaru bangaaru puuthathoo kappabadina teevramaina saamaajika samasyala yugamgaa chithreekarinchabadindi. 1920luu mariyu 1930laloe, "bangaaru yugam" anae roopakam american charitralo oka nirdishta kaalaaniki vartimpajeyadam praarambhamaindi. eee padaanni vaan wike brooks, levis mumford, charless austin gaddam, maerii ritter gaddam, vernon luis parrington mariyu mathue josephson vanti saahitya mariyu saamskrutika vimarsakulu alaage charitrakaarulu sweekarinchaaru. vaariki, "bangaaru yugam" anedi teevramaina paedarikamtoe kalipi bhouthika mitimeerina samayanni avamaaninche padam.
bangaaru yugam prarambha sagam dadapuga britainlo victorian shakam madhya bhaagamtho mariyu fraanslooni belle epok thoo samanamga undedi. american charitra yokka yugaalaku sambandhinchi, 1865loe antaryuddham mugisina ventane ledhaa 1873loe punarnirmaana yugam mugisinappati nundi, ledhaa 1877loe mugisinappati nundi, bangaaru yugam eppudu praarambhamaindanae daanipai chaaritraka abhiprayalu maarutuu untaayi. bangaaru yugam mugimpunu soochinche thedhee kooda maarutuu untundi. mugimpu saadhaaranamgaa 1890laloe pragatiseela sakaaniki prarambhamga ivvabadutundi (konnisaarlu 1896 united states adhyaksha ennikalu).
paarisraamika mariyu saanketika purogati.
saanketika purogati.
united states britton kante mundu paarisraamikeekaranalo mundanjalo unnanduna bangaaru yugam aardhika vruddhiki sambandhinchina kaalam. desham thana aardhika vyavasthanu kotta praantaalaku, mukhyamgaa karmagaralu, railumargalu mariyu boggu tavvakam vanti bhaarii parisramalaku vaegamgaa vistaristondi. 1869loe, modati khandantara railroad suduura-paschima maining mariyu gaddibeedu praantaalanu terichindi. newyork nundi shaan fraansiskoku prayaaninchadaaniki aaru nelalaku badulugaa aaru rojulu pattindi. 1860 mariyu 1880 madhya railroad track myelegy moodu retlu perigindi, aapai 1920 natiki mallee rettimpu ayyindi. kotta track gatamlo vivikta praantaalanu pedda marketlatho anusandhaaninchindi mariyu vaanijya vyavasayam, gaddibeedu mariyu ganula tavvakam peragadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi, idhi nijamaina jaateeya marketnu srushtinchindi. america ukku utpatti britton, germany, france samyukta mottaalanu adhigaminchindi.
london mariyu paarislooni pettubadidaarulu wall streetlo kendrikrutamai unna american financial market dwara railrodlaloki dabbunu poesaaru. 1900 natiki, aardhika ekagrata prakriya parisramalooni chaalaa saakhalaku vistarinchindi-ukku, chamuru, chakkera, maamsam mariyu vyavasaya yantraalalo aadhipatyam chelaayinche "trustlu" anie piluvabade konni pedda samsthalu. niluvu samaikyata dwara eee trustlu oka nirdishta vastuvu utpattilo prati amsaanni niyantrinchagaligaayi, tudi utpattipai vachhe labhalu garishtamgaa undela mariyu dharalu tagginchelaa chusukunnayi, mariyu mudi padaarthaala labhyatanu niyantrinchadam dwara, itara companylu marketlo pootii padakunda nirodhinchaayi. aneka guttadhipatya samsthalu-atyanta prasiddha praamaanika chamuru-pootiidaarulu kanipinchinappudu dharalanu takkuvagaa unchadam dwara tama marketlalo aadhipatyam chelayinchayi; avi pootii rangaala kante naalugu retlu vaegamgaa vruddhi chendaayi.
parisrama yokka perigina yaantreekarana anedi marinta utpattini srushtinchadaaniki choukaina maargaala kosam bangaaru yugam yokka anveshanaku pradhana gurthu. vyardhamaina prayatnaanni tolaginchadaaniki stop vaachtho chaalaa daggari pariseelanalanu upayoginchadam dwara ukkulo kaarmikula saamarthyaanni meruguparachavacchani frederic winslo taylor gamaninchaaru. yaantreekarana konni karmagaralanu naipunhyam kaligina formanelu mariyu injaneerla aadhvaryamlo saralamaina mariyu punaraavruta panulanu chese naipunhyam laeni kaarmikula samuuhamgaa maarchindi. yantra dukaanaalu vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendaayi, vaatilo atyanta naipunhyam kaligina kaarmikulu mariyu injaneerlu undevaaru. vaari vaetana raetlu peragadamtho naipunhyam laeni mariyu naipunhyam kaligina kaarmikula sankhya rendoo perigayi.
injaneering kalaasaalalu naipunhyam kosam apaaramaina demandnu teerchadaaniki sthaapinchabaddaayi, chaalaa varaku prabhutva vidyanu, mukhyamgaa vyavasaya mariyu saanketika ("eji & tech") rangaalalo prerepinchadaaniki aamodinchina federal prabhutvam praayojita moril land-grant chattaala dwara. gatamlo samaya mandalaalu, utpatti mariyu jeevanasailini praamaaneekarinchadaaniki railroad samayanni kanugonna railroadlu, spashtamaina aadhesha golusulu, ganaanka nivedikalu mariyu sanklishtamaina bureaucratic vyavasthalatho aadhunika nirvahananu srushtinchaayi. vaaru madhya nirvaahakula paatralanu kramabaddheekarinchaaru mariyu naipunhyam kaligina blue-collar udyogaalu mariyu white-collar nirvaahakula kosam spashtamaina kereer tracklanu erpaatu chesaaru. eee purogati railumargala nundi aardhika, tayari mariyu vaanijyam varaku vyaapinchindi. chinna vyaparala vegavantamaina vruddhitho paatu, kotta madhyataragati vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutondi, mukhyamgaa uttara nagarallo.
anuvartita saanketika parignaanamlo desham prapancha nayakudiga maarindi. 1860 nundi 1890 varaku, kotta aavishkaranala kosam 500,000 petentlu jaarii cheyabaddaayi-idhi munupati debbai samvatsaraalalo manjuru chesina sankhya kante padhi retlu ekkuva. georg westinghouse railla kosam air breaklanu kanugonnadu (vaatini surakshitamgaa mariyu vaegamgaa chestundi). theodor vail american telephone & telegraph companyni sthaapinchi, goppa communication netvarknu nirminchaadu. elisha otis elevatornu abhivruddhi chesindi, idhi aakaasaharmyaala nirmaanaaniki mariyu pattana kendraalalo ekkuva janabha kendrikaranaku veelu kalpinchindi. thamus edison, vandalaadi parikaraalanu kanipettadamtho paatu, modati vidyut laiting utilityni sthaapinchaaru, idhi pratyaksha pravaham mariyu samarthavanthamaina prakaasinchae deepam aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi. vidyut sarafara bangaaru yugam nagarallo vaegamgaa vyaapinchindi. ratrivela veedhulu veliginchabaddaayi, electric veedhi kaarlu paniki vaegamgaa prayaaninchadaaniki mariyu sulabhamgaa konugolu cheyadaaniki anumatinchabaddaayi.
1860laloe pensylvania chamuru kshetraalato praarambhamaina petrolium kotta parisramanu praarambhinchindi. 1950la varaku united states prapancha parisramalo aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi. illanu veliginchadaaniki timingalam noone mariyu kovvottulanu kirosin bharti chesindi. zaan dii. rockfeller praamaanika chamuru samsthanu sthaapinchi, chamuru parisramanu guttadhipatyam chesaaru. 20va sataabdamloo automobile gasolineku demandnu srushtinchadaaniki mundu idhi ekkuvagaa kirosin utpatti chesindi.
railway.
charitrakaarudu henry audums prakaram, railumargala vyavasthaku eee krindivi avasaramh
shipping, finance, management, kereerlu mariyu prajaadarana pondina pratispandana anae aidu amsaala dwara prabhavanni pariseelinchavacchu.
ravana saruku ravana mariyu prayaaneekulu.
yuu. ess antataa ravana saruku ravana mariyu prayaaneekula kosam railumargalu atyanta samarthavanthamaina netvarknu andinchaayi.ess., pedda jaateeya market parinaamaanni prothsahistundi. idhi tayari, retail mariyu toku, vyavasayam mariyu aardhika rangaalato sahaa aardhika vyavasthalooni chaalaa rangaalapai parivartana prabhavanni choopindi. phalitamgaa, antargata addamkulu, sunkaalu ledhaa bhasha addamkulu lekunda, aacharanatmakamgaa airopa parimaanamlo unna samagra market, daaniki maddatu ivvadaaniki oka saadhaarana aardhika mariyu nyaya vyavastha erpadindi.
private aardhika vyavastha yokka aadharam.
railroad financing private aardhika vyavastha naatakeeya vistaranaku punaadini andinchindi. karmagarala kante railumargala nirmaanam chaalaa khareedainadi. 1860loe, mottam railroad stocks mariyu baandla mottam $1.8 biliyanlu; 1897loe, idhi $10.6 biliyanlaku cherukundi (mottam jaateeya runamaina $1.2 biliyanlatho poliste). nidhulu pradhanamgaa eesaanyam antataa, mariyu airopa nundi, mukhyamgaa britton nundi, samakhya prabhutvam nundi sumaru 10 saatam, mukhyamgaa bhoomi nidhula roopamlo vachayi, ivi nirdishta mottamlo track terichinappudu grahinchagalavu. abhivruddhi chendutunna american aardhika vyavastha railroad bandlapai aadharapadi undhi. 1860 natiki, newyork pradhana aardhika marketga undedi. british vaaru prapanchavyaaptamgaa railumargalalo bhaareega pettubadi pettaru, conny united states kante ekkada ekkuva pettubadi pettaledu; 1914 natiki mottam $3 biliyanlaku cherukundi. 1914-1917 loe, vaaru yuddha samagri kosam chellinchadaaniki vaari american aastulanu muusivaesaaru.
aadhunika nirvahananu kanipettadam.
railway nirvahana sthaanika factory yajamani kalaluganna daanikante chaalaa sanklishtamaina ekakaala sambandhaalanu nirvahinchagala sanklishta vyavasthalanu roopondinchindi, athanu thana sonta factoryloni prati bhaganni konni gantallo gastee cheyagaladu. sivil injaneerlu railumargala senior management ayyaru. pramukha aavishkartalu 1840laloe masachusets yokka paschima railroad mariyu baltimore mariyu ohiyo railroad, 1850laloe eeree mariyu 1860laloe pensylvania.
vrutti margalu.
railumargalu private rangamlo blue-mariyu white-collar kaarmikula kosam vrutti marganni kanugonnayi. railroading anedi yuvakulaku jeevitakaala vruttigaa maarindi; mahilalanu daadaapu ennadoo niyaminchaledu. oka saadhaarana vrutti maargamlo 18 samvatsaraala vayassulo dukaana karmikudiga niyaminchabadi, 24 samvatsaraala vayassulo naipunhyam kaligina mechanicga, 25 samvatsaraala vayassulo breakmenga, 27 samvatsaraala vayassulo saruku ravana conductorga, 57 samvatsaraala vayassulo prayaaneekula conductorga padoonnati pondaadu. white collar vrutti margalu kooda adevidhamgaa vivarinchabaddaayi. vidyaavantulaina yuvakulu mataadhikaari ledhaa ganaanka paniloo praarambhinchi, divisional ledhaa kendra pradhana karyalayalalo station agentlu ledhaa bureaucratla varaku maararu. 
prati sthaayilo vaariki marinta ekkuva ghnaanam, anubhavam mariyu maanava muuladhanam undedi. vaatini bharti cheyadam chaalaa kashtam, mariyu vaastavamgaa shaashwata udyogaalaku haamii ivvabadindi mariyu beema mariyu vaidya samrakshananu andinchindi. niyaamakaalu, tolagimpulu, vaetana raetlu foremenlache kakunda, pakshapaatam, vyaktitva sangharshanhalanu tagginchadaaniki kendra nirvaahakulachae nirnayinchabaddaayi. pratidee pustakam dwara cheyabadindi, dheenilo prati paristhitiloo emi cheyaalo, vaari rank mariyu jeetam elaa untundo prati okkariki sarigga nirdesinche sanklishtamaina niyamaala samiti. 1880la natiki railway kaarmikulu padavee viramana chesaaru, vaariki andinchadaaniki pinchanu vyavasthalu kanugonabaddayi.
railumaargaalato prema-dvesha sambandham.
america railrodlatho prema-dvesha sambandhaanni abhivruddhi chesindi. prati nagaramloni boosterlu tama pattana kalalu daanipai aadharapadi unnayani telusukuni, railumargam vachela chuudataaniki teevramgaa panicheesaayi. railumargala yaantrika parimaanam, paridhi mariyu saamarthyam lothaina mudra vaesaayi; railu lopaliki ravadam chuudataaniki prajalu tama aadivaaram dustulu dharinchi terminalku digutaaru. prayaanam chaalaa sulabham, choukainadi mariyu marinta saadhaaranamaindi. chinna pattanaalaku chendina konugoludaarulu pedda nagara dukaanaalaku pagatipuuta vellavacchu. eee demandnu teerchadaaniki hotallu, resortlu mariyu paryataka aakarshanhalu nirminchabaddaayi. veyyi mailla prayaanaaniki evarainaa ticket konugolu cheyagalarani grahinchadam saadhikaarata kaliginchindi. charitrakaarulu gyaarii cross mariyu rick sjostack vaadinchaaru
poura mariyu yaantrika injaneerlu aadarsha pourulugaa maararu, vaari cheyagala sphuurtini mariyu vaari kramabaddhamaina pani prayatnaanni aardhika vyavasthalooni anni dasalaku alaage sthaanika mariyu jaateeya prabhutvaaniki teesukuvacchaaru. 1910 natiki, pradhana nagaralu newyork nagaramloni pensylvania station mariyu washingtonloni union station vanti adbhutamaina rajabhavana railway stationlanu nirmistunnaayi.sii.
conny oka cheekati vaipu kooda undhi. 1870la natiki paaschaatya raitulu railumargalanu dooshinchaaru, vaaru guttadhipatya vahakalu adhika dharala adhikaranni niyantristaayani, rashtra saasanasabhalu garishta dharalanu niyantrinchaalsi untundani granger udyamam itivruttaanni grahinchaaru. sthaanika vyaapaarulu mariyu ravaanaadaarulu eee demandku maddatu icchi, konni "granger chattalu" aamodinchabaddaru. 19va sataabdam chivaralo raajakeeya vaakchaaturyamlo railu vyatiraeka firyadulu biggaraga punaraavrutamayyaayi.
desamlo atyanta dveshinche railroad vyaktulalo okaru kollis pii. california aardhika vyavastha mariyu rajakeeyaalapai aadhipatyam chelaayinchina dakshina pasiphik railroad adhyakshudu huntinton (1821-1900). oka paatyapustakam ilaa vaadinchindihi "pantommidava sataabdam chivaralo vyaparam yokka duraasa mariyu avineetiki chihnamgaa huntington vachindi. vyapara pratyarthulu, raajakeeya samskartalu oohinchadagina prati cheduku ayana kaaranamani aaropinchaaru. paatrikeyulu, cartoonistulu aayananu prasamsimchadam dwara tama pratishtanu chatukunnaru.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. charitrakaarulu vaetagaaduni raashtramlo atyanta neechamaina pratinaayakudigaa paerkonnaaru."ayithe huntinton tananu taanu samarthinchukunnaaduh" naa charyala venuka unna uddeshaalu nijaayiteegaa unnaayi mariyu phalitaalu naa swantam kante california prayojanaaniki chaalaa ekkuva perigayi."
vyavasaayampai prabhavam.
1850la nundi 1880la varaku railumargala perugudala vaanijya vyavasayanni marinta aacharaneeyamgaa mariyu labhadayakamga chesindi. railumargam sameepamlo unnappudu laksala ekaraalanu sthiranivaasaala kosam terichaaru, mariyu godhumalu, pasuvulu mariyu pandulaku suduura marganni andinchi airopa varaku cherukunnaru. toku vyaapaarulu thoorpuna karmagaralu utpatti chese viniyoga utpattulanu konugolu chesi, vaatini desavyaaptamgaa chinna dukaanaalaloo sthaanika vyaapaarulaku ravana cheyadamtho graameena america oka pedda marketga maarindi. sajeeva jantuvulanu ravana cheyadam nemmadigaa mariyu khareedainadi. chikago, consas city, seyint vanti pradhana packing kendraalalo vaatini vadhinchadam marinta samarthavantamgaa undedi. luis, milwaukey mariyu sinsinnati, aapai sheetaleekarinchina saruku ravana kaarlalo dustulu dharinchina mamsanni ravana cheyandi. sheethaakaalamlo uttara sarassula nundi pandinchina manchu palakalatho kaarlanu challabarustaaru, mariyu vesavi mariyu patanam upayogam kosam nilva chestaaru. pradhana railroad kendramaina chikago, consas nagaramtho rendava sthaanamlo undi, entho prayojanam pondindi. charitrakaarudu vilium cronan ilaa muginchaaduh
aardhika vruddhi.
1870luu mariyu 1880laloe, yuu.ess. nijamaina vaetanaalu, sampada, zii. dii. pii. mariyu muuladhana nirmaanam annee vaegamgaa peragadamtho aardhika vyavastha daani charitralo atyanta vegavantamaina retutho perigindi. udaaharanaku, 1865 mariyu 1898 madhya godhuma utpatti 256%, mokkajonna utpatti 222%, boggu utpatti 800% mariyu railway track mailla utpatti 567% perigindi. ravana mariyu communication kosam dattamaina jaateeya netvarklu srushtinchabaddaayi. corporation vyapara samstha yokka aadhipatya roopamgaa maarindi, mariyu shaastreeya nirvahana viplavam vyapara karyakalapalanu marchivesindi.
20va sataabdam prarambham natiki, samyukta rashtraalalo sthuula desheeya utpatti mariyu paarisraamika utpatti prapanchaanni nadipinchaayi. kennedy "yuu" anie nivedistundi.ess. jaateeya aadaayam, talasari sampoorna ganankalalo, 1914 natiki andari kante chaalaa ekkuvagaa undhi. "1914loe united stateslo talasari aadaayam $377 kaga, britton $244, germany $184, france $153, italii $108thoo rendava sthaanamlo undagaa, russia mariyu japan $41 mariyu $36thoo chaalaa venukabadi unnaayi.
1914 varaku london prapancha aardhika kendramgaa undindi, ayinappatikee united states yokka vruddhi vidaeseeyulanu adagadaniki kaaranamaindi, british rachayita doubleu. tii. 1901loe stade ilaa vraasaadu, "american vijayaniki rahasyam emiti?"rendava paarisraamika viplavam yokka vyaapaaravaettalu kotta karmagaralato eshaanyamlo paarisraamika pattanaalu mariyu nagaralanu srushtinchaaru, mariyu jatiparamga vaividhyamaina paarisraamika kaarmika varganni niyaminchukunnaaru, vaarilo chaalaa mandhi airopa nundi kotta valasadaarulu.
zaan dii vanti sampanna paarisraamikavettalu mariyu financierlu. rockfeller, jay gouled, henry clay frick, andrew mellan, andrew carnegie, henry flagler, henry hutleston rosers, zhe. pii. morgaon, leyland stanford, mayer guggenheim, jacob skiff, charless croker mariyu carnelius vanderbilt lanu vaari vimarsakulu konnisaarlu "donga baaranlu" gaa mudra vaestaaru, vaaru tama adrushtaanni kaarmika vargam yokka vyayamtho, chikenarii mariyu prajaasvaamyaaniki droham dwara sampaadinchaarani vaadistaaru. vaari abhimanulu taamu "parisrama nayakulam" anie vaadinchaaru, veeru daatrutva charyala dwara pradhana america paarisraamika aardhika vyavasthanu mariyu laabhaapekshaleni rangaanni kooda nirminchaaru. udaaharanaku, andrew carnegie thana sampadalo 90 saataaniki paiga viraalamgaa icchaadu mariyu daatrutvam vaari kartavyam-"sampada yokka suvaarta" anie cheppadu. private dabbu vaelaadi kalaasaalalu, aasupatrulu, museumlu, academylu, paatasaalalu, opera houselu, prabhutva grandhaalayaalu mariyu swachchanda samsthalaku viraalamgaa ichindi. zaan dii. rockfeller thana mottam nikara viluvalo sagaaniki konchem ekkuva, vividha swachchanda samsthalaku $500 millionlaku paiga viraalamgaa icchaadu. dheenini pratibimbistuu, chaalaa mandhi vyapara nayakulu herbert spensor yokka saamaajika darvinism siddhaantam dwara prabhaavitamayyaaru, idhi "lices-fair" pettubadidaarii vidhanam, pootii mariyu saamaajika stareekarananu samarthinchindi.
eee abhivruddhi chendutunna paarisraamika aardhika vyavastha kotta market demandlanu teerchadaaniki twaragaa vistarinchindi. 1869 nundi 1879 varaku, yuu.ess. aardhika vyavastha talasari nnp (gdp mainus capital depreciation) 6.8 saatam, nnp 4.5 saatam choppuna vruddhi chendindi. aardhika vyavastha 1880laloe eee vruddhi kaalanni punaraavrutam chesindi, dheenilo dhesha sampada vaarshikamgaa 3.8 saatam vruddhi chendindi, alaage gdp kooda rettimpu ayyindi. libertarian aardhikavetta milton friedman 1880laloe, "daadaapu padeella kaalaaniki atyadhika dasabdi raetu [1805 nundi 1950 varaku prati vyaktiki nijamaina punarutpaadaka, spashtamaina sampada perugudala] daadaapu 3.8 saatamtoe enabhailalo spashtamgaa cherukundi."
vaetanaalu.
paarisraamikeekarana yokka vegavantamaina vistarana 1860 mariyu 1890 madhya 60 saatam nijamaina vaetana vruddhiki daariteesindi, idhi nirantaram perugutunna kaarmika saktilo vyaapinchindi. nijamaina vaetanaalu (dravyolbananiki anugunamgaa) teedeelu mariyu nirdishta sraamika saktini batti khachitamaina saatam perugudalato sthiramgaa perigayi. 1892loe janabha ganana beuro nivedinchina prakaram, prati paarisraamika karmikudi (purushulu, mahilalu mariyu pillalatho sahaa) sagatu vaarshika vetanam 1880loe $380 nundi 1890loe $564kii perigi, 48 saatam laabhapadindi. aardhika charitrakaarudu clarence D. deerghakaala anchanaalu prakaram (sthiramaina 1914 dollarla paramgaa), american vyavasaayaetara udyogula sagatu vaarshika aadaayam 1870loe $375 nundi 1880loe $395,1890loe $519 mariyu 1900loe $573kii perigindi, idhi 30 samvatsaraalalo 53 saatam labhanni aarjinchindi.
paarisraamika kaarmikula jeevana pramaanaalu airopa kante ekkuvagaa unnayani australia charitrakaarudu peater shergold kanugonnadu. athanu pitsburgloni vaetanaalu mariyu jeevana pramaanaalanu airopaloni atyanta dhanika paarisraamika nagarallo okataina inglaandlooni birminghamto polchadu. jeevana vyayaanni parigananaloki teesukunna taruvaata (idhi yuu. ess loe 65 saatam ekkuva.ess.), rendu nagarallo naipunhyam laeni kaarmikula jeevana pramaanaalu daadaapu okela unnayani, ayithe pitsburgloni naipunhyam kaligina kaarmikulu inglaandlooni birminghamlo unnavaari kante 50 saatam nundi 100% adhika jeevana pramaanaalanu kaligi unnaarani ayana kanugonnaru. warren bii. americalo andubaatulo unna sahaja vanarulu mariyu virgine bhoomulu paedha kaarmikulaku bhadrata kavatamga panicheestaayani, anduvalla yajamaanulu kaarmikulanu niyaminchukovadaaniki adhika vaetanaalu chellinchaalsi untundani katlin pratipaadinchaaru. shergold prakaram 1890 nundi 1914 varaku kalakramena american prayojanam perigindi, mariyu adhika american vetanam britton nundi paarisraamika americaku naipunhyam kaligina kaarmikula bhaarii sthiramaina pravaahaaniki daariteesindi. charitrakaarudu steve frazer prakaram, kaarmikulu saadhaaranamgaa samvatsaraaniki $800 kante takkuva sampaadistaaru, idhi vaarini pedarikamlo munchestundi. kaarmikulu intha sampaadinchadaaniki vaaraaniki sumaru 60 gantalu ketayinchalsi vachedi.
karmikavarga patrikallo vaetana kaarmikulanu 'vaetana baanisatvam' gaa vistrutamgaa khandinchaaru, kaarmika nayakulu daadaapu ellappuduu tama prasamgaalalo eee padabandhaanni upayoginchaaru. vaetana kaarmikula vaipu maaradam oopandukunnappudu, kaarmika varga samsthalu "kaarmikula kosam mottam vaetana vyavasthanu kooladose prayatnaalalo marinta ugravaadigaa marai."1886loe, aardhikavetta mariyu newyork mayer abhyardhi," "purogati mariyu pedarikam" "rachayita ayina henry georg," "aasti baanisatvam chanipoyindi, conny paarisraamika baanisatvam migili undhi"."
sampadalo asamaanata.
eee kaalamlo sampada asamaana pampinhee ekkuvagaa undindi. 1860 nundi 1900 varaku, atyanta dhanika american kutumbaalalo 2 saatam mandhi desham yokka sampadalo moodinta oka vanthu kante ekkuva kaligi undagaa, modati 10 saatam mandhi daanilo daadaapu moodonthula mandhi kaligi unnaaru. diguva 40 saatam mandiki sampada ledhu. aasti paramgaa, atyanta dhanavanthulaina 1 saatam mandhi 51 saatam vatanu kaligi undagaa, diguva 44 saatam mandhi 1.1 saatam vatanu kaligi unnaaru.
charitrakaarudu howard zin, eee asamaanatatoe paatu kaarmika vargaalaku pramaadakaramaina pani mariyu jeevana paristhitulu prajaadarana, arachaka, saamyavaada udyamaala perugudalanu prerepinchaayani vaadinchaaru. french aardhikavetta thamus picketty eee samayamlo wilford I vanti aardhikavettalu unnaarani paerkonnaadu. united states paatha airopa laaga maare sthaayiki marintagaa asamaanatvamgaa marutondani, "daani asalu maargadarsaka aadarsaaniki marinta dhooramgaa undani" raaju aandolana chendaaru."
aardhikavetta richard sutch prakaram, aaa yugam yokka pratyaamnaaya drukpathamlo, diguva 25 saatam mandhi sampadalo 0.32% kaligi undagaa, agra 0.01 saatam mandhi 9.4 saatam kaligi unnaaru, antey eee kaalamlo namodu cheyabadina charitralo athi takkuva sampada antaram undhi. prabhutva jokyam lekapovadam dheeniki kaaranamani ayana paerkonnaaru.
prapanchamlone atyadhika pramaadaalu american parisramalo jariginanduna, aardhika vruddhi yokka eee kaalaaniki gananeeyamaina maanava vyayam jodinchabadindi. 1889loe, railroadlu 704,000 mandhi purushulanu niyaminchaayi, vaarilo 20,000 mandhi gayapaddaru mariyu 1,972 mandhi udyogamlo unnappudu maraninchaaru. yuu.ess. gayapadina kaarmikulaku maddatugaa kaarmikula parihara karyakramam laeni ekaika paarisraamika shakti kooda idhe.
kaarmika sanghaala perugudala.
vadrangulu, printerlu, shoe tayaareedaarulu mariyu sigar tayaareedaarulu vanti hastakala aadhaarita kaarmika sanghaalu 1870 taruvaata paarisraamika nagarallo sthiramgaa perigayi. eee sanghaalu kaarmika marketpai niyantrana saadhinchadaaniki mariyu pootii sanghaalapai pooraadataaniki tarachugaa chinna sammelanu upayoginchaayi. vaaru saadhaaranamgaa mahilalu, nallajaateeyulu mariyu chaineeyulanu union sabhyatvam nundi nirodhinchaaru, conny chaalaa mandhi european valasadaarulanu swaagatinchaaru.
railumaargaalaku vaari swantha pratyeka sanghaalu undevi. 1870la aardhika maandyam samayamlo mukhyamgaa pedda ettuna ashanti (enabhai vaela mandhi railroad kaarmikulu mariyu aneka laksala mandhi itara americanlu, udyogam mariyu nirudyogulu) chelaregindi mariyu 1877 naati goppa railroad sammega prasiddhi chendindi, charitrakaarudu jaak beaty prakaram, "19va sataabdamloo prapanchamlo ekkadainaa atipedda samme."eee sammelo kaarmika sanghaalu paalgonaledu, conny aneka nagarallo samanvayarahitamgaa chelaregaayi. samme mariyu sambandhita allarlu 45 rojula paatu konasagayi, phalitamgaa aneka vandala mandhi paalgonevaaru maraninchaaru (pooliisulu ledhaa sainikulu evaruu chanipoledu), aneka vandala mandhi gayapaddaru mariyu lakshalaadi mandhi railroad aastulaku nashtam kaliginchaaru. adhyakshudu rutherford bii. prabhutvam eee asaantini teevramgaa pariganinchindi. hays samakhya dalaalatoe jokyam chesukunnaru.
1880la madhyalo praarambhamaina oka kotta samuuham, nites off laber, chaalaa vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendindi, adhi niyantrana kolpoyi 1886 naati goppa nairuti railroad sammenu nirvahinchadamlo viphalamaindi. nites himsanu nivaarinchaaru, conny 1886loe chikagolo jarigina haymarket square allarla nepathyamlo vaari keerti kuppakoolindi, araachakavaadulu oka samavesanni chedaragottina pooliisulapai bambu daadi chesaarani aaropinchabadindi. pooliisulu appudu yaadrucchikamgaa janasamuuhampai kaalpulu jaripi, itara pooliisulatoe sahaa aneka mandini champi, gaayaparichaaru, mariyu udyama naayakulatoe sahaa araachakavaadulanu ekapakshamgaa chuttumuttaru. eduguru araachakavaadulu vichaaranaku vellaaru; bambu daaditoe neerugaa sambandham unnatlugaa etuvanti aadharalu laenappatikee, naluguru uriteeyabaddaaru. okari vadda nites off laber membership card undedi. daani sikharagra samayamlo, nites 700,000 mandhi sabhyulanu kaligi unnaaru. 1890 natiki, sabhyatvam 100,000 kante takkuvagaa padipoyindi, taruvaata ksheeninchindi.
1880la natiki dhanikulu, paedala madhya antaram peragadamtho kaarmika sanghaalu nirvahinche sammelu nityakrutyaalugaa marai. 1881 mariyu 1905 madhya 37,000 sammelu jarigaayi. ippativaraku atyadhika sankhyalo bhavanala vyaparalu jarigaayi, taruvaata boggu ganula kaarmikulu chaalaa venukabadi unnaaru. pani paristhitulanu niyantrinchadam mariyu yea pratyarthi union niyantranalo undho parishkarinchadam pradhana lakshyam. chaalaa varaku chaalaa takkuva vyavadhilo undevi. depression samayaallo sammelu marinta himsaatmakamgaa undevi, conny takkuva vijayavantamayyevi, endukante company emainappatiki dabbunu kolpotundi. company laabhaalanu kolpotunnappudu mariyu twaragaa sthirapadaalani korukunnappudu vaaru sreyassu samayaallo vijayavantamayyaaru.
atipedda mariyu atyanta naatakeeya samme, jaateeya railroad vyavasthanu muusivaeyadaaniki samanvayamtho chesina prayatnam, 1894 pull myaan samme. eugene vii netrutvamloni upstart american railway union eee sammeku naayakatvam vahinchindi. debbs mariyu sthaapinchabadina sodarabhavalache maddatu ivvabadaledu. mail raillanu addukovadaanni nilipiveyaalani federal kortu aadesaalanu union dhikkarinchindi, kabatti adhyakshudu cleveland yuu nii upayoginchaaru.ess. raillanu mallee nadapadaniki sainyam. aru adrusyamaindi mariyu saampradaaya railroad sodarabhaavaalu manugada saaginchaayi, conny sammelanu nivaarinchaayi.
shamyul gompers netrutvamloni nyuu american federation off laber eee parishkaranni kanugondi. afl anedi unionla sankeernam, prati okkati balamaina sthaanika vibhagalapai aadharapadi untundi; afl nagarallo vaari panini samanvayam chesi, adhikara paridhi yuddhaalanu nirodhinchindi. gompers soshalijamnu tiraskarinchi, munupati unionla himsaatmaka swabhaavaanni vidichipettaru. sthaanika kaarmika marketnu niyantrinchadaaniki afl panichesindi, tadwara daani sthaanikulaku adhika vaetanaalu mariyu niyaamakampai marinta niyantrananu pondadaaniki saadhikaarata kalpinchindi. phalitamgaa, afl unionlu chaalaa nagaralaku vyaapinchi, 1919loe garishta sabhyatvaaniki cherukunnayi.
eee kaalamlo aneka aardhika sankshobhaalu mariyu aardhika maandyaalu sambhavinchaayi-"bhayandolanalu" anie pilavabadevi, mukhyamgaa 1873 bhayandolanalu mariyu 1893 bhayandolanalu. avi adhika pattana nirudyogam, raitulaku takkuva aadaayaalu, vyaapaaraaniki takkuva labhalu, mottam vruddhini mandaginchadam mariyu valasalu taggadam vanti aneka samvatsaraalu konasagayi. avi raajakeeya asaantini srushtinchaayi.
rajakeeyaalu.
moodava party vyavastha anie piluvabade bangaaru yugam rajakeeyaalu, rendu pradhana paarteela madhya teevramaina pootiini kaligi unnaayi, chinna paarteelu vastuu, veltuu unnaayi, mukhyamgaa nishedhavaadulaku, kaarmika sanghaalaku mariyu raitulaku sambandhinchina samasyalapai. prajaasvaamyavaadulu mariyu republicanlu ("grand old party", gope anie maaruperu pettabadina) karyalayala niyantrana kosam poraadaaru, ivi party kaaryakartalaku bahumatulu, alaage pradhana aardhika samasyalapai. konni uttaraadi rashtraallo chaalaa ekkuva oating saatam saadhaaranamgaa 80 saatam ledhaa 90 saataanni minchipoyindi, endukante oka sainyam thana sainikulanu kasarattu chestunnappudu paarteelu tama viswasaneeya sabhyulanu travvinchaayi. dakshinaadiloo oating saatam takkuvagaa undhi. 1872 nundi 1900 varaku uttaraana sagatu adhyaksha ennikalaloo 83 saatam, dakshinaana 62 saatam mandhi ootu vaesaaru.
pootii teevramgaa undindi, ennikalu chaalaa daggaragaa unnaayi. dakshinaadi rashtraallo, antaryuddhampai konasagutunna agraham alaage undipoyindi, antey dakshinaadiloo chaalaa varaku prajaasvaamya ootu vaestaaru. 1877loe punarnirmaanam mugisina taruvaata, dakshinaana pootii pradhanamgaa democratic party lopala jarigindi. desavyaaptamgaa 1900 taruvaata oating saatam gananeeyamgaa taggindi.
metropolitan praanta rajakeeyaalu.
pradhana metropolitan kendraalu vaegamgaa janabha perugudalaku lonayyayi, phalitamgaa aneka laabhadaayakamaina oppandaalu mariyu udyogaalu labhinchaayi. kotta aardhika avakaasaanni sadviniyogam chesukovadaniki, rendu paarteelu ennikalanu nirvahinchadaaniki, maddatudaarulaku bahumati ivvadaaniki mariyu sambhaavya pratyarthulaku chellinchadaaniki "raajakeeya yantraalu" anie pilavabade vaatini nirminchaayi. dopidi vyavastha" dwara nidhulu samakuurchina vijaeta party chaalaa sthaanika, rashtra mariyu jaateeya prabhutva udyogaalanu mariyu aneka prabhutva oppandaalanu thana viswasaneeya maddatudaarulaku pampinhee chesindi.
pedda nagarallo raajakeeya yantraala aadhipatyam erpadindi, dheenilo oohinchina prothsaahaaniki badulugaa niyojakavargaalu abhyardhiki maddatu icchaayi. tagina abhyardhi ennikaina tarvaata eee otlanu prabhutvam nundi tirigi vacchina sahayamtho tirigi chellistaaru; mariyu chaalaa tarachugaa abhyardhulanu dopidi vyavasthatho paatu aadataaniki vaari sumukhata aadhaaramgaa empika chestaaru. baas tweed netrutvamloni newyork nagaramloni tummony haall atipedda mariyu atyanta apakhyaati paalaina raajakeeya yantram.
kumbhakonalu, avineeti.
raajakeeya avineeti prabalamgaa undhi, endukante vyapara nayakulu pedda vyapara karyakalapalanu prabhutvam niyantrinchakundaa chusukovadaniki gananeeyamaina mottamlo dabbu kharchu chesaaru-mariyu vaaru korukunnadi vaariki tarachugaa dorakaledu. ituvanti avineeti entha saadhaaranamo 1868loe newyork rashtra saasanasabha atuvanti lanchaanni chattabaddham chesindi. charitrakaarudu howard zin yuu anie vaadinchaaru.ess. carle marks pettubadidaarii rajyalanu vivarinchinatle prabhutvam vyavaharistondihi "kramasikshananu konasaaginchadaaniki tatasthamgaa natistuu, dhanavanthula prayojanaalaku seva chestu". charitrakaarudu maark walgren summers dheenini "manchi dongatanaala yugam" anie pilustaaru, yantra raajakeeya nayakulu "padded kharchulu, laabhadaayakamaina oppandaalu, puurtigaa kumbhakonalu mariyu chattaviruddhamaina baand samasyalanu elaa upayoginchaaro paerkonnaaru."anie ayana muginchaaru
aneka mandhi mosagallu churukuga unnaaru, mukhyamgaa 1873 bhayandolanalu abaddhaalanu bahirgatam cheyadaaniki mariyu diwala teese alalaku kaaranamayye mundu. maajee adhyakshudu ulysses ess. grant, athanu ferdinand vaardunu atyanta vishwasinche dushtudu mariyu mosagaallaku atyanta prasiddha baadhitudu. kontamandi nijamaina snehitulu grant yokka vyaktigata aastulanu konugolu chesi, vaatini upayoginchadaaniki anumatinchinappatikii, athani mottam dabbu nundi grant mosam cheyabadindi.
eee drugvishayaanni vivaristuu, charitrakaarudu allan nevins "prabhutvam mariyu vyaparamlo naitika patanaanni khandincharu 1865-1873". yuddham chivarilo samajam gandaragolam mariyu asthiratanu alaage marovaipu hadavidiga dookudugaa vruddhini choopindani ayana vaadinchaaru. avih
jaateeya rajakeeyaalu.
1872 naati credit mobilire kumbhakonamtho pedda kumbhakonalu kaangresloki pravesinchaayi, mariyu grant paripalana (1869-1877) samayamlo white housenu avamaninchayi. eee avineeti republican paarteeni rendu ververu vargaluga vibhajinchindihi rosco concling netrutvamloni diggajaalu mariyu james zii netrutvamloni sagam jaatulu. blain. prabhutvam-aadhaarita raajakeeya yantraalu aardhika vyavasthalo jokyam chesukuntayani, phalitamgaa vachhe pakshapaatam, lancham, asamarthatha, vyardhaalu, avineeti pratikuula parinaamaalanu kaligistunnayane bhavana undedi. tadanugunamgaa, borban prajaasvaamyavaadulu, republican maggumps netrutvamloni poura seva samskaranalu vanti samskaranalaku vistrutamaina pilupulu vachayi. 1884loe, vaari maddatu prajaasvaamya grovernu white houseku ennukundi, alaa cheyadam dwara prajaasvaamyavaadulaku 1856 tarvaata vaari modati jaateeya vijayanni ichindi.
borban prajaasvaamyavaadulu takkuva sunkaalu, takkuva pannulu, takkuva kharchu mariyu saadhaaranamgaa, "lices-fair" (hands-off) prabhutvamtho kuudina swechhaa market vidhaanaaniki maddatu icchaaru. sunkaalu chaalaa vastuvulanu viniyogadaarulaku khareedainavigaa chesayani, "trustlaku" (guttaadhipatyaalu) subsidy icchaayani vaaru vaadinchaaru. vaaru saamraajyavaadaanni, videshee vistarananu kooda khandinchaaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, republicanlu jaateeya sreyassu adhika vaetanaalu chellinche parisramalapai aadharapadi untundani nokkichepparu, mariyu sunkaalanu tagginchadam valla vipattu vastundani heccharinchaaru, endukante takkuva vetanam kaligina european karmagarala nundi vachhe vastuvulu american marketlalo varadalu testaayi.
rendu pradhana paarteela madhya adhyaksha ennikalu entha sannihitamgaa pootii cheyabaddaayi antey oka chinna ottidi yea paarteeki ayina prayojanakaramgaa ennikalanu aapivestundi, mariyu congress raajakeeya pratishtambhanato gurtinchabadindi. union anubhavagnulu, vyaapaaravaettalu, nipunulu, hastakalaakaarulu mariyu pedda raitula maddatutoe, republicanlu adhyaksha ennikalaloo uttaraana sthiramgaa sagaru. tarachugaa airish kaathalikkula netrutvamloni prajaasvaamyavaadulu, kaathalikkulu, paedha raitulu mariyu saampradaaya party-sabhyula madhya punaadi kaligi unnaaru.
eee kaalamlo white houselo panichesina saapekshamgaa balaheenamaina adhyakshula varusanu desham ennukundi, veetini samishtiga "marchipoleni adhyakshulu" (johnson, grant, hays, garfield, orther mariyu haarisan minaha) anie pilustaaru. "bangaaru yugam americalo unna takkuva raajakeeya shakti sthaanika amarikalalo ledhaa congresslo kanugonabadindi, idhi eee kaalamlo ekkuva bhaagam white housenu kappivesindi."
mottamgaa, ganatantra mariyu prajaasvaamya raajakeeya vedikalu 1900 kii mundu samvatsaraallo gananeeyamgaa sthiramgaa undipoyaayi. rendoo vyapara prayojanaalaku anukuulamgaa undevi. republicanlu adhika sunkaalanu koorutuu, prajaasvaamyavaadulu kathinamaina dabbu mariyu swechhaa vaanijyaanni korukunnaru. niyantrana anedi arudugaa oka samasyaga undedi.
ethnocultural politics petistic republicanlu verses litergical democrats.
1860 nundi 20va sataabdam prarambham varaku, republicanlu "rumm, romanism mariyu tirugubaatu" thoo prajaasvaamyavaadula anubandhaanni sadviniyogam chesukunnaru. "rumm" antey madyam aasakti mariyu tower keeparlu, balamaina podi moolakam kaligina gope kuu viruddhamgaa. "romanism" antey chaalaa nagarallo prajaasvaamya paarteeni naduputunna roman kaathalikkulu, mukhyamgaa airish americanlu, mariyu raajakeeya avineeti mariyu vaari pratyeka praantiiya paatasaala vyavastha kosam samskartalu khandinchaaru. "1861loe unionnu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki prayatninchina samakhya prajaasvaamyavaadulatho paatu vaari uttara mitraraajyaalaina 'copper heads' kuu tirugubaatu tirigi vachindi.
german mariyu airish catholic valasadaarulu prajasvaamyavaadulugaa maari, aangla mariyu scandinavian republicanlanu adhigaminchadamtho janabha pokadalu prajaasvaamya mottaalanu penchaayi. 1890 taruvaata vacchina kotta valasadaarulu eee samayamlo arudugaa ootu vaesaaru. 1880luu mariyu 1890laloe, republicanlu prajaasvaamyavaadula prayatnaalaku vyatiraekamgaa poraadaaru, aneka daggari ennikalaloo vijayam saadhinchaaru mariyu rendu saarlu grover cleveland chetilo odipoyaaru (1884 mariyu 1892loe).
mataparamaina rekhalu teevramgaa geeyabaddaayi. uttaraana, daadaapu 50 saatam mandhi otarlu (mukhyamgaa methadistulu, scandinavian lutheranlu, presbyterianlu, sammelanavaadulu mariyu kreestu shishyulu) madyapaanam vanti saamaajika paapaalanu tagginchadaaniki prabhutvaanni upayoginchadaanni vishwasinchaaru. table chuupinatlugaa vaaru gope kuu gattiga maddatu icchaaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, prardhana samuuhaalu, mukhyamgaa kaathalikkulu, episcopalianlu mariyu german lutheranlu prajaasvaamyavaadulaku ootu vaesaaru. vaaru prajaasvaamya paarteeni peetiyistula naitikata nundi, mukhyamgaa nishedham yokka muppu nundi tama uttama rakshanagaa chuusaaru. rendu paarteelu varga nirmaanaanni vibhajinchaayi, prajaasvaamyavaadulu marinta diguva-bhaarii mariyu uttaraana vyaapaaravaettalu mariyu nipunulalo gopku merugaina praatinidhyam undhi.
otarlalo lothaina matha vibhajanala kaaranamgaa aneka saamskrutika samasyalu, mukhyamgaa nishedham mariyu videshee bhasha paatasaalalu, kashtapadi pooraadina raajakeeya samasyaluga marai. udaaharanaku, wisconsinlo republicanlu german bhasha catholic mariyu lutheran praantiiya paatasaalalanu muusivaeyadaaniki prayatninchaaru, 1890loe bennet chattanni pareekshinchinappudu odipoyaaru.
nishedha charchalu mariyu prajabhipraya sekaranalu chaalaa rashtraallo dasaabdaala kaalamlo rajakeeyaalanu vedekkinchaayi, endukante jaateeya nishedham chivaraku 1919loe aamodinchabadindi (mariyu 1933loe raddu cheyabadindi), idhi tadi prajaasvaamyavaadulu mariyu dry gope madhya pradhana samasyaga panichesindi.
valasalu.
bangaaru yuganiki mundu, saadhaaranamgaa paatha valasalu anie piluvabade samayam united statesku kottagaa vachhe vaari modati nijamaina vijrumbhananu chusindi. bangaaru yugamlo, sumaru 20 millionla mandhi valasadaarulu kotta valasalu anie piluvabade united statesku vacchaaru. vaarilo kondaru sampanna raitulu, mukhyamgaa maidaana rashtraallo bhoomi mariyu panimutlanu konugolu cheyadaaniki nagadu kaligi unnaaru. chaalaa mandhi paedha raitulu millulu, ganulu mariyu karmagaralalo naipunhyam laeni saareeraka shramalo american kala kosam vetukutunnaaru. ayithe, kontamandi valasadaarulu paedarikamtoe badhapaduthunna dakshinaana vellaaru. bhaarii pravaahaaniki anugunamgaa, 1892loe federal prabhutvam statue off liberty sameepamlo ellis dveepamlo reception centarnu praarambhinchindi; kottagaa vacchina vaaru vaidya tanikheelo uttiirnata saadhinchaalsi vachindi.
paatha mariyu kotta valasadaarula alalu.
eee valasadaarulu rendu samuuhaalanu kaligi unnaru germany, britton, ireland mariyu scandinavia nundi vacchina "paatha valasala" chivari pedda taramgaalu mariyu 1910 loe garishta sthaayiki cherukunna "kotta valasalu" yokka perugutunna taramgaalu. kontamandi atlantic antataa munduku venukaku vellaaru, conny chaalaa mandhi shaashwata sthiranivaasulu. vaaru pattana mariyu graameena praantaalalo baga sthirapadina samaajaalaku maararu. german american communitylu german matladataru, conny vaari yuva taram dwibhasha. scandinavian samuuhaalu saadhaaranamgaa twaragaa kalisipoyayi; vaaru nishedham vanti samskarana kaaryakramaalaku maddatu icchinanduku prasiddhi chendaaru.
1880 taruvaata valasala paramgaa, germanlu, british, airish mariyu scandinavianla paatha valasalu mandaginchaayi. united states prati samvatsaram pedda sankhyalo kotta naipunhyam laeni udyogaalanu utpatti chestondi, vaatini bharti cheyadaaniki italii, polland, austria, hangari, russia, grease mariyu dakshina mariyu madhya airopaloni itara praantaala nundi, alaage french kenada nundi kooda aneka mandhi vacchaaru. 1870la natiki paatha valasadaarulu atyanta sthiramaina sanghaalanu, mukhyamgaa german americanlanu erpaatu chesaaru. british valasadaarulu saadhaarana janabhalo kalisipoye dhorani chuupaaru.
1840luu mariyu 1850laloe irelandlo teevramaina karuvu kaaranamgaa lakshalaadi mandhi aakali kaaranamgaa maraninchina nepathyamlo airish kaathalikkulu pedda sankhyalo vacchaaru. vaari modati konni dasaabdaalu teevramaina pedarikam, saamaajika sthaanabhramsham, neeraalu mariyu vaari murikivaadalalo himsa kaligi undevi. 19va sataabdam chivari natiki, sthaanika vyaapaaravaettalu, nipunulu mariyu raajakeeya nayakula balamaina kotta "laes curtain" madhyataragati thoo airish samajalu ekkuvagaa sthireekarinchabaddaayi. zhe. boston loe kennedy (1858-1929). aardhika paramgaa, 1850laloe airish kaathalikkulu daadaapu diguva sthaanamlo unnaaru. 1900 natiki avi jaateeya sagatuku cherukunnayi, 20va sataabdam chivari natiki avi jaateeya sagatunu adhigaminchaayi.
raajakeeya paramgaa, airish kaathalikkulu desavyaaptamgaa pattana prajaasvaamya yantraala naayakatvamlo pradhana amsamgaa unnaaru. vaaru mottam catholic janabhalo moodinta oka vanthu matrame ayinappatikee, airish kooda catholic charchilo aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru, chaalaa mandhi bishaplu, kalaasaala adhyakshulu mariyu swachchanda samsthala nayakulanu utpatti chesaaru. catholic samsthala network unnata hodaanu andinchindi, conny praantiiya paatasaalalu, aasupatrulu, anaathaashramaalu mariyu conventlalo sodareemanulu mariyu sanyaasinulaku takkuva jeetam ichhe jeevitakaala vruttini andinchindi. vaaru ireland, ingland, france, germany mariyu kenada nundi gananeeyamaina kadalikalato antarjaateeya catholic networklo bhaagamgaa unnaaru.
kotta valasadaarulu.
kotta valasalu" dakshina mariyu thoorpu airopa nundi chaalaa paedha raitulu mariyu graameena prajalu, veerilo ekkuvagaa italianlu, stambhaalu mariyu yoodulu unnaaru. kontamandi purushulu, mukhyamgaa italianlu mariyu greekulu, tamanu taamu taatkaalika valasadaarulugaa bhaavinchukunnaaru, vaaru sudeergha gantala naipunhyam laeni shramalo sampaadinchina nagadu guddu guddu thoo tama sonta graamaalaku tirigi raavaalani yochincharu. itarulu, mukhyamgaa yoodulu, thoorpu airopa nundi tarimikottabaddaaru mariyu tirigi vachhe uddesam ledhu.
charitrakaarulu valasalaku kaaranaalanu push karakalu (prajalanu matrubhumi nundi bayataku nettadam) mariyu pull karakalu (vaarini americaku lagadam) paramgaa vislaeshistaaru. aardhika sthaanabhramsham, bhoomi korata mariyu yoodula vyatiraekata vantivi push karakalalo unnaayi. chavakaina vyavasaya bhoomulaku ledhaa karmagaralu, millulu mariyu ganulalo udyogaalaku aardhika avakaasam kalpinchadam pull karakalu.
modati taram saadhaaranamgaa paatha graamam dwara ummadi bhasha, aaharam, matam mariyu sambandhaalato jaathi pariveshtita praantaalalo nivasinchaaru. eee sankhya pedda nagaraalloni nivasalalo raddeeni kaliginchindi. ayithe, chinna millu pattanaalalo, nirvahana saadhaaranamgaa chouka addelatho company gruhalanu nirminchindi.
chaina valasadaarulu.
taatkaalika railroad pani kosam california nirmaana companylu chainees valasadaarulanu niyaminchaayi. european americanlu tama videshee jeevanasaili mariyu takkuva vaetanaala muppu kaaranamgaa chaineeyulanu teevramgaa ishtapadaledu. california nundi utah varaku central pasiphik railroad nirmaanaanni ekkuvagaa chaina kaarmikulu nirvahinchaaru. 1870 janabha lekkala prakaram, mottam uslo kontamandi mahilalatho paatu 63,000 mandhi chainees purushulu unnaaru.ess.1880loe eee sankhya 106,000kuu perigindi. shamyul gompers netrutvamloni kaarmika sanghaalu chainees kaarmikula unikini teevramgaa vyatiraekimchaayi. chaina nundi valasa vacchina vaarini 1950 varaku pourulu kaavadaaniki anumatinchaledu; ayithe, united states v. loe supreenkortu nirnayam phalitamgaa. wang kimm aark, "vaari pillalu yuu loe janminchaaru.ess. vaaru puurti pourulu.
1882loe chaina minahaayimpu chattam dwara chaina olasalanu congress marinta nishedhinchindi; eee chattam chaina kaarmikulanu united states loki pravesinchakundaa nishedhinchindi, ayithe kontamandi vidyaarthulu mariyu vyaapaaravaettalanu taatkaalika praatipadikana anumatinchaaru. 1940loe chaina janabha 37,000kuu matrame taggindi. chaalaa mandhi chainaku tirigi vachinappatikee (itara valasa samuuhaala kante ekkuva saatam), vaarilo ekkuva mandhi united stateslone undipoyaaru. chaina prajalu pattana parisaraallo ishtapadaledu, kabatti vaaru pedda nagaraalloni "chinatown" jillaallo punaravasam pondaaru. eee minahaayimpu vidhanam 1940la varaku konasaagindi.
graameena jeevitam.
vyavasaayamlo naatakeeya vistarana jarigindi, 1860loe 2 millionla nundi 1905loe 6 millionlaku vyavasaya kshetraala sankhya moodu retlu perigindi. polaallo nivasinche prajala sankhya 1860loe sumaru 1 million nundi 1880loe 2 kotlaku perigi 1905loe 3 kotlaku cherukundi. vyavasaya kshetraala viluva 1860loe 8 billion dollarla nundi 1906loe 3 kotla dollarlaku perigindi.
1862 naati nivaasa chattam kinda federal prabhutvam sthiranivaasulaku vaastavamgaa uchita tractlanu jaarii chesindi. inca pedda sankhyalo kotta railroadla nundi chaalaa takkuva vaddiitoe bhoomulanu konugolu chesindi, ivi marketlanu srushtinchadaaniki prayatnistunnaayi. railroadlu airopalo bhaareega pracharam chesi, takkuva chaarjeelatoo, germany, scandinavia mariyu britton nundi lakshalaadi mandhi raitulanu teesukuvacchaayi.
vaari adbhutamaina purogati mariyu saadhaarana sreyassu unnappatikee, 19va sataabdam yuu.ess. pradhanamgaa patthi, godhumalaku prapancha dharala taggudala kaaranamgaa raitulu punaraavrutamayye kashtalanu edurkonnaru.
prati unit praantaaniki digubadini baga penchina yaantrika merugudalalato paatu, sataabdam rendava ardhabhaagamlo saagu cheyabadina bhoomi parimaanam vaegamgaa perigindi, endukante railumargalu paschimamlo kotta praantaalanu sthiranivaasaala kosam terichaayi. 1876 nundi 1881 varaku godhuma raitulu samruddhiga utpattini mariyu manchi samvatsaraalanu aasvaadinchaaru, aaa samayamlo european pantala chedu pantala valla prapancha dhara ekkuvagaa undindi. 1880laloe airopalo paristhitulu merugupadinappudu vaaru thirogamanamtho baadhapaddaaru. sthiranivaasulu entha dhooram paschimaaniki vellinappatikee, vaaru tama vastuvulanu marketku taralinchadaaniki guttadhipatya railumargalapai marinta aadharapaddaru, 1890la prajaadarana udyamamlo vale vaaru nirasana vyaktam cheyadaaniki marinta moggu chuupaaru. godhuma raitulu takkuva dharalaku sthaanika dhanyam elevator yajamaanulu (tama pantanu konugolu chesinavaaru), railumargalu mariyu thoorpu bankerlu kaaranamani nindinchaaru. eee nirasana ippudu vyavasaayamlo vaanijyeekarana kaaranamgaa perigina anischiti kaaranamgaa aapaadinchabadindi, guttaadhipatyaalu, bangaaru pramaanam mariyu runaalu eee pramaadaanni kevalam oohinchabaddaayi.
saadhaarana vyavasaya samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki modati vyavastheekruta prayatnam grange udyamam. 1867loe U yokka udyogulu dheenini praarambhinchaaru.ess. vyavasaya saakha, chaalaa vyavasaya kutumbaalu anubhavinchina ontaritanaanni edurkovadaniki eee dhanyapu gaddi praarambhamlo saamaajika karyakalapalapai drushti pettindi. mahilala bhagaswamyanni churukuga prothsahinchaaru. 1873 naati bhayandolanatho prerepinchabadina eee shreni tvaralo 20,000 adhyayalu mariyu 15 laksala mandhi sabhyulaku perigindi. dhanyapu gaddi vaari swantha marketing vyavasthalu, dukaanaalu, prosessing plaantlu, karmagaralu mariyu sahakaara sanghaalanu erpaatu chesaayi. chaalaa varaku diwala teesaaru. 1870laloe eee udyamam kontha raajakeeya vijayanni kooda saadhinchindi. konni madhyapaschima rashtraalu railroad mariyu giddangi rusumulanu parimitam chestu "granger chattalanu" aamodinchaayi. 1892loe electoral collegelo 44 otlanu geluchukunna janaadarana udyamamlo vyavasaya samasyalu saamuuhika raajakeeya drushtini aakarshinchayi. 1896loe prajaasvaamyavaadula kosam vilium gennings bryan abhyardhithvamtho daani atyunnata sthaanam vachindi, vaaru vendi pramaanam vanti prajaadarana aandolanala patla saanubhooti chuupaaru.
pattana jeevitam.
antaryuddham taruvaata kaalamlo american samajam gananeeyamaina maarpulanu chavichusindi, mukhyamgaa uttaraana vegavantamaina pattaneekarana. naipunhyam laeni kaarmikulaku perugutunna demand kaaranamgaa, chaalaa mandhi european valasadaarulu millu pattanaalu, maining sibiraalu mariyu paarisraamika nagaralaku vellaaru. newyork, philadelphia mariyu mukhyamgaa chikago vaegamgaa vruddhini saadhinchaayi. luis sullivan modatisaarigaa aakaasaharmyaalanu nirminchadaaniki ukku chatraalanu upayoginchi pramukha vaastusilpi ayyadu, adhe samayamlo "roopam paniteerunu anusaristundi" anae aalochanaku maargadarsakatvam vahinchaadu. vilium lae baaran gennie rachinchina padhi antastula gruha beema bhavanamtho praarambhinchi, chikago aakaasaharmyaala vyaamoham kendramgaa maarindi.
nagarallo valasalu peragadamtho pedarikam kooda perigindi. newyorkloni aidu paayintlu mariyu narakam yokka vantagadi parisaraalu vanti takkuva kharchutho kuudina gruhaalaku paedalu gumigudaru. eee praantaalu five points muthaa mariyu bowery boys vanti apakhyaati paalaina naera mutaalatoe twaragaa adhigaminchabaddaayi. raddi suukshmakrimulanu vyaapti chestundi; pedda nagaraalloni nivasalalo maranaala raetu graameena praantaalanu minchipoyindi.
vegavantamaina bahya vistaranaku madhyataragati karyalaya kaarmikulu mariyu gruhinula kosam paniki mariyu shopping cheyadaaniki ekkuva prayaanaalu avasaram. kaarmika vargam saadhaaranamgaa 1945 taruvaata varaku sontamgaa vahanalu kaligi undedi kaadu; vaaru saadhaaranamgaa sameepamloni karmaagaaraalaku velli, chinna porugu dukaanaalanu pooshincheevaaru. madhyataragati merugaina ravana vyavasthanu demand chesindi. nemmadigaa gurrapu swarry chese veedhi kaarlu mariyu vegavantamaina electric trollylu 1880laloe aagrahaaniki kaaranamayyaayi. 
gurrapu pandem yugamlo, veedhulu chadunu cheyabadaledu mariyu muriki ledhaa kankaratho kappabadi undevi. ayithe, idhi asamaana dustulu dharinchadaaniki kaaranamaindi, paadachaarulaku kotta pramaadaalanu terichindi, saikillu mariyu motaru vaahanaalaku pramaadakaramaina guntalaku daariteesindi. 1900loe manhatton okkate 130,000 gurralanu kaligi undhi, veedhi kaarlu, delivery vyaganlu mariyu private carriagelanu laagutuu, vaati vyardhaalanu vadilivesindi. vaaru vaegamgaa laeru, paadachaarulu raddiigaa unde veedhulanu tappinchukoni, vaari marganni daatagaligevaaru. 
chinna pattanaallo prajalu ekkuvagaa tama gamyasthaanaaniki nadichi vellaaru, anduvalla vaaru 1920la varaku muriki mariyu kankarapai aadharapadatam konasaaginchaaru. pedda nagaralaku marinta sanklishtamaina ravana avasaralu undevi. vaaru merugaina veedhulanu korukunnaru, kabatti vaaru vaatini kalapa ledhaa granite blaakulatoe chadunu chesaaru. 1890loe, chikago yokka 2000 mailla veedhulalo moodinta oka vanthu pradhanamgaa chekka blaakulatoe chadunu cheyabaddaayi, ivi burada kante merugaina tractionu icchaayi. itukala uparitalam oka manchi raajee, conny taaru paving marinta manchidi. london mariyu paris namoonalugaa, washington 1882 natiki 400,000 chadarapu gajaala taaru neelanu vaesaadu mariyu gede, philadelphia mariyu itara praantaalaku namoonaga panicheesaadu. 
sataabdam chivari natiki, american nagaralu 30 million chadarapu gajaala taaru neelalanu kaligi unnaayi, taruvaata itukala nirmaanam jarigindi. veedhi sthaayi electric trollylu gantaku 12 mailla vegamtho kadulutuu, madhyataragati konugoludaarulu mariyu karyalaya kaarmikulaku pradhana ravana sevagaa marai. pedda nagara veedhulu vegavantamaina mariyu pedda mariyu marinta pramaadakaramaina vaahanaalaku margaluga marai, paadachaarulu jaagratta vahinchandi. atipedda nagarallo, veedhi railvelu penchabaddaayi, idhi vaati vegaanni penchindi mariyu vaati pramaadaalanu tagginchindi. 1890laloe boston modati sabvenu nirminchaadu, aaa taruvaata oka dasaabdam taruvaata newyork nirminchabadindi.
dakshina mariyu paschima.
dakshinaadi.
dakshina praantam bhaareega graameena praantamgaa undipoyindi mariyu uttara ledhaa paschima praantaala kante chaalaa paedagaa undedi. dakshinaana, punarnirmaanam vyavasaya paddhatulalo pradhana maarpulanu teesukuvacchindi. veetilo atyanta mukhyamainadi panchipanta, ikkada kouludaarulu tama pantalo sagam varaku bhoomi yajamaanulato vittanaalu mariyu nityaavasara saamaagrini badulugaa panchukunnaru. antaryuddham taruvaata daadaapu 80 saatam nallajati raitulu, 40 saatam tellajati raitulu eee vyavastha kinda nivasinchaaru. chaalaa mandhi panchidaarulu runa chakramlo chikkukunnaru, dheeni nundi tappinchukune ekaika aasha naatadam penchadam. idhi patthi mariyu pogaaku adhika utpattiki daariteesindi (tadwara dharalu mariyu aadaayam taggadam), naela alasata mariyu bhuswamulu mariyu addedaarulalo pedarikam.
kaarmika saktilo vyavasayam vataa, 1890
akkada chellacheduruga unna konni nagaralu matrame undevi-chinna nyaayasthaana pattanaalu vyavasaya janaabhaaku sevalu andinchaayi. sthaanika rajakeeyaalu nyaayasthaanamlo unna raajakeeya nayakulu, nyaayavaadula chuttoo tirugutuu undevi. vastra utpatti ledhaa sigaret tayaareepai drushti saarinchina millu pattanaalu, peedmont praantamloo mukhyamgaa carolinaslo teravadam praarambhinchaayi. jaathi vibhajana mariyu asamaanatala bahya sankethaalu pratichota undevi, mariyu arudugaa savaalu cheyabaddaayi. rangu rekhanu ullanghinchina nallajaateeyulu bahishkarinchabadataaru ledhaa hatyaku gurayye avakaasam untundi. patthi munupati kante marinta mukhyamainadigaa maarindi, endukante paedha tellajati prajalaku patthi teesukuvacche nagadu avasaram. patthi dharalu yuddhaaniki mundu kante chaalaa takkuvagaa undevi, kabatti prati okkaroo paelavamgaa undevaaru. tella dakshinaadi prajalu uttara disagaa velladaaniki ledhaa nagaralaku velladaaniki ayishtatanu chuupimchaaru, kabatti chinna polaala sankhya perigindi, janabha perige koddi avi chinnaviga marai.
chaalaa mandhi tella raitulu, mariyu chaalaa mandhi nallajati raitulu, adde raitulu, vaaru tama pani jantuvulu mariyu panimutlanu kaligi unnaaru, mariyu bhoomini addeku teesukunnaru. itarulu bhuswamy paryaveekshanhaloo panichese pagati kuuliilu ledhaa chaalaa paedha panchidaarulu. chaalaa mandhi raitulu sthaanika vyaapaarula nundi credit khaataalapai panichesi, saradrutuvulo patthi pantakota samayamlo tama runaalanu chellinchinanduna, akkada takkuva nagadu chelaamanilo undedi. pratichota chinna graameena charchilu unnappatikee, shidhilaavasthalo unna konni praathamika paatasaalalu matrame undevi. 1920la varaku private academylu kakunda, chaalaa takkuva unnata paatasaalalu undevi. kotta praantaalalo, mukhyamgaa texas mariyu central floridalo, dakshina carolina, mississippi mariyu arkansaslalo atyanta paedarikamtoe paristhitulu swalpamgaa merugga unnaayi.
african americanlalo adhika sankhyaakulu dakshinaana nivasinchaaru, mariyu vimukti mariyu punarnirmaanam yokka vaagdaanaalu ksheeninchadamto, vaaru jaathi sambandhaala adhogatiki lonayyaru. prati dakshinaadi rashtram mariyu nagaram 19va sataabdam chivari nundi 1964 madhya amalulo unna zim kaaki chattalanu aamodinchaayi, avi congress raddu chesinappudu. nallajaateeyulaku "pratyaekamaina conny samaanamaina" hodaato dukaanaalu mariyu veedhi kaarlu vanti anni praja soukaryaalalo "dii jyoor" (chattaparamaina) vibajananu vaaru tappanisari chesaaru. vaastavaaniki, idhi aneka aardhika, vidya mariyu saamaajika pratikuulatalanu kramabaddheekaristuu, tella americanlaku andinchina vaati kante natakeeyamgaa takkuva sthaayi chikitsa mariyu vasati kalpinchadaaniki daariteesindi. uttaraadi daatrutva samsthalu mariyu charchilu dozenla koddi academylu mariyu chinna kalaasaalalanu terichi unchinappatikee, nallajaateeyula kosam paatasaalalu chaalaa takkuvagaa mariyu pannu chellimpudaarulache paelavamaina maddatu pondaayi.
punarnirmaana samayamlo nallajaateeyulapai perugutunna himsa mariyu bedirimpula nepathyamlo, samakhya prabhutvam svaechchaayutulaku rajyanga rakshanaku haamii ivvalekapoyindi. 1877loe jarigina raajeelo adhyakshudu hayes dakshinam nundi union dalaalanu upasamharinchukunnaaru; punarnirmaanam yokka sanchalanaatmaka purogatini tippikottadaaniki "redeamers" (white democrats) twaragaa vyavaharinchaaru. 1880laloe nallajati raajakeeya adhikaram tolaginchabadindi, 1890laloe kotta chattalu 90 saataaniki paiga nallajaateeyulanu ootu veyakunda samarthavantamgaa nirodhinchaayi (tenniseelo konni minahaayimpulato; nallajaateeyulu sarihaddu rashtraallo ootu vaesaaru).
paschimam.
1869loe, modati khandantara railroad-omaha nundi utah varaku union pasiphik mariyu utah nundi california varaku central pasiphik kalayika-suduura paschima maining mariyu gaddibeedu praantaalanu terichindi. newyork nundi shaan francisco varaku prayaaninchadaaniki ippudu aaru nelalaku badulugaa aaru rojulu pattindi.
antaryuddham taruvaata, thoorpu teeram mariyu airopa nundi vacchina chaalaa mandhi bandhuvula nundi vacchina nivedikala dwara mariyu "uttama praeri bhoomulu", "takkuva dharalu", "nagadu kosam pedda taggimpulu" mariyu "gatamlo kante merugaina nibandhanalu" anie vaagdaanam chese vistrutamaina prakatanala prachaaraala dwara paschimam vaipu aakarshinchabaddaaru!"anie paerkonnaaru. kotta railroadlu valasadaarulaku pratyeka kutumba tikketlatho bayataku velli pariseelinchae avakaasaanni kalpinchaayi, dheeni kharchunu railroadlu andinche bhoomi konugollaku vartinchavachhu. thoorpu praantaala kante maidaanaallo vyavasayam cheyadam chaalaa kashtam.
neeti nirvahana marinta klishtamgaa undedi, merupulu mantalu ekkuvagaa undevi, vaataavaranam marinta teevramgaa undedi, varshapaatam takkuvagaa undedi. bhayapadina vaaru intlone undipoyaaru, ayithe valasadaarulu pradhanamgaa vaari aardhika jeevitaanni meruguparachadaaniki chesina anveshana dwara prerepinchabaddaaru. raitulu pedda, choukaina mariyu marinta saaravantamaina bhoomini korukunnaru; vyaapaarulu mariyu vyaapaarulu kotta viniyogadaarulanu mariyu kotta nayakatva avakaasaalanu korukunnaru. kaarmikulu adhika vetanam, merugaina paristhitulanu korukunnaru. pourulaki uchita bhoomini andinche nivaasa chattam mariyu european raitulaku chouka bhoomulanu vikrayinche railumaargaalato, goppa mydaanaala sthiranivaasam vaegamgaa puurtayimdi, mariyu 1890 natiki sarihaddu vaastavamgaa mugisindi.
kutumba jeevitam.
bangaaru yugam paschimaana, kontamandi ontari purushulu polaanni nirvahinchadaaniki prayatninchaaru. pillalanu penchadam, kutumbaaniki aaharam, dustulu, inti panulanu nirvahinchadam, addeku teesukunna vaariki aaharam ivvadam vanti aneka panulanu nirvahinchadaaniki kashtapadi panichese bhaarya, aneka mandhi pillalu avasaramani raitulu spashtamgaa ardham chesukunnaru. sthirapadina prarambha samvatsaraallo, vyavasaya mahilalu bayata pani cheyadam dwara kutumba manugadaku bharosa ivvadamlo samagra paatra pooshinchaaru. oka taram taruvaata, mahilalu ekkuvagaa polaalanu vidichipetti, kutumbamlo vaari paatralanu punarnirvachinchaaru. kuttu mariyu dustulanu utike yantraalu vanti kotta soukaryaalu mahilalanu gruha paatrala vaipu moggu chuupadaaniki prothsahinchaayi. media mariyu prabhutva podigimpu agentlache shaastreeya house keeping udyamaanni desavyaaptamgaa prothsahinchaaru, alaage inti vanta mariyu dabbaalu veyadamlo vijayalu, vyavasaya patraalalo mahilalaku salaha kaalamlu mariyu paatasaalallo inti aardhika shaastra korsulu kaligi unna county fairlu kooda jarigaayi.
pacchika bayallapai vyavasaya jeevitam yokka thoorpu chitram ontari raitu yokka ontaritanam mariyu vyavasaya jeevitam yokka cheekatini nokkicheppinappatiki, vaastavaaniki graameena prajalu tamaku goppa saamaajika jeevitaanni srushtinchukunnaaru. udaaharanaku, chaalaa mandhi grange yokka sthaanika saakhalo cheraaru; majority sthaanika charchilatho sambandhaalu kaligi unnaaru. aacharanaatmaka pani, samruddhiga unde aaharam mariyu baarn raising, mokkajonna ubbasam mariyu quilting theneteegalu vanti saadhaarana vinodaalanu kalipe karyakalapalanu nirvahinchadam prachuryam pondindi. nirneeta shreni samavesalu, charchi sevalu mariyu paatasaala karyakramalalo evarainaa bijeegaa undavacchu. mahilalu bhojanaalu mariyu potlak kaaryakramaalanu panchukunnaru, alaage kutumbaala madhya sudeergha sandarsanalanu nirvahinchaaru.
paaschaatya polaallo balyam vivaadaaspada bhuubhaagam. oka vidvaamsula brundam graameena paryaavaranam aarogyakaramainadani vaadinchaaru, endukante idhi pillalu vayassu mariyu lingam yokka pattana kramaanugataala nundi vidipovadaaniki, kutumba paraspara aadharapadataanni prothsahinchadaaniki mariyu marinta swaavalambana, chalana, anukuula, baadhyataayutamaina, swatantramaina mariyu prakrutitoe marinta sannihitamgaa unna pillalanu vaari pattana ledhaa thoorpu sahacharula kante utpatti cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. ayithe itara charitrakaarulu chinna vayassu nunde ontaritanam, paruvu nashtam, durviniyogam mariyu saareeraka sramanu koorutuu bhayankaramaina chitraanni andistaaru.
sthaanika ekikarana.
sthaanika american vidhananni jaateeya prabhutvam nirdesinchindi (raashtraalaku chaalaa takkuva paatra undhi), mariyu 1865 taruvaata jaateeya vidhanam emitante sthaanika americanlu pedda samaajamlo kalisipovali ledhaa reservationlapyne undaali, ikkada prabhutvam raayiteelu andinchindi. reservation sthaanikulanu ikapai tama saampradaaya satruvulatoe tiragadaaniki ledhaa pooraadataaniki anumatinchaledu. yuu.ess. sainyam chattalanu amalu cheyavalasi undedi. paschima deshaalaku chendina sthaanikulu ganula kaarmikulu, pasupaalakulu mariyu sthiranivaasula vistaranatoe vibhedinchaaru. 1880 natiki, vaeta aardhika vyavasthaku punaadi ayina gedela mandalu adrusyamayyaayi. 1880laloe himsa chelaregi, 1890 tarvaata aacharanatmakamgaa aagipoyindi.
sthaanika americanlu vyaktigatamgaa reservationlapy jeevinche avakaasam undedi, federal prabhutvam andinche aaharam, sarafara, vidya mariyu vaidya samrakshanhatho, ledhaa pedda samaajamlo ontarigaa nivasistuu, vaetanaalu sampaadinche avakaasam undedi, saadhaaranamgaa gaddibeedulo kaubayga ledhaa pattanamlo chethi panivaduga. samskartalu veelainanta ekkuva mandhi sthaanika americanlaku tama sonta polaalu mariyu gaddibeedulanu kaligi undataaniki mariyu nirvahinchadaaniki avakaasam ivvalanukunnaru, kabatti tega yaajamaanyamloni vyaktigata sthaanikulaku bhoomini elaa ivvalanedi samasya. sthaanikulanu american samaajamlo vileenam cheyadaaniki, samskartalu pensylvanialoni carlisleloni carlisle indian industrial school vanti sikshanaa karyakramalu mariyu paatasaalalanu erpaatu chesaaru, idhi aneka mandhi pramukha sthaanika american nayakulanu utpatti chesindi. ayithe, reservationlapy anukarana vyatiraeka sampradaayavaadulu ekikarananu mariyu phalitamgaa vaari saampradaaya jeevitaanni kolpovadaanni pratighatinchaaru.
1887loe, davace chattam girijana bhoomini vibhajinchi, 160 ekaraala (0.65 chadarapu kii. mea) bhoomini prati kutumba adhipatiki panchukoovaalani pratipaadinchindi. atuvanti ketaayimpulanu prabhutvam 25 samvatsaraala paatu trust loe unchi, aapai puurti hakkutho unna yajamaanulaku ivvali, tadwara vaaru daanini vikrayinchavacchu ledhaa taakattu pettavacchu. vyaktigata sthaanikulu tama bhoomini vikrayinchadamtho, sthaanika samajam kaligi unna mottam daadaapu sagaaniki taggindi. vyaktigata vyavastha saampradaaya mataparamaina girijana samsthanu balaheenaparichindi. antekakunda, ekkuva mandhi sthaanikulu kraistava matamloki maaradam dwara teevramaina missionary kaaryakalaapaalaku pratispandinchaaru. sthaanikulanu pradhana sravantilo vileenam cheyadame daves chattam yokka deerghakaalika lakshyam. vileenam cheyadaaniki niraakarinchina vaaru reservationlapy pedarikamlo undipoyaaru, ippati varaku samakhya aaharam, vaidyam mariyu paatasaala vidya dwara maddatu icchaaru. 1934loe, reservationlapy girijana mariyu mataparamaina jeevitaalanu rakshinchadaaniki prayatninchina bhaarata punarvyavastheekarana chattam dwara jaateeya vidhanam mallee tiragabadindi.
kala.
bangaaru yuganiki chendina kontamandi prasiddha chitrakaarulalo jools breton, winslo hommer, thamus eekins, vilium merrit chaze, zaan singer sargent, maerii cassat, james abot mcneil wisler, chiled hassom, zaan henry twachtman mariyu maris prendergast unnaaru. 
newyork kalaa prapancham bangaaru yugamlo oka pradhana malupu tirigindi, pradarsanala perugudala mariyu american kalapai drushti saarinchi pradhana vaelam gruhaala sthaapananu chusindi. antarjaateeya kalaa marketlo newyork kalaa prapanchaanni sthaapinchadamlo bangaaru yugam keelakamainadi.
bangaaru yugamlo newyork art gallerylu, clubbulu mariyu sanghaalu
mahilala paatralu.
saamaajika kriyaaseelata.
bangaaru yugamlo, united stateslo aneka kotta saamaajika udyamaalu jarigaayi. padihenava savarana tamaku ootu hakkunu vistarinchaledani niraasa chendina chaalaa mandhi mahilaa nirmuulanavaadulu, rajakeeyaalalo churukuga unnaaru, esaari vaariki mukhyamaina samasyalapai drushti pettaru. rendava goppa melkolupu nundi nigraha udyamaanni punaruddharistuu, chaalaa mandhi mahilalu americaku naitikatanu tirigi teesukuvacche prayatnamlo mahilala kraistava nigraha sangham (doubleu. tii. tii. yuu) loe cheraaru. daani pradhana nayakudu frances willard (1839-1898), aame illinayisloni evanstonloni thana sthaavaram nundi jaateeya mariyu antarjaateeyamgaa vistarinchindi. tarachugaa doubleu. tii. tii. yuu mahilalu seneca falls convention nundi nidraanamgaa unna mahilala ootu hakku samasyanu chepattaru. susanne bii vanti naayakulatoe. anthony, national american umen suffrage association (navsa) mahilala ootu hakkunu bhadraparachadaaniki erpadindi.
upaadhi.
chaalaa mandhi yuvatulu vivaham varaku sevakulugaa ledhaa dukaanaalu mariyu karmagaralalo panicheesaaru, taruvaata saadhaaranamgaa puurti samayam gruhinulu ayyaru. ayithe, nallajati, airish mariyu swedish vayojana mahilalu tarachugaa sevakulugaa panicheesaaru. chaalaa pedda uttara nagarallo, airish catholic mahilalu sevakula kosam marketlo aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru. bhaarii parisrama purushula domine, conny vastraalu mariyu aahara prosessing vanti telikapati parisramalalo, pedda sankhyalo yuvatulanu niyaminchaaru. vaelaadi mandhi yuva avivaahita airish mariyu french kenadian mahilalu eshaanya vastra millulalo panicheesaaru. paedha kutumbaala nundi vacchina eee udyogaalu antey saamaajika kadalika, ekkuva dabbu, vaari samaajamlo marinta saamaajika pratishta, idhi vaarini marinta aakarshanheeyamaina vivaha bhagaswamuluga chesindi. newyorkloni kohoslo, millu mahilalu 1882loe union gurtimpu pondadaaniki sammeku digaaru. vaaru saadhinchina hodaanu kaapaadataaniki swedish strike breakerlatho poraadaaru.
1860 taruvaata, pedda nagaralu department storelanu terichinappudu, madhyataragati mahilalu chaalaa varaku shopping chesevaaru; vaariki yuva madhyataragati mahilaa clerklu ekkuvagaa sevalu andinchevaaru. saadhaaranamgaa, chaalaa mandhi yuvatulu vivaham chesukunnappudu tama udyogaalanu vadulukuntaaru. ayithe, konni jaathi samoohaalalo, vivaahita mahilalu, mukhyamgaa african americanlu mariyu airish kaathaliklalo pani cheyadaaniki prothsahinchabaddaaru. bhartha oka chinna dukaanam ledhaa restaurantnu naduputunnappudu, bharyalu mariyu itara kutumba sabhyulu akkada udyogam pondavacchu. vitantuvulu, vidichipettina bharyalu tarachugaa vasati gruhalanu nadipevaaru.
vrutti mahilalu chaalaa takkuva. okappudu bodhanaa vrutti ekkuvagaa purushulugaa undedi, conny paatasaala vidya vistarinchadamto chaalaa mandhi mahilalu bodhanaa vruttini chepattaru. vaaru avivaahitulugaa unte, vaaru madhyataragati loe pratishtaatmakamaina conny takkuva jeetam pondina jeevitakaala vruttini kaligi untaaru. aaa kaalam mugimpulo nursing paatasaalalu mahilalaku kotta avakaasaalanu terichaayi, conny vaidya paatasaalalu daadaapu anni magavallake migilipoyayi.
vitantuvu thana divangata bhartha chinna vyapaaraanni chepattadam tappa vyapara avakaasaalu chaalaa arudu. ayithe, kuttu yantraanni vaegamgaa aamodinchadam gruhinulanu marinta utpaadakamgaa chesindi mariyu vaari swantha chinna millinarylu mariyu dustula tayari dukaanaalanu naduputunna mahilalaku kotta vruttini terichindi. aame bhartha maraninchinappudu, lydia mose broadley (1816-1908) 500,000 dollarlu vaarasatvamgaa pondindi; telivigala pettubadulu aaa mottaanni rettimpu chesaayi mariyu taruvaata aame illinayisloni pioriyaaloni athani paatha byaankuku adhyakshuraalaindi. banking vyapaaraanni nirvahinchadaaniki aame inti nundi panicheesaaru. zaan hopkins, carnell, purdue, vanderbilt, stanford, rais mariyu duke vanti paropakari vyaktulu vishwavidhyaalayaalanu sthaapinchadam dwara vaari paerlanu konasagistunna yugamlo, aame anaathaashrama aalochana nundi unnata sthaayiki thana aakaankshalanu ettivesi 1897loe peorialo broadley vishwavidyaalayaanni sthaapinchindi.
saamaajika aalochana.
oka pramukha patrika, "dhi nation", 1865loe praarambhamaina prati vaaram sanchikalo, prabhaavavantamaina sampadakudu ii. ell. gadkin (1831-1902).
charless darwin rachanalu medhaavulalo prasiddhi chendadamtho saamaajika aalochanalo shaastram mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchindi. sahaja empika gurinchi darwin aalochananu anusarinchi, aangla tatwavetta herbert spensor saamaajika darvinism aalochananu pratipaadinchaaru. eee kotta bhavana dhanikulu mariyu paedala stareekarananu samarthinchindi, mariyu eee pratipaadanalone spensor "atyanta samarthula manugada" anae padaanni roopondinchaadu.
yael professor vilium graham sumner, "saamaajika vargaalu okarikokaru runapadi unnavi" (1884) anae pustakam paedalaku sahayam cheyadam vaastavaaniki samaajamlo manugada saaginche vaari saamarthyaanni balaheenaparustundani vaadinchindi. sumner oka svaechchaayutamaina mariyu swechhaa-market aardhika vyavastha kosam vaadinchaaru. ayithe, kontamandi matrame saamaajika darvinistulatho ekibhavincharu, endukante vaaru mataanni egataali chesi, daatrutvaanni khandinchaaru.
henry georg thana pustakam "purogati mariyu pedarikam" loe "oke pannu" nuu pratipaadinchaaru. sekarinchina adanapu dabbunu sampadanu samanamga cheyadaaniki, samajanni samanamga cheyadaaniki upayoginchadamto paatu, eee pannu dhanikulu, paedalapai samanamga untundi.
aardhikavetta thorstein weblen "dhi theory off dhi lazer class" (1899) loe dhanavanthula "spashtamaina viniyogam mariyu spashtamaina vishraanti" americalo saamaajika hodaaku aadhaaramgaa maarindani vaadinchaaru.
venukaku chudatam" (1887) loe, samskarta edward bellamy 2000 samvatsaramlo bhavishyat americanu roopondinchaaru, dheenilo oka saamyavaada swargam sthaapinchabadindi. georg mariyu bellamy vanti rachayitala rachanalu prachuryam pondaayi, mariyu eee samsthalu arudugaa nijamaina saamaajika maarpunu chesinappatiki, vaari aalochanalanu charchinchadaaniki tvaralo america antataa clubbulu srushtinchabaddaayi.
matam.
poura yuddham tirigi raavadaaniki mundu praarambhamaina moodava goppa melkolupu, saamaajika purogati patla mataparamaina vaikharilo gananeeyamaina maarpunu chesindi. kotta melkolupu anucharulu saamaajika suvaarta aalochananu prothsahinchaaru, idhi moksha sainyam yokka american saakha ayina vaimka vanti samsthalaku, 1889loe chikagolo jaine audums sthaapinchina hull house vanti settlement houselaku daariteesindi.
moodava goppa melkolupu 1850la chivari nundi 20va sataabdam varaku america charitralo mataparamaina kriyaaseelata kaalam. idhi petitic protestant tegalanu prabhaavitam chesindi mariyu saamaajika kriyaaseelata yokka balamaina bhavanni kaligi undhi. manavjati mottam bhoomini samskarinchina tarvaata kreestu rendava raaka vastundani sahasraabdula anantara vedaantasaastram nundi idhi balaanni sekarinchindi. prapanchavyaaptamgaa missionary udyamam vale saamaajika suvaarta udyamam kooda melkolupu nundi daani saktini pondindi. pavitrata udyamam mariyu nazaren udyamaalu, theosophy mariyu kraistava shaastram vanti kotta samuuhaalu udbhavinchaayi.
pradhana protestant vargaalu (mukhyamgaa methodist, episcopal, presbyterian mariyu sammelana charchilu) sankhya, sampada mariyu vidya sthaayilalo vaegamgaa vruddhi chendaayi, vaari sarihaddu praarambhaalanu visirivesi pattanaalu mariyu nagarallo kendrikrutamayyayi. josia strang vanti nayakulu americaloni mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna aparimitulaku kramabaddhamaina vyaaptitoe kandaraala kraistavatvaanni samardhinchaaru. itarulu taruvaati taraaniki sikshana ivvadaaniki kalaasaalalu mariyu vishwavidhyaalayaalanu nirminchaaru. prati vargam churukaina missionary samaajaalaku maddatu ichindi, missionary paatranu adhika pratishtaatmakamainadigaa chesindi. (uttaraana) petitic pradhana protestantlalo adhika sankhyaakulu republican paarteeki maddatu icchaaru, mariyu nishedham mariyu saamaajika samskaranalanu aamodinchamani koraru. (moodava party vyavasthanu chudandi.)
1858loe aneka nagarallo melkolupu american antaryuddham kaaranamgaa antaraayam kaligindi. marovaipu, dakshinaana, antaryuddham punarujjeevanaalanu prerepinchindi mariyu mukhyamgaa baptistulanu balopetam chesindi. yuddham taruvaata, dwite ell. moody baibil institutenu sthaapinchadam dwara moody chikagolo thana kaaryakalaapaalaku punarujjeevanavaadaanni kendra binduvugaa marchadu. iraa sankey yokka shlokaalu mukhyamgaa prabhaavavantamgaa undevi.
desavyaaptamgaa, madyam nishedham kosam matam paerita "endabettadam" jarigindi. mahilala kraistava nigraha sangham protestant mahilalanu madyam matrame kakunda, asleelata mariyu vyabhichaaraaniki vyatiraekamgaa saamaajika poraataala kosam sameekarinchindi mariyu mahilala ootu hakku kosam demandnu rekettinchindi.
baala kaarmikulu, tappanisari praathamika vidya mariyu karmagaralalo dopidi nundi mahilala rakshana vanti samasyalatho nimagnamaina pragatiseela yugamlo saamaajika suvaarta bodhakulu mariyu samskartala nundi bangaaru yugapu plutocracy kathinamaina daadiki guraindi.
anni pradhana vargaalu united states lopala mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa perugutunna missionary karyakalapalanu spaansar chesaayi.
charchilatho anubandhinchabadina kalaasaalalu paatyapranaalika sankhya, parimaanam mariyu naanhyathalo vaegamgaa vistarinchaayi. kandaraala kraistavatvaanni prothsahinchadam campaslo mariyu pattana ancaslalo yuvakulalo, alaage methadistula kosam epp worth leag mariyu lutheranla kosam walther leag vanti tegala yuvajana samoohaalalo prachuryam pondindi.

