
operation koota

operation koota anedi 1954 marchi nundi bikinee atol vadda joint task fores 7 (jtf-7) dwara adhika-digubadi (adhika-shakti) anhu pareekshala united states syries. idhi "operation up shaat-nothol" nuu anusarinchindi mariyu "operation teapot" kii mundu jarigindi.
anushakti commission (eisi) mariyu rakshana vibhagam (diodi) madhya joint venturega nirvahinchina eee operation yokka antima lakshyam vimaana-pampinhee cheyagala thermonuclear ayudham kosam namuunaalanu pareekshinchadam. pareekshinchina anni parikaraalu, baruvu nundi, vimanam nundi padeyadaaniki nirminchabaddaayi. ayithe, balistic casinglu, rekkalu mariyu fusing vyavasthalanu jatacheyavalasi untundi.
thermonuclear aayudhaala kosam moharinchadagina "podi" indhana namuunaala saadhyatanu niroopinchinanduna operation kotanu prabhutva adhikarulu vijayavantamainadigaa bhaavinchaaru. konni pareekshalalo saanketika samasyalu unnaih oka parikaram oohinchina daanikante chaalaa takkuva digubadini kaligi undhi (oka "fizzle"), maroe rendu bambulu vaati anchanaa digubadi kante rettimpu thoo paelaayi. mukhyamgaa oka pareeksha, "kazil bravo", vistrutamaina radiological kaalushyaaniki daariteesindi. eee patanam nivaasitulu mariyu yuu thoo sahaa sameepa dveepaalanu prabhaavitam chesindi.ess. akkada moharinchina sainikulu, alaage sameepamloni japanese fishing boat ("diago fukuryu maaru"), phalitamgaa oka pratyaksha maranam sambhavinchindi, aapai bahirgatamaina vaarilo chaalaa mandiki aarogya samasyalu konasagayi. pareekshalapai prajala pratispandana mariyu anhu patanam yokka suduura prabhavalapai avagahana 1963 pakshika pareeksha nishedha oppandaaniki preranalo bhaagamgaa aapaadinchabadindi.
nepathyam.
bikinee atol gatamlo 1946loe "operation koodali" loe bhaagamgaa anhu pareekshalanu nirvahinchindi, ikkada prapanchamlooni nalgava mariyu aidava anhu aayudhalanu bikinee sarassulo paelchivaesaaru. appati nundi, american anhu aayudhaala pareeksha saadhaaranamgaa pedda dveepaalu mariyu lothaina neetini sadviniyogam chesukovadaniki annivetock atol kuu maarindi. rendu atols american pasiphik proving maidaanamlo bhaagamgaa undevi.
koota aayudhaala yokka adhika digubadi, ippatike annivatoc vadda erpaatu cheyabadina parimita moulika sadupaayaalaku sambhaavya nashtam itara karyakalapalanu alasyam chestundane aandolananu kaliginchindi. adanamgaa, "koota" aayudhaala nundi vachhe bilam "iv mike" thoo polchadaginadigaa bhaavinchabadindi, idhi 1952loe envatock vadda pareekshinchina 10.4 megatonla tnt (enti) parikaram, idhi dadapuga oka bilam vyaasam vadili, tudichipettukupoyina test iland elugelab yokka sthaanaanni suuchistumdi.
iv mike" pareeksha anedi prapanchamlooni mottamodati "hydrogen bambu", idhi puurti sthaayi thermonuclear ledhaa fusion paeludunu utpatti chesindi. iv mike" parikaram hydrogen yokka isotope ayina drava deuteriumnu upayoginchindi, idhi "tadi" bambunu tayaaru chesindi. cryogenic ushnogratala vadda drava deuteriumnu nilva cheyadaaniki avasaramaina sanklishtamaina dewar yantraamgaalu parikaranni moodu antastula podavu mariyu mottam baruvulo 82 tannulugaa chesaayi, idhi upayoginchadagina aayudhamgaa undataaniki chaalaa baruvugaa mariyu sthuulamgaa undhi. teller-ulam bambu bhavanaku rujuvugaa "iv mike" vijayamtho, aacharanaatmaka fusion aayudhanni tayaaru cheyadaaniki "dry" indhanaanni upayoginchadampai parisoedhana praarambhamaindi, tadwara united states parimaanamlo thermonuclear aayudhaala utpatti mariyu vistarananu praarambhinchagaladu. tudi phalitam teller-ulam designlo lithium duteridenu fusion indhanamgaa cherchindi, idhi parimaanam mariyu baruvunu chaalaa varaku tagginchindi mariyu mottam designu saralikrutam chesindi. "naalugu podi indhana namuunaalu, rendu tadi bambulu mariyu oka chinna parikaranni pareekshinchadaaniki "operation kazil" chartu cheyabadindi. operation kazil" kuu aamodam majer general kenneth dii. jtf-7 kuu jaarii chesaaru. 1954 janavari 21naa eisi general manager ayina nicolus.
prayogaalu.
"operation kazil" edu prayogaalugaa nirvahinchabadindi, veetilo okati minaha annee bikinee atol vadda jaragalsi undhi. asalu pareeksha schedule krinda ivvabadindi (fibravari 1954 natiki).
paina perkonna vidhamgaa podi-indhana "bravo" vijayamtho drava indhana roopakalpana vaadukalo lenanduna "pratidhvani" pareeksha raddu cheyabadindi. "yanki" adevidhamgaa vaadukalo laenidigaa pariganinchabadindi mariyu jug head parikaram "runt II" parikaramtho ("union parikaram" maadirigaane) bharti cheyabadindi, idhi laas alamos vadda tondaragaa puurti cheyabadi bikineeki eguraveyabadindi. eee savaranatho, tadi indhana parikaraalu rendoo pareeksha schedule nundi tolaginchabaddaayi.
"operation kazil" anedi lithium duteride (mootha) nuu thermonuclear fusion indhanamgaa pareekshinchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. gadhi ushnograta vadda oka ghanamaina mootha, adhi panichesthe, iv mike parikaramloni cryogenic drava deuterium indhanam kante chaalaa aacharanatmakamgaa untundi. sassage" parikaram anie pilavabade "iv mike" loe adhe teller-ulam suutram upayoginchabadutundi, conny kalayika praticharyalu bhinnamgaa undevi. "iv mike" deuteriumnu deuteriumtho anusandhaaninchindi, conny mootha parikaraalu deuteriumnu tritiyamtho militam chestaayi. paeludu samayamlo lithiyamnu vegavantamaina newtraanlatho vikiranam cheyadam dwara tritium utpatti cheyabadindi.
"bravo, yanki (II), unionlu lii-6 isotopulo susampannamaina lithiyamnu upayoginchaayi (" "bravo" "mariyu" "yanki" "luu 40 saatam lii-6kuu susampannamaina lithiyamnu upayoginchaayi, ayithe unionlo upayoginchina lithium 95 saatam lii-6kii susampannam cheyabadindi), ayithe" "romeo" "mariyu" "coon" "luu sahaja lithium (92 saatam lii-7,7.5 saatam lii-6) thoo indhanamgaa upayoginchabaddaayi". pracchanna yuddha anhu aayudhaala pootii samayamlo thana anhu nilvanu vaegamgaa vistarinchagala america saamardhyaaniki sahaja lithium vadakam mukhyamainadi, endukante "koota" nirvahinchina samayamlo "mishrama abhivruddhi karmagaralu" anie pilavabadevi prarambha dasalo unnaayi. modati karmagaram 1953 chivarilo utpattini praarambhinchindi.
oka kanchegaa, drava deuterium aayudhaala abhivruddhi samaantaramgaa konasaagindi. cryogenic parikaram yokka ravana, nirvahana mariyu nilvatho vyavaharinchae logistical samasyala kaaranamgaa avi chaalaa takkuva aacharanaathmakamainappatiki, pracchanna yuddha aayudhaala pootii aacharaneeyamaina kalayika ayudham kosam demandnu prerepinchindi. ramroad" mariyu "jug head" parikaraalu drava indhana namuunaalu, vaati munupati "sassage" anie pilavabade vaati nundi parimaanam mariyu baruvulo baga tagginchabaddaayi. jug head" parikaram chivariki aayudhamgaa cheyabadindi, mariyu idhi yuu dwara parimita feeldingnu chusindi.ess. podi" indhanam hetch-bambulu saadhaaranam ayye varaku vaimanika dalam.
"thene" anedi migilina "koota" shrenilo unnatle kalayika ayudham kaadu. idhi vichchittini penchadaaniki lithium indhanaanni upayoginchinappatiki, rendava dasalo pradhana praticharya padaartham euranium mariyu plutonium. teller-ulam aakruteekarana maadirigaane, rendava vichchitti dravyaraasini kudinchadaaniki adhika ushnogratalu mariyu ottillanu srushtinchadaaniki anhu vichchitti paeludu upayoginchabadindi. lekapothe idhi sampradaaya paeludu padaarthaalatho prerepinchabadi unte samarthavanthamaina praticharyanu konasaaginchadaaniki chaalaa peddadigaa undedi. eee prayogam jaabitaanu vistarinchadaaniki madhyantara digubadi aayudhalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki uddesinchabadindi (sumaru 1-2 metrik tannulu verses. 4-8).
aneka fusion ledhaa thermonuclear aayudhalu vaati digubadilo chaalaa varaku ledhaa chaalaa varaku vichchitti nundi utpatti chestaayi. euranium yokka yuu-238 isotope golusu praticharyanu konasaginchanappatiki, fusion paeludu yokka teevramaina vegavantamaina neutron fluxes dwara vikiranam cheyabadinappudu idhi ippatikee vichchitti chendutundi. yuu-238 samruddhiga unnanduna mariyu klishtamaina dravyaraasini kaligi lenanduna, dheenini fusion bambu chuttoo tamperga (siddhaantaparamgaa) daadaapu aparimita parimaanamlo jodinchavachhu, idhi fusion praticharyanu niyantrinchadaaniki mariyu daani swantha vichchitti saktini andinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. udaaharanaku, yuu-238 tamper yokka vegavantamaina vichchitti 10.4 metrik tannula "iv mike" paeludu digubadiki 77 saatam (8 megatanlu) dohadapadindi.
pareeksha amalu.
operation kazil" yokka atyanta mukhyamaina sanghatana "kazil bravo" pareeksha. bravo" kosam podi indhanam 40 saatam lii-6 mariyu 60 saatam lii-7. deuterium-tritium fusion praticharya kosam lii-6 matrame tritiyamnu pempondistundani anchanaa veyabadindi; lii-7 jadamgaa untundani anchanaa veyabadindi. inca zhe. laas alamos saiddhaantika roopakalpana vibhaagaaniki adhipati ayina carson maark, "bravo" "peddadigaa" undavacchani oohinchaaru, eee parikaram modata lekkinchina daanikante 20 saatam ekkuva paeludu digubadini utpatti cheyagaladani anchanaa vaesaaru. oohinchani vidhamgaa ekkuva digubadi kaaranamgaa, parikaramloni lii-7 kooda tritiumnu utpatti chese santaanotpattiki lonavutundani kanugonabadindi. aacharanalo, "bravo" anchanaalanu 150% adhigaminchindi, 15 metrik tannula utpattini ichindi-hiroshimapai upayoginchina "chinna pillavadu" ayudham kante 1,000 retlu ekkuva saktivantamainadi. "cassil bravo" eee roeju varaku migili undhi, idhi united states ippativaraku nirvahinchina atipedda paeludu, mariyu prapanchamlone aidava atipedda hetch-bambu paeludu.
kazil bravo" daani aasinchina digubadini chaalaa minchipoyindi kabatti, jtf-7 siddhamgaa lekunda pattubadindi. bikinee pagadapu dibbapai shaashwata moulika sadupayalu chaalaa varaku debbatinnaayi. teevramaina ushna flash enue dveepam (bikinee atol yokka bays iland) loe kontha dhooramlo mantalanu prerepinchindi. aaa taruvaata vacchina patanam valla pagadapu dibba mottam enthagaa kalushitam ayindante, pareeksha tarvaata 24 gantala paatu jtf-7 daanini cherukolekapoyindi, appudu kooda bahirgatam ayye samayam parimitam cheyabadindi. eee patanam thoorpuna gaali veeche samayamlo, kaalipoyina neeti aduguna pagadapu oddula nundi rediyodhaarmika calcium buudida dwara marinni pagadapu dibbalu kalushitam ayyayi. pareeksha jarigina ventane pagadapu dibbalanu khaalii chesinappatiki, uteric, rongelop mariyu illeeni pagadapu dibbalapai 239 maarshaleelu gananeeyamaina sthaayilo radiationku gurayyaru. rongeric atol meeda unna 28 mandhi americanlu kooda bahirgatamayyaaru. paeludu jarigina ventane project 4gaa kalushitamaina vyaktula tadupari adhyayanalu prarambhamayyayi, mariyu chaalaa mandhi maarshaleesku radiation exposure yokka swalpakaalika prabhavalu telikapativi mariyu/ledhaa paraspara sambandham kaligi undatam kashtamgaa unnappatikee, deerghakaalika prabhavalu uchcharinchabaddaayi. adanamgaa, "diago fukuryu maaru" loe unna 23 mandhi japanese matsyakaarulu kooda adhika sthaayi radiationku gurayyaru. vaaru radiation poisoning lakshanaalanu edurkonnaru, mariyu 1954 septembarulo oka sibbandi maraninchaaru.
bravo" nundi bhaarii kalushyam mariyu vistrutamaina nashtam migilina sireesnu alasyam chesindi. savarinchina pareeksha schedule april 14,1954naa adhikarikamga vidudala cheyabadindi. eee savarana prachurinchabade samayaniki "kazil romeo" mariyu "coon" pareekshalu puurtayyaayi.
operation koota" abhivruddhi chendadamtho, perigina digubadi mariyu patanam pareeksha sthaanaalanu tirigi anchanaa vaeyadaaniki kaaranamayyaayi. iraiz isuka ummi sameepamlo padavalu kosam chaalaa pareekshalu pranaalika cheyabadinappatiki, konnintini "bravo" mariyu "union" gadulaku taralinchaaru. adanamgaa, bikinee inca munupati pareekshala nundi bhaareega kalushitamai unnanduna, "koota thene" nuu bikinee pagadapu dibba nundi annivetock vadda "iv mike" bilaniki marcharu.
operation koota" loe chivari pareeksha 1954 mae 14naa jarigindi.
phalitaalu.
"operation kazil" anedi podi indhana parikaraala amalulo anarhamaina vijayam saadhinchindi. bravo" roopakalpana twaragaa aayudhaparachabadindi mariyu idhi enke-21 gurutvakarshana bambu yokka puurveekulu anie anumaanistunnaaru. enke-21 roopakalpana project marchi 26,1954naa ("bravo" tarvaata kevalam moodu vaaraala taruvaata) 275 aayudhaala utpattitoe 1955 chivarilo praarambhamaindi. sahaja lithium meeda aadhaarapadina "romeo" vaegamgaa enke-17 bambuga maarchabadindi, idhi mottamodati moharinchadagina us thermonuclear ayudham, mariyu 1954 madhya natiki vyuuhaatmaka dalaalaku atyavasara saamarthya aayudhamgaa andubaatulo undhi. "koota" podi indhana parikaraalu chaalaavaraku chivariki jaabitaalo kanipinchaayi mariyu chivariki ekkuva thermonuclear aakruteekaranalanu andukundi.
dheeniki viruddhamgaa, liver-more roopondinchina "coon" viphalamaindi. sahaja lithium mariyu bhaareega savarinchina teller-ulam aakruteekarananu upayoginchi, eee pareeksha anchanaa vesina 1.5 megaton digubadilo 110 kilotanlanu matrame utpatti chesindi. radiation prayogasaalaloni injaneerlu idhi aasaajanakamaina kotta aayudha rangaaniki daariteestundani aasinchinappatikii, chivariki eee roopakalpana lithium indhanaanni akalamga vaedi cheyadaaniki anumatistundani, tadwara sunnitamaina kalayika paristhitulaku antaraayam kaligistundani nirdhaarinchabadindi.

