
kaanti-aadhaarita praticharyalu

kaanti-aadhaarita praticharyalu kiranajanya samyogakriyalo palgone konni prakaasa rasayana praticharyalaku paribhasha, idhi mokkalu saktini pondhe pradhana prakriya. rendu kaanti aadhaarita praticharyalu unnaayi, modatidi photosystem II (psii) vadda sambhavistundi mariyu rendavadi photosystem i (psi) vadda sambhavistundi,
saie oka photaannu grahinchi adhika shakti electron anie pilavabade utpatti chestundi, idhi electron ravana golusu dwara cytochrome "bf" kuu mariyu taruvaata saiki badilee avutundi. appudu taggina saie, marinta ekkuvagaa tagginche electronnu utpatti chese maroka photaannu grahistundi, idhi naadni nadfga maarustundi. praanavaayuvu kiranajanya samyogakriyalo, modati electron daata neeru, idhi praanavaayuvu (oo2) nuu upa-utpattigaa srushtistundi. anaxygenic kiranajanya samyogakriyalo vividha electron daatalanu upayogistaaru.
cytochrome "b6f" mariyu atp synthase kalisi rendu vibhina margallo atp (photophosphorylation) nuu utpatti chestaayi. naan-cyclic photophosphorylationlo, cytochrome "b6f" saie nundi electronlanu mariyu saie nundi saktini stroma nundi lumenku protaanlanu pampinchadaaniki upayogistundi. thylacoid pora antataa phalitamgaa vachhe protan pravanata protan-motive forsenu srushtistundi, dheenini eah. tii. pii. synthase dwara eah. tii. pii. nii roopondinchadaaniki upayogistaaru. cyclic photophosphorylationlo, cytochrome "b6f" marinta eah. tii. pii. nii srushtinchadaaniki mariyu nadf utpattini aapadaniki pii. ess. ii nundi electronlu mariyu saktini upayogistundi. chakriya phosphorylation anedi kaanti-swatantra praticharyalaku saraina nishpattilo nadfnu nirvahinchadaaniki mariyu eah. tii. pii. nii srushtinchadaaniki mukhyamainadi.
praanavaayuvu kiranajanya samyogakriyalo anni kaanti-aadhaarita praticharyala nikara-praticharyah
psi mariyu psii telikapati panta kose samudaayaalu. oka prakaasamslaeshita praticharya kendramloni oka pratyeka varnadravyam anuvu oka photaannu grahinchinatlayithe, eee varnadravyamloni oka electron uttejita sthithini saadhinchi, aapai praticharya kendramloni maroka anuvuku badilee cheyabadutundi. kaanti-nirvartita charge vibhajana anie piluvabade eee praticharya, electron pravaham yokka prarambham mariyu kaanti saktini rasayana rupaluga maarustundi. 
kaanti aadhaarita praticharyalu.
rasayana saastramlo, aneka praticharyalu kriyaaseelata shakti avarodhaanni adhigaminchadaaniki avasaramaina saktini andinchadaaniki photanla shoshanapai aadharapadi untaayi, anduvalla vaatini kaanti-aadhaaritamgaa gurtinchavacchu. ituvanti praticharyalu photographic filmlo upayoginche sylver hallide praticharyala nundi eguva vaataavaranamloo ojon srushti mariyu naasanam varaku untaayi. eee vyaasam veetilo oka nirdishta upasamitini, jeevulalo kiranajanya samyogakriyaku sambandhinchina kaanti-aadhaarita praticharyala shrenini charchistundi.
pratispandana kendram.
praticharya kendram thylacoid poralo untundi. idhi pora yokka periplasmic (ledhaa thylacoid lumen) vaipu sameepamlo unna chlorophyll pigment anuvula diamerku soshinchabadina kaanti saktini badilee chestundi. kiranajanya samyogakriyalo daani praathamika paatra kaaranamgaa eee diamernu pratyeka jatha anie pilustaaru. eee pratyeka jatha saie mariyu saie praticharya kendraalalo koddigaa bhinnamgaa untundi. saie loe, idhi 680 nm tarangadairghyamto photaanlanu grahistundi, anduvalla dheenini pii680 anie pilustaaru. saie loe, idhi 700 nm vadda photaanlanu grahistundi mariyu pii700 anie pilustaaru. bacterialo, pratyeka jatanu pii760, pii840, pii870 ledhaa pii960 anie pilustaaru. ikkada pigment antey, mariyu daani taruvaata vachhe sankhya anedi grahinchina kaanti tarangadairghyam.
varnadravyam anuvulalo electronlu nirdishta shakti sthaayilalo undavacchu. saadhaarana paristhitulalo, avi saadhyamainanta atyalpa shakti sthaayilo, bhuu sthithilo untaayi. ayithe, saraina photan shakti yokka kaantini grahinchadam vaatini adhika shakti sthaayiki penchutundi. chaalaa takkuva ledhaa chaalaa ekkuva saktini kaligi unna yea kaantini ayina grahinchalemu mariyu pratibimbistumdi. adhika shakti sthaayilo unna electron asthiramgaa untundi mariyu twaragaa daani saadhaarana takkuva shakti sthaayiki tirigi vastundi. idhi cheyataaniki, adhi soshinchabadina saktini vidudala cheyali. idhi vividha margallo jaragavacchu. adanapu saktini paramaanu kadalikagaa maarchavacchu mariyu vaedigaa kolpovachhu, ledhaa electron dwara kaanti (fluorescence) gaa tirigi vidudala cheyavachu. shakti, conny electron kaadu, maroka anuvuku pampabadavacchu; dheenini pratidhvani shakti badilee antaaru. praticharya kendramloni pratyeka jatha yokka oka electron uttejitamaite, adhi pratidhvani shakti badileeni upayoginchi eee saktini maroka varnadravyamloki badilee cheyadu. saadhaarana paristhitulalo, electron ground state kii tirigi vastundi, conny reaction center amarchabadi unnanduna tagina electron sweekarta sameepamlo undela, uttejita electronnu sweekarta teesukuntaadu. electron yokka nashtam pratyeka jataku saanukuula chaarj istundi mariyu ayaneekarana prakriyagaa, daani saktini marinta penchutundi. pratyeka jatapai saanukuula charge erpadatam mariyu sweekartapai pratikuula chaarj erpadataanni photoinduced chaarj separation anie pilustaaru. electronnu maroka anuvuku badilee cheyavachu. ayaneekaranam cheyabadina varnadravyam bhoomi sthithiki tirigi vachinappudu, adhi oka electronnu teesukoni, abhivruddhi chendutunna oxygen sanklishtataku saktini istundi, tadwara idhi neetini electronlu, protaanlu mariyu molecular oxygennu (varnadravyam nundi saktini naalugu saarlu sweekarinchina tarvaata) gaa vibhajinchagaladu. mokkala varnadravyam saadhaaranamgaa suuryuni saktini tama sontamgaa marchukovadaniki eee praticharyalalo chivari rendu praticharyalanu upayogistundi.
eee prarambha charge vibhajana 10 picosecondla (10 sekanlu) kante takkuva samayamlo jarugutundi. vaati adhika-shakti sthithulalo, pratyeka varnadravyam mariyu sweekarta charge punassamyojanaaniki lonavutaru; antey, sweekartapai unna electron pratyeka jatapai saanukuula chaarjnu thatastheekarinchadaaniki tirigi vellavacchu. pratyeka jataku tirigi ravadam valla viluvaina adhika-shakti electron vrudhaa avutundi mariyu soshinchabadina kaanti saktini vaedigaa maarustundi. saie vishayamlo, electronla eee backflo reactive oxygen jaatulanu utpatti cheyagaladu, idhi photoinhibitionku daariteestundi. praticharya kendram yokka nirmaanamloo moodu amsaalu kalisi chaarj punassamyojanaanni daadaapu puurtigaa anachiveyadaaniki panichestaayih
eee vidhamgaa, electron badilee modati electron sweekarta nundi taduparidaaniki samarthavantamgaa munduku saagutundi, idhi nadf cherukunnappudu mugise electron ravana golusunu srushtistundi.
chloroplastlalo.
chloroplastlalo kiranajanya samyogakriya prakriya p680 psii yokka electron adhika-shakti sthaayini saadhinchinappudu praarambhamavutundi. eee shakti taruvaata adhika redox sambhaavyatanu kaligi unna electron sweekartala golusunu tagginchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. electron sweekartala eee golusunu electron ravana golusu antaaru. eee golusu saiki cherukunnappudu, oka electron mallee uttejitamavutundi, adhika redox-sambhaavyatanu srushtistundi. kiranajanya samyogakriya yokka electron ravana golusu tarachugaa z-pathakam anie piluvabade rekhaachitramlo unchabadutundi, endukante p680 nundi p700 varaku unna redox rekhaachitram z aksharanni pooli untundi.
saie yokka tudi utpatti plastoquinol, idhi poralo oka mobile electron carrier. plastoquinol anedi saie nundi protan pump, cytochrome bii6eff kuu electronnu badilee chestundi. psii yokka antima electron daata neeru. cytochrome b6f anedi plastocyanin anuvula dwara electron golusunu saiki badilee chestundi. psi rendu ververu margallo electron badileeni konasaginchavacchu. idhi electronlanu mallii plastoquinolku badilee cheyagaladu, chakriya electron pravahanni srushtistundi ledhaa fnr (ferredoxin-naad (+) reductase) anae enjaimku badilee cheyagaladu, idhi chakriya kaani electron pravahanni srushtistundi. psi anedi fnr nuu stromaloki vidudala chestundi, akkada adhi nadf gaa taggutundi.
electron ravana golusu yokka karyakalapalu, mukhyamgaa cytochrome "b6f" nundi, stroma nundi lumenku protaanlanu pumping cheyadaaniki daariteestaayi. phalitamgaa vachhe transmembrane protan pravanatanu eah. tii. pii synthase dwara eah. tii. pii. nii tayaaru cheyadaaniki upayogistaaru.
chloroplastlalo kiranajanya electron ravana golusu yokka mottam prakriyah
photo system II.
saie chaalaa sanklishtamainadi, atyanta vyavastheekruta transmembrane nirmaanam, indulo "neeti vibhajana sanklishtata", chlorophils mariyu carotenoid pigments, oka "reaction center" (p680), pheophytine (chlorophyll maadirigaane oka pigment) mariyu rendu quinonlu untaayi. idhi "plastoquinan" anie piluvabade poralooni neeti nundi mobile electron carrierku electronlanu badilee cheyadaaniki suuryarashmi saktini upayogistundih
plastoquinol, electronlanu sait "bf" kuu badilee chestundi, idhi vaatini psiga maarustundi.
neeti vibhajana samudaayam.
neeti-vibhajana samudaayam" ledhaa "oxygen-abhivruddhi sanklishtata" (oec) anie piluvabade psii lopala ponduparachabadina asampuurnamgaa ardham chesukunna nirmaanam dwara p680 dasha nirvahinchabadutundi. idhi neetini electronlu, protaanlu mariyu oxygentho vibhajinche praticharyanu utprerakam chestundi.
p680 nundi saktini upayoginchadam. paina perkonna praticharya yokka vaastava dasalu bahusha eee krindi vidhamgaa sambhavistaayi (coque yokka s-states yokka rekhaachitram):
electronlu pratyeka chlorophyll anuvulaku (sailo ponduparachabadinavi) badilee cheyabadataayi, ivi photanla shakti dwara adhika-shakti sthithiki prothsahinchabadathaayi.
pratispandana kendram.
praticharya kendram pigment p680 yokka excitation p680 → p680 ikkada sambhavistundi. sailo ponduparachabadina eee pratyeka chlorophyll anuvulu 680 nm vadda garishta shoshanhatho photanla saktini grahistaayi. eee anuvulaloni electronlu adhika-shakti sthithiki prothsahinchabadathaayi. idhi kiranajanya samyogakriyalo rendu pradhana prakriyalalo okati, mariyu idhi aascharyapariche saamardhyamtho (90 saatam kante ekkuva) sambhavistundi, endukante, 680 nm vadda kaanti dwara pratyaksha utsargatho paatu, kaanti-panta vyavasthalooni itara tarangadairghyala vadda "antenna proteins" dwara modata pandinchina kaanti shakti kooda eee pratyeka chlorophyll anuvulaku badilee cheyabadutundi.
dheeni taruvaata electron badilee p680 → pheophytine, aapai plastoquinol, idhi psii yokka praticharya kendram lopala sambhavistundi. electronlu plastoquinan mariyu rendu protanlaku badilee cheyabadataayi, ivi plastoquinalnu utpatti chestaayi, ivi chalana electron vahakamga poraloki vidudalavutaayi. idhi kiranajanya samyogakriyalo rendava pradhana prakriya. prarambha dasalu 100% saamardhyamtho "picosecondlalo" sambhavistaayi. praticharya kendram lopala anuvula khachitamaina sthaanam kaaranamgaa asadhyamga anipinche saamarthyam untundi. idhi oka ghana-sthithi prakriya, oka saadhaarana rasayana praticharya kaadu. idhi saie yokka macromolecular nirmaanam dwara srushtinchabadina tappanisarigaa spatikaakaara vaataavaranamloo sambhavistundi. rasayana shaastram yokka saadhaarana niyamaalu (yaadruchchika guddukovatam mariyu yaadruchchika shakti pampinheelu kaligi untaayi) ghana-sthithi vaataavaranaalaloo vartinchavu.
neeti-vibhajana sanklishtata mariyu chlorophyll utsaaham yokka anusandhanam.
uttejita chlorophyll p electronnu pheophytineku pampinappudu, adhi adhika-shakti pgaa maarutundi, idhi tyrosynge (ledhaa yz) anuvunu daani hydrogen anuvulalo okadaanni cheelchiveyadam dwara aakseekaranam cheyagaladu. adhika-shakti aakseekarana tyrosine daani saktini istundi mariyu protaannu teesukoni, oxygen-abhivruddhi chendutunna sanklishtata nundi mariyu chivariki neeti nundi electronnu tolaginchadam dwara bhoomi sthithiki tirigi vastundi. coque yokka ess-state rekhaachitram oxygen-abhivruddhi chendutunna sanklishtatalo neeti vibhajana praticharyalanu chooputundi.
saaraamsam.
saie anedi anni chloroplastlalo kanipinche transmembrane nirmaanam. idhi neetini electronlu, protaanlu mariyu molecular oxygentho vibhajistundi. electronlu plastoquinalku badilee cheyabadataayi, ivi vaatini protan pampuku teesukuvelataayi. aaa praanavaayuvu vaataavaranamloki vidudala avutundi.
atuvanti nammasakyam kaani sanklishtamaina nirmaanam, suuryarashmi saktini rasayana saktigaa marche sthuula anuvu aavirbhavam mariyu tadwara saadhaarana anubhavamlo asaadhyamaina saamarthyaalatho upayogakaramaina pani, modati chuupuloo daadaapu maantrikamgaa anipistundi. anduvalla, saaraamsamlo, adhe nirmaanam oodaa bacterialo kanipistundi anedi gananeeyamaina aasaktini kaligistundi.
cytochrome "bf".
saie mariyu saie oka transmembrane protan pump, cytochrome "bf" complexes (plastoquinol-plastocyanin reductase;) dwara anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi. saie nundi electronlanu plastoquinol dwara sait "bf" kuu teesukuvelataaru, ikkada avi dasalavaareegaa tolaginchabadataayi (plastoquinannu tirigi yerparustaayi) mariyu "plastocyanin" anie piluvabade neetilo karige electron carrierku badilee cheyabadataayi. eee redox prakriya pora antataa naalugu protanla pumpingtho jatacheyabadutundi. phalitamgaa vachhe protan pravanata (psilo neeti-vibhajana sanklishtata dwara utpatti cheyabadina protan pravanathatho kalisi) eah. tii. pii. synthase dwara eah. tii. pii. nii tayaaru cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi.
cytochrome "bf" (chloroplastlalo) yokka nirmaanam mariyu paniteeru cytochrome "bc1" (mitochondrialo "complexes III") thoo chaalaa pooli untundi. rendoo transmembrane nirmaanaalu, ivi mobile, lipid-karige electron carrier (chloroplastlalo plastoquinan; mitochondrialo ubiquinon) nundi electronlanu tolaginchi, vaatini mobile, neetilo karige electron carrier (chloroplastlalo plastocyanin; mitochondrialo cytochrome "sii") kuu badilee chestaayi. rendoo protan pampulu, ivi transmembrane protan pravanatanu utpatti chestaayi. vaastavaaniki, cytochrome b6 mariyu subunit IV mitochondrial cytochrome bkii homologus mariyu rendu complexela yokka raiske iron-sulfur proteins homologus. ayithe, cytochrome eff mariyu cytochrome sii1 anevi homologus kaavu.
photo system I.
psi plastocyanin nundi electronlanu angeekarinchi, vaatini nadf ("noncyclic electron transport") ledhaa cytochrome "bf" ("cyclic electron transport") kuu tirigi badilee chestundih
 plastocyanin → p700 → p700 * → fnr → nadf
 bf-phyloquinon
saie, saie laaga, antenna chlorophils, reaction center (p700), phyloquinon mariyu intermediate redox carrierluga panichese aneka iron-sulfur proteinlanu kaligi unna sanklishtamaina, atyanta vyavastheekruta transmembrane nirmaanam.
saie yokka kaanti-pantakota vyavastha saie upayoginche oke transmembrane proteinla yokka bahula kaapeelanu upayogistundi. soshinchabadina kaanti yokka shakti (delocalised, adhika-shakti electronla roopamlo) praticharya kendramloki pampabadutundi, ikkada idhi pratyeka chlorophyll anuvulanu (p700, garishta kaanti shoshana 700 nm vadda) adhika shakti sthaayiki prerepistundi. eee prakriya aascharyakaramgaa adhika saamardhyamtho jarugutundi.
uttejita chlorophyll anuvula nundi electronlu tolaginchabadataayi mariyu madhyantara vahakalu varusa dwara neetilo karige electron vaahakamaina "ferredoxin" kuu badilee cheyabadataayi. saie loe vale, idhi 100% saamardhyamtho panichese ghana-sthithi prakriya.
saie loe electron ravana yokka rendu ververu margalu unnaayi. noncyclic electron transport" loe, ferredoxin electronnu ferredoxin reductase (fnr) enjaimku teesukuvelutundi, idhi nadfku taggutundi. chakriya electron ravana" loe, ferredoxin nundi electronlu (plastoquinol dwara) protan pump, cytochrome "bf" kuu badilee cheyabadataayi. avi taruvaata (plastocyanin dwara) p700kii tirigi ivvabadataayi. nadf mariyu eah. tii. pii. lanu sendriya anuvulanu samslaeshanha cheyadaaniki upayogistaaru. chakriya mariyu noncyclic electron ravana madhya samatulyatanu sardubaatu cheyadam dwara nadf mariyu eah. tii. pii. utpatti nishpattini sardubaatu cheyavachu.
saie oodaa bacterialo kanipinche nirmaanaalanu pooli unnatle, aakupaccha sulfur bacterialo kanipinche kiranajanya nirmaanaalanu saie daggaragaa pooli untundi anedi gamaninchadagga vishayam.
bacterialo.
chloroplastlalo saie, saie, saie mariyu cytochrome "bii6eff" kanipistaayi. anni mokkalu mariyu anni kiranajanya algay chloroplastlanu kaligi untaayi, ivi paina vivarinchina yantraamgaala dwara nadf mariyu eah. tii. pii. nii utpatti chestaayi. saaraamsamlo, adhe transmembrane nirmaanaalu "sinobacteria" loe kooda kanipistaayi.
mokkalu mariyu algay maadirigaa kakunda, sinobacteria procaryotes. avi chloroplastlanu kaligi undavu; badulugaa, avi chloroplastlatho adbhutamaina polikanu kaligi untaayi. sinobacterianu pooli unde jeevulu chloroplastla parinaama puurvagaamulu anie idhi suuchistumdi. endosymbiosis anie piluvabade prakriyaloo aadima eucariotic kanaalu sinobacterianu intracellular symbiantluga teesukuntaayani oohinchavachhu.
sinobacteria.
sinobacteria saie mariyu saie rendintinee kaligi untundi. vaati kaanti-pantakota vyavastha mokkalalo kanipinche daanikante bhinnamgaa untundi (avi chlorophyllu kante antenna pigmentlugaa "phycobillins" nuu upayogistaayi), conny vaati electron ravana golusu
 psii → plastoquinol → "b6f" → cytochrome "c6" → psi → ferredoxin → nadf
 "b6f" "-plastoquinol
saaraamsamlo, chloroplastlalo electron ravana golusu vale untundi. neetilo karige mobile electron carrier sinobacterialo cytochrome "sii6", idhi mokkalalo plastocyanin dwara bharti cheyabadindi.
sinobacteria itara bacteria paddhatiloo aakseekarana phosphorylation dwara kooda eah. tii. pii. nii samslaeshanha cheyagaladu. electron ravana golusu
 naadh dehydrogenase → plastoquinol → "b6f" → sait "c6" → sait "aa3 
ikkada mobile electron vahakalu plastoquinol mariyu cytochrome "c6", ayithe protan pampulu naad dehydrogenase, sait "b6f" mariyu cytochrome "aa3" (Cox3 kutumbaaniki chendinavaaru).
kiranajanya samyogakriya samayamlo oxygennu utpatti chese ekaika bacteria sinobacteria. bhoomi yokka aadima vaataavaranam anoxic. sinobacteria vanti jeevulu mana prastuta praanavaayuvu kaligina vaataavaranaanni utpatti chesaayi.
kiranajanya bacteria, oodaa bacteria mariyu aakupaccha sulfur bacteria yokka itara rendu pradhana samuuhaalu, oke oka prakaasa vyavasthanu kaligi untaayi mariyu oxygennu utpatti cheyavu.
purpul bacteria.
oodaa bacteria sinobacteria mariyu chloroplastlalo saiki nirmanatmakamga sambandhinchina oke photosystemnu kaligi untundih
idhi oka "chakriya" prakriya, dheenilo uttejita chlorophyll anuvu ("bacteriocalorophil"; p870) nundi electronlanu tolaginchi, electron ravana golusu dwara protan pampuku (cytochrome "bc1" complexes; chloroplastic maadirigaane) pampinchi, aapai chlorophyll anuvuku tirigi vastaayi. phalitamgaa protan pravanata untundi, idhi eah. tii. pii synthase dwara eah. tii. pii. nii tayaaru cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. sinobacteria mariyu chloroplastla maadirigaa, idhi oka ghana-sthithi prakriya, idhi sanklishtamaina transmembrane macromolecular nirmaanamloo vividha kriyaatmaka samuuhaala khachitamaina dhoranipai aadharapadi untundi.
nadf cheyadaaniki, oodaa bacteria electronlanu riverse electron ravana golusuloki nimpadaaniki bahya electron daata (hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulphite ledhaa suicinate mariyu lactate vanti sendriya anuvulu) nuu upayogistundi.
green sulfur bacteria.
aakupaccha sulfur bacteria chloroplastlalo saiki saaruupyamaina photosystemnu kaligi untundih
 p840 → p840 * → ferredoxin
 sait "c553" "bc1" 
electron badileeki rendu margalu unnaayi. chakriya electron badilee" loe, uttejita chlorophyll anuvu nundi electronlu tolaginchabadataayi, electron ravana golusu dwara protan pampuku velataayi, aapai chlorophyll kuu tirigi vastaayi. mobile electron vahakalu, eppatilaage, lipid-karige quinon mariyu neetilo karige cytochrome. phalitamgaa vachhe protan pravanatanu eah. tii. pii. nii tayaaru cheyadaaniki upayogistaaru.
noncyclic electron badilee" loe, uttejita chlorophyll anuvu nundi electronlu tolaginchabadataayi mariyu naad + nuu naad gaa tagginchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi. p840 nundi tolaginchina electronlanu bharti cheyali. idhi electronlanu tolaginchadam dwara saadhinchabadutundi, idhi sulfurga aakseekarana chendutundi (anduke dheeniki "green" sulfur "bacteria" anie paeru).
purpul bacteria mariyu green sulfur bacteria prastuta jeevaavaranamlo saapekshamgaa chinna paryaavarana pradaesaalanu aakramistaayi. avi aasakti kaligistaayi endukante avi puurva cambrian paryaavaranaalalo vaati praamukhyata kaligi untaayi, mariyu vaati kiranajanya samyogakriya paddhatulu aadhunika mokkalalo vaati yokka parinaamaatmaka puurvagaamulu kaavacchu.
charitra.
kiranajanya samyogakriyalo upayoginchabadutunna kaanti gurinchi modati aalochanalanu 1779loe peddapregu flannery pratipaadinchaaru, idhi avasaramaina mokkalapai suuryarashmi padatam anie gurtinchina vaaru, ayinappatikee joseph prestly 1772loe kaantiki sambandham lekunda oxygen utpattini gurtinchaadu. carnellis vaan neel 1931loe photosynthesis anedi hydrogen daatanu photo decompose cheyadaaniki kaanti yokka photaannu upayoginche saadhaarana yantraangam mariyu hydrojannu tagginchadaaniki upayoginche saadhaarana yantraangam anie pratipaadinchaaru.
appudu 1939loe, rabin konda vivikta chloroplastlu oxygennu tayaaru chestayani, conny saricheyavani, vividha pradaesaalaloo kaanti mariyu cheekati praticharyalu sambhavinchaayani choopinchindi. vaatini kaanti mariyu cheekati praticharyalu anie suuchimchinappatikii, rendoo kaanti samakshamlo matrame jarugutaayi. idhi taruvaata photosystems i mariyu II aavishkaranaku daariteesindi.

