
modati prapancha yuddhaaniki kaaranaala charitra

modati prapancha yuddham yokka muulaala gurinchi vraastunna charitrakaarulu, daanilo unna karakalapai vaaru ichhe saapeksha praadhaanyatapai vibhedinchaaru. kalakramena chaaritraka vaadanalaloo maarpulu kontavaraku vargeekruta chaaritraka archivela aalasya labhyataku sambandhinchinavi. charitrakaarulalo atyanta lothaina vyatyaasam germany mariyu austria-hangari charyala meeda drushti saarinche vaariki mariyu vistruta natula samuuhampai drushti saarinche vaariki madhya undhi. intalo fritz fisher vanti kontamandi charitrakaarulu germany uddeshapoorvakamgaa yuddham chesindani, marikondaru korukoledani paerkonnaaru. taruvaati vaatilo pradhana vyatyaasam emitante, "goppa saktula" madhya yuddham chivariki pranaalika laenidi, conny ippatikee pradhanamgaa germany mariyu austria-hangari pramaadaalu teesukovadam valla sambhavinchindani namme vaari madhya, mariyu russia, france, serbia mariyu grate britton vanti anni ledhaa konni itara saktulu, saampradayakamgaa suuchimchina daanikante yuddha pramaadaaniki marinta mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaayani namme vaari madhya.
yuddham yokka vipattu parinaamaalu mariyu daani suduura saamaajika, raajakeeya mariyu aardhika chikkulanu batti, yuddham yokka muulaalu mariyu mukhyamgaa yuddhaaniki evaru "kaaranamayyaaru" anevi teevramaina prasnalugaa migilipoyayi.
1914-dhi colour books.
yuddham praarambhamaina ventane, pradhana deshaalu tama charyalanu samardhinchukovadaaniki sahayapade patraalanu (ekkuvagaa juulai 1914 nundi) kaligi unna "rangu pustakaalanu" vidudala chesaayi. rangula pustakam anedi vidya ledhaa raajakeeya kaaranaala kosam prabhutvam prachurinchina doutyaparamaina correspondence mariyu itara adhikaarika patraala sekarana, mariyu prastuta ledhaa gatha sanghatanalapai prabhutva vaikharini prothsahinchadaaniki. yuddhakaalamlo ledhaa sankshobha samayaallo, vaatini mukhyamgaa prachara vahanamga, prabhutva charyanu samarthinchadaaniki ledhaa videshee natulanu nindinchadaaniki upayoginchaaru. yea patraalanu chaerchaali, vaatini elaa samarpinchaali, vaatini yea kramamlo jabita cheyali anae vaati empika kooda vaatini prabhutvam jaarii chesina prachaaramtho samanamga chestundi.
17va sataabdam praarambhamlo, neeli pustakaalu modata inglandlo doutyaparamaina correspondence mariyu nivedikalanu prachurinche saadhanamgaa upayogamloki vachayi. vaari neelam rangu cover kaaranamgaa vaariki eee paeru pettaru. 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo nepolian yuddhaala samayamlo, avi kramam tappakunda prachurinchabadutunnaayi. sataabdam rendava ardhabhaagaaniki, turkey thana sonta samskarananu erupu rangulo prachurinchadam praarambhinchindi, mariyu rangu pustakaala bhavana airopaloni itara deshaalaku vyaapinchindi, prati desham oke rangunu upayoginchindih germany telupu upayogistondi; france pasupu; erupu austria-hangari (speyin kooda taruvaata erupu upayoginchindi, soviet union chesinatlugaa); aakupacchah italii; budidah belgium; narinjah netherlands (mariyu jarrist russia). eee bhavana americaku kooda vyaapinchindi, united states erupu, mexico narinja mariyu madhya mariyu dakshina americaloni vividha deshaalalo itara rangulanu upayoginchindi; idhi chaina (pasupu) mariyu japan (buudida) varaku kooda vyaapinchindi.
"dhi german white book" 1914 augustu 4naa prachurinchabadindi, mariyu idhi vidudalaina modati pustakam. indulo 36 patraalu unnaayi. oka vaaramlone, chaalaa itara poraata deshaalu tama sonta pustakaanni prachurinchaayi, prati okkati ververu rangu paerlatoe paeru pettabaddayi. chivaraku vaaru tama "pasupu pustakam" nuu prachurinche varaku, december 1,1914 varaku france nilipiveyabadindi.
yuddhamlo itara poraata yodhulu ilanti pustakaalanu prachurinchaaruh "dhi blue book off britton", "dhi aurange book off russia", "dhi ello book off france", mariyu "austro-hangerian redd book", "dhi belgian gray book", mariyu "dhi cerbian blue book".
moodu nelala pani tarvaata puurtayina french pasupu pustakam (φρενεχι) loe 164 patraalu unnaayi. eee prachara rachanalu tama hakkula praamaanikata gurinchi prajala abhiprayanni oppinchadame lakshyamgaa pettukunnayi. yuddham praarambhaaniki mundu vaaraalaku parimitam cheyabadina itara pustakaala maadirigaa kakunda, pasupu pustakamlo 1913 nundi konni patraalu unnaayi, ivi european yuddham kosam vaari sameekaranapai velugunivvadam dwara germanyni chedu drushtiloki testaayi.
pasupu pustakamloni konni patraalu nijamainavi kaavani germany savaalu chesindi, conny vaari abhyantaraalu ekkuvagaa vismarinchabaddaayi, mariyu 1914 juulai sankshobhamlo pasupu pustakaanni vistrutamgaa oka vanarugaa perkonabadindi. 
yuddham mugisina taruvaata, pasupu pustakam puurti ledhaa puurtigaa khachitamainadi kaadani telindi. gatamlo prachurinchabadani french vishayalanu pondina charitrakaarulu, maajee adhyakshudu raymond paayinkaare maadirigaane "goppa yuddhaaniki muulaalu mariyu baadhyatalu" anae sheershikato senetku icchina nivedikalo dheenini upayoginchagaligaaru. 1919 french shanti commission nivedikalo perkonna mugimpu rendu vakyalalo perkonna vidhamgaa, vaari swantha charyalanu samarthistuu, vaari pratyarthulanu nindinche dvimukha lakshyalaku udaaharanagaa undih
taruvaata, germany, britton mariyu austria juulai sankshobha kaalam nundi puurti aarkaivlanu prachurinchadamtho paatu soviet archivela nundi konni prachuranalu, pasupu pustakam soukaryavantamgaa vadilivesina konni satyaalanu velladinchaayi. mukhyamgaa, pasupu pustaka patram #118, idhi juulai 30naa austrian sameekaranaku pratispandanagaa russian sameekarananu choopinchindi, conny vaastavaaniki, sameekarana kramam tiragabadindi; modata russian sameekarinchabadindi. kway dii 'orse chesina viruddhamaina vivarana taruvaata, pasupu pustakampai vishwaasam naasanam cheyabadindi, charitrakaarulu daanini upayoginchakundaa undipoyaaru.
1937 april sanchika videshee vyavahaaraala kosam thana vyaasamlo, bernadotte ii. schmitt iteevala prachurinchina dautya sambandhaalanu pariseelinchi, 1914loe prachurinchina "french pasupu pustakam" looni patraalatoe polchi, pasupu pustakam "puurti ledhaa puurtigaa nammadaginadi kaadu" anie telchicheppaaru, mariyu "pasupu pustakam" nundi tappipoyina patraalanu pariseelinchadamlo kontha vivaraalloki vellaaru, ledhaa sanghatanalu jarigina kramaanni gandaragolaniki guricheyadaaniki ledhaa tappudaari pattinchadaaniki samarpinchaaru. ayana muginchaaru,
german "white book" loe, russian sthaanaaniki prayojanam kaliginche edainaa savarinchabadindi.
1918-1930 luu.
yuddham mugisina ventane mitraraajyaala charitrakaarulu yuddham praarambhaaniki germany matrame baadhyata vahistundani vaadinchaaru versiles oppandamlo 'yuddha aparaadham' nibandhanalanu cherchadam dwara eee drukpatham balopetam cheyabadindi.
1919loe, german doutyavetta mariyu maajee chhaansalar bernhard vaan bulo german archives dwara yuddhaaniki germany kaaranamani choopinche evaina patraalanu anichivesenduku mariyu vimarsakulaku anukuulamgaa unna patraalanu matrame (eee sandarbhamlo, germany) charitrakaarulu chudagalarani nirdhaarinchadaaniki prayatninchaaru. bulo prayatnaala phalitamgaa, german videsanga mantritva saakha nalabhai samputaala patraalanu prachurinchindi, german-kenadian charitrakaarudu holgarh hervig paerkonnatlugaa, yuddham oka desham yokka tappu kaadani, antarjaateeya sambandhaala vichchinnam phalitamgaa jarigindani aalochananu prothsahinchadaaniki jagrattagaa savarinchabaddaayi. eee vivaranaku maddatu ivvani chhaansalar theobald vaan bethman holweg yokka konni patraalu vanti konni patraalu naasanam cheyabaddaayi. 1920laloe germany yuddhaaniki kaaranamani vaadinchina koddimandi german charitrakaarulalo okaraina herman contoroviz, videsanga mantritva saakha thana rachanalanu prachurinchakundaa aapadaniki thana marganni tappinchukunnatlu kanugoni, keel vishwavidhyaalayamlo athani padavi nundi tolaginchadaaniki prayatninchindi. 1933 taruvaata, yoodu germanga prachurana nundi nishedhinchabadina contoroviz, thana "deshabhakti laeni" rachanala kosam germanyni vidichipettavalasi vachindi. contoroviz vanti panditula rachanalu minaha, fritz fisher pustakam "griff naach derr weltmucht" kuu mundu modati prapancha yuddham yokka muulaalu anae amsampai prachurinchabadina rachanalalo ekkuva bhaagam nakilee-chaaritraka "shaam" kante konchem ekkuva anie hervig nirdhaarinchaaru.
1920la chivaralo mariyu 1930laloe aanglam matlade prapanchamlo vidyaaparamaina pani, paalgonevaarini daadaapu samanamga nindinchindi. 1920la praarambhamlo, sidney broadshaw phay, charless eah vanti aneka mandhi american charitrakaarulu versiles oppandam nibandhanalanu vyatiraekimchaaru. gaddam mariyu harry elmer barness yuddhaaniki germany baadhyata vahinchadani perkonna rachanalanu roopondinchaaru. yuddhaaniki anni baadhyatalanu germanyki appaginchi, tadwara nashtapariharam kosam mitraraajyaala vaadananu samarthinchina versiles oppandamlooni artical 239 chellanidi. 1920la naati american "revisionist" charitrakaarula lakshanam germanyni yuddha badhituraliga, mitraraajyaalanu durakramanadaruluga pariganinche dhorani. phay mariyu barnes yokka lakshyam artical 331 yokka naitika chellubaatu kaadani niroopinchadaaniki prayatninchadam dwara germanypai vidhinchina nashtapariharanni antam cheyadam. bahishkarinchabadina wilhelm 1926loe barnsnu kalisinappudu aayananu prasamsimchaaru. barnes prakaram, wilhelm "1914loe yuddham praarambhinchadaaniki neenu atanni nindinchaledani telusukuni santoshinchaadu. russia mariyu france pradhanamgaa baadhyata vahistaayane naa abhipraayamtho athanu ekibhavinchaledu. 1914 naati pratinaayakulu antarjaateeya yoodulu mariyu swechhaa mesanlu anie, vaaru jaateeya rashtraalanu mariyu kraistava mataanni naasanam cheyaalani korukunnarani ayana aaropinchaaru."
german videshee mantritva saakha german aarkaivlanu udaaramgaa upayoginchadam dwara phay mariyu barnes rendinti prayatnaalapai pratyeka "shraddha" choopindi, mariyu barnes vishayamlo, german prabhutvam andinchina parisoedhana nidhulu. german prabhutvam phay yokka "yuddhaaniki muulam" nuu enthagaa ishtapadindante, german rayabara karyalayalu mariyu consulatelalo uchitamgaa pampinhee cheyadaaniki vividha bhaashalalo vandalaadi kaapeelanu konugolu chesindi. german prabhutvam vaari vivaranalo german anukuulamaina pustakaalanu, barness yokka "dhi genesis off dhi varald waar" vanti pustakaalanu germanloki anuvadinchadaaniki anumatinchindi, ayithe 1914loe german charyalanu vimarsinchina bernadot schmitt yokka "dhi cumming off waar 1914" vanti pustakaalu germanylo prachurinchadaaniki anumatinchabadaledu.
wilhelm II yokka "ghnaapakaalu" looni 10va adhyayam "yuddham prarambham" anae sheershikato undhi. andulo kaijar taanu sankalanam chesina marinta vistrutamaina "tulanaatmaka chaaritraka pattikalu" nundi pannendu "rujuvulanu" jabita chestaadu, ivi 1914 vasanta mariyu vesavilo chesina saktulache yuddhaaniki sannahalanu pradarsistaayi. mukhyamgaa athanu ilaa aropinchadu
bhinnamaina vidhaanamlo, lenin thana karapatramaina "saamraajyavaadamh pettubadidaarii vidhanam yokka atyunnata dasha" loe yuddhanni saamraajyavaadamgaa chitreekarinchaaru, idhi atyanta vyavastheekruta aardhika guttadhipatyala valla prerepinchabadina satrutvaala valla, marketlu mariyu mudi padaarthaala kosam vipareetamaina pootii kaaranamgaa anivaryamgaa yuddhaaniki daariteesindi. yuddha dopideelanu vibhajinchadaaniki jaar, british, french prabhutvaala madhya rahasya oppandaalaku sambandhinchina aadhaaraalanu soviet luu 1917-18 loe vidudala chesaaru. 1920luu, 1930laloe, eee amsampai nirminchina marinta saamyavaada rachanalu, pettubadidaarii sakaaniki mundu yuddhalu jarigaayani teevramgaa vivaadaaspadamainappatiki, inca kanugonabadani vislaeshanha rekha. parimita sankhyalo pettubadidaarii guttadhipatya samsthala chetilo utpatti saadhanaala private yajamanyam anivaryamgaa yuddhaaniki daariteestundani lenin vaadinchaaru. railvelu praathamika pettubadidaarii parisramalu, boggu, inumu, ukku yokka 'sankalanam' gaa ayana gurtinchaaru, vaati asamaana abhivruddhi pettubadidaarii abhivruddhini saaraamsam chestundi.
yuddham yokka muulaala prasnaku jaateeya saamyavaada vidhanam "duishkunde uber volka, stat, leibesbungen" anae karapatramlo sangrahinchabadindi. 1935loe germanyloni british rayabari surr eric fips, yuddham yokka muulaalanu vivarinche "duishkunde uber volka, stat, leibesbungen" looni vishayalanu eee vidhamgaa sangrahinchaaruh
"germany kaadu, conny ingland, france mariyu russia bismark maranam taruvaata ventane yuddhaaniki siddamayyayi. conny germanyki kooda aparaadham undhi. aame intha kaalam vechi undakapothe moodu rangaallo prapancha yuddhanni nivaarinchagaligedi. boer yuddhamlo inglaandku vyatiraekamgaa, japanku vyatiraekamgaa russiaku vyatiraekamgaa aame nimagnamainappudu eee avakaasam tarachugaa kanipinchindi... aame alaa cheyaledani germany aparaadham, ayinappatikee aame saantiyutamgaa undani, yuddhanni korukoledani rujuvu chestundi."
yuddhaantara kaalamlo, rahasya pottula network, naera vaegaaniki praadhaanyata, kathinamaina sainika pranaalika, darwin aalochanalu mariyu parishkara yantraamgaala lekapovadam vanti vividha amsaalanu chaalaa mandhi charitrakaarulu nindinchaaru. appati nundi eee aalochanalu kontha karenseeni konasaginchayi. prasiddha pratipaadakulalo jochim remac mariyu paal kennedy unnaaru. adhe samayamlo, raajakeeya nayakulu mariyu itara paalgonevaaru aneka ekapaksha rachanalanu roopondinchaaru, tarachugaa tamanu taamu bahishkarinchukovadaaniki prayatnistaaru. germanylo ivi nindalanu tippikottaayi, ayithe mitraraajyaalalo avi germany ledhaa austria-hangareeni nindinchaayi.
fisher thesis.
1961loe, german charitrakaarudu fritz fisher vivaadaaspada "griff naach derr veltmact" nuu prachurinchaadu, dheenilo german prabhutvam 1912 ennikalaloo saamaajika prajaasvaamya laabhaala taruvaata roopondinchina vistaranavaada videsanga vidhananni kaligi undani, 1914loe durakramana yuddhanni praarambhinchindani fisher vaadinchaaru. migilina mottam german modati prapancha yuddha aarkaivlaku puurti praapyatanu kaligi unna modati charitrakaarudu fisher. german vistaranavaada aasayaala tudi phalitam kakunda, yuddham anedi antarjaateeya dautyam vichchinnam yokka anivaaryamaina utpatti anae abhipraayaaniki maddatugaa munupati charitrakaarulu srushtinchina bhaareega savarinchina aarkaivlanu matrame access cheyagaligaaru.
rendava kaijar wilhelm nirvahinchina yuddha mandali mariyu 1912 december 8naa "reach" yokka unnata sainika-navika naayakatvam drushtini aakarshinchina modati vyakti aayane, dheenilo 1914 vesavilo germany durakramana yuddhanni praarambhistundani prakatinchabadindi. kaijar mariyu sainika naayakatvam 1912 decemberlo ventane yuddhanni praarambhinchaalani korukunnaru, ayithe grand admiral alfred vaan tirpitz nundi abhyantaraalanu vinnaru, athanu yuddhanni praarambhinchaalanae aalochanaku maddatu icchaadu, conny german naavikaadalaaniki siddham kaavadaaniki ekkuva samayam avasaramani vaadinchaadu mariyu 1914 vesavi varaku yuddhanni vaida veyaalani koraadu. kaijar tirpitz abhyardhanaku angeekarinchaadu. 1973loe, british charitrakaarudu zaan rohl, yuddhaaniki germany pradhana baadhyata vahistundane aalochananu ekkuva mandhi charitrakaarulu ika khandinchaledani, mukhyamgaa 1912 december 8naa jarigina yuddha mandali samavesamlo, fisher kanugonnadaani drishtya, aaa samavesamlo yuddham gurinchi nirnayam teesukunnatlu cheppadanni fisher taruvaata khandinchaaru. helmath vaan moltkepai chesina thana rachanalo chaalaa parisoedhanalu mariyu charchalu jariginappatikee "sainika nirnayaadhikaarulu 1912 decemberunu bhavishyat yuddhampai ekaabhipraayam kudirina nirnayaatmaka kshanamgaa ardham chesukunnarani niroopinchadaaniki pratyaksha aadharalu levani" annika mombour rohl kuu viruddhamgaa gamaninchaaru.
yuddham praarambhamaina taruvaata tayaaru chesina saamraajya german prabhutva patraalanu fisher kanugonadam, russian polland jaathi prakshaalanaku mariyu germanyki "lebensram" (nivaasa sthalam) nuu yuddha lakshyamgaa andinchadaaniki german valasarajyala sthaapanaku pilupunivvadam, 1914 mariyu 1939loe germany videsanga vidhaanaala madhya konasagimpu gurinchi charitrakaarula vistruta angeekaaraaniki daariteesindi.
antargata asammati mariyu prajaasvaamyeekarananu tanikhi cheyadaaniki bahya vistarana mariyu dookuduni upayoginchaalani german prabhutvam bhaavinchindani fisher aaropinchaaru. athani rachanalalo konni theobald vaan bethman holweg yokka september karyakramam aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabaddaayi, idhi germany yokka yuddha lakshyalanu nirdesinchindi. vivadaspadamga, 1914 mariyu 1939loe durakramana madhya sambandhaanni geesina "sonderwage" thesis yokka oka samskarananu fisher nokkichepparu. fisher taruvaata bethman holwegnu "1914 hitler" anie pilicharu. fisher desheeya german raajakeeya kaarakaalanu nokki chebutuu "primot derr innenpolitic" ("desheeya rajakeeyaala praamukhyata") paatasaalanu prerepinchaadu. eee paatasaalalooni kontamandi pramukha panditulalo emmanuel guys, hohns-ulrich wehler, wolfgang mamsen mariyu volkar berghan unnaaru.
fisher vivaadam 50 samvatsaraala taruvaata" anae sheershikato 2011loe jarigina oka pradhana samavesamlo, charitrakaarulu mariyu vidyaavettala brundam fisher rachanala vaarasatvampai charchinchindi. anede mugimpu "anie annaru...saadhaarana yuddham praarambhaaniki chaaritraka baadhyatalo gananeeyamaina bhaganni' germanyki aapaadinchadamlo fisher sarainadi anie oka ekaabhipraayam udbhavinchindi mariyu german yuddha lakshyaala konasagimpu gurinchi fisher yokka thesis yaabhai samvatsaraala taruvaata kooda undhi."ayinappatikee 2014 augustu natiki, aneka kotta pustakaalu prachurinchabaddaayi, ivi vaari vibhina abhipraayaala dwara samishtiga vivaadaanni konasagistunnayi.
fisher thesis kuu vyatiraekata.
berlin waar party" thesis mariyu daani yokka vaividhyaalu, desheeya german raajakeeya kaarakaalanu nindinchadam, prachurana taruvaata samvatsaraalalo oka sanaatanamgaa maarindi. ayinappatikee chaalaa mandhi rachayitalu daanipai daadi chesaaru. gerhard ritter vanti german sampradaayavaada charitrakaarulu eee thesis nijayiti laenidi mariyu sarikaadani nokki chepparu.
germany itara deshaala maadirigaane lakshanaalanu pradarsistundani, vaatini vaeru cheyalemani ritter aalochananu pracharam chesaaru. austrianu oka goppa saktigaa nilabettukovadame 1914loe germany pradhana lakshyamani, anduvalla german videsanga vidhanam ekkuvagaa dookudugaa undani fisher chesina vaadanaku viruddhamgaa ekkuvagaa rakshanaatmakamgaa undani 1962loe raasina oka vyaasamlo ritter vaadinchaaru. german paatrikeyudu victor nauman 1914 joolailo austria-hangerian videsanga mantritva saakha cabinet cheef count alegzander hoyosku icchina "nivaarana yuddham" gurinchi balkanlalo atyanta yuddha salahaku fisher anavasaramaina praamukhyatanu icchaadani ritter paerkonnaaru. german prabhutvam tarapuna fisher paerkonnatlugaa kakunda nauman oka private vyaktigaa matladutunnadani ritter aaropinchaadu. 1914 joolailo austro-german sambandhaala gurinchi fisher thana paatranu choopinchadamlo nijayiti laenivaadani ritter bhaavinchaadu. serbiapai daadi cheyadaaniki germany ayishtamgaa unna austria-hangareepai ottidi tecchindanedi nijam kaadani ritter aaropinchaadu. austria-hangareelo yuddhaaniki pradhana prerana antargatamani, vienna mariyu budapestlalo konasaaginchaalsina maargam gurinchi abhipraya vibhajanalu unnappatikee, yuddhanni enchukoovadaaniki daariteesindi german ottidi kaadani ritter vaadinchaaru. ritter abhiprayam prakaram, juulai 1914loe european shakti rajakeeyaala sthithini tappugaa anchanaa veyadam valla germanyni vimarsinchavacchu. russia mariyu fraanslo sainika samsiddhata sthithini german prabhutvam takkuvagaa anchanaa vesindani, british videsanga vidhanam nijamgaa unna daanikante ekkuva pasiphik anie tappugaa bhaavinchindani, european abhiprayam prakaram archduke franz ferdinand hatya valla kalige naitika agraha bhavanni atigaa anchanaa vesindani, annintikante minchi, austria-hangari yokka sainika saktini mariyu raajakeeya ingitagnaanaanni atigaa anchanaa vesindani ritter paerkonnaaru. austrianu-hangareeni goppa saktigaa konasaaginchaalsina avasaram ledani german drukkonam nundi venakki tirigi choosthe, aaa samayamlo chaalaa mandhi germanlu dwandwa racharikanni "sodarudu saamrajyam" gaa bhaavinchaarani, balkanlu russian prabhava rangamlo unde avakaasaanni aamodayogyam kaani muppuga bhaavinchaarani ritter bhaavinchaaru. serbiapai austrian-hangerian dandayaatra aalochanaku germanlu maddatu ichinappatikii, germany uddeshapoorvakamgaa durakramana yuddhanni praarambhistoemdani fisher chesina vaadanaku viruddhamgaa airopanu pattukunna sankshobhaaniki idhi "taatkaalika" pratispandana anie ritter vaadinchaaru. yuddhaaniki sambandhinchina baadhyata mottaanni german bhujaalapaiki maarchadaaniki prayatninchina count istwan tisza mariyu count ottokar sernin vanti austro-hangerian nayakula ghnaapakaalapai fisher ekkuvagaa aadhaarapaddaarani ritter firyadu chesaaru. fisher chadavadam valla taruvaati taram germanlu munupati taraala vale jaateeyavaada drukpathamtho undaru anae aasapai teevra "vicharam" kaligi, ritter thana vyasanni vraasi muginchaadu.
konni aadharalu fisherku konni vishayaalapai maddatu icchaayani vyaktigatamgaa ritter angeekarinchaadani fisher vaadinchaaru. marchi 26,1962naa, fisherpy daadi chese kathanaanni prachurinche mundu, hohns rothfelsku raasina lekhalo, ritter ilaa vraasaadu "marchi 21 naati mea lekhatho neenu bhayapaddanu mariyu niraasaku gurayyanu. meeru vraastunnatlugaa, 1914 joolailo bethman rashyaatho yuddham cheyalane 'korika' [wunsh] kaligi unte, athanu german prajala vidhini manassakshi lekunda aadadu, ledhaa mana sainika saamardhyaala gurinchi ataniki nammasakyam kaani bhramalu undevi. edemaina, bethman yuddhanni nivaarinchaalani teevramgaa korukunnarani fisher khandinchinappudu puurtigaa sarainade...mea drushtilo, reasler diary velladinchedi sarainadi ayithe, neenu naa kathanaanni prachurinche badulu daanini vismarinchaalsi untundi...edemaina, memu ikkada atyanta asubhakaramaina ["unhaimilichen"] rashtra rahasyamtho vyavaharistunnamu, mariyu anni chaaritraka drukpathaalu ["verseyben sitch"] sthaanabhramsham chendaayi...bethman holweg yokka september karyakramam appudu puurtigaa bhinnamaina konamlo kanipistundi.
trachtenberg 1991loe ilaa muginchaaduh
taruvaata pani.
1960laloe modati prapancha yuddhaaniki kaaranaalanu vivarinchadaaniki rendu siddhaantaalu udbhavinchaayi. paschima german charitrakaarudu andreas hilgruber samarthinchina okaru 1914loe berlin vaipu nundi "lekkinchina pramaadam" porapatuga maarindani vaadinchaaru. 1914loe saamraajya german prabhutvam russia, france, britainla anadhikaarika triple ententlanu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki prayatninchindi, serbiapai daadi cheyadaaniki austria-hangareeni prothsahinchadam dwara, tadwara kevalam seyint britanku sambandhinchina praantamloo sankshobhaanni rekettinchadam anie hilgruber vaadinchaaru. pietersburg. balkanlalo sankshobhaanni paris mariyu london rendoo nirnayistaayani germanlu aasinchaarani hilgruber vaadinchaaru, idhi vaariki aandolana kaliginchadani, aanglo-french maddatu lekapovadam valla rashyanlu germanytho avagahanaku cherukovadaniki daariteestundani vaadinchaaru. serbiapai austrian daadi russia venakki taggadaaniki badulu sameekarinchadaaniki karanamainappudu, german chhaansalar theobald vaan bethman holweg general moltke netrutvamloni oka hackish general sibbandi nundi balamaina ottidiki gurai, chinnavadu bhayandolanaku gurai, schliffen pranaalikanu sakriyam cheyaalani aadesinchaadu, tadwara franspy german daadiki daariteesindani hilgruber vaadinchaaru. hilgruber abhiprayam prakaram, german prabhutvam anukokunda prapancha yuddhaaniki kaaranamaina balkanlalo yuddhanni rekettinche adhika-pramaada dautya vyuuhaanni anusarinchindi.
maroka siddhaantam a. zhe. pii. 1969loe taylor raasina "waar bye timetable" anae pustakamlo ayana raasina "railway thesis". taylor abhiprayam prakaram, yea goppa saktulu yuddhanni korukoledu, conny anni goppa saktulu itarulatoe poliste tama saktini penchukoovaalani korukunnayi. aayudha pootiiloo palgonadam dwara mariyu saadhaarana sibbandi sameekarana kosam vistrutamaina railway kaalapattikalanu abhivruddhi cheyadam dwara, khandantara saktulu yuddham pramaadaanni chaalaa pramaadakaramgaa bhaavinche itara saktulaku daariteese nirodhakatanu abhivruddhi cheyaalani aasinchaayani taylor vaadinchaaru. 1914 vesavilo sankshobham prarambhamainappudu, sambhaavya pratyarthula kante vaegamgaa sameekarinchaalsina avasaram 1914 nayakulanu vaari ravana khaideelugaa chesindi. railway kaalapattikalu german sameekarana yokka anivaaryamaina bhouthika mariyu ravana paryavasanamga (germany nundi belgium) dandayaatranu balavantam chesaayi. yuddhaaniki muppuga mariyu nirodhakam gaa upayogapade sameekaranam badulugaa avisraantamgaa dandayaatranu balavantam cheyadam dwara prapancha yuddhaaniki kaaranamaindani taylor vaadinchaaru.
american marxist charitrakaarudu arno zhe vanti itara rachayitalu. 1967loe mayer, berlin waar party siddhaantamlooni konni amsaalatoe ekibhavincharu, ayithe fisher cheppinadi anni european raashtraalaku vartistundani bhaavinchaaru. 1967loe "desheeya rajakeeyaala praamukhyata" anae vyaasamlo, mayer yuddham yokka muulaala kosam "primot derr innenpolitic" ("desheeya rajakeeyaala praamukhyata") vaadana chesaaru. dautya charitra yokka saampradaaya "primot derr ousen politic" ("videshee raajakeeyaalaku praamukhyata") vaadananu mayer tiraskarinchaaru, endukante 1914loe anni pradhana european deshaalu "viplavaatmaka paristhiti" loe unnayani parigananaloki teesukovadamlo viphalamayyayi. mayer abhiprayam prakaram, 1914loe britton antaryuddham mariyu bhaarii paarisraamika ashanti anchuna undhi, 1914 juun erra vaaramlo italii kadilindi, france mariyu germany nirantaram perugutunna raajakeeya kalahalanu edurkonnaayi, russia bhaarii samme taramgaanni edurkontondi, austria-hangari perugutunna jaathi mariyu varga udriktatalanu edurkondi. britton, france mariyu italeelalo teevra kudi mariyu edama nundi vacchina savaalunu edurkontu udaaravaadam vichchinnamavutondani mayer nokkichepparu, ayithe germany, austria-hangari mariyu russialo unikilo laeni saktigaa undhi. modati prapancha yuddhanni airopaloni paalaka unnatavargaalu tama adhikaranni kaapaadukoovadaaniki mundastu "prati viplavaatmaka" sammega uttamamgaa ardham chesukovalani vaadinchadam dwara mayer thana vyasanni muginchaaru.
1972loe raasina oka vyaasam "modati prapancha yuddham oka vegavantamaina gerteegaa", american charitrakaarudu paal doubleu. modati prapancha yuddhaaniki britton kaaranamani schroeder nindinchaaru. eee yuddham "vaegamgaa saage yuddhamu" anie, adhi niyantrana kolpoyi, goppa saktulanu avaanchita yuddhamloki peelchukundani schroeder vaadinchaaru. austria-hangareeni lakshyamgaa chesukuni britton yokka "chuttumutte" vidhanam european paristhitiki keelakamani schroeder bhaavinchaadu. british videsanga vidhanam german vyatiraekamani, inca ekkuva austrian vyatiraekamani schroeder vaadinchaaru. austria-hangareeni britton ennadoo teevramgaa pariganinchananduna, madhya airopalo adhikara samatulyatanu parigananaloki teesukokunda dwandwa raacharikampai raayiteelanu ellappuduu balavantam cheyadam british vidhanam anie schroeder vaadinchaaru. 1914loe austrianu oka saktigaa konasaginchamani germanypai balavantamgaa jarigina "nivaarana yuddham" anie schroeder paerkonnaadu, aaa rashtram vichchinnam cheyadaanni lakshyamgaa chesukuni angavaikalyam kaliginche british "chuttupakkala vidhanam" nuu edurkontondi.
american charitrakaarudu shamyul aarr. villiamson, juuniyar., thana 1990 pustakam, "austria-hangari und dhi origines off dhi fust varald waar" loe germanla kante austro-hangerian unnatavargaanni nindinchaaru. maroka iteevali rachana niyal fergusson yokka "dhi pitty off waar", idhi fisher theesisnu tiraskaristundi, idhi british vaari nundi doutyaparamaina gandaragolampai ekkuva ninda vidhistundi. fergusson hilgroobarnu pratidhvanistuu, german prabhutvam eee sankshobhaanni upayoginchi eee praantaanni vibhajinchadaaniki prayatninchindi anie nokki chepparu.
2000 taruvaata.
2015loe annika mombour prakaram, 1980la natiki panditula madhya kotta ekaabhipraayam udbhavinchindi, pradhanamgaa fisher jokyam phalitamgaah
germanyloni charitrakaarula gurinchi, 1990la natiki, pramukha charitrakaarula rachanalalo 'german reach yokka pratyeka baadhyata gurinchi suduura ekaabhipraayam' undani, ayinappatikee vaaru germany paatranu elaa anchanaa vestunnarane daanipai vaaru vibhedinchaaru.
american charitrakaarudu david framkin thana 2004 pustakam "eurup yokka chivari vesavi" loe germany mariyu austria-hangari sainika naayakatvamlooni amsaalanu nindinchaaru. framkin yokka siddhaantam emitante, rendu yuddha pranaalikalu undevi; modatidi austria-hangari mariyu german chhaansalar roopondinchinadi, ksheenistunna austro-hangerian saamrajyaanni punaruddharinchadaaniki serbiato yuddham praarambhinchadaaniki; rendava rahasya pranaalika france mariyu rashyaatho vistruta yuddhanni rekettinchadaaniki german sainika naayakatvam yokkadi. european aayudha pootii madhyalo, german sainika naayakatvam, saampradaaya prashyan kuleena vargaaniki minchi officer corpsnu vistarinchakundaa german sainyanni marinta vistarinchalemani viswasinchindani ayana bhaavinchaaru. adhi jaragadaniki anumatinchakundaa, russia jokyam chesukuntundani aasistuu vaaru austria-hangareeni serbiato yuddham praarambhinchadaaniki marcharu, saaraamsamlo nivaarana yuddhanni praarambhinchadaaniki germanyki oka saakunu icchaaru. athani siddhaantamlo oka bhaagam emitante, germany sainika naayakatvam, idi1 dwara, france, ingland mariyu rashyaatho yuddhamlo gelavadaniki germany chaalaa balaheenamgaa untundani oppinchindi. mukhyamgaa, framkin yuddha pranaalikaloo bhaagamgaa kaijar wilhelm II nuu sanghatanala ghnaanam nundi minahaayinchadam jarigindani suuchimchaadu, endukante kaijarnu german general sibbandi yuddhaaniki takkuva sankshobhaalanu parishkarinchadaaniki moggu chuupinatlu bhaavinchaaru. anni deshaalalo, mukhyamgaa germany mariyu austria patraalu vistrutamgaa naasanam cheyabaddaayi ledhaa yuddham yokka muulaalanu vakreekarinchadaaniki nakilee cheyabaddaayi anie kooda framkin vaadinchaaru.
christopher clark yokka 2013 pustakam "dhi sleepwalkers hou eurup goo tuu waar inn 1914" muulaalanu tirigi balkanlaku tirigi kendrikarinchindi mariyu agencyni doutyavettalaku tirigi pampinhee cheyadaaniki prayatninchindi. germany, austria-hangari, france mariyu russiapy pratyeka shraddha vahistuu, anni goppa saktulaku baadhyatanu pampinhee cheyadaaniki kooda athanu prayatninchaadu. serbianu sikshinchadaaniki germany saktulu sthaanika yuddhanni korayani, conny alaa cheyadam dwara telise rashyaatho yuddhaaniki gurayye pramaadam undani clark vaadinchaaru. russia thana vantugaa, 1912-13 loe balkanlalo adhikara samatulyatanu debbateeyadam dwara, austrian vyatiraeka irredentismnu prothsahinchadam dwara, mariyu serbiaku maddatu ivvaalani nirnayinchukovadam dwara yuddha pramaadaanni angeekarinchindi. 1914loe germanlanu edurkoni serbiaku maddatu ivvamani aamenu sanukoolamgaa prothsahistuu france russianu nirodhinchaledu. khandantara saktulannee saadhaarana yuddhaaniki gurayye pramaadam unnappatikee, evaruu aaa yuddhanni korukoledani clark muginchaaru.
sankshobham yokka vegam doutyaanni vyardham chesindani clark perkonnaduh "madhyavartitvamlo german prayatnaalu-austria" belgradelo aagipovaalani "mariyu daani nibandhanalanu neraverchadaaniki cerbian rajadhaanini aakraminchukovalani suuchimchimdi-russian sannaahaala vegamtho vyardhamayyayi, idhi madhyavartitvam amaluloki raavadaaniki mundu germanlanu prati-charyalu teesukovalasi vastundi".
antekakunda, clark russiapy matrame baadhyata vahinchadaaniki prayatninchakapoyina, munupati charitrakaarula kante russian charyalaku ekkuva praadhaanyata istuu ilaa perkonnaduh "avunu, rashyanlu germanypai yuddham prakatinchadaaniki mundu germanlu russiapy yuddham prakatinchaaru. conny adhi jarige samayaniki, russia prabhutvam oka vaaram paatu german frontku dalaalu mariyu parikaraalanu taralistondi. saadhaarana sameekarana aadesaanni jaarii chesina modati goppa shakti rashyanlu mariyu thoorpu russiapy russia dandayaatra taruvaata modati russia-german gharshana russia gaddapai kakunda german loe jarigindi. yuddham praarambhaaniki rashyanlu 'nindinchabadaalani' dheeni ardham kaadu. badulugaa idhi yuddhaaniki kaaranamaina sanghatanala sanklishtata mariyu oka natudi doshampai drushti saarinche edainaa thesis yokka parimitula gurinchi manalanu heccharistundi."
1919 nundi pradhana sravanti panditulu vistrutamgaa aamodinchina german saamrajyam yokka vichitramaina "yuddha aparaadham" yokka aaropananu eee pustakam savaalu chestundi, badulugaa yuddhaaniki daariteesina sanghatanalu mariyu tappudu nirnayaala sanklishta yantraamgaanni jagrattagaa mapp chestundi. 1914loe, daani gurinchi anivaryam aemee ledhu. vividha prabhutvaalu anusarinche viewhalalo antarleenamgaa unna pramaadaalu intaku mundu vipattu parinaamaalu lekunda teesukobaddaayih idhi ippudu nayakulu aaa pramaadaalanu taginantagaa anchanaa veyakapoyina ledhaa gurtinchakapoyina ilanti vidhaanaalanu anusarinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. antarjaateeya nipunulalo chaalaa mandhi ayana parisoedhana mariyu antardrushtula clark dwara eee pradarsananu sanchalanaatmakamgaa chuusaaru.
eee pustakam chaalaa vimarsanaatmaka drushtini aakarshinchina germanylone, pratispandanalu annee sanukoolamgaa laevu. clark yokka vislaeshanha germany yokka saktivantamaina sainika sthaapana nundi yuddhaaniki vachhe ottidini ekkuvagaa vismaristundani volkar ulrich vaadinchaaru. hohns-ulrich wehler prakaram, clark german vaipu nundi yuddha kaaranaalanu cover chese muulaalanu shraddhaga parisoedhimchaadu, "[vaatilo chaalaa varaku] digbhraantiki gurichese ekapakshatvamto tolaginchadaaniki" ("werbluffend insettig eleminiert"). thana itivruttaaniki anugunamgaa, wehler germanylo pustakam ammakaala vijayaniki "iravayyava sataabdam taruvaati nishedhaala lakshanaalachae antagaa parimitam kaani, jaateeya yuddha aparaadham yokka bhaaramaina aaropanala nundi tamanu taamu vidipinchukovadaaniki" lothaina avasaranni [german paatakula vaipu nundi] aapaadinchaadu."
madhyavartitva pratipaadanalanu german mariyu austrian niraakarinchinanduku clarknu vernon bogdaner vimarsinchaaru. juulai sankshobha samayamlo british videsanga karyadarshi surr edward gray, sangharshanaku madhyavartitvam vahinchadaaniki sahaayapadataaniki goppa saktula naalugu-saktula samavesanni pratipaadinchaaru. clark gray yokka prayatnaalanu "ardha hridayapurvaka" gaa kottiparesi, "austro-hangari paristhiti yokka adhikara-raajakeeya vaastavaala patla pakshapaata udaaseenata" paie aadharapaddadu.
russia naalugu shakti samavesala pratipaadananu aamodinchindi, conny austria-hangari eee pratipaadananu tiraskarinchindi. germany matrame tama mitradesaaniki maddatu istundani vaaru viswasinchinanduna germany kooda eee pratipaadananu tiraskarinchindi. germanlu porapaatu chesaarani bogdaner nammutaaru. adhi tappu. gray austrian vaipuga undi, saantini kaapaadataaniki serbiaku raayiteelu avasaramani neenu bhaavinchaanu...mariyu rashyaadaaru daanitoe paatu vellakundaa undatam chaalaa kashtamgaa undedi."eee sangharshana madhyavartitva nyaayasthaanaaniki lobadi undaalani rashyanlu pratipaadinchaaru, conny idhi kooda germany mariyu austria-hangareeche tiraskarinchabadindi. naalugu adhikara samavesalu mariyu madhyavartitva nyayasthaanam yokka empikalanu tiraskarinchadam, yuddhaaniki kaaranaalanu vetukutunnappudu germany mariyu austria-hangareeki vyatiraekamgaa bhaareega untundi.
seen mcmeakin thana "modati prapancha yuddham yokka russian muulaalu" mariyu "juulai 1914" pustakaalalo, russian charyalaku mariyu mukhyamgaa russia videsanga mantri sarge sajonov yokka yuddhatatvam mariyu dvandvatvaaniki kooda ekkuva praadhaanyata istaadu. russia yokka balcon vidhanam, serbiaku keelakamaina maddatu, anaarogyamtho unna ottomanla nundi constantinople mariyu jalasandhini niyantrinchaalanae ledhaa swaadheenam chesukovalane aame vistruta vyuuhaatmaka korika sandarbhamlo matrame ardhamavutundani mcmeakin vaadinchaaru. idhi 1908 naati bosnian sankshobham samayamlo russia pranaalikanu pooli untundi, dheenilo vaaru kooda eee praantam chuttoo jalasandhini pondaalanukunnaaru. inca, eee jalasandhini pondadaaniki russia videsanga vidhanam balcon yuddhaala samayamlo okate. juulai sankshobha samayamlo russia yokka pakshika sameekarana anivaryamgaa saadhaarana sameekaranaku mariyu yuddhaaniki daariteestundani sajanov telusukuni undaalani ayana vaadinchaaru. antekakunda, russia sameekarana gurinchi sajanov uddeshapoorvakamgaa british vaariki abaddham cheppaarani, tadwara british vaaru tama sainika sannaahaala yokka adhunaatana sthithi gurinchi agnaanam dwara tama bhaagaswaamini nirodhinchalekapoyarani ayana highlight chesaaru.
margaret macmillan, thana pustakam, "saantini antam chesina yuddham" loe, modati prapancha yuddham praarambhaaniki oka chinna samuuham prajala nirnayam teesukovadampai nindinchindi, pradhanamgaa russia, germany mariyu austria-hangari nayakulanu nindinchindi. vaaru aadesinchina vegavantamaina sameekarana kaaranamgaa, sameekarinchina tarvaata rashyanlu venakki taggadaaniki ishtapadaledu. juulai sankshobha samayamlo austria-hangareeki blanck check jaarii cheyadam valla german nayakulu kooda nindinchabaddaaru, idhi austria-hangareeni serbiato yuddhaaniki vellelaa chesindi. chivaraku, archduke franz ferdinand hatya tarvaata serbiapai daadi cheyadaaniki pranaalika vesinanduku austria-hangari nayakulu doshigaa nirdhaarinchabaddaaru.
charitrakaarudu vilium mulligan, thana pustakam, "modati prapancha yuddham yokka muulaalu" loe, modati prapancha yuddham antarjaateeya sambandhaala patanam kaaranamgaa praarambhamaindani, idhi appudu khandam chuttoo unna vividha saamrajyaalu bedirimpulaku daariteesi, appudu paelavamaina nirnayam teesukoovadaaniki daariteesindani nammutaaru. bosnian sankshobham, eee praantamloo ottoman saamrajyamlo balaheenapadina shakti phalitamgaa moracolo sambhavinchina rendu sankshobhaala vanti sankshobhaala kaaranamgaa european saktulu balaheenapaddayi. saktulu balaheenapadatam valla aayudha pootii sulabhataram ayindani, eee aayudha pootii marinta bhayam mariyu asthirataku daariteesindani mulligan nammutaaru. eee bhayam mariyu asthirata juulai sankshobhamlo pelindi mariyu european saktulu tama deshaala shakti pramaadamloo undani viswasinchinanduna paelavamaina nirnayaalu teesukobaddaayi.
alegzander anivas modati prapancha yuddham praarambhaaniki kaaranam european saktula madhya sambandhaalu ksheeninchadame anie "1914 inn varald hystorical perspective dhi asamaana mariyu samyukta muulaalu off varald waar I" anae vyaasamlo paerkonnaadu. airopaloni balcons praantamloo ottoman saamrajyam prabhavam koolipovadam valla germany, russia vanti airopaloni deshaalu tama saamrajyaalanu balopetam cheyadaaniki prayatninchaayani anivas vishwasistaadu. eee prayatnamlo, bosnian mariyu moraco sankshobham vanti pedda sankshobhaalu eee sankshobhaanni praarambhinchaayi, ivi european dasalo maroe samasyanu teesukuvacchaayi. udaaharanaku, bosnian sankshobham kaaranamgaa, russia ippudu prapancha vedikapai pedda ibbandulanu edurkondi, idhi austria-hangareetho vaari sambandham ksheeninchadaaniki daariteesindi mariyu juulai sankshobham samayamlo russia chuupistunna dookudu pravartanaku kooda daariteesindi, dheenilo vaaru mundastu sameekaranaku aadesinchaaru. antekakunda, germany deshamtho, moracolo sambhavinchina sankshobham germany mariyu itara pradhana european deshaala madhya sambandhaala pathanaaniki daariteesindi. germanlu ippudu tama aayudhalanu nirminchukovadam praarambhinchina itara european deshaala nundi bedirimpulaku gurainatlu bhaavinchaaru, idhi russia kooda aayudhalanu nirminchadaaniki daariteesindi, idhi yuddham jaragakunda bhayapade deshaalaku daariteesindi.
raajakeeya saastravettalu richard enn. lebo mariyu thamus lindeman modati prapancha yuddham paakshikamgaa saamaajika darvinism gurinchi aalochanala vallane jarigindani vaadinchaaru. yuddham jaragadaniki kontakaalam mundu austria-hangari mariyu germany serbiapai choopinchina durakramana saamaajika darvinist aalochanala valla jarigindani vaaru chebutaaru. serbianlu banisaluga undatam dheeniki kaaranam, anduvalla austrianlu taamu austrian-hangeriyanlu mariyu germanla kante takkuvasthaayivaarani bhaavinchaaru, anduvalla eee deshaalu tama saamrajyaalanu nirminchukovadaaniki cerbian bhoobhaganni jayinchadam nyayamani nammakam vachindi.

