
sherman antitrust chattam

1890 naati sherman antitrust chattam (,) anedi united states antitrust chattam, idhi vaanijyamlo nimagnamaina vaarilo swechhaa pootii niyamanni suuchistumdi. dheenini congress aamodinchindi mariyu daani pradhana rachayita ayina senator zaan sherman paeru pettaru.
sherman chattam 1) pootii vyatiraeka oppandaalu mariyu 2) sambandhita marketnu guttadhipatyam chese ledhaa guttadhipatyam cheyadaaniki prayatninche ekapaksha pravartananu vistrutamgaa nishedhistundi. eee chattam nyaya saakhaku aadesinchadaaniki daavaalanu teesukuraavadaaniki adhikaram istundi (i.ii. nishedhinchandi) chattanni ullanghinche pravartana, mariyu adanamgaa chattanni ullanghinchina pravartana dwara gayapadina private paarteelaku moodu retlu nashtam (i.ii. ullanghanaku vaariki kharchu ayye daanikante moodu retlu ekkuva nashtam). kalakramena, federal kortulu sherman chattam kinda konni rakaala pootii vyatiraeka pravartananu chattaviruddham chestu, itara rakaala pravartanalanu vyavahaaraala vaareegaa vislaeshanhaku gurichesi, aaa pravartana vaanijyaanni asamanjasamaina reetilo nirodhistundaa anedaaniki sambandhinchina chattaparamaina samsthanu abhivruddhi chesaayi.
vaanijyam ledhaa sarafaraanu parimitam cheyadam dwara dharala krutrima perugudalanu nirodhinchadaaniki chattam prayatnistundi. "amayaka guttadhipatyam" ledhaa kevalam yogyata dwara saadhinchina guttadhipatyam chattabaddhamainadi, conny aaa hodaanu krutrimamgaa kaapaadataaniki guttadhipatyam chese charyalu ledhaa guttadhipatyanni srushtinchadaaniki durmargapu lavadevilu kaadu. sherman chattam yokka uddesyam chattabaddhamgaa vijayavantamaina vyaparala nundi pootiidaarulanu haani nundi rakshinchadam kaadu, ledhaa viniyogadaarula nundi nijaayiteegaa laabhaalanu pondakunda vyapaaraalanu nirodhinchadam kaadu, badulugaa durviniyogam nundi viniyogadaarulanu rakshinchadaaniki pootii marketnu kapadatam.
nepathyam.
spectrum sports, ink. vii. mcvillan "506 yuu.ess. 447 (1993) supreenkortu ilaa cheppindih
daani rachayitala abhiprayam prakaram, pootiidaarula kante viniyogadaarulaku ekkuva prayojanam kaliginchadam dwara nijayiti maargaala dwara pondina market laabhaalanu prabhaavitam cheyadam dheeni uddesyam kaadu. sherman chattam yokka maroka rachayita ayina masachusetsku chendina senator georg hoar eee krindi vidhamgaa annaru
apex hojari koo. vii. nayakudu "310 yuu.ess. 469, 310 yuu. ess. 492-93 mariyu n. 15:
addiston pipe und steel company v. united states, "85 f. 2d 1", dhruvikarinchabadindi, "175 u. ess. 175 yuu.ess. 211;
standard ayil koo. newjersey vii. united states, "221 yuu. ess. 1, 221 yuu. ess. 54-58.
nibandhanalu.
asalu vachanam.
sherman chattam moodu vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi. vibhagam 1 pootii vyatiraeka pravartana yokka nirdishta maargaalanu vivaristundi mariyu nishedhistundi, ayithe vibhagam 2 pootii vyatiraeka swabhaavam kaligina tudi phalitaalato vyavaharistundi. anduvalla, saanketikamgaa chattam yokka aksharaniki lobadi undi, vyaparalu chattam yokka sphuurtini ullanghinchakundaa nirodhinche prayatnamlo eee vibhagalu okadaanikokati anubandhamgaa untaayi. section 3 kevalam section 1 looni nibandhanalanu yuu kuu vistaristundi.ess. bhuubhaagaalu mariyu columbia jilla.
tadupari chattam daani paridhini vistaristundi.
1914loe aamodinchabadina clyton antitrust chattam, sherman antitrust chattam paridhiloki raani konni adanapu karyakalapalanu nishedhinchindi. udaaharanaku, clayton chattam anumatinchani karyakalapala jaabitaaku konni paddhatulanu jodinchindihi
1936 naati robinson-patman chattam clayton chattanni savarinchindi. eee savarana tayaareedaarulu samanamga unna pampineedaarulapai dharala vivakshalo nimagnamaina konni pootii vyatiraeka paddhatulanu nishedhinchindi.
vaarasatvam.
federal prabhutvam 1890loe sherman antitrust chattam kinda kesulu daakhalu cheyadam praarambhinchindi. konni kesulu vijayavantamayyaayi mariyu marikonni jaragaledu; aneka appeellatho sahaa nirnayinchadaaniki chaalaa samvatsaraalu pattindi.
eee chattam kinda daakhalu chesina mukhyamaina kesulu
chattaparamaina darakhaastu.
chattaniki rajyanga aadharam.
antarashtra vaanijyaanni niyantrinchadaaniki thana rajyanga adhikaram dwara sherman chattanni aamodinche adhikaranni congress perkondi. anduvalla, federal kortulaku columbia jillaalo antar rashtra vaanijyam ledhaa vaanijyaanni nirodhinche ledhaa gananeeyamgaa prabhaavitam chese chattanni vartimpajese adhikara paridhi matrame undhi. dheeniki, aaa pravartana antar rashtra vaanijyam pravaham samayamlo jarigindani ledhaa antar rashtra vaanijyam samayamlo jarige konni karyakalapalapai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni choopindani vaadi choopinchaali.
amsaalu.
section 1 ullanghanalo moodu amsaalu unnaih
section 2 guttadhipatya ullanghanalo rendu amsaalu unnaih
eee krindi amsaalanu kaligi unna guttadhipatya prayatnaalanu kooda vibhagam 2 nishedhistundih
prati okkati" ullanghanalu mariyu "kaaranam yokka niyamam" ullanghanalu.
sherman chattam yokka ullanghanalu rendu vargaluga vibhajinchabaddaayih
aadhunika pokadalu.
kutra yokka anumanam.
vaadula meeda perugutunna firyadula bhaaram gurinchi nyaayasthaanaalu vaadinchetappudu, aadhunika dhorani vishwaasa vyatiraeka vaadulaku ibbandulanu penchindi. paatha section 1 udaaharana kinda, kutranu choopinchadaaniki entha sakshyam avasaramo parishkarinchabadaledu. udaaharanaku, samaantara pravartana modalaina vaati aadhaaramgaa kutranu oohinchavachhu. antey, vaadulu kutra oohinchadaginadani matrame chupinchalsi untundi. ayithe, 1970la nundi, nyaayasthaanaalu vaadulanu unnata pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa unchaayi, idhi frcp 12 (bii) (6) kinda gananeeyamaina aavishkaranaku mundu antitrust prativaadulaku tamaku anukuulamgaa kesulanu parishkarinche avakaasaanni istundi. antey, bell atlantic corp kinda, vaadulanu tolaginche teermaanaanni adhigaminchadam. vii. rendu rakaluga, "oka kutra aamodayogyamainadi (mariyu kevalam oohinchadaginadi ledhaa saadhyam kaadu) anie choopinchadaaniki saripoye frcp 8 (eah) kii anugunamgaa unna vaastavaalanu vaadinchaali. idhi prativaadulanu antitrust "fishing dandayaatrala" kharchulanu bharinchakunda rakshistundi; ayithe idhi vaadulaku sakshyalanu (aavishkarana) pondadaaniki vaari ekaika saadhananni kolpotundi.
market yokka taarumaaru.
rendavadi, kortulu marketlaku marinta adhunaatanamaina mariyu suutrapraayamaina nirvachanaalanu upayoginchaayi. kaaranam yokka niyamaalalo, vaadi kutra hanikaramani niroopinchadaaniki market nirvachanam avasaram. vaari pravartana prati niyamam paridhiloo undani niroopinchadaaniki kutradaarula madhya market sambandhaanni sthaapinchadam kooda vaadi kosam avasaram.
prarambha sandarbhaallo, aardhika shaastram yokka praathamika suutraalanu vismarinchinappatikii, market nirvachananni anukuuleekarinchadam dwara, vaadulu market sambandhaanni ledhaa aadhipatyaanni choopinchadam sulabham. yuu" loe.ess. vii. grinnell, "384 yuu.ess. 563 (1966), vichaarana nyaayamuurti charless waizansky, prati raashtramlo sevalatho alaram companyla marketnu matrame erpaatu chesaaru, sthaanika pootiidaarulanu anukuuleekarinchaaru; prativaadi eee marketlo ontarigaa nilichaadu, conny kortu mottam jaateeya marketnu jodinchi unte, kortu uddeshapoorvakamgaa upayoginchina alaram sevala kosam jaateeya marketlo idhi chaalaa takkuva vatanu kaligi undedi. appellate kortulu eee phalitaanni dhruvikarinchayi; ayithe, nedu, oka appellate kortu eee nirvachanam lopabhooyishtamgaa unnatlu kanugonavacchu. aadhunika nyaayasthaanaalu marinta adhunaatanamaina market nirvachananni upayogistaayi, idhi oka nirvachananni taarumaaru cheyadaaniki anumatinchadu.
ekaswamya.
chattamloni 2va vibhagam guttadhipatyanni nishedhinchindi. section 2 kesulalo, kortu thana sonta choravatho, balavantapu mariyu amayaka guttadhipatyam madhya vyatyaasaanni choopindi. eee chattam nishkriyaatmakamgaa ledhaa vaari swantha yogyatapai tama marketlo aadhipatyam chelaayinche vyapaaraalanu sikshinchadaaniki uddesinchinadi kaadu, dushpravartana dwara uddeshapoorvakamgaa marketlo aadhipatyam chelaayinche vaatini matrame, idhi saadhaaranamgaa sherman chattamloni section 1 ledhaa clayton chattamloni section 3 dwara nishedhinchabadina kutrapurita pravartananu kaligi untundi.
swachchamaina vaanijyam velupala chattam yokka anuvartanam.
eee chattam vyapaaraalanu niyantrinchadaanni lakshyamgaa pettukunnappatiki, vaanijyaanni parimitam chese oppandaala nishedham 1930la varaku kaarmika sanghaala kaaryakalaapaalaku vartinchabadindi. endukante sanghaalu kooda cartels (kaarmikula cartels) gaa vargeekarinchabaddaayi. 1914loe clayton chattam konni union kaaryakalaapaalaku minahaayimpulanu srushtinchindi, ayithe supreme court duplexes printing press koo loe teerpu ichindi. vii. chattam anumatinchina charyalu ippatike chattabaddhamainavani "anie bhayapettadam. vyavastheekruta kaarmikulanu antitrust amalu nundi marinta spashtamgaa minahaayinchadaaniki 1932loe naris-laa guardia chattamlo congress nibandhanalanu cherchindi, mariyu supreme court eee minahaayimpulanu united states vii. loe samarthinchindi. hutcheson "312 yuu.ess. 219.
pootiini nirodhinche rashtra saasanaalalooni section 1 dwara mundastugaa.
eee chattam rashtra chattanni mundastugaa nirodhistundo ledho nirnayinchadaaniki, supreenkortu rais v loe perkonna vidhamgaa nyaayasthaanaalu rendu-dasala vislaeshanhaloo palgontayi. norman villiams koo.
antitrust chattalu pootii yokka yaadruchika rashtra niyantrananu anumatistaayi. rashtra saasanam eppudu rais v looni sherman chattamloni section 1 thoo raajeepadaleni sangharshanhalo undho nirnayinchadaaniki supreenkortu pareekshanu spashtam chesindi. norman villiams koo. oka saasanam daani mukham meeda daadi cheyabadinda ledhaa daani prabhaavaala kosam anae daanipai aadharapadi vividha pramaanaalu vartistaayi.
biyyam mundastu vislaeshanhaloo sahaayapadataaniki maargadarsakaalanu nirdesistundi. oohaatmaka paristhitiloo oka private party saasanaaniki anugunamgaa undatam valla athanu aviswaasa chattalanu ullanghinchavacchani kevalam oohaajanita paristhitiloo "mundastugaa jaragakudadu."chattabaddhamaina avasaralu" "pootii vyatiraeka prabhavam yokka aamodayogyam kaani mariyu anavasaramaina pramaadaanni" "srushtistaayani aardhika vislaeshanha nirnayinchinappudu matrame mundastugaa labhistundani eee bhasha suuchistumdi, mariyu saasanaanni pootii vyatiraeka paddhatiloo upayoginchadam saadhyame kabatti idhi jaragadu". potitatva mariyu pootii vyatiraeka phalitaalu rendintinee oohinchagaliginappudalla mundastugaa pondadam asadhyam anie dheeni ardham kaadu. prati niyamam" atuvanti kesulu vaatini gurtinchadaaniki avasaramaina samayam mariyu kharchunu samarthinchadaaniki taginanta saadhaaranam ledhaa mukhyamainavi kaavu anae teerpunu pratibimbistumdi."
vari vishayamlo maroe mukhyamaina, inca, section 1 dwara mundastugaa pondadaaniki sambandhinchi aspashtamaina maargadarsakam emitante, "rashtra pathakam pootii vyatiraeka prabhavanni kaligi undavacchu kabatti samakhya antitrust chattaala dwara rashtra saasanam mundastugaa tolaginchabadadu" anie kortu prakatana."eee prakatanaku maddatugaa biyyamlo udaharinchina moodu kesulanu pariseelinchadam dwara eee prakatana yokka ardham spashtam cheyabadutundi.
biyyam vii. norman villiams koo. mundastugaa upayoginchadampai eee durviniyoga parimitiki maddatu istundi. baadhyatanu nirnayinchadaaniki private paarteela nirdishta pravartana ledhaa erpaatlu swayamgaa ledhaa kaarana vislaeshanhaku lobadi untaayani rais perkondi, "ikkada etuvanti aadharam ledhu. . . sherman chattam dwara saasanaanni khandinchinanduku."
anduvalla, oka rashtram kaaranam yokka niyamam kinda vislaeshimchabadina pravartananu korinappudu, oka nyayasthaanam mundastu prayojanaala kosam kaaranam vislaeshanha yokka niyamanni baadhyata prayojanaala kosam vislaeshanha nundi jagrattagaa vaeru cheyali. mundastugaa nirodham jarugutundaa ledhaa anie vislaeshimchadaaniki, chattabaddhamaina nirodham yokka anivaarya prabhavalu vaanijyaanni asamanjasamaina vidhamgaa nirodhistaya anie kortu nirnayinchaali. vaaru alaa chesthe, saasanam tagina rashtra charya pareekshalalo uttiirnata saadhinchakapothe mundastu rakshana haamii ivvabadutundi. conny, vaanijyaanni nirodhinchadaaniki pedda kutralo chattabaddhamaina pravartana itara paddhathulatho kalisinappudu, ledhaa rashtra saasanam dwara atuvanti upayogam balavantam cheyani marketlo antitrust chattalanu ullanghinchadaaniki saasanam upayoginchinappudu, private party saasanam yokka mundastugaa lekunda antitrust baadhyataku lobadi undavacchu.
saasana charitra nundi sakshyam.
rashtra sarihaddula lopala vaanijyaanni niyantrinche prastuta rashtra saasanaalanu niyantrinchadaaniki eee chattam uddesinchabadaledu. maarpu lekunda aamodinchabadina billunu nivedistuu house kamitee ilaa prakatinchindih
aneka raashtraala saasana adhikaarampai daadi cheyadaaniki ledhaa anumaanaaspada aadhaaraalanu aakraminchadaaniki kooda etuvanti prayatnam cheyabadadu. [322 yuu] prajalanu samarthavantamgaa rakshinche chattaala vyavasthanu congress matrame roopondinchadu.ess. 533, 575] trustlu mariyu guttadhipatya samsthala chedulaku mariyu anachivetaku vyatiraekamgaa united states. saadhaaranamgaa raashtraala lopala unna amsamtho vyavaharinchae adhikaram congressku ledhu, mariyu aneka raashtraala madhya ledhaa videshee deshaalatho vaanijyaaniki sambandhinchi chattam chese adhikaram raashtraalaku ledhu.
inti neelapai unna mister statementnu kooda chudandi. billuku baadhyata vahinche kulberson,
eee amsampai etuvanti sandehaaspadamaina adhikaranni viniyoginche prayatnam ledhu, conny eee billu khachitamgaa mariyu kevalam vishayaalaku matrame parimitam cheyabadindi, daanipai congress yokka saasana adhikaram gurinchi etuvanti prasna ledhu. ...
mariyu senate judiciary kamitee chhairman senator edmonds chesina prakatnanu chudandi, aaa billunu adhi aamodinchina roopamlo nivedinchindi, aaa billunu roopondinchetappudu kamitee "mana rajyanga adhikaaramlo spashtamgaa undaalsina oka billunu roopondistaamani, ippatike chattaniki baga telisina nibandhanala nundi daani nirvachananni roopondistaamani, mariyu vaaru daanini enthavaraku teesukuvellagalaro ledhaa sandarbham vachinappudu prati nirdishta kesuku vartinche daani nirdishta nirvachanaalanu cheppadaniki modati sandarbhamlo kortulaku vadilivestaamu" anie bhaavinchindi."
adevidhamgaa senator edmondstho kalisi billuku baadhyata vahinchina aaa kamitee sabhyudu senator hoar paerkonnaaru.
ippudu memu antar rashtra ledhaa antarjaateeya vaanijyaaniki vyatiraekamgaa oka neramtho vyavaharistunnamu, dheenini rashtram sikshaatmaka chattam dwara niyantrinchadu, mariyu united states etuvanti saadhaarana chattam lekunda undani memu kanugonnamu. eee billu chese goppa pani emitante, oka parishkaranni andinchadam tappa, inglandlo paatha kaalamlo vaanijyamlo nyaayamaina pootiini rakshinche saadhaarana-chatta suutraalanu united stateslo antarjaateeya mariyu antar rashtra vaanijyaaniki vistarinchadam.
vimarsha.
alan greenspan, "antitrust" anae thana vyaasamlo sherman charya aavishkaranalanu anachivesi, samaajaaniki haani kaligistundani abhivarninchaaru. "kotta utpattulu, prakriyalu, yantraalu mariyu vyaya-podupu vileenaalu unikiloki raavadamlo viphalamayyayo, avi puttaka mundhe sherman chattam dwara champabaddayo evarikee teliyadu. muuladhanaanni takkuva prabhaavavantamgaa upayoginchadaanni prerepinchadam dwara, mana jeevana pramaanaalanu saadhyamayye daanikante takkuvagaa unchina aaa chattaniki manamandaram chellinchina dharanu evaruu lekkinchaleru."green spaan antitrust laa yokka swabhaavaanni ilaa sangrahinchaaduh" "aardhika ahetukata mariyu agnaanam yokka gandaragolam"."aaa samayamlo green spaan ayan raand sishyudu mariyu snehitudu, mariyu athanu modata raand yokka nelawari prachurana" "objectivist vaartaalekha" "loe" "antitrust" "nuu prachurinchaadu"."tananu taanu" "pettubadidaarii vidhaanaaniki samuulavaadi" "gaa abhivarninchukunna raand, aardhika praatipadikana matrame kakunda naitikamgaa kooda, aasti hakkula ullanghanagaa antitrust chattanni vyatiraekimchaaru, antitrust chattam yokka" "ardham mariyu uddesyam" "" "saamarthyam yokka siksha, vijayam kosam vijayam yokka siksha, mariyu asuyatho kuudina madhyasthata yokka demandlaku utpaadaka medhavi tyaagam"."
1890loe, pratinidhi vilium ii. trustlu utpattulanu choukagaa chesaayi, dharalanu tagginchaayi; conny chamuru dharanu, udaaharanaku, byaarelku oka saataaniki tagginchinatlayithe, nyaayamaina pootiini naasanam chesi, nijaayiteegala vyaktulanu chattabaddhamaina vyapara samstha nundi tarimikottina trustlu eee dhesha prajalaku chesina tappunu saricheyadu" anie mayson annaru."paryavasanamga, eee chattam yokka praadhamika lakshyam viniyogadaarulanu rakshinchadam, mariyu viniyogadaarulu takkuva dharala dwara rakshinchabadithe, pedda vyapaaraalanu vibhajinchadam dwara dharalanu tagginche yantraangam ayina aardhika vyavasthanu taggiste eee chattam hanikaram kaavacchu. mayson chinna vyapara manugadanu, nyaya prayojanaanni, viniyogadaarula aasakti yokka swachchamaina aardhika hetubaddhatato samanamga unchaadu.
aardhikavetta thamus delorenzo perkonna prakaram, sherman chattam vacchina moodu nelala tarvaata senator sherman 1890 vilium mckinley sunkaanni spaansar chesadani, 1890 aktobaru 1naa raasina "newyork times" thoo angeekaristunnadani, "prajalanu mosam cheyadaaniki mariyu sunkaaniki sambandhinchina eee vishwaasa anukuula chattanni amalu cheyadaaniki maargam sugamam cheyadaaniki anty-trust chattam anie pilavabadedi aamodinchabadindi" anie raasaaru."party samsthalu cheppagaligela sherman kevalam chattam yokka eee" "humbug" "kuu maddatu icchaadani" "times" "nokkicheppayi"...'chuudu! memu trustlapy daadi chesham. republican party atuvanti anni valayalaku satruvu.'" "dilorenzo ilaa vraasaaru" "viniyogadaarulu chellinche dharalu taggadam rakshanavaadulu korukoledu". conny adhika sunkaalaku raajakeeya maddatu pondalante, rajakeeyamgaa nishedhaatmaka sthaayiki dharalanu penchadaaniki parisramalu kalavani prajalaku bharosa ivvalsi untundani kooda vaaru ardham chesukunnaru. antitrust chattam mariyu sunkaala pempudala rendintikee maddatu ivvadam valla viniyogadaarula marinta spashtamaina billingnu nivaaristuu adhika dharalanu nirvahistundi."
robbert bork antitrust paalanapai bahirangamgaa vimarsalaku prasiddhi chendaaru. edava circuitku chendina richard posner anae maroe sampradaayavaada nyaya vidvaamsudu mariyu nyaayamuurti mottam palananu khandinchaledu, conny asamarthatanu nivaarinchadaaniki kakunda asamarthatanu srushtinchadaaniki dheenini vartimpajeyagala saamardhyampai aandolana vyaktam chesaaru. eee chattam yokka lakshyam ayina nijamaina asamarthamaina kuutamulu mariyu balavantapu guttaadhipatyaalu, market saktulache sweeya-sarididdabadataayani, aviswaasa chattam yokka kathinamaina jarimaanaalanu anavasaramgaa chestayani borkto sahaa aneka itara vyaktulatoe paatu, posner inca nammutaadu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, liberal yuu.ess. supreenkortu nyaayamuurti justice vilium oo. aviswaasa chattanni asamanamga ardham chesukuni amalu chesinanduku nyaayavyavasthanu douglus vimarsinchaaruh "modati nundi dheenini [sherman chattam] daani prayojanaalaku viruddhamaina nyaayamuurtulu vartimpajesaaru, saamraajya nirmaanakartalaku snehapuurvakamgaa, adhi balaheenapadaalani korukunnaru... raddu cheyabadina trustlu kotta roopaallo tirigi vileenam cheyabaddaayi... sherman chattam kevalam oka vishayamlo matrame nijamgaa prabhaavavantamgaa undatamu, adhi kaarmika sanghaalaku vartimpajeyabadinappudu anedi vidduram. appudu nyaayasthaanaalu tama itara nirnayaalalo ennadoo kanipinchani aksharaasyatatoo daanini chadivi vinipinchaayi."
public chhaayis" jarnallo 2018 adhyayanam prakaram, ohiyoku chendina senator zaan sherman 1889 chivarilo thana raajakeeya pratyarthi, general mariyu maajee governor ayina mishigaon yokka russell algarpai prateekaaram teerchukune maargamgaa antitrust billunu pravesapettadaaniki prerepinchabaddaadu, endukante 1888 republican national conventionlo algar vyaktigatamgaa adhyaksha nominationnu kolpoyadani sherman viswasinchaadu... adhika sunkaalanu parirakshinchadam mariyu trustlapy daadi cheyadam vanti vistruta ganatantra lakshyaalato kalapadam dwara sherman thana prateekaara uddesyaanni konasaginchagaligadu."