
unnata sthaayi bhasha computer nirmaanam

unnata sthaayi bhasha computer nirmaanam (hclca) anedi hardware parigananala dwara nirdesinchabadina nirmaanam kante, nirdishta unnata sthaayi prograaming bhasha (hcll) dwara lakshyamgaa roopondinchabadina computer nirmaanam. tadanugunamgaa dheenini bhasha-nirdesita computer design anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi 1960luu mariyu 1970laloe roopondinchabadindi mariyu pradhanamgaa upayoginchabadindi. 1960luu mariyu 1970laloe hlcass prachuryam pondaayi, conny 1980laloe ekkuvagaa adrusyamayyaayi. idhi intel 432 (1981) yokka naatakeeya vaiphalyam mariyu kampailarlanu optimize cheyadam mariyu tagginchina instruction sett computer (irsc) nirmaanaalu mariyu irsc lanty sanklishta instruction sett computer (sisisi) nirmaanaala aavirbhavam mariyu taruvaata hcls kosam just-inn-time compilation (git) abhivruddhini anusarinchindi. vivaranaatmaka survey mariyu vimarsalanu ikkada chudavachu.
modati hcllslo okataina algol 60 (1960) kosam roopondinchina burafs large systems (1961) loe hcllslo daadaapu prarambham nativi. 1970luu mariyu 1980lalooni lisp yantraalu, longuage lisp (1959) kosam atyanta prasiddhamaina helcas kaavacchu. prastutam jaava bhasha (1995) kosam atyanta prachuryam pondina hclcass jaava processorlu, ivi konni anuvartanaalaku upayoginchabadutunna arhata kaligina vijayam. eee siralo iteevali nirmaanam vaividhyamaina vyavastha nirmaanam (2012), idhi hcsa intermediate layer (hetchsile) minahaayimpulu mariyu virtual functionlu vanti hcll lakshanaalaku instruction sett maddatunu andistundi; idhi paniteerunu nirdhaarinchadaaniki jitnu upayogistundi.
nirvachanam.
eee sheershika kinda aneka rakaala vyavasthalu unnaayi. atyanta teevramaina udaaharana neerugaa amalu cheyabadina bhasha (dell), ikkada computer yokka instruction sett architecture (isa) hcll suuchanalaku samanamga untundi mariyu soars code kaneesa prosessingtho neerugaa amalu cheyabadutundi. teevramaina sandarbhaallo, soars kodnu tokanize cheyadam mariyu tokenlanu neerugaa praasesarku andinchadam matrame compiling avasaram; idhi stock mesheenlo nadustunna stock-oriented prograaming languagelalo kanipistundi. marinta sampradaaya bhashala kosam, hcll prakatanalu bodhana + vaadanalugaa vargeekarinchabadataayi mariyu infix kramam upasarga ledhaa postphics kramamlo maarchabadutundi. dels saadhaaranamgaa oohaatmakamainavi matrame, ayinappatikee avi 1970laloe samarthinchabaddaayi.
takkuva teevramaina udaaharanalalo, soars code modata baitkodga pars cheyabadutundi, idhi taruvaata praasesarku pampabade meshin code. eee sandarbhaalalo, compiler saripotundani bhaavinchinanduna, vyavasthalo saadhaaranamgaa oka assembleer undadu, ayithe konni sandarbhaallo (jaava vantivi), compiler dwara avtput cheyani chattaparamaina baitkodnu utpatti cheyadaaniki assembleerlanu upayogistaaru. eee vidhanam pascal micro injin (1979) loe kanugonabadindi, mariyu prastutam jaava processorlu dheenini upayogistunnaayi.
marinta sadalinchadam, oka hclca anedi icchina hcll ledhaa aneka hclslaku maddatu ivvadaaniki pratyaekamgaa konni lakshanaalatoo kuudina saadhaarana-prayojana computer nirmaanam kaavacchu. idhi 1970la nundi lisp yantraalalo kanugonabadindi, ivi lispku maddatugaa pratyaekamgaa roopondinchina kaaryakalaapaalato saadhaarana-prayojana praasesarlanu penchaayi.
udaaharanalu.
burafs large systems (1961) modati hclca, ivi algol (1959) kuu maddatugaa roopondinchabaddaayi, idhi mottamodati hcllslo okati. dheenini aaa samayamlo "bhasha-nirdesita roopakalpana" gaa suuchimchaevaaru."burafs medium systems (1966) vyapara anuvartanaala kosam kobolku maddatugaa roopondinchabaddaayi. burafs chinna vyavasthalu (1970la madhya, 1960la chivari nundi roopondinchabaddaayi) oka vraayadagina niyantrana dukaanam dwara bahula hclslaku maddatu ivvadaaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. ivanni pradhana framelu.
wang 2200 (1973) shrenini micro-kodlo praathamika vyaakhyaatatoo roopondinchaaru.
pascal micro injin (1979) pascal yokka yuu. sii. ess. dii pascal roopam kosam roopondinchabadindi mariyu pii-code (pascal compiler bitecode) nuu daani yantra sanketamgaa upayoginchindi. idhi jaava mariyu jaava yantraala taruvaati abhivruddhipai prabhavam choopindi.
lisp yantraalu (1970luu mariyu 1980luu) prasiddha mariyu prabhaavavantamaina hlcass samuuham.
intel iapx 432 (1981) adaa kii maddatugaa roopondinchabadindi. idhi intel yokka modati 32-bitt processor design, mariyu 1980laloe intel yokka pradhana processor kutumbamgaa uddesinchabadindi, conny vaanijyaparamgaa viphalamaindi.
recursive (1980la madhya) anedi oka chinna vyavastha, idhi object-oriented prograaming mariyu hardwarelo lango prograaming longuage kii maddatu ivvadaaniki roopondinchabadindi, mariyu instruction sett sthaayilo punaraavrutaaniki maddatu ichindi, anduke dheeniki eee paeru vachindi.
prolagnu marinta neerugaa amalu cheyadaaniki uddesinchina aneka processorlu mariyu kopraasesarlu 1980la chivaralo mariyu 1990la praarambhamlo roopondinchabaddaayi, veetilo berkley vlsey-plm, daani varasudu (plum) mariyu sambandhita microcode amalu unnaayi. suupar conductorla kosam prologue copracessor ayina prologue processor roopakalpana kosam hardware-vhdl-aadhaarita paddatigaa utpatti cheyani aneka simulated designlu kooda unnaayi. lisp maadirigaane, prologue yokka praathamika ganana namuunaa praamaanika atyavasara namuunaalaku bhinnamgaa untundi, mariyu computer saastravettalu mariyu electrical injaneerlu vaari antarleena namuunaalanu anukarinchadam valla kalige addankula nundi tappinchukovadaaniki aasaktigaa unnaaru.
nicklas virth yokka lillith prajectlo modula-2 bhasha vaipu drushti saarinchina custom cpu undhi.
inmos transputer okaam upayoginchi ummadi prograamingku maddatu ivvadaaniki roopondinchabadindi.
chrisp (sii-longuage reduced instruction sett processor) anae design nundi udbhavinchina ett & tii habit processor, sii kodnu amalu cheyadaaniki optimize cheyabadindi.
1990la chivaralo, sunn microsystems mariyu itara companylu sipasnu nirminchadaaniki pranaalikalu roopondinchaayi, ivi neerugaa (ledhaa daggaragaa) stock-aadhaarita jaava virtual mesheennu amalu chesaayi. phalitamgaa, aneka jaava processorlu nirminchabaddaayi mariyu upayoginchabaddaayi.
ericson erlangnu amalu cheyadaaniki roopondinchina processor ayina eekaampnu abhivruddhi chesindi. idhi eppuduu vaanijyaparamgaa utpatti kaaledu.
vaividhyamaina vyavastha nirmaanam (2012) yokka hcsa intermediate layer (hetchsile) antarleena aisalaku dhooramgaa nairuupyamgaa undataaniki virtual instruction setnu andistundi mariyu minahaayimpulu mariyu virtual functionla vanti hcll lakshanaalaku maddatu istundi mariyu debugging maddatunu kaligi untundi.
amalu.
hclca tarachugaa stock mesheen dwara amalu cheyabadutundi (burafs pedda vyavasthalu mariyu intel 432 loe vale), mariyu processorloni microcode dwara hcllnu amalu chestundi (burafs chinna vyavasthalu mariyu pascal micro enginelo vale). tagg cheyabadina nirmaanaalu tarachugaa rakalaku maddatu ivvadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi (burafs pedda vyavasthalu mariyu lisp yantraalalo vale). marinta samuulamaina udaaharanalu naan-vaan neuman nirmaanaanni upayogistaayi, ayithe ivi saadhaaranamgaa oohaatmaka pratipaadanalu matrame, vaastava amalu kaadu.
application.
vegavantamaina sankalanaalu mariyu unnata sthaayi bhaashatho vyavastha yokka takkuva-sthaayi niyantrana kaaranamgaa konni hclc luu developer mesheenlu (workstationlu) gaa prachuryam pondaayi. pascal micro injin mariyu lisp yantraalu dheeniki manchi udaaharanalu.
atyavasara prograaming (idhi saadhaarana praasesarlaku saapekshamgaa manchi saripolika) kante hcll ganana yokka puurtigaa bhinnamaina namuunaanu kaligi unnappudu, mukhyamgaa functional prograaming (lisp) mariyu logic prograaming (prologue) kosam hclclu tarachugaa vaadinchabaddaayi.
prerana.
oohaatmaka prayojanaala vivaranaatmaka jabita ivvabadindi.
computernu suutrapraayamgaa oka bhasha kosam anukuuleekarinchavachchu, bhashaku saraina maddatunu anumatistundi mariyu compiler rachananu saralikrutam chestundi kabatti, hclkaalu akaaranamgaa aakarshanheeyamgaa untaayi. idhi kevalam microcodenu marchadam dwara bahula bhashalaku sthaanikamgaa maddatu ivvagaladu. devalaparlaku mukhya prayojanaaluh yantram nundi vegavantamaina sankalanam mariyu vivaranaatmaka symbolic debugging.
maroe prayojanam emitante, mottam vyavasthanu tirigi sankalanam cheyalsina avasaram lekunda, microcode (firmware) nuu naveekarinchadam dwara bhasha amalunu naveekarinchavacchu. idhi oka vyaakhyaaninchabadina bhasha kosam oka vyaakhyaatanu naveekarinchadaaniki samanamga untundi.
2000 taruvaata tirigi kanipistunna prayojanam bhadrata ledhaa bhadrata. idhi chaalaa varaku anuvartanaala kosam rakam mariyu/ledhaa memory bhadratatho kuudina bhashalaku maarindi. OS nundi virtual mesheenla varaku aadhaarapade software, etuvanti rakshana lekunda sthaanika kodnu prabhaavitam chestundi. atuvanti kodlo aneka durbalatvaalu kanugonabaddayi. oka parishkaram emitante, surakshitamaina unnata sthaayi bhashanu amalu cheyadaaniki ledhaa kaneesam rakalanu ardham chesukovadaniki nirminchina processor customnu upayoginchadam. scalar dayta, shrenulu, pointerlu ledhaa code madhya vyatyaasam laeni takkuva sthaayi yantraalato poliste processor vard sthaayilo rakshanalu daadi chesevari panini kashtataram chestaayi. bhavishyattulo unnata sthaayi praasesarlatoe anusandhaaninchagala saaruupya lakshanaalatoo kuudina bhashalanu kooda vidyaavaettalu abhivruddhi chestunnaru. eee rendu pokadalaku oka udaaharana surakshitamaina project. software (mukhyamgaa operating system) surakshitamaina, unnata sthaayi bhasha chuttoo unna bhasha-aadhaarita vyavasthalanu polchandi, ayithe hardware avasaram leduh "viswasaneeya aadharam" ippatikee diguva sthaayi bhaashalo undavacchu.
pratikuulatalu.
vivaranaatmaka vimarsha ivvabadindi.
hclcass vijayam lekapovadaniki saralamaina kaaranam emitante, 1980 nundi kampailarlanu optimize cheyadam valla chaalaa vaegamgaa code vachindi mariyu microcode loe oka bhashanu amalu cheyadam kante abhivruddhi cheyadam sulabham. aneka compiler optimisationlaku sanklishta vislaeshanha mariyu code yokka punarvyavastheekarana avasaram, kabatti yantra code asalu soars code nundi chaalaa bhinnamgaa untundi. sanklishtata mariyu ovar head kaaranamgaa eee optimisations microcodelo amalu cheyadam asadhyam ledhaa asaadhyamainavi. saaruupya paniteeru samasyalaku vivaranaatmaka bhaashalatho sudeergha charitra undhi (lisp (1958) naatidi), idhi kevalam sakalamlo sankalanam dwara aacharanaatmaka upayogam kosam taginantagaa parishkarinchabadindi, sweeyamgaa maargadarsakatvam vahinchabadindi mariyu hotspot jaava virtual mesheen (1999) loe vaanijyeekarinchabadindi.
praathamika samasya emitante, hclcc compilerla code generation dasanu matrame saralikrutam chestundi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa sankalanamlo saapekshamgaa chinna bhaagam, mariyu computing shakti (transisterlu mariyu microcode) yokka prashnaarthakamaina upayogam. kaneesa tokanization avasaram, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa vaakyanirmaana vislaeshanha mariyu praathamika ardha tanikheelu (unbound variables) ippatikee nirvahinchabadataayi-kabatti mundu bhaagaaniki etuvanti prayojanam ledhu-mariyu optimisationku mundugaane vislaeshanha avasaram-kabatti madhya bhaagaaniki etuvanti prayojanam ledhu.
oka lothaina samasya, ippatikee abhivruddhilo churukaina praantam, yantra code nundi hcll debugging samacharanni andinchadam chaalaa kashtam, praathamikamgaa debugging samacharam yokka ovar head kaaranamgaa, mariyu marinta suukshmamgaa endukante sankalanam (mukhyamgaa optimisation) yantram suuchana kosam asalu muulaanni nirnayistundi. anduvalla hchlseslo mukhyamaina bhaagamgaa andinchina debugging samacharam amalunu teevramgaa parimitam chestundi ledhaa saadhaarana upayogamlo gananeeyamaina ovarheadnu jodistundi.
inca, itara bhashalaku marinta paelavamgaa maddatu istuu, hlcass saadhaaranamgaa oka bhashaku optimize cheyabadataayi. bahula bhasha virtual yantraalalo, mukhyamgaa jaava virtual yantram (jaava kosam roopondinchabadindi) mariyu jaava virtual yantraalalo ilanti samasyalu talettutaayi.itara bhashalu rendava taragati pourulu, mariyu tarachugaa ardhashaastramlo pradhana bhashaku daggaragaa undaalsina chota, nikara saadhaarana bhasha runtime (sii #kosam roopondinchabadindi). eee kaaranamgaa diguva sthaayi aisas compiler maddatutoe bahula bhashalaku baga maddatu ivvadaaniki anumatistundi. edemaina, sii bhasha dwara baga maddatu unna aneka bhasha-tatastha processorla vishayamlo kooda idhe samasya talettutundi, mariyu sii kii badilee cheyadam (hardwarenu neerugaa lakshyamgaa chesukovadam kante) samarthavanthamaina prograamlu mariyu saadhaarana kampailarlanu istundi.
hclcc yokka prayojanaalanu pratyamnaayamgaa hcll computer "systems" (bhasha aadhaarita systems) loe pratyaamnaaya margallo, pradhanamgaa compilerlu ledhaa vyaakhyaatala dwara saadhinchavachchuh system ippatikee hcllo vraayabadutundi, conny takkuva sthaayi nirmaanampai nadustunna softwarelo viswasaneeya punaadi undhi. 1980 naati nundi anusaristunna vidhanam ideh udaaharanaku, jaava vyavastha, ikkada runtime vaataavaranam sii loe vraayabadutundi, conny operating system mariyu anuvartanaalu javalo vraayabadataayi.
pratyaamnaayaalu.
1980la nundi saadhaarana-prayojana computer nirmaanaalalo parisoedhana mariyu amalu pradhanamgaa risk-vanti nirmaanaalalo, saadhaaranamgaa antargatamgaa register-ritch load-store nirmaanaalalo, sthiramaina, bhasha-kaani-nirdishta aisalatho, bahula registerlu, pipelining mariyu iteevala bahula core vyavasthalanu kaligi undhi, bhasha-nirdishta aisalaku badulugaa. bhasha maddatu compilerlu mariyu vaati runtimelapy, mariyu vyaakhyaatalu mariyu vaari virtual mesheenlapai (mukhyamgaa jitt 'ing yantraalu), takkuva pratyaksha hardware maddatutoe drushti saarinchindi. udaaharanaku, ios kosam prastuta objective-sii runtime tagg cheyabadina paayintarlanu amalu chestundi, idhi hardware tagg cheyabadina nirmaanam kaanappatikee, type-checking mariyu chettha sekarana kosam upayogistundi.
computer nirmaanamloo, risk vidhanam chaalaa prajaadarana pondindi mariyu vijayavantamaindi, mariyu chaalaa saralamaina instruction sett nirmaanaanni nokki chebutuu, idhi hlcasku viruddhamgaa undhi. ayithe, 1980laloe risk computerla vaega prayojanaalu pradhanamgaa risk yokka antargata prayojanaala kante, aann-chip kaashnu praarambhamlo sweekarinchadam mariyu pedda registerlaku avakaasam ivvadam valla kaligevi..

