
cosmos (humbolt book)

cosmos viswam yokka bhouthika vivarana yokka rekhaachitram (german bhaashalo "cosmos-entworf einer fisischen weltbescribung") anedi german shaastravetta mariyu anveshakudu alegzander vaan humbolt raasina vignaana shaastram mariyu prakrutipai prabhaavavantamaina grandham. "cosmos" berlin vishwavidhyaalayamlo humbolt icchina upanyaasa shrenigaa praarambhamaindi, mariyu 1845 mariyu 1862 madhya aidu samputaalalo prachurinchabadindi (aidavadi maranaanantaram mariyu humbolt yokka gamanikala aadhaaramgaa puurtayimdi). cosmos" yokka modati valuemlo, humbolt bayati antariksham mariyu bhoomi yokka bhouthika swabhaavaanni vivaristuu, saadhaarana "prakruti yokka chitram" nuu chitristundi. rendava samputamlo ayana vignaana shaastra charitranu vivarinchaadu. 
vidyaavaettalu mariyu saamaanyulu vistrutamgaa chadivina "cosmos" anedi viswam yokka kramabaddhata (viswam yokka samarasyam) gurinchi puraatana greeku drukpathaanni bhoomiki vartimpajestundi, idhi saarvatrika chattalu bhoogola prapanchamlooni spashtamaina gandaragolaniki kooda vartistaayani mariyu prakruti yokka dhyanam daani sampuurnata mariyu pondika gurinchi avagahananu istundani suuchistumdi. humbolt pariseelakudi aatmaasrayatvaanni sweekarinchi, "vignaana shaastram yokka abhivruddhi chendutunna bhaavajaalaaniki sarigga viruddhamgaa nadichindi, idhi aatmaasrayatvaanni puurtigaa tolaginchadam dwara vignaana saastraanni suddhi cheyadaaniki prayatninchina vastunishtata".
"cosmos" humbolt yokka vividha prayaanaalu mariyu adhyayanaalache prabhaavitamaindi, conny pradhanamgaa america antataa athani prayaanam dwara prabhaavitamaindi. ayana vrasinatluga, "america aavishkaranane viswam yokka vittanaanni naatinadi.eee rangamlo thana anubhavaalanninti kaaranamgaa, humbolt oke paniloo viswaaniki praatinidhyam vahinche paniki arhata saadhinchaadu. aayanaku aneka abhyasa rangaala gurinchi vistrutamaina ghnaanam, yaatrikudigaa vividha anubhavalu, shaastreeya, saahitya prapanchamlooni vanarulu unnaayi.
"cosmos" vidudalainappudu baga prachuryam pondindi, modati valume rendu nelallo ammudupoyindi, mariyu eee rachana chaalaa european bhaashalaloki anuvadinchabadindi. humbolt thana jarnallo cosmos 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 anae sheershikato cosmos valuemla yokka marinta rekhaachitraalanu raasaaru. 1859loe humbolt maranam varaku eee valuemlalo draft sheershika mariyu sagam vraayabadindi. sahaja saastraalu "cosmos" loe samarpinchina srungaara drukpatham nundi vaerugaa unnappatikee, eee rachana ippatikee gananeeyamaina shaastreeya mariyu saahitya sadhanaga pariganinchabadutundi, idhi tadupari shaastreeya purogatini prabhaavitam chesindi mariyu vignaana shaastram, prakruti mariyu manavjati adhyayanalaku ekikruta drukpathaanni andinchindi.
nepathyam mariyu prabhavalu.
pantommidava sataabdam prarambha samvatsaraala nundi, humbolt prapancha prakhyaata vyaktigaa, nepolian tarvaata rendava sthaanamlo matrame prasiddhi chendaadu. pruusiyaalooni oka kuleena kutumbam kumarudiga, athanu frankfurt mariyu gottingen vishwavidyaalayaalalo prasiddha aalochanaaparula aadhvaryamlo chaduvutuu, airopalo aaa samayamlo andubaatulo unna uttama vidyanu pondaadu. athanu "cosmos" vraase samayaniki, humbolt oka gouravaneeyamaina anveshakudu, vishwodbhava shaastravetta, jeevasaastravetta, doutyavetta, injanir mariyu prapancha pourudu. bhougolika saastravettagaa pariganinchabadutunnappatiki, nedu kanipinche sahaja prapancha paryaavarana saastraalalo chaalaa varaku ayana dohadapadatam dwara gurtimpu pondaaru.
americalo humbolt.
bahusha yea itara karakam kante, humbolt yokka vrutti jeevitam 1799 nundi 1804 varaku aidu samvatsaraalalo dakshina mariyu madhya americalo athani prayaanaala dwara roopudiddukundi. humbolt thana viswam andis yokka vaalulalo janminchindani cheppadu. venejuvelaalo praarambhinchi, athanu orinoco mariyu eguva amazon loyalanu anveshinchaadu, ekuvaadarlooni agniparvata parvatam chimborajoni adhirohinchaadu-appudu prapanchamlone ettaina parvatam anie nammutaaru-ushnamandala adavula nundi andis paibhaagaaniki vrukshasampadanu marchadanni parisoedhimchaadu, vaelaadi mokkala namuunaalanu sekarinchaadu mariyu jantuvulu, keetakaalu mariyu bhougolika sakalaala vistaaramaina sekarananu kuudagattukunnaadu. eee prayaanamloo athanu sekarinchina notla nundi, humbolt thana pariseelanala aadhaaramgaa kaneesam muppai samputaalanu utpatti cheyagaligadu. ayana chesina adhyayanalu vrukshashaastram, jantusaastram, bhoogarbha shaastram mariyu bhoogola shaastram, alaage prajaadarana pondina prayaanaalu mariyu raajakeeya, aardhika mariyu saamaajika paristhitula charchalatho sahaa aneka shaastreeya rangaalaku sambandhinchinavi.
asealo humbolt.
americapai thana anveshana tarvaata iravai aidu samvatsaraala taruvaata, aravai samvatsaraala vayassulo, humbolt russia jaar subsiditho asea lopali praantamloki vistarinchina parytananu chepattadu. 1829 mae mariyu november madhya, humbolt mariyu athani iddaru sahacharulu, c. zii. ehrenberg mariyu gustav roez, russian saamrajyam yokka vistaaramaina vistiirnamloo prayaaninchaaru. tirigi vacchina taruvaata, humbolt shaastreeya phalitaala prachurananu ehrenberg mariyu roez kuu vadilivesadu, ayithe athani swantha rachana-"asi central" anae paerutoe moodu-valuemla vivaranaatmaka bhougolikam-chaalaa samvatsaraala taruvaata varaku kanipinchaledu. humbolt yokka dakshina america prachuranalatho poliste eee pani chaalaa niraadambaramgaa undhi. "asi central" thana isothermal prapancha pataanni puurti cheyadaaniki detatho paatu, madhya asea bhougolikam yokka vaastavaalu mariyu ganaamkaalapai drushti pettindi. thana dakshina america mariyu asea anveshanhala samayamlone humbolt viswam yokka bhouthika vivarananu "cosmos" loe roopondinchadaaniki pariseelanalu keelakam chesaaru.
berlin upanyaasaalu.
1827loe, thana shaastreeya rachanalanu prachurinchadamlo pedarikamlo gadipina athani raaju, friedrich wilhelm III, thana runaanni gurthu chesi, berlinku tirigi pilichadu. athanu berlin cherukunnappudu, bhouthika bhougolika saastrampai upanyaasaalu istanani humbolt prakatinchaadu. november 1827 nundi april 1828 varaku, athanu berlin vishwavidhyaalayamlo aravai okka upanyaasaala shrenini icchaadu. upanyaasaalu entha baga hajarayyayo, humbolt tvaralo rendava sireesnu prakatinchaaru, idhi vaelaadi mandhi prekshakula mundu music haallo jarigindi, idhi andarikee uchitam. 1828loe praarambhinchi, humbolt chivaraku thana berlin upanyasalalo thana bhavanaku vyakteekarana icchaadu, appati nundi athanu viswam gurinchi thana bhouthika vivarananu pustaka roopamlo roopondinchadaaniki krushi chesaadu. rasayana shaastram, khagola shaastram, shareera nirmaana shaastram, ganitam, khanija shaastram, vrukshashaastram mariyu itara adhyayana rangaalalo naayakulatoe sahaa athani taraaniki chendina goppa saastravettalu athani sahaayaaniki pratigna chesaaru.
prachurana.
1828loe berlin upanyaasaala taruvaata, humbolt thana drushtini vraatapuurvakamgaa roopondinchadam praarambhinchaadu. footnotes mariyu referencelatho nindina athani vaastava paatham, prachuranaku mundu vyaakhyalu mariyu diddubatla kosam vividha nipunulandarikee proof sheetlalo pampabadindi. eee vidhamgaa, athanu raasinadi khachitamainadi mariyu naveenamainadi anie nirdhaarinchukovaalani lakshyamgaa pettukunnaru. athanu thana snehitudu mariyu saahitya salahaadaaru warnhagen vaan enns vaipu thana rachana shaili vishayamlo salaha kosam nirantaram chushadu. mottam meeda "cosmos" vraayadaaniki iravai aidu samvatsaraalu pattindi.
 cosmos" nuu prachurinchadam anedi maranaaniki vyatiraekamgaa oka jaatigaa humbolt bhaavinchaadu. modati samputi 1845loe ayana debbai aaru samvatsaraala vayasulo, rendavadi debbai enimidi samvatsaraala vayasulo, moodavadi enabhai oka samvatsaraala vayasulo, mariyu naalgavadi enabhai tommidi samvatsaraala vayasulo prachurinchabadindi. ayithe, 1859loe humbolt maraninchinappudu aidava valume sagam matrame vraayabadindi, athani notla nundi puurti cheyavalasi vachindi mariyu veyyi paejeela podavaina suuchikanu andinchaalsi vachindi.
content.
praacheena greekulu prapanchaanni cosmos anie pilicheevaaru-"andamgaa kramabaddheekarinchabadina mariyu saamarasyapoorvakamaina vyavastha"-mariyu thana chivari rachanaku sheershikagaa upayoginchadaaniki aadhunika padam "cosmos" nuu roopondinchaaru. eee birudu aayanaku swargam mariyu bhoomini kalisi chuttumuttadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. athanu viswaanni "swargam mariyu bhuumilooni anni vastuvula sammelanam, grahinchadagina prapanchaanni yerparuchukune srushtinchina vastuvula vishwavyaaptata" gaa tirigi pravesapettaadu.athani praathamika uddesyam modati valume parichayamlo vivarinchabadindih
 "anni bhouthika saastraala yokka atyanta mukhyamaina lakshyam idih vaividhyamlo aikyatanu gurtinchadam, chivari yugaala aavishkaranala dwara velladaina anni oke amsaalanu ardham chesukovadam, oke drugvishayaanni vaati pedda mottaanni longadeesukokundaa vidigaa nirnayinchadam mariyu prakruti yokka saraamsaanni grahinchadam." 
viswam "prapancha kramam, mariyu eee saarvatrika kramam yokka alankarana" rendintinee suuchistumdani humbolt tvaralo jodinchaadu.anduvalla, vishwamlo rendu amsaalu unnaayi," "kramam" "mariyu" "alankarana". "modatidi, bhouthika viswam, maanavula nundi swatantramgaa, manam chattaluga nirvachinchagala kramabaddhatalu mariyu namuunaalanu pradarsistundane gamaninchina vaastavaanni suuchistumdi. ayithe, alankarana anedi maanava vivarana varaku untundi. maanava manassu dwara, viswam kramabaddheekarinchabadindi mariyu andamgaa undhi. prakruti gurinchi maanava bhavanalu mariyu prakruti gurinchi maanava bhavana yokka lothu peragadam mariyu lothugaa maaradam vanti nirantaram perige mariyu maare viswam yokka dynamic chitraanni ayana srushtinchaaru.
viswam yokka eee dwaipaakshika amsaanni suuchimchadaaniki, humbolt thana pustakaanni rendu bhagaluga vibhajinchaadu, modati chithramtho prakruti yokka saadhaarana chitram.humbolt modata bahya antarikshaanni-paala maargam, cosmic neeharika mariyu grahaalanu pariseelinchi, aapai bhoomi mariyu daani bhouthika bhougolikam; vaataavaranam; agniparvataalu; mokkalu, jantuvulu mariyu manavjati madhya sambandhaalu; parinaamam; mariyu prakruti andam. rendava bhaagamlo, vignaana shaastra charitrapai, humbolt paatakudini manassu dwara antargata ledhaa "aatmaasraya" prayaanaaniki teesukelladam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. humbolt "vividha yugaalalo prakruti yokka dhyanam dwara utsaahamgaa unna anubhooti yokka vyatyaasam", antey, kavulu, chitrakaarulu mariyu prakruti vidyaarthulaloo sahaja drugvishayaala patla vaikharulatho sambandham kaligi undhi. chivari moodu samputaalu khagola shaastram, bhoomi yokka bhouthika lakshanaalu mariyu bhougolika nirmaanaalalo shaastreeya adhyayanala gurinchi marinta vivaranaatmaka vivaranaku ankitam cheyabaddaayi. mottamgaa, tudi pani berlin upanyaasaala pathakaanni sahetukamgaa nammakamgaa anusarinchindi.
thana snehitudu leopold vaan butch yokka elevation bilam siddhaantaaniki maddatu ichhe pariseelanalanu humbolt pustakamlo andinchaadu. eee siddhaantam parvataala muulaanni vivarinchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi mariyu 1870la varaku bhuuvignaana saastravettalalo kontha prajaadarananu nilupukundi.
cosmos" kuu pratispandana.
reception.
"cosmos" anedi pantommidava sataabdapu paatakulalo apaaramaina prajaadarana pondina shaastreeya mariyu saahitya sadhanaga pariganinchabadindi. eee pustakamlo "viswam yokka bhouthika vivarana yokka rekhaachitram" anae bhayankaramaina upasheershika unnappatikee, mariyu 1,000 paejeelaku paiga unna suuchika unnappatikee, modati valume rendu nelallo ammudaindi, eee rachana anni pradhana bhaashalaloki anuvadinchabadindi mariyu vandala vaela kaapeelu ammudaindi. humbolt prachuranakarta ilaa perkonnaduh "demand yugam-tayari. london mariyu seyint kosam uddesinchina pustaka potlalu. vienna mariyu hambergloni pustaka dukaanaala kosam tama aardarlanu nimpaalani korukune agentlu petersburgnu maa chetula nundi cheelchivesaaru."
"cosmos" thana sonta jeevitamlo, thana sonta desamlone kakunda eurup mariyu america antataa kooda humbolt pratishtanu ekkuvagaa penchindi. inglandlo dheeniki utsaahabharitamaina swaagatam labhinchindi, akkada elizabeth leaves anuvaadamlo zaan shaastreeya grandhaalayamlo idhi bayataku vachindi, mukhyamgaa atanni aascharyaparichindi. rachayita mariyu ayana rachanala rendinti gurinchi sameekshalu prasamsalu pondaayi.
ayithe, aadhunika british saastravettala sahakaaraaniki ayana nyayam cheyaledani kondaru bhaavinchaaru mariyu vishwa srushti gurinchi antha samagramgaa raasina humbolt srushtikarta ayina devudini prastaavinchadamloo eppuduu viphalamayyaarani chaalaa mandhi etthi chuupaaru.
vaarasatvam.
humbolt yokka "cosmos" shaastreeya purogatipai, alaage airopa mariyu america antataa vividha saastravettalu mariyu rachayitalapai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni choopindi. humbolt yokka pani pantommidava sataabdam antataa shaastreeya anveshanaku balamaina prerananichindi, 1830laloe "beagal" loe prakruti saastravettagaa thana prayaanamloo humbolt yokka munupati rachanalalo konnintini teesukuvacchina charless darwin thoo sahaa chaalaa mandiki sphuurtinichimdi. darwin humboltnu "ippativaraku jeevinchina goppa shaastreeya yaatrikudu" anie pilicharu."
"cosmos" aneka mandhi american rachayitalu mariyu kalaakaarulanu prabhaavitam chesindi, veerilo edger allan poe, walt whiteman, ralf valdo emerson mariyu frederic edwin charchi unnaaru. emerson thana jeevitaantam humbolt rachanalanu chadivaadu, mariyu athani kosam, "cosmos" shaastreeya viplavakarudiga humbolt paatranu kappukundi. edger allan poe kooda humbolt yokka abhimani, thana chivari pradhana rachana, "eureka eah gadya padyam", humbolt kuu ankitam chesaaru. vignaana saastraalanu ekam cheyadaaniki humbolt chesina prayatnam poe yokka paniki pradhana prerana. walt whiteman "gaddi aakulu" anie vraastuu prerana kosam thana desk meeda "cosmos" yokka kaapeeni unchaadani, mariyu henry david thoreyu yokka "walden", "eureka" laaga, humbolt aalochanalaku pratispandanagaa cheppabadindi. columbia mariyu ekudaarlaku humbolt dandayaatrala pranaalikanu anusarinchi, charchi athani atyanta smaaraka prakruti drushya chitraalalo konnintini "kotta granada, bogota sameepamlo unna tekwendama jalapaatam" thoo sahaa vishayamgaa kanugondi.
cosmos" mariyu saadhaaranamgaa humbolt yokka pani shaastreeya aalochanapai antha shaashwata prabhavanni chuupinappatikii, gatha rendu satabdaalugaa humbolt yokka jeevitam, pani mariyu aalochanalapai aasakti okappudu unna daanitoe poliste taggindi. ayithe, 1990la nundi, inca netikee konasaagutuu, humbolt patla paandityapu aasakti perigindi. 2004loe germanylo vidudalaina "cosmos" yokka kotta edition aasaktigala sameekshalanu andukundi, idhi german samaajamlo humbolt yokka praamukhyatanu punaruddharinchindi. german media samsthalu ekkuvagaa marchipoyina humboltnu german jaateeya punaruddharanaku kotta avataara vyaktigaa mariyu iravai okatava sataabdaaniki german samskruti mariyu nagarikata yokka namuunaa cosmopolitan rayabariga prasamsimchaayi.
bhouthika bhougolikam, vaataavarana shaastram mariyu mukhyamgaa jeeva bhougolika saastraaniki punaadulu vesina ghanata kooda humbolt kuu dakkutundi. bhookampa taramgaala pracharam gurinchi "cosmos" loe ayana raasina kathanam kooda aadhunika bhookampa saastraaniki aadharam ayyindi. ayithe, shaastreeya purogatiki ayana atyanta saasvatamaina sahakaram vignaana shaastram, prakruti mariyu manavjati yokka aikyata anae bhaavanalo undhi. "viswam" prakrutini anusandhanam kaani bhagaluga kakunda mottamgaa choopinchindi.

