
udyaanavanaalu

udyaanavanam antey vyavasaya lakshanaala pantala kshetra sthaayi utpattiki viruddhamgaa, thotalu ledhaa greenhouselalo mokkala saagu. indulo pandlu, kuuragaayalu, kayalu, vittanaalu, moolikalu, molakalu, puttagodugulu, algay, puvvulu, samudrapu vittanaalu mariyu gaddi mariyu alankaara chetlu mariyu mokkala vanti aahaaretara pantala saagu untundi. indulo mokkala parirakshana, prakruti drushya punaruddharana, prakruti drushyam mariyu thota roopakalpana, nirmaanam mariyu nirvahana, mariyu vrukshasampada, alankaara chetlu mariyu pacchika bayallu kooda unnaayi.
maanava saastramlo, udyaanavanam anedi aaharam kosam mokkala chinna taraha, paarisraamiketara saagu dwara vargeekarinchabadina jeevanaadhaara vyuuhaanni suuchistumdi. udyaanavanamlo karralu, gottalu tavvadam, buttalanu mosukelladam vanti chethi panimutla vadakam untundi. udyaanavanaaniki viruddhamgaa, vyavasayanni maanava saastravettalu dunnadam, jantuvula kattirimpu mariyu neetipaarudala mariyu matti nirvahana yokka sanklishta paddhatula vaadakamtho kuudina marinta teevramaina vyuuhamgaa chuustaaru.
udyaanavana adhyayanam mariyu abhyasam vaela samvatsaraala kritam kanugonabaddayi. sanchaara maanava samaajaala nundi nischala ledhaa pakshika-sthiramaina, udyaanavana samaajaalaku maaradaaniki udyaanavanam dohadapadindi. udyaanavanaanni aneka vargaluga vibhajinchaaru, ivi nirdishta prayojanaala kosam vividha rakaala mokkalu mariyu aahara padaarthaala saagu mariyu prosessingpy drushti pedataayi. udyaana shaastra saastraanni parirakshinchadaaniki, prapanchavyaaptamgaa bahula samsthalu udyaanavana purogatini vidyaavantulanu chestaayi, prothsahistaayi mariyu prothsahistaayi. kontamandi pramukha udyaanavanavettalalo luca ghini mariyu luther burbank unnaaru.
nirvachanam.
udyaanavanam, latin "hartus" antey thota mariyu "coller" antey saagu cheyadam, vyavasaya saastraaniki viruddhamgaa, chinna bhoomula vaadakampai drushti pedutundi, indulo teevramaina panta vyavasayam mariyu dhanyalu mariyu metha ledhaa atavee chetlu mariyu vaati nundi pondina utpattulato kuudina atavee pantala pedda ettuna kshetra panta utpatti untundi. idhi vaati roopaaniki penchina alankaara mokkalu, pandlu mariyu kuuragaayalu mariyu vaati aahara viluva kosam pandinchina sugandha dravyaalu mariyu aushadha mokkalu vanti thota pantalatho vyavaharistundi.
rakalu.
udyaana shaastra saastramlo aneka pradhana rangaalapai drushti kendrikarincharu. vaatilo ivi unnaih
charitra.
udyaanavana charitra vyavasaya charitra mariyu vrukshashaastra charithratho ativyaapti chendutundi.
vetagallu-sekarinchevaarigaa sanchaara jeevanasaili nundi nischala ledhaa pakshika-sthiramaina, udyaanavana samaajaalaku maanava samajalu maaradamlo udyaanavanaaniki muulaalu unnaayi. columbia puurvapu amazon varshaaranyamlo, sthaanikulu mokkala vyardhaalanu kalchadam dwara matti utpaadakatanu penchadaaniki bayochaarnu upayoginchaaru. european setilarlu eee mattini terra praeta dii indeo anie pilicheevaaru. atavee praantaalalo, ituvanti udyaanavanaalu tarachugaa swiddenlalo ledhaa "kattirinchi kalche" praantaalalo nirvahinchabadataayi. uttara americalo, thoorpu adavulalo mokkajonna, squash mariyu poddutirugudu pandinche pakshika-sthira udyaanavana sanghaalu, maidaana prajala sanchaara vetagadi-sekarinche sanghaalato gananeeyamgaa vibhedinchaayi. madhyaamerikan samskrutulu "milpa" ledhaa mokkajonna polam vanti chinna ettuna pantalanu saagu cheyadampai, vaari nivaasaala chuttoo ledhaa oka praantam nundi maroka praantaaniki valasala samayamlo appudappudu sandarsinche pratyeka plaatlalo drushti saarinchaayi. madhya americalo, boppayi, avocado, coco, seeba mariyu sapodilla vanti upayogakaramaina chetlatho maaya udyaanavanamlo atavee vistarana jarigindi. mokkajonna polaallo, beans, squash, gummadikayalu mariyu miriyalu vanti bahula pantalu pandinchabaddaayi, mariyu konni samskrutulalo, eee pantalanu pradhanamgaa ledhaa pratyaekamgaa mahilalu pandinchevaaru.
samsthalu.
udyaana shaastram yokka anni saakhalalo parisoedhana mariyu vidyanu prothsahinchadampai drushti saarinche vividha samsthalu prapanchavyaaptamgaa unnaayi; atuvanti samsthalalo international society pharr horticultural sains mariyu american society off horticultural sains unnaayi.
united kingdamlo rendu pradhana udyaanavana sanghaalu unnaayi. puraatana society off yark florists prapanchamlone atyanta puraatana udyaanavana samajam, idhi 1768loe sthaapinchabadindi; eee samstha prati samvatsaram yukeloni yarklo naalugu udyaanavana pradarsanalanu nirvahistondi. adanamgaa, 1804loe sthaapinchabadina raayal horticultural society, united kingdamlo oka swachchanda samstha, idhi daani anni saakhalalo udyaanavana shaastram, kala mariyu abhyasanni prothsahinchadaaniki mariyu meruguparachadaaniki daariteestundi. eee samstha thana sangham, abhyasa karyakramalu mariyu prapancha sthaayi thotalu mariyu pradarsanala dwara udyaanavana parignaanaanni panchukuntundi.
chartered institute off horticulture (sioh) anedi grate britton mariyu irelandloni udyaanavanavettalaku praatinidhyam vahinche vruttiparamaina samstha, adhe samayamlo eee dveepaala velupala sabhyula kosam antarjaateeya saakhanu kooda kaligi undhi. australian horticultural sains society 1990loe australian horticultural sains und industreeni prothsahinchadaaniki mariyu meruguparachadaaniki oka professional societyga sthaapinchabadindi. chivaraku, newzealand horticulture institute maroka prasiddha udyaanavana samstha.
bhaaratadesamlo, horticultural society off india (ippudu indian academy off horticultural sciences) anedi atyanta puraatanamaina society, idhi 1941loe punjabloni (ippudu paakistaanlo) lyalpurlo sthaapinchabadindi, conny taruvaata 1949loe dhilleeki maarchabadindi. 2005 nundi amalulo unna itara mukhyamaina samstha bengulurulo unna thotapani prothsaahaka sangham. eee rendu sanghaalu panditula patrikalanu prachuristaayi., indian journal off horticulture und journal off horticultural sciences pharr dhi advancement off horticultural sciences. bharatadesamloni kerala raashtramlo udyaanavanaaniki kerala rashtra udyaanavana mission naayakatvam vahistundi.
national juuniyar horticultural association (enn. zhe. hetch. yea) 1934loe sthaapinchabadindi, idhi yuvata mariyu udyaanavanaalaku matrame ankitamaina prapanchamlooni modati samstha. yuvataku udyaanavanampai praathamika avagahana pondadaaniki mariyu nirantaram vistaristunna eee kala mariyu vignaana saastramlo naipunhyaalanu pempondinchukovadaaniki sahaayapadataaniki enn. zhe. hetch. yea. karyakramalu roopondinchabaddaayi.
global horticulture initiative (global haart) udyaanavanamlo vividha vaataadaarula madhya bhagaswamyanni mariyu saamuuhika charyanu prothsahistundi. eee samstha abhivruddhi kosam udyaanavanampai (hetch4dii) pratyeka drushti saarinchindi, indulo prapanchavyaaptamgaa paedarikaanni tagginchadaaniki mariyu poeshanhanu meruguparachadaaniki udyaanavanaanni upayoginchadam untundi. global haart anedi jaateeya mariyu antarjaateeya samsthala consortiumlo nirvahinchabadutundi, ivi paraspara angeekaara lakshyalanu cherukovadaniki roopondinchina parisoedhana, sikshana mariyu saanketika-utpatti karyakalapalalo sahakaristaayi. global haart anedi belgiumlo namodu cheyabadina laabhaapekshaleni samstha.
paddhatulu mariyu paddhatulu.
pracharam.
udyaanavanamlo mokkala pracharam anedi udyaanavanavetta korikaku anugunamgaa oka jaathi ledhaa saagu yokka gunakaaram niyantrinchabade prakriya. idhi pradhanamgaa kaavalasina janyu mariyu padanirmaana lakshanaalanu samrakshistuu vyaktigata mokkala sankhyanu penchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. pracharam anedi laingika ledhaa alaingika paddhatulu rendintinee kaligi untundi. laingika prachaaramlo vittanaalu upayoginchabadataayi, ayithe alaingika prachaaramlo mokkala vibhajana, dumpalu, kommulu mariyu gaddalanu vaeru cheyadam mariyu cutting, layer, grafting vanti paddhatulu untaayi.
sweeya-paraagasamparkam mariyu cross-paraagasamparkam mokkalaku vittana pracharam anedi oka saadhaarana paddhati. challani, podi vaataavaranamloo nilva chesinatlayithe, vittanaalu samvatsaraalu paatu konasaagutaayi mariyu mokkalanu nilva cheyadaaniki mariyu arudugaa vairaslanu vyaapti cheyadaaniki oka sthala samarthavanthamaina maargam. ayithe, vittanaalu janyu sajaateeyatanu kapadavu mariyu jaatulanu batti, paripakva mokkaga edagadaaniki chaalaa samayam pattavacchu.
alaingika ledhaa vrukshasambandhamaina pracharam mokkala kanajaalaala punarutpatti meeda aadharapadi untundi. alaingika pracharam janyu mariyu padanirmaana lakshanaalanu samrakshistundi mariyu vittanaalanu utpatti cheyani jaatula vyaaptiki anumatistundi. ayithe, janyu vaividhyam taggadam antey utpatti cheyabadina prati vyakti oke vyaadhulaku gurayye avakaasam undhi.
alaingika pracharam paddhatulu eee krindi vaatini upayogistaayih
paryaavarana chararaasulanu niyantrinchadam.
paryaavarana niyantrana anedi udyaanavanamlooni anni sthaayilalo untundi, ayithe niyantrana yokka vistarana abhiruchigalavaru mariyu vaanijya udyaanavanaala madhya maarutuu untundi. praathamika niyantranalo naatadam, suuryarashmi labhyata, neeti labhyata, akshaamsam mariyu rekhaamsam untaayi.
marinta teevramaina niyantranalo challani framelu, greenhouselu mariyu needa gruhaala vadakam undavacchu. challani framelu oka pariveshtita vaataavaranaanni andistaayi, avi bhoomiki daggaragaa mariyu gaaju ledhaa plaastiktoe tayaaru chesina paibhaagamtho nirminchabaddaayi. gaaju ledhaa plaastik pagatipuuta suuryarasmini frameloki anumatistundi mariyu raatri samayamlo long-wave radiationga kolpoyina vaedi nashtanni nirodhistundi. idhi perugutunna kaalam praarambhamayye mundu mokkalu peragadam praarambhinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. greenhouselu paniteerulo okela untaayi, conny nirmaanamloo peddavigaa untaayi mariyu aaviri vanti bahya vanarutho vaedi cheyabadataayi. veetini gaajuto tayaaru cheyavachu, ayithe ippudu veetini pradhanamgaa plaastik sheetlatho tayaaru chestunnaru. marinta khareedaina mariyu aadhunika greenhouselalo needa mariyu kaanti niyantrana ledhaa air conditioning alaage automatic water dwara ushnograta niyantrana undavacchu. aaviri dwara neeti nashtanni parimitam cheyadaaniki needa gruhalu chaayanu andistaayi. 
vividha paddhatula dwara ushnograta niyantrana cheyavachu. hott cap ledhaa soramgaalu anie piluvabade sankuvula roopamlo plaastik thoo mokkalanu kappadam greenhousela maadirigaane prabhavam chooputundi. mokkala nuu manchu nundi rakshinchadaaniki mulching kooda oka prabhaavavantamaina paddhati. itara manchu nivaarana paddhatulalo gaali yantraalu, heaterlu mariyu sprinklerla vadakam unnaayi. 
fluorescent laitla vadakam dwara krutrimamgaa rojulo samarthavanthamaina podavunu penchadam ledhaa tagginchadam dwara kaanti niyantrana anedi kiranajanya samyogakriya sambhavinche samayanni nirnayistundi. idhi mokka peragadaaniki mariyu abhivruddhi chendadaaniki samayanni penchutundi. kaanti parimaanaanni niyantrinchadam yea mokkalu puustaayoo kooda niyantristundi, rojunu podiginchadam valla deerghakaalam mokkalu puuyadaanni prothsahistundi mariyu swalpa-roeju mokkalu puuyadaanni nirutsaahaparustundi.
naela nirvahana paddhatulalo ekasamvardhaka (reifer avasaram) loe kanipinche naela ksheenatanu nivaarinchadaaniki pranaalikaabaddhamaina panta marpidi, eruvulanu vartimpajeyadam mariyu matti vislaeshanha vantivi unnaayi.
neeti nirvahana paddhatulalo neetipaarudala mariyu paarudala vyavasthalanu upayoginchadam, jaatula avasaralaku anugunamgaa matti temanu niyantrinchadam untaayi. neetipaarudala paddhatulalo uparitala neetipaarudala, sprinkler neetipaarudala, upa neetipaarudala mariyu trickle neetipaarudala unnaayi. perugutunna vaataavaranaanni anukuulaparachadaaniki neeti parimaanam, peedanam mariyu pounahpunyam maarchabadataayi. chinna ettuna neeru traagutanu manaveeyamgaa cheyavachu.
mokkala empika.
saagu cheyadaaniki mokkalanu enchukunetappudu, oka udyaana shaastravetta vaati uddesinchina upayogam aadhaaramgaa mokkala amsaalanu pariganinchavacchu mariyu mokkala padanirmaana shaastram, arudaina mariyu upayogaanni kaligi undavacchu.
prii-plant bedd tayari.
naatadaaniki mundu, mokkala padakalanu kalupu teeyabadataayi, adanapu pacchika bayallu tolaginchabadataayi, eruvulu ledhaa itara matti susampannata jodinchabadutundi, neelanu dunnutaaru mariyu neetipaarudala vyavasthanu pareekshistaaru.
mokkalanu jodinchandi.
oka kunda nundi matti naela varaku mokkalanu naatithe, mokkalanu kundalo unnanta lothulo naatataaru mariyu mokkalanu raddiigaa unchakunda undataaniki antaram untundi. 
kattirimpu.
kattirimpu aneka vidhulanu kaligi untundi. podalu perugutunnatlayite, kattirimpu perugudala aakaraanni kaapaadataaniki sahaayapadutundi. kattirimpu valla konni jaatula pushpinche mokkala meeda puula moggala parimaanaanni kooda penchavacchu.
mulching.
mulching anedi thotaloni matti pora paina mulch poranu puusae prakriya. mulch anedi sahaja kalupu mokkalu anachivese mandhu, idhi temanu samrakshistundi mariyu matti ushnogratanu niyantrinchadamlo sahaayapadutundi. vividha rakaala malchlu unnaayi mariyu aaku mariyu beradu uparitalaalu unnaayi.
kalupu nirvahana.
kalupu mokkalanu anachiveyadam, kalupu mokkalanu tagginche jaatulanu enchukovadam mariyu saamskrutika paddhatulanu upayoginchadam vanti paddhatula dwara kalupu mokkalanu anachiveyavachhu mariyu nirvahinchavacchu.  
savaallu.
ajaivika ottillu.
vaegamgaa perugutunna janaabhaaku daani utpattulaku demandlatho maddatu ivvadaaniki vaanijya udyaanavanam avasaram. prapancha vaataavarana maarpula kaaranamgaa, ushnogratalalo teevratalu, varshapaatam sanghatanala balam, varada tarachudanam mariyu karuvu podavu mariyu tarachudanam perugutunnaayi. aavirini aaviriga marchadam valla, neelalu vaati poeshakaala nundi ksheeninchadam valla, mariyu praanavaayuvu sthaayilu ksheeninchadam valla, panta utpattiki lavaneeyata, bhaarii loha vishapuuritam, yuvi nashtam mariyu vaayu kalushyam vanti itara ajaivika ottillatho kalisi ottiditoe kuudina vaataavaranaalu srushtinchabadataayi, phalitamgaa panta digubadilo 70 saatam varaku nashtam jarugutundi.
jeevasambandhamaina ottillu.
bacteria, vairaslu, sileendhraalu, paraannajeevulu, keetakaalu, kalupu mokkalu mariyu sthaanika mokkalu vanti jeevulu biotics ottillaku muulaalu mariyu daani poeshakaalanu kolpotayi. padanirmaana mariyu nirmaanaparamaina addamkulu, rasayana sammelanaalu, proteins, enjaimlu mariyu harmonelu vanti rakshana yantraamgaalanu upayoginchi mokkalu eee ottillaku pratispandistaayi. jeevasambandhamaina ottilla prabhavanni saagu, challadam ledhaa samagra tegulu nirvahana (ipm) vanti paddhatulanu upayoginchi nivaarinchavacchu.
ravana.
pantakota taruvaata, udyaanavana pantalu vaanijyaparamgaa vikrayinchabadataayi. utpattula naanhyatanu nirvahinchadaaniki loading mariyu inn-transit paristhitulu oka savaalu. udyaana vastuvulaku gayalu mariyu nashtanni tagginchadaaniki dhooram, ravana samayam mariyu ravana paddhatulu parigananaloki teesukovalasina amsaalu.
panta nirvahana.
pantakota samayamlo udyaana pantalaku nashtam mariyu nashtalanu tagginchadaaniki shraddha avasaram. pantakota samayamlo kudimpu saktulu sambhavistaayi, mariyu ravana mariyu pyaak house karyakalapala samayamlo udyaanavana vastuvulu varusa prabhaavaalaku gurikaavacchu. yaantrika gayalu mariyu mokkalaku gayalanu tagginchadaaniki vividha paddhatulu upayoginchabadataayi, avih
abhivruddhi chendutunna saanketikata.
samuuhaalu kramam tappakunda antaraayamlo unde chinna polyndromic punaraavruttulu (chrisper/cases9) iteevala jaatula janyuvulanu maarchadaaniki atyanta samarthavanthamaina, saralikruta, khachitamaina mariyu takkuva kharchutho kuudina paddhatigaa gurtimpu pondindi. 2013 nundi, vividha rakaala dhanyalu, pandlu mariyu kuuragaayalanu meruguparachadaaniki chrisper upayoginchabadutondi. paraannajeevulu, vyaadhi mariyu karuvu vanti jeevasambandhamaina mariyu ajaivika ottillaku vaati nirodhakatanu penchadaaniki alaage digubadi, poeshanha mariyu ruchini penchadaaniki pantalu savarinchabadataayi. adanamgaa, avaanchaneeya lakshanaalanu savarinchadaaniki chrisper upayoginchabadindi, udaaharanaku, bangaalaadumpala vishapuurita mariyu chedhu padaarthaala godhumarangu mariyu utpattini tagginchadam. takkuva paragasamparka raetlu mariyu greenhouselalo saadhaaranamaina takkuva pandla digubadi samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki kooda chrisper upayoginchabadindi.