
yoodula vyatiraekata charitra

yoodula vyatiraekata yokka charitra, yoodulapai mataparamaina ledhaa jaathi samuuhamgaa shatru charyalu ledhaa vivakshaga nirvachinchabadindi, idhi aneka sataabdaala naatidi, yoodula vyatiraekatanu "sudeergha dvesham" anie pilustaaru. gerom chains yoodula vyatiraekata yokka chaaritraka abhivruddhilo aaru dasalanu gurtistundihi
eee aaru dasalanu moodu vargaluga vileenam cheyavachani chains suchistunnaruhu "pradhanamgaa jaathi swabhaavam kaligina puraatana yoodula vyatiraekata; mataparamaina kraistava yoodula vyatiraekata; mariyu 19va mariyu 20va sataabdaala jaathi vyatiraekata". aacharanalo, roman kaalaaniki mundu itara deshaalu jaatulapai saadhaarana dushpravartana nundi yoodula vyatiraekatanu vaeru cheyadam kashtam, conny airopalo kraistavatvaanni sweekarinchinappati nundi, yoodula vyatiraekata nissandehamgaa undhi. islaamik prapancham kooda chaaritraatmakamgaa yoodulanu bayati vyaktulugaa chusindi. 19va sataabdapu airopalo shaastreeya mariyu paarisraamika viplavaala raaka matam aadhaaramgaa jaatipai aadhaarapadina yoodula vyatiraekata yokka kotta abhivyaktini pempondinchindi, idhi rendava prapancha yuddhamlo jarigina holocastlo mugisindi. 1948loe izrael rashtram erpadatam madhyapraachyamlo kotta yoodula vyatiraeka udriktatalaku kaaranamaindi.
shaastreeya kaalam.
yoodula patla prarambha satrutvam.
luis hetch. feldman vaadistuu, "anyamata rachayitalu pradhanamgaa yoodula vyatiraekulu anae" communis sensus "thoo manam samasyanu teesukoovaali". yoodula vyatiraeka vidyaarthulanu edurkonna goppa puzzleslo okati yoodula gurinchi prastaavinchina modati anyamata rachayithalalo kanipinche yoodula anukuula prakatanala nundi vachinatlu aaropanalu unnaayi" anie ayana nokki chepparu... aaa taruvaata jarigina durmargapu yoodula vyatiraeka prakatanalu cree puu 270 naati maanetho prarambhamayyayi. maanetho yokka yoodula vyatiraeka rachanala drishtya, yoodula vyatiraekata egyptulo udbhavinchi, "puraatana eejiptu durabhipraayaala greeku punarachana" dwara vyaapti chendhi undavacchu. yoodula gurinchi sanukoolamgaa matlade anyamata rachayitalaku udaaharanalugaa, feldman aristatle, theophrastus, clerchus off sooli mariyu megaasthaneesnu udaharinchaaru. maanetho tarvaata "saadhaaranamgaa chithrinchina chitram saarvatrika mariyu teevramaina judaism vyatiraekataloe okati" anie feldman angeekarinchaadu.
yoodula vyatiraeka bhaavaalaku modati spashtamaina udaaharanalu cree puu 3va sataabdamloo alegzandrialo kanugonavacchu. alegzandrian yoodulu prapanchamlone atipedda yoodu samajam mariyu hebru baibil yokka greeku anuvaadam ayina septuvagint akkada utpatti cheyabadindi. aaa kaalaaniki chendina eejiptu poojaari mariyu charitrakaarudu ayina manetho, yoodula gurinchi teevramgaa raasaadu mariyu athani itivruttaalu chereman, lysimacus, posidonius, apollonius molone mariyu apion mariyu tacitus rachanalalo punaraavrutamayyaayi. abderaaku chendina hecatius alegzander dhi grate kaalam gurinchi vraasinatlu flavius josephus utamkimchaaru, yoodulu "pertia raajulu mariyu governorlu tarachugaa haanikaramgaa vyavaharinchaaru, ayinappatikee vaaru uttamamgaa bhaavinche vidhamgaa vyavaharinchakundaa vaarini nirodhinchaleru; conny eee kaaranamgaa vaaru tolaginchabadinappudu, mariyu vaaripai himsalu vidhinchinappudu, mariyu vaaru atyanta bhayankaramaina maranaaniki gurainappudu, vaaru anni itara vyaktulaku minchi asaadhaaranamaina paddhatiloo vaarini kalustaaru, mariyu vaari puurveekula mataanni thyajincharu". kristupurvam sumaruga 170-167 loe antiocus epiphanes dwara prakatinchabadina mottamodati yoodula vyatiraeka saasanaalalo okati, judialo makkabeela tirugubaatunu prerepinchindi.
alegzandriaku chendina puraatana yoodu tatwavetta philo cree. sha. 38loe alegzandrialo yoodulapai jarigina daadini vivarinchaadu, indulo vaelaadi mandhi yoodulu maraninchaaru. alegzandrialo yoodulanu maanavatavaadulugaa chithreekarinchadam valla himsa jarigi undavacchu. hellenistic kaalamlo yoodula patla dweshaaniki kaaranam greeku nagaralaina "polis" loe vaari vaerpaatu anie cherikovar vaadinchaaru. edemaina, chaalaa mandhi greekulu taamu anagarikamga bhaavinche yea samuuham patla ayina satrutvam chuupinanduna, yoodulaku vyatiraekamgaa unna vaikharula nundi udbhavinchakapothe yoodulaku vyatiraekamgaa prarambha satrutvaanni yoodula vyatiraeka ledhaa yoodula vyatiraekamgaa pariganinchalemani bohak vaadinchaaru.
yoodulu mariyu vaari mataaniki vyatiraekamgaa pakshapaataanni pradarsinche prakatanalu aneka anyamata greeku mariyu roman rachayitala rachanalalo chudavachu. greeku mataparamaina mariyu saamaajika pramaanaalanu angeekarinchadaaniki yoodulu niraakarinchadame vaarini gurtinchindani edward flannery raasaaru. kristupurvam moodava sataabdam praarambhamlo greeku charitrakaarudaina abderaaku chendina hecatius, moshe "thana prajala bahishkarananu gurthuchesukuntu, vaari kosam oka duraachaara mariyu niraasraya jeevana vidhananni erpaatu chesadani" raasaadu. moshe chetha "devullanu aaraadhinchavaddani" bodhinchabadina eejiptu kushtu vyaadhigrastulanu yoodulu bahishkarinchaarani maanetho raasaaru. chaireman, lysimacus, posidonius, apollonius molone mariyu apion mariyu tacitus rachanalalo adhe itivruttaalu kanipistaayi. nidasku chendina agatharchides yoodula "haasyaaspada paddhatula" gurinchi raasaaru mariyu athanu "vaari chattam yokka asambaddhata" gurinchi kooda raasaadu, mariyu tolemy lagus kristupurvam 320 loe jerusalempai elaa daadi cheyagaligadu anae daani gurinchi kooda raasaadu endukante daani nivaasulu sabbaatnu paatistunnaaru. edward flannery puraatana kaalamlo unikilo unna yoodula vyatiraekata yokka roopaanni tappanisarigaa "saamskrutikamainadi, raajakeeya nepathyaalalo aadabadina jaateeya genophobia aakaraanni teesukuntundi" anie varninchaaru.
puraatana greeku palakudu, antiocus epiphanes, jerusalemloni alayanni apavitram chesi, sunnati, "shabbat" aacharam mariyu yoodula mataparamaina pustakaala adhyayanam vanti yoodula mataparamaina aacharalanu nishedhinchina oka namodu cheyabadina udaaharana undhi, puraatana grease thoorpu madhyadharaalo aadhipatyam chelaayinchina kaalamlo. yoodulu mariyu vaari matam patla pakshapaataanni pradarsinche prakatanalu kontamandi anyamata greeku mariyu roman rachayitala rachanalalo kooda kanipistaayi, ayithe yoodula vyatiraekata yokka prarambha sanghatana panditulalo charchaneeyaamsamgaa undhi, endukante vividha rachayitalu yoodula vyatiraekata yokka vibhina nirvachanaalanu upayogistaaru. matha vyatiraeka yoodulavaadam" mariyu "judaism vyatiraekata" anae padaalanu konnisaarlu yoodula vyatiraekata kante oka matamgaa yoodula patla satrutvaanni suuchimchadaaniki upayogistaaru, idhi oka jaathi ledhaa jaathi samuuhamloo sabhyuluga yoodula patla satrutvaanni suuchimchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi.
roman saamrajyam.
yoodulooni yoodulu mariyu aakramita roman saamrajyam madhya sambandhaalu modati nundi vyatiraekatatoe undevi mariyu avi aneka tirugubaatlaku daariteesaayi. european yoodula vyatiraekata yokka muulaalu roman mataparamaina himsa vidhaanamlo unnayani vaadinchabadindi.
cree. sha. 19 loe roman chakravarthy tiberius yoodulanu roman nundi bahishkarinchaadani aneka mandhi puraatana charitrakaarulu nivedinchaaru. roman charitrakaarudu suetonius prakaram, tiberius anni videshee mataalanu anachiveyadaaniki prayatninchaadu. yoodula vishayamlo, athanu yuva yoodula purushulanu sainika sevagaa natistuu, anaarogyakaramaina vaataavaranaaniki prasiddhi chendina praavinsulaku pampaadu. athanu itara yoodulandarinee nagaram nundi bahishkarinchaadu, paatinchananduku jeevitakaala baanisatvaaniki gurayye bedirimputoe. josephus thana "yoodula puraatana vastuvulu" loe, tiberius yoodulandarinee rome nundi bahishkarinchaalani aadesinchaadani dhruvikarinchaadu. naalugu vaela mandhi yoodulanu sardiniaku pampaaru, kaani sainikulu kaavadaaniki ishtapadani marinta mandhi yoodulanu sikshinchaaru. romanlanu tama matamloki marchukovadaniki prayatnistunna chaalaa mandhi yoodulanu tiberius bahishkarinchaadani cassius deo nivedinchaadu. tiberius leftinentlalo okaraina sejanus yoodula himsalo pradhana karakamga undavacchani alegzandriaku chendina philo nivedinchaaru.
cree. sha. 70loe titus chetha naasanam cheyabadina taruvaata jerusalem alayanni punarnirminchadaaniki yoodulanu anumatinchadaaniki romanlu niraakarinchaaru, adhe samayamlo yoodulapai (fiscus judaicus) pannu vidhinchaaru, romlo jupiter aalaya nirmaanaaniki aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki, judianu siriya palestinaga paeru marcharu. baar kokhba tirugubaatu (132-136 CE) taruvaata, romanlu chaalaa mandhi yoodulanu champi, "vaari gurralu vaari nasika randhraalaku raktamtho munigipoye varaku champaru" anie jerusalem talmud vivaristundi. ayithe, kontamandi charitrakaarulu rome daani swaadheenam chesukunna bhoobhaagaalannintilo tirugubaatlanu krooramgaa anachivesindani vaadinchaaru, tiberius kevalam yoodulanu matrame kakunda videshee mataala anucharulandarinee rome nundi bahishkarinchaadani kooda vaaru etthi chuupaaru.
vaastavaaniki, konni vasati taruvaata yooda mathamtho cheyabaddaayi, mariyu pravaasa yoodulaku itarulaku laeni adhikaralu undevi. roman saamraajyamloni itara prajala maadirigaa kakunda, yoodulaku tama mataanni konasaginche hakku undedi mariyu vaaru sthaanika aachaaraalaku anugunamgaa undaalani anukoledu. modati yoodu-roman yuddham taruvaata kooda, roman adhikarulu konni nagarallo yoodu adhikaaraalanu raddu cheyadaaniki niraakarinchaaru. sunnati cheyadaanni, saadhaaranamgaa daaniki angeekarinchaleni vyaktulapai vidhinche viruupana roopamgaa hadrian nishedhinchinappatiki, taruvaata athanu sunnatipai nishedham nundi yoodulanu minahayinchadu. 18va sataabdapu charitrakaarudu edward gibbon prakaram, cree. sha. 160 nundi yoodula patla ekkuva sahanam undedi. cree. sha. 355 mariyu 363 madhya, matabhrashtudaina juuliyan jerusalem yokka rendava alayanni punarnirminchadaaniki yoodulanu anumatinchaadu.
kraistava matam mariyu islam yokka perugudala.
kotta nibandhana mariyu prarambha kraistavatvam.
kotta nibandhanalo ekkuva bhaagam yesu anucharulaina yoodulu vraasinappatikee, kotta nibandhanalo aneka bhagalu unnaayi, kontamandi yoodula vyatiraekatagaa bhaavistaaru, mariyu vaatini yoodula vyatiraeka prayojanaala kosam upayoginchaaru, veetilo
mohammed, khurran mariyu prarambha islam.
muslimla pavitra grandhamaina khurranlo kontamandi yoodula patla chaalaa pratikuula abhipraayaalanu vyaktam chese konni shlokaalu unnaayi. cree. sha. 622loe islaamik pravakta mohammed madiinaaku vellina taruvaata, athanu arabia mariyu itara tegala yoodu thegalatho shanti oppandaalu kudurchukunnadu. ayithe, kotta matha anucharulu mariyu madeenaa yoodula madhya sambandham taruvaata chedugaa maarindi. eee samayamlo khurran jerusalem nundi makkaku praarthana disanu marchamani muhammadnu aadesistundi, mariyu eee samayam nundi, khurran shlokaala swaram yoodula patla marinta satruvugaa maarutundi.
cree. sha. 627loe, madiinaaku chendina yoodu tega baanu khuraija daadi chese thegalatho pottu pettukovadam dwara muhammadto oppandaanni ullanghinchindi. tadanantaram, eee tegapai rajadroham abhiyogaalu mopabaddaayi mariyu mohammed naayakatvam vahinchina muslimlu muttadinchaaru. baanu khuraija longipovalsi vachindi, purushula sirachchaedam cheyabadindi, mahilalu, pillalandarinee bandeelugaa teesukoni banisaluga chesaaru. eee sanghatana yokka nijaayitiini aneka mandhi panditulu savaalu chesaaru, idhi atisayokti ledhaa kanipettabadindani vaadinchaaru. taruvaata, arabia yoodulu, mohammed mariyu athani anucharula madhya aneka gharshanalu talettaayi, veetilo atyanta mukhyamainadi khaibarlo jarigindi, dheenilo chaalaa mandhi yoodulu champabaddaru mariyu vaari aastulanu swaadheenam chesukuni muslimlaku pampinhee chesaaru.
chivari roman saamrajyam.
4va sataabdamloo kraistava matam rome yokka rashtra matamgaa marinappudu, yoodulu mataparamaina asahanam mariyu raajakeeya anachivetaku baadhitulayyaaru. kraistava saahityam yoodula patla teevramaina satrutvaanni pradarsinchadam praarambhinchindi, idhi appudappudu vaaripai daadulaku mariyu vaari samaajamandiraalanu tagalabettadaaniki daariteesindi. yoodula patla satrutvam charchi mandalulu mariyu rashtra chattalu vaaripai vidhinchina saasanaalalo pratibimbimchimdi. 4va sataabdam praarambhamlo, matamarpidi kaani yoodulu mariyu kraistavula madhya antar vivaham elvira synud nibandhanala dwara nishedhinchabadindi. antioch council (341) kraistavulu yoodulatho kalisi pasca panduganu jarupukokunda nishedhinchindi, ayithe lavodicia council yoodula sabbaatnu jarupukokunda kraistavulanu nishedhinchindi. roman chakravarthy modati nirbandham yoodulaku sambandhinchi aneka chattalanu erpaatu chesadu vaaru kraistava baanisalanu kaligi undatam nishedhinchabadindi mariyu vaari baanisalanu sunnati cheyadaanni kooda nishedhinchaaru. kraistavulanu yooda matamloki marchadam kooda nishedhinchabadindi. mataparamaina sevalu niyantrinchabaddaayi, sammelanaalu parimitam cheyabaddaayi, conny aalaya vidhvamsam vaarshikotsavam ayina tisha bove rojuna yoodulu jerusalemloki pravesinchadaaniki anumatinchabaddaaru.
5va sataabdamloo yoodulapai vivaksha marinta teevramaindi. codex theodosianus (438) saasanaalu yoodulanu poura seva, sainyam mariyu nyaya vrutti nundi nishedhinchaayi. yoodula pitruswaamyaanni raddu chesi, yoodula nyaayasthaanaala paridhini parimitam chesaaru. yoodula mandiraalu swaadheenam chesukobaddayi mariyu paatha yoodula mandiraalu koolipoye pramaadam untene vaatini marammatu cheyagalamu. samaajamandiraalu naasanamayyaayi ledhaa charchilugaa marchabaddayi. tortona (350), rome (388 mariyu 500), rakka (388), menorca (418), daffney (antioch sameepamlo, 489 mariyu 507), genova (500), ravenna (495), tours (585) mariyu orleans (590) laloe yoodula mandiraalu naasanam cheyabaddaayi. itara yoodula mandiraalu swaadheenam chesukobaddayi 411loe urfa, 419 mariyu 422 madhya eudialo aneka, 442 mariyu 569loe constantinople, 423loe antioc, 465loe wans, 590loe 500 terracinalo diyarbakir, 590loe kagliyari mariyu 590loe palermo.
yoodulu yesunu champarani aaropanalu.
atmahuti antey oka devudini champadam. kraistavatvam sandarbhamlo, hatya anedi yesu maranaaniki baadhyatanu suuchistumdi. yoodulu aatmahatya chesukunnadane aaropana kraistavulache yoodula vyatiraekataku atyanta saktivantamaina warrant. yoodulandaripai mottam meeda aatmahatya aaropana yokka mottamodati namodu cheyabadina udaaharana-yesu maranaaniki vaaru samishtiga baadhyata vahinchaarani-cree. sha. 167 loe pasca rojuna "peri pascha" anae sardis yokka melito anae perunna upanyaasamlo kanipistundi. eee grandham raaju veerudu mariyu kaifaalanu yesunu uriteeyadaaniki anumatinchinanduku yoodulanu nindistundi. melito pontius piletnu pratyaekamaina nindagaa perkonaledu, pilate thana aparaadhabhaavamtho chetulu kadigindani matrame paerkonnaadu. eee upanyaasam greeku bhaashalo vraayabadindi, conny kraistavulu vistrutamgaa himsimchabadutunna samayamlo kraistavulanu vidichipettamani romuku idhi vignapti ayi undavacchu. deside" (devuni hantakudu) anae latin padam nundi "deside" anae padam udbhavinchindi, dheenini 4va sataabdamloo peater christologus thana upanyaasa sankhya 172loe upayoginchaaru. roman catholic siddhaantamlo bhaagam kaanappatikee, mataachaaryulato sahaa chaalaa mandhi kraistavulu okappudu yesu maranaaniki yoodulanu samishtiga badhyuluga bhaavinchaaru. eee vivarana prakaram, yesu maranam samayamlo haajaraina yoodulu mariyu yoodu prajalu samishtiga mariyu anni kaalaala paatu aatmahatya ledhaa devuni hatya vanti paapaaniki palpaddaru.
madhya yugam.
roman kaalam chivari nundi madhyayuga kaalam varaku yooda mataaniki satrutvam konasaagutuu vachindi. airopalo madhya yugaalalo aneka pradaesaalaloo yoodulapai puurti sthaayi himsa jarigindi, rakta paruvu nashtam, bahishkaranalu, balavantamgaa matamaarpidulu mariyu hatyalu jarigaayi. 12va sataabdamloo, kontamandi, ledhaa bahusha andaruu, yoodulu maantrika saktulanu kaligi unnaarani, deyyamtho oppandam chesukovadam dwara eee saktulanu pondaarani namme kraistavulu unnaaru. germanylo judensa chitraalu kanipinchadam praarambhinchaayi.
speyinlooni catholic visigothic rajyam ippatike 7va sataabdamloo yoodula vyatiraeka saasanaalanu jaarii chesinappatiki, airopalo yoodulapai himsa crusadela samayamlo paraakaashtaku cherukundi. prema yokka gode" vanti yoodula vyatiraeka vaakchaaturyaalu kanipinchadam praarambhinchaayi mariyu praja spruhanu prabhaavitam chesaayi. modati crusade samayamlo, 1096loe, oka german crusade raine mariyu danubelalo abhivruddhi chendutunna yoodu samajalanu naasanam chesindi. 1147loe jarigina rendava crusadelo, fraanslooni yoodulu tarachugaa hatyalu, duraagataalaku baadhitulu ayyaru. 1189loe richard dhi lionhart pattabhishekam taruvaata, londonlo yoodulapai daadi jarigindi. 1190loe raaju richard moodava crusadelo chaeradaaniki vellinappudu, yark mariyu ingland antataa yoodula vyatiraeka allarlu mallee chelaregaayi. modati crusade taruvaata germanylo jarigina modati pedda ettuna himsalo, 1298loe 1,00,000 mandhi yoodulanu rintflesh nites champaru. 1251 mariyu 1320loe gorrela kaaparula crusadela samayamlo yoodulu kooda daadulaku gurayyaru. 1330laloe arnald vaan yusighaim netrutvamloni armleader yoodulapai daadi chesaaru, idhi 1336loe franconialo praarambhamaindi, aaa taruvaata zaan zimberlyn dwara alaseslo vandaku paiga yoodu samajalapai daadi chesaaru. eee crusadela taruvaata, yoodulu bahishkarinchabaddaaru, 1290loe, aangla yoodulandarinee bahishkarinchadam jarigindi. 1396loe, 100,000 mandhi yoodulu france nundi bahishkarinchabaddaaru mariyu 1421loe, vaelaadi mandhi austria nundi bahishkarinchabaddaaru. bahishkarinchabadina vaarilo chaalaa mandhi polandku paaripoyaaru.
14va sataabdam madhyalo block deth playg airopa antataa vyaapinchi, janabhalo sagaaniki paiga naasanam kaavadamtho, yoodulu tarachugaa balipasuvulugaa maararu. vaaru uddeshapoorvakamgaa baavulanu vishapuuritam cheyadam dwara eee mahammariki kaaranamayyaarani pukaarlu vyaapinchayi, eee aaropana 1321 kushtu bhayamlo intaku mundu kanipinchindi. aaa taruvaata vacchina dvesham, himsa kaaranamgaa vandalaadi yoodu samajalu naasanam cheyabaddaayi. pope clement VI yoodulanu rakshinchadaaniki juulai 6,1348 naati papal eddu mariyu aaa taruvaata ventane oka adanapu eddu dwara prayatninchaaru, conny chaalaa nelala taruvaata, plaegu inca nagaranni prabhaavitam cheyani strasberglo 900 mandhi yoodulanu sajeevamgaa kaalchivesaaru. 1389 eestar meeda prague yoodulapai daadi jarigindi. 1391 naati oochakotha spanish yoodula swarna yugamlo ksheenatanu suuchimchimdi.
islaamik prapanchamlo muslimlu mariyu yoodula madhya sambandhaalu.
9va sataabdam nundi, madhyayuga islaamik prapancham kraistava mariyu yoodu alpasankhyaakulapai "dhimmi" hodaanu vidhinchindi. ayinappatikee, yoodulaku kraistava airopalo kante muslim prapanchamlo tama mataanni aacharinchadaaniki ekkuva swechcha ivvabadindi. speyinlooni yoodu samajalu spanish swarna yugamlo sahanasheela muslim paalanalo abhivruddhi chendaayi mariyu cardova yoodu samskrutiki kendramgaa maarindi.
ayithe, 11va sataabdamloo uttara africa nundi almoravids pravesam kraistavulu mariyu yoodulapai kathinamaina charyalanu chusindi. eee anachivetalo bhaagamgaa 1011loe cardovalo mariyu 1066loe granadalo yoodulaku vyatiraekamgaa maaranahomaalu jarigaayi. 1147 natiki almoravidla magribi mariyu andalusian bhuubhaagaalapai niyantrananu swaadheenam chesukunna almohadlu, takkuva sahanasheela drukpathaanni konasaginchi, "dhimmeela" thoo kathinamgaa vyavaharinchaaru. maranam ledhaa matamarpidi empikanu edurkonna chaalaa mandhi yoodulu mariyu kraistavulu veelaithe moodava empikanu teesukoni paaripoyaaru. mymonides kutumbam vanti kondaru thoorpuna marinta sahanasheelulaina muslim bhoomulaku vellaaru, marikondaru perugutunna kraistava rajyalalo sthirapadataaniki uttara disagaa vellaaru. madhya yugaalalo konni samayaallo, eejipt, siriya, iraq mariyu yemenlalo, yoodula naasanaaniki aadesinche aadesaalu amalu cheyabaddaayi. yoodulu islam matamloki maravalasi vachindi ledhaa yemen, moraco, bagdadloni konni praantaallo maranaanni edurkovalasi vachindi. 1033 fez oochakotha samayamlo muslim gumpu 6,000 mandhi yoodulanu champindi. 1276 mariyu 1465loe fez loe, mariyu 1146 mariyu 1232loe marakeshlo marinta oochakotha jarigindi.
vrutti mariyu itara parimitulu.
yoodula vruttulapai kraistava adhikarulu aankshalu vidhinchaaru. sthaanika paalakulu mariyu charchi adhikarulu yoodulaku aneka vruttulanu moosivesi, pannu mariyu adde sekarana mariyu runaalu vanti samajikamga takkuvasthaayigaa pariganinchabade upanta paatralaku vaarini nettaru, ivi "avasaramaina chedu" gaa matrame sahinchabade vruttulu. aaa samayamlo, vaddeeki dabbu appu ivvadam anedi paapam, kraistavulu palgonadam nishedhinchabadina vrutti anae abhiprayanni catholic siddhaantam bodhinchindi. eee parimitiki lobadi undakapoyina, yoodulu kaanivaariki runaalu ichhe varaku, yoodulu eee vyapaaraanni tama sontamgaa chesukunnaru, thoraa mariyu hebru baibilloni taruvaati vibhagalalo vaddeepai vimarsalu unnappatikee. idhi yoodula patla aneka pratikuula muusapoetalaku daariteesindi, avidheyata, atyaasagala vaddiidaarulugaa mariyu runadaatalu (saadhaaranamgaa yoodulu) mariyu runagraheetala (saadhaaranamgaa kraistavulu) madhya udriktatalu saamaajika, raajakeeya, mataparamaina mariyu aardhika ottillaku daariteesaayi. yoodulaku tama pannulu chellinchavalasi vacchina raitulu, eee yoodulu evari tarapuna panichesaaro teliyani vaari gurinchi teliyaka, vyaktigatamgaa tama dabbunu teesukuntunnatlugaa chudagaligevaru.
madhya yugaalalo yoodulu vistruta shreni chattaparamaina vaikalyalu mariyu parimitulaku lobadi unnaaru, veetilo konni 19va sataabdam chivari varaku konasagayi. appudappudu vaariki runaalu ivvadam, vyaparam cheyadam kooda nishedhinchabaddaayi. vividha pradaesaalaloo nivasinchadaaniki anumatinchabadina yoodula sankhya parimitam cheyabadindi; vaaru ghettolalo kendrikrutamai unnaaru mariyu bhoomini kaligi undataaniki anumatinchabadaledu; vaaru tama sonta nagaralu ledhaa jillaalloki pravesinchinappudu vivakshata pannulaku lobadi, pratyeka yoodula pramaanaalu cheyavalasi vachindi, mariyu vaaru vividha itara charyalanu edurkonnaru. 1215loe naalugo lateran council yoodulu mariyu muslimlu pratyaekamaina dustulu dharinchaalani aadesinchindi. atuvanti dustulu yoodula topi, idhi appatike chaalaa mandhi yoodulu sweeya-gurtimpu chihnamgaa dharinchevaaru, conny ippudu tarachugaa tappanisari cheyabadindi.
yoodula badge konni pradaesaalaloo pravesapettabadindi; idhi vruttaakaaramlo, patti aakaaramlo ledhaa chattapu palakala aakaaramlo (inglandlo) rangugala vastram mukka kaavacchu, mariyu dustulapai kuttabadi untundi. itara chotla pratyaekamaina dustulu rangulu perkonabaddaayi. amalu sthaanika paalakula chetullo undedi, conny taruvaati sataabdam natiki airopalo chaalaa varaku chattalu amalu cheyabaddaayi. aneka praantaallo, madhyayuga samaajamlooni sabhyulu tama saamaajika hodaanu vaeru cheyadaaniki badgeelu dharinchevaaru. konni byaadjlu (sangha sabhyulu dharinchevi vantivi) pratishtaatmakamainavi, marikonni kushturogulu, samskarinchabadina mataviswaasaala mariyu vaesyalu vanti bahishkarinchabadina bahishkrutulu dharinchevaaru. anni sommula chattaala maadirigaane, eee chattalu enthavaraku anusarinchabaddaayi mariyu amalu cheyabaddaayi anedi chaalaa bhinnamgaa untundi. konnisaarlu, yoodulu rajulaku taatkaalika "minahaayimpulu" roopamlo lanchaalu chellinchadam dwara byaadjlanu tappinchukovadaaniki prayatninchaaru, veetini raddu chesi, raaju nidhulanu sekarinchaalsina avasaram vachinappudalla tirigi chellinchevaaru. madhya yugaala chivari natiki, topi arudugaa maarinatlu anipistundi, conny badge ekkuva kaalam konasaagindi mariyu 18va sataabdam varaku konni pradaesaalaloo undipoyindi.
crusades.
crusadelu anevi romlo popasy manjuru chesina sainika poraataala shreni, ivi 11va sataabdam chivari nundi 13va sataabdam varaku jarigaayi. vaaru muslimla nundi jerusalemnu tirigi swaadheenam chesukune prayatnaalugaa praarambhinchaaru, conny praadaesika yuddhalugaa abhivruddhi chendaaru.
modati crusadetho paatu jarigina prajala crusade germany, france mariyu inglaandlooni yoodu samajalapai daadi chesi, chaalaa mandhi yoodulanu champindi. treves, spear, warms, mainz mariyu colone vanti mottam communitylu saayudha gumpulache hatya cheyabaddaayi. mae mariyu juulai 1096 madhya reinland nagaraallone sumaru 12,000 mandhi yoodulu maraninchaarani chebutaaru. crusadelaku mundu, thoorpu utpattula vaanijyampai yoodulaku aacharanatmakamgaa guttadhipatyam undedi, ayithe crusadela dwara airopa mariyu thoorpu madhya daggari sambandham kraistava vaanijya vyaapaarula varganni penchindi, eee samayam nundi, yoodula vastuvula ammakaalapai aankshalu tarachugaa perigayi. modati crusade samayamlo bishaplu mariyu rendava crusade samayamlo yoodulapai daadi cheyakunda aapadaniki popasy prayatnaalu chesinappatiki, konnisaarlu crusadela dwara prerepinchabadina mataparamaina utsaaham yoodulaku vyatiraekamgaa muslimlaku vyatiraekamgaa entha teevramgaa undho anthe teevramgaa kaalipoyindi. aardhikamgaa mariyu samajikamga, crusadelu european yoodulaku vinaasakaramainavi. vaaru pope amayaka III yokka yoodula vyatiraeka chattaniki maargam siddham chesaaru.
1099 muttadi samayamlo crusaderlu nagaram bayati godalanu ullanghinchina tarvaata jerusalem yoodula rakshakulu "maranaaniki siddham" kaavadaaniki tama yoodula praarthanaa mandiraaniki tirigi vellaaru. yoodulu inca lopala unnappudu bhavananiki nippu pettinatlu ibn all-kalanisi charitra perkondi. crusaderlu tama shields eguravesi "kreestu memu ninnu aaradhistunnamu!" anie paadinatlu nivedinchabadindi."vaaru mandutunna bhavananni chuttumuttaru."muttadi taruvaata, sthaanika kraistavulatoe paatu raathi gopuram nundi swaadheenam chesukunna yoodulu, champabadina vaari nagaranni shubhraparachadaaniki cheyabaddaaru. aneka mandhi yoodulu mariyu vaari pavitra pustakaalu (aleppo codex thoo sahaa) tolouse yokka raymond dwara vimochana krayadhanamgaa unchabaddaayi. ashkelon (ascalone) looni carite yoodu samajam modata pavitra grandhaalaku chellinchaalani, aapai aneka nelala paatu yoodula jebulanu rakshinchaalani alegjaandriyaaloni vaari pradhana matavaadulanu aasrayinchindi. vimochinchagaliginavanni 1100 vesavi natiki vimukti pondaayi. rakshinchaleni koddimandi kraistava matamloki marchabaddaru ledhaa hatya cheyabaddaaru.
dakshina fraanslooni tolouse counteeloo, 13va sataabdam praarambhamlo tolouse lekkimpulaku vyatiraekamgaa yoodulaku chuupina sahanam mariyu pakshapaatam roman charchi yokka pradhana firyadulalo okati. yoodulapai vyavastheekruta mariyu adhikaarika himsa dakshina fraanslo albigensian crusade taruvaata matrame jeevitamlo oka saadhaarana lakshanamgaa maarindi, endukante appudu matrame vivaksha charyalanu vartimpajeyaalani pattubattadaaniki charchi saktivantamainadigaa maarindi. 1209loe, nadumu mariyu cheppulu laeni paadaalaku battalu vesukuni, tolouseku chendina raymond VI, yoodulanu ikapai prabhutva padaviloe undataaniki anumatinchanani pramaanam cheyavalasi vachindi. 1229loe ayana kumarudu remanda VII kooda idhe vidhamaina vedukaku gurayyadu. 1236loe, crusaderlu anjou mariyu poetou yoodula samajalapai daadi chesi, 3,000 mandini champi, 500 mandiki baptism icchaaru. 1240loe paris vivaadam jarigina rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata, chethitho vraasina talmudic vraatapratulato nindina iravai naalugu vyaganlu veedhullo tagalabettabaddaayi. speyinlo itara vivaadaalu sambhavinchaayi, aaa taruvaata talmudpai aaropanalu vachayi.
rakta duushanhalu mariyu host apavitratalu.
aneka sandarbhaallo, yoodulu kraistava eucharist nuu egataali chestu kraistava pillala raktam taagaarani aaropanalu vachayi. eee rakta paruvu nashtam anie pilavabade rachayitala prakaram, aaropinchabadina tyaagam kosam 'vidhanam' ilaa undih inca yuktavayassuku cherukoni pillavaadini kidnap chesi daachina pradaesaaniki teesukellaaru. baaludini yoodulu himsistaaru, mariyu oka gumpu uriteeyabadina pradaesamloe gumigudi (konni vruttaamtaalaloo yoodula mandiram kooda) pillavaadini vichaarinchadaaniki oka nakilee nyaayasthaanamlo paalgontundi. baaludini nagnamgaa mariyu kattesi tribunalku samarpinchi, chivariki marana siksha vidhistaaru. chivariki, pillavadiki mullatho pattabhishekam cheyabadutundi mariyu chekka siluvaku kattabadutundi ledhaa vrelaadadeeyabadutundi. siluvanu paiki lepi, pillala gaayaala nundi kaarutunna raktam ginnelu ledhaa addaalalo chikkukuni, aapai traagabadutundi. chivaraku, pillavadu eete, katthi ledhaa baaku dwara gunde dwara nettabadi champabadataadu. daani mrutadehaanni siluva nundi teesivesi daachi ledhaa paaraveyabadataayi, conny konni sandarbhaallo daanipai nalla magic acharalu nirvahinchabadataayi. eee paddhati, konni vaividhyaalatoe, yoodula aachara hatyala gurinchi anni kraistava vivaranalalo chudavachu.
norwich vilium katha (d. 1144) tarachugaa yoodulapai aachaarabaddhamaina hatyaku sambandhinchina modati aaropanagaa perkonabadindi. vilium anae kraistava baaludu chanipoyinatlu kanugonabadina taruvaata inglaandlooni norwich yoodulu hatyaku paalpadinatlu aaropanalu vachayi. yoodulu atanni himsimchi, siluva veyinchaarani paerkonnaaru. norwich vilium yokka puraanam oka aaradhanagaa maarindi, mariyu aaa bidda pavitra amaraveerudi hodaanu pondaadu. linkan yokka little seyint hugg (mama. 1255), 13va sataabdamloo, siluva nundi teesina taruvaata, bhavishyavaani aacharam vanti konni kshudra prayojanaala kosam athani kadupunu kattirinchi, athani pregulu tolaginchabaddaayi. trent yokka saiman (d. 1475), padihenava sataabdamloo, athani raktam mottam sekarinchagaligela oka pedda ginnepai unchaaru, anie aaropinchabadindi.
madhya yugaalalo, airopaloni aneka praantaalalo ituvanti rakta paruvu nashtam neeraalu yoodulapai jarigaayi. eee tappudu aaropanalapai vishwaasulu, yoodulu, yesunu siluva veyinchi, amayaka kraistava pillala kharchutho swachchamaina mariyu amayaka raktam kosam daaham veyadam konasaaginchaarani tarkinchaaru. siluva veyadam yokka punahpraarambhamlo yoodulu konnisaarlu pavitra atidheyulanu apavitram chesaarani kooda tappugaa aaropinchabaddaaru; eee neeraanni atidheya apavitrata anie pilicheevaaru mariyu idhi maranasikshanu kaligi undedi.
france mariyu ingland nundi bahishkaranalu.
yoodulanu bahishkarinche paddhati, vaari aastulanu japthu cheyadam mariyu tirigi ivvadaaniki marinta vimochana krayadhanaanni 13va mariyu 14va sataabdaalaloo french kiriitaanni susampannam cheyadaaniki upayoginchaaru. 1182loe phillip augustus paris nundi, 1254loe luis Ix dwara france mottam nundi, 1306loe phillip IV dwara, 1322loe charless IV dwara mariyu 1394loe charless VII dwara bahishkarinchadam atyanta mukhyamainadi.
ingland lopala yoodula bahishkaranalu seyint bracelo jarigaayi. 1190loe edmonds, 1234loe nucosil, 1235loe vaikomb, 1236loe southampton, 1242loe berkhanstead mariyu 1244loe newbury. saiman dii montfort 1231loe licester yoodulanu bahishkarinchaaru. 1260laloe rendava barrence yuddham samayamlo, saiman dii montfort anucharulu london, canterbury, northampton, winchester, cambridge, versester mariyu linkanloni aabharanaalanu dhvamsam chesi, runadaatalaku icchina runaala recordulanu naasanam chese prayatnamlo. 1276loe walespy jarigina yuddhaaniki aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki, inglaandku chendina modati edward yoodula vaddii runadaatalaku pannu vidhinchaadu. runadaatalu ikapai pannu chellinchalekapoyinappudu, vaaru vidheyata chuupaleedani aaropinchabaddaaru. appatike parimita sankhyalo vruttulaku parimitam cheyabadina edward, dabbu appu ichhe vaari "hakku" nuu raddu chesi, vaari kadalikalu mariyu karyakalapalanu parimitam chesi, yoodulanu pasupu rangu pyaach dharinchamani balavantam chesaadu. yoodula kutumbaala adhipatulanu arrestu chesi, 300 mandiki paiga london towerku teesukelli uriteesaaru. marikondaru tama illaloonae champabaddaru. 1290loe yoodulandarinee desham nundi bahishkarinchaaru, akkada desham vidichi velladaaniki prayatnistunnappudu vandalaadi mandhi maraninchi undavacchu ledhaa munigipoye avakaasam undhi. bahishkarinchabadina eee yoodula dabbu, aastulannee japthu cheyabaddaayi. 1655loe olivar cromwell eee vidhananni marchentha varaku inglandlo yoodulu evaruu laerani telisindi.
pavitra roman saamrajyam nundi bahishkaranalu.
pavitra roman saamrajyamlo bhaagamaina germanylo, yoodula himsalu mariyu adhikaarika bahishkaranalu antaraalalo jarige avakaasam undhi, ayinappatikee mataparamaina ledhaa jaathi itara minority vargaalaku kooda idhe paristhiti anie cheppali. modati crusadeku daariteese 1096 naati reinland oochakothalo pratyaekamaina allarla himsa chelaregindi, veetilo chaalaa varaku crusaderlu thoorpuku prayaaninchinappudu palgonnaru. sthaanika paalakulu, nagara mandalulu nagaraala nundi aneka sthaanika bahishkaranalu chesaayi. pavitra roman chakravarthy saadhaaranamgaa aardhika kaaranaala valla matrame himsanu nirodhinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu, conny athanu tarachugaa ekkuva prabhavanni chupalekapoyadu. 1519 natiki, saamraajya nagaram regensburg chakravarthy modati maximilian iteevala maranaanni sadviniyogam chesukuni daani 500 mandhi yoodulanu bahishkarinchindi. eee kaalamlo airopa thoorpu anchula paalakulu, polland, lithuvania mariyu hangareelo, tarachugaa yoodula sthaavaraalanu sweekarinchevaaru, mariyu chaalaa mandhi yoodulu eee praantaalaku vellaaru.
nalla maranam.
nallajati maranam yokka vidhvamsam samayamlo, mukhyamgaa iberian dveepakalpamlo mariyu germany saamrajyamlo vandalaadi yoodu samajalu himsatho naasanam cheyabaddaayi. provencelo, april 1348 natiki vyaapti chendina ventane 40 mandhi yoodulanu tolanlo kaalchivesaaru. "yoodulu plaegu yokka vidhvamsam nundi vimukti pondaledani pattinchukokandi; vaaru bahusha cheyaleni neeraalanu 'angeekarinche varaku' vaarini himsimchaaru. atuvanti oka sandarbhamlo, agimet anae vyakti... chambereeki chendina rabbi pierate (geniva sameepamlo) venis, toulouse mariyu itara pradaesaalaloo baavulanu vishapuuritam cheyamani aadesinchaadani cheppadaniki balavantam cheyabaddaadu. agimet yokka 'oppukolu' taruvaata, strasbourg yoodulanu fibravari 14,1349naa sajeevamgaa kaalchivesaaru."
prarambha aadhunika kaalam.
speyin mariyu portugal.
madhyayuga chivari mariyu prarambha aadhunika speyinlooni catholic rajyalalo, anachiveta vidhanalu mariyu vaikharulu chaalaa mandhi yoodulanu kraistava mataanni sweekarinchadaaniki daariteesaayi. atuvanti yoodulanu conversos ledhaa marranos anie pilicheevaaru. vaaru ippatikee rahasyamgaa yooda mataaniki anucharulu kaavacchane anumanalu araganku chendina ferdinand II mariyu castileku chendina isabella I spanish vichaarananu praarambhinchadaaniki daariteesaayi. vichaarana neraropanalanu bayatapettadaaniki himsanu upayoginchindi mariyu vaari baadhitulanu siksha kosam loukika adhikaarulaku appaginche mundu "autos dii phe" anie piluvabade bahiranga vedukalalo teerpu ichindi. eee paalanalo, sumaru 30,000 mandiki maranasiksha vidhinchabadindi mariyu sajeeva dahanam chesi uriteeyabadindi. 1492loe, aragon kuu chendina ferdinand II mariyu castile kuu chendina isabella I, speyin nundi yoodulanu bahishkarinche saasanaanni jaarii chesaaru, yoodulaku kraistava matamloki maaradaaniki ledhaa desham vidichi velladaaniki naalugu nelala samayam icchaaru. sumaru 1,65,000 mandhi valasa vacchaaru mariyu sumaru 50,000 mandhi kraistava matamloki maararu. adhe samvatsaram speyinku chendina sisily mariyu sardinialo bahishkarana arder vachindi.
1496 decemberulo portugal kooda dheenini anusarinchindi. ayithe, bahishkarinchabadina vaaru raaju perkonna nowkalaloo matrame desham vidichi vellagaligaaru. desham vidichi vellaalani nirnayinchukunna vaaru lisbanloni odarevuku cherukunnappudu, vaarini mataguruvulu mariyu sainikulu kalusukunnaru, vaaru balavantamgaa, balavantamgaa, vaariki baptism istamani, desham vidichi vellakundaa nirodhistaamani vaagdaanam chesaaru. eee sanghatana saanketikamgaa porchugallo yoodula unikini antam chesindi. aaa taruvaata, matamarpidi cheyabadina yoodulandarinee, vaari vaarasulanu kotta kraistavulu ledhaa conversos anie pilustaaru, mariyu guudha lipi-judaism aacharistaarani pukaarlu vacchina vaarini avamanakaramga "marranos" anie pilustaaru. vaariki muppai samvatsaraala grays period ivvabadindi, eee samayamlo vaari vishwaasampai etuvanti vichaarananu anumatincharu. eee kaalam taruvaata 1534 varaku podiginchabadindi. ayithe, 1506loe jarigina prajaadarana pondina allarla phalitamgaa naalugu ledhaa aidu vaela mandhi yoodulu maraninchaaru, allarla nayakulanu raaju manuel uriteesaadu. kotta kraistavulugaa gurtinchabadina vaaru 1536 nundi 1821 varaku portugees vichaarana paryaveekshanhaloo unnaaru.
speyin mariyu portugal nundi yoodu saranaarthulu, speyin kosam hebru padam nundi sephardi yoodulu anie pilustaaru, ottoman saamrajyamlo uttara africa, turkey mariyu paalastiinaaku, mariyu halland, france mariyu italeeki paaripoyaaru. ottoman saamrajyamlo, yoodulu tama mataanni bahirangamgaa aacharinchagaligevaru. taruvaati sataabdaalaloo haalandloni amsterdam kooda aneka deshaala nundi himsimchabadina yoodula sthaavaramgaa maarindi. papal rashtraallo, yoodulu ghettolalo nivasinchavalasi vachindi mariyu 1555 naati cuum nimis asambaddhatalo bhaagamgaa aneka aankshalaku gurayyaru.
judaism vyatiraekata mariyu samskarana.
mataviswaasaala kaaranamgaa papassi bahishkarinchina lutheran augustinian sanyasi, mariyu samskaranalanu prerepinchina matha samskarta ayina martin luther, 1543loe raasina "yoodulu mariyu vaari abaddhaalapai" thana karapatramlo yoodula gurinchi vyatiraekamgaa raasaaru. athanu yoodulanu chaalaa kathinamaina padaalatoe chithreekarinchaadu, vaarini dooshinchaadu mariyu vaaripai maranahomam kosam vivaranaatmaka sifaarsulanu andinchaadu, vaari shaashwata anachiveta mariyu bahishkaranaku pilupunicchaadu. oka dasalo ayana ilaa vraasaaru "...vaarini champakapovadamlo manadhe tappu..."aadhunika yoodula vyatiraekata yokka modati panigaa mariyu holocast maargamlo oka pedda adugugaa pilavabade oka bhaagam"."
yoodula gurinchi luther chesina kathinamaina vyakhyalanu chaalaa mandhi madhyayuga kraistava yoodula vyatiraekata konasagimpuga chuustaaru. muslo mariyu popkin ilaa nokkichepparu, "prarambha aadhunika kaalamlo yoodula vyatiraekata madhya yugaala kante marinta ghoramgaa undhi; mariyu aadhunika germanyni, mukhyamgaa lutheranlanu chuttumutte praantaalalo kante idhi ekkada spashtamgaa kanipinchaledu."ayithe, thana maranaaniki kontakaalam mundu thana chivari upanyaasamlo luther ilaa bodhinchaaduh" "memu vaaritho kraistava prematho vyavaharinchaalanukuntunnaam mariyu vaari kosam praardhinchaalanukuntunnaam, tadwara vaaru matamarpidi cheyabadi prabhuvunu sweekaristaaru"."
trent yokka saiman yokka cononization.
trent yokka saiman italeelooni trento nagaraniki chendina baaludu, athanu 1475loe rendu samvatsaraala vayassulo chanipoyadu, kidnap cheyabaddaadu, mukkalu chesaadu mariyu raktam karchadu. aaa samayamlo prabalamaina yoodula vyatiraekataku aajyam poesina kesulo, himsaku guraina neraropanala aadhaaramgaa, athani adrushyam nagaramloni yoodu samaja naayakulapai nindinchabadindi. saiman oka sadhuvuga pariganinchabaddaadu, 1588loe pope sixtus V chetha canonize cheyabaddaadu.
padihedava sataabdam.
1614 phet milk tirugubaatu samayamlo, winsange phet milk netrutvamloni gumpulu frankfurt yoodula ghettonu dochukuni, nagaramloni yoodulanu bahishkarinchaayi. rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata chakravarthy mathias phet milknu uriteesi, saamraajya sainikula rakshanalo yoodulanu nagaraniki tirigi pampinchaadu.
17va sataabdam madhyalo, nyuu amsterdam kaalaneeki chivari dutch director general ayina peater stevesant, taruvaata newyork nagaram, yoodulu, lutheranlu, kaathalikkulu mariyu kwekarla mataparamaina prabhavanni arikattadaaniki prayatninchadam dwara dutch samskarinchabadina charchi yokka sthaanaanni balopetam cheyadaaniki prayatninchaadu. yoodulu "mosapuritulu", "chaalaa asahyakaramainavaru", mariyu "kreestu namanni dveshinche satruvulu mariyu daivaduushanha chesevaaru" anie ayana paerkonnaadu. edemaina, mataparamaina bahulatvam appatike nyuu amsterdam mariyu netherlandslo oka saamskrutika sampradaayam mariyu chattaparamaina baadhyatagaa undedi, mariyu amsterdamloni dutch west india companylo athani unnataadhikaarulu atanni adhigaminchaaru.
17va sataabdam madhya nundi chivari varaku polish-lithuvanian commonwealth aneka sangharshanhala valla naasanamaindi, dheenilo commonwealth daani janabhalo moodinta oka vanthu (3 millionlaku paiga prajalu) nuu kolpoyindi. aaa kaalamlo yoodula janabha 100,000 nundi 200,000 varaku taggutundani anchanaa veyabadindi, veetilo valasa, vyaadhula kaaranamgaa maranaalu mariyu ottoman saamrajyamlo cheralo undatam unnaayi. 1648loe bohdan khmelnitsky polish kuleenulaku, vaari estatelanu nirvahinche yoodulaku vyatiraekamgaa khmelnitsky tirugubaatunu prerepinchinappudu eee gharshanalu prarambhamayyayi. khmelnitsky yokka kosaklu athanu niyantrinchina thoorpu mariyu dakshina praantaalalo (ippudu ukrain) padula vaela mandhi yoodulanu oochakothakotha kosharu. eee himsa chaalaa mandhi yoodulanu eee samayamlo ottoman saamrajyamlo udbhavinchi, 1665loe tananu taanu messiyagaa prakatinchukunna shabbatai jevi anae vyaktipai tama aasalanu unchadaaniki daariteesindi. ayithe, taruvaata islam matamloki maaradam eee aasalanu debbateesindi mariyu messiah raakapai unna saampradaaya nammakanni moksham yokka aasagaa apakeerti cheyadaaniki chaalaa mandhi yoodulanu daariteesindi.
yemen yokka zaidi imametlo, 17va sataabdamloo yoodulu kooda vivakshaku gurayyaru, idhi yemenloni pradaesaala nundi yoodulandarinee tihama yokka shushka theera maidaanaaniki bahishkarinchadamtho mugisindi, idhi mauja bahishkaranagaa piluvabadindi.
paddenimidava sataabdam.
aneka european deshaalalo 18va sataabdapu "ghnaanoodaya yugam" chattam mundu pourula vyaktigata samaanatvaaniki anukuulamgaa puraatana corporate, kramaanugata samaja roopaalanu koolchiveyadaanni chusindi. gatamlo swayampratipatti kaligina yoodula samajalu adheenamlo unnappatikee, eee kotta paristhiti elaa prabhaavitam chestundi anedi yoodula prasnagaa piluvabadindi. aneka deshaalalo, merugaina poura hakkulu kramamga yoodulaku vistarinchabaddaayi, ayithe tarachugaa pakshika roopamlo mariyu yoodulu aadhipatya samaajamtho ekikarana mariyu ekikaranaku anukuulamgaa vaari munupati gurtimpulooni aneka amsaalanu vidichipettaalane sharathupai matrame.
arnold yugaala prakaram, voltaire yokka "letress philosophics, dictionary philosophics mariyu candid, paeru pettadaniki, conny athani baga telisina konni rachanalu, yoodulu mariyu judaismpy vyaakhyalatoo nindi unnaayi mariyu chaalaa varaku pratikuulamgaa unnaayi". paal hetch. mayer inca ilaa jodinchaadu "aaa waltair, mukhyamgaa thana taruvaati samvatsaraallo, yoodula patla himsaatmaka dweshaanni penchukunnadu, athani satrutvam kooda anthe khachitamgaa undhi...fraanslo prajaabhipraayampai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni choopindi."voltair yokka" "dictionary philosophy" "looni 118 vyasalalo muppai yoodulaku sambandhinchinavi mariyu vaatini sthiramgaa pratikuula margallo vivarinchaayi".
1744loe, prussiaku chendina frederic II breslavulo nivasinchadaaniki anumatinchabadina yoodula sankhyanu "rakshita" yoodu kutumbaalu anie pilavabade padhi mandiki matrame parimitam chesi, itara prussian nagarallo idhe vidhamaina aacharaanni prothsahinchaaru. 1750loe ayana "revidierts general previllage gium und reglement vore dye judenshaft" nuu jaarii chesaru eee "rakshita" yoodulanu "vivaahaaniki dhooramgaa undamani ledhaa berlin vadili vellamani balavantam chesaaru."adhe samvatsaramlo, austria maria therissa yokka archduches bohemia nundi yoodulanu aadesinchaaru, conny prati padeellaku okasari vaari remission kosam chellinchaalane sharathupai tvaralo aame sthaanaanni marchukunnaru. dheenini yoodulalo "malke-goaled" (raani dabbu) anie pilicheevaaru. 1752loe aame prati yoodu kutumbaanni oka kumarudiki parimitam chese chattanni pravesapettindi. 1782loe, rendava joseph, eee acharalalo chaalaa varaku thana "tolerangepatent" loe, yiddish mariyu hebroolanu praja recordula nundi tolaginchi, nyaayaparamaina svayampratipattini raddu cheyalane sharathupai raddu chesaadu. 1768loe, polland raajyamlo uman oochakotha samayamlo cosac hydamux vaelaadi mandhi yoodulanu hatamaarchaaru.
switzerlandloni yoodulu vaari pani, kadalika mariyu sthiranivaasa swechhalo chaalaa parimitam cheyabaddaaru, mariyu 17va sataabdamloo, vaarini sahinche ekaika samakhya nivaasam argavu. 1774loe, yoodulu kevalam rendu pattanaalaku parimitam cheyabaddaaru, avi ending mariyu lengnou. graameena unnata taragati vaaru vaarini bahishkarinchaalani nirantaram ottidi chestunnappatiki, adhikaarula aardhika prayojanaalu dheenini nirodhinchaayi. vaaru yoodula praadhamika vruttulaina pasuvula vyaparam mariyu vikrayampai pratyeka pannulu vidhinchaaru. yoodulu neerugaa governorku adheenamlo undevaaru; 1696 nundi, vaaru prati 16 samvatsaraalaku okasari (khareedaina) rakshana lekhanu punaruddharinchavalasi vachindi.
eee kaalamlo, yoodulu mariyu kraistavulu oke paikappu kinda nivasinchadaaniki anumatinchabadaledu, ledhaa yoodulu bhoomi ledhaa illanu kaligi undataaniki anumatinchabadaledu. vatiki itarulatoe poliste chaalaa ekkuva pannu vidhinchabadindi mariyu 1712loe lengnoulo oka maranahomam jarigindi, phalitamgaa gananeeyamaina aasti nashtam jarigindi. 1760loe, vivahalu mariyu santaanotpattiki sambandhinchi vaaru marinta parimitam cheyabaddaaru. vivaha licensulapy adhika pannu vidhinchabadindi; tarachugaa, vaatini puurtigaa tiraskarinchaaru. 19va sataabdam varaku idhe paristhiti konasaagindi.  
russian orthodox charchi yokka yoodula vyatiraeka suutraalaku anugunamgaa, 18va sataabdamloo polland vibhajana phalitamgaa, russia charitralo modatisaarigaa, yoodula pedda janabha kaligina bhoomini swaadheenam chesukunnappudu yoodula patla russia vivakshata vidhanalu teevrataram ayyayi. eee bhoomini yoodulu russia lopali praantamloki valasa velladaanni nishedhinchina sthiranivaasamgaa perkonabadindi. 1772loe, russia saamraagni catherine II, sthiranivaasamloni yoodulanu tama nivasalalo undamani balavantam chesi, polland vibhajanaku mundu vaaru aakraminchina pattanaalaku tirigi vellakundaa nishedhinchaaru.
pantommidava sataabdam.
french viplavam samayamlo itara pourulatho french yoodula samaanatvaaniki maddatu ichhe chattanni anusarinchi, 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo airopaloni aaa praantaalalo yoodula vimuktini prothsahinche ilanti chattalu amalu cheyabaddaayi, veetipai france prabhavam choopindi. vaarini ghettolaku parimitam chese paatha chattalu, alaage vaari aasti hakkulu, aaradhana hakkulu mariyu vrutti hakkulanu parimitam chese aneka chattalu raddu cheyabaddaayi.
aneka deshaalalo yoodulaku chattaparamaina mariyu raajakeeya samaanatvaanni manjuru chese chattalu unnappatikee, saampradaaya saamskrutika vivaksha mariyu mataparamaina praatipadikana yoodula patla satrutvam konasagayi mariyu jaathi vyatiraekatatoe anubandhinchabaddaayi.
catholic prati-viplavam.
ayinappatikee, mataparamaina praatipadikana yoodula patla saampradaaya vivaksha mariyu satrutvam konasagayi mariyu jaatyahankaara vyatiraekatatoe anubandhinchabadindi, raacharikavaadi joseph orther dii gobino vanti jaathi siddhaantakartala rachanalu mariyu mukhyamgaa "maanava jaathi asamaanatapai athani vyaasam" dwara prothsahinchabadindi. jaathi aadhaarita jaateeyavaada ejendaalu, ethnononationism anie piluvabadevi, saadhaaranamgaa yoodulanu jaateeya samajam nundi grahaantara jaatigaa minahayinchayi. dheeniki anubandhamgaa saamaajika darvinism siddhaantaalu unnaayi, ivi maanavula unnata mariyu diguva jaatula madhya oohaatmaka sangharshananu nokki cheppayi. saadhaaranamgaa tella europeanlu pratipaadinchina ituvanti siddhaantaalu, semitic yoodula kante tella aryanla aadhipatyaanni samardhinchaayi.
french viplavam nepathyamlo yoodula vimuktini tiragaalani spashtamgaa pilupunicchina toli vyaktulalo prati-viplavaatmaka catholic raacharikavaadi luis dii bonald okaru. yoodulapai bonald daadulu alsatian yoodula poura hakkulanu parimitam cheyalanna nepolian nirnayaanni prabhaavitam chesi undavacchu. bonald yokka vyaasam "surr less joofs" (1806) daani yugamlo atyanta vishapuurita scredlalo okati mariyu udaaravaada vyatiraekata, saampradaaya kraistava yoodula vyatiraekata mariyu yoodulanu bankerlu mariyu aardhika mooladhanamtho gurtinchadam kalipina oka namuunaanu andinchindi, idhi roser gauzenote dess mouso, charless mauras mariyu edward drummont vanti aneka tadupari mitavaada praticharyavaadulanu, maris barres mariyu pavolo oraano vanti jaateeyavaadulanu mariyu alphons tussennel mariyu henry hindman vanti yoodula vyatiraeka saamyavaadulanu prabhaavitam chestundi. inca, yoodulu "grahaantara" prajalu, "oka raashtramlo oka rashtram" anie bonald prakatinchaaru, vaarini marinta sulabhamgaa gurtinchadaaniki mariyu vivaksha chuupadaaniki vilakshanhamaina gurtunu dharinchavalasi vastundi.
1840laloe, pramukha prati-viplavaatmaka catholic paatrikeyudu luis veeyillat yoodula "aardhika kuleenulaku" vyatiraekamgaa bonald vaadanalanu pracharam chesaaru, alaage kraistavulanu "banisaluga" cheyadaaniki dveshamto nadiche "daivahatya prajalu" gaa talmud mariyu yoodulapai durmargapu daadulanu pracharam chesaaru. gauzenote dess mouso yokka "lae joof, lae judaisme ett laa judicetion dess peeples cretians" (1869) nuu "aadhunika yoodula vyatiraekata yokka baibil" anie pilustaaru mariyu naajii siddhaantakarta alfred rosenberg dheenini german bhaashaloki anuvadinchaaru. italeelo, jesuit poojaari antonio bressiani yokka atyanta prajaadarana pondina navala 1850 navala "ell 'ebrio dii verona" (verona yokka yoodu) dasabdaluga matha vyatiraekatanu roopondinchindi, alaage "laa sivilta catolica" kosam ayana chesina pani kooda praarambhinchadaaniki sahaayapadindi. papal rajyalalo, yoodulu asankalpitamgaa baptism pondaaru, mariyu atuvanti baptism chattaviruddham ayinappatikee, kraistava mataanni aacharinchamani balavantam cheyabaddaaru. konni sandarbhaallo, rashtram vaarini vaari kutumbaala nundi vaeru chesindi, veetilo edgardo mortara khaataa 19va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo kaathalikkulu mariyu yoodula madhya vairaniki atyanta vistrutamgaa pracharam cheyabadina sandarbhaalalo okati.
germany.
nepolian aadhvaryamlo french vaaru aaa deshaanni aakraminchina taruvaata, germanylo yoodulaku manjuru chesina poura hakkulu, athani otami taruvaata raddu cheyabaddaayi. vienna shanti sadassu (1814-5) loe doutyavettalu vaarini nilupukovalani chesina abhyardhanalu viphalamayyayi. 1819loe, hep-hep allarlalo german yoodulapai daadi jarigindi. 1871loe hohenzolern raajavamsam aadhvaryamlo desham ekam ayye varaku germanylo puurti yoodula vimukti manjuru kaaledu.
yoodula prasnapai thana 1843 vyaasam loe, carle marks yoodula devudu dabbu anie, yoodulu kraistavulanu avineetiparulugaa chesaarani aaropinchaadu. 1850loe, german swarakarta richard wagner "nyuu jeatschrift pharr music" anae maaruperuto "daas judentham inn derr music" ("sangeetamlo yoodutvam") nuu prachurinchaadu. eee vyaasam yoodula swarakartalapai, mukhyamgaa wagner samakaaleenulu (mariyu pratyarthulu) felix mendelsone mariyu giacomo mayerbeerlapy daadigaa praarambhamaindi, conny yoodula prabhavalu german samskrutilo haanikaramaina mariyu grahaantara muulakamgaa unnayani marinta vistrutamgaa aaropinchadaaniki vistarinchindi.
yoodula vyatiraekata" anae padaanni 1879loe german aandolanakaarudu mariyu pracharakudu wilhelm maar roopondinchaaru. aaa samvatsaramlo, maar yoodula vyatiraeka sanghaanni sthaapinchi, "germandampai jurie vijayam" anae pustakaanni prachurinchaaru. 1870la chivaralo germanylo yoodu vyatiraeka raajakeeya paarteelu abhivruddhi chendaayi. veetilo 1878loe adolph stoeker sthaapinchina christian soshal party, kaijar wilhelm I kuu lutheran chapline, alaage german soshal antisemitic party mariyu antisemitic peeples party unnaayi. ayithe, vaariki saamuuhika ennikala maddatu labhinchaledu mariyu 1907loe garishta sthaayiki cherukunnappudu, paarlamentulo mottam 397 mandhi pratinidhulalo 16 mandhi matrame unnaaru.
france.
franco-prashyan yuddhamlo (1870-71) france otami yoodulapai kondaru nindinchaaru. yoodulu ganatantravaadam, pettubadidaarii vidhanam, mataadhikaari vyatiraekata, mukhyamgaa niyantrutva, mitavaada, mataadhikaari, raacharika samuuhaala anubandham dwara jaateeya sphuurtini balaheenaparichaarani aaropinchabaddaaru. eee aaropanalu edward drummont sthaapinchina "laa librey perol" mariyu oohaavaadula catholic kramam yokka avayavam "laa chroix" vanti yoodu vyatiraeka patrikalalo vyaapti cheyabaddaayi. 1882 mariyu 1886 madhyakaalamlo matrame, french poojaarulu iravai yoodula vyatiraeka pustakaalanu prachurinchaaru, yoodulapai france yokka chedulanu nindistuu, vaarini tirigi ghettolaku pampinchamani, vaarini bahishkarinchamani ledhaa uri nundi uriteeyamani prabhutvaanni koraru.
union general byaank patanam, french panama kaaluva operation patanam vanti aardhika kumbhakonalu kooda yoodulapai nindinchabaddaayi. drayfus vyavaharam kepten alfred drayfus anae yoodu sainika adhikaarini 1895loe athani sainika unnataadhikaarulu rajadroham chesinatlu tappugaa aaropinchi, doshigaa nirdhaarinchabadina taruvaata deyyam dveepaaniki pampinchaaru. 1906loe drayfus nirdoshigaa prakatinchabaddaadu, conny eee kesu yoodu vyatiraeka nirankusa jaateeyavaadulu mariyu tatvasastra vyatiraeka mataachaaryula republicanla madhya french abhiprayanni dhruveekarinchindi, dheeni paryavasanalu 20va sataabdam varaku pratidhvaninchabaddaayi.
switzerland.
madhya yugam nundi vaari pani mariyu kadalika hakkulalo parimitam cheyabadina yoodulu, 5 mae 1809naa, chivaraku swiss pourulugaa prakatinchabaddaaru mariyu vaanijyam mariyu vyavasaayaaniki sambandhinchi parimita hakkulu ivvabaddaayi. 1846 mae 7 varaku vaaru endeen mariyu lengnou varaku parimitam cheyabaddaaru, appudu vaari argou canton lopala swechchagaa nivasinche hakku manjuru cheyabadindi. 1856 septembaru 24naa, swiss federal council vaariki argou lopala puurti raajakeeya hakkulanu, alaage vistruta vyapara hakkulanu manjuru chesindi; ayithe, majority kraistava janabha eee kotta udaaravaada chattalaku puurtigaa kattubadi laeru. 1860loe canton prabhutvam anni sthaanika hakkulalo ootu hakkunu manjuru cheyadaaniki mariyu vaari sanghaalaku svayampratipattini ivvadaaniki ootu vesindi. ayithe, eee chattam amaluloki rakamunde, johann nepomuk schluniger mariyu ultramonte party netrutvamloni teevra vyatiraekata kaaranamgaa idhi raddu cheyabadindi. 1866loe, oka prajabhipraya sekarana sweeden loe yoodulandarikee puurti pourasatva hakkulanu manjuru chesindi. edemaina, 1877 mae 15naa grand council teermaanam varaku, yoodu pourulaku nyuu ending mariyu nyuu lengnou paerlatoe chaartarlu ivvabade varaku, chivariki vaariki puurti pourasatvam ichhe varaku vaariki ending mariyu lengnoulo anni hakkulu labhinchaledu.
united states.
1881 mariyu 1920 madhya, thoorpu airopa nundi sumaru moodu millionla ashkenazi yoodulu americaku valasa vacchaaru, vaarilo chaalaa mandhi eee samayamlo thoorpu airopalo chaalaa varaku vistrutamgaa vyaapinchina maranahomam mariyu kashtataramaina aardhika paristhitula nundi paaripoyaaru. chaalaa mandhi americanlu eee yoodu valasadaarulanu nammaledu. italianlu, airish mariyu itara thoorpu mariyu dakshina europeanlatho paatu, yoodulu united stateslo upaadhi, vidya mariyu saamaajika purogatilo vivakshanu edurkonnaru. immigration nirbandha leag vanti american samuuhaalu, asea mariyu dakshina mariyu thoorpu airopa nundi valasa vacchina vaaritho paatu eee kottagaa vacchina vaarini saamskrutikamgaa, medhoparamgaa, naitikamgaa mariyu jeevasaastraparamgaa takkuvasthaayi vaaruga vimarsinchaayi. eee daadulu jariginappatikee, chaalaa takkuva mandhi thoorpu european yoodulu taamu edurkonna yea vidhamaina gopyata kosam, uslo vaari paristhiti kosam airopaku tirigi vacchaaru.ess. inca merugupadindi.
1880la praarambhamlo, vyavasaya dharalu taggadam anedi praja udyamamlooni amsaalanu pettubadidaarii vidhanam mariyu paarisraamikeekarana yokka grahinchina chedulanu yoodulapai nindinchadaaniki prerepinchindi, endukante vaaru aardhika dopideeki jaathi/mataparamaina vampu kaligi unnaarani aaropinchabadindi mariyu marinta pratyaekamgaa, rothschilds vanti yoodula financierla aardhika taarumaaru kaaranamgaa. desham yokka vaanijya banking vyavasthalo yoodulu chinna paatra matrame pooshinchinappatikii, airopaloni rothschilds mariyu kuhn, lobe & koo yokka jacob shif vanti yoodula pettubadi bankerla praamukhyata. newyork nagaramlo, yoodula vyatiraekula vaadanalanu kontamandiki nammadaginadigaa chesaaru. morgaon bands kumbhakonam 1896 adhyaksha ennikala prachaaramlo prajaadarana pondina yoodula vyatiraekatanu prerepinchindi. adhyakshudu grover cleveland baandlanu zhe thoo sahaa sindiketku vikrayinchinatlu velladaindi. pii. morgaon mariyu rothschilds house, aaa syndicate ippudu laabhaaniki vikrayistunna baandlu. prajaadaranavaadulu charitrapai tama drukpathaanni nilabettukovadaaniki, washington mariyu wall streat antarjaateeya yoodula banking samsthala chetullo unnayani deshaaniki niroopinchadaaniki dheenini oka avakaasamgaa upayoginchukunnaru. yoodula vyatiraeka bhavana yokka maroka drushti karenseeni mariyu tadwara aardhika vyavasthanu oke bangaaru pramaanaaniki sthiraparachadaaniki antarjaateeya kutraku yoodulu kendramgaa unnaarani aaropinchadam.
russia.
1827 nundi, yoodula mainarlanu 25 samvatsaraala sainika seva kosam contonist paatasaalallo nirbandhinchaaru. rendava alegzander aadhvaryamlo yoodula patla vidhanam kontavaraku saralikrutam cheyabadindi, ayithe rendava alegzander 1881 marchi 13naa hatya cheyabadina taruvaata yoodulapai yoodula vyatiraeka vaikharulu mariyu deerghakaala anachiveta vidhanalu teevrataram cheyabaddaayi, idhi russian saamrajyamlo vistrutamaina yoodula vyatiraeka maranahomalaku daariteesindi, idhi moodu samvatsaraala paatu konasaagindi. jaar alegzander III mariyu athani mantrula aadhvaryamlo adhikaarika vaikharulu gattipadatam, phalitamgaa 1882 mae chattalu vachayi, ivi russian saamrajyamlo yoodula poura hakkulanu teevramgaa parimitam chesaayi. jaar mantri constantine petrovic pobedonostsev yoodula vishayamlo prabhutva lakshyam emitante "moodinta oka vanthu chanipotaru, moodinta oka vanthu desham vidichi vellipotaru mariyu moodinta oka vanthu puurtigaa chuttupakkala janabhalo vileenam cheyabadataru" anie paerkonnaaru. eee sandarbhamlo, maranahomam mariyu anachiveta chattaala misramam nijaaniki yoodulu paschima airopa mariyu americaku saamuuhika valasalaku daariteesindi. 1881 mariyu modati prapancha yuddham praarambhamaina madhya, sumaru rendunnara millionla mandhi yoodulu russia vidichi vellaarani anchanaa veyabadindi-idhi namodu cheyabadina charitralo atipedda saamuuhika valasalalo okati.
muslim prapancham.
19va sataabdamloonae muslim deshaalalo yoodula paristhiti marinta digajaarindani charitrakaarudu martin gilbert raasaaru. oxford handbook off yoodu studies" loe maark kohen prakaram, chaalaa mandhi panditulu 19va sataabdamloo, yoodu mariyu arab jaateeyavaadaala vairudhya nepathyamlo aadhunika prapanchamlo arab vyatiraekata udbhavinchindani, idhi pradhanamgaa jaateeyavaada manastatvangala kraistava arabbulache arab prapanchamloki digumati cheyabadindani (mariyu aaa taruvaata matrame idhi "islaamik cheyabadindi") nirdhaarinchaaru.
1805loe vandalaadi mandhi algerian yoodulu champabaddaru. 1828loe baghdadlo iraqi yoodula oochakotha jarigindi. 1839loe thoorpu pertian nagaramaina meshed loe, oka gumpu yoodula nivaasamloki pravesinchi, yoodula praarthanaa mandiraanni tagalabetti, thoraa scrollsnu dhvamsam chesindi, balavantamgaa matamarpidi cheyadam dwara matrame oochakotha nivaarinchabadindi. 1867loe barfarushlo yoodula oochakotha jarigindi. 1840loe damascus vyavahaaramlo, damascus yoodulu oka kraistava sanyaasini, athani muslim sevakudini aacharabaddhamgaa hatya chesaarani, pasca rottenu kaalchadaaniki tama raktaanni upayoginchaarani tappudu aaropanalu vachayi. 1859loe moraco looni mogador loe sumaru 400 mandhi yoodulu champabaddaru. 1864loe, maracatch mariyu fez loe sumaru 500 mandhi yoodulu champabaddaru. 1869loe, tunielalo 18 mandhi yoodulu champabaddaru, mariyu oka arab gumpu yoodula gruhalu mariyu dukaanaalanu dochukuni, zerba dveepamlo yoodula mandiraalanu tagalabettaaru.
19va sataabdam madhyalo pertian yoodula jeevitam gurinchi, oka samakaaleena rachayita ilaa vraasaaru
...vaaru pattanamlooni pratyeka bhaagamlo nivasinchavalasi untundi... endukante avi apavitramaina jeevulugaa pariganinchabadataayi... vaaru aparisubhramainavaaru anae saakutho, vaarini atyanta teevramgaa pariganistaaru mariyu vaaru muslimlu nivasinche veedhiloki pravesiste, vaarini abbayilu mariyu gumpulu raallu mariyu muriki thoo kottutaaru... adhe kaaranamgaa, varsham padinapudu vaaru bayataku velladam nishedhinchabadindi; endukante varsham vaarini murikigaa kadutundani, idhi muslimla paadaalanu debbateestundani chebutaaru... veedhullo oka yoodudu gurtinchabadite, athanu atyanta avamaanaaniki guravutaadu. daarilo vellevaaru athani mukham meeda ummi vaestaaru, konnisaarlu atanni kodataru... dayalenidi... oka yoodudu edainaa kosam dukaanamloki pravesiste, athanu vastuvulanu tanikhi cheyadaanni nishedhinchaaru... athani cheyi vastuvulanu jagrattagaa taakithe, vikreta vaatini adagadaniki enchukunna yea dharakaina athanu vaatini teesukoovaali.
yoodula adhokaranaaniki oka chihnamgaa muslim pillalu yoodulapai raallu visire drugvishayam undhi. 19va sataabdapu oka yaatrikudu ilaa perkonnaduh "aaru samvatsaraala chinna pillavadu, kevalam moodu mariyu naalugu mandhi kovvu pasipillala brundamtho, oka yoodudipai raallu visireyadam neerpinchadam neenu chushanu, mariyu oka chinna archin, goppa challadanamtho, aaa vyaktini cherukuni, aksharala athani yoodu gaberdinpy ummi vestaadu. veetannintikee yoodu longipovalsina baadhyata undhi; oka mahammadnu kottadaniki athani praanam viluva kante ekkuva untundi."1891loe, jerusalemloni pramukha muslimlu russia nundi vachhe yoodula pravesaanni nishedhinchaalani ottoman adhikaarulanu koraru.
iravayyava sataabdam.
20va sataabdamloo, yoodula vyatiraekata mariyu saamaajika darvinism holocast anie piluvabade maranahomam yokka kramabaddhamaina prachaaramtho mugisindi, dheenilo 1942 mariyu 1945 madhya adolph hitler yokka jaateeya saamyavaada paalanalo german aakramita airopalo sumaru aaru millionla mandhi yoodulu nirmuulinchabaddaaru.
russia.
russialo, jarrist paalanalo, 20va sataabdam prarambha samvatsaraallo yoodula vyatiraekata teevramaindi mariyu rahasya pooliisulu apakhyaati paalaina "jion peddala niyamaavali" nuu nakilee chesinappudu adhikaarika maddatu labhinchindi, idhi prapancha aadhipatyaanni saadhinchadaaniki yoodula peddala pranaalika yokka pratilekhanamgaa bhaavinche patram. 1903loe jarigina kishinev maranahomam loe yoodulapai himsa 1905 viplavam taruvaata nallajaateeyula vandalaadi karyakalapala dwara konasaagindi. 1913 naati bilis vichaarana russialo rakta paruvu nashtam aaropananu punaruddharinchadam saadhyamani choopinchindi.
1917 bolshevik viplavam yoodulapai adhikaarika vivakshanu antam chesindi, ayithe, russian antaryuddhamlo bolshevik vyatiraeka tella sainyam mariyu ukrain peeples republic dalaalu bhaarii yoodu vyatiraeka himsanu anusarinchaayi. 1918 nundi 1921 varaku, tella ugravaadam samayamlo 100,000 nundi 150,000 mandhi yoodulu vadhinchabaddaaru. viplavaatmaka russia nundi tella valasa vacchina vaaru bolshevik paalana, daani aneka yoodu sabhyulatho, prapancha yoodu kutraku oka mundanja anae aalochananu pempondinchaaru, idhi "jion peddala protocols" loe vivarinchabadindi, idhi appatike paschimamlo vistruta prasarananu saadhinchindi. eee maaranahomaalu tella dalaala dwarane kakunda, erra dalaalu, sthaanika yuddhaveerulu mariyu saadhaarana ukrain mariyu polish pourula dwara kooda jarigaayi.
france.
fraanslo, charless mauras sthaapinchina action frankise vanti mitavaada samuuhaalu yoodula vyatiraeka udyamaanni prothsahinchaayi. eee samuuhaalu moodava ganatantram yokka mottam raajakeeya sthaapananu vimarsinchaayi. serge alegzander stavisky anae yoodu vyakti unnata sthaayi raajakeeya avineetiki paalpadinatlu velladai, eee samuuhaalu teevramaina allarlanu prothsahinchaayi, idhi 6 fibravari 1934 sankshobhamlo prabhutvaanni daadaapu padagottindi. 1936loe prajaadarana pondina front prabhutvaaniki pradhana mantri ayina yoodu saamyavaada leone blum praamukhyata peragadam, fraanslo abhiprayanni marinta dhruveekarinchindi. action frankise mariyu itara mitavaada samuuhaalu blumku vyatiraekamgaa oka durmargapu yoodu vyatiraeka patrika pracharanni praarambhinchaayi, idhi oka daadiloo mugisindi, dheenilo atanni thana kaaru nundi lagaru mariyu oka gumpu 'yoodulaku maranam!' anie arichetappudu tannadu mariyu kottaru!'jaathi, jaateeyata mariyu matam yokka moodu koonaala nundi, yoodu maanavatvaaniki satruvugaa maararu" anie thana prakatanalo paerkonnatlugaa, french bhaashalo "protocols" nuu prachurinchina ernest jouin vanti catholic rachayitalu jaathi mariyu matha vyatiraekatanu sajavuga militam chesaaru."pope payas XI" "mana martya [yoodu] satruvutoe pooraadinanduku" "jouinnu prasamsimchaadu mariyu atanni protonotory apostolicga unnata papal kaaryaalayaaniki niyaminchaadu".
rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo vichi fraanslo yoodula vyatiraekata mukhyamgaa teevramgaa undedi. bahishkarana kosam yoodulanu gurtinchadaaniki vichi prabhutvam naajii aakramanadaarulato bahirangamgaa sahakarinchindi. 1940loe german sainyam frenchnu oodinchina taruvaata, marshal phillip petten yokka sahakaaramtho kuudina vichi paalanalo mitavaada samuuhaala yoodula vyatiraeka demandlu amalu cheyabaddaayi. aaa samvatsaram yoodula hodapai oka chattam, taruvaata 1941loe marokati, yoodulanu paripalana, poura seva mariyu nyaya padavulalo udyogam nundi, chaalaa vruttula nundi mariyu vinoda parisrama nundi kooda vaarini parimitam chestu, ekkuvagaa chinna udyogaalaku parimitam chesindi. vichi adhikarulu sumaru 75,000 mandhi yoodulanu nirbandhinchaaru, vaarini germanlaku appaginchaaru; fraanslo holocast samayamlo sumaru 72,500 mandhi yoodulu hatya cheyabaddaaru.
naajeeyism mariyu holocast.
germanylo, modati prapancha yuddham taruvaata, adolph hitler thana pustakam "maine compf" () loe vyakteekarinchina jaatyahankaara vyatiraeka aalochanalanu kaligi unna raajakeeya udyamamgaa naajeeyism udbhavinchindi. 1933loe hitler adhikaaramloki vacchina taruvaata, naajii paalana jaateeya jeevitam nundi yoodulanu kramabaddhamgaa minahaayinchaalani korindi. yoodulu antarjaateeya maarksavaadam mariyu pettubadidaarii vidhanam rendintikee chodaka saktigaa rakshasulaga pariganinchabaddaaru. 1935 naati neuremberg chattalu yoodulu mariyu yoodulu kaanivaari madhya vivaham ledhaa laingika sambandhaalanu nishedhinchaayi. naajii party ledhaa vaari tarapuna yoodula vyatiraeka pracharam samaajamlo vyaapinchadam praarambhinchindi. eee vishayamlo mukhyamgaa juuliyas streacher prachurinchina "derr stermer" prajaadarana pondina viniyogam kosam yoodula laingika dushpravartanalanu prachurinchindi. yoodulaku vyatiraekamgaa saamuuhika himsanu naajii paalana prothsahinchindi, 1938 november raatri, chrystalnacht anie piluvabade, yoodula hatya, aastini naasanam cheyadam mariyu yoodula gudiselanu tagalabettadaanni prabhutvam manjuru chesindi. kotta european yuddhaaniki mundhe, german adhikarulu vaelaadi mandhi yoodulanu vaari modati nirbandha shibiraala kosam chuttumuttadam praarambhinchaaru, ayithe chaalaa mandhi itara german yoodulu desham vidichi paaripoyaaru ledhaa valasa vellavalasi vachindi.
rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo naajii niyantrana vistarinchadamto, aakramita airopaku yoodula vyatiraeka chattalu, aandolanalu mariyu pracharalu teesukuvacchaaru, ivi tarachugaa sthaanika yoodula vyatiraeka sampradaayaalapai nirminchabaddaayi. airopalo atipedda yoodu janabhalo yuddhaaniki mundu moodu millionlaku paiga yoodulu nivasinchina german aakramita polandlo, polish yoodulu 1940loe kottagaa sthaapinchabadina jailu ghettolaloki balavantamgaa pravesinchaaru, indulo daadaapu ara million yoodula warsa ghettolu kooda unnaayi. 1941loe soviet union dandayaatra taruvaata, aaa desamlo soviet yoodulapai (soviet-anubandha bhuubhaagaalaku chendina maajee polish yoodulatho sahaa) "insatzgruppen" anie piluvabade naajii marana brundaalu saamuuhika hatyala kramabaddhamaina pracharam nirvahinchaayi, idhi oka million yoodulanu hatya chesi, himsa nundi nirmuulanaku malupu tirigindi. mottam meeda, daadaapu aaru millionla mandhi yoodulu, vaarilo sagam mandhi polandku chendinavaaru, 1941 mariyu 1945 madhya holocast anie piluvabade maranahomam loe germanylo aakali, vyaadhi mariyu adhika pani mariyu sahakaara nirbandham dwara puurtigaa ledhaa parokshamgaa hatya cheyabaddaaru.
1942 janavari 20naa, "yoodula prasnaku tudi parishkaram" kanugonadaaniki niyaminchabadina reinhard hydrich, vancy samavesaniki adhyakshata vahinchaaru, dheenilo airopa mariyu uttara aafrikaalo nivasistunna anni jaathi yoodulu mariyu aneka mandhi pakshika yoodulu nirmuulinchabaddaarani gurtinchabadindi. eee pranaalikanu amalu cheyadaaniki, polland, germany mariyu aneka itara deshaala nundi yoodulanu aakramita polandlo mariyu germany-anubandha bhoobhagalalo naajeelachae erpaatu cheyabadina uddesapurvaka nirmuulana shibiraalaku ravana chestaaru, akkada vaaru vacchina ventane gyaas chamberlalo ekkuvagaa hatya cheyabaddaaru. ashwitz-birkenou, chelmno, beljeck, mazdanek, sobibor mariyu treblinca vadda unna eee sibiraalu, naajeeyism baadhitulaina yoodula mottam sankhyalo sagam varaku unnaayi.
united states.
1900 mariyu 1924 madhya, sumaru 17.5 laksala mandhi yoodulu america tiiraalaku valasa vacchaaru, vaarilo ekkuva mandhi thoorpu airopa nundi vacchaaru. 1900 kii mundu, america mottam janabhalo yoodulu eppuduu 1 saatam kooda undaledu, 1930 natiki america mottam janabhalo yoodulu 31⁄2 saatam unnaaru. america yoodula samajam yokka parimaanamlo eee naatakeeya perugudala mariyu kontamandi yoodula paiki kadile dhorani yoodula vyatiraekata yokka punarujjeevanamtho kalisi undhi.
20va sataabdam modati ardhabhaagamlo, united statesloni yoodulu upaadhi, nivaasa mariyu resort praantaalaku praapyata, clubbulu mariyu samsthalalo sabhyatvam mariyu kalaasaalalu mariyu vishwavidyaalayaalalo yoodula namodu mariyu bodhanaa sthaanaalapai kathinamaina kotalalo vivakshanu edurkonnaru. united stateslo yoodula vyatirekatapai drushti saarinchina leo fraank yokka neraropana (mariyu taruvaata linching) kooda 1913 octoberulo paruvu nashtam vyatiraeka leag erpaatuku daariteesindani konni muulaalu perkonnaayi. ayithe, abraham hetch. samstha yokka jaateeya director ayina foxman, eee vaadananu vyatiraekistuu, american yoodulu kevalam yoodula vyatiraekatanu edurkone samsthanu kanugonaalsina avasaram undani paerkonnaaru. eee kaalamlo unna saamaajika udriktatalu kooda 1870 nundi nishkriyamgaa unna kuu clucks klaanku punaruddharinchabadina maddatuku daariteesaayi.
1920luu mariyu 1930laloe united stateslo yoodula vyatiraekata garishta sthaayiki cherukundi. maargadarsaka automobile tayaareedaaru henry ford thana vaartaapatrika "dhi dearbourne independent" loe yoodu vyatiraeka aalochanalanu pracharam chesaaru. maargadarsaka vimaana chodakudu charless lindberg mariyu aneka itara pramukha americanlu airopalo kotta yuddhamlo american prameyaanni vyatirekinchadamlo america modati kamiteeki naayakatvam vahinchaaru. edemaina, america fust nayakulu taamu mariyu vaari samsthanu yoodula vyatiraekulugaa choopinche edainaa cheppadam ledhaa cheyadam maanesaaru mariyu eee kaaranamgaa, vaaru henry fordnu america modati sabhyudiga tolaginchadaaniki ootu vaesaaru. lindberg ayovaloni dess moinslo oka prasangam chesaaru, dheenilo athanu nischayamgaa ford-lanty abhiprayanni vyaktam chesadu "eee deshaanni yuddham vaipu nettestunna moodu athi mukhyamaina samuuhaalu british, yoodulu mariyu roosvelt paripalana."lindberg thana diarylo ilaa vraasaadu" "manam yoodula prabhavanni sahetukamaina mottaaniki parimitam cheyali"... mottam janabhalo yoodula saatam chaalaa ekkuvagaa marinappudalla, praticharya sthiramgaa sambhavistundi. idhi chaalaa cheddadi endukante saraina rakaniki chendina kontamandi yoodulu yea deshaaniki ayina aasti anie neenu nammutunnaanu."
1930la chivaralo, german american bundlo naajii unifamlu mariyu american jendaalato paatu swastikaalato kuudina jendaalu unde kavaatulu jarigaayi. 1939loe madison square guardenlo, adhyakshudu franklin delano roosveltnu padepade "fraank dii" anie paerkontuu vimarsinchinappudu daadaapu 20,000 mandhi prajalu bund nayakudu fritz juuliyas kuhn maata vinnaru. rosenfeld "mariyu athani kotta oppandaanni" yoodula oppandam "anie pilicharu. americalo bolshevik-yoodu kutra unikilo undani ayana viswasinchinanduna, kuhn mariyu athani karyakalapalanu us house kamitee aann ann-american activities (huwak) pariseelinchindi mariyu united states rendava prapancha yuddhamloki pravesinchinappudu bund yokka chaalaa mandhi sabhyulanu nirbandha shibiraallo unchaaru, mariyu vaarilo kondaru yuddham mugimpulo bahishkarinchabaddaaru. intalo, united states prabhutvam ms "ess" ess nii anumatinchaledu. yoodu saranaarthulathoo nindinanduna luis 1939loe united statesloki pravesinchindi. 1943loe detroitlo jaathi allarla samayamlo, yoodula vyaparalu dopidi mariyu dahanam kosam lakshyamgaa pettukoobaddaayi.
rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata thoorpu airopa.
soviet unionlo yoodula vyatiraekata 1948-1953 loe sikharaaniki cherukundi mariyu vaidyulu anie pilavabade kutratho mugisindi, idhi saadhaarana prakshaalanaku mariyu soviet yoodulanu desamgaa saamuuhika bahishkaranaku puurvagaami kaavacchu. desamloni pramukha yiddish-rachayita kavulu mariyu rachayitalu muulaalu laeni viswapaalitulu anie pilavabade vaariki vyatiraekamgaa jarigina prachaaramlo himsimchabaddaaru mariyu uriteeyabaddaaru. soviet nayakudu joseph stallin maranam mariyu soviet union dii-stalinizationtho mitimeerina charyalu chaalaavaraku mugisai. edemaina, yoodulapai vivaksha konasaagindi, 1970laloe anumatinchina tarvaata saamuuhika valasalaku daariteesindi, taruvaata soviet union vichchinnam samayamlo mariyu taruvaata marokati, ekkuvagaa ijraayelku valasa vachindi.
communistu polandlo keyles maranahomam mariyu krakov maranahomam soviet aadhipatya thoorpu airopalo yoodula vyatiraeka vaikharulu mariyu himsaku marinni sanghatanalaku udaaharanalu. polandlo yuddhaanantara kaalamlo jarigina yoodula vyatiraeka himsa venuka oka saadhaarana amsam rakta paruvu nashtam pukaarlu. polland yokka taruvaata jarigina "march eevents" 1967-1968 anedi aaru rojula yuddham mariyu soviet union mariyu thoorpu kootami yokka soshalistu arab deshaalaku maddatugaa kotta samuulamgaa izrael vyatiraeka vidhanam nepathyamlo asammati udyamaanni anachiveyadam mariyu polish communist paarteelo adhikara pooraatamtoe kuudina rashtra yoodu vyatiraeka (adhikarikamga geonist vyatiraeka) raajakeeya pracharam. polandlo eee rendu yoodula vyatiraekata alala phalitamgaa 1940la chivaralo mariyu 1968loe desamloni holocast praanaalatoe bayatapadina vaarilo chaalaa mandhi, ekkuvagaa izrael ledhaa united statesku valasa vellaaru.
rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata united states.
1980la praarambhamlo, athi kudi vaipuna unna ontaritanam vaadulu samyukta raashtraalloni edama vaipuna unna yuddha vyatiraeka kaaryakartalaku vaaru aandolanalanu panchukunna praantaalalo prabhutva vidhaanaalaku vyatiraekamgaa dalaalalo chaeradaaniki pratipaadanalu chesaaru. idhi pradhanamgaa poura swechhala rangamlo, videshaalalo united states sainika jokyaniki vyatiraekata mariyu yuu. ess. kuu vyatiraekata.ess. izrael kuu maddatu. vaaru paraspara charya chestunnappudu, konni praamaanika mitavaada yoodula balipasuvulanu baliteesukune kutra siddhaantaalu pragatiseela vargaalloki chochukupovatam praarambhinchaayi, veetilo "needa prabhutvam" ledhaa "octopus" anie kooda piluvabade "kotta prapancha kramam" prapancha prabhutvaalanu elaa taarumaaru chestondi anae kathalu unnaayi. yoodula vyatiraeka kutranu mitavaada samuuhaalu "dookudugaa pracharam chesaayi". edama vaipuna unna kondaru vaakchaaturyaanni sweekarinchaaru, idhi faasijam charitra gurinchi vaariki ghnaanam lekapovadam mariyu balipasuvu, taggimpu mariyu saralamaina parishkaralu, prajaasvaamyavaadam mariyu charitra yokka kutra siddhaantam yokka upayogam valla saadhyamaindani vaadinchabadindi."1991 naati crown hights allarlu chaalaa paedha pattana samaajamlo udriktatala himsaatmaka vyakteekarana, african american nivaasitulanu ibbandi kaliginche judaism anucharulaku vyatiraekamgaa nilabettayi.
1990 chivaralo, gulph yuddhaaniki vyatiraekamgaa udyamam prarambhamainappudu, aneka athi-kudi mariyu yoodula vyatiraeka samuuhaalu vamapaksha yuddha vyatiraeka sankiirnaalatoe pottulu korukunnayi, vaaru madhyapraachyampai daadi cheyadaaniki united statesnu prothsahistunna "yoodula lobby" gurinchi bahirangamgaa matladatam praarambhinchaaru. eee aalochana "geonist aakramita prabhutvam" (jog) gurinchi kutra siddhaantaalugaa parinaamam chendindi, idhi "jion peddala protocalsku" samanamga pariganinchabadindi.
muslim prapancham.
arab-izrael sangharshana nepathyamlo islaamik yoodula vyatiraekata periginappatikee, izrael sthaapanaku mundu madhyapraachya deshaalalo yoodulapai allarlu jarigaayi, veetilo 1910laloe casablanca, shiraz mariyu fez loe ashanti, 1920laloe jerusalem, jaffa, safed mariyu hebranlalo saamuuhika hatyalu, 1930laloe algerialo, turkey mariyu palestinelo maaranahomaalu, alaage 1940laloe iraq mariyu tunitia yoodulapai daadulu unnaayi. paalastiinaa arab nayakudu ameen all-husseni rendava prapancha yuddhamlo hitler germanytho pottu pettukoovaalani nirnayinchukunnappudu, 1941 naati naajii-prerepita allarlalo 180 mandhi yoodulu maraninchaaru mariyu 700 mandhi yoodulu gayapaddaru, veetini farhood anie pilustaaru. madhyapraachyamloni yoodulu kooda holocast valla prabhaavitamayyaaru. uttara aafrikaalo chaalaa bhaagam naajii niyantranaloki vachindi mariyu aneka mandhi yoodulu vivakshaku gurayyaru mariyu aksham odipoye varaku banisaluga upayoginchabaddaaru. 1945loe egyptulo himsaatmaka pradarsanala samayamlo vandalaadi mandhi yoodulu gayapaddaru, yoodula aastulu dhvamsam cheyabaddaayi, dochukobaddayi. 1945 navambarulo tripolilo jarigina maranahomam samayamlo 130 mandhi yoodulu champabaddaru. 1947 decemberulo, un vibhajana pranaalika taruvaata koddikaalaanike, arab allarla phalitamgaa aleppo loe 75 mandhi maraninchadamtho sahaa vandalaadi mandhi yoodulu maraninchaaru. adenlo 87 mandhi yoodulu maraninchaaru mariyu 120 mandhi gayapaddaru. muslim naavikula gumpu manamalo yoodula illu, dukaanaalanu dochukunnaru. 1948loe tripoli, kairo, aujda, geradalo yoodulapai marinta allarlu jarigaayi. 1949loe modati arab-izrael yuddham mugisinappudu, damascus looni menershaw yoodula mandirampai jarigina grenade daadiloo dozenu mandhi praanaalu kolpoga, muppai mandhi gayapaddaru. 1967 aaru rojula yuddham arab prapanchamlo yoodulapai marinta himsaku daariteesindi, izrael sthaapinchabadina taruvaata yoodula nishkramana peragadaaniki daariteesindi. taruvaati samvatsaraallo, arab deshaalalo yoodula janabha 1948loe 856,000 nundi 2009loe 25,870kii taggindi, ekkuvagaa ijraayelku valasa velladam phalitamgaa.
iravai okatava sataabdam.
21va sataabdam modati samvatsaraallo yoodula vyatiraekata perigindi. robbert ess vanti aneka mandhi rachayitalu. wistrich, phillis chessler mariyu jonathan chaaks idhi kotta yoodula vyatiraekata anie vaadinchaaru, idhi islaamvaadula nundi udbhavinchina kotta rakam, dheenini vaaru kotta yoodula vyatiraekata anie pilustaaru. aneka arab deshaala prabhutva praayojita madhyamalalo, arab television karyakramalalo mariyu websitelalo rakta paruvu nashtam kathalu anekasaarlu kanipinchaayi.
2004loe, united kingdom yoodula vyatirekatapai sampoorna parliamentary vichaarananu erpaatu chesindi, idhi 2006loe daani phalitaalanu prachurinchindi. vichaarana ilaa perkondih "iteevali kaalam varaku, yoodula samaajamlo mariyu antaku minchi yoodula vyatiraekata samaajamlooni anchulalo matrame unikilo undani [undedi] anae abhiprayam prabalamgaa undhi."edemaina, idhi 2000 nundi eee purogatini tirogamanamgaa kanugondi mariyu samasyanu parisoedhinchadam, samakaaleena yoodula vyatiraekata yokka muulaalanu gurtinchadam mariyu paristhitini meruguparachadaaniki sifaarsulu cheyadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. 2008loe yuu. ess. nivedika.ess. prapanchavyaaptamgaa yoodula vyatiraekata perugutondani, yoodula vyatiraekata yokka paatha mariyu kotta vyakteekaranalu rendoo konasaagutunnaayani state department kanugondi. 2012loe yuu. ess. nivedika.ess. beuro off democracy, human raits und laber kooda prapanchavyaaptamgaa yoodula vyatiraekata nirantaram perugutondani gurtinchindi, mariyu konnisaarlu holocast tiraskarana mariyu izrael vidhaanaaniki vyatiraekata yoodula vyatiraekatanu prothsahinchadaaniki ledhaa samarthinchadaaniki upayoginchabadindani kanugondi.
aanglam matlade prapanchamlo yoodula vyatiraekata.
vilium dii. gauravaneeya rachayita mariyu charitrakaarudu ayina rubenstein, adhe paerutoe thana vyasalalo okadaanilo aanglam matlade prapanchamlo yoodula vyatiraekata unikini vivarinchaadu. protestantism, pettubadidaarii vidhanam yokka perugudala mariyu poura swechchalanu rakshinche rajyanga prabhutvaala sthaapanatho sambandham unna viluvala kaaranamgaa, aanglam matlade prapanchamlo, mukhyamgaa britton mariyu united stateslo saapekshamgaa takkuva sthaayilo yoodula vyatiraekata undani ayana vyaasamlo vivarinchaaru. eee deshaalalo yoodula patla vyavaharinchadam aadarsamgaa undani rubenstein vaadinchaledu, conny raajakeeya, saiddhaantika mariyu saamaajika nirmaanaala kaaranamgaa aanglam matlade prapanchamlo bahirangamgaa yoodula vyatiraekata takkuvagaa undani ayana vaadinchaaru. mukhyamgaa, aanglam matlade deshaalu takkuva sthaayi yoodula vyatiraekatanu anubhavinchaayi, endukante vaari udaaravaada mariyu rajyanga chatraalu vyavastheekruta, himsaatmaka yoodula vyatiraeka vyakteekarananu parimitam chesaayi. rubinstein thana vyaasamlo, yoodula janabha taggudalanu sandarbhochitamgaa vivarinchadaaniki prayatnistaadu, idhi yoodula vyatiraekata taggina kaalaaniki daariteesindihi "yoodulandaroo 1290loe ingland nundi bahishkarinchabaddaaru, modatisaarigaa yoodulu european desham nundi saamuhikamgaa bahishkarinchabaddaaru".
protestantism.
paina paerkonnatlugaa, padahaarava sataabdam praarambhamlo inglandlo yoodula vyatiraekatanu arikattadaaniki protestantism oka pradhana amsam. protestantism puttukaku mundu inglandlo yoodulu champabadina nivedinchabadina sanghatanala sankhya gananeeyamgaa ekkuvagaa unnappatikee, idhi nivaasa yoodula sankhya dwara kooda prabhaavitamaindanae vaastavam eee vaadanaku maddatu istundi. kaathalikkulu mariyu itara matha samuuhaalatoe poliste protestantlu yoodula gurinchi marinta avagahana kaligi unnaaru. protestant samuuhaalu yoodulanu enduku ekkuvagaa angeekaristunnayanedani oka kaaranam emitante, vaaru kotta nibandhana kante paatha nibandhananu ishtapadataaru, kabatti vaari siddhaantaalu yoodula bodhanalatho vishayavastuvu mariyu kathanam rendintinee panchukunnayi. veerilo [protestantlu] chaalaa mandhi yoodula patla saanubhooti chuupadaaniki maroka kaaranam emitante, vaaru tarachugaa" baibil hebrula maadirigaa, devunito pratyaksha odambadikalo pravesinchina empika chesina samuuhamgaa tamanu taamu [edi] chuustaaru "anie rubenstein dhruveekarinchaaru."chivaraga, protestantism yokka catholic vyatiraeka vampu takkuva sthaayi yoodula vyatiraekataku dohadapadindi" "eee samuuhaalannii kaathalikkulaku teevra satrutvam kaligi unnaayi". unnata mariyu saamuuhika sthaayilalo kaathalikkula vyatiraekata britainlo oka mukhya amsamgaa maarindi, idhi yoodula vyatiraekatanu pakkana pette dhoranini kaligi undhi."mottammeeda, protestantism aavirbhavam paatha nibandhananu mariyu daani catholic vyatiraeka bhavanni upayoginchadam dwara yoodula vyatiraekata teevratanu tagginchindi.
pettubadidaarii vidhanam.
nepolian anantara inglandlo, yoodulu lenappudu, britton "vaddii mariyu runaalapai" nishedhaanni tolaginchindi, london mariyu liverpool aardhika vaanijya kendraalugaa marayani, idhi ingland yokka hodaanu aardhika shakti kendramgaa balopetam chesindani rubenstein dhruveekarinchaaru. yoodulu tarachugaa airopa khandamlo dabbu sampaadinchevaaru mariyu aardhika samsthalugaa sambandham kaligi undevaaru, kabatti aangleyulu dhesha aardhika vruddhiki baadhyata vahinchagaligaaru mariyu daanini yoodulaku aapadinchalekapoyaru. yoodulu aardhikamgaa drushtini aakarshinchananduna, adhi vaari nundi chaalaa kopaanni dhooram chesi, alaage, inglandlo yoodula vyatiraekata kontavaraku nissabdam cheyabadindani kooda mukhyamainadi. 19va sataabdamloo yoodulu "aneka british nagaraala aardhika unnatavargamlo" sthaanam pondaledani chebutaaru. mallii, dheeni praamukhyata emitante, british protestantlu mariyu yoodulu kaanivaaru tama sreyassunu vidhinchakapovadam mariyu tama desham yokka aardhika vijayalaku baadhyata vahinchananduna yoodulache takkuva bedirimpunu anubhavinchaaru. albert lindeman thana "antisemitism eah history" anae pustakam parichayamlo kooda yoodulu "sahajamgaa anischitamaina mariyu udriktatanu srushtinche runaalu vanti saamaajika sthaanaalanu sweekarinchaarani pratipaadinchaaru."runaalu ivvadam anedi anivaryamgaa udriktatatoe nindi undani lindeman vishwasistaadu, kabatti yoodulu runadaatalugaa unnanta varaku, vaaru ellappuduu samasyaku kendramgaa untaaru mariyu puurti aardhika vyavahaaraalaku paryaayapadamgaa untaaru.
raajyaangabaddhamaina prabhutvam.
britainlo yoodula vyatiraekatanu tagginchadaaniki dohadapadina moodava pradhana amsam rajyanga prabhutva sthaapana, idhi taruvaata united stateslo sweekarinchabadindi mariyu balapadindi. rajyanga prabhutvam antey poura hakkulanu samatulyam chesi, rakshinche prayatnamlo prabhutva adhikaaraalanu vivarinche vraatapuurvaka patram kaligi unna prabhutvam. aangla antaryuddham, rakshita rajyam (1640-60) mariyu adbhutamaina viplavam (1688) taruvaata, british pourula hakkulanu parirakshinche chattalanu roopondinchadaaniki paarlamentu sthaapinchabadindi. hakkula billu british poura swechchalanu kooda rakshinchadaaniki chattalanu pratyaekamgaa vivarinchindi. anduvalla, udaaravaada suutraalatoe kuudina rajyanga prabhutvam undatam valla britainlo yoodula vyatiraekata kontavaraku tagginanduku aascharyam ledhu.
prabhutvamlo yoodula vyatiraekatanu tagginche tadupari prayatnaalalo, united states swaatantrya prakatana gatamlo inglandlo unchina udaaravaada suutraalanu sweekarinchindi mariyu karyanirvahaka, nyaya mariyu saasana adhikaaraalanu kaligi unna ganatantram erpaatuku prerepinchindi mariyu "yea mataanni sthaapinchadaanni ledhaa padaviloe undataaniki edainaa adhikaarika matha pareekshanu nishedhinchadaaniki" upayogapade chattam kooda."poura swechchalanu, mukhyamgaa matha swechchalaku sambandhinchina vaatini gowravinche mariyu rakshinche prabhutvaanni kaligi undatam, vividha vishwaasaalanu aacharinche hakkunu rajyangabaddhamga parirakshinchadam dwara spashtamaina yoodula vyatiraekatanu tagginchindi. eee bhavalu united states yokka modati adhyakshudu georg washingtonku tirigi veltaayi, athanu mataparamaina cherikapai thana nammakanni nokki cheppadu. britton mariyu americalo yoodula vyatiraekata yokka sandarbhaalu khachitamgaa unnappatikee, rajyanga prabhutvamtho vachhe raajakeeya mariyu saamaajika siddhaantaala kaaranamgaa aanglam matlade deshaalalo yoodula vyatiraekata yokka mitatvam parimitam ayindani rubinstein vishwasinchaaru.
itara aanglam matlade deshaalu.
united states mariyu britainlalo takkuvagaa undatame kakunda, kenada, australia, dakshinaafrikaa mariyu newzealand vanti itara aanglam matlade deshaalalo kooda yoodula vyatiraekata takkuvagaa undhi. australia yoodula patla chaaritraatmakamgaa saanukuula vaikharini kaligi undhi, phalitamgaa, idhi "yea samayamloonainaa chaalaa takkuva bahiranga yoodula vyatiraekatanu kaligi undhi."adevidhamgaa, ireland mariyu newzealand kooda yoodula vyatiraekata takkuvagaa undadaanni anubhavinchaayi. dheeni ardham aanglam matlade deshaalalo yoodula vyatiraeka bhavalu takkuvagaa unnayani kaadu, endukante vaari janabha aanglam matladataru, badulugaa, aanglam matlade deshaalalo tarachugaa unna bhavajalalu yoodula patla vaari angeekaaraanni prabhaavitam chestaayi.
kenadaaloni aanglam matlade praantaalalo yoodula vyatiraekata takkuvagaa unnappatikee, sthaanika bhasha french ayina cubeclo idhi ekkuvagaa undhi. yoodula patla atyanta teevramaina catholic shatrutva roopaallo munigi unna french matlade jaateeyavaadulu uchcharinchina "yoodula vyatiraekatanu prasfutam chese sudeergha charitra" cubeccu undhi."idhi mukhyamainadi endukante kenadaaloni itara aanglam matlade praantaalu aanglam matlade praantaala kante yoodula patla ekkuva sahanamtho undevi, idhi bhasha vaividhyam mariyu yoodula dvesham sthaayi madhya paraspara sambandhaanni suuchistumdi. adanamgaa, yoodula patla cubec yokka drudamaina catholic satrutvam sthaanika yoodula vyatiraeka pravartanaku dohadapadindani telustondi.

