sande society

jadegi, bandu, bando mariyu bondo anie kooda piluvabade sande, liberia, sierra leone, ginia mariyu dantaala teeramlo mahilala prarambha samajam. stree jananendri vichhedanam vanti acharala dwara sande samajam baalikalanu yuktavayassuloki pravesapedutundi. santanotpattini andinchadam, naitikata mariyu saraina laingika sahanam gurinchi bhaavanalanu pempondinchadam mariyu daani sabhyula sreyassu patla aasaktini vaari jeevitaantam konasaginchadam anie daani maddatudaarulu chebutaaru.
adanamgaa, shande mahilala saamaajika mariyu raajakeeya prayojanaalanu prothsahistundi mariyu purushulaku paripuurakaramaina samstha ayina poroku vaari sangheebhaavaanni prothsahistundi. shande society masquerade anedi mahilalache pratyaekamgaa niyantrinchabade chekka mukha musuguku arudaina mariyu bahusha pratyaekamaina african udaaharana-eee bhougolika praantamloo mahilala asaadhaarana saamaajika sthaanaanni highlight chese lakshanam.
bhougolika paridhi.
shande samajam madhya paschima atlantic praantam antataa kanipistundi, idhi jaathi paramgaa bahuvachanam mariyu bhaashaasaastraparamgaa vaividhyamaina praantam, idhi chinna chinna nadhi mariyu cape paamaalato sarihaddulugaa unna atavee teerapraanta praantamloo undhi. 1668 lone, olepht dopper anae dutch bhougolika shaastravetta liberialoni cape mount praantamloo unna "isuka" samajam gurinchi vivarananu prachurinchaadu, idhi 1628 naatidigaa kanipinche pratyaksha vruttaantam aadhaaramgaa.
sande golaa samaajamlo udbhavinchindani, poruguna unna mende mariyu vailaku vyaapinchindani maanava saastravettalu vishwasistunnaaru; itara jaathi samuuhaalu iteevala prastuta sataabdamloo sandenu sweekarinchaayi. nedu eee saamaajika samstha liberialoni baasa, golaa, kisi, kepelle, loma, manoe mariyu vai madhya kanipistundi; sierra leone yokka cono, limba, mende, sherbro, temne mariyu yalunka; mariyu giniyaaloni eee jaathi samuuhaala uttara mariyu thoorpu vistaranalo undhi.
pradhanamgaa christian sierra leone creol prajalu matrame sierra leonelo fgmnu abhyasinchadaaniki ledhaa bando/shande samaja acharalalo paalgonadaaniki teliyani ekaika jaathi.
saadhaarana lakshanaalu.
eee mahilaa sanghaalanninti saadhaarana lakshanaalu
oka adanapu lakshanam ayina sandlo chekka helmet mask mariyu sandlo nayakulu dharinche rafia paam dustulu-cono, loma mariyu maanolalo laevu.
praantiiya vaividhyaalu.
maanava saastravettalu mariyu kalaa charitrakaarulu konnisaarlu shande samajanni annintinee pratibimbimchae, akhila jaathi sanghamgaa varninchinappatikii, eee praantam antataa gananeeyamaina saamskrutika vaividhyam undhi. sande samajam unna jaathi samuuhaalu moodu bhasha kutumbaalaku (mande, mell mariyu kru) chendina bhashalanu matladatayi. vaaru jeevavaadulu kaavacchu, ledhaa mende, vai mariyu yalunka vanti vaaru gananeeyamaina muslim janabhanu kaligi undavacchu.
bassa, kisi mariyu cono vanti konni samajalalo, paripuurakaramaina purushula samajam, poro undakapovachhu. dii mariyu lomaalo, sande samajam kramam tappakunda maga kammarulanu aachara nipunulugaa angeekaristundi, mariyu golaa samaajamlo, musugu dwara praatinidhyam vahinche aatmanu stree kante magaga pariganistaaru. nijaaniki, eee mahila yokka anubandham unna aneka jaathi samoohaalalo shande yokka sarvotkrushta chihnam-chekka helmet musugu-kepelle, cono, loma mariyu maanolalo puurtigaa ledhu.
praarambhinchadam mariyu parivartana.
sequestration mariyu stree jananendri vaikalyam (fgm).
pattanamu ledhaa graamam chuttoo unna atavee praantamloo pantakota anantara podi kaalamlo koumaaradasalo unna baalikalanu oka samuuhamgaa praarambhistaaru. prarambha vayassu, vamsa sabhyatvam, paatasaala haajaru mariyu jaathi vanti amsaalanu batti prarambha kaalam aneka vaaraala nundi aneka nelala varaku maarutuu untundi.
gatamlo, ammayilu bando ledhaa bush period anie piluvabade adavilo oka samvatsaram varaku unnaarani, aaa samayamlo vaaru sandla naayakatvam kosam vari polaalu tayaaru chesaarani chebutaaru. eee rojullo, prarambha kaalam sumaru 3 nundi 4 vaaralu untundi. praarambhinchaevaari sramatho paatu, oka ammai deekshaku mundu vivaham chesukokapovacchu kabatti, sandhe nayakulu ammai tandri ledhaa aame kaboye bhartha nundi gananeeyamaina deeksha rusumunu pondutaaru.
podalo emi jarugutundo vivaralu rahasyamgaa unchabadataayi, conny clitoris mariyu labialo kontha bhaagam tolaginchabadindani telustundi. saadhaaranamgaa eee shastrachikitsanu atyanta gouravaneeyamaina mahilaa pedda chestaaru. aame "manchi chetini kaligi" mariyu ammayilanu bushku swaagathinchadaaniki manchi saamaajika prabhavanni kaligi unnanduku prasiddhi chendindi.
sande sabhyatvam mariyu prarambha paddhatulanu jose prothsahistaaru, veeru saadhaaranamgaa sande bushku naayakatvam vahinche vruddha mahilalu. stree jananendri vichhedanam (fgm) prakriya yokka praadhamika uddesyam mahilala laingika korika mariyu vivaahetara sambandhaanni tolaginchadam, tadwara vaarini "subhramgaa" mariyu vivaahaaniki anukuulamgaa marchadam. fgm chese rojuna, baalikalanu modata bucket neetilo kuurchuni 'aaa praantaanni timmiri cheyamani' adugutaaru. appudu, prati okkaroo chetulu mariyu kaallanu vaeru chesi kattutaaru. jooe etuvanti anaesthesia lekunda 'prakriya' nuu nirvahistundi. gatamlo, jose 'karma kattulanu' upayoginchaaru, ippudu krimirahitam cheyani razer bladelu ledhaa surgical bladelanu upayoginchadam sarvasaadhaaranam.
praarambhaanantara vidya.
vaari gayalu nayam ayina tarvaata, baalikalaku gruha naipunyaalu, vyavasayam, laingika vishayalu, nrutyam mariyu vaidyam gurinchi bodhistaaru. pratyeka abhiruchini pradarsinche baalikalaku ledhaa konni muulaala prakaram, unnata sthaayi bhuswamula vamsaaniki chendina baalikalaku rangu vastraala vanti pratyeka naipunhyaalanu neerpinchavacchu. bush school praadhaanyata anedi vaari jeevitaallo eee dasalo laeni kotta naipunhyaalanu andinchadam anae daanipai kontha charcha unnappatikee, saamskrutika samaikyataku idhi chaalaa mukhyam. manchi bhaarya mariyu talligaa undatam antey emiti, alaage peddalatho elaa vyavaharinchaali vanti saamskrutika aacharalanu baalikalu sande paatasaala vidya dwara neerchukuntaaru. karol macarmac suuchimchinatlugaa, bush school dwara "vaaru thana saha-bharyalu mariyu aame bhartha stree bandhuvulatho sahakaaramtho panicheyaalsina bhaarya paatranu oohinchadam praarambhistaaru."
neerchukunna atyanta mukhyamaina paataalu adhikaranni gowravinchadam mariyu gopyatanu sampuurnamgaa gowravinchadam. rahasyam' oka 'pramaanam' dwara amalu cheyabadutundi, mariyu 'bush' loe emi jarigindo bahirgatam cheyadaaniki vaariki ledhaa vaari kutumba sabhyuniki maranam anie vaariki cheppabadutundi. juulu dwara prerepinchabadina bhayam fgmnu sabhyulu kaanivaarito charchinchadaaniki nishedhinchabadina sambhaashana amsamgaa chestundi, mariyu daani chuttoo bahiranga sambhaashanhanu shande yokka chattabaddhatanu mariyu daani naitika bodhanalanu prasninchinatlu ardham chesukovacchu.
bandham.
adavilo sudeerghakaalam gadipina anubhavam mariyu shastrachikitsa pramaadam ammayilanu oka samanvaya saamaajika samuuhamgaa bandhistundi. bush paatasaala kaalamlo, prati ammai kutumbam pedda mottamlo aaharaanni pampavalasi untundi mariyu prati raatri paata mariyu nrutyam untundi. paatalu saadhaaranamgaa sande samaajaaniki sambandhinchina bodhanaa kudya chattaalatho mugustaayi. deeksha chesina taruvaata, sabhyulu pedda saamskrutika gurtimpu yokka anubhootini pondutaaru. sande samaajamloki pravesinchadam anedi oka mahila yokka saamaajika hodha ledhaa sthaanaaniki chaalaa bhinnamgaa untundi, mariyu idhi aame jeevitamlo yea samayamloonainaa aakarshinchagala gurtimpu mariyu samajam.
sandelo sabhyatvam anedi sabhyulu tama kumartelaku andinche jeevitakaala gurtimpu. eee bandham dwara, pattanamlo saantini kapadukovadam kooda mahilalaku neerpistaaru. oka purushudu oka sandway mahilanu dooshisthe ledhaa avamaanisthe, sandway dharinchina yea itara mahila athanitho maatlaadadu. purushulu line nundi bayataku vachinappudu sambhavinche takshana saamaajika bahishkarana kaaranamgaa, deeksha samayamlo sambhavinche balamaina bandhaala aadhaaramgaa gramallo javaabudaareetanam yantraamgaalanu srushtinche adhikaram mahilalaku undhi.
tirigi samaajaaniki.
vaari deeksha mugimpulo, baalikalanu aacharabaddhamgaa kadukkuni, vivaahayogyulaina peddalugaa samaajaaniki tirigi pamputaaru. vaaru tama atyuttama dustulu dharinchi adavi nundi bayatapadataru, kotta paerlu vaari kottagaa saadhinchina vayojana hodaanu mariyu vaari vyaktitvaanni suuchistaayi (antey.ii. rank) association yokka aachara sopanakramamlo. konni praantaalalo, dantaala roopamlo secottrization anedi baalikalanu atavee aatma mingivesi, ippudu vaarini samaajaaniki tirigi teesukuvacchindane abhipraayaaniki (praarambhinchani vaari abhiprayam) maddatu istundi; ayinappatikee maranam mariyu punarjanma chitraalu sandhe deeksha yokka saarvatrika lakshanam kaadu.
deeksha taruvaata jarige vedukanu graduation vedukatho polchavachhu. deekshaarthulandaroo tellati patthi dustulu mariyu thala musugulu dharinchi untaaru, mariyu vaaru samaajamlooni prati okkaroo chuudataaniki paadataaru mariyu nrutyam chestaaru. aaa tarvaata, prati garvamgaa praarambhinchaedi aame kutumbam mariyu snehitulato kalisi nilabadi, aame mallee praarambhinchaalsina avasaram ledani soochinche dustulanu dharinchi untundi. marusati roeju, baalikalu nischalamgaa kuurchuni sweeya niyantrananu roopondistaaru, marikondaru tama vijayanni jarupukuntaaru. purushulu praarambhamaina ammayilapai bhavishyat vadhuvuluga tama aasaktini vyaktam chestaaru mariyu vaari kanyatvam mariyu vishwaasyata yokka dharmalanu jarupukuntaaru.
sande samaajamlo, eee kotta prarambhakulu atyalpa hodaanu kaligi untaaru, conny vaaru peddayyaaka hodaanu pondutaaru. shande lopala sopanakramam gopyata mariyu vayassu rendintipai aadharapadi untundi, mariyu paatha sabhyulu yuva sabhyula kante ekkuva rahasya gnaanaanni kaligi untaaru. eee ammayilu samaajamlo marinta nimajjanam avutuu, mantrasani mariyu aushadha pani vanti viluvaina naipunhyaalanu pondadamtho, vaaru samaajamlo marinta viluvainavaaru avutaaru.
sanketha ardham.
gedrez (1986) prakaram, oka vaipu graamam (public) mariyu adavi (rahasya) sthalam, mariyu puurveekula samayam (pavitram) mariyu prastuta (apavitram) vanti aneka praadaesika mariyu loukika vyatirekatalapai sandhe deeksha acharalu kendrikrutamai unnaayi. praarambhamlo pillala nundi peddavaariki naitika parivartana moodu dasallo (anubhavam laeni> kanya> vaduvu) jarugutundi, idhi pattanamlo ledhaa graamamlo bahiranga macchalu, charmam tolagimpu mariyu/ledhaa shareera kutlu dwara gurtinchabadutundi. eee pradarsanalaku mukhya chihnam puurveekula raajyamaina neeti dwara praarambhinchae roopaka udyamam.
liberialo pratyaekamaina masking sampradaayaalu.
paschima aafrikaalo mahilalu saadhaaranamgaa musugulu dharincharu, conny eee praantamloo mahilalu sandlo upayoginchadaaniki chaalaa ekkuva mariyu atyanta mukhyamaina kalapa musugulu utpatti cheyabadataayi. aneka rakaala musugulu, konni chekkatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, conny chaalaa varaku tholu, bochu mariyu vastramtho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, pratiroopam maga deeksha samajam, porotho kalipi upayoginchabadataayi. eee samajalalo upayoginche musugulu eee praantam antataa saadhaarana vigraharadhana lakshanaalanu kaligi untaayi, ayithe prati musugunu sthaanika poro ledhaa sande samaja adhyaayaalatho sambandham kaligi unnatlu nammutunna aadhyaatmika saktiki anugunamgaa oka vyakti paeru dwara pilustaaru.
mende/vai helmet mask yokka vigraharadhana.
tarachugaa "bandu" anie kooda piluvabade eee rakamaina musugu, sthreethvamloki vijayavantamaina parivartananu jarupukune deeksha vedukalalo dharistaaru. mende samaajamlo, "sovo" anae padam mahilala rahasya samaajaaniki praatinidhyam vahinche atindriya astitvaanni mariyu aatma thana uniki mariyu saktitoe pettubadi pette nalla maanava aakruti helmet musugu mariyu nalla rafia kappabadina sariiraanni kaligi unna musugu nrutyakaarudini suuchistumdi."
baalikala deeksha vedukalalo musugu kanipinchadamtho paatu, mukhyamaina pramukhula sandarsanalu mariyu mukhyamaina nayakula pattaabhishekaalu mariyu antyakriyala vanti mukhyamaina poura kaaryakramaalanu gurtinchadaaniki "sovo" kooda bahirangamgaa kanipistundi. eee sandarbhaalalo, aame uniki mahilaa corporate samstha yokka aikyata mariyu balaanni alaage sandhe yokka raajakeeya praamukhyatanu samajampai aakattukune sadhanam."
dubinscas prakaram, mende eee krindi amsaalanu kaligi unnappudu, chakkaga chekkina "sovo" musugu "niande" ("manchi", "andamgaa", "andamaina" mariyu soundaryaparamgaa "aahlaadakaramainadi") anie chebutaaru, veetilo pratidaaniki sanketha ardham untundih
adanamgaa, musugu kallu konchem peddavigaa undaali (ghnaanam mariyu gnaanaanni suuchistumdi), ayithe musugu yokka mukku mariyu noru maanava parimaanam kante konchem chinnaviga undaali (mende streelinga andam gurinchi charcha kosam).
eee musugu streetvam yokka aadarsaalanu mariyu stree soundaryam yokka aadarsha chitraanni suuchistumdani, prati okka mahila verses asaadhaarana shakti kaligina stree, andaruu korukunnappatiki kontamandi unnatavargaalu saadhinchaarani dubinscas raasaaru. anduvalla, musugu "samaajamlo saampradaaya stree paatra namuunaalu mariyu mahilalu sthiramgaa kakapoyina, kaneesam kramam tappakunda mariyu saadhaaranamgaa taginantagaa andubaatulo unna vaastava raajakeeya mariyu aardhika shakti madhya vairudhyaalanu kaligi untundi mariyu madhyavartitvam chestundi."
shande mariyu poro samaajaala madhya sambandham.
eee praantam antataa, purushulu mariyu mahilala linga paatrala paripuurakata-vyavasayam, vastra utpatti mariyu sangeeta pradarsanalu vanti vibhina karyakalapalalo spashtamgaa kanipistundi-puurti vyakteekaranaku cherukuntundi. mahilala shande mariyu purushula poro sanghaalu varusaga moodu mariyu naalugu samvatsaraala kaalaaniki "bhoomi" (sahaja mariyu atindriya prapanchaalanu aalinganam chesukune bhavana) paie raajakeeya mariyu aachara niyantrananu pratyamnaayamgaa nirvahistaayi. shande saarvabhoumaadhikaaram samayamlo, purushula samaajamlooni anni sankethaalu bahishkarinchabadataayi.
eee moodu samvatsaraala kaalam mugimpulo, shande naayakatvam maroe naalugu samvatsaraala paatu poro samaajamlooni daani sahacharulaku bhoomini "appagistundi", mariyu vishraanti kaalam tarvaata aachara chakram mallee praarambhamavutundi. mahilalu mariyu purushulaku varusaga moodu mariyu naalugu samvatsaraala prarambha chakralu, prajalu, pradaesaalu mariyu sanghatanala lingaanni suuchimchadaaniki moodu mariyu naalugu sankhyalanu vistrutamgaa upayoginchadaaniki oka udaaharana; mottam sankhyalu edu samanam, eee praantam antataa oka pavitra sankhya.
sande mariyu poro samaajaala paraspara anusandhaana swabhaavam kaaranamgaa, mahilalu viluvaina mariyu avasaramaina samaja nayakuluga pariganinchabadataaru. purushulu mariyu mahilalu sampoorna "samaanulu" gaa pariganhinchabadanappatiki, sande samajam samajampai pedda aadhipatyaanni kaligi undhi mariyu samaja sangharshana parishkaaramlo juulu oka samagra paatra poeshistaayi. bhoomi yokka shande naayakatvam samayamlo, purushulu shande bush yokka vaipula brush chesi, bush paatasaalaku aatidhyam ichhe gudisenu nirmistaaru, antekakunda praarambhakula bhadrata mariyu bhadrata anni samayaallo nirvahinchabadutundani nirdhaarinchukondi. purushulu sande bushloni ammayilanu vivaham chesukuntanani vaagdaanam cheyabadinanduna naayakatvam marinappudu sande samajam pratidee chusukuntondani nirdhaarinchukovadamlo chaalaa shraddha vahistaaru. eee vidhamgaa, shande mariyu poro sanghaalu rahasya acharalu konasagela kalisi panicheestaayi. mahilalu fgm paddhatulaku naayakatvam vahistunnatlu kanipistundagaa, samaajamlo daani gowravaanni konasaaginchadaaniki purushulu kooda mukhyamaina raajakeeya paatralu poeshistaaru.
poro mariyu sande samajalu rendintikee graamam chuttoo pavitramaina mariyu rahasya atavee praantaalu unnaayi, akkada vaaru tama deeksha vedukalanu nirvahistaaru. atikramanadaarulu pravesiste kathinamgaa sikshinchabadataaru, mariyu vaari pravaesaaniki enimidi nundi padhi adugula kanche untundi.
liberialo sande samajam yokka raajakeeya mariyu aardhika prabhavam.
liberialo sande samajam pedda raajakeeya, saamaajika, vidya, aardhika paatra poeshistumdi. 17va sataabdam nundi daani prarambha aachaaraalato sahaa sande acharalu namodu cheyabaddaayi. jaateeya samacharam liberialoni shande samaajaala digumatini konasaaginchindi, endukante 16 tegalalo 13 mandhi muslim mariyu kraistava samajalu mariyu uttara-madhya mariyu vaayuvya praantaalalo sagaaniki paiga mahilalu ippatikee fgmnu abhyasistunnaru. liberialoni aneka graameena samajalapai sande samajam yokka bhaarii prabhavam phalitamgaa, sthaanika sthaayilo prabhavam mariyu adhikaranni saadhinchadaaniki samaajamloki pravesinchadam avasaram. sande ledhaa poro societyla nundi vaidolagaalani enchukune kutumbaalanu saamaajika bahishkrutulugaa mariyu naitika papuluga pariganistaaru, mariyu yea graama nirnayam teesukovadamlo palgonaleru.
jose yokka aardhika prabhavam.
jooe gaa undatam ellappuduu goppa gowravam mariyu aardhika pratiphalamtho vastundi. udaaharanaku, baanisa vaanijyam samayamlo, juulu 'bush' paatasaalalanu mahilalanu europeanlaku vikrayinchadaaniki oka maargamgaa upayoginchaaru, mariyu laabhaalanu tama kosam unchukunnaaru. sande samaajamlo vaari nayakatva paatra nundi jose pedda aardhika prayojanaalanu pondadam konasagistunnaru. bush' paatasaalalu rusumu vasoolu chestaayi mariyu turnovernu penchadaaniki juulu vaati podavunu tagginchaayi. sambandhita kharchula kaaranamgaa tallidandrulu tama pillalanu bush paatasaala ledhaa graama paatasaalalaku pampadam madhya enchukovadam asaadhaaranam kaadu. okasari tama pillalanu bush paatasaalaku pampinchaalani nirnayinchukunna tarvaata, tallidandrulu juice pheejulu chellinchadamlo viphalamaithe, vaari pillalanu tirigi anumatinchakapovachhu. juice graamamlo baalikalaku shrama mariyu sevalanu niyantristundi kabatti, vaaru garbham mariyu prasava samayamlo vaari aadhyaatmika maddatu ledhaa sahayam kosam rusumu kooda vasoolu chestaaru.
sthaanika, jaateeya rajakeeyaalapai sandhe prabhavam.
1924 nundi rajakeeyamgaa, shande mariyu poro samajalu adhikaarika prabhutva nibandhanala dwara rakshinchabaddaayi. adhikaram kosam pootii padutunna raajakeeya nayakulu chattabaddhatanu pondadaaniki poro samaajamloki pravesinchaalani koraru. desavyaaptamgaa samajalanu niyantrinchadam, alaage sthaanika pootii nundi vaarini rakshinchadam prabhutva antargata vyavahaaraala mantritva saakha pani. pani liberian antaryuddham mugisina taruvaata, shande mariyu poro samajalu vanti saamskrutika sampradaayaalaku maddatu ivvadampai mariyu ennikala prachaaraala samayamlo vaari nayakulanu aadarinchadampai prabhutvam kendra drushtini punaruddharinchindi. jose gananeeyamaina sthaanika adhikaram mariyu prabhavanni kaligi unnanduna, raajakeeya nayakulu graameena maddatunu pondadaaniki tarachugaa vaatini upayogistaaru. liberialoni saampradaaya adhikaarula pratinidhi samstha ayina jaateeya nayakulu mariyu peddala mandaliki (enn. sii. sii. ii) shande mariyu poro nayakulu naayakatvam vahistaaru mariyu desavyaaptamgaa antargata vyavahaaraalaku, alaage rashtra prabhutvaaniki kooda salaha paatranu poeshistaaru. antargata vyavahaaraala saakha mantri daa. henrique tokpa, aneka liberian raajakeeya nayakula maadirigaane, liberialoni anni saampradaaya nayakulu mariyu juustoe kalisi panicheyadam konasaagistaanani mariyu vaari aacharalanu parirakshistaanani vaagdaanam chesaaru.
shande mariyu fgm-sambandhita vishayalu.
eee sampradaayaala chuttoo unna charchalo stree jananendri vichhedanam (fgm) samasya pradhanamgaa undhi. desamloni girijana nayakula chairman momo kiazolu nokkicheppinatlugaa, "liberiaku [fgm] konasagadam chaalaa mukhyam endukante adhi mana samskruti. bahusha prajalu idhi hanikaram anie cheppi, vaaru dheni gurinchi matladutunnaro teliyadu."sthaanika jaateeya sthaayi rajakeeyaalalo sande samajam yokka samagra paatra phalitamgaa, liberialo fgm paddhatulanu parimitam cheyadaaniki prayatninchina chattam chaalaa varaku asamarthamgaa undhi. udaaharanaku, himsa liberia prabhutvam shande nayakula licensulanu nilipivesinatlu prakatinchindi, ayithe eee charya unnappatikee fgm adhe retutho konasaagindi. adanamgaa, adanamgaa fgmnu nishedhinche nibandhanatho gruha himsa billunu pratipaadinchinappudu, juice graameena samajalalo tama aadhipatyaanni upayoginchukuni, daanini billu nundi tolaginchelaa chusaru, teerpunu mariyu daani anubandha raajakeeya nayakulanu nirasinchadaaniki vaari sabhyulanu sameekarinchaaru. sameekarinchaaru, maajee adhyakshudu ellen johnson surleaf executive arder arder santakam chesaaru, idhi fgmnu oke samvatsaram paatu tatkalikamga nishedhinchindi. ayithe, eee billu daani paridhiloo teevramgaa parimitam cheyabadindi mariyu 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna baalikalaku matrame vartistundi mariyu nerasthulaku sunnitamaina jarimaanaalanu vidhinchindi. phalitamgaa, idhi desavyaaptamgaa fgm paddhatulanu tagginchadamlo peddagaa pani cheyaledu. liberian janabhalo daadaapu moodinta rendu vantula mandhi raajakeeya prabhaavamtho unnanduna, shande adhikaranni bedirinche yea chattanni jaateeya sthaayilo aamodinchalemu.
shande yokka balamaina raajakeeya mariyu saamaajika prabhavam unnappatikee, fgm mariyu sande samaja paddhatula praabalyam taggutondani konni dayta suuchistunnaayi. U nirvahinchina 2019-20 janabha mariyu aarogya survey prakaram.ess. liberialo 15 nundi 49 samvatsaraala vayassu gala baalikalu mariyu mahilalalo 38 saatam mandhi eff. zii. emm. kuu gurayyaru. idhi 45-49-yella mahilallo 72.4% mariyu 20-24-yella mahilallo 39.8% praabalyam nundi spashtamaina ksheenata. edemaina, shande samajalu tama saamskrutika prabhavam mariyu sabhyatvaanni kolpovadam dheeniki neerugaa kaaranam kaadani, mariyu medialo mariyu prabhutvam dwara perigina fgm vyatiraeka sandeshaala kaaranamgaa takkuva nivedinchadam gurinchi marinta suuchimchavachchu. graameena praantaallo nivasinche mahilallo (52.3%), mukhyamgaa pattana praantaallo nivasinche vaaritho (29.9%) poliste eee paddhati vistrutamgaa undhi. idhi vaayuvya (68.3%) mariyu uttara madhya (54.2%) praantaalalo ekkuvagaa undhi. samajam yokka rahasya swabhaavam mariyu fgm vanti daani paddhatula gurinchi matladinanduku prateekaaram teerchukune vistrutamgaa unna bhayala kaaranamgaa sandelo palgonna mahilala sankhya ledhaa daani taatkaalikata gurinchi khachitamaina ganaamkaalu laevu. phalitamgaa, eee sankhyalu takkuvagaa nivedinchabade avakaasam undhi.
sande samajampai vimarsalu.
liberia saamskrutika nirmaanamloo sande samajam antarbhaagamainappatiki, idhi vistruta pariseelananu kooda edurkondi. sthaanika paatasaalallo baalikala namodu valla kalige pratikuula prabhavalu, fgm sadhana, deekshaku vayassu parimiti lekapovadam, sabhyulu kaanivaarini balavantamgaa praarambhinchadam vanti punaraavruta kesulu pradhana vimarsalalo unnaayi.
unnaayi, linga mariyu abhivruddhi mantritva saakha/anfa adhyayanamlo, sande loe palgonadam valla baalikalu paatasaala nundi tappukune avakaasam perigindani kanugonnaru. paatasaala pheejula kante sandhe prarambha rusumulaku praadhaanyata istunnatlu tallidandrulu nivedinchaaru. adanamgaa, paatasaala samvatsaramlo bush paatasaala jariginappudu, chaalaa mandhi baalikalu aneka vaaraala paatu taragatula nundi vaidolagaalsi vastundi mariyu tarachugaa tirigi raaru.
maanavataavaadi mariyu streevaada kaaryakartalu shande yokka fgm paddhatulanu mariyu mahilala aarogyam mariyu swechchaku idhi kaliginche pramaadaalanu samasyaatmakamgaa marcharu. sande sanghaalalo pravesam kosam sammati vayassu gurinchi aandolana vyaktam cheyabadindi. iddaru chinnapillalanu bush paatasaalaku pampaaru. prajaarogya nyaayavaadulu kooda fgm prakriya kosam samrakshana tarvaata paddhatulapai aandolana vyaktam chesaaru. podha yokka maarumuula mariyu vivikta swabhaavam kaaranamgaa, samasyalu talettite juice baalikalanu sameepamloni klinikku teesukelle avakaasam ledhu. adanamgaa, krimirahitam cheyani parikaraalu sthaanika sankramana, sepsis mariyu maranaaniki kooda pramaadaanni kaligistaayi.
chivaraga, sabhyulu kaanivaarini balavantamgaa shande praarambhinchadam vanti sandarbhaalu punaraavrutamavutunnaayi, avi mamuluga sikshinchabadavu. sande samaajamlo tama bhoomipai adugu pette evarainaa vaari niyamaalaku kattubadi undaalani oka niyamam undhi. phalitamgaa, saampradaaya acharala gurinchi teliyani aparichitulanu balavantamgaa kidnap chesi, praarambhistaaru. eee prati sandarbhamlo, sande sabhyulapai edainaa tappu chesinatlu bhaavinchinanduku fgm sikshagaa upayoginchabadutundi. udaaharanaku, udaaharanaku, oka kesu jaateeya mukhyamsaalugaa maarindi, endukante sande sabhyulu aiduguru baalikalanu kidnap chesi, bahiranga allarlu mariyu pavitra bhoomipai asleela bhashanu upayoginchaarani vacchina aaropanala kaaranamgaa vaarini balavantamgaa praarambhinchaaru.
liberian kaaryakartalu mariyu paatrikeyulapai himsa.
himsa sande fgm paddhatulapai nivedinchinanduku journalistu mae ajango aneka shande society mahilala nundi marana bedirimpulanu andukunnaru. fgm liberialo asthiramaina mariyu nishiddhamaina charchaneeyaamsamgaa pariganinchabadutundi, mariyu antarjaateeya sahaya samsthalu kooda vaari pani gurinchi bahirangamgaa maatlaadataaniki niraakaristaayi. liberian sahaya brundam director prakaram, "idhi chaalaa sunnitamaina samasya, mariyu memu maa sibbandi mariyu bhaagaswaamula bhadrata mariyu bhadratanu gouravistunnamani nirdhaarinchukovaali.anie.

