
paaradarsakata (pravartana)

sains, injaneering, vyaparam mariyu maanaveeya saastraalalo vistarinchina neetigaa, paaradarsakata anedi itarulaku yea charyalu nirvahinchabadutunnaayo sulabhamgaa chuse vidhamgaa panichestondi. paaradarsakata anedi nishkaapatyata, communication mariyu javaabudaareetanaanni suuchistumdi.
companylu, samsthalu, paripalanalu mariyu sanghaalalo paaradarsakata aacharanalo undhi. udaaharanaku, oka vyapara sambandhamlo, praarambhamlo paaradarsaka agent dwara rusumulu spashtam cheyabadataayi, kabatti taruvaata etuvanti aascharyakaramainavi undavu. idhi "paaradarsakata laeni" eee samacharanni daachadaaniki vyatiraekam. paaradarsakataku aacharanaatmaka udaaharana emitante, cashier oka point off sael tarvaata maarpulu chesinappudu; vaaru konugolu chesina vastuvula lavadevila rikaardunu andistaaru (udhaa.zii., raseedu) alaage viniyogadaarula maarpunu lekkinchandi. 
samachara bhadratalo, paaradarsakata antey uddesinchina paniteerunu addukokunda undataaniki rahasyamaina, antarleena yantraamgaalanu daachadam-daadaapu vyatiraeka bhaavam. idhi pradhanamgaa uddeshapoorvakamgaa gurtinchaleni ledhaa veekshanha nundi daachina bhadrata yantraamgaalanu suuchistumdi. chhalenj-hanned shake praamaaneekarana protocol yokka remot rii-praamaaneekarana karyakalapalanu viniyogadaaru nundi daachadam vanti viniyogadaaru vaari panini cheyadaaniki telusukovalasina avasaram laeni upayogaalu mariyu saadhanaalanu daachadam udaaharanalalo unnaayi.
vaetanaalu.
norway mariyu sweedanlalo, pannu adhikarulu etaa "scatellist", "taxerings collendorn" ledhaa "pannu jabita" nuu vidudala chestaaru; daadaapu prati pannu chellimpudaarula vaarshika aadaayam mariyu mottam sampadanu choopinche adhikaarika recordulu.
hankangloni nibandhanala prakaram byaankulu tama atyadhika aadaayaanni aarjinchevaarini-vaari paeru pettakunda-pae byaand dwara jabita cheyali.
2009loe, spanish prabhutvam modatisaarigaa prati cabinet sabhyudi nikara viluvapai samacharanni vidudala chesindi, ayithe saadhaarana pourula dayta praivetgaa untundi. prastutam, ennikaina adhikarulu tama nikara viluvanu vaarshika praatipadikana velladinchaalsi untundi.
oka alikhita pramaanam prakaram american raajakeeya nayakulu tama pannu returnulanu, mukhyamgaa adhyaksha padavi kosam pootii chesevaaru vidudala cheyali. 2016 adhyaksha ennikala pracharam samayamlo, donald trump vaarini vidudala cheyadaaniki niraakarinchi, 47 yella naati aacharaanni ullanghinchaaru, conny ippatikee ennikayyaaru.
nirvahana.
samoola paaradarsakata anedi daadaapu anni nirnayaalu bahirangamgaa teesukune nirvahana paddhati. anni musaida patraalu, pratipaadanaku anukuulamgaa mariyu vyatiraekamgaa anni vaadanalu, anni tudi nirnayaalu mariyu nirnayam teesukune prakriya bahirangamgaa cheyabadataayi mariyu bahirangamgaa archive cheyabadataayi. internet perugudalato eee vidhanam prajaadarana pondindi. eee sailini upayoginche samsthalaku rendu udaaharanalu linux community mariyu indemedia.
corporate paaradarsakata, samoola paaradarsakata yokka oka roopam, corporate samacharam mariyu chattalu, niyamaalu, saamaajika sahajeevanam mariyu prakriyalaku uchita mariyu sulabhamaina praja praapyataku anni addamkulanu tolaginche bhavana, idhi swechchagaa chaeradaaniki, abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki mariyu meruguparachadaaniki vyaktulu mariyu kaarporeshanlanu sulabhataram chestundi mariyu rakshistundi.
prabhutvetara samsthalu.
prabhutvetara samsthalaku (engo) javaabudaareetanam mariyu paaradarsakata adhika praamukhyata kaligi untaayi. daatalu, spaansarlu, programme labdhidaarulu, sibbandi, rashtraalu mariyu prajalatho sahaa vaataadaarulaku vaari baadhyatalanu drushtilo unchukuni, vaaru vaanijya samsthala kante vaariki marinta mukhyamainaviga pariganinchabadataaru. ayinappatikee idhe viluvalu tarachugaa engiolalo levani kanugonabadindi.
global reporting choravatho anusandhaaninchabadina "international engio accountability charter", javaabudaareetanam mariyu paaradarsakata patla daani sabhyula antarjaateeya engiola nibaddhatanu namodu chestundi, vaaru vaarshika nivedikanu samarpinchaalsina avasaram undhi. 2006loe manavata hakkula rangamlo churukuga unna 11 engiolu santakam chesina ingo javaabudaareetanam chaartarnu "laabhaapekshaleni rangaaniki modati prapancha javaabudaareetanam charter" gaa paerkonnaaru. 1997loe, vann varald trust "engio charter" nuu roopondinchindi, idhi javaabudaareetanam mariyu paaradarsakata patla nibaddhatato kuudina pravartanaa niyamaavali.
media.
media paaradarsakata anedi vividha maargaala dwara samacharanni elaa, enduku teliyajeyaalo nirnayinche bhavana.
anni adhikarulu mariyu county paripaalanalo emi jarugutundo media mariyu prajalaku teliste, media mariyu prajala nundi chaalaa prasnalu, nirasanalu mariyu suuchanalu vastaayi. oka nirdishta samasyapai aasakti unna vyaktulu nirnayaalanu prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki prayatnistaaru. paaradarsakata anedi raajakeeya prakriyalalo media mariyu prajala rojuvaaree bhagaswamyanni srushtistundi. raajakeeya prakriyalalo rojuvaaree bhagaswamyanni penchadaaniki upayoginche oka sadhanam samachara chattam mariyu abhyardhanala swechcha. aadhunika prajaswamyam prajalu mariyu media atuvanti bhaagaswaamyampai nirmistundi.
aasakti unna evarikainaa, samaajamlooni anni sthaayilalo nirnayaalanu prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki aneka margalu unnaayi.
rajakeeyaalu.
nirnayam teesukune prakriyanu pariseelinchae hakku mariyu maargaalanu paaradarsakata antaaru.
rajakeeyaalalo, prabhutva adhikaarulanu javaabudaareegaa unchadaaniki mariyu avineetiki vyatiraekamgaa pooraadataaniki paaradarsakatanu oka saadhanamgaa upayogistaaru. prabhutva samavesalu patrikalu mariyu prajalaku terichi unnappudu, daani budjetlanu evarainaa sameekshinchavachhu, mariyu daani chattalu mariyu nirnayaalu charchaku terichi untaayi, adhi paaradarsakamgaa kanipistundi. ayithe, adhikarulu tama sonta prayojanaala kosam vyavasthanu durviniyogam cheyadaaniki idhi takkuva avakaasaanni kalpistunda anedi spashtamgaa teliyadu.
sainika adhikarulu tama pranaalikalanu rahasyamgaa vargeekarinchinappudu, paaradarsakata undadu. dheenini sanukoolamgaa ledhaa pratikuulamgaa chudavachu; endukante idhi jaateeya bhadratanu penchutundi, pratikuulamgaa endukante idhi avineetiki daariteestundi mariyu teevramaina sandarbhaallo sainika niyantrutvaaniki daariteestundi.
udaara prajaswamyam anedi plutocracy kaavacchu, ikkada nirnayaalu taalam vesina talupula venuka teesukobadataayi mariyu ennikala madhya rajakeeyaalanu prabhaavitam chese avakaasaalu prajalaku takkuvagaa untaayi, ayithe bhaagaswaamya prajaswamyam prajala sankalpamtho marinta daggari sambandham kaligi untundi. paaradarsakata mariyu rojuvaaree bhaagaswaamyampai nirminchina bhaagaswaamya prajaswamyam uttara airopalo dasabdaluga adhikarikamga upayoginchabadutondi. uttara european desham sweedanlo, prabhutva patraalaku prajala pravesam 1766 lone oka chattamgaa maarindi. migilina european union dwara prayatninchadaaniki idhi adhikarikamga aadarsamgaa sweekarinchabadindi, idhi samachara swechcha chattalu mariyu lobby paaradarsakata kosam chattalu vanti charyalaku daariteesindi.
rajakeeyaalalo paaradarsakatanu prothsahinchadaaniki, hohns peater martin, paal vaan beautenen (european transparant) mariyu yashley mote 2005loe paaradarsakata (pft) paerita sahakarinchaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru. paaradarsakatanu prothsahinche ilanti samsthalu antarjaateeya paaradarsakata mariyu suuryarashmi punaadi.
paaradarsakata kosam demandlatho kalisi udbhavinchina iteevali raajakeeya udyamam pirate party, idhi samachara swechcha, pratyaksha prajaswamyam, network tatasthata mariyu gnaanaanni swechchagaa panchukoovadaanni samarthinche vividha deshaalalo aneka raajakeeya paarteelaku oka label.
online samskruti.
21va sataabdapu samskruti munupennadoo laenamtagaa adhika sthaayi praja paaradarsakatanu andistundi, vaastavaaniki idhi chaalaa sandarbhaallo avasaram. aadhunika saanketikata mariyu anubandha samskruti maarpulu prabhutvam panichese vidhananni marchai (wikileaks chudandi), prajalu okarinokaru gurinchi yea samacharanni telusukovacchu mariyu vaaru laingika kumbhakonalalo palgonte raajakeeya nayakulu padaviloe undagala saamarthyaanni marchai. digital viplavam kaaranamgaa, prajalaku ikapai praja samacharam antey emito adhika sthaayi niyantrana undadu, idhi paaradarsakata mariyu gopyata viluvala madhya udriktataku daariteestundi. 
online sevalalo "vyapara namuunaa paaradarsakata" anae bhavana anedi companylu dayta sekarana mariyu daani monetisation yokka swabhaavaanni entha varaku bahirgatam chestayo suuchistumdi. eee paaradarsakata viniyogadaaru sevanu sweekarinchadaanni neerugaa prabhaavitam cheyanappatiki, pootii digital prakruti drushyamlo idhi keelakamaina bhedamgaa maarutundani parisoedhana suuchistumdi. 
parisoedhana.
parisoedhana yokka konni ledhaa anni sambandhita amsaalu open soars, open access mariyu open dayta anae ardhamlo open ayinatlayithe, edainaa vidya vibhaagamlo panditya parisoedhananu (paakshikamgaa) paaradarsaka (ledhaa open research) gaa kooda gurtinchavacchu, tadwara adhi parishkarinchina vishayaalapai aasakti unna itarulu parisoedhana mariyu pratiroopam chesina panditula saamaajika gurtimpu mariyu javaabudaareetanaanni sulabhataram chestundi.
kontamandi ganita saastravettalu mariyu saastravettalu ganita rujuvula kosam ganita shaastram vanti closed soars ganita softwarenu upayoginchadaanni vimarsinchaaru, endukante ivi paaradarsakatanu andinchavu, anduvalla dhruveekarinchabadavu. sagemat vanti open soars software eee samasyanu parishkarinchadame lakshyamgaa pettukundi.
saanketikata.
computer software prapanchamlo, open soars software software srushtiki sambandhinchinadi, dheeniki antarleena soars kodku praapyata uchitamgaa andubaatulo untundi. idhi parimiti lekunda upayogam, adhyayanam mariyu savaranalanu anumatistundi.
computer bhadratalo, bhadrata durbalatvaalanu puurtigaa bahirgatam cheyadam yokka saapeksha yogyatala gurinchi, bhadrata-dwara-aspashtata vidhanam gurinchi charcha konasagutondi.
maanava-computer paraspara charyalo bhinnamaina (bahusha daadaapu vyatiraeka) paaradarsakata bhaavam undhi, dheenilo maarpu tarvaata oka vyavastha daani antargata pravartananu marchetappudu daani munupati bahya interfaceku veelainanta varaku kattubadi untundi. antey, maarpu gamaninchabadakapothe vyavasthalo maarpu daani viniyogadaarulaku paaradarsakamgaa untundi.
kreedalu.
gatha sataabdamloo kreedalu prapancha vyapaaramgaa marai, ikkada kooda, tappanisari maadakadravyaala pareeksha nundi kreedala sambandhita avineetiki vyatiraekamgaa poraatam varaku itara rangaalalo paaradarsaka karyakalapala aadhaaramgaa charyalu oopandukuntunnay.
vimarsha.
sigmund frayid, friedrich neetsche ("satyam mariyu anaitika konamlo abaddham") nuu anusaristuu, apasmaraka sthithilo unnavaari addupade paniteeru kaaranamgaa paaradarsakata asadhyam anie kramam tappakunda vaadistaaru.
paaradarsakata aalochananu pariseelinchina taatvika mariyu saahitya rachanalalo michel foucault yokka "kramasikshana mariyu siksha" ledhaa david brin yokka "paaradarsaka samajam" unnaayi. german tatwavetta mariyu media siddhaantakarta ayina byung-chull hohn, thana 2012 rachana "transparengesphals" loe, paaradarsakatanu nava udaaravaada market saktulu srushtinchina saamskrutika pramaanamgaa chuustaaru, dheenini athanu asleelata sarihaddulo swachchanda bahirgatam vaipu teerani drivega ardham chesukuntadu. hohn prakaram, paaradarsakata yokka aadesaalu siggu, gopyata mariyu nammakam vanti itara saamaajika viluvala vyayamtho nirankusatvapu nirankusa vyavasthanu amalu chestaayi. avineeti rajakeeyaalanu suuchistunnanduna, prajaasvaamya vyatiraeka carle shmitnu suuchistunnanduna ayana thana bhavanala kosam vimarsinchabaddaaru.
maanava saastravettalu bahirgatamaina mariyu daachina ghnaanaala madhya sambandhaanni jatiparamga chalakalamga anveshinchaaru mariyu eee roeju javaabudaareetanam, paaradarsakata mariyu kutra siddhaantaalu mariyu paddhatulaku sambandhinchi eee amsaanni ekkuvagaa teesukunnaru. udaaharanaku, pasipillala sanders mariyu harry west, bahirgatamaina mariyu daachina praantaalaku okadaanikokati avasaramani matrame kakunda, aacharanalo paaradarsakata anedi adhi tolagistundani cheppukune apaaradarsakatalanu utpatti chestundani kooda suuchistunnaayi.
clair birchal, christina garsten, micheal flyverbum, emmanuel alova mariyu maark fenster, itarulatoe paatu, paaradarsakataku sambandhinchina nirdishta sampradaayaalanu savaalu cheyadaaniki prayatninche "klishtamaina paaradarsakata adhyayanala" siralo vraastaaru. oka vyaasamlo, birchal "paaradarsakata yokka aarohana raajakeeya aalochananu, mukhyamgaa paaschaatya soshalistulu mariyu maarpu kosam avakaasaalanu sadviniyogam chesukovadaniki poraadutunna radicals kosam, oka aadarsamgaa parimitam chestunda" anie anchanaa vaesaaru. open dayta chorava dwara "dayta preneurial" karyakalapalanu prothsahinchadam anedi avtsource anie, paalinche mariyu prabhutvaala madhya raajakeeya oppandaaniki antaraayam kaligistundani aame vaadinchaaru. prabhutva dayta aadhaarita paaradarsakata yokka aadhipatya namuunaa nijamaina pratyaamnaayaala madhya asammati rangamgaa rajakeeyaala avakaasaanni tagginche nava udaaravaada aatmaasrayatalanu utpatti chestundani aame aandolana chendutunnaru. nava udaaravaada paaradarsakataku pratyamnaayamgaa radikal vamapakshalu rahasyamtho kalisi panicheyaalani mariyu rahasyanni tirigi kanugonaalani korukovachani aame suuchistunnaaru.
oxford vishwavidyaalayam mariyu warwick business school parisoedhakulu vaidya samrakshana rangamlo paaradarsakata kooda gananeeyamaina analochita parinaamaalanu kaligistundani kanugonnaru. gerry mcgivern mariyu maikhel dii fisher "media kalladdaalu" mariyu paaradarsaka niyantranalanu kalipi "adbhutamaina paaradarsakata" nuu srushtinchaarani kanugonnaru, idhi vaidyula abhyaasampai konni vikruta prabhavalanu chooputundi mariyu vaidyulu mariyu vaari sibbandilo rakshanaatmaka pravartananu penchutundi. adevidhamgaa, naalugu samvatsaraala samsthaagata adhyayanamlo, clinical risk management sandarbhamlo paaradarsakata naitika pravartananu anagadokkadaaniki viruddhamgaa panichestundani, idhi samsthaagata sankshobhaaniki daariteestundani mariyu kuppakuuladaaniki kooda daariteestundani fisher mariyu ferley kanugonnaru.

