
quercus rubra

uttara erra ook ayina quercus rubra, erra ook samuuhamlooni ook chettu (quercus vibhagam lobate). idhi uttara america, thoorpu mariyu madhya united states mariyu aagneya mariyu dakshina-madhya kenadaaku chendinadi. idhi paschima airopaloni chinna praantaalaku parichayam cheyabadindi, ikkada dheenini tarachugaa thotalu mariyu udyanavanalalo saagu cheyadam chudavachu. idhi konchem aamlatvamtho kuudina manchi mattini ishtapadutundi. tarachugaa redd ook anie piluvabade uttara redd ook nuu dakshina redd ook ("q") nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki eee paeru pettaru. falcata), dheenini spanish ook anie kooda pilustaaru. uttara erra oknu konnisaarlu chhampian ook anie pilustaaru.
vivarana.
aneka adavulalo, "quercus rubra" nitaruga mariyu podavainadigaa, anoohyamgaa ettugaa, vyaasam varaku trunk thoo perugutundi. bahirangamgaa perigina chetlu antha podavugaa undavu, conny vyaasamlo unnanta varaku oka pedda trunk nuu abhivruddhi cheyagalavu. idhi kaandanki samakonamlo perige drudamaina kommalanu kaligi untundi, idhi irukaina gundrani talanu yerparustundi.
saraina paristhitulalo mariyu puurti suuryarashmiloo, uttara erra ook vaegamgaa perugutondi mariyu 10 samvatsaraala chettu podavugaa untundi. chetlu 400 samvatsaraala varaku jeevinchagalavu; 2001loe 326 samvatsaraala sajeeva udaaharana gurtinchabadindi.ikoo.edu/pederson/old listist "> lamont-doherty erth observatory mariyu columbia vishwavidyaalayam, thoorpu america paatha jabita>
uttara erra ook daani beradu dwara sulabhamgaa gurtinchabadutundi, idhi madhyalo merise charalu unnatlu kanipinche gatlu kaligi untundi. konni itara oaks eguva chettulo eee rakamaina beradu kaligi untaayi, conny uttara erra ook matrame trunk krinda varaku charalu unna chettu.
chaalaa itara akuralche oaks maadirigaane, vasantakaalamlo pagati podavu 13 gantalaku cherukunnappudu leafout jarugutundi-idhi puurtigaa photoperiodtho mudipadi untundi mariyu gaali ushnogratato sambandham lekunda jarugutundi. paryavasanamga (krinda chudandi), challani praantaalalo, uttara erra oaks tarachugaa vasanta rutuvu chivarilo manchu kaaranamgaa puvvulanu kolpotayi, phalitamgaa samvatsaraaniki vittana panta undadu. cotkins mariyu aakulu oke samayamlo udbhavistaayi. eee chettu meeda rendu perugutunna seasonla kosam akaarnlu abhivruddhi chendutaayi mariyu october praarambhamlo chettu nundi vidudala cheyabadataayi, mariyu roeju podavu 11 gantala kante takkuvagaa unnappudu aaku padipovadam praarambhamavutundi. uttara mariyu dakshina samyukta rashtraallo leaf avt mariyu aaku drop samayam moodu vaaraala varaku maaravacchu. vasantakaalamlo naela ushnogratalu cherukunnappudu molakalu udbhavistaayi.
erra ook akaarnlu, tella ook samuuham vale kakunda, epigeal nidraanasthitini pradarsistaayi mariyu kaneesam moodu nelala ushnogratalu takkuvagaa unte molakettavu. abhivruddhi poortayye mundu avi chettu meeda peragadaaniki rendu samvatsaraalu padutundi.
pampinhee mariyu aavasalu.
eee jaathi goppa sarassula uttara chivara nundi, thoorpuna nova skotia varaku, dakshinaana georgia, mississippi, alabama mariyu louisiana varaku mariyu paschimaana oklahoma, consas, nebrasca mariyu minnesota varaku perugutundi.
idhi vaegamgaa perugutundi mariyu aneka neelalu mariyu vividha paristhitulanu sahinchagaladu, ayinappatikee idhi himanadeeya pravaham mariyu pravaahaala yokka baga paarudala sarihaddulanu ishtapadutundi. aagneya united stateslo, idhi tarachugaa ook-heath adavilo pandiriloo bhaagamgaa untundi, conny saadhaaranamgaa konni itara oaks vale mukhyamainadi kaadu.
eshaanya americalo daggari sambandham unna pinn ook ("q") taruvaata uttara erra ook atyanta saadhaarana ook jaathi. pulstries "). uttara americalo european settlement prarambhamainappudu kante mottam erra ook samuuham nedu samruddhiga undhi, endukante atavee tolagimpu mariyu kalapa kosam dopidi gatamlo aadhipatyam unna tella ook janabhanu chaalaa tagginchindi.
paryaavaranam.
gatha konni dasabdaluga, uttara erra ook aneka paryaavarana kaarakaalanu, pradhanamgaa vyaadhi, keetakaala vaeta mariyu chedaragottadaaniki parimita avakaasaalanu edurkontondi. eee ottillu eshaanya mariyu airopa rendintiloonuu eee jaatula vistarinche saamarthyaanni prabhaavitam chesaayi. aneka samasheetoshna paryaavarana paristhitulalo "quercus rubralo" gamaninchina vividha paryaavarana pratispandanalu vruksha jaatula madhya sahajeevana sambandhaalu, vyaapti mariyu alavaatunu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki oka namuunaa jeevigaa panicheyadaaniki anumatinchaayi.
tegullu mariyu vyaadhulu.
cancer vyadhikaaraka karakam, "diplodia carticola", gatha dasaabdamloo eee jaatiki pradhana vyadhikaaraka karakam ayyindi, idhi aaku godhumarangu, beradu pagullu mariyu raktasraavam mariyu eshaanya united states antataa chetla maranaala adhika retlaku kaaranamavutundi. uttara erra ook sileendhraalu "phytophthora cinnamomi" mariyu "phytophthora ramoram" mokkalaku atyanta haani kaliginche jaatulalo okatigaa kooda vargeekarinchabadindi, ivi jaatula trunk praantamloo teevramaina, erupu-nalupu kaankarlaku kaaranamayyaayi. rendoo "p. cinnamomi "mariyu" p. ramoram "vecchani ushnograta paristhitulalo perugutundi; phalitamgaa, california, france mariyu uttara speyinlalo kanipinche uttara erra ook chetlu annintiloo fangal infection yokka adhika sambhavam untundi. seratosistis fagesaram" anae fungus valla kalige ook wilt anedi thoorpu uttara americalo kanipinche oka pradhana vyadhikaaraka karakam, idhi chetlanu twaragaa champagaladu.
ajaivika ottillu.
uttara erra ook molakalu vasantakaalamlo stambhimpajese avakaasam unna eshaanya praantaalalo, mukhyamgaa masachusetslo adhika maranaala retunu kaligi unnayani telisindi. eee praantamloo oaks utpatti chese akaarnlu saadhaaranamgaa adhika akshaamsaalalo utpatti ayye manchuku anugunamgaa parimaanamlo chinnaviga untaayi; ayithe, phalitamgaa vachhe chinna molakalu jantuvula viniyogam mariyu chedaragottadaaniki parimita avakaasaalanu srushtinchaayi. uttara erra ook nadini khandantara united states vembadi varadalu oka pradhana samasyaga chuupabaddaayi, dheenilo floem ravana mariyu kiranajanya karyakalapalu taggai, conny aneka rojula varadalu taruvaata matrame, uttara erra ook nadhi adhika neeti bahirgataaniki mitamaina nirodhakatanu sweekarinchindani suuchistumdi. uttara erra ook kooda vaedi ottidi kosam sahanam vidhaanaalanu abhivruddhi chesindi, mukhyamgaa aagneya united statesloni akuralche adavulalo gamaninchabadindi, ikkada vesavi vaedi taramgaala samayamlo, ushnogratalu minchipovachhu. uttara erra ook aakulu rubisconu sakriyam chese charyaku alavaatu padinatlu gamaninchabadindi, idhi vaedi taramgaalaku padepade gurikaavadamtoe alavaatlatho neerugaa sambandham kaligi untundi. adhika ushnogratala phalitamgaa tarachugaa sambhavinche adhika carbon dioxide sthaayila samakshamlo erra ook loe sthiramaina kiranajanya charya kooda gamaninchabadindi.
jantuvulu.
uttara erra ook ginjalu chedhu-ruchi tannin yokka adhika saandrata mottaalanu kaligi untaayi, idhi oka predator deterrentga vargeekarinchabadina jeevarasaayana, idhi jantuvulalo viniyogam kosam parimita aakarshananu kaligi undhi. ayinappatikee, eee akaarnlanu jinkalu, udutalu mariyu pakshulu tintaayi. airopalo, akaarnlanu aneka chimmata jaatulu, mukhyamgaa "saidia fagiglandana" mariyu "saidia splendana" tintaayi, idhi vaati samuchita vedalpulanu penchutundi mariyu "curculio" veevilstho vaati pootiini taggistundi. dheeni kaaranamgaa, uttara erra ook akaarnulalo molakettadam raetlu gananeeyamgaa taggai mariyu phalitamgaa polland lopala jantuvulu takkuva vittanaalanu chedaragottaayi. adanamgaa, airopaloni uttara erra ook chetlaku chedaragottadaaniki parimita avakaasaalu khareedainavigaa marai. chedaragotte dhoranulaku prasiddhi chendina european jantuvulu, european jay mariyu kalapa eluka vantivi, sthaanika ook jaatula patla ekkuva aakarshitulavutaayani kanugonabadindi.
sileendhraalu.
"quercus rubra" anedi perigina vruddhi retlatho sahasambandham kaligina samarthavanthamaina ectomicorisal sambandhaalanu kaligi undhi. uttara erra ook chetlu ook trunk adugubhaagamlo chuttabadina vividha ascomycetela samakshamlo perugudalanu penchutaayani choopabadindi. chivariki akuralche chetla kommala vadda vistarinche sileendhraalu, "quercus rubra" mariyu "quercus montana" rendintikee atidheya-nirdishtamainavigaa kanugonabaddayi mariyu pradhanamgaa sankramana tarvaata perugudalanu prothsahistaayi.
airopalo aakramana.
idhi 1700laloe airopaku parichayam cheyabadindi mariyu paschima mariyu madhya airopalo chaalaa varaku sahajamgaa maarindi.
paschima mariyu madhya airopa antataa, uttara erra ook nalgava atyanta mukhyamaina aakramana jaatigaa maarindi, belgium, germany, uttara italii, lithuvania, polland, ukrain, european russia, urals mariyu paschima cyberia antataa aneka praantaalanu valasarajyam chesindi. uttara erra ook pradhanamgaa airopaloni atavee vanarula anchulalo kanipistundi, ikkada kaanti labhyata, tannin saandrata mariyu jantuvula vyaapti eee jaatula deerghaayuvu mariyu manugadaku atyanta avasaramaina bhaagam. airopalo eee jaatula adhika pravaham pradhanamgaa vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna kalapa vanarugaa daani aardhika utpaadakatapai aadharapadi untundi; ayithe, idhi chuttupakkala mattiloo kanipinche trace elements mariyu khanijala takkuva saataalatoe mudipadi undhi mariyu "quercus robar" vanti sthaanika ook jaatulalo samruddhini tagginchindi.
upayoginchandi.
uttara americalo kalapa utpattiki uttara erra ook atyanta mukhyamaina ook mokkalalo okati. naanhyamaina erra ook kalapa mariyu poragaa adhika viluva kaligi untundi, ayithe lopabhuishta laaglanu katteluga upayogistaaru. itara sambandhita oklanu kooda kattirinchi, erra okgaa vikrayistaaru, ayinappatikee vaati kalapa ellappuduu adhika naanhyata kaligi undadu. veetilo thoorpu nalla ook, scarlett ook, pinn ook, schumard ook, dakshina erra ook mariyu erra ook samuuhamlooni itara jaatulu unnaayi. nirmaana upayogaalalo flooring, pora, interior trim mariyu furniture unnaayi. idhi kalapa, railroad tailu mariyu kanche postulaku kooda upayoginchabadutundi.
erra ook kalapa dhanyam enthagaa terichi untundi antey daani gundaa poganu end-grain nundi end-grain varaku flat-saan bordulo ooputaaru. eee kaaranamgaa, idhi thema chorabaatuku lobadi untundi mariyu padava nirmaanam ledhaa bahya trim vanti bahiranga upayogaalaku saripodu.
saradrutuvulo akaarnlanu sekarinchi, shell chesi, oka vastramlo katti, chedunu tolaginchadaaniki leach cheyavachu. appudu vaatini puurtigaa tinavacchu ledhaa bhojanamlo pindi veyavachu.
alankaara upayogam.
"quercus rubra" nuu udyaanavanaalu mariyu pedda thotalalo oka namuunaa chettuga pandistaaru. idhi oka mudi vellanu abhivruddhi chesi, twaragaa naatadam kashtamgaa maarutundi kabatti idhi daggari sambandham unna pinn ook vale tarachugaa naatabadadu, ayithe aadhunika perugutunna kundalu munupati kante mudi vellatho molakalanu praarambhinchadam sulabhataram chesaayi.
samskruti.
idhi newjersey yokka rashtra chettu mariyu prins edward dveepam yokka praantiiya chettu.