
james bernard harkin

james bii. jaateeya udyaanavanaala pitaamahudigaa kooda piluvabade harkin (30 janavari 1875-27 janavari 1955), parirakshana patla makkuvatho bureaucratga maarina kenadian paatrikeyudu, conny kenadian prakruti drushyaanni sarukugaa maarchadaaniki kooda vistrutamgaa prasiddhi chendaadu. aaa samayamlo rendu sampradaayavaada vaartaapatrikalu ayina "ottava journal" mariyu "montrial herold" godugu kinda paatrikeyudigaa harkin thana vruttini praarambhinchaadu, conny twaralone thana pattudala mariyu parakramam dwara iravaila madhyalo poura sevalo pravesam pondaadu. kenada liberal party kosam panichestunna kontamandi prabhaavavantamaina vyaktula samrakshanhalo, mukhyamgaa clifford sifton mariyu fraank olivar, harkin 1911loe dominian paarkula saakhaku modati kamishanarga niyamakam pondagaligaadu. thana kereerlo, harkin elk dveepam, mount revelstoke, point pelly, kootene, wood gede, prins albert, riding parvataalu, georgian bay dheevulu mariyu cape breton highlands vanti jaateeya udyaanavanaala sthaapananu paryaveekshinchaadu.
praathamika sthaayilo, harkin tatvasaastramlo rendu pradhana bhagalu unnaih aardhika, idhi vaanijya paramgaa udyaanavana bhoomulanu chusindi, mariyu bhouthika, manasika mariyu naitika sthaayilo maanava aatma sreyassuku udyaanavanaalu antarbhaagamgaa unna maanavataavaadam. eee rendu suutraalanu sahajeevana maargamlo vijayavantamgaa okachota cherchi, harkin kenadian paryatakam yokka adbhutamaina vruddhini sulabhataram cheyagaligadu mariyu adhe samayamlo, thana parirakshana lakshyalanu samarthinchagaligaadu.
udyaanavanaala abhivruddhipai aardhika tatvasaastramtoe, harkin udyaanavanaala saakhanu kenadian drushyaalanu paryaatakulaku vikrayinche vyaapaaramloki nadipinchaadu. kenada jaateeya udyaanavanaalaku paryatakanni nadipinchadamlo automobile aavirbhavam keelaka amsamgaa harkin gurtinchaaru. paarkulloki vahanalanu anumatinchina motaru vaahana chattam, paarkula dwara ippatike unna rahadaarulanu meruguparachadam mariyu ekkuva mandhi sandarsakulanu paarkulaku anusandhaaninche pradhana rahadari prajectulu vanti konni mukhyamaina vaanijya vijayalu harkin saadhinchaaru. ayana udyaanavanaala prothsaahaka vyuuham, anukuulamaina motaru vaahana nibandhanalu, mariyu praapyatalo merugudalalu kenada jaateeya udyaanavanaalaku paryatakanni 1921loe 100,000 nundi 1928loe 550,000kuu gananeeyamgaa penchaayi.
1935loe, liberal party aavirbhavam taruvaata, park saakha itara vibhaagaalato ekikrutam cheyabadindi mariyu commissioner gaa harkin kereer chivariki mugisindi.
1970la nundi, harkin maraninchina konni samvatsaraala taruvaata, harkin patla pratikuula drushtitoe aneka vimarsalu velluvettadam praarambhinchaayi. mukhyamgaa, commissioner gaa thana vidhula gurinchi harkinku teliyakapovadam, thana sibbandipai atigaa aadharapadatam, market kaneesa vetanam kinda purushulanu niyaminchaalane athani korika chaalaa vivadaspadamga unnaayi. antekakunda, kalapa gede jaateeya udyaanavanam yokka srushti sthaanika sthaanika samuuhaalatoe bhaarii charchaku daariteesindi mariyu aaa charcha yokka alala prabhavalu netikee parishkarinchabadutunnaayi.
prarambha jeevitam.
bunny" anae maaruperuto piluvabade james bernard harkin janavari 30,1875naa thoorpu antarioloni vancleak konda pattanamlo janminchaadu. athani tallidandrulu daa. vilium harkin mariyu elizabeth (mcdonnell). bhaktulaina catholic kutumbamlo janminchina aiduguru pillalalo athanu nalugovadu, conny thana sodarudu vilium thoo paatu, harkin mataparamaina preranalanu pattinchukoledu. vaari tandri daa. vilium harkin, oka bhaktudaina catholic, athanu 1831loe vaan leak kondalo airish protestant valasadaarulaku janminchaadu, akkada athanu paatasaala upadhyayudu ayyadu mariyu ventane mcgill vishwavidhyaalayamlo vaidyasaastram chadavadaaniki vellaadu. 1881loe antario saasanasabhalo matladutu harkin tandri gundepotuto maraninchaaru. athani tandri sampradaayavaadulaku balamaina nyaayavaadi, dheenilo athanu prescott jilla saasanasabhalo seatu kaligi unnadu.
thana tandri maranam taruvaata, harkin thana unnata paatasaala samvatsaraala varaku thana talli mariyu sodarithone unnadu, appudu athanu michigaanlooni marketlo vaidyudigaa maarina thana sodarudito kalisi jeevinchadaaniki vellaadu. harkin saadhaarana sampannata mariyu rajakeeyamgaa saktivantamaina kutumbamlo janminchaadu. thana tandri maraninchinappatikii, harkin pempakam padihedella vayassulo "montrial herold" thoo kalisi oka pilla reporterga thana vruttini praarambhinchagala athani saamarthyaanni prabhaavitam chesindi.
raajakeeya vrutti.
raajakeeya vruttiloki harkin yokka maargam ekkuvagaa athani kutumbam dwara srushtinchabadindi, indulo athani tandri saasanasabhalo oka seetutho sampradaayavaadi mariyu athani sodarudu "ottava journal" kuu atyanta pracharam pondina paatrikeyudu. eee prarambha kutumba prabhavalu harkin raajakeeya jeevitam abhivruddhilo pedda paatra poeshistaayi mariyu athani prarambha anubandhaalanu roopondistaayi. thana sodarudu vilium harkin maargadarsakatvam dwarane athanu "montrial herold" loe udyogam pondaadu, conny kontakaalam tarvaata pii.dii rose. pii.dii rose ottava journal yajamani. spashtamaina, sankshipta journalism patla thana naipunyaanni pempondinchukovadaanni chusina athanu harkin kereerlo prabhaavavantamaina vyakti ayyadu. rose harkinnu liberal party antargata vyavahaaraala mantri mariyu bhaarata vyavahaaraala superintendent clifford siftonku sifaarasu chesaadu. eee sifaarasu harkin 1896loe iravai aaru samvatsaraala vayassulo prabhutva sevalo pravesinchadaaniki anumatinchindi.
clifford sifton eee niyamakanni harkin angeekarinchadam chaalaa mandhi sampradaayavaadulanu aascharyaparichindi, vaari nayakudu surr charless tupper, adhe samvatsaramlo harkin niyamakam samayamlo wilfried laurier chetilo odipoyaaru. liberal party edugudala, vaari aadhvaryamlo harkin upaadhi athani taruvaati niyamakalalo chaalaa varaku nirdesinchaayi, dheenilo athanu 1905 varaku sifton kosam avisraantamgaa panicheesaadu, aaa samayamlo sifton vidya hakkulapai wilfried laurierku anukuulamgaa laedu. fraank olivar antargata vyavahaaraala kotta mantrigaa niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu udyaanavanaalu mariyu vanyapraanulaku maddatudaarugaa undataaniki prayatninchaadu. sifton patla olivarku ayishtata unnappatikee, harkin olivartho thana padavini konasaginchadu mariyu 1911loe dominian park saakhaku modati kamishanarga niyamakam pondhe varaku oliver kaaryadarsigaa maroe 6 samvatsaraalu panicheesaadu.
tatvasaastram.
oka vaipu, paarkula kamishanarga harkin vijayam mariyu deerghaayuvunu aardhika paramgaa, antey paryataka labhalalo kolavavacchu. edemaina, deshabhakti garvam mariyu saareeraka, naitika mariyu manasika sreyassu kosam kenada yokka prakruti drushyaanni samrakshinchaalane harkin tatvasaastram kooda athani rachanalu mariyu vibhaga nivedikalalo spashtamgaa mariyu baga namodu cheyabadindi. vaastavaaniki, kontamandi charitrakaarulu thana vaanijya mariyu samrakshanhaatmaka lakshyalu rendintinee vileenam chesi, okadaanikokati adagala saamarthyam kamishanarga athani vijayanni nirnayistundani vaadistaaru. conny maanavataavaada kaaranaalanu samarthinchadaaniki jaateeya udyaanavanaalanu nirminchadaaniki harkin vaanijya kaaranaalanu upayoginchaadaa ledhaa ledhaa anedi kontamandi harkin jeevitacharitrakaarulu charchistuunee unna oka bahiranga prasna.
udyaanavanaala aardhika viluva.
jaateeya udyaanavanaala nirmaanam mariyu vistaranaku aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki ketaayimpulanu pondadamlo harkin vijayam saadhinchadaaniki kaaranam dominian paarkula vaanijya viluvanu paarlamentuku teliyajese saamarthyam. thana park branch kereer praarambhamlo, harkin mariyu athani sibbandi america rashtraalu mariyu european deshaalalo paryatakam dwara entha aadaayam vastundo telusukovadaaniki prayatninchaaru. kevalam american state off maine kosam padilakshala dollarlu unna athani parisoedhanalu aascharyaparichayi mariyu 1913loe house off commons mariyu senate sabhyulaku pampinhee kosam paryataka aadaaya ganaamkaala sankalanam chesina nivedikanu prachurinchaaru. aaa sandarbhamlo, kenada jaateeya udyaanavanaala aardhika viluva sthaapinchabadindani mariyu taruvaata udyaanavana abhivruddhi kosam thana aneka pedda kharchulanu samarthinchagaladani harkin nammadu.
udyaanavanaala manavata viluva.
udyaanavanaala aardhika viluvapai harkin tatvasaastramtoe paatu, park maidaanaalaku cherukovadaniki kaaru ledhaa railu dwara kenadian prakruti drushyaala andaanni andubaatulo unchadaaniki paarkulu oka maargamgaa kooda harkin chuusaaru. conny, commissioner gaa thana vaarshika nivedikalu choopinchinatlugaa, kevalam soundaryaaniki minchi kenada yokka prakruti soundaryaanni marinta mandhi vyaktulaku parichayam cheyadamlo oka unnata uddesyam undani kooda ayana bhaavinchaaru. park kamishanarga harkin prarambha samvatsaraallo, bahiranga vinodam dwara jeevitamlooni rojuvaaree ottilla nundi maanava aatmaku punarujjeevanam kaliginche "aata sphuurti" nuu pempondinchadaaniki paarkulu anumatinchaayani ayana aneka sandarbhaallo vyaktam chesaaru. idhi saareeraka vinoda karyakalapam kanavasaram ledhu; ayithe, swachchamaina gaalilo swaasa teesukovadam mariyu prakrutiki daggaragaa undatam eee punarujjeevana prakriyaloo mukhyamaina bhaagam. paarkulanu chikitsa mariyu punarujjeevana prabhaavaalaku jaateeya vinoda maidanaluga chudadamlo harkin tatvasaastram yokka eee amsam kontavaraku american aranya samrakshanhavaadulu, zaan muir mariyu henry david thorola prabhavam kaaranamgaa undhi, veeriddaroo harkin thana departmental nivedikalalo utamkimchaaru.
modati prapancha yuddham praarambhamtho, harkin yokka punarujjeevana siddhaantam marinta sambandhita roopaanni santarinchukundi. aaa samvatsaraallo, paarkulu kenadiyanlu vaari deshabhakti bhaavaalato sannihitamgaa undataaniki oka madhyamam anie, mariyu aaa paarkulu kenadian sainika sikshanaa shibiraalalo chaalaa gurtinchadagina "krooramaina mariyu samarthavanthamaina purushatvaanni" prothsahinchaayani harkin raasaaru."
alaage, yuddhaanantara samvatsaraallo, harkin tatvasaastram jaateeya udyaanavanaalu atyanta avasaramani bhaavinchina sandarbhaaniki anugunamgaa maarindi. aaa samayamlo chaalaa mandiki, karmagaralalo mariyu pedda nagarallo nivasinche sudeergha gantala sramatho kuudina pani jeevitam undedi, idhi harkin prakaram manishilo unna jantuvunu bayataku teesukuvacchi, aadhunika kenadian vyakti yokka sareeram mariyu manassu rendintinee ksheeninchindi. conny eee anachiveta prabhavalanu edurkovadaniki saadhyamayye maargam, jaateeya udyaanavanam bhouthika, manasika mariyu naitika sthaayilo andinche daadaapu aadhyaatmika punarujjeevanam dwara anie harkin raasaaru. ayithe, harkin tatvasaastram paarisraamika jeevitam mariyu pattaneekaranapai vimarsagaa kanipinchaledu. badulugaa, kenadaalo nagarikata mariyu aardhika vruddhiki jaateeya udyaanavanaalu oka margamani ayana nammakam, "kaarmikulu kramaanugatamgaa prakrutini tirigi pondadaaniki paaripovadam" konasaaginchadaaniki, conny samaajamlo utpaadaka sabhyudiga tirigi ravalane prati uddesyamto.
vaanijyaparamgaa saadhinchina vijayalu.
paryatakam.
kenadian prakruti drushyaalu egumati cheyaleni sahaja vanaru anie harkin gurtinchaadu. kenada sahaja vanarulanu aasvaadinchadaaniki videshee paryaatakulanu digumati chesukovalasina prakruti drushyaalanu vikrayinche vyapaaramgaa kontamandi vimarsakulu piliche chotiki ayana udyaanavanaala saakhanu nadipinchaaru. harkin tarachugaa udyaanavanaalanu aardhika paramgaa varninchaadu. park saakha yokka modati vaarshika nivedikalo, athanu kenadian drushyaala viluva $13.88/acre gaa paerkonnaadu, ayithe godhuma bhoomi viluva $4.91/acre gaa undhi. chaalaa sahaja vanarula maadirigaa kakunda, pedda ettuna drushyaala ammakalanu viluva ledhaa muuladhana stacklo etuvanti ksheenata lekunda saasvatamgaa vikrayinchavacchani ayana gurtinchaaru.
kenada pasiphik railwaylo traafiknu prerepinchadaaniki kenada jaateeya udyaanavanaalu ekkuvagaa sthaapinchabaddaayi. railway paryaatakulanu raathi parvata jaateeya udyaanavanaaniki aakarshinchindi. harkin aardhika sreyassu lakshyamtho jaateeya udyaanavanaalanu marinta abhivruddhi chesaaru. paarkulu paryatakanni, prabhutvam, railumargalu, chinna vyaapaaraalaku laabhadaayakatanu penchutaayi. udyaanavanaala abhivruddhiki raajakeeya maddatunu pondadaaniki, vaaru kenadaaku andinchagala laabhadaayaka avakaasaalanu harkin teliyajesaaru.
praarambhamlo, eee udyaanavana saakha kenadaaku videshee sandarsakulanu aakarshinchadampai drushti pettindi. kenadian jaateeya udyaanavanaalu ekkuvagaa hotels undi railway dwara prayaaninchae sampanna american paryaatakulaku andubaatulo undevi kenadaaku prayaaninchae vaarilo 95 saatam mandhi americanlu. anduvalla, harkin yokka prarambha lakshyam kenadaaloki american paryaatakula pravahanni vistarinchadam.
1920la natiki, udyaanavanaala saakha tama drushtini maarchukuni kenadiyanlanu lakshyamgaa chesukovadam praarambhinchindi. gatamlo, prabhutvam sampanna vidaeseeyulaku udyaanavanaalaku subsidy istundani vimarsakulu vaadinchaaru. marinta madhyataragati kenadian paryatakulu jaateeya udyaanavanaalanu cherukovadaniki automobile ippudu logisticalga mariyu aardhikamgaa saadhyamaindani harkin suuchimchaaru. nagaralaku sameepamlo unna paarkulu ippudu vistrutamgaa andubaatulo undevi, kaarmikulu vaaraantaallo camping ledhaa chepalu pattadaniki veelu kalpinchaayi. udyaanavanaala saakha udyaanavanaalanu aakarshanheeyamaina paryatakamga prothsahinchadam praarambhinchindi, idhi kashtapadi panichese vyaapaaravaettanu nayam chestundi mariyu uttejaparustundi. automobiles vadakam peragadaaniki pratispandistuu, harkin videshee mariyu sthaanika "vinodavetta" kuu seva cheyadam nundi vistruta "kenadian" varaku saakha lakshyalanu punarnirvachinchaaru.
paryatakanni prothsahinchadaaniki harkin uchita prachaarampai aadharapaddadu. udyaanavanaala saakha vaarshika nivedika udyaanavanaala vaanijya mariyu manavata prayojanaalanu vivarinchindi. eee tappanisari prachuranalu kenada antataa paarlamentu sabhyulaku mariyu vaartaapatrikalaku pampabaddayi. avi park saakha yokka prarambha marketing saadhanamgaa marai. 1920laloe, paarkulanu kenadian janmahakkuga prothsahinche maargadarsaka pustakaalu mariyu saahityaanni rachinchadaaniki harkin mabel viliyamsnu niyaminchaadu, idhi oka vyaktini saareerakamgaa balamgaa, maanasikamgaa punaruddharinchi, aadhyaatmikamgaa neraverchindi. paryatakam peragadamtho, eee saakha maargadarsaka pustakaalanu mudrinchagaladu. prabhutva mudrana vibhaagamlo vaari kharchu oka samvatsaramlo $2000 nundi daadaapu $13,000 kuu perigindi. guide books, upanyaasaalu, slide presentations mariyu chalana chitraala dwara kenada yokka udyaanavanaalanu prothsahinchadaaniki park saakha oka prachara vibhaganni srushtinchindi. eee vijayavantamaina vibhagam taruvaata kenadian prabhutva travel beuro mariyu national film board off kenadaanu erpaatu chesindi.
savaallu.
park saakha vijayaniki gala saamarthyaanni parimitam chese savaallanu harkin edurkonnadu. 1914loe jaateeya udyaanavanaala budget mottam samakhya budjetlo 0.5 saatamgaa undedi. automobiles yokka prajaadarana udyaanavanaala abhivruddhiki railroad maddatu taggadaaniki daariteestundi. 1915 nundi 1947 varaku, sagatu vaarshika kharchulu samakhya badjetloni 0.28% kuu padipoyayi, idhi kolpoyina railroad maddatu yokka prabhavalanu pradarsistundi. udyaanavanaala erpaatutho udyaanavana soukaryaala nundi ekkuva aanandam pondadam dwara niyojakavargaala maddatu pondavachani harkin raajakeeya nayakulanu oppinchaadu. anduvalla, athanu rendu mitrapakshaala dwara udyaanavanaala saakha budgetnu penchadaaniki prayatninchaaduh raajakeeya nayakulu paryatakam nundi prayojanam pondhe chinna vyaparalu mariyu niyojakavargaala kosam udyaanavanam mariyu rahadari abhivruddhini korutunnaru. idhi budgetnu konasaaginchadaaniki taginanta saktivantamainadi kaadu.
vahanalu mariyu rahadari abhivruddhi.
automobile nibandhanalanu marchadam dwara mariyu paarkulaku rahadari abhivruddhini penchadam dwara harkin kenadian paryaatakampai prabhavam chuupaaru. 1905loe, federal prabhutvam banf national park sameepamlo ledhaa suuchimchina parimitullo yea rahadaaripainaa automobiles vadakanni nishedhinche chattanni aamodinchindi. railway guttadhipatyam mariyu prayojanaalanu kaapaadataaniki railway prayaanikula pratyeka upayogam kosam paarkulu gatamlo ketayinchabaddayi. harkinku railroad parisramatho ledhaa vaati rakshana nundi prayojanam pondina vyaapaaraalato etuvanti sambandhaalu laevu. automobiles yokka pradhana viniyogaanni jaateeya udyaanavanaalu vaanijyaparamgaa vijayam saadhinchadaaniki oka avakaasamgaa ayana chuusaaru. 1911loe, harkin paarkulalo automobiles nishedhaanni raddu chesi, motaru vaahanaala chattanni pravesapettaaduh 25 saatam namodu mariyu vaega parimitulu (pattanaallo 8 maillaku; itara chotla 15 maillaku). kathinamaina parimitulu ippatikee unnanduna idhi vaahanadaarulaku bahiranga ahvanam kaaduh kaarlu kalshari-bomph coach roodduloo kalshari nundi prayaaninchaalsi untundi mariyu khachitamgaa bomph avenueni anusarinchi cpr yokka bomph springs hotelku avenueni spray cheyalsi untundi. 1913loe, harkin automobilesnu golph korsulu mariyu private gruhalanu sandarsinchadaaniki anumatinchaadu. athanu paarkulalo kaarlanu upayoginchadaaniki $5 vaarshika licenses mariyu $1 single trip feezunu pravesapettaadu. 1915 natiki, eee nibandhanalu anni jaateeya udyaanavanaalanu chaerchadaaniki vistarinchaayi. 1919loe ayana vaega parimitini gantaku 25 maillaku penchaaru.
paryatakam mariyu jaateeya udyaanavanaala laabhadaayakatanu penchadaaniki rahadari abhivruddhi maroka charyaga harkin gurtinchaaru. kenadian raakeela drushyaalanu modati taragati motaru rahadaarula dwara mariyu paarkula dwara automobile traafikku andubaatulo unchadam athani lakshyam. parvataala gundaa taginanta rahadaarulu unnanduna, traaphik perugutundi mariyu auto-paryaatakula nundi gananeeyamaina kharchu untundi. 1911loe puurtayina kalgari-bomph coach road, paarkula budjetlo gananeeyamaina bhaganni samvatsaraalugaa grahinchindi. railroad mariyu daani aasritulaku vidheyata lekunda, harkin rahadari abhivruddhini penchaaru mariyu paarkulloki automobiles praapyatanu penchadam konasaaginchaaru. commissioner gaa harkin padaveekaalamlo, banf-windermear haive, edmonton-jasper-banf haive mariyu kicking haars trail vanti pradhana rahadaarulu nirminchabaddaayi. 1930 natiki, sumaru 400 mailla udyaanavanaalu rahadaarulu nirminchabaddaayi, 145 mailla dhooramlo raathi parvata udyaanavanaalaku sevalu andistunnaayi.
modati prapancha yuddham taruvaata, takkuva dhara gala vahanalu mariyu tagina roadlu paarkulanu marinta andubaatulo unchaayi. automobiles jaateeya udyaanavanaalaku kenadian haajarunu penchai 1921loe 100,000,1925loe 250,000 mariyu 1928loe 550,000. idhi kenadian rahadaarula vembadi unna chinna paryataka dukaanaalu, servies stationlu, kirana dukaanaalu mariyu motellaku vyapaaraanni prerepinchindi. jaateeya udyaanavanaalaku paryatakam peragadamtho kenadaalo chinna vyapara rangam abhivruddhi chendindi.
vanyapraanula parirakshana.
wood gede jaateeya udyaanavanam.
harkin sahakaram phalitamgaa, chekka gede jaateeya udyaanavanam december 18,1922naa sthaapinchabadindi. 1900la praarambhamlo uttara kenadaalo migilina chivari kaademmula mandalanu rakshinchadaaniki eee udyaanavanam srushtinchabadindi. nedu, eee udyaanavanam akkada nivasinche kaademmalanu samrakshinchadaaniki prasiddhi chendindi. eee udyaanavanaanni praarambhamlo harkin mariyu athani saakha sabhyulu sumaru 1500 kalapa gedela prastuta aavasalanu rakshinchadaaniki srushtinchaaru. 1830la praarambhamlo, lakshalaadi bysonlu undevi. ayithe, nagarikata mariyu aadhunikata purogati 1830loe anchanaa vesina 40 millionla nundi 1900 natiki 1000 kante takkuvaku baisan janabhalo ksheenatanu srushtinchindi. nedu, bhoomi 44,807 chadarapu kilometres vistiirnamloo undhi mariyu vaayuvya bhoobhagalalo ativyaapti chendadamtho uttara albertalo undhi. eee bhoomi prapanchamlone atipedda free-roaming mariyu sweeya-niyantrita baisan manda udyaanavanamgaa panichestundi mariyu prapanchamlooni ekaika sahaja goodu katte pradaesamgaa wooping crain panichestundi. wooping crain adhikarikamga antarinchipothunna jaatigaa vargeekarinchabadindi. 1941loe, 15 mandhi unnaaru mariyu udyaanavanam sahayamtho, 1994 natiki janabha 133kii perigindi. wooping crain uttara americaloni ettaina pakshi, dheeni etthu sumaru 1.5 meterlu. wooping crain nalla rekkala konalu, mukham mariyu kaallatho tellati rangu sariiraalanu kaligi untundi. eee sahaja udyaanavanam yokka prakruti drushyaanni naalugu praathamika vibhagaluga vibhajinchavachhu, prati okkati daani swantha pratyaekamaina bhougolika lakshanaalu, vanyapraanula aavasalu mariyu vrukshasampadato untundi. veetilo konni caribou, birch ettaina praantaalu, alberta peethabhoomi, slave river lothattu praantaalu mariyu shanti-athabasca delta unnaayi.
valasa pakshula convention chattam.
1918 naati valasa pakshula oppandam chattam modatisaari 1916loe aamodinchabadindi, milliner vyaparam, market vetagallu mariyu vasantakaala kaalpulaku sarafaraadaarula vadha phalitamgaa valasa pakshulanu antarinchipokunda kaapaadataaniki prayatninchindi. dheeniki pratispandanagaa, kenada prabhutvam pakshulanu rakshinchadaaniki mariyu samrakshinchadaaniki ilanti billunu roopondinchaalani suuchimchimdi. 1917 augustulo, eee chattanni harkin mariyu prabhutvam sthaapinchaayi. vanyapraanula rakshanalo kenadian prabhutva paatra parinaamamlo idhi oka mylurayi. idhi vanyapraanula patla prabhutva baadhyatalapai marinta vivarananu srushtinchindi mariyu kenadaaku vanyapraanula rakshana vidhanam aavirbhavaanni sthaapinchindi. eee kotta parirakshana chattam yokka lakshyam pakshula vaeta yokka mitimeerina abhyasanni rakshinchadam mariyu niyantrinchadam. valasa pakshula convention chattamtho, harkin kenadaalo aata rakshana kosam puurti adhikaranni pondaalane thana lakshyanni saadhinchagaligaadu. eee chattam raathi parvata udyaanavanam yokka sarihaddu savaranalaku daariteesindi mariyu kananaskis loyanu tirigi chaerchadaaniki daariteesindi, idhi aatanu rakshinchadaaniki avasaramani harkin nammadu.
pranghorn project.
pranghorn jinka maroka pedda kenadian ksheeradam, idhi antarinchipoye anchuna undani nammutaaru. 1910loe, pranghorn jinkanu bomph teddu nundi kalapa gede jaateeya udyaanavanamloki marcharu. kotta rakshita udyaanavana praantamloo eee jantuvu prayojanam pondutundani harkin nammadu. 1912 maarchilo, eee udyaanavanam padnaalugu jinkalu unnatlu nivedinchindi. ayithe, saraina aaharam lekapovadam valla pranghorn jinkala sankhya taggadamtho eee prayatnam viphalamaindi. 1915loe, albertaloni nemiscom graamaaniki sameepamlo jinka samrakshanhalo harkin mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchadam konasaaginchindi, ikkada daadaapu 200 aakalitho unna jinkalu agragami graamaaniki sameepamlo unna oka gaddibeedulo kanugonabaddayi. jinkalanu tolaginchi, taginanta aaharam mariyu vanarulu andubaatulo unna mapul creak yokka reserved praantaaniki pampaaru. 1915 december 18naa mantri vilium james roche edu chadarapu mailla bhoomini adhikaarika reservationku aamodinchi, nemiscom jaateeya jinka nilvanu sthaapinchaaru. 1917loe, american shaashwata vanyapraanula rakshana nidhi kenadaanu jinka kosam kanchetho kuudina samrakshananu roopondinchina modati desamgaa gurtinchindi. 2012loe, pranghorn jinkanu dakshina suscotchevan mariyu albertalo chudavachu.
vivaadam.
1970laku mundu, harkin oka daarsanika parirakshakavaadigaa mariyu kenada jaateeya udyaanavana vyavastha srushtikartagaa pariganinchabaddaadu. appati nundi, harkinpai aneka vimarsalu atanni cheekati drushtiloki nettivesaayi. 1911loe harkin jaateeya udyaanavanaala branch kamishanarga niyamitulainappudu, udyaanavanaalaku paryatakanni prothsahistuu sampradaayavaadaanni samarthinche janta vidhananni ayana marchukovalasi vachindi, idhi commissioner gaa harkin paatraku vivaadaanni tecchindi. harkin aaa udyogaanni angeekarinchinappudu, saadhaaranamgaa paarkula gurinchi tanaku chaalaa takkuva telusani ledhaa kamishanarga thana paatralo thana nundi emi aasinchabadindo angeekarinchaadu. chaalaa mandhi jeevitacharitrakaarulu harkin rachanala gurinchi raasaaru, conny athani jeevitam chaalaa takkuva vanarula sekaranapai aadharapadi undhi, idhi kamishanarga athani kartavyam mariyu vijayala gurinchi sandehaaniki daariteesindi. harkin vyaktigata archival patraalu jaateeya udyaanavanaalato athani prameyam gurinchi peddagaa cheppavu; avi daadaapu puurtigaa 1921loe vilhjalmur stephanson architic yaatrapai athani gamanikalu mariyu correspondenspy drushti pedataayi. harkin jeevitam gurinchi parimita samacharam jeevitacharitrakaarulu athani gurinchi aneka gananeeyamaina oohalanu srushtinchadaaniki daariteesindi, okati harkin raasina pratidee ataniki matrame ghanata istundi. paarkula saakha patraalu harkinku aapaadinchabadinadi vaastavaaniki itarulu, mukhyamgaa athani sahayakudu, eff.hetch.hetch. villiamson. bhougolika sthaanam yokka parichayam mariyu paryatakam dwara udyaanavanaala abhivruddhini meruguparachadam lakshyamgaa unnanduna, harkin american national park servies nundi thana aneka vidhaanaalanu kooda sweekarinchaadu.
1922 kalapa gede jaateeya udyaanavanam.
park saakha chekka baisan abhayaaranyaanni srushtinchadaaniki chesina modati prayatnam harkin palgonna modati vivaadaalalo okati. eee asammati samakhya prabhutvamlo udriktatalanu srushtinchindani niroopinchabadindi mariyu gedela janabha taggadaaniki sthaanika swadeshi prajalu kaaranamani siddhaantaanni kooda praarambhinchindi. 1919 fibravarilo jarigina atalu, bochu mose jantuvulu mariyu itara vanyapraanula parirakshanapai jarigina jaateeya sadassulo bhaarata vyavahaaraala vibhagam mariyu vanyapraanula parirakshakula madhya udriktata chaalaa spashtamgaa kanipinchindi. samavesam prarambham appati bhaarata vyavahaaraala superintendent general orther maighento praarambhamaindi, uttara sthaanika prajalu vanyapraanulapai puurtigaa aadharapadataanni mariyu sthaanika gedelanu vetadakunda nishedhinchadam vaari jeevanopaadhini elaa teevramgaa mariyu pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chestundo nokki chepparu. harkin thana sonta abhipraayaalanu vyaktam chesi, sthaanika prajalanu vaeta nundi nishedhinche vanyapraanula samrakshana parirakshana parirakshanaku elaa keelakamo charchinchaaru. udyaanavana sarihaddula patla vaariki sampoorna gowravam unnanduna sthaanika prajalu dheenini gowravinchaalani ayana vaadinchaaru. uttara albertaloni goppa baanisa sarassuku dakshinaana kanugonabadina aidu vandala gedelanu samrakshinchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki 1922loe kalapa gede jaateeya udyaanavanam srushtinchabadindi. eee praantamloo nivasinchina sthaanika samuuhaalu kalapa gede jaateeya udyaanavanam erpaatunu daani sthaapana varaku nirasinchaayi mariyu vaari saarvabhoumatvaanni mariyu vaari saampradaaya bhuubhaagaalapai vetade hakkunu tirigi pondaalane aasatoe konasagayi. eee udyaanavanam yokka srushti sthaanika bhoomulapai chatta amalu mariyu paripalana sibbandi natakeeyamgaa peragadaaniki daariteesindi, idhi federal prabhutvaaniki vanyapraanula nibandhanala vyavasthanu nirvahinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi, indulo sthaanika vyaktulu chattam nundi tappinchukunte jarimaanaalu, jailu sikshalu mariyu kathina shrama sikshalu untaayi.
choukaina pani.
kenada antataa udyaanavanaala abhivruddhi saadhyamaindi endukante maga kaarmikulaku market vetanam kante takkuva vetanam ivvabadindi mariyu vaariki itara udyoga avakaasaalu laevu. 1914 nundi 1915 varaku udyaanavanaala vibhaagamlo vaelaadi mandhi purushulu panicheesaaru. veerilo mahaa maandyam samayamlo sahaya kaaryakartalu mariyu rendu prapancha yuddhaala khaideelu unnaaru. harkin thana kotta sraamikasaktitoe santrupti chendaadu, endukante athanu vaariki rojuku iravai aidu sentlu chellinchagaligaadu, ayithe oka vivikta shibiramlo rojuvaaree vetanam rendu dollarlu. eee kaarmika vaetana bhedam yoho paarkulo nirasanaku kaaranamaindi, akkada market vaetanaalu rojuku pannendu dollarlaku peragadamtho paatu vaaru iravai aidu sentlu pondadam konasaginchadamto purushulu pani cheyadaaniki niraakarinchaaru. paristhiti harkin niyantranaku minchi perigindi, rakshana saakhanu swaadheenam chesukomani atanni koradaniki kaaranamaindi; aaa vyaktulu park nundi bayataku velli tappinchukune prayatnam viphalamayyindi. chivariki, sibiraanni moosivesi, purushulanu vidudala chesaaru.
1924loe, jasper jaateeya udyaanavanamlooni brull vadda unna ganulanu muusivaesaaru. kottagaa nirudyogula vaipu velladaaniki sahayam kosam ottava mariyu park saakhanu alberta korindi. paristhitulu dayaneeyamgaa unte kirana saamaagrini andinchaalani park superintendentku cheppadam dwara harkin pratispandinchaadu, conny tadupari demandlanu prothsahinchakudadanukunna nagadu ivvavaddu. 1929 natiki, jasper paarkula superintendent aardhika sahayam kosam teevramgaa koorutuu, sahayam kosam pani chese prajectula vaipu velladaaniki $20,000 kosam harkinnu koraadu, conny harkin niraakarinchaadu. jasperlo ksheenistunna paristhitulu 1929loe stock market pathanaaniki daariteesaayi. pantalu padipovadam praarambhinchaayi mariyu 1933 natiki, sraamikasaktiloo aidava vanthu mandhi nirudyogulugaa undagaa, kenadiyanlalo 15 saatam mandhi upasamanam pondaaru.
alaage, 1932loe, paarkula kaarmikulu aakraminchinappudu marinta kattubadi untaarani bhaavinchinanduna harkin aaru rojula pani vaaranni amalu chesaaru. athanu madyam viniyogampai parimitulatoe sahaa thana kaarmikula poura swechchalanu tolaginchaadu. aankshalu athani kaarmikula nundi nirasanalaku daariteestaayi. harkin nirasanalanu niyantrinchaalsina avasaram erpadindi. saamuuhika samsthalanu nishedhinche mariyu sammelo unna yea vyaktini ayina tolaginche chattanni amalu cheyadam dwara ayana ilaa chesaaru.

