chettha sekarananu gurtinchadam

computer prograaminglo, chettha sekarananu gurtinchadam anedi svayamchaalaka ghnaapakasakti nirvahana yokka oka roopam, idhi konni "muula" vastuvula nundi suuchanala golusu dwara yea vastuvulanu "cherukovacchu" anie gurtinchadam dwara yea vastuvulanu ketayinchalo ("chettanu sekarinchadam") nirnayinchadam mariyu migilina vaatini "chettha" gaa pariganinchadam mariyu vaatini sekarinchadam. chettha sekarananu gurtinchadam anedi chettha sekaranalo atyanta saadhaarana rakam-enthagaa antey "chettha sekarana" anedi tarachugaa chettha sekarananu gurtinchadaanni suuchistumdi, reference lekkimpu vanti itara paddhatula kante-mariyu amalulo pedda sankhyalo algorithamlu upayoginchabadutunnaayi.
oka vastuvu yokka cherika.
anadhikarikamga, oka vastuvunu prograamlooni kaneesam oka chararashi dwara, neerugaa ledhaa itara cherukogala vastuvula nundi suuchanala dwara soochinchinatlayithe, cherukovacchu. marinta khachitamgaa, vastuvulanu rendu vidhaluga matrame cherukovachhuh
chettha" yokka cherukogala nirvachanam sarainadi kaadu, oka programme oka vastuvunu chivarisariga upayoginchinappudu aaa vastuvu paryaavarana paridhi nundi bayataku raavadaaniki chaalaa kaalam mundu kaavacchu. vaakyanirmaana chettha, programme cherukoleni vastuvulu mariyu ardha chettha, vaastavaaniki programme mallee upayoginchani vastuvula madhya konnisaarlu vyatyaasam geeyabadutundi. udaaharanakuh
vastuvu x = kotta phuu ();
vastuvu y = kotta baar ();
x = kotta quaks ();
/* eee samayamlo, phuu vastuvu anie manaku telusu 
 * modata x kii ketayinchinadi eppatikee undadu
 * access cheyabadindihi idhi vaakyanirmaana chettha.
/* eee krindi blacklo, y * * ardhaparamaina chettha kaavacchu;
 * conny x varaku manaku teliyadu.check kanti () returns
 * kontha viluva-adhi tirigi vasthe.
okavela (x.check edho ()) {
 x.edainaa cheyandi (y);
vyavastha.nishkramana (0);
ardha chettanu khachitamgaa gurtinche samasyanu paakshikamgaa nirnayinchadaginadigaa sulabhamgaa chuupavachchuh oka vastuvu "x" nuu ketayinche programme, ekapaksha input programme "p" nuu naduputundi mariyu "p" puurtayinappudu matrame "x" nuu upayogistundi. ardha chettanu gurtinchadaaniki sampradaayavaada huristic paddhatulu churukaina parisoedhanaa praantamgaa unnappatikee, mukhyamgaa aacharanaatmaka chettha sekarinche vaarandaruu vaakyanirmaana chettapai drushti pedataaru.
eee vidhaanamlo maroka samasya emitante, reference rakalu mariyu unboxed viluva rakalu rendintinee kaligi unna bhaashalalo, chettha sangraahakulu stock ledhaa vastuvulooni feeldloni yea chararaasulu regular viluvalu mariyu yea referencelu anae vaatini edho okavidhamgaa gurtinchagalagaalih memarylo, oka puurnaamkam mariyu reference okela kanipinchavacchu. chettha collector appudu muulakaanni suuchanagaa pariganinchi, daanini anusarinchala ledhaa adhi aadima viluva kaadaa anie telusukovali. oka saadhaarana parishkaram tagg cheyabadina paayintarlanu upayoginchadam.
balamaina mariyu balaheenamaina suuchanalu.
chettha collector ruut sett nundi pratyakshamgaa ledhaa parokshamgaa vaatini soochinche suuchanalu laeni vastuvulanu matrame tirigi pondagaladu. ayithe, konni prograamlaku balaheenamaina suuchanalu avasaram, ivi vastuvu unnanta kaalam upayogapadataayi, conny daani jeevitakaalam podiginchakudadu. balaheenamaina suuchanala gurinchi charchalalo, saadhaarana suuchanalanu konnisaarlu balamaina suuchanalu anie pilustaaru. balamaina vastuvulu lekapothe oka vastuvu chettha sekaranaku arhamainadi (i.ii. saadhaarana) daani gurinchi suuchanalu, ayinappatikee daani gurinchi konni balaheenamaina suuchanalu undavacchu.
balaheenamaina suuchana anedi chettha collector pattinchukoni vastuvuku kevalam suuchika matrame kaadu. eee padam saadhaaranamgaa sarigga nirvahinchabade pratyeka suuchana vastuvula vargaaniki ketayinchabadutundi, ivi vastuvu adrusyamaina tarvaata kooda upayoginchadaaniki surakshitamgaa untaayi, endukante avi surakshitamaina viluvaku (saadhaaranamgaa coque _ 1) "padipothayi". chettha kalektarku teliyani surakshitam kaani suuchana, aaa vastuvu gatamlo nivasinchina chirunamanu soochinchadam konasaginchadam dwara vaelaadutuu untundi. idhi balaheenamaina suuchana kaadu.
konni amalulalo, balaheenamaina suuchanalu upavargaalugaa vibhajinchabaddaayi. udaaharanaku, jaava virtual mesheen moodu rakaala balaheenamaina suuchanalanu andistundi, avi saft references, fantum references mariyu regular balaheenamaina suuchanalu. chettha collector programme memory takkuvagaa undani nirnayinchukunte, mruduvugaa suuchimchabadina vastuvu matrame punaruddharanaku arhamainadi. saft reference ledhaa regular balaheenamaina reference laaga kakunda, fantum reference adhi soochinche vastuvuku praapyatanu andinchadu. badulugaa, fantum reference anedi chettha collectornu suuchimchina vastuvu "fantum cherukogaliginadi" ayinappudu prograamnu teliyajeyadaaniki anumatinche oka yantraangam. oka vastuvu ippatikee ghnaapakasaktiloo undi, daanini fantum reference dwara soochinchinatlayithe, adhi fantum cherukogaladu, conny daani finalizer ippatike amalu cheyabadindi. adevidhamgaa, microsoft.nett balaheenamaina suuchanala yokka rendu upavargaalanu andistundi, avi podavaina balaheenamaina suuchanalu (punarutthaanam track) mariyu chinna balaheenamaina suuchanalu.
balaheenamaina collections.
balaheenamaina tracking lakshanaalanu kaligi unna dayta nirmaanaalanu kooda roopondinchavacchu. udaaharanaku, balaheenamaina haash pattikalu upayogapadataayi. saadhaarana haash table maadirigaane, balaheenamaina haash table jatala vastuvula madhya anubandhaanni nirvahistundi, ikkada prati jatha kii mariyu viluvagaa ardham chesukobadutundi. ayithe, haash table vaastavaaniki eee vastuvulapai balamaina suuchananu nirvahinchadu. kii ledhaa viluva ledhaa rendoo chettagaa marinappudu pratyeka pravartana jarugutundihi haash table entry aakasmikamgaa tolaginchabadutundi. balaheenamaina keelu (viluva suuchanalu saadhaaranamainavi, balamaina suuchanalu) ledhaa balaheenamaina viluvalu (mukhya suuchanalu balamgaa untaayi) matrame kaligi unna haash pattikalu vanti marinni merugudalalu unnaayi.
vastuvula madhya anubandhaalanu konasaaginchadaaniki balaheenamaina haash pattikalu mukhyamainavi, antey prograamlo aemee vaatini soochinchakapothe (anubandha haash pattika kakunda) anubandhamlo nimagnamaina vastuvulu ippatikee chettagaa maaravacchu.
atuvanti prayojanam kosam saadhaarana haash tablenu upayoginchadam "taarkika memory leak" kuu daariteeyavachuhu programme avasaram laeni mariyu upayoginchani cherukogala dayta cherika.
praathamika algorithm.
tracing collectorlanu alaa pilustaaru endukante avi working sett off memory dwara gurtinchabadataayi. eee chettha sekarinchevaaru chakraalalo sekarana chestaaru. ketayimpu abhyardhananu santrupti parachadaniki memory maenaejarku taginanta uchita memory lenappudu chakralu prerepinchabadatam sarvasaadhaaranam. conny chakralanu tarachugaa utparivartana yantram neerugaa abhyardhinchavacchu ledhaa samaya scheduello amalu cheyavachu. asalu paddhatiloo amayaka maark-und-sweep untundi, dheenilo mottam memory setnu chalasarlu taakutaaru.
amayaka maark-und-sweep.
amayaka maark-und-sweep paddhatiloo, memaryloni prati vastuvuku chettha sekarana upayogam kosam matrame ketaayinchina genda (saadhaaranamgaa oke bitt) untundi. sekarana chakram samayamlo tappa, eee genda ellappuduu "clear" cheyabadutundi. 
modati dasha maark dasha, idhi mottam 'ruut sett' yokka chettu prayaanaanni chestundi mariyu ruut dwara suuchimchabadina prati vastuvunu 'upayogamlo unna' vastuvugaa gurtistundi. aaa vastuvulu soochinche anni vastuvulu, modalainavi kooda gurtinchabadataayi, tadwara ruut sett dwara cherukogala prati vastuvu gurtinchabadutundi.
rendava dasalo, sweep dasalo, anni memory prarambham nundi mugimpu varaku skaan cheyabadutundi, anni uchita ledhaa upayoginchina blacklanu pariseelistundi; 'upayogamlo unnavi' anie gurtinchabadani vaatini yea muulaalu cherukolevu mariyu vaati ghnaapakasakti vimukti pondutundi. upayogamlo unna vastuvula kosam, upayogamlo unna genda tolaginchabadutundi, tadupari chakraniki siddhamavutundi.
eee paddhatiki aneka pratikuulatalu unnaayi, vaatilo atyanta mukhyamainadi emitante, sekarana samayamlo mottam vyavasthanu nilipiveyaali; working sett yokka utparivartananu anumatinchalemu. idhi kramam tappakunda prograamlanu 'stambhimpajeyadaaniki' kaaranamavutundi (mariyu saadhaaranamgaa oohinchaleni vidhamgaa), konni nija-samaya mariyu samaya-klishtamaina anuvartanaalanu asadhyam chestundi. adanamgaa, mottam working memarini rendusaarlu pariseelinchaali, idhi paejeela memory vyavasthalalo samasyalanu kaligistundi.
tri-rangu marking.
eee paniteeru samasyala kaaranamgaa, chaalaa aadhunika tracing chettha collectorlu "tri-rangu marking" obstraction yokka konni rakalanu amalu chestaaru, conny saadhaarana collectorlu ("maark-und-sweep" collector vantivi) tarachugaa eee obstraction spashtamgaa cheyaru. tri-rangu gurtinchadam krinda vivarinchina vidhamgaa panichestundi.
moodu setlu "telupu", "nalupu" mariyu "buudida" gaa srushtinchabaddaayih
aneka algorithamlalo, praarambhamlo nalupu sett khaliga praarambhamavutundi, buudida rangu sett anedi muulaala nundi neerugaa suchinchabade vastuvula samiti mariyu telupu sett anni itara vastuvulanu kaligi untundi. ghnaapakasaktiloo unna prati vastuvu anni samayaallo moodu setlalo sarigga okadaanilo untundi. algorithm eee krindi vidhamgaa konasaagutundih
buudida rangu sett khaliga unnappudu, skaan puurtavutumdi; nalla vastuvulu muulaala nundi cherukovacchu, ayithe tella vastuvulu chettatho sekarinchabadavu.
muulaala nundi ventane cherukoleni anni vastuvulu tellani samuuhaaniki jodinchabadataayi, mariyu vastuvulu telupu nundi buudida ranguku mariyu buudida nundi nalupu ranguku matrame kadalagalavu kabatti, algorithm mukhyamaina asthiratanu samrakshistundi, yea nalla vastuvulu telupu vastuvulanu suuchimchavu. buudida rangu sett khaalii ayina tarvaata tellani vastuvulanu vidudala cheyavachani idhi nirdhaaristundi. dheenini "tri-rangu asthirata" antaaru. algorithamloni konni vaividhyaalu eee asthiratanu samrakshinchavu, conny anni mukhyamaina lakshanaalanu kaligi unna savarinchina roopaanni upayogistaayi.
tri-rangu paddhati oka mukhyamaina prayojanaanni kaligi undhi, idhi gananeeyamaina kaalaaniki vyavasthanu nilipiveyakundaa "aann-dhi-fly" gaa nirvahinchabadutundi. vastuvulanu ketayinchinappudu gurtinchadam dwara mariyu utparivartana samayamlo, vividha setlanu nirvahinchadam dwara idhi saadhinchabadutundi. setla parimaanaanni paryaveekshinchadam dwara, vyavastha avasaramaina vidhamgaa kakunda kramaanugatamgaa chettha sekarananu cheyagaladu. alaage, prati chakramlo mottam pani setnu taakaalsina avasaram nivaarinchabadutundi.
amalu vyuuhaalu.
kadulutuu verses. kadalakunda.
cherukoleni setnu nirnayinchina tarvaata, chettha collector cherukoleni vastuvulanu vadili, migatavanni alaage vadiliveyavacchu, ledhaa cherukogala konni ledhaa anni vastuvulanu kotta memory praantamloki coppy chesi, avasaramaina vidhamgaa aaa vastuvula yokka anni suuchanalanu naveekarinchavacchu. veetini varusaga "naan-moving" mariyu "moving" (ledhaa, pratyamnaayamgaa, "naan-compacting" mariyu "compacting") chettha collectorlu anie pilustaaru.
modata, kadile algorithm kadiledi kaani daanitoe poliste asamarthamgaa anipinchavacchu, endukante prati chakramlo chaalaa ekkuva pani avasaramani anipistundi. conny kadile algorithm chettha sekarana chakram samayamlo mariyu programme amalu samayamlo aneka paniteeru prayojanaalaku daariteestundihi
kadile chettha collector yokka oka pratikuulata emitante, idhi chettha sekarinchina vaataavaranam dwara nirvahinchabade suuchanala dwara matrame accessnu anumatistundi mariyu pointer ankaganitamnu anumatinchadu. endukante chettha collector aaa vastuvulanu taraliste vastuvulaku edainaa pointerlu chellavu (avi velaadutunna pointerlu avtayi). sthaanika kodto paraspara kaaryaacharana kosam, chettha collector vastuvu vishayalanu chettha sekarinchina memory praantaaniki velupala unna pradaesaaniki coppy cheyali. oka pratyaamnaaya vidhanam emitante, vastuvunu memarylo pinn cheyadam, chettha collector daanini kadalakunda nirodhinchadam mariyu memarini neerugaa sthaanika paayintarlatho panchukoovadaaniki anumatinchadam (mariyu bahusha pointer ankaganitamnu anumatinchadam).
coppy cheyadam verses. maark-und-sweep verses. maark-und-dont-sweep cheyandi.
collectorlu avi kadulutunnaya ledhaa anedaanilo vibhedinchadame kakunda, sekarana chakramlo telupu, buudida mariyu nalupu vastuvula setlanu vaaru elaa pariganistaarane daani aadhaaramgaa kooda vargeekarinchavachhu.
atyanta suutigaa unde vidhanam semee-space collector, idhi 1969 naatidi. eee kadile collectorlo, memory samaana parimaanamlo "space nundi" mariyu "space kuu" gaa vibhajinchabadindi. praarambhamlo, vastuvulu nindipoyi, sekarana chakram prerepinchabade varaku "antarikshaaniki" ketaayinchabadataayi. chakram praarambhamlo, "antarikshaaniki" anedi "antariksham nundi" avutundi, mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa untundi. muula samiti nundi cherukogala vastuvulu "antariksham nundi" nundi "antarikshaaniki" varaku coppy cheyabadataayi. eee vastuvulu kramamga skaan cheyabadataayi, mariyu cherukogala anni vastuvulu "antarikshamloki" coppy cheyabade varaku, avi soochinche anni vastuvulu "antarikshamloki" coppy cheyabadataayi. programme amalu konasagina tarvaata, marosari nindi, prakriya punaraavrutamayye varaku kotta vastuvulu marosari "tuu space" loe ketaayinchabadataayi. 
eee vidhanam chaalaa sulabham, conny vastuvulanu ketaayinchadaaniki oka pakshika sthalam matrame upayoginchabadutundi kabatti, itara algorithamlatho poliste memory viniyogam rendu retlu ekkuvagaa untundi. eee saanketikatanu stop-und-coppy anie kooda pilustaaru. chenee yokka algorithm anedi semee-space collectorlo merugudala.
oka maark mariyu sweep chettha collector prati vastuvu telupu ledhaa nalupu anie record cheyadaaniki konchem ledhaa rendu unchutundi. buudida rangu setnu pratyeka jabitaga ledhaa maroka bitnu upayoginchi unchutaaru. sekarana chakram ("maark" dasha) samayamlo reference treeni daatadam valana, eee bitsnu collector chetha maarchabadutundi. ghnaapakasakti praantaalanu tudi "sweep" chesthe tellani vastuvulu vidipotaayi. maark und sweep vyuuhaaniki prayojanam emitante, okasari khandinchabadina sett nirnayinchabadina tarvaata, kadile ledhaa kadiledi kaani sekarana vyuuhaanni anusarinchavacchu. andubaatulo unna memory anumatula prakaram, eee vyuha empikanu runtimelo cheyavachu. idhi "ubbina" vastuvula yokka pratikuulatanu chinna mottamlo kaligi untundi, endukante, jabita/adanapu bitt kaaranamgaa prati vastuvuku chinna daachina memory kharchu untundi. collector ketaayimpunu kooda nirvahiste idhi kontavaraku tagginchabadutundi, appati nundi idhi ketayimpu dayta nirmaanaalalo upayoginchani bitsnu upayoginchavacchu. ledhaa, eee "hiden memory" nii tagg cheyabadina pointernu upayoginchadam dwara tolaginchavacchu, cpu samayam kosam memory kharchunu vartakam cheyavachu. ayithe, maark und sweep anedi modati sthaanamlo bahya ketayinpulato takshaname sahakarinche ekaika vyuuham.
oka maark mariyu chettha collectornu tudichiveyakandi, maark-und-sweep vanti, prati vastuvu telupu ledhaa nalupu anie record cheyadaaniki daanitoe konchem unchutundi; buudida rangu sett pratyeka jabitaga unchabadutundi ledhaa maroka bitnu upayogistundi. ikkada rendu pradhana thedaalu unnaayi. modatidi, nalupu mariyu telupu antey maark mariyu sweep collectorlo kante ververu vishayalu. maark und dont sweep" collectorlo, cherukogala vastuvulannee ellappuduu nallaga untaayi. oka vastuvu ketaayinchina samayamlo nalupu anie gurtinchabadindi, adhi cherukolenidi ayinappatikee adhi nallaga untundi. tellani vastuvu upayoginchani ghnaapakasakti mariyu ketayinchabadavachu. rendavadi, nalupu/telupu bitt yokka vivarana maaravacchu. praarambhamlo, nalupu/telupu bitt (0 = telupu, 1 = nalupu) anae ardhaanni kaligi undavacchu. ketayimpu operation eppudaina andubaatulo unna (telupu) memarini kanugonadamlo viphalamaithe, anni vastuvulu upayoginchabaddaayi (nalupu) anie ardham. appudu nalupu/telupu bitt yokka bhaavam vilomam cheyabadutundi (udaaharanaku, 0 = nalupu, 1 = telupu). anthaa tellagaa maarutundi. idhi cherukogala vastuvulu nallaga unna maarpunu kshanikaavesamlo vichchinnam chestundi, conny vaatini mallee nallaga gurtinchadaaniki ventane puurti gurtinche dasha anusaristundi. idhi puurtayina tarvaata, cherukoleni ghnaapakasakti anthaa tellagaa untundi. sweep" dasha avasaram ledhu. 
maark und dont sweep vyuuhaaniki ketaayinchinavaaru mariyu collector madhya sahakaram avasaram, conny ketaayinchina pointerku oka bitt matrame avasaram kabatti idhi chaalaa sthalam samarthavantamgaa untundi (idhi chaalaa ketayimpu algorithamlaku emainappatiki avasaram). ayithe, eee paiki kontavaraku tagginchabadutundi, endukante chaalaa saarlu memarylo pedda bhagalu tappugaa nalupu (upayoginchinavi) gaa gurtinchabadataayi, takkuva memory viniyogam samayamlo systemku vanarulanu tirigi ivvadam (itara ketaayimpudaarulu, daaraalu ledhaa prakriyala upayogam kosam) kashtataram chestundi. 
anduvalla maark und nott sweep vyuuhaanni maark und sweep yokka hecchutaggulu mariyu pratikuulatala madhya rajeegaa chudavachu mariyu stop und coppy vyuuhaalu.
generation jisi (effimeral jisi).
aneka karyakramalalo, iteevala srushtinchabadina vastuvulu kooda twaragaa cherukoleniviga marutayani ("shishu maranaala" ledhaa "generation hypothesis" anie pilustaaru) anubhavapuurvakamgaa gamaninchabadindi. oka generation jisi (effimeral jisi anie kooda pilustaaru) vastuvulanu taraalugaa vibhajistundi mariyu chaalaa chakraalalo, taraala upasamiti yokka vastuvulanu matrame prarambha telupu (khandinchabadina) samitilo unchutundi. antekakunda, runtime vyavastha suuchanala srushtini mariyu bharteeni gamaninchadam dwara suuchanala taraalanu daatinappudu gnaanaanni nirvahistundi. chettha sekarinchevaaru parugettinappudu, mottam reference treeni datakunda prarambha tellani setlooni konni vastuvulu cherukolevani niroopinchadaaniki eee gnaanaanni upayoginchagalagavachhu. generation hypothesis unte, idhi chaalaa vaegamgaa sekarana chakralaku daariteestundi, adhe samayamlo chaalaa cherukoleni vastuvulanu tirigi pondutundi.
eee bhavananu amalu cheyadaaniki, aneka taraala chettha sekarinchevaaru vividha vayasula vastuvula kosam pratyeka ghnaapakasakti praantaalanu upayogistaaru. oka praantam nindinappudu, paatha taram (la) nundi vacchina suuchanalanu mulaluga upayoginchi, daanilooni vastuvulu gurtinchabadataayi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa utpatti loe chaalaa vastuvulanu sekarinchadaaniki (parikalpana dwara) daariteestundi, idhi kotta vastuvulanu ketaayinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. oka sekarana aneka vastuvulanu sekarinchanappudu (parikalpana pattukoledu, udaaharanaku programme kotta vastuvula pedda sekarananu lekkinchinanduna adhi nilupukovalanukundi), paatha ghnaapakasakti praantaala nundi suuchimchabadina konni ledhaa migili unna vastuvulannee tadupari ettaina praantaaniki pracharam cheyabadataayi, aapai mottam praantaanni taja vastuvulatoe bharti cheyavachu. eee saanketikata chaalaa vaegamgaa chettha sekarananu anumatistundi, endukante oka samayamlo oka praantam matrame chettha sekarana saadhaaranamgaa avasaram.
ungar yokka classic taram scavengerku rendu taraalu unnaayi. idhi "kotta sthalam" anie piluvabade athi pinna taram, kotta vastuvulu srushtinchabade pedda "eeden" gaa vibhajistundi mariyu rendu chinna "survivour space", gatha survivour space mariyu bhavishyat survivour space. paatha taramlo kotta pradaesamloe vastuvulanu soochinche vastuvulu "gurthunchukunna samiti" loe unchabadataayi. prati scavenz meeda, kotta pradaesamlooni vastuvulu gurthunchukunna setlooni muulaala nundi gurtinchabadataayi mariyu bhavishyat survivour pradaesaaniki coppy cheyabadataayi. bhavishyattulo praanaalatoe bayatapadina sthalam nindithe, sariponi vastuvulu paatha pradaesaaniki pracharam cheyabadataayi, eee prakriyanu "tenering" anie pilustaaru. scavenz chivarilo, konni vastuvulu bhavishyat survivour pradaesamloe nivasistaayi, mariyu eeden mariyu gatha survivour sthalam khaliga untaayi. appudu bhavishyat survivour space mariyu gatha survivour space marpidi cheyabadataayi mariyu programme konasaagutundi, eedenlo vastuvulanu ketayistundi. ungar yokka asalu vyavasthalo, eeden prati praanaalatoe bayatapadina sthalam kante 5 retlu peddadi.
taraala chettha sekarana anedi oka parisoedhanaatmaka vidhanam, mariyu cherukoleni konni vastuvulu prati chakramlo tirigi pondabadakapovacchu. anduvalla andubaatulo unna mottam sthalaanni tirigi pondadaaniki appudappudu puurti maarkunu chesi, chettha sekarananu tudichiveyadam ledhaa coppy cheyadam avasaram kaavacchu. vaastavaaniki, aadhunika prograaming bhashala kosam runtime vyavasthalu (jaava mariyu jaava vanti).nikara framework) saadhaaranamgaa ippativaraku vivarinchina vividha viewhalalo konni mishramaalanu upayogistundi; udaaharanaku, chaalaa sekarana chakralu konni taraalanu matrame chudavachu, ayithe appudappudu maark-und-sweep nirvahinchabadutundi, inca chaalaa arudugaa vibajananu edurkovadaniki puurti coppy nirvahinchabadutundi. chinna chakram" mariyu "pradhana chakram" anae padaalu konnisaarlu collector dookudu yokka eee vividha sthaayilanu vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi.
prapanchaanni aapandi verses. perugutunna verses. ekakaalamlo.
saadhaarana stop-dhi-varald chettha sekarinchevaaru sekarana chakranni amalu cheyadaaniki programme amalunu puurtigaa nilipivestaaru, tadwara kotta vastuvulu ketayinchabadavani mariyu collector nadustunnappudu vastuvulu akasmaattugaa cherukolenivi kaavani haamii istundi.
sekarana chakram nadustunnappudu programme upayogakaramaina panini cheyalekapovadam dheeniki pratikuulata (konnisaarlu "ibbandikara viramam" anie pilustaaru). anduvalla prapancha chettha sekarana pradhanamgaa paraspara charya kaani kaaryakramaalaku anukuulamgaa untundi. dheeni prayojanam emitante, idhi amalu cheyadam sulabham mariyu perugutunna chettha sekarana kante vaegamgaa untundi.
"perugutunna" mariyu "ummadi" chettha sekarinchevaaru pradhana karyakramam nundi kaaryakalaapaalato vaari panini vidichipetti eee antaraayaanni tagginchadaaniki roopondinchabaddaaru. perugutunna chettha sekarinchevaaru chettha sekarana chakranni vivikta dasallo nirvahistaaru, prati dasha madhya (mariyu konnisaarlu konni dasalalo) programme amalu anumatinchabadutundi. ummadi chettha sekarinchevaaru programme amaluni assalu aaparu, bahusha programme amalu stock skaan cheyabadinappudu kluptamgaa tappa. ayithe, perugutunna dasala mottam oka batch chettha sekarana paas puurti cheyadaaniki ekkuva samayam padutundi, kabatti eee chettha sekarinchevaaru takkuva mottam utpattini ivvavacchu.
pradhana karyakramam chettha sekarinchevaariki antaraayam kaliginchakundaa chusukovadaniki eee paddhathulatho jagrattagaa roopakalpana avasaram mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa; udaaharanaku, programme kotta vastuvunu ketayinchalsina avasaram vachinappudu, runtime system sekarana chakram poortayye varaku daanini nilipiveyavalasi raavacchu ledhaa kotta, cherukogala vastuvu undani chettha sekarinchevaariki teliyajeyali.
khachitamaina verses. sampradaayavaada mariyu antargata suuchanalu.
kontamandi collectorlu oka vastuvulooni anni paayintarlanu (referencelu) sarigga gurtinchagalaru; veetini "khachitamaina" ("khachitamaina" ledhaa "khachitamaina") collectorlu anie pilustaaru, dheeniki viruddhamgaa "sampradaayavaada" ledhaa "paakshikamgaa sampradaayavaada" collector. oka pointerga ardham chesukunte, adhi ketaayinchina vastuvunu suuchisthee, memaryloni edainaa bitt namuunaa pointer kaavacchu anie sampradaayavaada collectorlu bhaavistaaru. conservative collectorlu tappudu saanukuulatalanu utpatti cheyavachu, ikkada anuchitamaina pointer gurtimpu kaaranamgaa upayoginchani ghnaapakasakti vidudala cheyabadadu. pointerga sulabhamgaa tappugaa gurtinchagala chaalaa daetaanu programme nirvahiste tappa idhi aacharanalo ellappuduu samasya kaadu. 32-bitt vyavasthala kante 64-bitt vyavasthalalo tappudu saanukuulatalu saadhaaranamgaa takkuva samasyaatmakamainavi, endukante chellubaatu ayye memory chirunamala paridhi 64-bitt viluvala paridhiloo oka chinna bhaagam untundi. anduvalla, ekapaksha 64-bitt namuunaa chellubaatu ayye pointernu anukarinche avakaasam ledhu. pointerlu "daachina" unte tappudu pratikuulata kooda sambhavinchavachhu, udaaharanaku xor link cheyabadina jaabitaanu upayoginchadam. khachitamaina collector aacharanaatmakamainadaa anedi saadhaaranamgaa prashnaarthakamaina prograaming longuage yokka rakam bhadrata lakshanaalapai aadharapadi untundi. sampradaayavaada chettha sangraahakulu avasaramayye udaaharana sii longuage, idhi type cheyabadina (woyd kaani) paayintarlanu type cheyani (woyd) pointerlaloo vaeyadaaniki anumatistundi, mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa.
sambandhita samasya "antargata pointerlu" ledhaa oka vastuvu lopala unna kshetraalaku sambandhinchina pointerlaku sambandhinchinadi. oka bhasha yokka ardhashaastram antargata suuchikalanu anumatinchinatlayithe, oke vastuvu yokka bhaagaalanu soochinche aneka vibhina chirunamalu undavacchu, idhi oka vastuvu chettha kaadaa anie nirnayinchadamlo klishtataram chestundi. dheeniki oka udaaharana sii + + bhasha, dheenilo bahula vaarasatvam muula vastuvulaku pointerlu ververu chirunaamaalanu kaligi undataaniki kaaranamavutundi. kathinamgaa optimize cheyabadina prograamlo, vastuvuku sambandhinchina pointer daani registerlo bharti cheyabadi undavacchu, kabatti atuvanti antargata paayintarlanu skaan cheyali.
pradarsana.
chettha sekarinchevaarini gurtinche paniteeru-jaapyam mariyu nirgamaamsa rendoo-amalu, panibharam mariyu paryaavaranampai gananeeyamgaa aadharapadi untundi. amayaka amalu ledhaa chaalaa ghnaapakasakti-parimita vaataavaranaalaloo upayogam, mukhyamgaa embeded systems, itara paddhathulatho poliste chaalaa paelavamaina paniteeruku daariteeyavachchu, ayithe adhunaatana amalu mariyu taginanta ghnaapakasakti unna vaataavaranamloo upayogam adbhutamaina paniteeruku daariteeyavachchu. 
nirgamaamsa paramgaa, daani swabhaavam prakaram gurtinchadaaniki kontha avyakta runtime ovar head avasaram, ayithe konni sandarbhaallo runa vimochana kharchu chaalaa takkuvagaa undavacchu, konni sandarbhaallo ketayimpu ledhaa sekaranaku oka suuchana kante takkuva, stock ketaayimpunu adhigamistundi. manueval memory nirvahanaku memarini spashtamgaa vimukti cheyadam valla ovar head avasaram, mariyu reference lekkimpu anedi reference lekkalanu penchadam mariyu tagginchadam nundi ovar head kaligi untundi, mariyu lekkimpu pongi pongi undaa ledhaa sunnaki padipoyinda anie tanikhi chestundi. 
jaapyam paramgaa, saadhaarana prapancha chettha sekarinchevaaru chettha sekarana kosam programme amalunu nilipivestaaru, idhi ekapaksha samayaallo jaragavacchu mariyu ekapakshamgaa ekkuva samayam pattavacchu, idhi vaatini nija-samaya computingku upayoginchalenidigaa chestundi, mukhyamgaa embeded systems, mariyu interactive upayogam kosam paelavamaina amarika, ledhaa takkuva jaapyam praadhaanyata unna itara paristhiti. ayithe, perugutunna chettha sekarinchevaaru kathinamaina nija-samaya haameelanu andinchagalaru, mariyu vyaktigata computerlu vanti tarachugaa panilekunda unde samayam mariyu taginanta uchita memory unna vyavasthalalo, chettha sekarananu panilekunda unde samayaallo schedule cheyavachu mariyu paraspara paniteerupai kaneesa prabhavanni chuupavachchu. manueval memory management (sii + + loe vale) mariyu reference counting pedda dayta structure mariyu daani pillalandarinee ketayinchinappudu ekapakshamgaa sudeergha viraamaala samasyanu kaligi untaayi, ayithe ivi chettha sekaranapai aadharapadi kakunda nirneeta samayaallo matrame jarugutaayi. 
vaari pravartana paristhitipai aadharapadi untundi kabatti rendu kesulanu neerugaa polchadam kashtam. udaaharanaku, chettha sekarana vyavasthaku uttama sandarbhamlo, ketayimpu kevalam oka pointernu penchutundi, conny manueval heap ketayimpu kosam uttama sandarbhamlo, ketayimpu nirdishta parimaanaala freelistulanu nirvahistundi mariyu ketayimpu oka pointernu anusarinchadam matrame avasaram. ayithe, eee parimaana vibhajana saadhaaranamgaa pedda ettuna bahya vichchinnataku kaaranamavutundi, idhi kaash pravartanapai pratikuula prabhavanni chooputundi. chettanu sekarinchina bhaashalo memory ketaayimpunu teravenuka kuppa ketaayimpunu upayoginchi amalu cheyavachu (kevalam pointernu penchadam kante), kabatti paina jabita cheyabadina paniteeru prayojanaalu eee sandarbhamlo tappanisarigaa vartinchavu. konni sandarbhaallo, mukhyamgaa embeded systems, memory poolsnu mundugaa ketayinchadam dwara mariyu ketayimpu/tolagimpu kosam custom, telikapati pathakaanni upayoginchadam dwara chettha sekarana mariyu kuppa nirvahana rendintinee nivaarinchadam saadhyamavutundi.
vraata addankula yokka ovar head anedi tappanisari-shaili prograamlo gurtinchadaginadigaa untundi, idhi tarachugaa ippatike unna dayta structurelaloki paayintarlanu vraastundi, functional-style prograamlo kante idhi daetaanu okasari matrame nirmistundi mariyu vaatini eppuduu maarchadu.
chettha sekaranalo konni purogatini paniteeru samasyalaku pratispandanalagaa ardham chesukovacchu. prarambha collectorlu prapanchaanni aapivese collectorlu, conny eee vidhanam yokka paniteeru paraspara anuvartanaallo drushtini maralchindi. perugutunna sekarana eee antaraayaanni nivaarinchindi, conny addankula avasaram kaaranamgaa taggina saamarthyaanni kolpoyindi. paniteerunu penchadaaniki taraala sekarana paddhatulu prapanchaanni aapi, perugutunna sekaranadaarulato upayoginchabadataayi; kontha chettha saadhaaranam kante ekkuva kaalam gurtinchabadadu.
nija-samaya chettha sekarana.
chettha sekarana saadhaaranamgaa nirnayaatmakamainadi kaanappatikee, kathinamaina nija-samaya vyavasthalalo upayoginchadam saadhyamavutundi. nija-samaya chettha collector chettha sandarbhamlo kooda adhi utparivartana daaraalaku nirdishta sankhyalo ganana vanarulanu ankitam chestundani haamii ivvali. nija-samaya chettha sekaranadaarupai vidhinchina parimitulu saadhaaranamgaa pani aadhaarita ledhaa samaya aadhaaritamainavi. samayam aadhaarita parimiti ilaa untundih "t" vyavadhi gala prati saari vindolo, mutator threadlanu kaneesam "tm" samayam varaku amalu cheyadaaniki anumatinchaali. pani aadhaarita vislaeshanha kosam, mmu (kaneesa utparivartana viniyogam) saadhaaranamgaa chettha sekarana algorithm kosam nija-samaya addankigaa upayoginchabadutundi.
jvm kosam kathinamaina real time chettha sekarana yokka modati amalulalo okati metronome algorithampai aadharapadi undhi, dheeni vaanijya amalu ibm websfear real timelo bhaagamgaa andubaatulo undhi. maroka kathinamaina nija-samaya chettha sekarana algorithm stacato, idhi ibm yokka yokka jvmlo labhistundi, idhi pedda multiprocessor nirmaanaalaku kooda scalabilityni andistundi, adhe samayamlo metronome mariyu itara algorithamla kante vividha prayojanaalanu testundi, dheeniki viruddhamgaa, pratyeka hardware avasaram.
aadhunika bahula-pradhana nirmaanaalapai nija-samaya chettha sekaranaku oka pradhana savaalu emitante, ekakaalamlo vachhe daaraalu okadaanikokati addukoni, anoohya viramalanu srushtinchakundaa, nirodhinchani ekakaalika chettha sekarananu roopondinchadam. nija-samaya ummadi chettha sekarananu nirodhinchani algorithamla adhyayanam pijlo mariyu itarulu oka kaagitamlo kanipistundi. microsoft research loe.

