
beata-aluminium ghana electrolyte

beata-alumina ghana electrolyte (bays) anedi aneka rakaala karigina uppu electrochemical kanaalalo poragaa upayoginche vegavantamaina ayan vaahaka padaartham. prastutam telisina pratyaamnaayam andubaatulo ledhu. β-alumina asaadhaarana pora sphatika nirmaanaanni pradarsistundi, idhi chaalaa vaegamgaa ayan ravaanaanu anumatistundi. β-aluminium anedi aluminium oxide (al2o3) yokka isomorphic roopam kaadu, conny sodiyam polyluminate. idhi oka kathinamaina polychrystalline syramic, idhi electrolytega tayaaru chesinappudu, anuvartanaanni batti Na +, k +, Li +, Ag +, h +, pb2 +, sr2 + ledhaa b2 + vanti mobile ayanto sanklishtamgaa untundi. β-alumina daani chalana ayan yokka manchi vahakamu ayinappatikee ionic kaani (i.ii., electronic) vaahakata. β-alumina yokka sphatika nirmaanam ghanapadaartham yokka ionic jaatulu valasa vellagala maargaalato avasaramaina drudamaina chatraanni andistundi. ayan ravaanaalo eee kaaluvala venta oka pradaesam nundi maroka pradaesaaniki egaradam untundi. 1970la nundi eee saanketikata puurtigaa abhivruddhi cheyabadindi, phalitamgaa aasaktikaramaina anuvartanaalu vachayi. ayan mariyu vidyut vaahakatapai daani pratyeka lakshanaalu eee padaarthaanni shakti nilva rangamlo chaalaa aasaktikaramgaa chestaayi.
ghana electrolyte.
β-alumina oka ghana electrolyte. ghana-sthithi electrolytelu adhika ionic vaahakata kaligina ghanapadaarthaalu, ivi karigina lavanaalatoe polchavachhu. ghana-sthithi electrolytelu vidyut shakti nilva mariyu vividha sensorlalo anuvartanaalanu kaligi untaayi. vaatini suupar kpaasitarlu, indhana kanaalu mariyu ghana-sthithi byaatareelalo upayoginchavacchu, udaaharanaku lithium-ayan batterylo upayoginche drava electrolytelanu pratyamnaayamgaa upayoginchavacchu. ghana electrolyte atyanta chalana ayaanlanu kaligi untundi, idhi ayanla kadalikanu anumatistundi. ayanlu lekapothe drudamaina sphatikam gundaa dookadam dwara kadulutaayi. drava electrolytela kante ghana electrolytela pradhana prayojanam perigina bhadrata mariyu adhika shakti saandrata.
charitra.
sodiyam-sulfur byaatareeni abhivruddhi chestunnappudu electric vaahanaala kosam nilva parikaram kosam anveshanhalo ford motor company parisoedhakulu modata besnu abhivruddhi chesaaru. beata-alumina sammelanam ippatike 1916loe kanugonabadindi mariyu 1930la chivari natiki eee nirmaanam baga prasiddhi chendindi. beata-aluminium anae padam tappu paeru, endukante idhi aluminium oxide (aall2oo3) kaadu, conny sodiyam polyluminate. 1970laku mundu, β-aluminanu pradhanamgaa paarisraamika kolimula nirmaanamloo upayoginchevaaru. ford motor companylo, parisoedhakulu (young-fong yuyao, zhe. tii. kumer mariyu neel webber) β-alumina yokka adhika ionic vaahakatanu tirigi kanugonnaru, antey dheenini ghana electrolytega upayoginchavacchu. ford motor company vidyut vaahanaala kosam vaaru abhivruddhi chestunna sodiyam-sulfur byaatariilooni padaarthaanni upayoginchadaaniki aasakti choopindi. 1970la praarambhamlo, chamuru sankshobham prerepinchina, chaalaa parisoedhanalu shakti nilva parishkaralalo β-aluminium yokka paarisraamika anuvartanampai drushti saarinchaayi. tvaralo β-alumina adhika ionic vaahakatanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki oka namoonaga maarindi, mariyu 1970luu mariyu 1980laloe vaahakataku antarleenamgaa unna khachitamaina yantraamgaalapai chaalaa saiddhaantika parisoedhanalu chepattabaddaayi. sodiyam-sulfur battery 1970luu mariyu 1980laloe prapanchavyaaptamgaa teevramaina aasaktini kaliginche amsamgaa undedi, ayithe vividha saanketika mariyu aardhika kaaranaala valla vaahanaala vadakam kosam saanketikatapai aasakti taggindi. daani "varasudu", sodiyam nickel chloride battery, vaanijyaparamaina aasaktini kaligi undhi. sodiyam nickel chloride battery (ledhaa jeebra battery) daadaapu 20 samvatsaraalugaa abhivruddhilo undhi.
nirmaanam.
modata kanugonappudu, β-aluminianu <kemm> \alfa-al _ 2o _ 3 </kemm> (aluminium oxide) yokka polymorphga bhaavinchaaru, taruvaata dheeniki <kemm> \beta-al _ 2o _ 3 </kemm> anie paeru pettaru. 1931loe sodiyam kooda eee nirmaanamloo bhagamani grahinchaaru. sphatikam daggaragaa pyaak cheyabadina 'vennemuka' blacklanu kaligi untundi, veetini vadulugaa pyaak cheyabadina prasarana vimanalu vaeru chestaayi.  vennemuka addamkulu <kemm> all-oo-all </kemm> bandhaala dwara anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi. eee prasarana vimanalalo chalana sodiyam ayanlu untaayi, idhi β-aluminanu ionic conductorga chestundi. β-alumina saadhaaranamgaa stoichiometric kaanidi. saadhaarana suutram <kemm> Na _ {1 + x} al _ {11} o _ {17 + x/2} </kemm> dwara ivvabadutundi, suutram _ 1 thoo sodiyam anuvula adanapu, suutram _ 2 oxygen anuvula adanapu dwara samatulyam cheyabadutundi. suutram _ 3 anedi stoichiometric sammelanam, conny saadhaaranamgaa sthiramgaa undadu. saadhaaranamgaa suutram _ 1 sumaru 0.3 untundi. ayanlu <kemm> keey +, eji +, tl +, enhetch _ 4 +, hetch _ 3oo + </kemm> vaahaka poralooni sodiyamnu bharti cheyagalavu.  
prasarana vimanalalo prasarana yantraangam kosam moodu mukhyamaina pradaesaalu gurtinchabaddaayi. ivi sodiyam ayanku moodu sambhaavya sthaanaalu, veetini bever-cross (br), anty-bever-cross (abr) mariyu mid-oxygen (moe) anie pilustaaru. modati rendintiki eee sthaanaalanu modata gurtinchina shaastravetta paeru pettaru. chivaridaaniki mid-oxygen anie paeru pettaru, endukante idhi prasarana samatalamlo rendu oxygen ayanla madhya sarigga untundi. eee moodu sthaanaalu suutram _ 5, suutram _ 6 mariyu suutram _ 7 vadda untaayi, samaruupata binduvulalo okadaanni muulamgaa teesukunnappudu. sodiyam ayan ekkuvagaa br sthaanam vadda untundi, conny bii-aluminalo prasaranaku moodu pradaesaalu mukhyamainavi. sodiyam ayanlu vaahaka samatalamlo eee pradaesaala madhya dookutaayi.  
rendu pradhana, nirmaanaatmaka vibhina sammelanaalu unnaayi, β-alumina mariyu β "-alumina. konni itara sammelanaalu gurtinchabaddaayi, conny ivanni nirmaanaparamgaa β-ledhaa β "-aluminanu pooli untaayi. β-alumina anedi eee nirdishta nirmaanaaniki paeru, conny β "-aluminatho sahaa β-alumina padaartham yokka saadhaarana taragatini vivarinchadaaniki kooda upayogistaaru. β-alumina, nirdishta nirmaanam, shatkona samaruupatanu kaligi untundi. daani unit sell rendu vennemuka blaakulanu kaligi untundi, veetilo rendu prakkane unna prasarana vimanalu untaayi. vaahaka vimanalu addam vimanalu. β "-alumina chaalaa saaruupya nirmaanaanni kaligi untundi, conny vividha vimaanaala stocking koddigaa bhinnamgaa untundi. idhi rambohedral samaruupatanu kaligi undhi mariyu daani unit sell prakkane unna conduction plaenlatoe sahaa moodu vennemuka blaakulanu kaligi untundi. anduvalla daani ekakanamu sii-aksham venta 1.5 retlu podavu untundi. vaahaka vimanalu β-alumina kante ekkuva sodiyam ayaanlanu kaligi untaayi mariyu vaahaka samatalamlo vividha vaipula madhya dookadaaniki takkuva shakti addamkulanu kaligi untaayi. anduvalla β "-alumina saadhaaranamgaa β-alumina kante ekkuva vaahakatanu kaligi untundi mariyu electrolyte anuvartanaalaku ishtapade dasha.
prasarana.
β-alumina oka manchi ionic conductor, conny chedu electronic conductor, sumaru 9 EV bandgapto. ayanlu sphatikamloni 2dii prasarana samatalaalo matrame, sii-akshaniki lambamgaa kadalagalavu. β-alumina yokka rendu mukhyamaina lakshanaalu unnaayi, ivi adhika ionic vaahakataku kaaranamavutaayi. modatidi naan-stoichiometry, kabatti sodiyam ayanlu vanti saanukuula charge ayanlu (catayans) adhikamgaa untaayi. eee ayanlu nirdishta jaalaka pradaesaalaku parimitam kaaledu mariyu chaarj carrierluga panicheestaayi. saadhaarana ionic padaarthamloo, eee lopaalu nirvahinchadaaniki mundu srushtinchabadaali, idhi prasarana kosam kriyaaseelata saktini aneka eeveelu ekkuvagaa chestundi. rendava lakshanam emitante, lekapothe drudamaina jaalakam lopala unna chalana ayanla adhika rugmata. saadhaarana (suutram _ 8) naan-stoichiometric β-aluminalo, gadhi ushnograta vadda kooda takkuva shakti addankula kaaranamgaa, chalana ayanlu vividha pradaesaalaku sulabhamgaa valasapothayi. ayanlu conduction slab dwara vyaapinchagalavu. stoichiometric (formula _ 10) β-aluminaku viruddhamgaa, saadhaarana (formula _ 9) naan-stoichiometric β-aluminaku mobile ayanlaku deergha shreni kramam ledhu, tatphalitamgaa adhika vaahakata untundi. β "-alumina saadhaaranamgaa β-alumina kante ekkuva vaahakatanu kaligi untundi, endukante idhi prasarana samatalamlo sodiyam ayanla adhika saandrata mariyu takkuva shakti addamkulanu kaligi untundi.
chalana ayanlu vividha saadhyamayye pradaesaala (br, abr, moe) madhya dookadam dwara prasarana vimanam gundaa kadulutaayi. eee pradaesaala madhya prasarana margalu prasarana samatalamlo tenegudu netvarknu yerparustaayi, vividha pradaesaala madhya chinna shakti addamkulu untaayi. β-aluminalo, β "-aluminaku viruddhamgaa, <kemm> k + </kemm> vanti pedda kshaara ayanlaku oxygen anuvula madhya antaram saadhaaranamgaa chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi. conduction mechanismlo rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva ayaanlanu ekakaalamlo eguraveyadam, takkuva kriyaaseelata shakti mariyu adhika ionic vaahakatanu vivarinchadam untundi.
utpatti.
pedda ettuna mariyu takkuva kharchutho kuudina shakti nilva avasaralaku, adhika ushnogratala vadda panichese sodiyam byaatariilu vijaya sankethaalu chuuputunnaayi. battery kanaala paniteerulo ayan-conductive β-alumina keelaka paatra poeshistumdi, prayojanakaramaina vidyut mariyu yaantrika lakshanaalanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki saraina suukshma nirmaanam mariyu swachchata abhivruddhi avasaram.
β-aluminium electrolytelanu utpatti cheyadaaniki prastuta hye-end tayari paddhatulu isostatic pressing mariyu electrophoretic nikshepana (eah. dii. pii).
isostatic nokkadam anedi acchu mariyu ottidini upayoginchi castingnu compact ghanapadarthaalugaa nokkadam. electrophoretic nikshepana anedi kaavalasina padaarthaanni pondadaaniki vidyut kshetraanni upayoginchi oka maadhyamamlo velaadadeesina colloidal kanaalanu taralinche prakriya.
rendu prakriyalu, manchi utpattulaku daariteesinappatikee, byaachnu roopondinchadaaniki aneka dasalu avasaram, idhi battery kharchuku gananeeyamgaa dohadam chestundi. pedda parimaanamlo utpatti cheyalante saralikrutamaina takkuva vyayam mariyu nirantara prakriyanu korukuntaru. idhi velikiteeta dwara andinchabadutundi.
tudi utpattilo kaavalasina cross-section pondadaaniki dye dwara stock materialnu nokkadam, eee avakaasaanni andistundi. prastutam idhi aamodayogyamaina syramic naanhyathatho utpaadaka kharchulanu gananeeyamgaa tagginche saamarthyaanni kaligi undi aasaajanaka phalitaalanu chuuputoemdi.
applications.
gatha dasaabdaallo shakti marpidi mariyu nilva kosam beata-aluminium aadhaarita aneka parikaraalu parisoedhimchabaddaayi. β-aluminium ghana electrolytela sambandhita lakshanaalu adhika ionic vaahakata, conny takkuva electronic badilee sankhya mariyu rasayana nishkriyaatmakata. idhi upayogakaramaina aakaralalo kooda yerpadavachhu.
sodiyam-sulfur battery.
sodiyam-sulfur kanampai parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi ippudu eee saanketikata vaanijyeekarinchabadina dasaku cherukundi. sagatu unitlu 50-400 kilovatla paridhiloo vidyut utpattini kaligi untaayi. dheeni jeevitakaalam sumaru 15 samvatsaraalu, 85 saatam saamardhyamtho sumaru 4500 chakralu untundani anchanaa. 1 ms kramamlo claim cheyabadina vegamtho, vegavantamaina pratispandana samayalu, battery yokka mottam viniyogaaniki jodistaayi. operation samayamlo 300-400 degreela celsius adhika ushnograta avasaram
sodiyam-sulfur byaatariilu karigina uppu saanketikataku aadharam kaligi untaayi, ikkada karigina sodiyam mariyu sulfur battery yokka electrodeluga upayoginchabadataayi. bhagalu karigipoyela undataaniki operation samayamlo 300-400 degreela celsius adhika ushnograta avasaram. vidyudutpatti samayamlo, loha anuvulu vidudalayye vidhamgaa vidyuttunu utpatti chestundi, sodiyam electrolyte dwara saanukuula electrodeku kadulutundi. electrolyte beata-aluminium tubenu kaligi untundi. vegavantamaina mariyu samarthavanthamaina ayan ravana kaaranamgaa, β-alumina byaatareeni eee adhika vegam mariyu saamardhyamtho panicheyadaaniki anumatistundi.
eee byaatareela anuvartanam saadhaaranamgaa punarutpaadaka shakti rangamlo untundi, pradhana pani garishta kshouram mariyu shakti sthireekarana. eee prayojanam kosam adhika ayan ravana beata-aluminium andinchadam chaalaa mukhyam.
sodiyam amalgam-hologen sell.
β-aluminium poranu upayoginchi praadhamika kanaala yokka kotta adhika shakti saandrata taragati abhivruddhi anedi purogamistunna prakriya. eee kanaalu gadhi ushnograta vadda panicheyadaaniki mariyu sudeergha shelf mariyu operating jeevitakaalaanni pradarsinchadaaniki uddesinchabaddaayi. uddesinchina anuvartanaalu udaaharanaku pays makerlu mariyu electronic gadiyaralu.
sodiyam heat injin.
sodiyam heat injin nadibodduna, beata alumina syramic gottapu pora madhyalo unchabadutundi. eee vyavasthanu sodiyam aaviri kanamgaa chudavachu, ikkada ottidilo bhedam rendu ushna jalaasayaala dwara niyantrinchabadutundi. rendu praantaala madhya ushnograta vyatyaasam oka nirdishta sodiyam kaaryaacharana bhedaaniki daariteestundi, sodiyam daadaapu samasheetoshnamgaa vistaristundi. beata alumina electrolyte electronlanu anukuulamgaa nirvahinchadu kabatti vistarana pora antataa sodiyam ayanlu mariyu bahya circuit dwara electronlaku kaaranamavutundi. oka randhra electrode vadda ayanlu takkuva peedanam vaipu tatastheekarinchabadataayi, tatastha anuvulu aaviri gadhi dwara aavirai condensorlo mugustaayi. challabadina drava sodiyamnu tirigi adhika ushnograta praantaaniki pamputaaru. eee anuvartanaaniki beata alumina pratyaekamgaa vartistundi, endukante heat injin yokka atyanta samarthavanthamaina lakshanaalu pani dravam yokka lakshanaala phalitamgaa erpadataayi.
heat injin application deerghakaalika mannikatho electrolyte kosam pilupunistundi. vaedi sodiyam ichhe lakshanaalalo idhi okati, adhika operating ushnograta vadda electrolyte nirodhakata mukhyamgaa takkuvagaa untundi. marpidi saamarthyam parimaanam nundi daadaapu swatantramgaa unnanduna, eee ushna yantram modular roopaanni kaligi untundi mariyu shakti vyavasthalalo sthaanika vidyut utpattiki oka abhyardhini yerparustundi. eee roeju varaku idhi soura-ushna-vidyut vyavasthalatho kalipi chaalaa varaku upayoginchabadindi.
prastuta parisoedhana.
jeebraalu.
jeebra battery (sunna udgaara byaatareela parisoedhana karyakalapam) anedi sodiyam nickel chloride battery, idhi gatamlo sthiramaina shakti nilva mariyu vidyut vaahana anuvartanaala kosam pariganinchabadindi. eee byaatareela pradhana lopam emitante avi 300 degreela celsius vadda panicheestaayi, vahanam upayogamlo lenappudu byaatareeni panicheestuu undataaniki bahya ushna vanaru avasaram. eee bahya taapana parisara ushnograta byaatareela kante ekkuva saktini upayogistundaa anie parisoedhimchabadimdi. rojuvaaree driving alavaatlalo vaividhyam kaaranamgaa jeebra battery saampradaaya battery kante ekkuva vidyuttunu upayoginchadani nirdhaarana. anduvalla eee byaatareeki atyanta samarthavanthamaina viniyoga kesu praja ravana vanti battery ekkuva viniyogaanni chuse kshetraalalo untundi. general electric 2011-2015 loe sthiramaina enarii nilva kosam jeebra byaatareelanu vaanijyeekarinchadaaniki prayatninchindi, conny alaa cheyadamlo viphalamaindi. 
dopping.
prastutam ghana electrolyte yokka christal nirmaanaanni dopping anae amsampai parisoedhana padaartham yokka marinta anukuulamaina lakshanaalaku daariteestundi. kuurpu paridhiloo inumunu jodinchetappudu, idhi undoped versionku sambandhinchi adhika ionic vaahakatanu cherukogaladu. dopant yokka ekagrata mariyu rakam anevi padaartham yokka lakshanaalanu marchagala chararaasulu. adhika mottamlo dopingnu upayoginchadam valla electrolyte yokka vidyut vaahakata perige pratikuula pratikuula prabhavam untundi. ionic mariyu vidyut vaahakata madhya maarpidini kanugonadampai parisoedhana drushti saarinchindi.