
sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti

manastatvasaastramlo, sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti anedi encoding mariyu tirigi pondadamlo unna sandarbham oke vidhamgaa unnappudu nirdishta bhagalu ledhaa samacharanni merugaina gurthuku tecchukovadam. saralamaina paddhatiloo, "sanghatanalanu ghnaapakasaktiloo suuchimchinappudu, sandarbhochita samacharam ghnaapakasaktitoo paatu nilva cheyabadutundi; anduvalla sandarbham aaa sandarbhochita samacharanni kaligi unna ghnaapakaalanu suuchimchagaladu". paniloo sandarbha-aadhaarapadataaniki oka saadhaarana udaaharana oka vyakti oka vastuvunu kolpoinappudu sambhavistundi (udhaa.zii. kaaru keelu kolpoyina) teliyani pradaesamloe. saadhaaranamgaa, vastuvu unna anni pradaesaalanu nirnayinchadaaniki prajalu kramapaddhatilo "vaari dasalanu tirigi vaeyadaaniki" prayatnistaaru. reekaalnu nirnayinchadamlo sandarbham poeshinchae paatra aadhaaramgaa, vyaktulu tarachugaa saraina sandarbhaaniki tirigi vacchina tarvaata kolpoyina vastuvunu chaalaa sulabhamgaa kanugonadamlo aascharyam ledhu. eee bhavana encoding specificity suutraaniki ekkuvagaa sambandhinchinadi.
eee udaaharana sandarbha-aadhaarita marachipovadam anae bhavananu uttamamgaa vivaristundi. ayithe, sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasaktipai parisoedhanaa saahityam paryaavarana sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti, rashtra-aadhaarita abhyasam, abhignaa sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti mariyu manasika sthithi-ummadi ghnaapakasakti vanti aneka rakaala sandarbhochita samacharanni vivaristundi. adhyayanam chesina padaartham kosam ghnaapakasakti ledhaa madyam ledhaa itara mandula viniyogam taruvaata jarigina sanghatanalu vanti aneka paristhitulalo sandarbha-aadharapadatam mukhyamaina paatra pooshistundani parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi.
charitra.
prarambha parisoedhana.
konni prarambha 
1930laloe eee amsampai parisoedhakulu parisoedhana nirvahinchaaru, vaaru sandarbhamloni maarpulu ardhamleni aksharaala kosam oka vyakti yokka ghnaapakasaktini elaa prabhaavitam chestayo vislaeshimchaaru. eee prarambha adhyayanalu sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti prabhavanni pradarsinchalekapoyayi. atuvanti mukhyamainavi kaani phalitaalu ghnaapakasaktipai sandarbham yokka prabhavanni vislaeshimchadaaniki puurvagaami jokyam namuunaa vanti kotta paddhatula abhivruddhini prothsahinchaayi. 1950la natiki, ghnaapakasaktini tirigi pondadampai sandarbhochita samacharam yokka prabhavanni pradarsinchadaaniki eee saanketikata upayoginchabadindi. ayithe, eee pratyeka namuunaanu upayoginchadam yokka praamaanikata prashninchabadindi. nijaaniki, eee amsampai prarambha saahityam chaalaa varaku ghnaapakasaktipai sandarbha-aadhaarita prabhaavaalaku nischayaatmaka sakshyalanu andinchadamlo viphalamaindi.
1970la chivari natiki, sandarbha-aadhaarita prabhavam yokka aneka vijayavantamaina pradarsanalu saahityamlo kanipistaayi. 1971 lone, genson mariyu itarulu. ardhamleni aksharaala kosam ghnaapakasaktipai sandarbha-aadhaarita prabhavanni pradarsinchadam dwara munupati parisoedhanalanu vyatirekinche sakshyalanu kanugonnaru. idhe kaalaparimitilo, endel toolwing mariyu donald thampson vaari atyanta prabhaavavantamaina 'encoding specificity principle' nuu pratipaadinchaaru, idhi sandarbhochita samacharam ghnaapakasaktini mariyu gurthuku tecchukoovadaanni elaa prabhaavitam chestundo ardham chesukovadaniki modati frameworknu andinchindi. 1975loe, sandarbhochita samacharam ghnaapakasaktini prabhaavitam chestunda anae prasna prasiddha 'diving studdy' nuu vivarinche gadden mariyu baddeli yokka kaagitam prachuranatho pramukhamgaa parisoedhimchabadimdi. eee adhyayanam prachurinchadaaniki konni samvatsaraala mundu, parisoedhakulu neeti aduguna chusina sanghatanala kosam lothaina samudrapu diverla ghnaapakasakti punaruddharinchabadina tarvaata taggipoyindani niroopinchaaru. eee yaadruchchika phalitam takshaname sandarbhochita vaataavaranam (neeti aduguna undatam) yokka prabhavanni gurthuku tecchukovadampai suuchimchimdani rachayitalu tama 1975 paperlo paerkonnaaru. eee parikalpananu pareekshinchadaaniki, goden mariyu baddeli diverlu rendu ververu vaataavaranaalaloo padha jaabitaalanu neerchukuni, gurthuku tecchukunnaaru; neeti kinda mariyu podi bhoomipai. neeti kinda kooda recoll sessionlu jariginappudu neeti kinda neerchukunna padaala jaabitaalaku ghnaapakasakti merugga untundani, alaage bhoomipai neerchukunna mariyu recoll chesina padaalaku saaruupya prabhavam undani vaari phalitaalu niroopinchaayi. saralikruta roopamlo encoding mariyu retrieval madhya sandarbhaanni marchadam valla neerchukunna padaalanu gurthunchukune diverla saamarthyaanni tagginchindi. eee adhyayanam prachurana bahusha sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti yokka prastuta samshlaeshanhanu praarambhinchindi, endukante dheenini nedu manastatvavettalu adhyayanam chestunnaru.
saiddhaantika nepathyam.
sandarbhochita samacharam ghnaapakasaktini gurthuku thechukovadamtho elaa sankarshana chendutundo aneka amsaalu prabhaavitam chestayani bhaavistunnaaru. udaaharanaku, smith mariyu vaelaa paryaavarana sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasaktipai saahityam yokka meta-vislaeshanha sandarbhochita samacharam mukhyamgaa mukhyamainadi kaani sandarbhaallo, ghnaapakasaktipai sandarbha-aadhaarita prabhavalu taggutayani suuchimchimdi. adevidhamgaa, eee meta-vislaeshanha encoding vaataavaranaaniki bhouthikamgaa tirigi ravadam dwara matrame kakunda, aaa vaataavaranaanni maanasikamgaa drushyamaanam cheyadam dwara kooda sandarbhaanni punaruddharinchavachani suuchistumdi. eee adhyayanam paryaavarana sandarbha-aadharapadataanni matrame pariganinchindi.
adanamgaa, itara manasika nirmaanaalu sandarbham ghnaapakasaktini elaa prabhaavitam cheyagaladane daanipai marinni parimitulanu suuchistaayi. udaaharanaku, johnson mariyu itarulu.'oka episode yokka muulaanni gurthunchukune vyakti yokka saamarthyam aaa ghnaapakasaktini tirigi recoll chese sambhaavyatanu prabhaavitam chestundani muula paryaveekshanha framework pratipaadistundi. anduvalla, sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti vishayamlo, eee framework ghnaapakasaktipai sandarbham yokka prabhavalu vyaktigata sandarbhaala madhya thedaanu gurtinche vyaktula saamarthyam vanti abhignaa kaarakaala dwara kooda parimitam kaavacchani suuchistumdi.
sandarbham anedi antargata sandarbhaanni suuchimchavachchu, idhi memory encoding samayamlo manassu yokka sthithini suuchistumdi, ledhaa taatkaalika sandarbham, idhi bahya sandarbhamtho paatu, ledhaa bhouthika mariyu paristhitula parisaraalatoe paatu, memory encode cheyabadina samayanni suuchistumdi. eee rakamaina sandarbhaalannii sandarbha vahakalu anie piluvabade viluvalugaa chaerchabadataayi, bahula sandarbha lakshanaala vector praatinidhyaalu, ghnaapakasakti mariyu gurtimpu ghnaapakasakti yokka aneka siddhaantaalalo upayoginchabadataayi.
sankshipta saaruupyata siddhaantamlo, memory matricks yokka upayogam memory vectorlo oka lakshanamgaa sandarbhaanni kaligi untundi. memory yokka itara lakshanaalu anubandham kosam oka shreni namoonaalo, oka nirdishta memory amsam yokka memory matricks praatinidhyamlo migilinavi. saaraamsa saaruupyata siddhaantam saiddhaantika memory matricks sodhinchabadutundani mariyu probe amsaaniki anni memory vectorla yokka atyadhika saaruupyatatoe memory praatinidhyam empika cheyabadindani vivaristundi. eee shodhanalo sandarbham pedda paatra poeshistumdi, mukhyamgaa memory matrixloni iteevali amsaalu daggaragaa saripoye sandarbhaalanu kaligi untaayi.
sampoorna-saaruupyata framework probe vector mariyu memory vector entha daggaragaa saripolutunnayo nirnayinchadamlo sandarbhaanni kooda oka mukhyamaina karakamga upayogistundi. sandarbhochita chalanam anedi oka yaadruchchika nadakaga bhaavinchavachchu, oka unit ledhaa adugutho, memarylo nilva cheyabadina prati vastuvuku yaadruchchika nadakalo. yaadruchchika nadaka yea disaloonainaa undavacchu mariyu kramamga maarutunna encoding yokka saareeraka ledhaa manasika sandarbhaaniki praatinidhyam vahistundi. sampoorna saaruupyata framework anedi oka probe amsam nilva chesina memory vektarnu saripolutundaa anie oka parimitini upayoginchadam dwara nirnayistundi. parimiti, sii kante ekkuva saaruupyatalu unnavi matrame saruupyamgaa nirnayinchabadataayi. eee teerpulo sandarbham pedda paatra poeshistumdi, endukante oka probe vastuvunu sambandhita vastuvu kante chaalaa saaruupya sandarbhamtho memory vektarku saripolchavachhu.
yea vidhamaina panini nirvahistunnaarane vishayaniki vasthe sandarbha prabhavalu bhinnamgaa untaayi. gadden & baddeli chesina oka adhyayanam prakaram, ghnaapakasaktini tirigi pondadampai sandarbha maarpu yokka prabhavalu gurtimpu panula kante recoll panulalo chaalaa ekkuvagaa untaayi. antey idhe vidhamaina sandarbham gurtimpu kante ekkuva ghnaapakasaktitoo anubandhistundi.
neuroanatomy.
sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasaktiloo aneka neuroanatomical nirmaanaalu paatra poeshistaayani bhaavistunnaaru, veetilo hippocompus mariyu prefrontal cartex unnaayi. udaaharanaku, sandarbhochita samacharam encoding nundi tirigi pondadaaniki saripolinappudu hippocompuslo perigina kriyaaseelatanu pradarsinchadaaniki functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) upayoginchabadindi, idhi sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti prakriyala madhyavartitvamlo hippocompus mukhyamainadani suuchistumdi. callisch mariyu itarulu. sandarbha-aadhaarita vilupta ghnaapakasakti hippocompus mariyu ventromedial prefrontal cartex rendintiloonuu kriyaaseelatatoo sambandham kaligi undani niroopinchadam dwara eee paatraku marinta maddatunu andistundi. adevidhamgaa, wagner mariyu itarulu chesina prayogam. saraina prefrontal cartex yokka kriyaaseelata sandarbhochita samacharampai aadharapadi untundani fmrini upayoginchadam niroopinchindi. eee adhyayanam yokka rachayitalu prefrontal cartex yokka avakalana kriyaaseelata sambhavistundani suuchistunnaaru, endukante vividha sandarbhaalalo tirigi pondadaaniki pratyaekamaina prayatna prakriyalu avasaram. maroe maatalo cheppalante, tirigi pondadam sandarbhaanni batti, paalgonevaaru samacharanni gurthuku tecchukoovadaaniki vividha vyuuhaalanu upayoginchaaru. mottammeeda, sandarbhochita samacharamlo maarpulanu anusarinchi hippocompus mariyu prefrontal cartexlo kriyaaseelata yokka namuunaalu eee medadu praantaalu sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasaktiloo mukhyamaina paatra poeshistaayani suuchistunnaayi.
paryaavaranam.
smith nirvachinchina vidhamgaa paryaavarana sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti anedi paryaavarana sandarbham abhignaa prakriyanu prabhaavitam chese drugvishayaanni suuchistumdi. mundu cheppinatlugaa, paryaavarana sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasaktipai maargadarsaka panini 1975loe goden mariyu baddeli nirvahinchaaru. vaari pani bhoomi meeda mariyu neeti kinda lothaina samudramlo diverla ghnaapakasaktini chusindi. neeti aduguna challani vaataavaranam lothaina samudrapu diverlalo balamaina sandarbha aadharapadataanni srushtinchagaladani baddeli yokka munupati parisoedhana suuchimchimdi. vaaru oka prayogaanni nirvahinchaaru, ikkada diverlanu neeti kinda ledhaa beach loe unchaaru mariyu sambandham laeni 36, rendu mariyu moodu aksharaala padaala jaabitaanu mundugaa record chesaaru. padaala jaabitaanu vinna taruvaata, vaaru pareekshinchina adhe vaataavaranamloo ledhaa pratyaamnaaya vaataavaranamloo padaalanu gurthuku tecchukunnappudu pareekshinchabaddaaru. neeti aduguna neerchukunna padaalu neeti aduguna gurthuku tecchukovadam uttamamani, bhoomipai neerchukunna padaalu bhoomipai gurthuku tecchukovadam uttamamani phalitaalu spashtamgaa choopinchaayi.
paryaavarana punaruddharana prabhavam.
paryaavarana sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti yokka atyanta saadhaaranamgaa parisoedhinchabadina praantam paryaavarana punaruddharana prabhavam yokka drugvishayam. eee prabhavam punaruddharana (i.ii. paryaavarana sandarbhaanni punahsameekshinchadam) aaa nirdishta paryaavarana sandarbhaaniki sambandhinchina gatha ghnaapakaalaku oka suuchanagaa panichestundi. saadhaaranamgaa, eee paristhitiloo gurthuchesukunna ghnaapakaalu vaaru marchipoyaarani nammina vishayalu, mariyu oka vyakti eee paryaavarana sandarbhaanni punahsameekshinchinappudu matrame vaaru eee ghnaapakaalanu gurthu chesukuntaru. eee prabhavam entha sambhavistundo aneka kaarakaalanu batti maarutuu untundi, mariyu rendu rakaala punaruddharana prabhaavaala krinda vargeekarinchavachuh deerghakaalika mariyu swalpakaalika.
deerghakaalika punaruddharana prabhavalu.
paryaavarana sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti yokka prabhavalu prarambha encoding mariyu ghnaapakasakti yokka tirigi pondadam madhya samaya vyavadhitho sanukoolamgaa sambandham kaligi untaayi, tadwara eee prabhavalu encoding mariyu tirigi pondadam madhya vyavadhitho perugutaayi. sudeerghakaalam gairhajaru ayina taruvaata munupati nivaasaaniki ledhaa paatasaalaku tirigi vacchina tarvaata oka vyakti anubhavinche ghnaapakaala "varada" nuu vivarinchadaaniki eee sahasambandham sahaayapadavachhu. deerghakaalika punaruddharana prabhaavaalaku eee saadhaarana udaaharana aneka kaaranaala valla sambhavinchavachhu. udaaharanaku, oka nirdishta pradaesamloe sudeerghakaalam nivasinchadam valla ghnaapakasaktiki encode cheyabadina paryaavarana sandarbhochita samacharam mottam perige avakaasam undhi. oka vyakti vibhina sandarbhochita samaachaaramtho kotta pradaesaaniki vellinappudu, eee kotta vaataavaranam nundi samacharanni gurthunchukovadam mariyu gurtuchesukovadam paatha ghnaapakaalaku antaraayam kaliginchi, "marchipovadaaniki" daariteeyavachchu. ayithe, munupati pradaesaaniki tirigi vachinappudu, sandarbhochita samacharam undatam eee paatha ghnaapakaalanu "tirigi sakriyam chestundi", idhi chaalaa samvatsaraalu laenappatikee vaatini gurthuchesukovadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
deerghakaalika punaruddharana prabhaavaaniki maroe udaaharana anubhavagnulu mariyu yuddha khaideelache yuddhakaala ghnaapakaalanu punaruddharinchadam. paatha yuddhabhoomulaku tirigi vacchina taruvaata, eee vyaktulalo chaalaa mandhi yuddha samayamlo jeevitamlooni vishaadakaramaina ghnaapakaalanu punarnirminchaaru. atuvanti vyaktulu television yuddha documentarylu mariyu yuddhaala prasaralanu chusinappudu idhe vidhamaina prabhavam sambhavinchavachhu, idhi yuddhaaniki sambandhinchina sandarbhochita suuchanala saadhaaraneekaranaku aapaadinchabadina prabhavam. mukhyamgaa, vaari konni anubhavaalato mudipadi unna gaayam kaaranamgaa, eee gatha yuddha ghnaapakaalanu gurtuchesukovadam valla eee sandarbhochita samacharam bahirgatam ayina taruvaata chaalaa mandhi anubhavagnulu manasika aarogya samrakshananu pondadaaniki daariteestundani nivedinchabadindi.
swalpakaalika punaruddharana prabhavalu.
mea desk nundi lechina tarvaata vantagadi nundi meeru pondaalanukunnadi marchipovadam vanti kshanikamaina marachipovadam rojuvaaree jeevitamlo tarachugaa anubhavinchabadutundi. saadhaaranamgaa marchipoyina vaatini sanghatana praarambhamaina sandarbhaaniki tirigi ravadam dwara mallee gurthunchukovacchu. udaaharanaku, mea desk vadda kuurchuni, meeru vantagadi nundi paaneeyam teesukoovaalanukuntunnaari nirnayinchukondi. meeru vantagadiki cherukunna tarvaata, akkada meeku emi kavalo puurtigaa marchipotaru. meeru mea deskki tirigi vasthe, vantagadi nundi meeku emi kavalo meeku bahusha gurthundipothundi.
mana jeevitaalu mariyu ghnaapakaalu mana paryaavarana parisaraala dwara vibhajinchabadataayani maddatu ichhe aadharalu kooda unnaayi. illu, pani pradaesam, restaurant ledhaa theatre vanti vividha vaataavaranaalu, vibhina ghnaapakaalu mariyu yaadrucchikamgaa, vibhina paatralatho mudipadi untaayi. idhi parisaraalu yea samayamloonainaa oka vyakti unna sandarbhaaniki nirdishtamaina ghnaapakaalu, paristhitulu mariyu vyaktigata paatralanu kooda suuchistaayani suuchistumdi.
awtshining parikalpana.
awtshining hypothesis anedi vaerae kyuu (itum kyuu) phalitamgaa sandarbha prabhavalu laeni drugvishayam, idhi tirigi pondadam vadda balaheenamaina kyooni anachivestundi. balamaina sandarbha suuchanala dwara vastuvu suuchanala kosam kooda eee "awtshining" sambhavinchavachhu. idhi oka swargapu sareeram pournami dwara aspashtamgaa unnappudu chudatam chaalaa kashtam anae aalochanapai aadharapadi untundi. adevidhamgaa, merugaina suuchanalu andubaatulo unnappudu paryaavarana sandarbha-aadhaarita sankethaala yokka yaadruchchika encoding puurtigaa "prakaasistundi". ayithe, encoding vadda balamaina sankethaalu lekapothe, yaadrucchikamgaa encode cheyabadina eee paryaavarana suuchanalanu ghnaapakasaktini tirigi pondadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. kyuu marinta lothugaa proses cheyabadindani, tarachugaa punaraavrutam cheyabadindani ledhaa daanitoe anubandhinchabadina takkuva amsaalanu kaligi unnanduna daanini "merugainadi" gaa pariganinchavacchu. udaaharanaku, padaalanu ardhavantamaina vachanamlo ponduparachinatlayithe, paryaavarana sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti padaala recoll pareekshalalo taggina prabhavanni chooputundani steak mariyu levy dwara chesina oka adhyayanam choopinchindi. endukante ardhavantamaina grandhaalu ghnaapakasaktiloo baga nilva cheyabadataayi mariyu marinta lothugaa proses cheyabadataayi.
rashtra aadhaarita abhyasam.
rashtra-aadhaarita abhyasam anedi encoding mariyu tirigi pondadamlo vaari saareeraka sthithi okela unnappudu prajalu marinta samacharanni gurthuku tecchukune vishayanni suuchistumdi. udaaharanaku, samacharanni encoding chesetappudu madyam matthu teesukunna vyaktulu, tirigi pondetappudu kooda mattulo unnappudu gurthuku tecchukuntaaru, encoding nundi tirigi pondetappudu madya sthithulu bhinnamgaa unna vaaritho poliste. eee rashtra-aadhaarita abhyasa prabhavam maanava mariyu janthu parisoedhana rendintiloonuu choopabadindi.rashtra-aadhaarita prabhavam kooda marphin, sigaretlu, scopolamine mariyu naitrik oxidetho sahaa vividha rakaala aushadhaalaku saadhaaraneekarinchabadindi.
ayithe, konni aushadha sthithulu abhyasanni balaheenaparustaayani gamaninchadam mukhyam. udaaharanaku, harry chesina oka adhyayanamlo, telikapati ganjai vaadakamtho sambandham unna rashtra-aadhaarita prabhavam unnappatikee, ganjai dhumapanam chese vyaktulu placebo samuuhamlooni vyaktula kante nemmadigaa neerchukunnaarani niroopinchaaru. marinta khachitamgaa, encoding mariyu retrieval dasallo ganjaayini sevinchina vyaktulu sagatuna 10 trialslo materialnu neerchukoogaligaaru, ayithe rendu dasallo placebo sthithilo unna vyaktulu sagatuna 5.6 trialslo matrame oke materialnu neerchukunnaaru.
sandarbhochita suuchanagaa perkonandi.
rashtra-aadhaarita recoll kosam taatkaalika vivarana saareeraka sthithini sandarbhochita kyuga upayoginchadam. sandarbhochita suuchana andinchani panulalo, antargata sthithulu sandarbhochita suuchanalugaa upayogapadatayani converging adhyayanala phalitaalu choopinchaayi. anduvalla, encoding samayamlo oka nirdishta aushadha sthithilo unna vyaktulu eee sthithini tirigi pondadaaniki oka sanketamgaa upayoginchavacchu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, vividha rashtraallo samacharanni encode chesi tirigi pondinappudu, samacharanni gurthuchesukovadamlo vaariki sahaayapadataaniki vyaktulaku etuvanti suuchanalu andubaatulo undavu, idhi paniteeru ksheenataku daariteestundi. adanapu sandarbhochita suuchanala parichayam rashtra-aadhaarita prabhavanni raddu chestundani niruupistuu, eee siddhaantaaniki marinta sakshyalanu andistundi. vaaru encode chesina vaatini prajalaku gurthu cheyadaaniki dhwani ledhaa chitram vanti kyuu andinchinatlayithe, vaaru ikapai tirigi pondadaaniki rashtraanni koralsina avasaram ledhu. eee sandarbhamlo, encoding mariyu retrieval vadda unna sthithulatho sambandham lekunda paalgonevaaru samanamga pradarsistaaru. aich prakaram, itara gamaninchadagina reminderlu puurtigaa lekapovadam anedi rashtra-aadhaarita quing prabhavalanu choopinchadaaniki keelakam.
abhignaa.
prasangam yokka bhasha.
abhignaa sandarbha-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti anedi encode cheyabadina mariyu oke abhignaa sthithilo tirigi pondabadina samacharam kosam merugaina ghnaapakasakti recoll. abhignaa sandarbha-aadhaarita prabhaavaaniki spashtamaina udaaharana naipunhyam kaligina dwibhasha matladevari adhyayanaalalo pradarsinchabadindi, endukante vividha bhashalu bhinnamaina abhignaa sandarbhaanni andistaayani oohinchabadindi. encoding mariyu retrieval rendintikee oke bhashanu upayoginchinappudu sweeyacharitra mariyu ardha ghnaapakaalu rendintinee baga gurthuku tecchukogalamani choopabadindi. mukhyamgaa, marian mariyu neeser sweeyacharitraatmaka ghnaapakasaktini chudatam dwara united statesku vacchina russian valasadaarulalo eee prabhavanni adhyayanam chesaaru. eee adhyayanam kosam, paalgonevaaru padha suuchanalaku pratispandanagaa nirdishta sweeyacharitra ghnaapakaalanu gurtuchesukomani koraru. interview yokka bhasha (russian ledhaa inglish) mariyu bhasha padha suuchanalanu pradarsinchadam dwara, yea sweeyacharitra ghnaapakaalu gurthuku tecchukunnayo marchadam saadhyamaindi. mukhyamgaa, aaa bhaashalo jarigina ghnaapakaalanu gurthuchesukovadaaniki russian pakshapaata paalgonevaarini interview cheyadam mariyu padha-kyuu cheyadam.
matsumoto mariyu stanley japanese-american vidyaarthulaku idhe vidhamaina prabhavanni kanugonnaru. mukhyamgaa, japaanlo palgonevari gatha anubhavaala nundi ghnaapakaalanu prerepinchadaaniki japanese bhaashalo vraayabadina sanketha padaalu aangla kyuu padaala kante ekkuvagaa undevani vaaru pradarsinchaaru. itara adhyayanalu spanish mariyu aanglamlo dwibhasha bhaashalalo, mariyu polish mariyu danish bhaashalalo ilanti phalitaalanu suuchimchaayi. ayithe, eee adhyayanalu kaarana prabhavanni pradarsinchani vaerae prayogaatmaka roopakalpananu upayoginchaayi. adanamgaa, spanish-inglish dwibhasha adhyayanaalalo ardha samacharanni gurthuku tecchukovadampai marian mariyu fausi bhasha yokka prabhavanni kanugonnaru. mukhyamgaa, encoding mariyu retrieval bhasha okela unnappudu vidya samacharanni gurthuku tecchukoovadaaniki khachitatvam mariyu pratispandana samayalu merugupaddaayani avi chuupistaayi. ayithe, eee prabhavam paakshikamgaa palgonevari bhasha naipunhyampai aadharapadi untundani kooda vaaru suuchistunnaaru (i.ii.encoding mariyu retrieval rendintikee aanglam upayoginchinappudu paelavamaina aanglam matladevaru skorlalo merugudala choopinchaledu).
"preranaatmaka sthithi".
encoding mariyu retrieval madhya "preranaatmaka sthithilo" maarpulu sanghatanalaku ghnaapakasaktini gurthuku tecchukoovadaanni prabhaavitam cheyavachani kooda soochinchabadindi. voic mariyu itarulu chesina adhyayanamlo. paalgonevaaru vibhina preranaatmaka sandarbhaala kathalanu chadavamani mariyu eee kathala nundi nirdishta samacharanni gurthuku tecchukoovaalani koraru. palgonevari swantha preranaatmaka sthithiki saripoye samacharanni kaligi unna kathala patla recoll pakshapaatamgaa undani rachayitalu kanugonnaru. voic mariyu itarulu chesina maroka adhyayanam. nirdishta padha jatala gurthuku raavadampai preranaatmaka sandarbhochita suuchanala prabhavanni pareekshinchadam dwara sandarbha-aadharapadataanni marinta pratyakshamgaa pariseelistundi. pratyaekamgaa, padha jatalanu sadhana suuchanalatoe anubandhinchadam eee padha jatalaku ghnaapakasaktini penche preranaatmaka sandarbhaanni utpatti chesindani rachayitalu pradarsinchaaru. eee adhyayanam mukhyamgaa tatastha preranaatmaka suuchanalanu niyantranagaa upayogistundi. eee tatastha sankethaalu padha jatalaku recoll loe ilanti merugudalalanu utpatti cheyaledu.
manasika sthithi-ekakaalika mariyu manasika sthithi-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti.
saadhaaranamgaa nivedinchabadina oka drugvishayam emitante, vyaktulu "chedu manasika sthithilo" unnappudu, vaaru saadhaaranamgaa tamaku jarigina marinta chedu vishayalanu gurtuchesukuntaru mariyu vaari jeevithaalloni bhaagaalanu saadhaaranam kante marinta pratikuula maargamlo anchanaa vaestaaru. yea samayamloonainaa oka vyakti yokka manasika sthithi vaari paryaavaranamlooni yea amsaalu atyanta pradhanamainavigaa kanipistaayane daanipai balamaina prabhavanni kaligi undatam valla eee prabhavam sambhavistundani soochinchabadindi. idhi vaaru gatam gurinchi emi gurthunchukuntaaro mariyu vartamaanam gurinchi vaaru emi encode chestaro prabhaavitam chestundi. eee pratyeka prabhavanni manasika sthithi-ekakaalika mariyu manasika sthithi-aadhaarita ghnaapakasaktigaa suuchistaaru.
manasika sthithi-ekakaala ghnaapakasakti.
eee ghnaapakaalalooni bhavodvega vishayaalatoe saripoye manasika sthithulalo bhavodvega vishayam marinta vishwasaneeyamgaa gurthunchukobadutundani kanugonadam dwara manasika sthithi-samanvaya ghnaapakasakti pradarsinchabadindi. udaaharanaku, niraasaku gurainappudu, oka vyakti saanukuula sanghatanala kante vaari gatamlooni pratikuula sanghatanalanu ekkuvagaa gurthunchukovadam chaalaa vilakshanamainadi. anduvalla, manasika sthithi-saamarasya ghnaapakasakti prabhavam anedi oka vyakti yokka prastuta bhavodvega sthithiki saripoye anubhavaalalo unna samacharam kosam merugaina gurthuku tecchukoovadaanni suuchistumdi. eee prabhavam santoshakaramaina mariyu vichaarakaramaina ghnaapakaalu rendintikee sambhavistundani kanugonabadindi. mukhyamgaa, santoshakaramaina vyaktulu vichaarakaramaina samacharam kante ekkuva santoshamgaa gurthunchukuntaaru, ayithe vichaarakaramaina vyaktulu santoshakaramaina samacharam kante vichaarakaramaina vaatini baga gurthunchukuntaaru. spashtamaina conny avyakta ghnaapakasakti panulaku manasika sthithi-ummadi ghnaapakasakti pakshapaatam kanugonabadindi, idhi manasika sthithi-ummadi ghnaapakasaktiki okari swantha manasika sthithi gurinchi avagahana avasaramani suuchistumdi. mahilallo manasika sthithi-ekakaalika ghnaapakasakti kooda ekkuvagaa unnatlu telustondi, bahusha manasika sthithi avagahana ekkuvagaa undatam valla kaavacchu.
manasika sthithi-ummadi ghnaapakasakti unikiki marinta aadharalu aushadhaalanu upayoginchi manasika sthithilo prayogaatmakamgaa-prerita maarpula taruvaata maarina ghnaapakasaktini pradarsinche adhyayanala nundi vachayi. adanamgaa, spashtamaina ghnaapakasaktiloo manasika sthithi-ummadi ghnaapakasakti pakshapaatam anni pratikuula samaachaaraalaku kakunda pratikuula manobhaavaalaku anugunamgaa unna samaachaaraaniki nirdishtamgaa unnatlu kanugonabadindi. clinical depression adhyayanalu saaruupya phalitaalanu pradarsinchaayi.
manasika sthithi-aadhaarita ghnaapakasakti.
manasika sthithi aadharapadatam anedi tirigi pondadam vadda manasika sthithi encoding vadda manasika sthithiki saripolinappudu ghnaapakasaktini sulabhataram cheyadam. anduvalla, encoding mariyu recoll moods saripolanippudu kante saripolinappudu oka eeventnu gurtuchesukovadam yokka sambhaavyata ekkuvagaa untundi. ayithe, praamaanikamaina manasika sthithulu matrame eee manasika sthithi-aadhaarita prabhavalanu utpatti chese saktini kaligi unnatlu telustondi. tarkam, ooha mariyu aalochana vanti antargata manasika karyakalapala dwara udbhavinche sanghatanalu bahya vanarula nundi utpannamayye vaati kante okari prastuta manasika sthithitho ekkuvagaa anusandhaaninchabadi unnayani kooda kanugonabadindi. idhi manasika sthithilo maarpu tarvaata bahya sanghatanala kante modatidi tirigi pilavabade avakaasam takkuvagaa chestundi. mukhyamgaa, ghnaapakasaktini tirigi pondadamlo bhavodvega sthithi yokka eee paatra gatha ghnaapakaalanu tirigi pondadaaniki sambhaavya yantraamgaanni suuchistumdi.
sandarbham meeda aadhaarapadina marchipovadam.
oka vyakti yokka vaataavaranam rendu vaataavaranaalu okela unnatlayithe kante encoding nundi tirigi pondadaaniki bhinnamgaa unnappudu ghnaapakasakti paniteeru taggutundani pedda parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi. eee prabhavanni sandarbha-aadhaarita marachipovadam antaaru. phalitamgaa, paryaavarana suuchanalatoe sambandham unna sandarbha-aadhaarita marachipovadaanni tagginche uddesyamto aneka paddhatulu roopondinchabaddaayi.
sandarbham gurtuchese saanketikata.
sandarbham-aadhaarita marachipovadaanni adhigaminchadaaniki oka vyuuham sandarbham gurthuku tecchukune saanketikata. eee saanketikatalo bhouthikamgaa cude vaataavaranaanni punaruddharinchadam kante ghnaapakasakti nundi paatha paryaavarana suuchanalanu spruhatho utpatti cheyadam untundi. udaaharanaku, desklu varusalo erpaatu cheyabadina taragati gadilo oka vyakti neerchukunna vishayam unte, aaa vyakti aaa nirdishta erpaatunu tadupari pareeksha teedeeloo kotta vaataavaranamloo (antey.ii. oka vruttamlo erpaatu chesina desclatho). 1979loe smith nirvahinchina oka adhyayanamlo, kotta gadilo pareekshinchabadutunnappudu eee saanketikatanu upayoginchina paalgonevaaru asalu abhyasa gadilo pareekshinchabadina palgonevari vale aneka padaalanu gurthunchukogaligaaru. eee saanketikatanu upayoginchani kotta gadilo pareekshinchabadina paalgonevaaru itara samuuhaalu gurthuchesukunna padaalaloo moodinta rendu vantulanu matrame gurthuchesukuntu, vilakshanhamaina sandarbha-aadhaarita marachipovadaanni chuupimchaaru. anduvalla, puurti punaruddharana lekunda abhyasa vaataavaranaanni drushyamaanam cheyadam dwara sandarbha-aadhaarita marachipovadam yokka prabhavalanu tagginchavachhu. ayithe, abhyasa sandarbham gurthunchukovadam sulabham ayinappudu matrame eee saanketikata upayogakaramgaa mariyu vijayavantamavutundi.
bahula abhyasa sandarbha saanketikata.
bahula-abhyasa-sandarbha-saanketikata anedi sandarbha-aadhaarita marachipovadaanni edurkovadaniki smith pratipaadinchina maroka vyuuham. eee saanketikatalo abhyasa samagri yokka upasamitulanu oke vaataavaranamloo pradarsinchadam kante bahula sandarbhaalalo pradarsinchadam untundi. kotta gadilo uchita recoll pareeksha icchinappudu, oke gadilo matrame chadivina vaari kante bahula gadulalo chadivina paalgonevaaru ekkuva padaalanu gurthu chesukunnaru. vyaktulaku adanapu paryaavarana suuchanalu unnappudu vaari paniteeru konasaagutundani smith suuchistunnaaru, endukante anni suuchanalu marchipoye avakaasam takkuvagaa untundi.
bahula abhyasa sandarbha saanketikatato paatu, itara parisoedhanalu paryaavarana suuchanala sankhyanu penchadam valla oka vyakti yokka gurthuku tecchukune paniteeru perugutundani niroopinchaayi. 1975loe watkins mariyu watkins pratipaadinchina kyuu-overload siddhaantam, paryaavarana kyuu yokka prabhavam adhi anubandhinchabadina vastuvula sankhya periginappudu taggutundani vivaristundi. anduvalla, gurthuku tecchukoovadaaniki nirdishta sankhyalo vastuvulanu icchinappudu, suuchanala sankhya kooda perigithe paniteeru perugutundi. eee siddhaantam bahula abhyasa vaataavaranaala prabhavanni nirnayinchetappudu pariganinchavalasina rendu karakallo okadaanipai drushti pedutundihi vividha sandarbhochita suuchanalu. ayithe, 1976loe johns nirvahinchina parisoedhana eee saanketikata upayogakaramgaa undalante, sankethaalu ververu indriyaalanu upayoginchaalani choopistundi. udaaharanaku, drushya suuchanala sankhya matrame periginappudu recoll prayojanam undadu. marovaipu, drushti, dhwani mariyu vaasana vanti vividha indriya madhyamalu kalisi kalipinappudu gurthuku tecchukune prayojanam untundi. anduvalla, encoding samayamlo suuchanalaku mulaluga bahula indriya maadhyamaalanu upayoginchadam sandarbhochita suuchanala sankhya taggina vividha pariksha vaataavaranaalaloo prayojanaanni andistundani idhi suuchistumdi.
shraddha vahinchandi.
bahula abhyasa vaataavaranaala prabhavanni nirnayinchetappudu pariganinchavalasina rendava amsam emitante, oka vyakti gurthuchesukunnappudu paryaavarana suuchanalanu kooda upayoginche avakaasam undhi. sweeya-srushtinchina suuchanalanu upayoginchamani vishayalanu soochinchadam (i.ii. sandarbham recoll technic) vaerae vaataavaranamloo pareekshinchina paalgonevaariki reekaalnu penchutundi. ayithe, neerchukoevadam oke chota jariginappudu vyaktulu svayamchaalakamgaa deenni cheyaru. anduvalla, vyaktulanu gadhi nundi gadiki taralinchadam dwara, vaaru paryaavarana suuchanalapai ekkuva shraddha chuupavachchu. sandarbham gurtuchese saanketikata mariyu bahula abhyasa sandarbha saanketikata rendoo oke vidhamgaa panicheestaayani smith paerkonnaadu, indulo rendu paddhatulu paryaavarana samacharampai shraddha vahinchadaaniki mariyu gurthunchukovadaaniki vyaktulanu balavantam chestaayi.
2003loe, chu mariyu itarulu. sandarbham meeda aadhaarapadina marchipovadaanni adhigaminchadaaniki chetana prayatnam mariyu shraddha mukhyam anie niroopinchaaru. encoding dasalo sandarbham yokka kriyaaseela prosessing vijayavantamaina paniteeruku mukhyamaina karakamga undani vaari parisoedhana choopinchindi. sandarbham gurtuchese saanketikata vanti saanketikatanu upayoginchaalane lakshyamtho paryaavarana suuchanalanu churukuga gamanistunnappudu, padaartham mariyu paryaavaranam madhya balamaina anubandhalu erpadataayi. ayithe, encoding dasalo oka vyakti paryaavarana suuchanalaku churukuga haajaru kakapothe, kotta sandarbham unte recoll dasalo ituvanti suuchanalu sulabhamgaa kanipinchakapovacchu.
parisara mariyu badilee cheyagala sankethaalu.
parisara" anae padaanni puurtigaa chuttumuttedigaa mariyu chuttumuttedigaa nirvachinchaaru. kontamandi parisoedhakulu vaasana mariyu dhwani vanti parisara sankethaalu, abhyasa sandarbham mariyu ghnaapaka sandarbham bhinnamgaa unnappudu gurthuku tecchukovadamlo sahaayapadataayani suuchimchaaru. adanamgaa, eee sankethaalu gurthuku tecchukovadamlo upayogapadataayi endukante avi badilee cheyadaginavi kooda kaavacchu. udaaharanaku, sangeetaanni neerchukunee gadilo vaayinchinatlayithe, konnisaarlu aaa sangeeta muulaanni padaartham pareekshinchabade vaerae gadiki badilee cheyadam saadhyamavutundi. oka nirdishta sanghatanaku sambandhinchina paata dwara ghnaapakasakti ledhaa bhaavodvegaanni tirigi sakriyam chesinappudu sambhavinche eee drugvishayam, asalu sandarbham lenappudu dhwani (mariyu vaasana) yokka prabhavanni upayogakaramaina suuchanalugaa pradarsistundi. asalu vaataavaranam yokka manasika chitraanni srushtinchadamlo ibbandi unnanduna sandarbham gurthuku tecchukune saanketikatanu upayoginchadamlo ibbandi unna vyaktulaku badilee cheyagala sankethaalanu upayoginchadam upayogakaramgaa undavacchu. udaaharanaku, aasupatri vaataavaranamloo neerchukunna naipunhyaalanu punarutpatti cheyadaaniki prayatnistunna intlo unna rogulaku eee saanketikata upayogakaramgaa niroopinchabadindi.
sandarbha-aadhaarita viluptam.
nirneeta uddeepana ikapai nirneeta uddeepanatoo jatha cheyabadana tarvaata paniteeru kolpovadaanni viluptam suuchistumdi. idhi ikapai balopetam cheyabadanappudu operant pratispandananu kolpovadaanni kooda suuchistumdi.
button (2002) chesina parisoedhana prakaram antarinchipovadam anedi neerchukooni daaniki udaaharana kaadani, conny vyakti yokka paniteeru sandarbham meeda aadharapadi unde kotta rakamaina abhyasam anie choopinchindi. oka palgone vyaktini modata oka sandarbhamlo (sandarbham a) sharatu vidhinchinappudu, aapai maroka sandarbhamlo (b) viluptatanu choopinchinappudu punaruddharana prabhavam kanipistundi. sandarbhaaniki tirigi vasthe a anedi sharatulatho kuudina pratispandananu punaruddharinchavachhu. antarinchipovadamlo antarleenamgaa unna tagina pratispandanalu sandarbhochita samaachaaramtho mudipadi undavacchani eee sakshyam choopistundi. anduvalla, vaaru modatlo vishayalanu neerchukunna sandarbhamlo unna evarainaa vaaru modatlo charya teesukoovadaaniki sharatu vidhinchinanduna vyavaharinchadaaniki sankethaalu ichhe avakaasam undhi. avi antarinchipoye sandarbhamlo unte, aaa sandarbham pratispandinchavaddani vaarini prerepistundi. neerchukunna bhayam antarinchipoyina taruvaata, maarin mariyu sahacharulu antarinchipovadam yokka sandarbha-aadharapadatam hippocompal mariyu prefrontal cartical neuronlu amigdalaku prakshepam cheyadam dwara madhyavartitvam vahistundani chuupimchaaru.
clinical applications.
antarinchipovadaanni tarachugaa bhayalu mariyu aandolana vanti rugmatalaku chikitsa cheyadaaniki exposure therapy anie piluvabade oka rakamaina clinical therapylo upayogistaaru mariyu aushadhampai aadhaarapadataaniki kooda upayogistaaru. udaaharanaku, karavadam vanti baadhaakaramaina sanghatanatho paamulanu mudipettadam neerchukunna vyaktiki fobia yerpadavachhu. chikitsagaa, oka chikitsakudu etuvanti baadhaakaramaina sanghatana lenappudu aaa vyaktini paamulaku guricheyadaaniki enchukovachhu, idhi bhayaniki sambandhinchina ananukoola pravartanala antarinchipovadaaniki daariteestundi. ayithe, antarinchipovadam anedi sandarbham meeda aadhaarapadina prakriya anae vaastavam kaaranamgaa, roogi antarinchipoye sandarbhamlo lenappudu idhi tirigi sambhavinchadaaniki daariteeyavachchu. 
crombagh mariyu shahm chesina oka adhyayanamlo, elukalaku heraine mariyu kokain misramaanni sweeya-nirvahana cheyamani neerpinchaaru, aaa taruvaata iravai rojula antarinchipooyaaru. elukalalo sagam asalu sweeya paripalana maadirigaane antarinchipovadaanni anubhavinchaayi, migilina sagam kotta sandarbhamlo. kotta sandarbhamlo antarinchipoyina elukalu itara elukala kante vaatini asalu sandarbhamlo tirigi unchinappudu gananeeyamgaa ekkuva aushadha sweeya-paripalananu punaruddharinchayi.
salepurugula patla teevramaina bhayam kosam maanava bahirgata chikitsalo idhe vidhamaina prabhavam choopabadindi. antarinchipovadam dwara chikitsa pondina mariyu taruvaata adhe sandarbhamlo pareekshinchabadina paalgonevaaru vividha sandarbhaallo chikitsa pondina mariyu pareekshinchina palgonevari kante gananeeyamgaa takkuva bhayapaddaru. idhi exposure therapylo oka sandarbham nundi maroka sandarbhaaniki saadhaaraneekarana lekapovadam choopistundi.
anduvalla, vijayavantamaina chikitsalaku viluptam yokka sandarbha-aadharapadatam keelakamani parigananaloki teesukoovaali. bhayalu, aandolana ledhaa aushadha-anveshana yokka sthiramaina mariyu samarthavanthamaina viluptatanu pondadaaniki, viluptam yokka sandarbham rogulu anubhavinche bhavodvega-uttejakaramaina suuchanalatoe rojuvaaree kalusukovadam vantidigaa undaali.
applications.
paina perkonna saahityam prakaram, encoding nundi tirigi pondadaaniki sandarbham saripolinappudu samacharanni baga gurtuchesukuntaru. anduvalla, oka vyakti chaduvutunnappudu, vaaru gurthuku tecchukune vishayaala mottaanni optimize cheyadaaniki adhyayana sandarbhaanni pareeksha sandarbhaaniki veelainanta uttamamgaa saripolchaali. grant mariyu itarulu chesina adhyayanamlo eee aalochana spashtamgaa kanipinchindi. eee adhyayanamlo, paalgonevaaru nissabda ledhaa dhwaninche paristhitulalo ardhavantamaina samacharanni adhyayanam cheyamani koraru. aaa taruvaata, gatamlo neerchukunna vishayaalapai vaarini chinna samadhanam mariyu bahula empika prasnalu adigaru, idhi gurtimpu mariyu gurthuku tecchukoovadaanni prerepinchindi. vaarilo sagam mandhi nissabda paristhitulalo mariyu migilina sagam mandhi shabda paristhitulalo pareekshinchabaddaaru. adhyayanam mariyu pareeksha paristhitula samayamlo sabdam-sthaayi saripolani paalgonevaaru sabdam-sthaayi saripolani vaari kante gananeeyamgaa ekkuva samacharanni gurthunchukunnaru. manjuru modalainavi. vidyaarthulu recoll mariyu gurtimpu panulu rendintiloonuu tama paniteerunu penchukoovadaaniki, chaduvutunnappudu sabdam sthaayi vanti pareeksha sandarbhaanni parigananaloki teesukoovaalani nirdhaarinchandi.
inca, ilanti abhyasa mariyu pariksha sandarbhaalanu kaligi undatam saadhyam kaani sandarbhaallo, abhyasa vaataavaranamloo suuchanalapai chetana shraddha vahinche vyaktulu eee samacharanni gurthuchesukunnappudu merugaina phalitaalanu ivvavacchu. alaa cheyadam dwara, kotta pariksha sandarbhamlo samacharanni gurthuku tecchukoovadaaniki prayatnistunnappudu vyaktulu asalu sandarbham yokka manasika chitraanni baga srushtinchagalugutaaru-merugaina ghnaapakasaktini tirigi pondadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. inca, samacharanni gurthunchukovadamlo sahayapade suuchanala sankhyanu penchadaaniki okati kante ekkuva indriya vyavasthalanu upayoginchi aneka sandarbhochita suuchanalaku shradda vahinchaali.

