
united stateslo samudra theera rakshana

united states swaatantryam nundi rendava prapancha yuddham varaku samudrateera rakshana anedi oka pradhana aandolanagaa undedi. vimaanaala mundu, america yokka aneka satruvulu samudram nundi matrame cherukogaligevaru, teerapraanta kotalanu nilabadi unna sainyalu ledhaa pedda naavikaadalaaniki aardhika pratyamnaayamgaa marcharu. 1940la taruvaata, sthiramaina kotalu vaadukalo levani mariyu vimanalu mariyu kshipanulaku vyatiraekamgaa asamarthamgaa unnayani gurtinchabadindi. ayithe, munupati yugaalalo videshee naukaadalaalu vaastavika muppuga undevi, mukhyamgaa pradhana naukaasrayaalanu rakshistuu, keelaka pradaesaalaloo gananeeyamaina kotalu nirminchabaddaayi.
rakshanalu kotalu meeda ekkuvagaa aadharapadi undevi, conny vaatilo jalaantargaami ganula sthaavaraalu, valalu mariyu booms, noukalu mariyu vimanalu kooda unnaayi. anduvalla, saayudha dalaalannii samudrateera rakshanalo palgonnayi, conny yuu.ess. sthira rakshanalanu nirminchadamlo armi corps off injaneerlu pradhana paatra pooshinchaaru.
daadi chese dalaalu mariyu rakshakulu iddarikee andubaatulo unna saanketika parignaanamlo maarpulatoe namuunaalu abhivruddhi chendaayi mariyu vaadukalo laevu. yuu yokka parinaamam.ess. samudrateera rakshana vyavastha saadhaaranamgaa aneka "vyavasthalalo" gurtinchabadutundi, ivi kontavaraku upayoginchina sailula dwara nirvachinchabadataayi, conny kramaanugatamgaa kotta nidhulu mariyu nirmaanaanni prerepinche sanghatanalu ledhaa pokadala dwara marinta ekkuvagaa untaayi. modati mariyu rendava vyavasthalugaa prarambha kotalanu taruvaata charitrakaarulu vibhajinchaaru, mariyu 1851 nivedikalo cheef injanir joseph toten, bahusha american charitralo raathi kotala yokka atyanta phalavantamaina nirmaatagaa adhikarikamga kanipinchaaru.
prarambha rakshana.
american viplava yuddham praarambhamlo, aneka teerapraanta kotalu ippatike atlantic tiiraanni rakshinchaayi. britton nundi swaatantryaaniki mundu kaalaneelu tama sonta rakshana kosam kharchulu mariyu baadhyatalanu kaligi undevi. airopaloni raajakeeya vaataavaranam aadhaaramgaa atyavasarata taggutundi. samudrapu donga daadulu mariyu videshee chorabatla nundi rakshanagaa chaalaa varaku firangulu bhookampaala dwara rakshinchabaddaayi. america kaalaneelu mariyu samyukta rashtraalalo, teerapraanta kotalu saadhaaranamgaa lothattu kotala kante ekkuvagaa nirminchabaddaayi, mariyu sambhaavya daadi chese noukalathoo polchadagina bhaarii aayudhalanu amarchabaddayi. arudugaa upayoginchinappatiki, kotalu oka nirodhakam. viplavam samayamlo, saadhaaranamgaa nirdishta bedirimpulanu edurkovadaniki, rendu vaipula adanapu kotalanu nirminchaaru. deshabhaktula dalaalu nirminchina vaatini deshabhaktula dalaalu anie pilicheevaaru.
modati vyavastha.
1783loe united states swaatantryam pondinappudu, samudrateera rakshana kotalu paelavamaina sthithilo unnaayi. 1793loe airopalo yuddham prarambhamainappudu, congress 1794loe kotala roopakalpana, nirmaanam mariyu rakshana kosam "kalaakaarulu mariyu injaneerla" samyukta vibhaganni srushtinchindi, theera rakshana avasaralanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki oka kamiteeni niyaminchindi mariyu modati vyavasthagaa piluvabade aneka kotalanu nirminchadaaniki dabbunu ketaayinchindi.
padamudu naukaasrayaala vadda iravai mukhyamaina kotalu nirmaanaaniki aamodinchabaddaayi, ekkuvagaa kalapa ledhaa ituka godalanu rakshinche takkuva vaalu gala matti panulatho saampradaaya takkuva godala nirmaanaalatoo. sampradaaya ghnaanam emitante, mruduvaina bhoomi godalaku vyatiraekamgaa phirangi kaalpula prabhavanni mettagaa chestundi, mariyu aaa takkuva godalu prakshaepakaalaku takkuva bahirgatam chestaayi. godalu okadaanikokati koonaalaloo oka nakshatra leavutnu pooli unde burujula vyavasthanu yerparustaayi, tadwara shatru dalaalu goda nundi niluvu agni kshetram krinda goda diguva bhaagamlo maas cheyalevu; yea godapai unna rakshakulu prakkane unna godala punaadini chudagalaru mariyu kaalchagalaru. koona godalu phirangi bantula nundi marinta vidhvamsaka strait-aann hitla avakaasaanni kooda tagginchaayi. chaalaa modati vyavastha kotalu saapekshamgaa chinnavi, konni minahaayimpulato, koota paikappupai oka shreni phirangi matrame amarchabadi undevi. kotala velupala adanapu "(rakshita kotalaku sameepamlo unna) marinta agni saktini andinchindi. modati vyavastha kotallo naalugu valasarajyala kotala punarnirmaanam, portsmouth, nyuu hampshireloni koota nirmaanam, boston, masaachusetslooni koota swaatantryam, newportloni fort volcott, road dveepam mariyu philadelphialoni fort mifflin.
panini paryaveekshinchadaaniki sikshana pondina injaneerlu lekapovadamtho, yuddha karyadarshi henry nox aneka mandhi european injaneerlanu oppandamlo unchaaru. konni manchi kotalu nirminchinappatikii, chaalaa varaku utsaaham mariyu nidhulu taggai mariyu takkuva pani puurtayimdi. 1812loe british vaariki vyatiraekamgaa rakshinchadaaniki avasaramaina mundu paakshikamgaa puurtayina matti panulu mariyu chekka nirmaanaalu chaalaa varaku ksheeninchaayi.
rendava vyavastha.
1802loe, congress kalaakaarulu mariyu injaneerlanu ververu carpsga vaeru chesi, newyorkloni west point vadda sainika academyni srushtinchadaaniki injaneerla corpsnu aadesinchindi. kotta academyni sthaapinchadaaniki chodaka saktulalo okati videshee injaneerlapai aadharapadatam nundi united statesnu vidaakulu teesukoovaalsina avasaram. 1807-1808 loe, grate britaintho saadhyamayye yuddhampai kotta aandolanalu adhyakshudu thamus jeffersonnu koota kaaryakramaalanu punaruddharinchadaaniki prerepinchaayi; idhi rendava vyavasthagaa piluvabadindi. yuddhaaniki mundugaane chuupina oka sanghatana "chesapeak-chiruta" vyavaharam.
saadhaarana takkuva godala bahiranga buruju ledhaa nakshatra kotalalo oka saadhaarana balaheenata satruvu kaalpulaku gurikavadam, mukhyamgaa madhya gaalilo paeladaaniki mariyu thupaakeedaarulapai varsham debba kottadaniki roopondinchina kotta parikaraalaku gurikavadam. samudram yokka oka konamlo unna tupaki sthaanaalu godaku samaantaramgaa nadustunna oka ghana shaat kuu gurayye avakaasam undhi, oka enfilading shaat thoo tupaakulu mariyu gunnerla varusanu teestundi. 1770la chivaralo, oka french injanir, marquis dii montalembert, eee samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki kotala roopakalpanalo pedda maarpunu samardhinchaaru. athani roopakalpana koota yokka gannarlanu chaalaa varaku tupaakula kosam terachi unna covered casemate godalalo unchadam dwara rakshinchindi. ettaina godalalo casemate varusalanu unchadam dwara marinta tupaakulanu chinna godala venta amarchavacchu. idhi samudra teerapu kotalaku chaalaa mukhyamainadi, idhi shatru noukalanu daatadaaniki parimita samayam matrame kaligi undhi. eee podavaina kotalanu nirminchadaaniki, godalu raathi nirmaanamtho nirminchaalsi untundi, conny phirangi kaalpulanu thattukodaaniki chaalaa mandamgaa undaali. bahula-anchela kotalanu nirminchaalane lakshyam unnappatikee, veetilo konni matrame puurtayyaayi, mukhyamgaa newyork naukaasrayamlooni villiams koota. chaalaa varaku puurtayina rendava vyavastha kotalu saadhaaranamgaa modati vyavastha kotalanu pooli untaayi, oka-sthaayi nakshatra koota neeti byaatariilatoe anubandhinchabadindi.
rendava vyavastha modati vyavastha nundi montalembert yokka bhaavanalanu ekkuvagaa upayoginchadam mariyu videshee injaneerlanu american injaneerlu bharti cheyadam dwara vaeru cheyabadindi, vaarilo chaalaa mandhi iteevala nyuu united states military academy nundi graduatelu majer jonathan villiams paryaveekshinchaaru, veeru kotta injaneerlaku teerapraanta rakshana yokka kotta aalochanalalo bodhana ivvadame kakunda, newyork naukaasrayamlooni governors dveepamlo koota villiams anae namuunaanu roopondinchi nirminchaaru.
mallii, aneka manchi kotalu utpatti cheyabaddaayi, conny saadhaaranamgaa prajectulu asampuurnamgaa unnaayi, mariyu modati vyavastha mariyu rendava vyavastha madhya 1812 raboye yuddhamlo british vaarini pratighatinchadaaniki chaalaa takkuva siddhamgaa undhi. ayithe, modati vyavastha ledhaa rendava vyavastha kotanu british vaaru swaadheenam chesukoledu. norpolk sameepamloni craney dveepamlooni oka kotanu swaadheenam chesukuni, aaa praantamlooni maroe rendu kotalanu daataveyadam dwara british vaaru chesapeak beloki pravesinchadamlo vijayam saadhinchaaru. baltimore dandayaatranu chenry koota mariyu sahayaka kotalu mariyu dalaalu nirodhinchaayi. veetilo paschimaana fort babcock mariyu covington vadda teerapraanta byaatariilu, paschimaana venukavaipu dveepakalpamlo fort look-avt (ledhaa six-gunn battery), thoorpuna lazaretto point vadda patapsco chaanal antataa taatkaalika naukaadala battery, mariyu munigipoyina noukalu fort chenreeki iruvaipula chaanellanu addukuntayi, pattanaaniki thoorpu vaipuna "loudentiolagers hill park" (taruvaata neti patterson paarkulo "hampstead hill") vadda 20,000 mandhi sainikulu tavvaaru. british noukalu samudrateeramlo fort chenreepai raatrantaa chesina teevramaina bambu daadini frances scott kii, oka baltimore nyaayavaadi ghnaapakam chesukunnaru, athanu oka ooda nundi krooramaina daadini chushadu, mariyu byaarejeeni chuustuu thana aalochanalanu unchaaru-idhi kotanu naasanam cheyadamlo ledhaa daani rakshakulanu longadeesukovadamlo viphalamaindi-naalugu-stanza kavitalo, idhi starr-spongled banner gaa piluvabadindi mariyu taruvaata america jaateeya geetamgaa maarindi. konni sandarbhaallo asampoornamaina kotalu kooda (konni nakilee chekka phirangi barrells thoo kappabadina nallati rangutho kappabadinavi) samudram nundi daadini nirodhinchadaaniki saripothayi. conny, rakshinchabadani mariyu bhadraparachabadani, washington, dii.sii.maereelyaandlooni prins georg counteeloo raajadhaaniki eesaanyamgaa jarigina bloodensburg yuddhamlo bhuu sainika dalaalu odipoyina taruvaata jaateeya rajadhani, dahanam cheyabadindi. washingtonlo oka koota undedi, british vaaru daanini daatavesi vellaaru, alegzandria, virginia krinda potomac nadipai unna fort washington, dheeni commander british naukaadalam appatike washington aakraminchina taruvaata, sameepamlo kanipinchinappudu patrikanu pelchiveyamani aadesinchaadu. prastuta koota washington moodava vyavasthalo bhaagamgaa 1820la praarambhamlo naasanam cheyabadina koota washington pradaesamloe nirminchabadindi. british library off congress dahanamlo kolpoyina aneka mukhyamaina mariyu chaaritraka patraalalo modati koota washington (fort warberton gaa praarambhamaindi) mariyu itara rendava vyavastha kotala pranaalikalu unnaayi.
moodava vyavastha.
1816loe, 1812 yuddham taruvaata, moodava vyavasthagaa piluvabade pratishtaatmaka samudrateera rakshana vyavastha kosam congress $800,000 kuu paiga ketaayinchindi. adhyakshudu james madison niyaminchina kotala kosam injaneerla boardu, sambhaavya pradaesaalanu sandarsinchi, kotta kotala kosam pranaalikalanu siddham chesindi. boardu yokka asalu 1821 nivedika 19va sataabdamloo ekkuva bhaagam konasage vidhananni sthaapinchindi. asalu nivedika 50 pradaesaalanu suuchimchimdi, conny 1850 natiki koota kosam daadaapu 200 pradaesaalanu boardu gurtinchindi. sainyam eee pradaesaalaloo 42 vadda kotalu nirminchindi, towerlu ledhaa byaatareelanu kaligi unna aneka adanapu pradaesaalatoe.
eee kotalu modata ekkuvagaa 42-pounderla (7 angulaalu ledhaa 178 mimi) samudrateera tupaakulanu amarchadaaniki uddesinchabaddaayi; ayithe, eee aayudhaala korata kaaranamgaa aneka 32-poundla (6,4 angulaalu ledhaa 163 mimi) samudrateera tupaakulu mariyu 8-angulaala (203 mimi) mariyu 10-angulaala (254 mimi) kolambiyadlanu amarcharu.
pradhana rakshanaatmaka panulu tarachugaa pedda nirmaanaalu, montalembert bhavananu kalapadam aadhaaramgaa, aneka tupaakulu podavaina, mandapati raathi godalalo kendrikrutamai, mariyu waba concept, takkuva, rakshita-raathi godala poralatho. chaalaa varaku moodava vyavastha kotalu kaneesam rendu sthaayila firangulanu kaligi undevi; modati mariyu rendava vyavastha kotalu tarachugaa oka shrenini matrame kaligi undevi. nirmaanaanni saadhaaranamgaa sainyam yokka injaneerla dalaaniki chendina adhikarulu paryaveekshinchaevaaru. chinna panulu takkuva mukhyamaina naukaasrayaalaku rakshana kalpistaayi. yuu.ess. armi injanir officer joseph toten mariyu maajee french injanir officer saiman bernard (yuu loe oka brevet brigadier generalnu niyaminchaaru.ess. sainyam) pedda kotalu mariyu chaalaa chinna kotala yokka mukhya lakshanaalanu roopondinchindi, toten casemate vantivi, idhi takkuva rapidi parimaanamtho manchi agni kshetraanni anumatinchindi.
1867loe moodava vyavastha mugise samayaniki, 42 kotalu teerapraantam vembadi unna pradhana naukaasrayaalanu kappi unchaayi. chaalaa kotalu puurtayinappatikii, aneka kotalu-ekkuvagaa nyuu inglandlo-inca nirmaanamloo unnaayi. koota peetham, koota toten, koota nirmaanam vanti eee kotalalo konni puurti kakapoyina aayudhaala kosam siddham cheyabaddaayi.
injaneerla dalaalu eesaanyam nundi nairuti varaku, taruvaata pasiphik teeram varaku kotalanu jabita chesaayi. moodava vyavastha yokka kotta nirmaana kotala kosam ikkada adhe kramam upayoginchabadutundih
adanamgaa, kotalaku maddatugaa ledhaa takkuva naukaasrayaala vadda aneka towerlu mariyu byaatariilu nirminchabaddaayi. modati mariyu rendava vyavastha kotalu kooda vyavastha samayamlo punaruddharinchabaddayi, mariyu aaa kaalamlo prabalamgaa unna pedda phirangi kosam siddham cheyabaddaayi.
poura yuddham.
mallii, saanketika parignaanamlo maarpulu roopakalpananu prabhaavitam chesaayi; kotta raifield phirangula adhika vegam aayudhalu moodava vyavastha kotala raathi godalanu chuurnam chesi chochukupoyayi. antaryuddham samayamlo atlantic teeramlo kotalaku teevramaina nashtam jarigindi. udaaharanaku, dakshina karolinaloni fort sumter 1861loe confederate batterylache longipovadaaniki bambu daadi cheyabadindi, mariyu daanini tirigi swaadheenam chesukovadaniki union chesina prayatnaala samayamlo shidhilaalugaa tagginchabadindi. 1862loe georgialoni pulaski koota raifield firangitho, pradhanamgaa pedda-caliber parat raifils thoo kevalam 30 gantala bambu daadi tarvaata longipovalsi vachindi.
pedda smoothboar firangulu (32-pounder mariyu paiki) pedda pouder chaarjeelaku maddatu ivvadaaniki mariyu poura yuddham samayamlo vaati prabhaavavantamaina paridhini vistarinchadaaniki raifil cheyabaddaayi mariyu breach byaandlatoe amarchabaddayi. eee prakriyanu "banded und raifield" anie pilustaaru.
poura yuddham samayamlo, naavikaadala adhikarulu tama aaviri noukalu mariyu ironclaud noukalu gatha samakhya-aadheenamlo unna moodava vyavastha kotalanu aamodayogyamaina nashtaalato nadapagalavani telusukunnaru, mobile bay vadda.
yuddham yokka atyavasara paristhitulaku kotta kotalu ledhaa merugudalalu twaragaa mariyu takkuva kharchutho nirminchabadaali. paakshikamgaa puurtayina moodava vyavastha kotalu puurtayyaayi, conny kotta nirmaanam ekkuvagaa chekkatho chesina matti panulu. daani agnisaktiki anubandhamgaa moodava vyavastha koota sameepamlo tarachugaa matti panulu nirminchabaddaayi, conny tarachugaa avi ontari kotalugaa undevi. konni sandarbhaallo, raathi kotala nundi firangulanu matti bankarlaku chedaragottaaru, akkada avi baga rakshinchabaddaayi. shaan francisco bay yokka koota oka manchi udaaharana, ikkada bay mukhadwaram vadda unna vilakshanhamaina moodava vyavastha koota paayintnu chedaragottina bhuu nirmaanaalu mariyu alcatraj dveepam, angel dveepam, maarin head lands mariyu fort masson sameepamlo unna takkuva godala kotalu samarthavantamgaa bharti chesaayi. yuddham taruvaata, raathi kotalapai pani 1867loe mugisindi, anekam asampuurnamgaa migilipoyayi.
maine fields.
robbert fulton 1805loe neeti aduguna paeludu parikaranni vivarinchadaaniki "torpedo" anae padaanni upayoginchaadu. samuel coult torpedo yokka vidyut kaalpulatoe prayogaalu chesaadu. antaryuddham samayamlo, eee neeti aduguna ganulu oka mukhyamaina anubandha rakshana charyaga marai. samakhya, daani naukaasrayaalanu rakshinchadaaniki pedda naavikaadalam lekunda, union naukala daadulanu nirodhinchadaaniki ganulapai vistrutamgaa aadhaarapadindi. taruvaata ganulu anie piluvabade vidyut thoo kalchabade torpedolu, antaryuddham samayamlo mariyu taruvaata theera rakshanalo bhaagamgaa teerapraantamlo gani casemitela nundi niyantrinchabaddaayi.
poura yuddham samayamlo teeram phirangi aayudhalu.
poura yuddhamlo aneka rakaala samudra theera firangulanu upayoginchaaru. 20 angulaala rodmanlu minaha, veetilo kevalam moodu sainika aayudhalu matrame nirminchabaddaayi, eee krindi jaabitaalo vistrutamgaa moharinchina aayudhalu matrame unnaayi. marinta samacharam kosam american poura yuddhamlo muttadi firangulanu chudandi.
poura yuddham taruvaata theera phirangi dalaala srushti varaku.
yuddham taruvaata, nyuu inglandlo aneka kotta moodava vyavastha kotala nirmaanam praarambhamaindi. veetini itukatho kakunda raatitoe nirminchaalsi undhi, yuddha samayamlo abhivruddhi chesina pedda-boru phirangiki vasati kalpinchadaaniki roopondinchaaru. ayithe, 1867loe raathi kotala kosam dabbu tolaginchabadindi, mariyu moodava vyavastha mugimpuku vachindi.
raifield phirangi mariyu pedda-caliber smoothboar phirangiki raathi yokka durbalatvam mariyu dandayaatraku takkuva aandolanalu ituka-kappabadina myaagajainlato baga chellacheduruga unna raathi-chekkabadina matti kotala nirmaanaaniki daariteesaayi, ivi tarachugaa moodava vyavastha kotalaku sameepamlo untaayi. ivi saadhaaranamgaa 15 angulaala rodman tupaakulu mariyu 8 angulaala marchabadina raifils thoo aayudhalu kaligi undevi; konni sandarbhaallo, kotalu kooda eee aayudhaalatho tirigi aayudhalu kaligi undevi. yuddha samayamlo pedda chiluka raifils annee tarachugaa paelaayi, kabatti veetilo konni yuddhaanantaram sevalo unchabaddaayi. 1870laloe kooda, pedda caliber mortarlu mariyu jalaantargaami ganulanu chaerchadaaniki aneka kotta prajectulu praarambhinchabaddaayi. ayithe, mortarlu mariyu ganula soukaryaalu ennadoo puurti kaaledu, mariyu kotta kotalaku nidhulu 1878 natiki nilipiveyabaddaayi, tadwara chaalaa varaku karyakramam asampuurnamgaa migilipoyindi. 1880la natiki chaalaa matti kotalu marammatu cheyabadaledu.
theera rakshana kosam monetarlu.
teerapraanta rakshana saadhaaranamgaa sainyam paridhiloo unnappatikee, 19va sataabdam chivaralo naavikaadalam saadhaaranamgaa monetarlu anie piluvabade teerapraanta rakshana noukalathoo marinta nimagnamaindi. eee monetarlu turretted ironclaud yuddhanaukalu, alaage aame roopakalpananu daggaragaa anusarinchina teerapraanta noukalu, "monetor" anae padam marinta saralamaina rommu pani maanitarlanu kooda kaligi undhi, ivi niraadambaramaina saayudha uparitala nirmaanaanni kaligi unnaayi, tadwara marinta samudraaniki taginavi. veetilo aadhunika raifield breach-loading tupaakulu kooda unnaayi.
poura yuddham samayamlo monetor-shaili noukalanu pramaadakara paatralalo vistrutamgaa upayoginchaaru, conny samudra seva mariyu videshaalalo pramaadakara charyalaku aacharana saadhyam kaadu. ayithe, avi vaari nissara draft mariyu pedda tupaakulato naukashraya rakshanaku anukuulamgaa undevi. yuddhaanantaram, poura yuddha-yugam monetarlu paschima teeramloni shaan franciscotho sahaa mukhyamaina naukaasrayaalaku chedaragottabaddaaru. 1870la nundi 1890la varaku, "amphitrite" taragati vanti pedda mariyu marinta saktivantamaina rommu pani monetarlu utpatti cheyabaddaayi, ayithe samudramlo vellae naavikaadalam ukku poralaku mariyu kavacha puutaku maaradaaniki nemmadigaa undedi. 1890lalooni "indiana" taragati vanti teerapraanta yuddhanauka monetor bhaavanalo merugudala.
spanish-american yuddham mariyu hawai mariyu phillippeans samuparjana phalitamgaa, 1900 natiki naavikaadalam samudramloki velle yuddhanaukalaku kattubadi undhi, mariyu maanitarlanu nirminchadam nilipivesindi; ayithe, konni noukalu modati prapancha yuddham varaku yuddha-siddhamaina paatralalo, aaa taruvaata sikshana ledhaa sahayaka noukalagaa sevalo undipoyaayi.
poura yuddham mariyu endicot kaalam madhya theera phirangi aayudhalu.
endicot karyakramam ekkuvagaa amalu cheyabadindi 1895-1905. prati naukashraya rakshana praantamloo endicot soukaryaalu nirminchabadinanduna, munupati theera rakshanalu saadhaaranamgaa vadiliveyabaddaayi. vistrutamgaa moharinchina aayudhalu matrame jabita cheyabaddaayi. pedda chiluka tupaakulu yuddha samayamlo pelipoye dhoranini choopinchaayi, kabatti yuddham taruvaata koddimandi matrame sevalo unchabaddaaru, vaari sudeergha paridhini sadviniyogam chesukunna emplacementlalo.
endicot kaalam.
1882 lone, samudra theera rakshana kosam bhaarii sthira phirangula avasaram chester eah loe gurtinchabadindi. congressku orther yokka rendava vaarshika sandesam eee krindi vidhamgaa undih
naukashraya rakshana nirmaanamloo mundastu prayatnaalu 1870laloe aagipoyaayi. appati nundi, airopalo bhaarii aayudhaala roopakalpana mariyu nirmaanam vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendindi, indulo merugaina breach-loading mariyu podavaina phirangi abhivruddhi, yuu.ess. naukashraya rakshanalu vaadukalo laevu. 1883loe, naavikaadalam rakshanaatmaka yuddhanaukalaku badulugaa daadiki praadhaanyatanistuu kotta nirmaana karyakramanni praarambhinchindi. eee karakalu kalisi merugaina teerapraanta rakshana vyavasthala avasaranni srushtistaayi.
1885loe, adhyakshudu grover cleveland samyukta sainyam, naavikaadalam mariyu poura bordunu niyaminchaaru, dheeniki yuddha karyadarshi vilium crounshield endicot naayakatvam vahinchaaru, dheenini koota boardu anie pilustaaru. boardu yokka phalitaalu daani 1886 nivedikalo ippatike unna rakshanala yokka bhayankaramaina chitraanni vivarinchaayi mariyu yuu. ess. looni 29 pradaesaalaku breach-loading firangulu, mortarlu, teliade byaatariilu mariyu jalaantargaami ganula bhaarii $127 millionla nirmaana karyakramanni sifaarsu chesaayi.ess. teerapraantam. boardu chesina chaalaa sifaarsulanu aamodinchaaru. idhi samyukta rashtraalalo naukaasrayam mariyu teerapraanta rakshanala yokka pedda ettuna aadhunikeekarana kaaryakramaaniki daariteesindi, mukhyamgaa aadhunika balopetam cheyabadina concreat kotala nirmaanam mariyu pedda caliber breach-loading phirangi mariyu mortar byaatareela samsthaapana. saadhaaranamgaa, endicot kaalapu prajectulu kotalu kaavu, conny prati pradaesamloe konni pedda tupaakulato baga chellacheduruga unna emplacements vyavastha. eee nirmaanaalu saadhaaranamgaa valuga unna matti panula dwara rakshinchabadina open-top concreat godalu. veetilo chaalaa varaku adrusyamavutunna tupaakulu unnaayi, ivi godala venuka rakshinchabadi unnaayi, conny vaatini paiki lepi kaalchavacchu. karyakramam praarambhamlo konni minahaayimpulato, endicot kotalaku bhuu daadiki vyatiraekamgaa gananeeyamaina rakshana ledhu. niyantrita gani kshetraalu rakshanalo keelaka bhaagamgaa undevi, ganula polaalanu ganula nundi rakshinchadaaniki chinna tupaakulu kooda upayoginchabaddaayi. prati phirangi jilla kotalaku vistrutamaina agni niyantrana vyavasthanu abhivruddhi chesi, andinchabadindi. chaalaa varaku endicot kotalu 1895 nundi 1905 varaku nirminchabaddaayi. rakshanalu nirminchabadinanduna, prati naukaasrayam ledhaa nadhi yokka samsthaapanalu phirangi jillaalache niyantrinchabaddaayi, 1913loe theera rakshana aadesaalugaa paeru marchabaddayi mariyu 1925loe rakshana aadesaalanu naukaasrayam chesaayi.
1898 eprillo spanish-american yuddham praarambhamayye samayaniki, endicot karyakramam prati naukaasrayamloo konni byaatareelanu matrame puurti chesindi. fibravari 15naa paeludu mariyu munigipovadam taruvaata, 1898 marchi 9naa congress chattam aneka thoorpu theera praantaalalo vaegamgaa saayudham cheyagala byaatareela nirmaanaaniki adhikaram ichindi. spanish naukaadalam maa naukaasrayaalapai bambu daadi chestundani bhayapadindi. endicot byaatareela puurti mariyu 1870la byaatareela punaruddharana ledhaa punahniyojana kooda cherchabaddaayi. 1870la taraha byaatariilu poura yuddha yugam naati rodman tupaakulu mariyu chiluka tupaakulato paatu konni kotta aayudhaalatho sayudhamayyayi savarinchina 1870la rodman gunn carriagelapy 21 8-angulaala m1888 tupaakulu (asampoorna endicot kotala kosam sett cheyabaddaayi). enimidi 6-angulaala armstrang tupaakulu mariyu 34 4.72-inch armstrang thupaakeela kosam kotta byaatariilu kooda praarambhinchabaddaayi, konni aadhunika twarita-firing medium-caliber tupaakulanu andinchadaaniki united kingdom nundi konugolu cheyabaddaayi, endukante endicot programme yokka 6-angulaalu ledhaa 3-angulaala byaatariilu aevee puurti kaaledu. kshetra firangulu, pradhanamgaa 5-angulaala muttadi tupaakulu mariyu 7-angulaala muttadi hovitzerlu kooda ekkuvagaa georgia mariyu floridalo moharinchabaddaayi. eee byaatareelalo chaalaa varaku yuddham mugisina 1899 varaku puurti kaaledu, mariyu 8-angulaala tupaakulu konni samvatsaraalalone upasamharinchabaddaayi, endukante vaati kosam aadhunika sthaanaalu puurtayyaayi.
1901 punarvyavastheekarana.
bhaarii sthira firangulaku mobile feeled phirangula kante vibhina sikshanaa karyakramalu mariyu vyuuhaalu avasaramani sainika nayakulu grahinchaaru. 1901 kii mundu edu phirangi dalaalalo prati okkati bhaarii mariyu telikapati phirangi byaatareelanu kaligi undevi. 1901 fibravarilo, endicot karyakramam baga saagutunnanduna, phirangi dalaalu rendu rakaluga vibhajinchabaddaayih kshetra phirangi mariyu theera phirangi. munupati edu phirangi dalaalu raddu cheyabaddaayi, mariyu 30 sankhyalo unna kshetra phirangi companylu (saadhaaranamgaa byaatariilu anie pilustaaru) mariyu 126 sankhyalo unna theera phirangi companylu (ca) adhikaram pondaayi. ippatike unna 82 bhaarii phirangi byaatareelanu theera phirangi companylugaa niyaminchaaru, mariyu 44 kotta ca companylu ippatike unna unitlanu vibhajinchi, vaari ryaankulanu niyaamakaalato nimpadam dwara srushtinchabaddaayi. prati naukashraya rakshana command bhinnamgaa amarchabadi, pani aadhaarita samstha avasaramayyenduna, company aadhaarita samstha vasyata kosam undedi. theera firangulu daani charitralo aneka saarlu chinna unit mariyu regimental samstha madhya maarutuu undevi. phirangi dalaala adhipati rendu rakaala phirangula adhikara paridhi kaligina brigadier general hodaalo phirangula adhipati ayyadu.
gani raitulu.
1901 loe teeram phirangidalam injaneerla dalaala nundi niyantrita gani polaala samsthaapana mariyu operation baadhyatanu teesukundi; veetini pariseelanaloo unchaaru, remotga vidyut visphotanam chesi, sthira thupaakeela dwara rakshinchaaru. aaa baadhyathatho teeram phirangidalam ganula polaalu mariyu ganulanu gani casemate odduku anusandhaaninche tantulanu naatadaaniki mariyu nirvahinchadaaniki avasaramaina noukalanu pondadam praarambhinchindi, idhi theera rakshana command lopala "jalaantargaami gani battery" gaa nirvahinchabadindi. maine planters" anie piluvabade pedda noukalu yuu yokka srushti varaku poura sibbandigaa undevi.ess. 1918loe eee noukalaku adhikarulu mariyu injaneerlanu andinchadaaniki armi maine planter servies (amps) mariyu warrant officer corps. gani bhaagam teerapraanta rakshana panula yokka pradhana aayudhalalo okatigaa pariganinchabadindi. 1950loe theera phirangi dalaalu vichchinnam cheyabadi, phirangi saakhalu vileenam ayinappudu, konni gani planter noukalu yuu. ess. kuu badilee cheyabaddaayi.ess. naukaadalam mariyu sahayaka minaleyarlu (ACM/mma) gaa punahroopakalpana cheyabadindi.
endicot kaalam yokka theera phirangi aayudhalu.
eee aayudhalu 1895 mariyu 1905 madhya unchabaddaayi. vistrutamgaa moharinchina aayudhalu matrame jabita cheyabaddaayi. mortarlu, 3-angulaala tupaakulu mariyu konni 6-angulaala tupaakulu tappa migilina vatiki barbet carriagelu (peetham carriagelu anie kooda pilustaaru) upayoginchabaddaayi. modati prapancha yuddham taruvaata takkuva-muppu unna pradaesaalaloo konni naukashraya rakshanalu niraayudhamgaa unnappatikee (veetilo konni mainfieldsnu nilupukunnayi), eee aayudhalalo chaalaa varaku 16-angulaala thupaakeela dwara bharti cheyabadi, rendava prapancha yuddhamlo raddu cheyabade varaku sevalo undipoyaayi.
toft boardu mariyu theera phirangi dalaala srushti.
1905loe, spanish-american yuddham yokka anubhavaala taruvaata, adhyakshudu theodor roojewelt kotta koota bordunu niyaminchaaru, yuddha karyadarshi vilium howard toft aadhvaryamlo. vaaru konni pramaanaalanu naveekarinchaaru mariyu endicot boardu kaaryakramamlo purogatini sameekshinchaaru. eee boardu sifaarsu chesina chaalaa maarpulu saanketikamainavi; marinni serch laitlanu jodinchadam, vidyudeekarana (laiting, communications mariyu projectile handling) mariyu marinta adhunaatana optical lakshya paddhatulu. speyin nundi pondina bhoobhagalalo kotalu cuba mariyu phillippeans, alaage hawai mariyu konni itara pradaesaalaloo kooda boardu sifaarsu chesindi. panamalo rakshana 1902 spooner chattam dwara adhikaram pondindi. battery nirmaanamloo toft programme kotalu koddigaa bhinnamgaa undevi mariyu endicot programme kante icchina pradaesamloe takkuva sankhyalo tupaakulu undevi. bhayankaramaina yuddhanaukalu vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendadam valla, konni pradaesaalaloo kotta 14-angulaala tupaakeeni pravesapettaaru mariyu itara aayudhaala merugaina namuunaalanu kooda pravesapettaaru. modati prapancha yuddham prarambham natiki, united states itara deshaalatho samaanamaina teerapraanta rakshana vyavasthanu kaligi undhi.
saanketika purogati mariyu maarutunna paddhatula vegavantam teerapraanta rakshanalanu (bhaarii) kshetra phirangi (kaanti) nundi ekkuvagaa vaeru chesindi. adhikarulu rendintinee aadesinchadaaniki chaalaa arudugaa arhata kaligi undevaaru, pratyekata avasaram. phalitamgaa, 1907loe, congress kshetra firangulu mariyu theera firangulanu pratyeka saakhalugaa vibhajinchi, pratyeka theera phirangi dalaalanu (cac) srushtinchindi, mariyu theera phirangi dalaalanu 170 sankhyala companylaku penchadaaniki adhikaram ichindi. 1907loe, fort monro vadda unna phirangi paatasaala theera phirangi paatasaalagaa maarindi, idhi 1946 varaku panichesindi, mariyu 1908loe phirangi dalaala adhipati theera phirangi dalaala adhipati ayyadu.
1907loe philippeansloni sabik bay vadda oka vyayamamlo.ess. majer eli keey netrutvamloni adhunaatana bays fores yokka merine betalian. japanto enimidi-enimidi naukaadala yuddha bhayam kaaranamgaa kole padhi vaaraala vyavadhilo theera rakshana kosam nalabhai naalugu bhaarii tupaakulanu unchaadu. eee tupaakulanu naavikulu 1910 varaku nadiparu, appudu grande dveepamlooni koota wint paie kendreekrutamaina theera phirangi dalaala aadhunika rakshana puurtayimdi.
koota drum.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo atyanta teevramaina kotallo okati phillippeans yokka maneela bay looni koota drum. modata banjaru raathi dveepam, dheenini yuu samam chesindi.ess. 1910 mariyu 1914 madhya armi injaneerlu, aapai ukku-balaparichina concreetu yokka mandapati poralatho oka bhaarii nirmaanaanni sumaruga concreat yuddhanaukanu pooli nirminchaaru. idhi endicot mariyu toft kaaryakramaala yokka ekaika nijamaina samudra koota. koota paina oka jatha saayudha ukku tupaki burujulatho, prati okkati rendu m1909 tupaakulanu amarcharu; eee namuunaa pratyaekamgaa koota drum kosam roopondinchabadindi mariyu marekkada moharinchabadaledu. kesametlalo m1910 peethampai naalugu m1908 tupaakulu kooda amarchabaddayi. serch laitlu, vimaana vidhvamsaka byaatariilu mariyu agni dhisha tower kooda daani eguva uparitalampai amarchabaddayi. koota godalu vistrutamaina mandugundu samagri patrikalu, yantra sthalaalu mariyu 200 mandhi sainikula kosam nivaasaalanu rakshinchaayi. vistrutamaina sthaayi koota nirmaanam aaa kaalaaniki vilakshanamainadi kaadu, conny bahirgatamaina pradaesam dwara nadapabadindi. vaayu daadi nundi rakshana gurinchi design mundugaane aandolana kaliginchinappatikii, aaa prayojanam kosam design aadarsapraayamgaa niroopinchabadindi.
1941 december 7naa pasifiklo yuddham praarambhamaina taruvaata, koota bhaarii japanese gaali mariyu bhoomi bambu daadulanu tattukundi, endukante idhi yuu.ess. 1942 mae 6va thedhee chivari varaku batan mariyu koregidar meeda philipino rakshakulu. koota chivari yuu.ess. japaneeyulaku vyatiraekamgaa nilabadataaniki postulu mariyu koregidar adhigaminchabadina tarvaata unnataadhikaarulu aadesinche varaku longaledu, conny yuu varaku kaadu.ess. japaneeyulu upayoginchakundaa nirodhinchadaaniki sainikulu tupaakulu mariyu aayudhalanu naasanam chesaaru. hasyaspadamga, tupaakulu lekunda kooda, koota drumlo unna japaneeyulu yuu.ess. 1945loe dalaalu philippeansnu tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnayi.
sweeya chodaka torpedolu.
eee roeju manaku telisina ganulanu 19va mariyu 20va sataabdaala praarambhamlo tarachugaa tarpedoluga suuchimchaevaaru. 1890laloe daadi chese naukaadalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa tarpedolanu andinchadaaniki prarambha jalaantargaamulu mariyu torpedo botlu rakshana aayudhalugaa abhivruddhi chendadamtho, gani bhavana nundi idhi udbhavinchindani manaku telisinatlugaa sweeya-chodaka torpedo. prarambha abhivruddhi samayamlo, jalaantargaamulu mariyu torpedo padavalu sainyam ledhaa naavikaadalam paridhiloo untaya anedi spashtamgaa teliyadu, endukante sthiramaina ganula kshetraalu mariyu itara sthira theera rakshanala upayogam mariyu abhivruddhiki sainyam baadhyata vahistundi. jalaantargaamulu mariyu torpedo padavala paridhi mariyu sambhaavya upayogaalu peragadamtho, ivi naavikaadala noukalu anie, uparitala mariyu jalaantargaami-pampinhee torpedolu rendoo naavikaadala teerapraanta rakshana viewhalalo mukhyamaina amsamani marinta spashtamgaa telisindi. ayithe, sweeya chodaka torpedolu sainyam yokka theera rakshanalo cherchabadaledu. teeram nundi prayoginchina white head kudimputoe kuudina gaali aadhaarita torpedolu airopalo modata moharinchabaddaayi.
modati prapancha yuddham.
jalaantargaamulu mariyu vimanalu marinta mukhyamainaviga marai, modatidi meeku nijamaina muppu kakapoyina grahinchabadindi.ess. naukaasrayaalu. eee aandolana ganulu mariyu valala vaadakamlo perugudalaku, mariyu unnata phirangula kosam demand penchadaaniki kaaranamaindi. ayithe, yuddham munduku saagutunna koddi, atlantic antataa yuddhanni teesukuraavadaaniki satruvulaku vanarulu levani, aandolanalato paatu purogati taggipoyindani marinta spashtamgaa telisindi. aasaktikaramgaa, modati prapancha yuddhamlo vaayu shakti periginappatikee, idhi yuu loe takkuva pariseelananu pondindi.ess. 1930la chivari varaku theera rakshana roopakalpana, bahusha japan vimaana vahakalu muppuga udbhavinchadam valla. bhayankaramaina yuddhanaukallo vegavantamaina merugudalalaku pratispandanagaa, 1917loe kotta m1917 long-range barbet carriagepy 12-angulaala tupaakulato kuudina sumaru 14 rendu-tupaki byaatareela nirmaanam praarambhamaindi, conny 1920 varaku edhee puurti kaaledu.
vaari anubhavam mariyu pedda tupaakulato sikshana kaaranamgaa, theera firangulu anni yuu nii nirvahinchaayi.ess. modati prapancha yuddhamlo sainyam bhaarii firangulu (155 mimi gunn mariyu up), pradhanamgaa french mariyu british nirmita aayudhalu. vaaru aaa yuddhamlo vimaana vidhvamsaka missionu kooda pondaaru. theera rakshana nundi aneka 5-angulaala mariyu 6-angulaala tupaakulanu upasamharinchukoni, paschima bhaagamlo upayoginchadaaniki chakraala bandlapai tirigi amarcharu, sumaru 72 6-angulaalu (bahusha konni naukaadala tupaakulato sahaa) mariyu 26 5-angulaala tupaakulu fraansku ravana cheyabaddaayi. ayithe, yuddha viramana kaaranamgaa, punarviniyogaparachabadina theera rakshana tupaakulato kuudina yea okka unit kooda charyanu chuudataaniki sakalamlo sikshananu puurti cheyaledu. 6 angulaala tupaakulu mariyu 5 angulaala tupaakulu aevee yuddham taruvaata theera rakshanaku tirigi ivvabadaledu. rendava prapancha yuddhamlo tirigi lekkinche varaku 6 angulaala tupaakulu chaalaa varaku nilva cheyabaddaayi, mariyu 5 angulaala tupaakulu vaadukalo levani prakatinchabaddaayi mariyu sumaru 1920 loe tolaginchabaddaayi.
railway firangulu.
modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo mariyu kontakaalam tarvaata railway firangulugaa 8-angulaalu, 10-angulaalu mariyu 12-angulaala tupaakulu mariyu konni itara aayudhaalatho paatu 12-angulaala mortarlanu amarchadaaniki pedda ettuna karyakramam paakshikamgaa amalu cheyabadindi, takkuva-muppu unna kotalu mariyu vidibhaagaala nundi aayudhalanu upasamharinchukunnaaru. prati goyyiki naalugu nundi rendu varaku mortarlanu tagginche saadhaarana karyakramam eee aayudhaala migulu srushtinchindi. irukaina guntalu tirigi load cheyadamlo ibbandulanu srushtinchaayi; rendu-mortar pitt naalugu-mortar pitt maadirigaane agnini kaligi undhi. pedda ettuna prayatnam chesinappatiki, shipping praadhaanyatala kaaranamgaa, eee aayudhaalannintilo kevalam moodu 8-angulaala tupaakulu matrame yuddha viramanaku mundu fraansku pampinhee cheyabaddaayi. mortarlu mariyu 8 angulaala tupaakulu sikshana ivvagala mountlapai undevi, anduvalla theera rakshana aayudhalugaa upayoginchadaaniki anukuulamgaa undevi; itara aayudhalu yuddham taruvaata kotalaku tirigi ivvabaddaayi. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo 91 12-angulaala mortarlu mariyu 47 8-angulaala tupaakulu railway theera rakshana aayudhalugaa unchabaddaayani, 8-angulaala tupaakulu chaalaa varaku moharinchabaddaayani mariyu daadaapu anni mortarlu reservelo unchabaddaayani muulaalu suuchimchaayi. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, yuu.ess. naavikaadalam marinta vijayavantamaina karyakramanni amalu chesindi, idhi tudi anubandha daadulaku maddatugaa fraansuku aidu 14 "/50 caliber railway tupaakulanu sakalamlo pampinhee chesindi. ayithe, eee aayudhaala mountinglu theera rakshanaku anukuulamgaa laevu mariyu aaa yuddham tarvaata avi viraminchabaddaayi.
toft kaalam mariyu modati prapancha yuddham yokka theera phirangi aayudhalu.
kotta 14-angulaala (356 mimi) tupaki mariyu konni endicot kaalapu aayudhaala merugaina samskaranalu 1905 nundi 1918 varaku pravesapettabaddaayi, munupati aayudhalanu bharti cheyakunda anubandhamgaa unnaayi. 14 angulaala tupaakulu laas angels, hawai, panama kenal mariyu philippeansloni manila bay yokka kotta naukashraya rakshanalo unchabaddaayi. 1914loe panama kaaluva pasiphik vaipu kanumarugaipotunna bandipai oka 16-angulaala tupaki m1895 (406 mimi) kooda moharinchabadindi; idhi yuu loe modati 16-angulaala tupaki.ess. seva. vistrutamgaa moharinchina samudrateera aayudhalu matrame eee jaabitaalo cherchabaddaayi.
modati prapancha yuddham mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham madhya.
modati prapancha yuddhamlo vimanalu chinnavi conny perugutunna mukhyamaina karakalu, mariyu muppu 1920luu mariyu 1930laloe teerapraanta rakshanalo maarpulanu prerepinchindi. 1920laloe yuu dwara pradarsanalu.ess. armi general billie mitchell yuddhanaukalu vaimanika daadiki gurayye pramaadaanni chuupimchaaru; idhi noukalaku vyatiraekamgaa samudrateera rakshana kosam vimaanaala vadakanni vivarinchindi, conny vaayu saktiki vyatiraekamgaa rakshana yokka durbalatvaanni kooda vivarinchindi. ontaritanam kaligina samyukta rashtraalalo, bomberlanu vyuuhaatmaka pramaadakara ayudham kante naukaadala daadiki vyatiraekamgaa rakshanagaa ekkuvagaa chuusaaru. ayithe, rakshanaatmaka aayudhalugaa abhivruddhi chendina boying bii-17 vanti vimanalu adbhutamaina daadi saamarthyaanni kooda kaligi unnaayi.
upasamharana mariyu punarvyavastheekarana.
1920la praarambhamlo aneka rakaala aayudhalanu, ekkuvagaa koddimandi matrame moharinchina vaatini, theera phirangi seva nundi upasamharinchukunnaaru. idhi bahusha sarafara paristhitini sulabhataram cheyadaaniki ayi undavacchu. vistrutamgaa moharinchina rakam 3-angulaala m1898 drags-cbury gunn, masking parapet (saralikruta adrushyam) mountlatho, kaneesam 111 sthaanabhramsham chendindi. tupaakeeni lakshyamgaa chesukovadamlo jokyam chesukovadam valla adrushyamayye paniteeru appatike nilipiveyabadindi, mariyu tupaki kaalpula samayamlo piston raad vichchinnam ayye dhoranini kaligi undhi. itarulalo 6-angulaala armstrang tupaakulu (9 tupaakulu), moodu rakaala armstrang tupaakulu (34 tupaakulu), 4-angulaalu/40 caliber naevii driggs-scroder tupaakulu (4 tupaakulu), mariyu 5-angulaala tupaakula (52 tupaakulu) namuunaalu unnaayi. 5 angulaala thupaakulalo iravai aaru tupaakulu feeled carriagelalo upayoginchadaaniki fraansku pampabaddayi. adanamgaa, kshetra seva kosam theera rakshana nundi upasamharinchukunna sumaru 72 6 angulaala tupaakulu ventane tirigi lekkinchabadaledu; ivi chivariki rendava prapancha yuddhamlo kotta byaatareelalo suduura carriagelalo tirigi lekkinchabaddaayi. konni sandarbhaallo tappa, eee aayudhalalo edhee neerugaa bharti cheyabadaledu.
1925 juun 9naa yuddha vibhagam aadesam dwara theera rakshana aadesaalanu naukashraya rakshana aadesaalugaa punahroopakalpana chesaaru. 1920la chivari natiki, takkuva-pramaadakara praantaalalo enimidi naukashraya rakshana dalaalu puurtigaa nirayudhamayyayi. veetilo kennebeck nadhi, mea, baltimore, emdi, potomac nadhi, emdi mariyu vaa, cape fear nadhi, ensi, savannah, gaa, tampa bay, efl, mobile, all, mariyu mississippi nadhi, laa unnaayi. ganula rakshanalanu reservelo unchukune avakaasam undhi. eee aadeshaalalo konni rendava prapancha yuddham praarambhamlo mobile phirangula kosam "panama mountlatho" tirigi aayudhalu cheyabaddaayi.
1922loe 274 theera phirangi companylaku adhikaram ivvabadindi, veetilo 188 companylu churukuga unnaayi. aaa samvatsaramlo 44 companylu nishkriyam cheyabaddaayi, conny philippean scouts kosam 14 kotta companylu srushtinchabaddaayi, mariyu 1923loe 15vadhi. philippean scouts, ekkuvagaa philipino namodu chesukunna purushula unitlu mariyu ekkuvagaa yuu.ess. adhikarulu, philippeanslo aneka theera rakshanalanu nirvahinchaadu mariyu itara keelaka paatralalo panicheesaadu. pedda naukaadalam ledhaa vaimanika dalaaniki pratyamnaayamgaa, teerapraanta rakshana kosam atyanta aacharanaatmaka mariyu kharchutho koodukunna paddhatulugaa firangulu mariyu ganulaku nibaddhatanu saadhaarana sibbandi punarudghaatinchaaru. 1924loe cac oka regimental vyavasthanu sweekarinchindi, companylanu 16 regular armi harber defence regimentlu, rendu philippean scouts regimentlu (oka harber defence, oka tractor-dran), moodu regular tractor-dran regimentlu mariyu rendu regular railway regimentlugaa ekikrutam chesindi. veetiki adanamgaa 11 naukashraya rakshana mariyu jaateeya gaardu yokka rendu tractor-dran regimentlu unnaayi, ivi yuddhakaalamlo kriyaaseelata kosam saantikaalamlo sikshana pondaayi. 144 kriyaaseelamaina mottam companylu 289 vadda oke vidhamgaa undipoyaayi. 14 naukashraya rakshana regimentlu, naalugu railway regimentlu, moodu tractor-dran regimentlu mariyu 8 yeae brigadelalo 42 vimaana vidhvamsaka regimentla theera phirangi reserve kooda undhi. ayithe, chaalaa reserve unitlalo koddi sankhyalo sibbandi matrame niyaminchabaddaaru, mariyu chaalaa mandhi 1933loe mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo kriyaaseelata lekunda demobilize cheyabaddaaru ledhaa aaa yuddhamlo vividha hodalatho panicheesaaru. 1930 nundi 1932 varaku sainyam prati naukaasrayaaniki kotta rakshana prajectulanu roopondinchindi. 1931loe eee prajectula amalunu paryaveekshinchadaaniki idhi naukashraya rakshana bordunu erpaatu chesindi.
kotta aayudhalu.
1905 mariyu 1920 madhya bhayankaramaina yuddhanaukalu vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendadam valla merugaina theera rakshana avasaranni pradarsinchindi, endukante chaalaa varaku endicot mariyu toft kaalapu aayudhalu swalpa-shreni mountinglalo undevi mariyu yuddhanauka kavachanni nammadagina vidhamgaa odinchenta peddavi kaavu. philippeanslo rendu vann-gunn byaatariilatoe sahaa, kotta long-range emm1917 barbet carriagelapy 16 byaatareelalo ippatike unna muppai 12-angulaala emm1895 tupaakulu amarchabaddayi. eee byaatareelalo ekkuva bhaagam rendava prapancha yuddham mugise samayaniki sevalo undipoyaayi. itara kotta aayudhalanu moharinchaaru, conny budget parimitula kaaranamgaa parimita parimaanamlo. 14-angulaala m1920 railway tupaakulu panama kaaluva mariyu laas angels yokka naukashraya rakshanaku jodinchabaddaayi, prati pradaesamloe rendu. yuu yokka bhavishyattu.ess. praarambhamlo 16-angulaala (406 mimi) tupaakulu, 16-angulaala hovitzer emm1920 (25 calibers podavu) mariyu 16-angulaala gunn emm1919 (50 calibers podavu) lanu sweekarinchadam dwara theera rakshanaku munduchuupu kanipinchindi. modati prapancha yuddhamlo theera phirangula bhaarii aayudhalanu nirvahinche anubhavam aadhaaramgaa, mukhyamgaa french nirmita 400 mimi (15.75 angulaalu) railway houvitzer 1916 modal, kotta barbet carriagelu 65 degreela ettutoe roopondinchabaddaayi, satruvu oodalu sameepistunnappudu mantalu chelaregela cheyadaaniki veelugaa. fort story, virginia vadda naalugu hovitzerlanu moharinchaaru mariyu boston, long iland, envai, queens, envai, mariyu purl harber, hawai sameepamlo naalugu pradaesaalaloo edu tupaakulanu moharinchaaru. 1922loe, washington naavikaadala oppandam yuu.ess. naukaadalam yuddhanaukalu mariyu 16-angulaalu/50 caliber maark II mariyu maark III barrelsnu raddu cheyadaaniki. oppandam amaluloki rakamunde sumaru 70 tupaakulu puurtayyaayi, mariyu bhavishyattulo yuddhanaukallo upayogam kosam vaatilo chaalaa varaku unchukoovaalani naavikaadalam korukundi. praarambhamlo kevalam 20 tupaakulu matrame sainyaniki badilee cheyabaddaayi, vaaru naukaadala tupaakula kosam m1919 mount yokka kotta versionnu nirminchaaru. ayithe, 1940 varaku eee thupaakulalo padhi matrame mutyaala naukaasrayam, panama mariyu shaan franciscolalo moharinchabaddaayi. vaaru sainika sevalo 16-angulaala naevii gunn mkimi mariyu mkimi anie piluvabaddaru. 16 angulaala tupaakulu, kshipanulanu prayoginchadam, munupati yuu kante chaalaa prabhaavavantamgaa unnaayi.ess. theera rakshana tupaakulu.
1930laloe takkuvagaa moharinchina maroka ayudham rendava prapancha yuddham theera rakshanalo pedda bhaagamgaa maarindi. washington naukaadala oppandam prakaram raddu cheyabadina paatha yuddhanaukalu nundi 8-angulaalu/45 caliber maark vi navika tupaakulu andubaatulo vachayi, conny 1933 mariyu 1938 madhya aaru tupaakulu matrame moharinchabaddaayi, annee sthiramaina mountinglalo unnaayi. praarambhamlo "virginia"-mariyu "connecticut"-taragati yuddhanaukalu yokka dviteeya aayudhaala nundi 32 tupaakulu andubaatulo undevi. sainika sevalo vaatini 8-angulaala naevii gunn mkvim3a2 anie pilicheevaaru, mariyu 1941loe railway mountu abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. eee naukala pradhana aayudhalu, 12 "/45 caliber maark 5 gunn kooda sainyaniki andubaatulo unchabadindi, conny veetini united states eppuduu moharinchaledu mariyu kaneesam konnintini brazilku vikrayinchaaru.
vaimanika daadiki vyatiraekamgaa rakshana nemmadigaa abhivruddhi chendindi. ippatike unna byaatariilu mabhyapetti undevi, conny avi kanugonabadithe, avi vaayu daadiki gurayye avakaasam undhi. modati prapancha yuddham taruvaata nirminchina bhaarii tupaakula modati byaatariilu, kontavaraku vivarinchaleni vidhamgaa, mabhyapettadam tappa puurtigaa terichi undevi, conny samudram nundi pratyaksha pariseelana nundi teeram nundi tirigi amarchina suduura aayudhalanu amarcharu. ayithe, 1930la chivari nundi (chaalaa sandarbhaalalo 1942loe praarambhamai) eee byaatareelanu dattamaina concreetu kesametla kinda amarcharu, veetini vrukshasampadato kappabadi, paie nundi vaastavamgaa kanipinchakundaa mariyu bambu daadula nundi baga rakshinchabaddaayi. gananeeyamgaa, washington naavikaadala oppandam philippeanstho sahaa pasifiklo rakshanalo pradhana merugudalalanu nishedhinchindi, kabatti koregidar meeda unna fort millula vadda unna rendu suduura 12-angulaala tupaakulu eppuduu cases cheyabadaledu (viruddhamgaa, idhi japan dandayaatraku vyatiraekamgaa vaari upayogaanni meruguparichindi, endukante avi pedda agni chaapaalanu kaligi unnaayi). maroe phalitam emitante, philippeansku ravana cheyabadutunna 12 240 mimi hovitzerlanu badulugaa havaayilo moharinchaaru. japanto sangharshananu oohinchi, 1933 mariyu 1938 madhya andubaatulo unna parimita nidhulalo ekkuva bhaagam pasiphik teeramlo kharchu cheyabaddaayi, mukhyamgaa appatiki aneka japanese vimaana vahakalu panicheestunnaayi. 1939loe, airopalo yuddha muppu pedda ketaayimpulanu mariyu atlantic teeram vembadi panini tirigi praarambhinchadaaniki prerepinchindi.
yuu sweekarinchina kotta ayudham.ess. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo teeram firangulaku rahadari mariyu cross-country chalanaseelatanu pravesapettindi. 155 mimi gunn m1918 (6.1 angulaalu), french 155 mimi gpf (grand pavaisense philloux, ledhaa adhika saktitoe kuudina gunn) nundi daggari nundi teesukobadindi, bhaarii holt tractorla venuka laagavacchu mariyu ippatike unna naukashraya rakshanalo bhaagam kaani praantaalaku kontha rakshananu andinchadaaniki moharinchavachhu. prati tractor-dran regimentku eee aayudhalalo 24kii adhikaram ivvabadindi. panama mounts" anie piluvabade vruttaakaara concreat platformlu eee aayudhaala viniyogaanni meruguparachadaaniki, mukhyamgaa rendava prapancha yuddham praarambhamlo, ippatike unna mariyu kotta rakshanalo nirminchabaddaayi.
yuddham oohinchi, 1940 mariyu 1941loe adanapu ganulu, serch laitlu, radar mariyu anty-aircraft ganlanu erpaatu chesaaru. ayithe, saadhaarana korata kaaranamgaa, naukashraya rakshana vadda kotta anty-aircraft ganlanu erpaatu cheyadam chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi. yuddham praarambhamaina taruvaata, mottam paaschaatya rakshana command adhika heccharikalo unchabadindi, conny rendu jalaantargaami deck gunn daadulu mariyu paeludu budagalu sahaa japanese daadulu, chinna nashtam matrame kaliginchaayi.
jalaantargaami vyatiraeka valalu, naukaadala ganulu mariyu niyantrita ganulu aneka naukashraya pravaesaalanu rakshinchaayi. radar mariyu gastee vimanalu chaalaa dhooram varaku shatru noukalanu gurtinchagalavu, mariyu chorabaatudaarulaku vyatiraekamgaa rakshanaku modati varusaga vimanalu marai.
1930loe long iland sound yokka naukashraya rakshanalo nirvahinchina theera rakshana vyayamam rakshana pranaalikaloo vimanam mariyu jalaantargaamulanu (sameepamloni jalaantargaami sthaavaram nyuu london nundi) chaerchadaaniki gurtinchadaginadi. pariseelana, bambu daadi, mariyu anveshana (yuddha) vimanalu cherchabaddaayi. jalaantargaamulu dwandwa nigha mariyu edurudaadi mission kaligi unnaayi; bhavishyattulo eee missionlanu vaeru cheyaalani nirnayinchaaru.
modati prapancha yuddham mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham madhya theera phirangi aayudhalu.
endicot mariyu toft kaalapu aayudhalalo ekkuva bhaagam yuddhaala madhya sevalo undipoyaayi. yuu.ess. yuddhaala madhya pravesapettina theera firangulu
rendava prapancha yuddham.
mutyaala naukaasrayampai daadi teerapraanta phirangula vaadukalo laeni gaali daadi nundi rakshinchabadaledu mariyu yuddhaaniki mundu vimaana-vyatiraeka rakshanala asamarthatanu pradarsinchindi. ayithe, bahusha teerapraanta phirangi uparitala daadidaarulu lekapothe marinta dhairyamgaa undevaaru. philippeanslo teerapraanta rakshana sthaanaalu (poura yuddham taruvaata unna ekaika sandarbham.ess. theera rakshanalu bhaareega nimagnamai unnaayi) mariyu singapur sthaanikamgaa prabhaavavantamgaa unnaayi; ayithe, japaneeyulu rakshana laeni chota daadi chesi, taruvaata kotalanu kapparu. japanese rabal mariyu philippeansloni fort drum vanti bhaareega balavardhakamaina sthaanaalu vyuuhaatmaka vaiphalyala madhya vyuuhaatmaka vijayanni pradarsinchaayi.
phillippeans patanam.
japaneeyulu mutyaala naukaasrayam taruvaata koddikaalaanike phillippeans paie daadi chesi, maneela mariyu sabik baela yokka naukashraya rakshananu itara yuu thoo paatu yuddhamloki teesukuvacchaaru.ess. mariyu dveepasamoohamlo philipino dalaalu. japaneeyulu modata uttara luzonlo digaaru, idhi manila bay yokka rakshanaku chaalaa dhooramlo undhi. theera firangulu tama vanthu krushi chesinappatiki, vaari aayudhalu satruvula daadula disaku vyatiraekamgaa paelavamgaa unchabaddaayi mariyu gaali mariyu ettaina-konam phirangula daadiki gurayye avakaasam undhi. enimidi 8 angulaala railway tupaakulu 1940loe philippeansku moharinchabaddaayi, conny prarambha landinglaku pratispandanagaa aaru vaimanika daadiloo naasanam cheyabaddaayi, migilina rendintini koregidor mariyu button meeda sthiramaina mountinglalo unchaaru, conny sibbandi mariyu mandugundu samagri laevu. 14 angulaala turrent tupaakulu, 12 angulaala battery maargam mariyu battery gair yokka mortarlu bahusha koregidor yuddhamlo atyanta prabhaavavantamaina theera rakshana aayudhalu, conny japaneeyulu dige mundu rendu mortarlu minaha annee padipoyayi. yuu.ess. dalaalu tama aayudhalanu naasanam chesina taruvaata 1942 mae 6naa longipoyayi.
aadhunikeekarana.
1939 septembarulo airopalo yuddham praarambhamai, 1940 juunloo france patanam yuu. ess. nuu baga vegavantam chesindi.ess. rakshana pranaalika mariyu nidhulu. eee samayamlo design samanvayam lekapovadam valla maark 2 mariyu maark 3 16-angulaala tupaakulanu upayoginchalekapoyaru, mariyu vatiki kotta tupaki design avasaram. diguvana yuddhamtho, naavikaadalam sumaru 50 migilina tupaakulanu vidudala chesindi, mariyu 27 juulai 1940naa sainyam yokka naukashraya rakshana boardu yuu venta vyuuhaatmaka paayintlanu rakshinchadaaniki 27 (chivariki 38) 16-angulaala rendu-tupaki byaatareela nirmaanaanni sifaarasu chesindi.ess. eee samayaniki daadaapu anni paatha byaatareela maadirigaane, teerapraantam, vaayu daadiki vyatiraekamgaa pariganinchabadutundi.
16 angulaala tupaakulu rendava prapancha yuddham karyakramam yokka agra mugimpu matrame, idhi chivariki daadaapu anni munupati theera rakshana aayudhalanu kotta (ledhaa remount) aayudhaalatho bharti chesindi. 12-angulaala podavaina shreni byaatareelalo chaalaa varaku casemated cheyabaddaayi mariyu yuddham mugise samayaniki upayoginchabaddaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, prati naukashraya rakshana command rendu ledhaa moodu 16-angulaala ledhaa 12-angulaala podavaina shreni byaatariilu, alaage rakshita myaagajainlato kotta mountinglapy 6-angulaala tupaakulu mariyu 90 mimi anty motor torpedo boat (aant) tupaakulu kaligi undaali, ivi 37 mimi ledhaa 40 mimi anty aircraft tupaakulato anubandhinchabaddaayi. pratipaadita 38 kotta 16-angulaala (406 mimi) byaatariilatoe paatu, 11 kotta 8-angulaala (203 mimi) byaatariilu, 87 kotta 6-angulaala (152 mimi) byaatariilu adhika-koona kavacham mountinglapy anchanaa veyabaddaayi. eee byaatareelannintilo bhaarii rakshita myagajainlu mariyu plaat gadulu mariyu casemated tupaakulu (6-angulaala tupaakulu tappa) thoo rendu tupaakulu undevi. adanamgaa, sumaru 32 8-angulaala emm. kevim3yea2 railway tupaakulanu moharinchaaru. chaalaa sandarbhaalalo prastuta naukashraya rakshanalanu bharti chestu, yuddhakaala maarpulatoe, naukashraya rakshana kosam kotalanu pranaalika chesaru
thoorpu teeram
gulph teeram
paschima teeram
itara yuu.ess. aastulu ledhaa videshee
yuddham munduku saagutunna koddi conus mariyu carabian takkuva mupputho, sumaru 21 16-angulaala tupaki byaatariilu 1941-44 loe puurtayyaayi, conny ivanni saayudhamainavi kaavu. moodu kotta 12-angulaala podavaina shreni byaatariilu mariyu aidu 8-angulaala byaatariilu (ekkuvagaa alascalo) puurtayyaayi mariyu sayudhamayyayi, mariyu sumaru 65 6-angulaala byaatariilu puurtayyaayi, conny veetilo 45 matrame sayudhamayyayi. ovaahulooni konni byaatariilu munigipoyina rendu 14-angulaala triple turrentlatho mariyu enimidi 8-angulaala janta turrentlatho roopondinchina tupaakula nundi kakunda tolaginchabaddaayi. yuu nundi poraata praantaalu marinta dhooramgaa marai.ess. naukaadala bedirimpulu tappanisarigaa tolaginchabadinanduna, noukalaku vyatiraekamgaa naukaasrayaalanu rakshinchadam takkuva pradhaanyatagaa maarindi, mariyu kotta theera rakshana byaatariilu puurtayinanduna, daadaapu anni paatha samudra theera tupaakulu kotta aayudhalugaa maaradaaniki tolaginchabaddaayi. theera phirangula yokka aneka mandhi sainikulanu kshetra firangulu, vimaana vidhvamsaka ledhaa padaatidala vidhulaku kooda badilee chesaaru. yuddham mugisinappudu, samudrateera rakshana tupaakulu ikapai avasaram ledani, kshipanulu chivariki paatranu nimputaayani tvaralo nirnayinchaaru. 1947 natiki, samudra theera rakshanalo migili unna chaalaa tupaakulu migulugaa prakatinchabaddaayi mariyu raddu cheyabaddaayi, mariyu 1950loe theera firangulu nishkriyam cheyabadinappudu chivari aayudhalu tolaginchabaddaayi.
itara theera rakshana karyakalapalu.
yuddha prarambha bhaagamlo samudra theera rakshanaku sambandhinchina rendu sambandhita amsaalu khandantara united states (conus) loe teerapraanta samudra theera gastee mariyu sambhaavya satruvu daadulaku pratispandinchadaaniki akkada mobile dalaala nirvahana. theera raksaka dalam eee gasteeni mutyaala naukaasrayam taruvaata praarambhinchindi, 1942 praarambhamlo thoorpu mariyu paschima rakshana aadesaalaku beach gastee mariyu mobile pratispandana rendintikee enimidi padaatidala regimental poraata jatlaku samanamga ketayinchabadindi. 1942 taruvaata vaegamgaa taggutunna mupputho, 1943 madhya natiki eee dalaalu gananeeyamgaa tagginchabaddaayi, mariyu 1944 praarambhamlo ekkuvagaa digbandham cheyabaddaayi. 1942 juun 12 raatri, oka petrolling coast gaard navikudu newyorkloni long ailandloni amagonset sameepamlo yuu-boat nundi digutunna german agentlanu gamaninchaadu. communication ibbandulu takshana pratispandananu nirodhinchaayi, conny tadupari rendu varallo naluguru agentlanu chuttumuttaru, maroe naluguru juun 17naa floridaloni jacksonville sameepamlo digaaru. newyorkloni iddaru agentlu konni rojullone lopinchaalani nirnayinchukunnappudu pattukovadam sulabhataram cheyabadindi. enimidi mandiloo aarugurini uriteeyadamtho, vaarini sainika kortu-marshal dwara vichaarinchaaru; firaayimpulaku paalpadina vaarilo okariki jeevita khaidu mariyu migilina 30 samvatsaraala jailu siksha vidhinchabadindi.
theera phirangulatho paatu, pasiphik rangasthalamloni keelaka dveepaalanu yuu rakshinchaaru.ess. yuddham antataa samudra rakshana dalaalu. vaari atyanta prasiddha nischitaartham decemberu 1941loe jarigina wake iland yuddham, dheenilo japan dandayaatra dalaaniki bhaarii praananashtam jarigindi, adhi chivariki dveepaanni swaadheenam chesukundi. yuu.ess. jalaantargaamulanu gurtinchadaaniki jalaantargaami vyatiraeka valalu mariyu ayaskanta suuchika looplatho naukashraya rakshanalo naavikaadalam paalgondi; sainyam mariyu naavikaadala karyakalapalanu samanvayam cheyadaaniki naukashraya rakshana aadesaala vadda ummadi naukashraya rakshana command postulu mariyu naukashraya pravesha niyantrana postulu sthaapinchabaddaayi. 155 mimi podavaina tomm phirangi mukka, 155 mimi gpf bhavana yokka parinaamam, 1943 nundi pasifiklo dveepam mariyu naukashraya rakshanalo naavikulu mariyu sainyam rendinti dwara upayoginchabadindi. kotta aayudhamtho tirigi aayudhalu pondina 155 mm gunn regimentlanu vichchinnam chesina phalitamgaa 1944 mae-juunloo edu armi coast artillery groupulu (155 mm gunn) sakriyam cheyabaddaayi. 1945loe okinava mariyu philippeansku muggurini moharinchagaa, trinidadlo okadaanni sakriyam chesaaru; migilina vaaru ennadoo konasnu vidichipettaledu.
rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo theera teeram phirangi aayudhalu.
yuu.ess. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo theera firangulu pradhanamgaa yuddhaala madhya konugolu chesina ledhaa modati prapancha yuddham taruvaata nilva chesina aayudhalapai aadharapaddaayi. kotta byaatariilu puurtavadamtoe 1944 chivari natiki endicot mariyu toft kaalapu aayudhaalanni tolaginchabaddaayi. yuddham yokka taruvaati bhaagamlo moharinchina aayudhalalo ivi unnaih
yuddhaanantara rakshana kshipanulu.
rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata kontakaalam tarvaata conus anchu chuttoo 90 mimi mariyu 120 mimi anty-aircraft ganla vyavasthanu moharinchaaru. ayithe, idhi twaralone saanketikata dwara adhigaminchabadindi. pracchanna yuddham praarambhamlo, soviet union united states cherukogala suduura bomberlanu abhivruddhi chesindi, mariyu ventane vaari modati anhu bambunu pelchivesindi. atyanta pramaadakaramaina lakshyaalalo naukaasrayaalu mariyu naukaadala sthaavaraalu unnaayi. naik uparitalam nundi gaaliki kshipani karyakramam yokka lakshyam empika chesina praantaalaku "chivari-loya" vaayu rakshana rekhagaa panicheyadam. vaimanika dalam yokka antaraaya vimanam viphalamaithe naik vyavastha upayoginchabadedi. konni naukaadala vyatiraeka saamardhyamtho (mukhyamgaa taruvaata anhu saamarthyam kaligina aayudhalu), ivi samyukta rashtraalalo upayoginchina chivari sthira-balaga aayudhalu.
1950laloe pradhana pattana mariyu paarisraamika praantaalu mariyu keelaka vyuuhaatmaka vaimanika sthaavaraala chuttoo "valayalu" loe naik pradaesaalu nirminchabaddaayi. prati valayamlo nirminchina pradaesaala sankhya aneka kaarakaalanu batti maarutuu untundi. saapekshamgaa chadunaina bhuubhaaga valayalalo saadhaaranamgaa washington, dii vadda vale naalugu prayoga pradaesaalu undevi.sii. ayithe, parvata bhuubhaagam kaaranamgaa, shaan francisco bay praantaaniki pannendu prayoga sthalaalu avasaramayyayi. asalu naik kshipani, naik azacs yokka takkuva paridhi kaaranamgaa, aneka sthaavaraalu vaaru rakshinchina praantaala kendraaniki daggaragaa unnaayi. tarachugaa, avi adhika janabha kaligina praantaalalo undevi. 1960 natiki, sudeergha shreni, anhu saamarthyam kaligina naik herculusnu moharinchaaru, aaa tarvaata ventane vaimanika dalam yokka bomark kshipani vyavasthanu upayoginchaaru.
aneka khandantara balistic kshipanula aagamanamtho, naik mariyu bomark vyavasthalu 1960la madhya natiki vaadukalo levani bhaavinchabaddaayi mariyu 1970la praarambhamlo samsthaapanalu tolaginchabaddaayi, daadaapu 200 samvatsaraala american teerapraanta rakshana mugisindi.