adhika fluxes isotope reactor

hye fluxes isotope reactor (hhfir) anedi united statesloni tennessiloni ook ridge national laboratory (arnl) vadda unna anhu parisoedhana reactor. 85 megawatla vadda panichese hetchfir, samyukta rashtraalalo ghaneebhavinchina padaartha bhouthika shaastra parisoedhana kosam neutronla yokka atyadhika fluxes reactor aadhaarita vanarulalo okati, mariyu idhi prapanchamlooni yea parisoedhanaa reactor kante atyadhika sthira-sthithi neutron fluxlalo okati. bhouthika shaastram, rasayana shaastram, padaartha shaastram, injaneering mariyu jeevasaastram adhyayanam cheyadaaniki hetchfir utpatti chese ushna mariyu challani newtraanlanu upayogistaaru. ghaneebhavinchina padaartham yokka praathamika lakshanaalapai neutron chedaragotte parisoedhana kosam prati samvatsaram 500 mandiki paiga parisoedhakulu teevramaina neutron pravaham, sthiramaina shakti saandrata mariyu sthiramaina-podavaina indhana chakralanu upayogistaaru. hetchfir prati samvatsaram scottering mariyu inn-core research rendinti kosam sumaru 600 mandhi viniyogadaarulanu kaligi undhi.
hetchfir vadda unna neutron scattering parisoedhana soukaryaalu padaartham yokka nirmaanam mariyu dynamixpy praathamika mariyu anuvartita parisoedhana kosam upayoginche prapancha sthaayi parikaraala sekarananu kaligi unnaayi. reactornu vaidya, paarisraamika mariyu parisoedhana isotope utpatti kosam kooda upayogistaaru; padaarthaalaku teevramaina neutron nashtampai parisoedhana; mariyu paryaavaranamloo trace muulakaalanu pariseelinchadaaniki neutron kriyaaseelata. adanamgaa, eee bhavanamlo gaama vikiranam soukaryam undhi, idhi kharchu chesina indhana sammelanaalanu upayogistundi mariyu adhika gaama motaadu prayogaalaku vasati kalpinchagaladu.
anchanaa vesina kramam tappakunda kaaryakalaapaalato, beryllium reflector bharti kosam tadupari pedda moosiveta 2023 varaku avasaram undadu. eee antaraayam radial beam tube tube challani muulaanni vyavasthaapinchae avakaasaanni andistundi, idhi kotta guide haallo challani newtraanlanu tine parikaraala asamaanamaina pravahanni istundi. eee adanapu saamardhyamtho ledhaa lekunda, hetchfir 2040 mariyu antaku minchi panichestundani anchanaa veyabadindi.
november cheyabaddaayi, kottagaa erpaatu chesina challani vanarupai (neutronla kadalikanu nemmadinchadaaniki drava healium mariyu hydrojannu upayoginche) samaya-vimaana pareekshalu design anchanaala kante merugaina paniteerunu chuupaayani, fraanslooni grenobilloni institute lou-languinlo research reactor nelakolpina munupati prapancha rikaardunu samam ledhaa adhigaminchaayani orn adhikarulu prakatinchaaru.
charitra.
janavari janavari, yuu.ess. atamic energy commission (eisi) united stateslo transuranium isotope utpatti sthithini sameekshinchindi. aaa samvatsaram november natiki, isotope parisoedhana mariyu utpattipai praathamika drushti saarinchi, ook ridge jaateeya prayogasaalalo hye fluxes isotope reactor (hhfir) nuu nirminchaalani commission nirnayinchindi. nirnayinchindi idhi modatisaarigaa klishtamgaa marinappati nundi, hetchfir yokka pradhana upayogaalu vaidya, anhu, detector mariyu bhadrata prayojanaala kosam isotope utpatti mariyu parisoedhanatoe paatu padaarthaala parisoedhana, indhanaala parisoedhana mariyu fusion energy parisoedhananu chaerchadaaniki vistrutamayyaayi.
1966 janavarilo takkuva-shakti pareeksha karyakramam puurtayimdi, 20,50,75,90 mariyu 100 megawatla vadda operation chakralu prarambhamayyayi. 1966 septembarulo daani nirmaanam praarambhamainappati nundi aidellaku konchem ekkuva kaalam, daani roopakalpana shakti 100 megavatlanu saadhinchinappati nundi, 1986 chivarilo tatkalikamga moosiveyabade varaku, hetchfir samyukta raashtraalloni yea itara reactor kante adhigaminchaleni operation samaya rikaardunu saadhinchindi. 1973 december natiki, idhi thana 100va indhana chakranni puurti chesindi, prati okkati ~ 23 rojula paatu konasaagindi.
1986 navambarulo, vikirana nigha namuunaalapai pareekshalu reactor nauka oohinchina daanikante vaegamgaa neutron vikiranam dwara chikkukupotundani suuchimchaayi. eee sadupaayaanni vistrutamgaa sameekshinchadaaniki mariyu moolyaankanam cheyadaaniki veelugaa hhfir moosiveyabadindi. rendu samvatsaraalu mariyu aidu nelala taruvaata, samagramaina punahpariseelana, ottidi nauka yokka samagratanu kaapaadutuu plant jeevitaanni podiginchadaaniki maarpulu mariyu nirvahana paddhatulaku merugudalalu chesina taruvaata, reactor 85 megawatla vadda tirigi praarambhinchabadindi. saareeraka mariyu vidhaanaparamaina merugudalalato paatu sikshana, bhadrata vislaeshanha mariyu naanhyata haamii karyakalapalu punaruddharinchabaddayi. patraalu navikarinchabaddaayi mariyu avasaramaina chota kottavi roopondinchabaddaayi. saanketika lakshanaalu savarinchabaddaayi mariyu roopakalpana maarpulanu yuu. ess. aamodinchinanduna vatiki anugunamgaa unchadaaniki vaatini punarnirminchaaru.ess. department off energy (doow), gatamlo eisi. ushna anchulanu konasaagistuu nauka samagratanu kaapaadataaniki praathamika sheetalakarani peedanam mariyu pradhana saktini tagginchadame kakunda, saanketika mariyu vidhaanaparamaina merugudalalaku deerghakaalika kattubaatlu cheyabaddaayi.
hetchfir operation yokka aneka amsaalanu kshunnamgaa sameekshinchina taruvaata, reactornu indhana chakram 288 kosam april 18,1989naa punahpraarambhinchaaru, praarambhamlo chaalaa takkuva shakti sthaayilalo (8.8 megaavaatlu) panicheyadaaniki, anni operating sibbandiki puurtigaa sikshana ichhe varaku mariyu adhika saktitoe nirantaram panicheyadam saadhyamayye varaku. 1989 april punahprarambham taruvaata, vidhaanaparamaina taginanta gurinchi oka prasna kaaranamgaa maroe tommidi nelala moosiveta jarigindi. eee samayamlo, hetchfir yokka paryaveekshanha anushakti (enee) yokka doow kaaryaalayaaniki badilee cheyabadindi; gatamlo, paryaveekshanha shakti parisoedhana karyalayam (er) dwara undedi. indhana karyadarshi james dii. anumati taruvaata. 1990 janavarilo prarambha karyakalapalanu tirigi praarambhinchadaaniki watkins, mae 18,1990naa puurti saktini cherukundi. hetchfir yokka kaaryaacharana jeevitamlo vidhaanaparamaina mariyu saanketika merugudala kosam konasagutunna karyakramalu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi.
cheyabaddaayi, hetchfir thana 40 samvatsaraala charitralo atyanta naatakeeya parivartananu puurti chesindi. oka samvatsaraaniki paiga moosivesina samayamlo, eee soukaryam punaruddharinchabadindi mariyu aneka kotta parikaraalu, alaage challani neutron vanarunu erpaatu chesaaru. reactor aaa samvatsaram mae madhyalo tirigi praarambhinchabadindi; idhi rendu rojullone 85 megawatla puurti saktini saadhinchindi, mariyu oka vaaramlo prayogaalu tirigi prarambhamayyayi. merugudalalu mariyu merugudalalo nammadagina, nirantara operation kosam reactor nirmaanaanni sarididdadam; beam roomlo enimidi thermal-neutron spectrometerla gananeeyamaina merugudala; kotta computer system niyantranalu; drava hydrogen colled soars yokka samsthaapana; mariyu kotta colled neutron guide haall unnaayi. upgraded cheyabadina hetchfirlo chivariki 15 parikaraalu untaayi, veetilo 7 challani newtraanlanu upayoginchi parisoedhana kosam untaayi.
hetchfir yokka pradhana lakshyam ippudu neutron scattering parisoedhana ayinappatikee, daani asalu praathamika prayojanaallo okati parisoedhana, paarisraamika mariyu vaidya anuvartanaala kosam california-252 mariyu itara trans euranium isotopula utpatti. hetchfir anedi paschima prapanchamlo california-252 yokka ekaika sarafaraadaaru, idhi cancer therapy mariyu paryaavaranamloo kalushya kaarakaalanu gurtinchadam mariyu saamaanu loe paeludu padaarthaalu vanti upayogaalato kuudina isotope. isotope utpatti mariyu neutron chedaragottadaaniki daani sahakaaraaniki minchi, hetchfir soukaryam yokka anoohyamgaa adhika neutron fluxes nundi prayojanam pondhe vividha rakaala vikiranam pareekshalu mariyu prayogaalanu kooda andistundi.
hetchfir yokka saanketika vivarana.
hetchfir anedi beryllium-reflected, telikapati-neeti-cooled mariyu-moderated, fluxes-trop rakam reactor, idhi atyanta susampannamaina euranium indhanaanni upayogistundi. reactor yokka praathamika sambhaavita roopakalpana "fluxes trop" suutrampai aadharapadi undhi, ikkada reactor core indhanam laeni mitamaina praantam ledhaa "dveepam" chuttoo indhanam yokka valayakara praantaanni kaligi untundi. ituvanti aakruteekarana indhanam nundi vaegamgaa sravinche newtraanlanu dveepamlo niyantrinchadaaniki anumatistundi mariyu anduvalla dveepam madhyalo chaalaa ekkuva ushna-neutron pravaham unna praantaanni istundi. ushnaparachabadina neutronla eee jalaasayam reactor lopala "chikkukupoyindi", idhi isotope utpattiki andubaatulo untundi. atuvanti reactor yokka indhanam velupala reflectorloni neutronla pedda pravahanni reflectorloki khaalii "beam" gottalanu vistarinchadam dwara tapp cheyavachu, idhi newtraanlanu reactor rakshana velupala prayogaalugaa prasaram cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. chivaraga, prayogaalu ledhaa isotope utpatti kosam padaarthaalanu vikiranam cheyadaaniki reflectorlo vividha rakaala randhraalanu andinchavacchu.
hetchfir yokka asalu lakshyam transplutonium isotopula utpatti. ayithe, asalu designerlalo aneka itara prayoga soukaryaalu unnaayi, mariyu appati nundi aneka itara soukaryaalu jodinchabaddaayi. andubaatulo unna prayoga soukaryaalalo (1) beryllium reflectorlo udbhavinche naalugu kshitija samaantara punjam gottalu; (2) fluxes trop yokka chaalaa adhika fluxes praantamloo hydraulic tube vikiranam soukaryam, idhi reactor nadustunnappudu namuunaalanu choppinchadaaniki mariyu tolaginchadaaniki anumatistundi; (3) fluxes traplo muppai lakshya sthaanaalu, ivi saadhaaranamgaa transplutanic utpatti raadlanu kaligi untaayi, conny itara prayogaala vikiranam kosam upayoginchavacchu (eee sthaanaalalo rendu parikara lakshyalaku anugunamgaa untaayi); (4) fluxes trop yokka bayati anchu vadda aaru paridheeya lakshya sthaanaalu; (5) beryllium reflector antataa vividha parimaanaala yokka aneka niluvu vikiranam soukaryaalu; (6) beryllium reflectorlo rendu neumatic tube soukaryaalu, ivi reactor yokka velupali anchu access soukaryaalu, (7) reactor yokka bayati anchu access soukaryaalu, (7) reactor yokka access soukaryaalu, (7) reactor yokka velupali anchu vadda rendu neumatic tube soukaryaalu, (7) reactor yokka access soukaryaalu, (7) rhea adanamgaa, reactor poollo gaama vikiranam sadupaayaanni andinchadaaniki kharchu chesina indhana sammelanaalu upayoginchabadataayi.
reactor core assembly.
reactor core assembly neeti kolanulo 8 adugula (2.44-m)-vyaasam gala ottidi paatralo untundi. ottidi nauka paibhagam pool uparitalam krinda 17 adugulu (5.2 mea) untundi. controll plate drive mechanisms pressure vessel kinda sub-pail gadilo untaayi. eee lakshanaalu reactor core paina panicheyadaaniki avasaramaina rakshananu andistaayi mariyu ottidi paatra, core mariyu reflector praantaalaku praapyatanu baga sulabhataram chestaayi.
reactor core sthoopaakaaramlo, sumaru 2 adugula (0.61 mea) etthu mariyu vyaasamlo untundi. 5-inn. (12.70-cm)-vyaasam gala randhram, "fluxes trop", core yokka kendraanni yerparustundi. lakshyam saadhaaranamgaa curium-244 mariyu itara transplutanic isotopulatho nindi untundi mariyu fluxes trop lopala reactor niluvu akshampai unchabadutundi. indhana praantam rendu kendrikruta indhana muulakaalatoe tayaaru cheyabadindi. lopali moolakam 171 indhana palakalanu kaligi untundi; bayati moolakam 369 kaligi untundi. indhana palakalu oka invalute aakaaramlo vakramgaa untaayi, anduvalla sthiramaina sheetalakarani chaanal vedalpu untundi. radial garishta-nundi-sagatu shakti saandrata nishpattini tagginchadaaniki indhanam (93% 235u susampannamaina u3o8-al sermet pg.22) invalute yokka aark venta ekareetigaa pampinhee cheyabadadu. pradhanamgaa radial fluxes sikharaanni chadunu cheyadaaniki antargata indhana moolakamlo dahanam cheyagala visham (boran-10) cherchabadutundi, idhi prati indhana muulakaaniki sudeergha chakranni andistundi. saadhaarana prayoga loadingtho sagatu core jeevitakaalam 85 megawatla vadda ~ 23 rojulu.
indhana praantam chuttoo ~ 1 adugula (0.3 mea) mandamtho kuudina beryllium reflector kendrikruta valayamtho untundi. idhi moodu praantalugaa upavibhajana cheyabadindihi tolaginchagala reflector, pakshika shaashwata reflector mariyu shaashwata reflector. beryllium chuttoo samarthavantamgaa anantamaina mandam kaligina neeti reflector untundi. akshasambandha disalo, reactor neeti dwara pratibimbistumdi. rendu sannani, anhu vishanni mose kendrikruta cylinderla roopamlo niyantrana falakaalu, bayati indhana moolakam mariyu beryllium reflector madhya valayakara praantamloo untaayi. core mid-plain vadda oka kitikeeni teravadaaniki mariyu muusivaeyadaaniki eee plaetlu vyatiraeka disalalo nadapabadataayi. lopali cylinder yokka diguva kadalika mariyu naalugu bayati quadrant plaetla paiki kadalika dwara praticharya perugutundi. lopali cylindernu shimming mariyu power regulation kosam upayogistaaru mariyu dheeniki vegavantamaina bhadrata paniteeru ledhu. bayati niyantrana cylinderlo naalugu ververu quadrant plaetlu untaayi, prati okkati swatantra drive mariyu bhadrata vidudala yantraamgaanni kaligi untundi. anni niyantrana falakaalu vividha neutron visha padaarthaala yokka moodu aksha praantaalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi pradhana jeevitakaalamlo akshasambandha garishta-nundi-sagatu shakti-saandrata nishpattini tagginchadaaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. edainaa oka quadrant plate ledhaa cylinder reactornu moosivese saamarthyam kaligi untundi.
reactor instrumentation mariyu controll system design karyakalapala konasagimpu mariyu bhadratapai drushtini pratibimbistumdi. moodu swatantra bhadrata margalu yaadruchika vyavasthalo erpaatu cheyabaddaayi, dheeniki bhadrata moosiveta kosam moodintilo rendinti oppandam avasaram. eee lakshanam vistrutamaina "online" pariksha vyavasthatho puurti cheyabadindi, idhi operation samayamlo yea okka chhaanel yokka bhadrata paniteerunu eppudaina pareekshinchadaaniki anumatistundi. adanamgaa, moodu swatantra svayamchaalaka niyantrana chaanellu amarchabadi untaayi, tadwara oka chhaanel vaiphalyam kaaryakalaapaalaku gananeeyamgaa aatamkam kaliginchadu. eee karakalanni hetchfirlo operation konasaagimpuku dohadam chestaayi.
praadhamika sheetalakarani rendu 16-angulaala dwara ottidi naalamloki pravesistundi. (40.64-cm)-core paina unna vyaasam gala gottalu, core gundaa velataayi mariyu 18-angulaala gundaa nishkramistaayi. (45.72-cm)-core krinda vyaasam gala gottam. pravaham raetu ~ 16,000 zii. pii. emm (1 mii. 3/seey), indulo sumaru 13,000 zii. pii. emm (0.82 mii. 3/seey) indhana praantam gundaa pravahistundi. migilinavi lakshyam, pratiphalakam mariyu niyantrana praantaala gundaa pravahistaayi. eee vyavastha 468 psi (3.3 × 106 pa) naamamaatrapu inlet peedanam vadda panicheyadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. eee paristhitulalo inlet sheetalakarani ushnograta 120 ° eff (49 ° sii), sambandhita nishkramana ushnograta 156 ° eff (69 ° sii), mariyu core dwara ottidi taggudala ~ 110 psi (7.6 × 105 paa).
reactor nundi, sheetalakarani pravaham naalugu saaruupya ushna vinimayakam mariyu prasarana pampu kalayikalalo moodintiki pampinhee cheyabadutundi, prati okkati reactor mariyu nilva kolanula prakkane unna pratyeka kanamlo untundi. prati kanamlo praathamika sheetalakarani ottidini niyantrinche letdown valve kooda untundi. dviteeya sheetalakarani vyavastha praathamika vyavastha nundi vaedini tolaginchi, naalugu-kanaala prerita-draft sheetaleekarana tower meedugaa neetini pampadam dwara vaataavaranaaniki badilee chestundi.
hetchfir kosam oka indhana chakram saadhaaranamgaa 85 megawatla vadda puurti-shakti operation kaligi untundi (reactorlo prayogam mariyu radioisotope lodnu batti), taruvaata indhanam nimpadaaniki chakram yokka mugimpu antaraayam. niyantrana phalakam bharti, kramaankanam, nirvahana mariyu tanikheelanu anumatinchadaaniki avasaramaina vidhamgaa ituvanti indhanam nimpadam antaraayaalu maarutuu untaayi. edainaa end-off-saikil antaraayam samayamlo prayoga choppinchadam mariyu tolaginchadam cheyavachu. prayoga samsthaapana ledhaa tolagimpu kosam indhana chakram yokka antaraayam itara prayogaalu mariyu neutron chedaragottadam meeda prabhavanni nivaarinchadaaniki gattiga nirutsaahaparustaaru.
kshitija samaantara punjam gottalu.
reactorlo naalugu kshitija samaantara punjam gottalu untaayi, ivi neutron scottering kosam kendram upayoginche parikaraalaku newtraanlanu sarafara chestaayi. prati beam tube mariyu parikaram yokka vivaraalanu hetchfir instrument pageelo chudavachu. eee parikaraalanu sarafara chese prati punjam gottalu krinda vivarinchabaddaayi.
HB-1 mariyu HB-3.
hechbi-1 mariyu hechbi-3 thermal neutron beam tube namuunaalu podavu minaha okela untaayi. rendoo reactor korku sparsha binduvugaa untaayi, tadwara gottalu reflector material vaipu chuuputaayi mariyu neerugaa indhanam vaipu chuupavu. bahya boardu chivaralo antargata collimator erpaatu cheyabadindi. eee collimator carbon steeltho tayaaru cheyabadi nikeltho pooyabadindi. collimator deerghachaturasraakaara eparcharunu andistundi.
eee prati punjam gottala velupala oka rotary shutter untundi. shutter carbon steel mariyu adhika saandrata gala kaankreetunu upayoginchi tayaaru cheyabadindi. neutron punjam avasaram lenappudu shutter yokka uddesyam rakshananu andinchadam.
hetch. bii-2.
hechbi-2 thermal neutron beam tube reactor korku sambandhinchi radialga untundi, neerugaa indhanaanni chustundi. neutron scottering prayoga parikaraala yokka klishtamaina angeekaara konamlo ushna neutron pravahanni penchadaaniki beam tube yokka golaakaara konalo rendu beryllium choppimpulu vyavasthapinchabaddaayi. reactor paatra yokka beam tube kuharam velupala oka deerghachaturasraakaara cross-section untundi, idhi niluvugaa kalustundi mariyu addamgaa vibhedistundi, tadwara avtboard vindo vadda eparcharu namamatramga 6-angulaala etthu mariyu 10-angulaala vedalpu kaligi untundi. carbon steel collimator assembly beam tube kitikeeki velupala undhi. eee collimator assembly marinta neutron-beam collimationnu andistundi mariyu neutron scattering parikaraala vadda signal-tuu-nais nishpattini penchadaaniki vegavantamaina neutron vadapotanu kaligi untundi.
oka rotary shutter bayati collimator assembleaki velupala undhi. shutter carbon steel mariyu adhika saandrata gala kaankreetunu upayoginchi tayaaru cheyabadindi. streamingnu nivaarinchadaaniki adhika saandrata kaligina concreat blaakulanu shutter chuttoo unchutaaru. neutron punjam avasaram lenappudu shutter yokka uddesyam rakshananu andinchadam.
hetch. bii.-4.
hetch. bii-4 colled neutron soars beam tube reactor korku sparsha binduvugaa untundi, tadwara tube reflector material vadda chooputundi mariyu neerugaa indhanam vaipu chuupadu.
vacuum tube anedi golaakaara mugimpu varaku hetch. bii-4 beam tube yokka inn-vessel vibhagam lopala daggaragaa saripotundi. vacuum tube oka hydrogen moderator paatra mariyu daani anubandha gottalanu kaligi untundi mariyu nirodhistundi. moderator nowkaloo 17 k (naamamaatrapu) vadda suupar critical hydrogen untundi. reflector nundi moderator naalamloki chellacheduruga unna ushna neutronlu hydrogen dwara chellacheduruga mariyu challabarustaayi, tadwara gottamlo chellacheduruga unna neutronlu garishtamgaa untaayi.
hetch. bii-4 gottam yokka avtboard chivaralo antargata kolimetarnu erpaatu chestaaru. eee collimator carbon steeltho tayaaru cheyabadi nikeltho pooyabadutundi. collimator moodu deerghachaturasraakaara eparcharlanu andistundi. eperturela yokka avtboard kolatalu; mariyu.
bayati collimator assembly yokka avtboard, oka rotary shutter. shutter carbon steel mariyu adhika saandrata gala kaankreetunu upayoginchi tayaaru cheyabadindi. neutron punjam avasaram lenappudu shutter yokka uddesyam rakshananu andinchadam. shattarlo cryogenic hydrogen badilee line, vaayu healium mariyu challani muulaaniki maddatu ivvadaaniki avasaramaina vacuum pipingnu routing cheyadaaniki nibandhanalu unnaayi.
pradhana prayoga soukaryaalu.
fluxes trop sthaanaalu.
lakshya sthaanaalu.
fluxes traplo muppai okka lakshya sthaanaalu andinchabadataayi. eee sthaanaalu modata transplutonium muulakaala utpattiki upayoginche lakshya raadlu akraminchela roopondinchabaddaayi; ayithe, itara prayogaalanu eee sthaanaalalo deeninainaa vikiranam cheyavachu. idhe vidhamaina lakshya gulika aakruteekarananu aneka anuvartanaallo upayoginchavacchu. moodava rakam lakshyam kundelu soukaryam capsules maadirigaane unde tommidi 2-angulaala podavaina isotope ledhaa materials irradiation capsules varaku unchadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. eee rakamaina vikiranam gulika vadakam kalpana, ravana mariyu post-vikiranam prosessingnu sulabhataram chestundi, idhi prayogakartaku kharchunu aadaa chestundi.
prati rakaniki chendina lakshya vikiranam gulikalu tappanisarigaa roopondinchabadaali, tadwara lakshya-raad musugula velupala andubaatulo unna sheetalakarani pravaham dwara vaatini taginantagaa challabarustundi. lakshya sthaanaalalo prayogaalalo adhika neutron visha bharalu nirodhinchabadataayi endukante avi transplutanic isotope utpatti raetlu mariyu indhana chakram podavu rendintipai pratikuula prabhavalanu chuuputaayi. ituvanti prayogaalaku prakkane unna prayogaalu, indhana chakram podavu mariyu neutron scattering punjam prakaasampai kaneesa prabhavalanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki jagrattagaa samanvayam avasaram. parikaraala lakshya prayogaala kosam ippudu rendu sthaanaalu andubaatulo unnaih sthaanaalu e3 mariyu e6.
paridheeya lakshya sthaanaalu.
prayogaala kosam aaru paridheeya lakshya sthaanaalu (ptps) fluxes trop yokka bayati radial anchu vadda andinchabadataayi. eee sthaanaalalo vegavantamaina-neutron pravahalu reactorlo prayogaalaku atyadhikamgaa andubaatulo untaayi, ayithe eee pradaesamloe ushna-neutron pravaahamlo nitaruga unde radial pravanata untundi.
lakshya sthaanaala maadirigaane, oka rakamaina pitipi capsule andubaatulo undhi, indulo tommidi podavaina isotope ledhaa padaarthaala vikiranam capsules untaayi, ivi kundelu soukaryam capsules maadirigaane untaayi. eee rakamaina vikiranam gulikanu upayoginchadam kalpana, ravana mariyu post-vikiranam prosessingnu sulabhataram chestundi, idhi prayogakartaku kharchunu aadaa chestundi.
prati rakaniki chendina pitipi vikiranam gulikalu andubaatulo unna sheetalakarani pravaham dwara taginantagaa challabarachagalige vidhamgaa roopondinchabadaali. saadhaarana prayogaalalo aluminium mariyu steinless steeltho sambandham unna neutron vishapu bharanni kaligi untaayi, idhi oka podavulo ekareetigaa pampinhee cheyabadutundi. isotope utpatti raetlu, indhana chakram podavu mariyu indhana moolakam shakti pampineepai pratikuula prabhaavaala kaaranamgaa vivarinchina daanikante ekkuva neutron vishabharalanu kaligi unna pitipi prayogaalu nirutsaahaparachabadataayi.
hydraulic tube soukaryam.
hetchfir hydraulic tube (hechti) soukaryam praamaanika ~ 23 rojula hetchfir indhana chakram kante takkuva vyavadhilo padaarthaalanu vikiranam chese saamarthyaanni andistundi, idhi takkuva sagam-jeevita vaidya isotopula utpattiki anuvainadi, dheeniki demand meeda tirigi pondadam avasaram. eee vyavasthalo capsule loading station mariyu reactor korloni fluxes trop madhya podavaina aluminium capsules (kundellu anie pilustaaru) samitini shuttle cheyadaaniki avasaramaina piping, kavaataalu mariyu parikaraalu untaayi. capsule loading station reactor vessel pool prakkane unna nilva poollo undhi. puurti soukaryavantamaina load loe niluvugaa paerchabadina tommidi capsules untaayi.
saadhaaranamgaa, capsule uparitalam vadda neutron mariyu gaama vaedi nundi ushna pravaham 74,000 btu/h-ft2 (2.3 × 105 w/m2) kuu parimitam cheyabadutundi. alaage, facility load yokka neutron visha padaartham parimitam cheyabadindi, tadwara namuunaalanu choppinchina mariyu tolaginchina tarvaata reactor gananeeyamaina reactivity maarpu dwara jaaripokapovacchu.
pedda tolaginchagala beryllium reflector soukaryaalu.
enimidi pedda vyasala vikiranam sthaanaalu niyantrana praantaaniki sameepamlo tolaginchagala beryllium (arbi) loe unnaayi. eee soukaryaalanu soukaryaalanu arbi-1eah, mariyu-1bii arbi-3eah, mariyu-3bii arbi-5eah, mariyu mariyu arbi-7eah gaa perkonabadindi. veetini saadhaaranamgaa arby * sthaanaalu anie pilustaaru. eee soukaryaala niluvu madhya rekha 10.75 in. reactor yokka niluvu madhya rekha nundi (27.31 cm) mariyu avi 1.811 angulaala lopali vyaasam kaligina shaashwata aluminium linertho kappabadi untaayi. (4.6 sem. mea.). eee soukaryaalu parikaraalu ledhaa parikaraalu laeni prayogaala kosam roopondinchabaddaayi. parikaraala gulika roopakalpana avasaramaite sweep ledhaa sheetaleekarana vaayuvulanu kooda upayoginchavacchu. eguva shroud flangelo chochukupovadam dwara mariyu pressure vessel hatchlo pratyeka chochukupovadam dwara instrument leads mariyu access tubelaku vasati kalpistaaru.
upayogamlo lenappudu, eee soukaryaalalo beryllium ledhaa aluminium plugs untaayi. indhanaaniki daggaragaa undatam valla, vaati neutron visha padaarthaaniki sambandhinchi arbi * prayogaalu jagrattagaa sameekshinchabadataayi, idhi indhana moolakam shakti pampinhee mariyu indhana chakram podavupai daani prabhavam kaaranamgaa parimitam cheyabadindi.
eee sthaanaalu (i.ii., rakshinchabadina) prayogaalu, avi fusion materials vikiranam kosam baga saripothayi.
arbi * soukaryaala kosam upayogaalalo radioisotopula utpatti; adhika ushnograta gyaas-cooled reactor (hetch tii zii aarr) indhana vikiranam; mariyu condidate fusion reactor padaarthaala vikiranam unnaayi. taruvaati rakamaina prayogaaniki vegavantamaina neutron fluxes avasaram. ushna pravaahamtho paatu gananeeyamaina vegavantamaina pravaham untundi. eee application kosam capsules spectral-tailoring kosam thermal neutron vishanni kaligi unna linerlo unchabadataayi. eee prayogaalu vaati neutron visha padaarthaaniki sambandhinchi jagrattagaa sameekshinchabadataayi mariyu prakkane unna neutron chedaragotte punjam gottalapai vaati prabhavanni tagginchadaaniki konni sthaanaalaku parimitam cheyabadataayi.
chinna tolaginchagala beryllium soukaryaalu.
niyantrana praantaaniki sameepamlo tolaginchagala beryllium (arbi) loe naalugu chinna vyasala vikiranam sthaanaalu untaayi. eee soukaryaalaku arbi-2, arbi-4, arbi-6 mariyu arbi-8 anie paeru pettaru. eee soukaryaala niluvu kendra rekha 10.37 inn. reactor yokka niluvu madhya rekha nundi (26.35 cm) mariyu lopali vyaasam 0.5 angulaalu untundi. (1.27 sem. mea.). chinna arbi sthaanaalalo arbi * soukaryaalu vanti aluminium liner undadu. upayogamlo lenappudu, eee sthaanaalalo beryllium plugs untaayi. eee soukaryaalu pradhanamgaa radioisotopulanu utpatti cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutunnaayi. neutron visha padaarthaala parimitulu mariyu eee soukaryaalalo prayogaala kosam andubaatulo unna ottidi taggimpu avasaralu paina perkonna arbi * soukaryaalalo unnatle untaayi.
controll-raad access plug soukaryaalu.
semee permanent reflectorlo enimidi 0.5-in untaayi. (1.27-cm) vyaasa vikiranam sthaanaalu. semee permanent reflector enimidi ververu beryllium mukkalatho roopondinchabadindi, veetilo naalugu controll-raad access plugs anie pilustaaru. prati controll-raad access plug loe rendu line laeni vikiranam soukaryaalu untaayi, veetini cr-1 nundi cr-8 gaa paerkontaaru. eee soukaryaalalo prati okkati chinna tolaginchagala beryllium soukaryaalalo upayoginche maadirigaane oka prayoga gulikanu kaligi untundi. anni controll-raad access plug vikiranam soukaryaala niluvu madhyarekhalu 12.68 loe unnaayi. reactor yokka niluvu madhya rekha nundi (32.2 sem. mea.). eee soukaryaalalo parikaraalu laeni prayogaalanu matrame vikiranam cheyavachu. upayogamlo lenappudu, eee soukaryaalalo beryllium plugs untaayi. sheetaleekarana prayogaala kosam praathamika vyavastha sheetalakarani pravahanni ivvadaaniki puurti vyavastha pravaham vadda 10 psi (6.89 × 104 paa) ottidi taggudala andubaatulo undhi.
chinna niluvu prayoga soukaryaalu.
shaashwata reflectorlo padahaaru vikiranam sthaanaalanu small vertical experiment facilities (vxf) antaaru. eee soukaryaalalo prati okkati 1.584 angulaala lopali vyaasamtho shaashwata aluminium linernu kaligi undhi. (4.02 sem. mea.). soukaryaalu trijyaalu 15.43 angulaala rendu vruttaalapai core thoo kendrikrutamai untaayi. (39.2 sem. mea) mariyu 17.36 angulaalu. (44.1 sem. mea.), varusaga. lopali vruttamlo unnavaarini (mottam 11) lopali chinna vxfs antaaru. bayati vruttamlo unnavaarini (mottam aidu) bayati chinna vxfs antaaru. saadhaaranamgaa, parikaraalu laeni prayogaalu eee soukaryaalalo vikiranam cheyabadataayi. vxf-7 neutron kriyaaseelata vislaeshanha prayogasaalaku maddatu ichhe mariyu itara upayogaalaku andubaatulo laeni vaayu vikiranam soukaryaalalo okadaaniki ankitam cheyabadindi. sheetaleekarana prayogaala kosam praathamika vyavastha sheetalakarani pravahanni andinchadaaniki puurti vyavastha pravaham vadda ~ 100 psi (6.89 × 105 paa) ottidi taggudala andubaatulo undhi. upayogamlo lenappudu, eee soukaryaalalo beryllium ledhaa aluminium plug ledhaa pravaaha-niyantrana randhram undavacchu mariyu plug undakapovachhu.
eee soukaryaalalo pedda neutron visha bharalu indhana moolakam shakti pampinhee bhangam ledhaa core nundi vaati dhooram kaaranamgaa indhana chakram podavupai prabhaavaalaku pratyeka aandolana kaliginchavu; ayithe, vaati neutron visha padaarthaaniki sambandhinchi prayogaalu jagrattagaa sameekshinchabadataayi, idhi prakkane unna neutron chedaragotte punjam gottalapai vaati prabhavanni tagginchadaaniki parimitam cheyabadindi.
pedda niluvu prayoga soukaryaalu.
shaashwata reflectorlo aaru vikiranam sthaanaalanu pedda niluvu prayoga soukaryaalu antaaru. eee soukaryaalu anni vidhaluga (lakshanaalu mariyu saamarthyaala paramgaa) sthaanam mariyu parimaanam minaha munupati vibhaagamlo vivarinchina chinna niluvu prayoga soukaryaalato samanamga untaayi. pedda vxf laloe aluminium linerlu 2.834 angulaala lopali vyaasam kaligi untaayi. (7.20 sem. mea), mariyu soukaryaalu 18.23 angulaala vyaasaartham gala vruttamlo core thoo kendrikrutamai untaayi. (46.3 sem. mea.). upayogamlo lenappudu, eee soukaryaalalo beryllium ledhaa aluminium plugs untaayi.
eee soukaryaalalo pedda neutron visha bharalu indhana moolakam shakti pampinhee bhangam ledhaa indhana chakram podavupai vaati core nundi dhooram kaaranamgaa prabhaavaalaku pratyeka aandolana kaliginchavu; ayithe, vaati neutron visha padaarthaaniki sambandhinchi prayogaalu jagrattagaa sameekshinchabadataayi, idhi prakkane unna neutron chedaragotte punjam gottalapai vaati prabhavanni tagginchadaaniki parimitam cheyabadindi.
valuga unna injaneering soukaryaalu.
prayogaalaku adanapu sthaanaalanu ivvadaaniki rendu injaneering soukaryaala varaku erpaatu cheyadaaniki erpaatu cheyabadindi. eee soukaryaalu 4-angulaalu kaligi untaayi. (10.16-cm)-o.dii. kshitija samaantara nundi 49° paiki vamputirigina gottalu. gottala lopali chivaralanu beryllium yokka bayati anchu vadda mugustaayi. gottala eguva chivaralanu pradhana punjam gadhi paina oka antastulo prayoga gadilo pool goda yokka bayati mukham vadda mugustundi. injaneering soukaryaalalo okadaanilo okadaanilo erpaatu chesina piti-2 neumatic tube undhi.
gaama vikiranam soukaryam.
sameeksha.
hetchfir gaama vikiranam soukaryam anedi clean pool looni hetchfir loading stationlo kharchu chesina indhana muulakaala nundi gaama vikiranamtho padaarthaalanu vikiranam cheyadaaniki roopondinchina hetchfir looni oka prayoga soukaryam. gaama vikiranam soukaryam gadhi anedi 0.065 goda mandam gottaalato tayaaru cheyabadina steinless steel gadhi, idhi gadhi yokka antargata kolatalanu saadhyamainanta pedda namuunaalaku anugunamgaa penchutundi mariyu ippatikee kharchu chesina indhana loading station sthaanaala cadmium post lopala saripotundi. lopali gadhi sumaru lopala vyaasam kaligi untundi mariyu namuunaalanu podavaina varaku unchutundi.
chhambar assembleaki rendu aakruteekaranalu unnaayi; oke thedaa plugs. parikaraalu laeni aakruteekaranalo oka top plug untundi, idhi namuunaalanu vyavasthaapinchadaaniki mariyu jada gyaas linelaku maddatu ivvadaaniki mariyu neeti aduguna unnappudu leak-tite vaataavaranaanni nirvahinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. parikaraala aakruteekaranalo gadhi paina oka gadhi podigimpu mariyu prayoga gadilo heater niyantranalu mariyu parikaraala pareeksha parikaraalatoe anusandhaaninchadaaniki oka parikaraala prayogam kosam jada gyaas linelu, vidyut tantulu mariyu parikaraala tantulanu anumatinchadaaniki oka "boddu" untundi.
chambarku jada vayuvu pravaham mariyu ottidi upasamanaanni andinchadaaniki prayoga gadilo jada vayuvu niyantrana panel avasaram. gadhi nundi edainaa leakage gadhi nundi pool varaku untundani, leakagelo neeru kaadani nirdhaarinchadaaniki jada vayuvu peedanam ~ 15 psi vadda nirvahinchabadutundi.
chhambarloni namuunaalanu chhambar diguva nundi ledhaa plug nundi maddatu ivvavacchu (parikaraalu laeni aakruteekarana matrame).
radiation motaadu raetlu mariyu sekarinchina motaadulu.
gadhi lopali uparitalam yokka lakshanaala varnana cheyabadindi mariyu eee pradaesamloe gaama motaadu raetlu nirdharinchabaddayi. 1.8e + 08 varaku gaama motaadu raetlu andinchavacchu. tagina kharchu chesina indhana moolakam empika tappanisarigaa avasaramaina motaadu retunu andistundi. chhambarloni sample mariyu holder materialsloni dviteeya praticharyala kaaranamgaa, vaaru ververu holderlalo mariyu chhambarloni ververu pradaesaalaloo namuunaalaku vaastava motaadu retlanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki neutronic namuunaalanu roopondinchaaru. garishta motaadu raetlu gadhi yokka niluvu kendraaniki sameepamlo mariyu gadhi yokka kshitija samaantara madhya rekha vadda untaayi. gadhi eguva nundi diguva varaku motaadu raetu daadaapu samaroopa pampinhee undhi. avasaramaina sekarinchina motaadulu mariyu motaadu retlanu saadhinchadaaniki viniyogadaaru namuunaa holderla roopakalpanalo sahaayapadataaniki hhfir sibbandi andubaatulo unnaaru. avasaramaina motaadu raetu nundi namuunaala ushnogratanu anchanaa veyavachu.
ushnogratalu.
taja kharchutho kuudina indhana moolakaalalo gaama taapana nundi ushnogratalu chaalaa ekkuvagaa undavacchani iteevali vikiranaalu choopinchaayi. gadhi godaku vaedini badilee cheyadaaniki gadhi godaku sameepamlo namuunaala sthaanam ledhaa holder designu namuunaa ushnogratanu tagginchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. ushnograta parimitulu aandolana kaliginchevi ayithe takkuva motaadu retutho marinta ksheeninchina kharchu chesina indhana moolakam empika avasaram kaavacchu.
nirvahinchabadutunna kaneesa ushnogratalu sumaru (subhramaina pool neeti ushnograta). vidyut taapana muulakaalu mariyu/ledhaa jada vayuvu (orgaon ledhaa healium) varadalu upayoginchadam valla paina unna niyantrita ushnogratalu anumatistaayi.
neutron kriyaaseelata vislaeshanha.
neutron activation analysis (naa) anedi aneka rakaala padaarthaala yokka muulaka alankarananu parisoedhinchadaaniki upayoginche saktivantamaina vislaeshanhaatmaka saanketikata. naa chaalaa sunnitamainadi mariyu khachitamainadi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa nirmanatmakamga cheyabadadu. namuunaalanu newtraanlatho paelchivaestaaru mariyu utpatti cheyabadina radioisotopula nundi vachhe udgaaraalu vaati sankhya mariyu gurtimpu rendintinee nirnayinchadaaniki vislaeshimchabadataayi. aneka vishwavidyaalayaalu, prabhutva mariyu paarisraamika prayogasaalalu, desheeya mariyu videshee, forensic aadharalu, chandra mariyu ulka padaarthaalu, adhunaatana padaarthaalu mariyu adhika swachchata padaarthaalanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki naa nii upayogistaayi. naa shaastreeya "maatrika" prabhavalu laenidi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa ppm bhinnalalo gurtinche parimitulatoe chaalaa khachitamaina kolatalu cheyagaladu.
reactor aadhaarita naa modata graphite reactor vadda cheyabadindi, idhi ippudu arnl. arnl hhfir vadda piti-1 sadupaayaanni erpaatu chesaaru, chesaaru piti-2 sadupaayaanni jodinchinappudu upgraded chesaaru. rendu soukaryaalu reactor yokka shaashwata beryllium reflector bhaagamlo mugustaayi mariyu reactorku mariyu nundi namuunaalanu badilee cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi. paaschaatya prapanchamlo atyadhika ushna neutron pravahanni kaligi unna piti-1, ultra-trace sthaayi nirnayaalaku mariyu parimita isotope utpattiki sunnitatvamlo aneka prayojanaalanu andistundi. piti-2 soukaryam aalasyamaina neutron lekkimputho paatu atyanta ushnamayamaina pravahanni andistundi, idhi nimishaallo chaalaa takkuva parimaanamlo vicchinna padaarthaalanu koliche saamarthyaanni istundi.
anhu vyaapti nirodham.
vicchinna padaartham kosam vividha padaarthaala khachitamaina pareeksha kosam aalasyamaina neutron vislaeshanhanu upayoginchavacchu. nirdhaaranaku kevalam aaru nimishalu matrame avasaram mariyu 15-picogram gurtimpu parimitini kaligi untundi. poralu, vrukshasampada, matti, raathi, plaastik, kalapa, loham mariyu isuka namuunaalu aalasyamaina neutron vislaeshanhaku samanamga anukuulamgaa untaayi. eee sadhanam vistruta praanta paryaveekshanhanu erpaatu cheyadaaniki antarjaateeya anushakti samstha (iiaea) prayatnaalanu sulabhataram chestundi mariyu avasaramaina sakshyalanu kanugone aasatoe vyaktigata inspectorlu pedda sankhyalo namuunaalanu pondadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. aaa namuunaalanu pareekshinchadam dwara, vidhvamsaka vislaeshanha yokka chaalaa ekkuva kharchulu aasaktikaramgaa bhaavinche namuunaalaku matrame avasaram. aalasyamaina neutron vislaeshanha eee adhyayanalaku marinta upayogakaramgaa maarutondi.
iteevali anuvartanamlo chinna mottamlo vicchinna isotopto puuta puusina prograamable memory parikaraala vikiranam untundi. vikiranam nundi vachhe vichchittulanu praarambhamlo ghnaapakasaktiki ketaayinchina vaatitho ghnaapakasaktilooni viluvalanu polchadam dwara praadesikamgaa track cheyavachu; thedaalu unna praantaalu vichchitti sanghatanala valla kalige nashtaniki aapaadinchabadataayi. atuvanti kanaalanu kanugonadam dwara aprakatita anhu kaaryakalaapaalaku sakshyalanu kaligi unna suukshma kanaalanu vislaeshimchae prayatnaalaku eee pani sahaayapadavachhu.
paryaavaranam.
bhougolika mariyu jeeva padaarthaalalo telisina moolakaalalo moodinta rendu vantula amsaalanu nirnayinchadaaniki naa baga saripotundi. lekapothe chaalaa savaluga ledhaa asadhyamga unde aneka prajectulanu naa sulabhataram chesindi. ook parvatasreni praantamloo paadarasam kalushyam, aneka muulakaalaku baseline matti sthaayilu, ook parvatasreni praantamloo euranium isotope nishpatti neelalu mariyu vrukshasampada annee madhya mariyu pedda sthaayilo saadhinchabaddaayi. chandruni rasayana shaastram mariyu charitranu naa spashtam chesaaru mariyu aneka vibhina ulkalu adhyayanam cheyabaddaayi. aavasa kalushyam yokka prabhavalanu ardham chesukune prayatnaala kosam jantuvula emuka mariyu kanajaalamlo trace elements nirnayinchabaddaayi. dinosaurla vidhini shilaja emukaloni iridium muulakaanni vislaeshimchadam dwara parisoedhimchaaru, idhi telisina pradhana ulka prabhaavaalaku daggaragaa undhi. iteevala, bioremedation vyuuhaalu pariseelinchabaddaayi mariyu swadeshi mokkalu mariyu jantuvulalo bhaarii muulakaala shoshana raetlu nirnayinchabaddaayi.
forensic.
daani prarambham nundi, naa forensic trace element parisoedhanalaku oka saadhanamgaa undhi. bullet led mariyu jackett, paint, ittadi, plaastik, juttu mariyu aneka itara padaarthaalu tarachugaa naera parisoedhanaku aasakti kaligistaayi. ornl loe, adhyakshulu kennedy mariyu taylor thoo kuudina parisoedhanalu, guha vidhvamsakula daryaaptu mariyu narahatya parisoedhanalu jarigaayi. brookhaven reactor saasvatamgaa moosiveyabadina taruvaata, puraatana palarayi mariyu shilpampai vaari maanavajanya parisoedhananu konasaaginchadaaniki brookhaven jaateeya prayogasaala saastravettalato orn charchalu jaruputunnadu.
isotope utpatti.
samvatsaraalugaa piti-1 sadupaayamlo chinna mottamlo vividha isotopulu samslaeshanha cheyabaddaayi. janthu adhyayanala kosam tracerlu, radiolabel chesina pharmaceuticals, cancer chikitsa trial muulaalu mariyu padaarthaala adhyayanalaku maddatugaa muulaalu choukagaa tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. piti-1 reactorku vegavantamaina praapyatanu suuchistumdi mariyu tarachugaa takkuva-parimaana isotope utpattiki athi takkuva kharchunu suuchistumdi. iteevala, 169yb thoo tayaaru chesina gaama densitometry vanarulu tayaaru cheyabaddaayi mariyu bhavishyattu kosam demand meraku siddham cheyabadavachhu.
ultra-trace metrology.
naa upayoginchi aneka muulakaalanu trillionku bhagala sthaayilo sulabhamgaa mariyu khachitamgaa kolavavacchu. fiber optic prarambha padaarthaala lakshanaalapai anuvartita parisoedhanaloo arnl private corporationlaku sahaayapadindi mariyu moolakam gaadatanu gurtinchadaaniki vaati sambandhaanni gurtinchindi mariyu vichchinnam frequency konni muulakaala gaadatapai aadharapadi untundani kanugondi. ultra-trace malinaala kosam diamond mariyu diamond filmlu vislaeshimchabaddaayi mariyu arnl yokka nirdhaaranalu bulk synthetic diamond paie modata nivedinchabaddaayi. arnl 1e-15 g/g sthaayilo sendriya cintellatorlo euranium mariyu thoriumnu kooda nirnayinchindi. japaanlo neutrino detection prajectlo syntellatornu upayoginchaali, dheeniki veelainanta sahaja rediyodhaarmikata laeni padaartham avasaram.
padaarthaala vikiranam.
padaarthaalapai neutron mariyu gaama radiation yokka samyukta prabhavalu adhunaatana padaarthaala parisoedhana, fusion energy research mariyu gattipadina bhagalu mariyu vyavasthala utpattiki aasakti kaligistaayi. fusion energy research programme kosam dicroic mirror syramic materials yokka motaadu pratispandana daryaaptu iteevali udaaharana. piti-1 mariyu piti-2 soukaryaalu hetchfir lakshya praantamloo chaalaa ekkuva fluxes mariyu beam tubelalo chaalaa takkuva fluxes madhya samuchita sthaanaanni nimpadaaniki baga saripothayi.

