
getano salvemini

getano salvemini (; 8 september 1873-6 september 1957) oka italian socialist mariyu faasist vyatiraeka raajakeeyavetta, charitrakaarudu mariyu rachayita. niraadambaramaina kutumbamlo janminchina ayana benito mussolini yokka italian faasist paalanache bahishkarinchabadina taruvaata, italeelo mariyu videshaalalo, mukhyamgaa united stateslo prasamsalu pondina charitrakaarudu ayyadu.
praarambhamlo italian socialist paarteetho nimagnamai, taruvaata swatantra manavata saamyavaadaaniki kattubadi, thana jeevitaantam samuulamaina raajakeeya, saamaajika samskaranalaku nibaddhatanu konasaaginchaaru. samyukta rashtraalalo raajakeeya saranaarthulaku salvemini gananeeyamaina naayakatvaanni andinchaaru. ayana rachanalu rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo mariyu taruvaata american vidhana nirnetala vaikharini roopondinchaayi. atlantic daati bahishkarana anubhavam aayanaku kotta antardrushtulanu, faasijam perugudalanu vivarinchadaaniki kotta drukpathaanni andinchindi, 1945 taruvaata italeelo yuddham, raajakeeya jeevitam yokka gnaapakaanni roopondinchindi.
yuddhaanantara italeelo, salvemini italian communist party mariyu kraistava prajaswamyam madhya moodava marganni samardhinchaaru.
prarambha jeevitam mariyu vrutti.
italii raajyaaniki dakshinaana unna paedha praantamaina apooliyaaloni molfetta pattanamlo, raitulu, matsyakaarula vistruta kutumbamlo salvemini janminchindi. athani tandri ilarion salvemini oka "carabineer" mariyu paart time upadhyayudu. athanu oka radikal republican, athanu italian ekikarana kosam thana poraatamlo giusape garibaldi taruvaata erra chokka vale poraadaadu. athani talli emmanuela salvemini (nee turtour) oka saamyavaadi. athani tallidandrula raajakeeya vampulu, alaage aaa praanta pedarikam athani jeevitaantam athani swantha raajakeeya mariyu saamaajika aadarsaalanu roopondinchaayi.
salvemini florence vishwavidhyaalayamlo cheraadu, akkada athanu ekkuvagaa uttara italii vidyaarthulanu kalusukuni, yuva soshalistulatho nimagnamayyadu, vaaru ataniki marxismnu parichayam chesaaru, athanu taruvaata kaarlo kattanio aalochanalanu, mariyu italian soshalistu philippo turati yokka journal "critica soshal", alaage athani modati bhaarya maria minervineeni vimarsanaatmakamgaa savarinchaaru. 1894loe florencelo thana adhyayanalanu puurti chesina taruvaata, madhyayuga florence, french viplavam mariyu giusape majinipai ayana chesina chaaritraka adhyayanalu aayananu prasamsalu pondina charitrakaarudigaa sthaapinchaayi. 1897loe, athanu florencelo kalusukunna apuliaku chendina oka injanir kumarte maria minervineeni vivaham chesukunnadu, veeritho ataniki aiduguru pillalu unnaru philippo, leonida, corrado, ugo mariyu elena.
1901loe, madhyamika paatasaalallo samvatsaraala tarabadi bodhana chesina taruvaata, messina vishwavidhyaalayamlo madhyayuga mariyu aadhunika charitra professorga salvemini niyamitulayyaaru. messinalo unnappudu, athanu thana bharyanu, aiduguru pillalanu, thana sodarini 1908loe sambhavinchina vinaasakaramaina messina bhookampamlo thana kalla mundu kolpoyadu, oka kitikee kinda daakkunnappudu; eee anubhavam athani jeevitaanni roopondinchindi. ayana ilaa vraasaaru "neenu illu ledhaa poyyi laeni oka durbharamaina durmaargudini, neenu rendu nimishaallo padakondu samvatsaraala aanandaanni naasanam cheyadaanni chushanu."ayana pisa vishwavidhyaalayamlo charitra bodhinchaaru, 1916loe florence vishwavidhyaalayamlo aadhunika charitra professorga niyamitulayyaaru. samvatsaraalugaa, athanu aardhikavetta luigi ainadito pottu pettukunnadu mariyu kramamga aacharanaatmaka vichaarana mariyu preraka vislaeshanhanu abhivruddhi chesaadu, dheenini athanu "concretism" anie pilichadu-ghnaanoodayam, udaaravaadam mariyu saamyavaadam yugam nundi loukika viluvala kalayika-udaaravaada benedetto cross mariyu marxist antonio gramsey vanti marinta taatvika aalochanaaparulu dheeniki viruddhamgaa unnaaru.
socialism thoo nimagnamai.
salvemini italian rajakeeyaalapai ekkuva shraddha chuupi, italian socialist party (psi) kii kattubadi undipoyindi. 1910loe ayana soshalistu vaartaapatrika "avanti!" loe oka kathanaanni prachurinchaaru."," "paataala prapancha mantri" "(ill ministro della malavita), dheenilo athanu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo italian raajakeeya jeevitamlo aadhipatyam chelaayinchina udaaravaada pradhana mantri geovanni geolitti yokka adhikara vyavastha mariyu raajakeeya yantrampai daadi chesaadu". bhuuswaamulanu saantimpajeyadam dwara swalpakaalika raajakeeya lakshyaala kosam dakshina italii venukabaatunu dopidi chesinanduku, avineeti raajakeeya kootami sabhyulatho kalisi bhuswamya prapanchamtho sambandhaalanu yerparachukunnanduku salvemini geolitinini nindinchaaru. salvemini prakaram, dakshinaadi pratinidhula samuuhaanni thanatho anusandhaaninchadaaniki geolitti "mejjogiyorno" yokka dayaneeya paristhitulanu dopidi chesaadu."
italii-turkish yuddham (1911-1912) samayamlo libialo jarigina khareedaina sainika dandayaatranu salvemini vyatirekinchindi. eee yuddham suduura aardhika, saamaajika samskaranala avasaramtho desham yokka nijamaina avasaralanu teerchaledani, conny avaastavika jaateeyavaadam, corporate prayojanaala madhya pramaadakaramaina kutra anie ayana bhaavinchaaru. 1911loe, party yuddhampai "nissabdam mariyu udaaseenata" gaa abhivarninchinanduna salvemini psini vidichipettadu, mariyu athanu varapu raajakeeya sameekshanu sthaapinchaadu, idhi taruvaati dasaabdam paatu italeelo teevravaada prajaasvaamyavaadula swaramgaa panichesindi. athanu prabhutvam yokka italian saamraajya aakaankshalanu, aafrikaalo daani pranaalikalanu teevra jaatyahankaara muurkhatvamgaa vimarsinchaaru.
modati prapancha yuddhamlo italii pravaesaaniki, soshalistulalo alpasankhyaaka sthaanam ayina, saamraajyavaada yuddham mariyu paatha saamraajyavaadaalaku vyatiraekamgaa nyaayamaina jaateeya vaadanala madhya thedaanu choopinche, soshalistula madhya alpasankhyaaka sthaanam ayina, pravesha saktula vaipu nundi, salvemini maddatu ichindi; konni italian praavinsulu videshee rajyam yokka aadhipatyamlo undatam, antekakunda praticharyaatmakamainavigaa undatam sarainadani vaaru bhaavinchaledu."sevmini desamlo ekkuva raajakeeya, aardhika, saamaajika vatanu saadhinchaalani, alaage jaateeya swayam nirnayadhikaaraanni saadhinchaalani korukundi. italii yokka vamapaksha-jokya udyamamlo, athanu leonida bissolatito prajaasvaamya jokyavaadula naayakulalo okadu ayyadu. videshaalalo prajaswamyam kosam poraatam dwara, italii thana sonta prajaasvaamya muulaalanu tirigi kanugontundani ayana viswasinchaadu. thana jokyavaada sthaanaaniki anugunamgaa, athanu yuddham yokka modati rendu samvatsaraalalo swachchanda sevakudigaa cheraadu. 1916loe, athanu florenceloni "institute frankise" vyavasthaapakudu mariyu italian juuliyan luchair vidaakulu teesukunna bhaarya fernande douriaknu vivaham chesukunnadu, 1916 nundi 1919 varaku "review dess nations lattins" yokka animator, dheenilo salvemini kooda sahakaristundi. athani savati kumarudu zeane luchair taruvaata rendava prapancha yuddhamlo fraansnu german sainika aakramana samayamlo paarislooni french sahakaara patrikaku adhipati ayyadu.
saie sabhyudiga, salvemini saarvatrika ootu hakku kosam, italii yokka "mejjogiyorno" (dakshina italii) yokka naitika, aardhika punarjanma kosam, rajakeeyaalalo avineetiki vyatiraekamgaa poraadaaru. meridianalistga, dakshina italii samasyala patla psi udaaseenatanu ayana vimarsinchaaru. swatantra manavata saamyavaadaaniki kattubadi undataaniki ayana psini vidichipettadu, conny thana jeevitaantam samoola samskaranalaku nibaddhatanu konasaginchadu. maajee poraata yodhula jaabitaalo ennikaina ayana, 1919 nundi 1921 varaku dwaivaarshika rosso viplava kaalamlo swatantra radikalga deputyla chhambarlo panicheesaaru. athanu padnaalugu amsaalaku maddatu icchaadu, united states adhyakshudu vudro willson yokka sweeya-nirnayam yokka antarjaateeya karyakramam, idhi videsanga mantri sidney sonnino yokka italian irredentist vidhaanaaniki viruddhamgaa, spashtamgaa gurtinchadagina jaateeyata maargaala venta italii sarihaddulanu tirigi sardubaatu cheyaalani bhaavinchindi.
faasijamnu vyatirekinchadam.
yuddhaanantara kaalamlo, salvemini praarambhamlo italian faasijam gurinchi mounamgaa undindi. deputyga, athanu ventane daani parliamentary samuuham yokka raajakeeya vaikhariki viruddhamgaa undi, saamyavaada nayakudiga taanu mechukunna benito mussolineeki vyatiraekamgaa churukaina vivaadaanni praarambhinchaadu, mussolini atanni dvandvayuddhaaniki savaalu chese sthaayiki, adhi eppuduu jaragaledu. ayinappatikee, 1922 natiki, faasist udyamaanni teevramaina raajakeeya savaluga pariganinchalekapoyadu. salvemini geolitti vanti paatha taraha raajakeeya nayakulanu ekkuvagaa vyatirekinchevaaru. ayana ilaa vraasaaru "geolitiki tirigi ravadam mottam deshaaniki naitika vipattu avutundi. mussolini thana tirugubaatunu nirvahinchagaligaadu... endukante prati okkaroo gadhi patla asahyinchukunnaaru."
paarislo unnappudu, 1922 octoberulo rompai mussolini kavaatu chuusi salvemini aascharyapoyaadu, idhi jaateeya faasist party italeeni swaadheenam chesukovadaniki daariteesindi. 1923loe, athanu italian faasist prabhutvam mariyu florentine faasistula aagrahaaniki londonlo italian videsanga vidhaanampai varusa upanyaasaalu icchaadu. florence godalapai "molfetta nundi vacchina kothi italeeki tirigi rakudadu" anie posterlatho puuyinchaaru. badulugaa, salvemini intiki tirigi ravadame kakunda, faasist vidyaarthula mupputho sambandham lekunda vishwavidhyaalayamlo thana upanyaasaalanu kooda tirigi praarambhinchaadu. 1924 juun 10naa soshalistu raajakeeyavetta giacomo mattetti hatya tarvaata mussolini yeka party niyantrutvaanni sthaapinchaalani korukuntunnarani spashtamainappudu ayana pratipakshamlo cheraaru.
italii antataa faasist vyatiraeka medhaavula madhya balamaina sambandhaala netvarknu nirvahinchadaaniki salvemini krushi chesaaru, ayithe italii vidya prapanchamlo chaalaa mandhi palanaku namaskarinchaaru. thana maajee vidyaarthulu, anucharulu ernesto rossie, kaarlo rosellilatho kalisi, athanu 1925 janavarilo mottamodati rahasyamaina faasist vyatiraeka vaartaapatrika "naan moler" () ("vadulukovaddu") nuu sthaapinchaadu. ardha samvatsaram taruvaata, athanu arrestu cheyabaddaadu, vichaaranaku gurayyadu; athanu nigha unchinappatikee saanketikatato vidudala cheyabaddaadu. athani praanaalaku vyatiraekamgaa bedirimpulu faasist patrikalalo prachurinchabaddaayi, mariyu athani nyaayavaadini faasist nalla chokkalu kotti champai. 1925 aktobaru 4naa florencelo jarigina daadula samayamlo faasist deth squadla jaabitaalo athani paeru agrasthaanamlo undhi. augustulo, salvemini fraansku paaripoyindi. athanu florence vishwavidyaalayam nundi tolaginchabaddaadu mariyu athani italian pourasatvam 1926loe raddu cheyabadindi.
pravaasamlo, salvemini france, ingland mariyu chivaraku united stateslo mussolineeki vyatiraekamgaa pratighatananu churukuga nirvahinchadam konasaaginchindi. 1927loe, ayana "italeelo faasist niyantrutvam" nuu prachurinchaaru, idhi faasijam mariyu mussolini perugudala gurinchi spashtamaina mariyu sanchalanaatmaka adhyayanam. paarislo, athanu 1927loe "concentragione antifasista" mariyu 1929loe kaarlo mariyu nello rosellilatho kalisi "giustigia ii liberta" sthaapanalo palgonnadu. aaa samsthala dwara, italii bahishkrutulu italeelooni faasistula vyatiraekulaku sahayam chestu rahasya vaartaapatrikalanu vyaapti chesaaru. saamaajika nyayam aadhaaramgaa swechhaa prajaasvaamya ganatantraanni anusaristuu, faasijam mariyu soviet communism madhya moodava pratyamnaayamgaa undataaniki eee udyamam uddesinchabadindi.
united states.
salvemini modatisaarigaa 1927 janavarilo united stateslo paryatinchi, spashtamaina faasist vyatiraeka ejendaatho upanyaasaalu icchaaru. ayana upanyaasaalu faasist satruvulachae kalavarapaddayi. ayinappatikee athani balavantamgaa bahishkarinchabadinappudu ataniki "swechcha, aadhyaatmika swaatantryam" anae bhaavam kaligindi. bahishkarana" ledhaa "saranaarthi" kante, athanu "furosito" anae padaanni ishtapaddadu, idhi vaastavaaniki faasistulu upayoginchina oka avamaanakaramaina label, dheenini italii nundi raajakeeya bahishkrutulu gourava chihnamgaa sweekarinchaaru, "intlo asaadhyamaina pratighatananu konasaaginchadaaniki thana deshaanni vidichipettadaaniki enchukunna vyakti". mussolini italeeni bolshivism nundi rakshinchaadane vistrutamgaa nammina nammakaniki viruddhamgaa, athanu "dhi faasist niyantrutvam inn italii" (1927) nuu prachurinchaadu.
1934loe, haarvard vishwavidhyaalayamlo italian nagarikatanu bodhinchadaaniki, mukhyamgaa thana kosam srushtinchina sthaanaanni salvemini angeekarinchaadu, akkada athanu 1948 varaku unnadu. raberto bolafito kalisi, athanu "giustigia ii liberta" yokka uttara america adhyayanni sthaapinchaadu. athanu "videshee vyavaharalu" vanti mukhyamaina patrikalalo vyasalu vrasadu mariyu faasijam yokka pramaadaalaku vyatiraekamgaa american prajabhipraayaanni heccharinchadaaniki desavyaaptamgaa paryatinchaadu. 1939 septembarulo adolph hitler polland paie dandayaatra chesina taruvaata rendava prapancha yuddham praarambhamainanduku bhayapadina athanu mariyu itara italian bahishkrutulu masaachusetslooni northamptonlo faasist vyatiraeka majini samajanni sthaapinchaaru. italian raajakeeya saranaarthula kosam dabbunu sekarinchi, vaarini cherchukomani american adhikaarulanu oppinchadaaniki krushi chesina italian emergency resque kamiteelo salvemini cheraaru.
italii patla american vidhaanaalanu prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki ekkuva avakaasam undane nammakamtho 1940loe salvemini united states pourasatvaanni pondindi. nijaaniki, rashtra vibhagam mariyu federal beuro off investigation vanti prabhutva samsthalu faasijam mariyu saadhaaranamgaa italian vishayaalapai ayana salahanu korai. american samvatsaraalalo gurtinchadagina rachanalalo "faasisam goddali kinda" (1936) unnaayi. oka medhaavigaa, bhasha, kala mariyu saahityampai vaari asalu drushtini aadhunika italeelo vimarsanaatmaka mariyu kramabaddhamaina adhyayanaaniki marchadam dwara haarvard mariyu itara vishwavidyaalayaalalo italian charitra adhyayanampai salvemini kaadanaleni mudra vaesaaru.
maajini samaajamlo maaks askoli, kaarlo sphorja mariyu alberto tarchiani yokka perugutunna praamukhyata tatphalitamgaa kriyaaseela nirnayam teesukoovadaaniki nundi salvemini yokka pragatiseela dooraaniki daariteesindi. franklin dii anie salvemini bhayapadindi. yuddhaanantara italeelo willston churchill mariyu athani sampradaayavaada ajendaaku raacharikaaniki mariyu mussolineetho sahakarinchina vaariki prayojanam chekurche swechhanu roosvelt icchaaru. 1943 joolailo mussolini patanam taruvaata, rendava prapancha yuddham yokka mitraraajyaalu mariyu italian mitavaadulu italeelo sampradaayavaada punaruddharanaku anukuulamgaa unnaarani salvemini ekkuvagaa aandolana chendaaru. pratyaamnaayaanni andinchadaaniki, haarvard professor georgio laa pianatho kalisi, salvemini "italeetho emi cheyali?" anie raasaaru.", dheenilo vaaru ganatantra mariyu saamaajika-prajaasvaamya kaaryakramamtho italii yuddhaanantara punarnirmaanaaniki oka pranaalikanu roopondinchaaru. orther schlessinger juuniyar chinna vayassulo kooda salvemini suparichita vyakti., shanti vyuuham kosam prachara prasamgaala sampadakudu, appudu zaan eff kosam kotta sarihaddu anie piluvabadedi. kennedy.
tirigi italeeki.
united states pourudainappatiki, salvemini 1948loe italeeki tirigi vacchi, florence vishwavidhyaalayamlo aadhunika charitra professorga thana paatha padaviki tirigi niyaminchabaddaadu. iravai samvatsaraala pravasam taruvaata, ayana thana paatha vishwavidhyaalayamlo thana modati prasamgaanni "memu chivari upanyaasamlo cheppinatlugaa" thoo praarambhinchaaru. vamapaksha vampu gala republicanga, 1948 italian saadhaarana ennikalaloo kraistava prajaswamyam vijayam mariyu desamlo catholic charchi prabhaavamtho ayana niraasa chendaaru. giustigia eah liberta" nundi udbhavinchina yuddhaanantara raajakeeya party ayina action party, moodava saktini, samskaranavaada soshalistulu mariyu nijamaina prajaasvaamyavaadulanu italian communist party mariyu kraistava prajaasvaamyaaniki pratyamnaayamgaa ekam chese soshalistu-republican sankiirnaanni andinchagaladani salvemini aasaabhaavam vyaktam chesaaru. pracchanna yuddham praarambhamtho paatha vaikharulu mariyu samsthala punaruddharanatho kotta italii kosam athani aasalu ksheeninchaayi.
1953loe, rendava itaalo-ethiopian yuddham (1935-1937) gurinchi salvemini yokka chivari pradhana chaaritraka adhyayanam, "rendava prapancha yuddhaaniki mundumaata" prachurinchabadindi. charitrakaarudigaa, ayana pradhanamgaa iteevali mariyu samakaaleena charitra gurinchi raasaaru, conny italian madhyayuga commune adhyayanalaku kooda prasiddhi chendaaru. athani "french viplavam 1788-1792" anedi aaa vipattuku daariteesina saamaajika, raajakeeya mariyu taatvika pravahalu mariyu raacharika asamarthataku adbhutamaina vivarana.
maranam mariyu vaarasatvam.
salvemini thana jeevitamlo chivari kaalam dakshina italian praantamlooni companialoni sorentolo gadipadu, mariyu praacheena italian chedulanu khandinchadam eppuduu aapaledu asamarthatha, kumbhakonalu mariyu saktivantamaina vaariki anukuulamgaa konasagina sudeergha nyaya vidhanalu. nijamaina vimarsanaatmaka manassakshini yerparachadam ledani taanu bhaavinchina prabhutva paatasaalalanu ayana vicharam vyaktam chesaaru. sudeergha anaaroogyam taruvaata, ayana 1957 september 6naa 83 samvatsaraala vayasulo maraninchaaru.
faasisaaniki modati mariyu atyanta prabhaavavantamaina pratyarthulalo salvemini okaru. ayana jeevita charitrakaarudu charless ell. prakaram, ayana sakaram chesina raajakeeya samskruti daanini chesindi. hantakudu, "athanu faasist vyatiraekam kaavadaaniki mundu faasistulu salvemini vyatiraekulu, mariyu atanini nissabdam cheyadaaniki vaaru chesina prayatnaalu athani paerunu kotta palanaku prarambha italian pratighatanaku paryaayapadamgaa marchai."ayana goppa charitrakaarudu ayinappatikee, raajakeeya karyakalapala nundi paandityaanni vaeru chese vyakti kaadu. thana bahishkarana samayamlo, athanu mussolineeki vyatiraekamgaa pratighatananu churukuga nirvahinchaadu, italii nundi tappinchukovadamlo itarulaku sahayam chesaadu, mariyu americalo faasist palanaku vyatiraekamgaa unnatavargam mariyu prajabhiprayam rendintinee prothsahinchadamlo mukhyamaina paatra poeshinchaadu.
geolitti jeevitacharitrakaarudu alegzander dii grand thana vishayam yokka satruvunu "kathinamaina naitikatatoe nadiche pradhana charitrakaarudu" mariyu "lothaina anubandhalu mariyu chedhu satrutvaanni aakarshinchina kashtataramaina vyakti" gaa varninchaadu, athanu "nirantaram thana aalochanalanu aacharanaatmaka vidhanamgaa maarchadaaniki prayatninchaadu, ayinappatikee athanu madhyastha-kaadu, bhayankaramaina-raajakeeyavetta", salvemini thoti bahishkarana ayina maaks askolini utamkistuu, atanni "naaku telisina anni purushula raajakeeyaalaku goppa satruvu" anie abhivarninchaadu. ayinappatikee, italian rajakeeyaalu mariyu charitra rachanapai shaashwata mudra vesina anivaarya shakti salvemini. party kaaryakartagaa, raajakeeya vyakhyaatagaa, prabhutva adhikariga, ayana saamaajika, raajakeeya samskaranalaku maddatu icchaaru, ayana paeru faasist italeeki prarambha italian pratighatanaku samanam. meeru cheyavalasindi cheyandi, emi raavacchu" (italianlo "phaa kwello chey deevi, avengaa kwello chey puu") anae suutraaniki anugunamgaa jeevinchadaaniki taanu ellappuduu prayatninchaanani salvemini chalasarlu chepparu.

