
pathakam

oka skeepen (dutch; ') ledhaa échevin (french) ledhaa Schöffe (german) belgium mariyu gatamlo netherlandslo munisipal adhikari. dheeni sthaanamlo 'inn dhi netherlands (oka purapalaka karyanirvahaka)) nuu niyaminchaaru. 
aadhunika belgiumlo, "skeepen" ledhaa "échevin" anedi purapalaka prabhutvamlo bhaagam. sandarbhaanni batti, dheenini dadapuga oka alderman, councillar ledhaa magistratega anuvadinchavacchu.
paeru.
dutch padam "skeepen" paatha saxon padam "sepino" 'jadji' nundi vachindi mariyu idhi german "scoff" 'lae magistrate' kuu sambandhinchinadi. prarambha madhyayuga laatinlo fraanslo upayoginchedi, idhi "scabinus".
modata, eee padam "nirnayinchevaari" council sabhyudini suuchistumdi-aksharala, "teerpu kanugonevaaru" ("ordilwinders")-idhi "ding" (aanglamlo "vishayam") anie piluvabade tappanisari praja samavesamlo koorchundi. vaari teerpulaku modata haajaraina majority prajala aamodam avasaram. taruvaata, tappanisari haajaru ("dingplicht") mariyu dhruvikarana ikapai avasaram ledhu.
belgium.
flanderslo, "skeepen" anedi purapalaka prabhutvamlo karyanirvahaka mandalilo panichese oka pattana alderman. idhi saadhaaranamgaa aanglamloki "alderman", "munisipal councillar" ledhaa "town councillar" gaa anuvadinchabadindi, ayithe veetilo edhee khachitamaina samanam kaadu. 
chaaritraatmakamgaa, "skeepen" vibhina vidhulanu kaligi undhi.
prati flemish munisipaaliteeki ennikaina pattana mandali untundi. kottagaa ennikaina pattana mandali modati samavesamlo, council sabhyulu tama ryaankula nundi "skeepen" nuu ennukoovadaaniki rahasya ballet dwara ootu vaestaaru. oating cheyadaaniki "skeepen" kosam sampoorna majority (sagam kante ekkuva otlu) avasaram. okasari ennikaina tarvaata, "skeepen" pattana mariyu nagara vyavahaaraala rojuvaaree nirvahanaku baadhyata vahinche karyanirvahaka mandalilo meyartho panicheestaaru, mariyu pattana kanilarluga vaari saasana adhikaaraalanu kooda konasaagistaaru. karyanirvahaka mandalini dutch bhaashalo "college vaan bergamister enn skeepenen" anie pilustaaru.
"skeepen" anevi tarachugaa samskruti, vidya ledhaa nagara pranaalika vanti portfolio praantaalanu ketaayinchabadataayi. vaaru tama saakhalaku sambandhinchi aneka karyanirvahaka baadhyatalanu kaligi untaaru, tadwara pattanam ledhaa nagaranni paripaalinchadamlo meyarku sahayam chestaaru.
oka pattanamlo mottam "skeepen" sankhya daani janabhapai aadharapadi untundi. antwerp vanti nagaramlo padhi unnaayi; ayithe belgiumlo atichinna community ayina herstappelo rendu matrame unnaayi. skeepen" kooda oka saadhaarana pattana councillar kabatti, "skeepen" karyalayamlo undataaniki skeepen tirigi ennika kaavaali. 2006 nundi, belgian pourasatvam eee sthaanaaniki avasaram ledhu.
netherlands.
netherlandslo, "skeepenen" sthaanamlo "vethouders" unnaayi.
chaaritraatmakamgaa, "skeepen" kuu dutch signeri ("heerlizkheid") loe paripalana mariyu nyaya vidhulu undevi. paripalana hodaalo vyavaharinchetappudu, oka "skeepen" anedi oka alderman ledhaa town councillar maadirigaane untundi, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa aanglamlo dheenini pilustaaru.
nyaayaparamaina hodaalo vyavaharinchetappudu, "skeepen" nuu tarachugaa "skeepenbank" gaa suuchistaaru. skeepenbank" yokka vidhullo okati nerasthulapai teerpu ivvadam, tadwara jurie ledhaa magistrate benchgaa panicheyadam. eee sandarbhamlo, vaaru oka vidhamaina magistrate.
scout enn skeepenen" anae padabandham nepolian kaalaaniki mundu aneka chattaparamaina patraalalo kanipistundi, indulo vivahala poura register kooda undhi. eee padabandhaanni paripalana mariyu nyaya sandarbhaalalo upayoginchaaru. vaaru paripalana saamardhyamtho vyavaharistunnatlayite, "scout enn skeepenen" nuu aanglamlo "mayer mariyu alderman" (ledhaa "mayer mariyu councillarlu" vanti saaruupya padabandham) gaa vyakteekarinchavachhu. vaaru nyayaparamgaa vyavaharistunnatlayite, "scout enn skeepenen" nuu aanglamlo "magistrate kortu" gaa vyakteekarinchavachhu (ledhaa "magistrate bench" ledhaa "alderman kortu" vanti ilanti padabandham).
praacheena paalana mugimpulo nepolian samskaranala dwara "skeepen" karyalayam raddu cheyabadindi.