
uttara america mullapandulu

kenadian mullapamu anie kooda piluvabade uttara america mullapamu (erethizon dorstom), kotta prapancha mullapamu kutumbamlo oka pedda quill-covered eluka. idhi uttara americalo uttara american beaver ("caster canadensis") taruvaata rendava atipedda eluka. mullapandulu oka caviomarph eluka, dheeni puurveekulu 30 million samvatsaraala kritam africa nundi brazilku atlaantiknu daati, 3 million samvatsaraala kritam panama yokka istmas perigina taruvaata grate american interchange samayamlo uttara americaku valasa vacchaaru.
vyutpatti.
mullapandi" anae padam madhya ledhaa paatha french padam nundi vachindi, dheeni ardham "mulla pandhi". dheeni muulaalu latin padaalu ledhaa pandhi nundi udbhavinchaayi mariyu mullu anie ardham. eee jantuvuku itara vyavaharika paerlaloo quill pandhi unnaayi. dheenini kenadian mullapamu ledhaa saadhaarana mullapamu anie kooda pilustaaru. mullapamu yokka shaastreeya paeru, "erethizon dorsatum", nuu "chiraaku kaliginche vennumukatoe unna jantuvu" gaa anuvadinchavacchu. dheeniki sthaanika american padaalaloo quill anie ardham vachhe lakota paeru, hoow-chunk paeru mariyu chipevian paeru unnaayi.
vargeekarana mariyu parinaamam.
uttara america mullapandulu dakshina america nundi valasa vachayi, ikkada anni kotta prapancha mullapandulu ledhaa histricomarphlu udbhavinchaayi. "taruvaati trutheeya kaalamlo rendu khandaalu kalisi cherina koddikaalaanike uttara americalo "erethizon" kanipinchindi. itara histricomarphlu kooda valasa vachayi, conny meksikoku uttaraana manugada saaginchinadi "erethizon" matrame. trutheeya kaalam chivari varaku histricomarphlaku chendina silaajaalu aevee teliyavu. paramidae kutumbaaniki chendina jaatulu vanti konni silaajaalu mullatho polikanu chuuputaayi, conny avi chaalaa praachiinamainavi mariyu saadhaaraneekarinchabaddaayi, avi taruvaati elukalannintiki puurveekulu kaavacchu.
dakshina america histricomarphlu modata diguva oligocene kaalamlo kanipinchaayi. vaaru africa nundi valasa vachinatlu bhaavistunnaaru, paatha prapancha mullapandulu ledhaa hystericidae yokka puurveekulu ledhaa vaaru uttara america paramidae yokka valasa aadhaaramgaa udbhavinchaaru.
ii" yokka mottamodati roopamu. dorstom anedi meksikoolooni aguascalientes sameepamlo aroyo dell sedajo venta kanipinche plestocene sakaaniki chendinadi.
upajaatulu.
ii" yokka edu upajaatulu. dorsatum gurtinchabadindi. avi uttara america antataa vividha shrenulache upavibhajana cheyabaddaayi. ippativaraku atyanta saadhaaranamainadi "ii. dii. dorstom, "idhi nova skotia nundi alberta varaku mariyu virginia nundi yucan varaku untundi. "ii. dii. pickinum "eshaanya cubec mariyu labradarlalo oka chinna shrenini aakramistundi. "ii. dii. uttara mexico nundi kolado varaku atyanta dakshinaana coosey undhi. "ii. dii. arkansas nundi montana varaku madhyapaschimamlo bruneri "nuu chudavachu. chivari moodu paschimamlo kanipistaayi. dakshinam nundi uttaram varaku avi "ii".dii. epixanthum, "ii. dii. nigresense ", mariyu" ii. dii. myopes ".
vivarana.
mutyapu mutyaalu saadhaaranamgaa muduru godhuma ledhaa nalupu rangulo untaayi, telupu mukhyaamsaalatoe untaayi. vaaru sthuulamaina sareeram, chinna mukham, chinna kaallu mariyu chinna, mandapati thoka kaligi untaaru. eee jaathi kotta prapancha mullapandulalo atipeddadi mariyu american beaver taruvaata rendava atipedda uttara america eluka. thala mariyu shareera podavu, thokanu lekkinchadu. venuka adugu podavu. baruvu nundi maaravacchu. vayojana streelalo sagatu baruvu kontamandilo undagaa, 5 adavi magavaarilo sagatu baruvu untundi.
mullapumandu daani charmamlo antibiatics kaligi untundi, idhi mullapamu chettu nundi padipoyinappudu sankramananu nivaarinchadamlo sahaayapadutundi mariyu neelanu taakinappudu daani swantha quillsto irukkupotundi. mullapandulu chaalaa tarachugaa chetla nundi bayataku vastaayi endukante avi kommala chivarlalo rasavantamaina moggalu mariyu sunnitamaina kommalache ekkuvagaa pralobhinchabadataayi. mullapandulu, wolverine mariyu scunk matrame nalupu mariyu telupu rangulaku viruddhamgaa unde uttara america ksheeradaalu, endukante avi matrame itara jantuvulaku avi ekkada, raatri cheekatilo unnayo teliyajeyadam dwara prayojanam pondhe ksheeradaalu.
quills.
mullapamu yokka atyanta pratyaekamaina lakshanam daani kotu off quills. oka vayojana mullapandulo sumaru 30,000 quills untaayi, ivi daani under bellie, mukham mariyu paadaalu minaha daani sareeram mottaanni kappi unchutaayi. quills anevi padunaina, mulla, bolu vennemukalugaa erpadina savarinchina ventrukalu. veetini pradhanamgaa rakshana kosam upayogistaaru, conny sheethaakaalamlo vaari sariiraalanu nirodhinchadaaniki kooda upayogapadataayi. quills saadhaaranamgaa sariiraaniki vyatiraekamgaa chadunu cheyabadataayi mariyu eee sthithilo takkuva sulabhamgaa tolaginchabadataayi. mullapandulu tama quillsnu visireyavu, conny bedirinchinappudu uparitala kandaraalu kudinchipotayi, idhi quills vaari sareeraala nundi nilabadataaniki mariyu bayatiki raavadaaniki kaaranamavutundi. eee sthithilo avi sareeram nundi vaeru cheyadam sulabham avutundi, mukhyamgaa thoka daadi chesevari vaipu tippinappudu. vennemuka chivara unna barblu badhitudi maamsamlo untaayi mariyu tolaginchadam kashtam mariyu badhakaram.
durvasana.
uttara america mullapandulo maamsaahaarulanu heccharinchadaaniki balamaina vaasana untundi, idhi aandolana chendinappudu perugutundi. eee vaasana balamaina maanava shareera vaasana, mekalu ledhaa konni cheejlanu pooli untundani varninchabadindi. diguva venuka bhaagamlo roset anie piluvabade charmam yokka paach dwara vaasana utpatti avutundi, ikkada savarinchina quills vasananu prasaram cheyadaaniki osmetricia gaa panicheestaayi. eee lakshanam delta-decalactone yokka aarr-ananciomer nundi vastundi. kobbari vanti vaasana kaligina mariyu ruchulu mariyu parimala dravyaalalo upayoginche ess-ananciomer ledhu.
pampinhee mariyu aavasalu.
thoorpu uttara americalo, mullapandulu kenada nundi paschima virginia mariyu maereelaandlooni appalachian parvataala varaku untaayi. paschimaana avi alaska nundi meksikoolooni uttara parvataala varaku untaayi. ivi saadhaaranamgaa sankhaakaara mariyu mishrama atavee praantaalalo kanipistaayi, conny podalu mariyu tandra vanti kathinamaina vaataavaranaalaku anugunamgaa untaayi. avi bolu chetlalo ledhaa raathi praantaalalo tama guhalanu tayaaru chestaayi.
paryaavaranam.
aaharam.
vesavilo, vaaru kommalu, muulaalu, kaandam, berrylu, aakulu mariyu itara vrukshasampadanu tintaaru. mullapandulu konni keetakaalu mariyu kayalanu kooda tintaayi. sheethaakaalamlo, vaaru pradhanamgaa sankhaakaara suudulu mariyu chettu beradunu tintaaru. mullapandulu vaati viniyogamlo empika cheyabadataayi; udaaharanaku, catskill parvathaalaloni prati 1,000 chetlalo, mullapandulu 1 nundi 2 linden chetlu mariyu oka pedda panti aspen nundi matrame tintaayi.
pravartana.
mullapandulu sameepa drushtigalavi mariyu nemmadigaa kadulutaayi. avi pradhanamgaa raatri samayamlo (ratriputa) churukuga untaayi; vesavi rojullo, avi tarachugaa chetlalo vishraanti teesukuntaayi. vaaru nidraanasthitiloo undaru, conny sheethaakaalamlo vaari guhalaku daggaragaa nidrapotaru. mullapamu yokka rakshana yokka balam, aneka saakaahaarula maadirigaa kakunda, ontari jeevitaanni gadipe saamarthyaanni ichindi, ivi mandalu ledhaa mandalalo kadulutaayi. tatphalitamgaa, mullaku "sanklishtamaina mejlanu neerchukunee mariyu vanda rojula taruvaata vaatini gurthunchukune asaadhaarana saamarthyam undhi".
rakshana.
uttara america mullapandulu maamsaahaarulanu heccharinchadaaniki ledhaa rakshinchadaaniki nirdishta pravartanalanu kaligi untaayi. rakshana vyuuham aneka paddhatulalo aposymatism meeda aadharapadi untundi. idhi balamaina heccharika vasananu kaligi untundi, idhi aandolana chendinappudu perugutundi. bedirinchinappudu, oka vayojana mullapamu daani vennumukalanu mudatalu pattavacchu, daani venuka bhaagamlo tellati charanu pradarsistundi mariyu heccharika cheyadaaniki daani dantaalanu upayogistundi, sabdam chestundi. ghraana, drushya mariyu shravana heccharikalu viphalamaithe, adhi daani quillspy aadhaarapadavachhu. daadi chesinappudu oka vayojana mullapamu daani venuka bhaganni predator vaipu maarustundi. sameepinchinappudu, mullapamu daadi chese vyakti mukham vaipu thana thokanu ooginchavachhu. prajaadarana pondina puraanam unnappatikee, mullapamu daani kudullanu visireyadu. badulugaa, oka quill daadi chese vyaktitoe sambandham vachinappudu, adhi sulabhamgaa chochukupoyi daani charmamlo ponduparachabadutundi. prati kvillo suukshmadarshini barblu untaayi, ivi daadi chesevari maamsamlo atukkupovataaniki veelu kalpistaayi. eee vyuuham chaalaa daadulaku vyatiraekamgaa vijayavantamavutundi. nindugaa nitaruga unna mukham thoo, daadi chese jeevi tarachugaa venakki taggutundi. mullapamu yokka chivari rakshana maargam chettunu ekkadam.
maamsaahaarulu.
eee jaatula sahaja mamsaahaarulalo matsyakaarulu (pilli-parimaana mustellid), vulvarainlu, coets, thodellu, american nalla elugubantlu mariyu kougarlu, alaage maanavulu unnaaru. eee jaatiki chendina ekaika pakshi maamsaahaarulu bangaaru eagles mariyu pedda kommula gudlagoobalu. aneka sandarbhaallo, mullapaamunu pampadamlo vijayavantamainappatiki, embeded mullapandula quills nundi predatorlo gaayam ledhaa maranam kooda sambhavinchavachhu.
uttara america mullapanduki matsyakaarula ("pecania pennanti") nundi chaalaa pramaadam undhi, veetilo maga mullapandulu konnisaarlu mutyaala dravyaraasini minchipovachhu. matsyakaarulaku rendu prayojanaalu unnaayi, ivi vaarini mulla vetagaallagaa cheyagalavu. modata, vaaru churukaina chettu adhirohakulu, mariyu paaripotunna mutyaanni chettu nundi neelaku balavantam cheyavachu, akkada adhi marinta haani kaligistundi. akkada adhi daani venuka bhaganni mariyu thokanu daadi chesevaariki choopinchadaaniki prayatnistundi, predator chuttoo tirugutuu, vetapai daadi cheyadaaniki prayatnistundi. padepade daadula taruvaata, mullapamu chivariki balaheenapadutundi, matsyakaarulu mullapaamunu tippadaaniki, daani under belleeni cheelchadaaniki mariyu inca pramaadakaramaina quillsku gurikakunda daani avayavalanu tineyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. maga matsyakaarulu aada matsyakaarula kante gananeeyamgaa peddavigaa (tarachugaa sagatuna rettimpu baruvu) untaayi kabatti, maga matsyakaarulu matrame mullapandulanu vetade avakaasam undani oka adhyayanam suuchimchimdi. aada matsyakaarulu saadhaaranamgaa snoshu kundella vanti vaetanu ishtapadataarani telustondi.
maroe prabhaavavantamaina predator kaugar. idhi quillsnu chaalaa mandhi chetha uriteeyabadakundaa undataaniki prayatninchinamtagaa nivaarinchadu. kontamandi vyaktulu tama chigullalo etuvanti chedu prabhavam lekunda dozenla koddi quills ponduparachabadi unnatlu kanugonabadindi. idhi chetlanu ekkagaladu, kabatti daani abhimaana paddhati mullapamu krinda nilabadi, daanini neelapai kottadam, twaragaa pampadam. kaandlu (thodellu mariyu coets) vanti itara maamsaahaarulu daadi cheyavachu conny peddagaa muppu kaliginchavu. goppa pareevaahaka praantamlooni konni praantaalalo, kougarlu vaeta dwara parvata adavulalo mullapula sankhyanu baga tagginchaayi. ayithe, konni sandarbhaallo mullapandulu nijamgaa kougarlu champestaayi, ayithe saadhaaranamgaa idhi kaugar appatike mullapandunu sevinchina tarvaata jarugutundi.
punarutpatti.
aada mullapandulu santanotpatti kaalam praarambhamayye saradrutuvu samayamlo tappa samvatsaramlo ekkuva bhaagam ontarigaa untaayi. eee samayamlo, avi mandapati shleshmamnu sravistaayi, idhi vaari moothramtho kalisipotundi. phalitamgaa vachhe vaasana sameepamloni magavaarini aakarshistundi. streeni sameepinche magavaaru svayamchaalakamgaa sambhogam praarambhincharu. venta vachhe modati maga saadhaaranamgaa aada krinda oke chettulo koorchuntundi. maroka purushudu sameepisthe, athanu sahajeevanam chese hakku kosam pooraadavachu. oka prabalamaina purushudu vijayavantam ayina tarvaata, athanu streeni sameepinchi, streepai thana moothram sprenu upayogistaadu. konni chukkalu matrame aadavaarini taakutaayi, conny rasayana praticharya aadavaarini puurtigaa eestrasloki pravesinchadaaniki anumatistundi. okasari idhi chettulo ettulo puurtayina tarvaata, sambhoga prakriya neelapai jarugutundi. mullapandulu sambhogam chestunnappudu, avi okadaanikokati gayapadakunda undataaniki, vaari charmanni biginchi, vaari quillsnu chadunainavigaa pattukuntaayi. aada aasakti kolpoyi tirigi chettuloki ekke varaku sambhogam padepade jaragavacchu.
uttara america mulla itara elukalatho poliste sudeergha garbhadhaarana kaalanni kaligi untundi, sagatuna 202 rojulu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, parimaanamlo polchadagina uttara america beaver, 128 rojula garbhadhaarana kaalanni kaligi untundi. thoorpu buudida rangu uduta ("siurus carolinensis") kevalam 44 rojula garbhadhaarana kaalanni kaligi untundi. mullapandulu okka biddaku janmanistaayi. puttinapudu, vaati baruvu 450 graamulu, idhi modati rendu vaaraala tarvaata daadaapu 1 kiloku perugutundi. rendava vesavi chivari varaku vaaru puurti vayojana baruvunu 4.5 kilola varaku penchukoru. puttina ventane vaati quills gattipadataayi.
aada mullapillalu tallidandrula samrakshananu andistaayi. modati rendu vaaraala paatu pillalu jeevanopaadhi kosam tama talli meeda aadhaarapadataaru. dheeni taruvaata vaaru chetlanu ekkadam neerchukuni metha praarambhistaaru. vaaru naalugu nelala varaku nursing konasaagistaaru, idhi patanam sambhogam season thoo samanamga untundi. vaaru tama tallulaku daggaragaa untaaru. talli mullapandulu tama pillalanu rakshinchavu, conny maranam taruvaata kooda vaatini chusukuntayani telisindi. oka sandarbhamlo, oka sisuvu chettu nundi padi maraninchinappudu, talli kindaki vacchi thana santaanam punaruddharinchadaaniki vyardhamgaa gantala tarabadi vechi undindi.
jeevana kaalapu anchanaa.
uttara america mullapandulu saapekshamgaa sudeergha ayurdayam kaligi untaayi, kontamandi vyaktulu 30 samvatsaraala vayassuku cherukuntaaru. maranaalaku saadhaarana kaaranaalu vaeta, aakali, chettu nundi padipovadam mariyu motaru vahanalu dheekonadam.
mullapandulu mariyu maanavulu.
mullapandulanu chetlu, chekka, tholu vastuvulaku tarachugaa kaliginche nashtam kaaranamgaa kondaru vaatini tegullagaa bhaavistaaru. tayari samayamlo jodinchina lavanaala kaaranamgaa plywood mukhyamgaa haani kaligistundi. vaatini tanikhi chese ledhaa daadi chese pempudu kukkalanu kooda avi tarachugaa gaayaparustaayi. 
buttalu mariyu dustulu vanti vastuvulanu alankarinchadaaniki sthaanika americanlu vaati kvillanu upayogistaaru. mullapandulu tinadaginavi mariyu mukhyamgaa sheethaakaalamlo, kenada yokka boreal adavula sthaanika prajalaku mukhyamaina aahara vanarugaa undevi. avi nemmadigaa kadulutaayi (vaati sahaja vaataavaranamloo konni bedirimpulu unnaayi) mariyu tarachugaa rahadaarulu daatutunnappudu vahanalu debbatintaayi.
mutyapu kukkalu uppupai premaku, mukhyamgaa ratriputa gudaaraala velupala vadilivesina rahadari upputho kappabadina bootlanu tinadaaniki, backpackerlu mariyu backpacking prachuranalalo apakhyaati palayyayi. chematatho tadisina chethi todugulu mariyu panimutlapai chekka handles tinadaaniki prayatninchinanduku vaaru anni rakaala atavee kaarmikulalo idhe vidhamaina khyaatini kaligi unnaaru.
parirakshana sthithi.
prapanchavyaaptamgaa, uttara america mullapandi athi takkuva aandolana kaliginche jaatigaa jabita cheyabadindi. idhi konni yuu minaha daani paridhi antataa saadhaaranam.ess. daani shreniki aagneya bhaagamlo unna rashtraalu. udaaharanaku, idhi marylandlo parirakshana avasaram unna jaatigaa jabita cheyabadindi. 1999 natiki, 15 avashesha janabha uttara-madhya mexico antataa chellacheduruga undhi. ivi nadeeteera adavulu, mesquite podalu, gaddi bhoomulu mariyu mulla adavulalo nivasistaayi. vaaru vaeta mariyu aavasala nashtam valla bedirimpulaku guravutaaru. 1994 natiki, eee jantuvu mexicolo antarinchipothunna jaatigaa jabita cheyabadindi.

