united states raajyaamgaaniki iravai naalugava savarana

samyukta raashtraala raajyaangamlooni iravai naalugo savarana (savarana XXIV) congress mariyu rashtraalu rendintinee ennikala pannu ledhaa itara rakaala pannula chellimpupai samakhya ennikalaloo ootu hakkunu sharatu cheyakunda nishedhistundi. eee savarananu congress augustu 27,1962naa raashtraalaku pratipaadinchindi, 1964 janavari 23naa rashtraalu aamodinchaayi.
african americanlu mariyu tarachugaa paedha swethajaatheeyulanu (mariyu pantommidava savarana aamodinchina taruvaata, mahilalu) ootu veyakunda nirodhinche charyaga, punarnirmaanam mugisina dasaabdaala tarvaata democratic party saadhaaranamgaa rashtra saasanasabhalapai niyantrananu tirigi pondina taruvaata, maajee samakhya raashtraala dakshina rashtraalu 19va sataabdam chivarilo ennikala pannulanu mariyu 1890 nundi 1908 varaku kotta raajyaamgaalanu sweekarinchaayi. sweekarinchaayi united states yokka supreenkortu icchina "breedlove vii." nirnayamlo raashtraala ennikala pannula vadakanni rajyangabaddhamga perkondi. sattles ".
" 24va savarana aamodinchabadinappudu, aidu rashtraalu ennikala pannunu konasaginchayi alabama, arkansas, mississippi, texas mariyu virginia. samakhya ennikalaloo otarlaku ennikala pannu avasaranni eee savarana nishedhinchindi. conny 1966 varaku yuu.ess. harper vii kesulo supreenkortu supreenkortu teerpu ichindi. virginia board off elections "ennikala yea sthaayiloonainaa ennikala pannulu rajyanga viruddhamainavi. ivi padnaalugo savaranaloni samaana rakshana nibandhananu ullanghinchaayani perkondi. otaru namodu avasaraala yokka sambhaavya vivakshata prabhaavaalaku sambandhinchina tadupari vyaajyam saadhaaranamgaa eee nibandhana yokka anuvartanam aadhaaramgaa untundi.
nepathyam.
padihenava savarananu ullanghinchakundaa nallajati americanlanu aacharaneeyamainantavaraku rajakeeyaala nundi minahaayinchadaaniki uddesinchina 19va sataabdam chivaralo dakshinaadi rashtraalu ennikala pannunu oating kosam oka avasaramgaa sweekarinchaayi. dheeniki oating anedi "jaathi, rangu ledhaa munupati daasyam" dwara parimitam kakudadu. otarlandaruu ennikala pannu chellinchaalsi undedi, conny aacharanalo idhi paedalanu ekkuvagaa prabhaavitam chesindi. mukhyamgaa idhi african americanlu mariyu paedha tella otarlu iddarinee prabhaavitam chesindi, veerilo kondaru 19va sataabdam chivaralo prajaadarana pondina mariyu fusionist abhyardhulatho ootu vesi, prajaasvaamya palanaku tatkalikamga bhangam kaliginchaaru. ennikala pannu pratipaadakulu eee amsaanni takkuvagaa anchanaa vesi, tella otarlu prabhaavitam kaadani haamii icchaaru. prajaasvaamyavaadulu maroka prajaadarana-republican sankiirnaanni nirodhinchaalani korukunnanduna korukunnanduna ennikala pannula aamodam utsaahamgaa praarambhamaindi. ennikala himsa mariyu mosam unnappatikee, african americanlu ippatikee aneka sthaanika sthaanaalanu geluchukuntunnaru. 1902 natiki, maajee samaakhyalooni mottam padakondu rashtraalu ennikala pannunu amalu chesaayi, veetilo chaalaa varaku kotta raajyaamgaalalo aksharaasyata ledhaa tellajati kaarmikulache aatmaasrayamgaa nirvahinche grahana pareekshala vanti otaru namoduku addamkulugaa itara nibandhanalanu kaligi unnaayi. ennikala pannunu taata upavaakyaalu mariyu nallajaateeyulanu minahaayinchadaaniki roopondinchina "white primary", alaage bedirimpulu mariyu himsaatmaka charyalu vanti itara parikaraalatoe kalisi upayoginchaaru. udaaharanaku, arkansaslo sambhaavya otarlanu "anchanaa veyavalasi vachindi", mariyu madimpulo nallajaateeyulanu puurtigaa vismarinchaaru.
1900 nundi 1937 varaku, ennikala pannunu upayoginchadaanni samakhya prabhutvam dadapuga vismarinchindi. aneka rashtra sthaayi karyakramalu eee kaalamlo rendu kaaranaala valla ennikala pannulanu raddu cheshai modatidi, sampannulu itarula ennikala pannulanu chellinchagalaru mariyu chellinchagalaru kabatti avi avineetini prothsahinchaayi; rendavadi, endukante vaaru chaalaa mandhi prajaadarana pondina dakshinaadi raajakeeya nayakulu korukunna daanikante ekkuva swethajaatheeyula otingnu nirutsaahaparichaaru. 1937 supreenkortu kesulo ennikala pannu chattaparamaina savaalu nundi bayatapadindi. suttles, "idhi ekagreevamgaa teerpu ichindi
dakshinaana chaalaa mandhi african americanlu ootu hakkunu kolpoyinanduna eee samasya pramukhamgaa undipoyindi. adhyakshudu franklin dii. roosvelt pannuku vyatiraekamgaa matladaru. desham gatamloki vellipoyina "viplavaatmaka kaalam yokka avasheshaalu" anie ayana bahirangamgaa pilicharu. ayithe, dakshinaana roosvelt yokka anukuulamaina udaaravaada prajaasvaamyavaadulu 1938 primarylalo paalaka sampradaayavaada dakshina prajaasvaamyavaadula chetilo odipoyaaru, mariyu athanu eee samasyanu upasamharinchukunnaadu. kotta oppanda kaaryakramaalanu aamodinchadaaniki tanaku dakshinaadi prajaasvaamya otlu avasaramani, vaatini marinta vyatiraekimchaalani ayana bhaavinchaaru. ayinappatikee, ennikala pannunu raddu cheyadaaniki congress sthaayilo prayatnaalu konasagayi. samakhya ennikalaloo ennikala pannunu raddu cheyadaaniki 1939 billu dakshina block chetha mudipadi undhi, oka party praantam nundi sudeerghakaalam padaviloe unna chattasabha sabhyulu vaariki seniority mariyu aneka mukhyamaina kamitee adhyaksha padavulanu icchaaru. oka vidudala petition billunu pariganaloki teesukomani balavantam cheyagaligindi, mariyu sabha billunu 254-84 aamodinchindi. ayithe, dakshina senatorlu mariyu saktivantamaina mariyu senior dakshina seetla maddatunu viluvainadigaa bhaavinche kontamandi uttara mitraraajyaalu senatelo oka philibusternu odinchalekapoyayi. eee billu tadupari aneka samavesalalo tirigi pratipaadinchabadutundi. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo, videshee sainikulaku ootu veyadamlo sahaayapadataaniki pratyarthulu raddu cheyadaanni oka maargamgaa roopondinchinappudu idhi aamodaaniki daggaragaa vachindi. ayithe, us supreenkortu nirnayam "smith vii. alrite (1944) "white primary" vadakanni nishedhinchaaru, dakshina block ennikala pannunu raddu cheyadaaniki aamodinchadaaniki niraakarinchindi.
vyatirekinchindi senate eee billunu aamodinchadaaniki daggaragaa vachindi. 24 mandhi prajaasvaamyavaadulu mariyu 15 mandhi republicanlu charchanu muginchadaaniki aamodam telipaaru, 7 mandhi naan-sadaran prajaasvaamyavaadulu mariyu 7 mandhi republicanlu 19 mandhi dakshina prajaasvaamyavaadulatho pratipakshamlo cheraaru. phalitamgaa billuku anukuulamgaa 39-33 ootu veyabadindi, conny philibusternu muginchadaaniki gaddakattadaaniki aaa samayamlo 48 otlalo moodinta rendu vantula adhika majority avasaram, anduvalla billunu otingku teesukuraavaledu. ennikala pannunu raddu cheyadaaniki anukuulamgaa unnavaaru 1946 otami taruvaata rajyanga savaranagaa bhaavinchaaru, conny aaa aalochana kooda munduku saagaledu.
saagaledu charcha yokka vyavadhi maarindi. dakshinaadi raajakeeya nayakulu eee charchanu rajyanga samasyaga tirigi roopondinchadaaniki prayatninchaaru, conny vyaktigata correspondence nallajaateeyula ootu hakku niraakarana ippatikee nijamaina aandolana anie suuchistumdi. udaaharanaku, mississippi senator theodor bilbo ilaa prakatinchaaru, "ennikala pannu billu aamodinchabadithe, tadupari dasha negros yokka namodu arhata, vidya arhatanu tolaginche prayatnam avutundi. alaa chesthe negros oating cheyakunda nirodhinchadaaniki maaku maargam undadu."ennikala pannunu raddu chesina raashtraala nundi dakshinaadi senatorlu kooda eee billunu enduku vyatirekinchaaro eee bhayam vivaristundi; rashtra ennikalaloo samakhya prabhutvam jokyam chesukogaladane udaaharananu vaaru erpaatu cheyalanukoledu.
adhyakshudu harry ess. truman poura hakkulapai adhyakshudi kamiteeni sthaapinchaaru, idhi itara samasyalatho paatu ennikala pannunu daryaaptu chesindi. chesindi samakhya ennikala pannu niyantranaku vyatiraekata rajyangam aadhaaramgaa undani perkonnanduna, rajyanga savarana anedi munduku saagadaaniki uttama margamani kamitee perkondi. ayinappatikee, ayinappatikee chaalaa takkuva jarigaayi. aaa kaalamlo communistu vyatiraeka unmaadam samayamlo ennikala vyatiraeka pannu udyama sabhyulu taggipoyaaru; ennikala pannu raddu yokka pradhana pratipaadakulu joseph gelders mariyu vito marcantonio vanti vaaru marxistulaku kattubadi unnaaru.
adhyakshudu zaan eff. kennedy eee samasyaku tirigi vacchaadu. atuvanti savarananu aamodinchi, dhruvikarana kosam raashtraalaku pampaalani ayana paripalana kaangresnu korindi. ennikala pannunu samakhya raddu cheyadam rajyanga viruddhamani vaadana vivadaspadamga unnanduna, rajyanga savarananu philibusternu nivaarinchadaaniki uttama maargamgaa ayana bhaavinchaaru. ayinappatikee, kontamandi udaaravaadulu kennedy charyanu vyatiraekimchaaru, chattamtho poliste savarana chaalaa nemmadigaa untundani bhaavinchaaru. floridaaku chendina sampradaayavaada prajaasvaamyavaadi ayina spessard halland, senetku savarananu pravesapettaadu. thana vrutti jeevitamlo chaalaa varaku poura hakkula chattalanu halland vyatirekinchindi. vyatirekinchindi america senetloki pravesinchinappati nundi ennikala pannunu nishedhinchadaaniki halland swayamgaa anekasaarlu prayatninchindi, conny viphalamaindi.
kennedy thana maddatunu pondadam savaranaku ekasila dakshina vyatiraekatanu cheelchadaaniki sahaayapadindi. savarananu aamodinchadam saapekshamgaa vaegamgaa jarigindi, dheeniki oka samvatsaram kante konchem ekkuva samayam pattindi; dheenini augustu 1962 nundi janavari 1964 varaku desavyaaptamgaa rashtra saasanasabhalu vaegamgaa aamodinchaayi.
adhyakshudu lindon bii. johnson eee savarananu "parimitulapai swechcha vijayam" mariyu "prajala hakkula dhruvikarana" anie pilicharu. ennikala pannunu konasaaginchina rashtraalu marinta reserve cheyabaddaayi. mississippi attarney general, joseph turner patterson, tama ennikala pannu chellinchi, anni ennikalaloo ootu veyagaligina, mariyu samakhya ennikalaloo matrame ootu veyaleni, ootu veyagaligina rendu setla otaru sanklishtata gurinchi firyadu chesaaru. adanamgaa, ennikalaku chaalaa mundugaane namodu chesukovadam mariyu atuvanti namodu recordulanu unchukovadam vanti avasaralu chellinchani vaarini addukovachhu. konni rashtraalu aksharaasyata pareekshala amalulo vivakshanu konasaginchayi.
pratipaadana mariyu dhruvikarana.
congress 1962 augustu 27naa iravai naalugo savarananu pratipaadinchindi. eee savarananu 1962 september 24naa raashtraalaku samarpinchaaru, idhi sabha mariyu senatelo avasaramaina moodinta rendu vantula majoritytho aamodinchabadina taruvaata. sabhalo tudi ootu 295-86 (house republican conferencelo 132-15 mariyu house democratic kaakaslo 163-71) 54 mandhi sabhyulu haajaraina ledhaa dhooramgaa unna ootu veyagaa, senatelo tudi ootu 77-16 (senate republican conferencelo 30-1 mariyu senate democratic kaakaslo 47-15) 7 mandhi sabhyulu haajaraina ledhaa dhooramgaa unna ootu veyadam jarigindi. eee krindi rashtraalu eee savarananu amodinchayi
1964 janavari 23naa dhruvikarana puurtayimdi. georgia saasanasabha dhruveekarinchina 38va rashtramgaa undataaniki chivari rendava prayatnam chesindi. savarana kosam "dakshinaadi sahayam aasinchalemu" kabatti idhi aascharyakaram. georgia senate daanini twaragaa mariyu ekagreevamgaa aamodinchindi, conny sabha sakalamlo panicheyaledu. dakshina dakota dhruvikarana tarvaata georgia dhruvikarana spashtamgaa tolaginchabadindi.
eee savarananu taruvaata eee krindi rashtraalu amodinchayi
eee krindi rashtram savarananu tiraskarinchindih
eee krindi rashtraalu savarananu aamodinchaleduh
post-certification chattam.
eee savarana aamodinchabadina chaalaa nelala taruvaata, 1964 navambarulo jarigina saadhaarana ennikalaloo arkansas raajyaamgaaniki 51va savaranatho, arkansas anni ennikalaku thana ennikala pannunu samarthavantamgaa raddu chesindi. chesindi 85va savarana varaku ennikala-pannu bhasha daani rajyangam nundi puurtigaa tolaginchabadaledu. eee savarana dwara modata prabhaavitamaina aidu rashtraallo, arkansas matrame daani ennikala pannunu raddu chesindi; migilina naalugu rashtraalu tama pannulanu konasaginchayi. veetini veetini harper vii. loe yuu. ess. supreenkortu teerpu dwara kottivesaaru. virginia board off elections (1966), rashtra ennikalaku kooda ennikala pannulu rajyanga viruddhamani teerpu ichindi. alabama mariyu texasloni federal jilla kortulu, varusaga, "harper" teerpu jaarii kaavadaaniki rendu nelala kante takkuva vyavadhilo eee raashtraala ennikala pannulanu kottivesayi.
virginia rashtram ennikala pannuku "tappinchukune nibandhana" nuu andinchadam dwara savaranaku anugunamgaa undindi. ennikala pannu chellinchadaaniki badulugaa, kaboye otaru virginialo nivaasa sthalaanni sthaapinche dhruvikarana patraanni pondadaaniki vraatapanini daakhalu cheyavachu. oating cheyadaaniki aaru nelala mundugaane patraalanu daakhalu cheyalsi untundi, ootar oating samayamlo aaa certificate kaapeeni andinchaalsi untundi. eee charya chattabaddhamaina otarla sankhyanu taggistundani anchanaa veyabadindi. 1965 supreenkortu teerpulo "herman vii. kortu ekagreevamgaa ituvanti charyalanu rajyanga viruddhamgaa gurtinchindi. samakhya ennikala kosam, "otingku mundastu avasaramgaa ennikala pannu puurtigaa raddu cheyabadindi, mariyu samaanamaina ledhaa telikapati pratyaamnaayam vidhincharaadu."
iravai naalugo savaranaku neerugaa sambandham laenappatikee, "harper" kesu kevalam samakhya ennikalaku matrame kakunda, prati sthaayilo ennikala pannu rajyanga viruddhamani perkondi. harper" nirnayam iravai naalugava savarana kante padnaalugo savaranaloni samaana rakshana nibandhanapai aadhaarapadindi. anduvalla, otingpai bhaaram vivakshata prabhaavamtho ennikala pannulatho samanama anedaaniki sambandhinchina samasyalu saadhaaranamgaa samaana rakshana praatipadikana daavaa vaeyabadutunnaayi.

