italian sankshema rashtram

italian sankshema rashtram paakshikamgaa corporate-conservative modal (sankshema raashtraala vislaeshanhapai panichestunna prapanchamlooni agrashreni saamaajika saastravettalalo okaraina gosta esping-anderson varninchinatlugaa) mariyu paakshikamgaa saarvatrika sankshema namuunaapai aadharapadi undhi.
pradhana lakshanaalu.
aarogya samrakshana.
vachindi, aarogya samskarana jaateeya aarogya sevanu ("servisgio sanitario nazionale"-ssn) pravesapettindi, idhi united kingdamloni jaateeya aarogya sevala nundi prerana pondina padam. ssn anedi pourulandarikee haamii ivvabadina aarogya samrakshananu lakshyamgaa chesukunna praja mariyu saarvatrika vyavastha. idhi oka arhatagaa pranaalika cheyabadindi mariyu sadhana-pareekshinchabadaledu. taruvaata, aardhika paristhiti vyardhaalanu nivaarinchadaaniki viniyogadaaru chaarjeelanu pravesapettaalani korindi, idhi asamaanatalaku daariteesinappatikee, saadhaarana pareekshalu mariyu aushadhaala kosam pareekshinchadaaniki margalu. unchaayi oka pradhana samskarana ssn paridhiloo private sevalanu pondadaaniki pourulu adhika rusumu chellinchadaaniki anumatinchindi; eee vidhamgaa, praja vyayam taggindi. nedu ssn pratyaksha pannulu mariyu sthaanika aarogya samsthala aadaayaala dwara, sevalapai pakshika ledhaa mottam chellimpula dwara nidhulu samakuurustumdi. ssn pradhanamgaa sthaanika aarogya samsthalanu niyantrinche mariyu viniyogadaaru chaarjeela sthaayini nirnayinche praantaala dwara nirvahinchabadutundi, ayithe idhi aarogya mantritva saakha niyantranalo untundi. sampada sthaayilalo praantaalu, raajakeeya sankiirnaalu, raajakeeya unnatavargaala saamarthyam madhya thedaalu chaalaa bhinnamaina phalitaalanu techhaayi, endukante kendra-italian communist netrutvamloni praantaala "redd belt" uttamamaina, marinta samagramaina, choukaina mariyu saarvatrika aarogya samrakshana vyavasthanu kaligi undani bhaavistaaru; uttara kraistava prajaasvaamya netrutvamloni praantaalu chaalaa manchi conny khareedaina aarogya samrakshana vyavasthanu kaligi unnayani bhaavistaaru, ayithe dakshina praantaalu tarachugaa "malasanita"-chedu aarogya samrakshanhatho baadhapadutunnaayi.
oka pratyeka sandarsana kharchu sumaru €30 mariyu aushadhaala yokka oke kavaru dhara €2, adhe sandarsana mariyu praivetgaa chesinappudu adhe mandulu chaalaa saarlu peragavacchu. aardhikamgaa ibbandullo unna vyaktulu paina perkonna vishayaala kosam aemee chellincharu.
vidya mariyu saamskrutika vanarulu.
6 nundi 16 samvatsaraala madhya vayassu unna pillalaku vidya uchitam mariyu tappanisari. indulo aidu samvatsaraala saarvatrika praathamika paatasaala, moodu samvatsaraala madhyamika paatasaala, chivaraku aidu samvatsaraala unnata paatasaala "maturita" pareekshaku daariteestundi, alaage "diploma" avaardu, idhi draftsman-surveyor ledhaa upadhyayudu, mariyu vishwavidyaalaya korsulu vanti vruttulaku pravesaanni istundi. praathamika paatasaalalo uchita pustakaalu untaayi, conny unifam ledhaa ravana kaadu, mariyu 12 samvatsaraala vayassu nundi pustakaalu mariyu ravana kharchu, mariyu madhyamika paatasaalaku anni itara pheejulu, kutumbam yokka baadhyata. konnisaarlu takkuva aadaayaalu unna konni kutumbaalu, pareekshinchina prayojanaalaku arhulu, italeelo chaalaa sankhyalo mariyu khareedaina, nirdesinchina paatyapustakaala chellimpuku dohadam cheyadaaniki vochar kosam darakhaastu chesukovacchu. vishwavidyaalayaalu prabhutva mariyu private rendoo; prabhutva vishwavidyaalayaalu pradhanamgaa rashtram dwara nidhulu samakuurustaayi mariyu takkuva aadaaya vidyaarthulaku takkuva, aadaaya sambandhita rusumulu mariyu sadhana-pareekshinchina maddatunu kaligi untaayi, ayithe private vishwavidyaalayaalu chaalaa ekkuva rusumulanu kaligi untaayi.
praathamika mariyu madhyamika vidyalo vidyaarthulu ippatikee kaneesa namodu rusumu chellinchaalsi untundi, saadhaaranamgaa samvatsaraaniki sumaru €20, mariyu pustakaala kharchu ellappuduu rashtra vocherla dwara cover cheyabadadu.
gruhanirmaanam.
takkuva aadaaya prajalaku choukaina mariyu aarogyakaramaina gruhaala samasya 1903 lujati chattam aamodinchadaaniki daariteesindi, idhi perugutunna pattana janabha avasaralanu teerchadaaniki apaartumentlanu nirminchadaaniki mariyu addeku ivvadaaniki praja, laabhaapekshaleni, sthaanika gruha adhikaarulanu erpaatu cheyadaaniki nirdesinchindi. aaa agencylu agencylu samskarinchabaddaayi, conny ippatikee praja gruhaalato vyavaharistaayih praja flatla kosam vechi unna jabita, mariyu rusumu, antey pareekshinchabadindi mariyu valasadaarulaku terichi untundi. untundi, chattam n.167 sthaanika adhikarulu bhoomini konugolu cheyadaanni, praja gruhaala kosam upayoginchadaanni prothsahinchindih eee jokyam praja flatla avasaranni teerchadaaniki sahayapadinappatiki, idhi 1978 nundi migilina pattanaala nundi nilipiveyabadina nivaasa sevalu laeni vasati gruhaala nirmaanaaniki kooda daariteesindi, ivi abhyardhana vidhaanaala vastuvugaa undalsi vachindi.
vachindi nyaayamaina adde chattam ("eekvo canon") nivaasa aastulu mariyu naalugu samvatsaraala leejulaku garishta rusumunu pravesapettindi. dravyolbana raetu kante garishta addelu chaalaa nemmadigaa perigayi mariyu pattana janabhalo maarpulanu parigananaloki teesukoledu. idhi bhuswamulu addeku ivvadam kante ammakaniki ishtapadataaniki ledhaa rusumula yokka nalla-market charchalanu enchukoovadaaniki daariteesindi, idhi adde marketlo parimitiki daariteesindi. daariteesindi, italian gruha marketlo kevalam 20 saatam matrame addeku undedi; madhya mariyu adhika-aadaaya kutumbaalu tama intini konadaniki ishtapadagaa, takkuva-aadaaya kutumbaalu konugolu cheyaleni adhika addelatho badhapaddayi. 1998 adde chattam garishta addelanu saralikrutam cheyadam dwara mariyu bhuswamulu mariyu addedaarula samsthalachae adde sharatulanu nirnayinchadaaniki anumatinchadam dwara adde rangaanni punaruddharinchadaaniki prayatninchindi.
nirudyogam.
italeelo nirudyoga samasyanu prabhutva prayojanaala dwara, viraalaala aadhaaramgaa nagadu badileela roopamlo ("indenita dii dysaculogione") niyantrinchabadindi. claim chesevaaru vyakti yokka munupati vaetanaalaloo 40 saatam varaku varaku garishtamgaa 1000 eurola varaku) edu nelala varaku pondavalasina avasaram emitante, gatamlo udyogam chesi, nirudyoga beema kosam namodu chesukuni, rendu samvatsaraalalo kaneesam 52 vaaraala paatu viraalaalu ivvali. pravesapettabaddaayi italii edurkonna atyadhika nirudyogita raetlu saamaajika bhadrata vyayamlo perugudalaku nirudyoga prayojanaalanu modati amsamgaa teesukuvacchaayi, mariyu italian praja runa perugudalaku dohadapaddayi.
1947 nundi, mariyu 1975 loe samskaranalatho, tama karmagarala taatkaalika ibbandula kaaranamgaa tatkalikamga pani chese ledhaa tatkalikamga pani chese kaarmikulaku nagadu prayojanaalu shock absorberluga andinchabadutunnaayi. eee samstha, redendency fund ("casa integrazione gwadagni"), nishkriyaatmaka sraamika shakti kharchulanu haamii ivvadam dwara, vaari aadaayamlo kontha bhaganni kolpoye kaarmikulaku kooda maddatu ivvadam dwara aardhika ibbandullo unna karmaagaaraalaku sahayam cheyadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. kaarmikulu chattam dwara sthaapinchabadina garishta sthaayi kinda vaari munupati vaetanaalaloo 80 saatam andukuntaaru, mariyu pinchanla kosam vaari sahakaram chellinchinatlugaa pariganinchabadutundi, vaaru kakapoyina ("contributy figuerativi").
1984 nundi companylu redendency fandlatho paatu sangheebhaavam oppandaala kosam kooda darakhaastu chesukovachhuh sthaanika kaarmika sanghaalato charchalu jaripina taruvaata, kaarmikulanu tolaginchakundaa undataaniki, company takkuva pani samayamtho oppandaalanu erpaatu cheyavachu. vetanamlo kolpoyina bhaagamlo 60 saatam aaa kaarmikulaku rashtram manjuru chestundi. ituvanti oppandaalu naalugu samvatsaraala varaku ledhaa dakshinaana aidu samvatsaraala varaku konasaagavacchu. 1993 nundi, redendency fundlaku arhata laeni companylu kooda sangheebhaava oppandaalanu sweekarinchavachhu. eee sandarbhamlo, rashtram mariyu company rendoo kaarmikula vaetanaalaloo taggina bhaagamlo 25 saatam, rendu samvatsaraala varaku manjuru chestaayi.
okavela redendency fund companyni manchi aardhika paristhitini tirigi sthaapinchadaaniki anumatinchakapothe, kaarmikulu nirantara upaadhi oppandam kaligi undi, gatha pannendu nelalugaa udyogam chestunnatlayite, vaariki chalanasheelata bhatyaalu ("indenita dii mobilita") pondavacchu. itara companylu vaarini niyaminchadaaniki prothsaahakaalanu andistaayi. nirudyoga bhatyam saadhaaranamgaa 12 nelala varaku claim cheyavachu. bhatyaalaku arhulugaa undataaniki, karmikudu sikshanaa korsuku haajaru kaavadaaniki nirakarinchaledu, ledhaa munupati daanilo 90 saataaniki paiga vethanamtho ilanti udyogam cheyadaaniki ledhaa taatkaalika ledhaa paart time udyogaanni kanugonnatlu saamaajika bhadrata borduku teliyajeyadaaniki nirakarinchaledu.
pourula aadaayam kooda undhi (italian redd dito dii sittadinanza). idhi 2019 janavarilo italeelo srushtinchabadina saamaajika sankshema vyavastha. daani paeru saarvatrika praathamika aadaayamlo okadaanni gurthuchestunnappatiki, eee nibandhana vaastavaaniki sharatulatho kuudina mariyu vyaktigata haamii laeni kaneesa aadaayam yokka oka roopam. pourula aadaayaanni aidu nakshatraala udyamam pratipaadinchindi mariyu modati sandarbham cabinet kinda aamodinchabadindi.
pinchanlu.
daani anubandha samsthalatho poliste italian pension kharchu ekkuvagaa untundi. italii, itara deshaalalo gdplo saatamgaa prabhutva ranga pinchanlapai ekkuvagaa kharchu chesindi. idhi 2013 loe gdplo 16.3 saatam vatanu kaligi undhi. abhivruddhi chendina prapanchamlo aadaaya pratyaamnaaya paramgaa italian pensionlu atyanta udaaramgaa unnaayi. unnaayi italian pensionla nikara aadaaya pratyaamnaaya raetu 93 saatamgaa undhi. 2016 naati oaidi dayta prakaram, italeelo padavee viramana chesina vaari saadhaarana vayassu 66.6 samvatsaraalu. oka vyakti puurti padavee viramana prayojanaalaku arhata kaligina toli dasalo 62.8 samvatsaraalu untundi.
italeelo pinchanla charitra charitra factory kaarmikula jaateeya beema nidhi (cna), rashtram nundi alaage yajamaanula nundi nidhulanu pondina swachchanda beema samsthaku chendinadi. chendinadi idhi tappanisari ayyindi mariyu idhi 12 millionla mandhi kaarmikulanu cover chesindi chesindi agencyki national institute pharr soshal insurance (inps) gaa paeru maarchabadindi. maarchabadindi nirudyoga beema, kshayavyadhi prayojanaalu, vitantuvula pinchanlu mariyu kutumba bhatyaalu sthaapinchabaddaayi, modati rakaala redendency nidhulatho paatu; pinchanu vayassulu tagginchabaddaayi. tagginchabaddaayi pinchanlu samskarinchabaddaayi, kaneesa pinchanlu pravesapettabaddaayi. 1968-69 loe, munupati vaetanaalaku sambandhinchina aadaaya-aadhaarita vyavasthaku sahakaara-aadhaarita vyavastha maarchabadindi. utpatti sankshobhaanni edurkovadaniki kaarmikulu mariyu yajamaanula kosam kotta charyalu pravesapettabaddaayi. pravesapettabaddaayi inps kotta aarogya samrakshana vyavasthatho anusandhaaninchabadi, anusandhaaninchabadi paripalana samskarana dwara vellindi. marusati samvatsaram nundi private kaarmikula pinchanlu vaari company vaarshika aadaayamtho anusandhaninchabaddayi. 1990la praarambhamlo aardhika rugmatalu unchaayi pinchanu vayassunu penchaayi, aaa tarwati samvatsaram swachchanda private beema pathakaalanu pravesapettaayi. vichchinnam mariyu praja vyayam rendintinee tagginchadaaniki, undhi dini chattam dwara samskarana puurtayimdi, idhi 57 mariyu 65 samvatsaraala madhya anuvaina pinchanu vayassunu pravesapettindi mariyu tirigi sahakaara-aadhaarita vyavasthaku maarindi. kotta soukaryavantamaina kaarmikulaku pension coverage coverage pravesapettabadindi. chivaraku, chivaraku maroni chattam 2008 nundi praarambhinchi pension vyavasthanu parimitam cheyadaaniki prayatninchindi, ayithe 2006 nundi kotta kendra-vamapaksha prabhutvam daani prabhavalanu baga sunnitamgaa cheyavalasi undhi.
kutumba vidhanalu, vruddhulu mariyu vikalaangula samrakshana, saamaajika sahayam.
prasuuti selavulo puttina rendu nelala mundu mariyu moodu nelala taruvaata untundi. tallulaku vaari munupati vetanamlo 80 saatam mariyu adanapu aaru nelala aichhika selavu manjuru cheyabadutundi. oka samvatsaram paatu tama udyogaanni konasaginche hakku vaariki undhi. kutumba prayojanaalu kutumba parimaanam mariyu aadaayaaniki sambandhinchinavi, vikalanga kutumba sabhyulaku chellimpulu penchutaayi. saamaajika sahayam anedi arhata aadhaaritamainadi mariyu pareekshinchabadinadi, mariyu avasaramaina kutumbaalaku vartistundi. vruddhulu, vikalaangulu mariyu avasaramaina kutumbaalaku saamaajika sevalanu sthaanika adhikarulu nirvahistaaru, konnisaarlu swachchanda sanghaalu mariyu laabhaapekshaleni saamaajika seva sahakaara sanghaala sahayamtho. pani laeni vikalaangulaku prati nelaa sumaru 270 eurolu andutaayi.
chaaritraka avalokanam.
italian sankshema rashtram yokka punaadulu corporate-conservative modal ledhaa daani madhyadhara roopaantaram tarahaalo veyabaddaayi.taruvaata 1960luu mariyu mariyu, praja vyayam peragadam mariyu vishwavyaaptatapai pradhana drushti pettadam saamaajika-prajaasvaamya vyavasthala maadirigaane adhe maargamlo teesukuvacchindi.
iravayyava sataabdapu chivari konni dasaabdaalalo italianlalo saamaajika vyayam perugudala raetu maarutuu vachindi. samvatsaraalaku 1970-1980, sagatu vruddhi raetu 4.1 saatamgaa undhi. idhi samvatsaraalaku 4.4 saataaniki perigindi, aapai 1990-2000 kaalaaniki sagatuna 1.9 saataaniki gananeeyamgaa taggindi. taruvaati kaalamlo taggina vruddhi raetlu "dakshina european" rashtraallo sankshema rashtra samskaranala tarangam madhya sambhavinchaayi. italeelo, janaabhaalooni nirdishta vibhaagaalaku anukuulamgaa unde pinchanu karyakramalalo asamaanatalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni samskaranalu jarigaayi. jarigaayi aneka dasala pension samskaranala dwara idhi saadhyamaindi. itara chotla samskaranalu italian janabhalo vistruta nishpattiki saamaajika beemaanu vistarinchadaaniki prayatninchaayi mariyu paedha kutumbaalaku konni saamaajika sevalu mariyu sadhana-pareekshinchina kaaryakramaala vistarananu cherchaayi. samskaranala prayatnaalu unnappatikee, italii adhika nirudyogam nundi savaallanu edurkontondi, mukhyamgaa yuvata mariyu mahilalalo. mahilalalo 2017loe vayassu gala italianlu 34.7 saatam choppuna nirudyogulugaa unnaaru. mahilalu mottam 12.4 saatam choppuna nirudyogulugaa unnaaru, unnaaru vayassu gala mahilalu mariyu mariyu vayassu gala mahilalu varusaga 34.6 mariyu 19 saatam choppuna nirudyogulugaa unnaaru.
1990la chivaralo samskaranalu laabhaapekshaleni samsthalu mariyu swachchanda samsthalu prabhutvam tarapuna marinta sankshema sevalanu andinchadaaniki daariteesaayi. idhi rashtra prabhutvam nirvahinche adhikaarika sankshema vyavasthalu mariyu private samuuhaalu nirvahinche anadhikaarika vyavasthala madhya sarihaddulanu aspashtam chesindi. catholic kootami parivartanalo madhyavarti saktigaa tananu taanu kanugonnadi, charchi thana sonta saamaajika sampradaayavaada abhipraayaalanu mariyu daani swachchanda samsthalanu eee pampinhee chesina sankshema paatralanu nimpe praja sambhaashanhalo paalgondi.
lingasambandhamaina kutumba anchanaalu chaaritraatmakamgaa italian sankshema vyavasthanu nirvachinchaayi. ayithe, eee maarutunna kaalamlo, perugutunna mahilaa kaarmika market bhagaswamyam eee oohalanu savaalu chesindi. sankshema vyavasthapai ottidi anedi lingaparamaina paatralalo samaanatvam korukune rashtra amsaala madhya udriktatala phalitamgaa, mariyu vaatini konasaginche sankshema nibandhanala phalitamgaa erpadindi.
ekakaalamlo, desheeya kaarmikula kosam aardhika valasalu italian sankshema raashtramlo pedda karakamga marai. mahilaa kaarmika market bhagaswamyam desheeya kaarmikulaku demandnu penchindi. eee shrama-pradhana rangamlo, valasadaarulu anadhikaarika aardhika vyavasthalo panicheyadam dwara matrame vetanaalapai pootii padagalaru. vikendrikarana samskaranalu tappanisarigaa valasadaarulaku konni sankshema nibandhanalanu anadhikarikamga andubaatulo unchaayi. unchaayi valasa chattam balopetam ayinappatikee, amalu charyalu appudappudu jarigaayi, idhi anadhikaarika valasalaku asamarthamaina nirodhakatanu andinchindi.
2000la naati italian sankshema vyavastha kharchulu pensionla kosam vruddhulu mariyu madhya vayaskulaku mariyu adhikaarika sraamikasaktiloo panichesina vaariki, mukhyamgaa pedda paarisraamika companylalo panichese vaariki anukuulamgaa undevi. yuvataraanni ibbandullo padestunnaru, endukante vaarilo chaalaa mandhi, unnata vidya mariyu degreelu unnavaaru kooda eppuduu udyogam kanugonalekapoyaru mariyu maddatu kosam vaari tallidandrulapai aadharapadali. udyogam pondagalige vaaru tarachugaa taatkaalika udyogam, takkuva jeetam ichhe udyogaalu mariyu vaari vidyatho sambandham laeni udyogaalu teesukuntaaru. italii yuvatalo nirudyogita raetu 40 saataaniki paiga undhi. undhi 900 million dollarlaku paiga kharchu chesina italian sankshema vyavastha nundi prayojanam pondhe janabha samoohaalalo okati tallulu. mahilalaku puttina mundu rendu nelala nundi moodu nelala varaku prasuuti selavu ivvabadutundi mariyu vaari jeetamlo 80 saatam chellinchabadutundi. vaaru enchukunte vaariki adanamgaa aaru nelala selavu kooda ivvabadutundi, mariyu vaari udyogaalaku oka samvatsaram haamii ivvali.

