
amaraveerudu

amaraveerudu (, "marties", "sakshi", ledhaa, "marturia", moolamu, "amaraveerudu-) antey oka matha vishwaasaanni ledhaa itara kaaranaanni samarthinchinanduku, thyajinchinanduku ledhaa thyajinchadaaniki ledhaa vaadinchadaaniki niraakarinchinanduku himsa mariyu maranaaniki guraina vyakti. 
ghnaapaka samajam yokka amaraveerula kathanamlo, samarpinchina demandlanu paatinchadaaniki eee niraakarana oka vyaktini anachivese vyakti dwara sikshinchadam ledhaa uriteeyadaaniki daariteestundi. tadanugunamgaa, maraninchina vaaru mundugaane elaa gurthunchukuntaaro niyantrinchadaaniki chesina prayatnaalatoe sambandham lekunda, jeevinchi unnavaaru amaraveerudaina bhavanaku arhulugaa bhaavinche vaariki bahumatigaa 'amaraveerudi' hodaanu maranaanantara birudugaa pariganinchavacchu. ippativaraku, amaraveerudu anedi saamuuhika ghnaapakasakti dwara utpatti cheyabadina samajam yokka sarihaddu paniki sambandhinchina vyakti. modata tama matha vishwaasaala kosam badhapadina vaariki matrame vartinche eee padam raajakeeya kaaranaala valla champabadina vyaktulaku sambandhinchi upayoginchabadindi.
chaalaa mandhi amaraveerulanu pavitrulugaa bhaavistaaru ledhaa vaari anucharulu gouravistaaru, kashtataramaina paristhitulanu edurkontunnappudu asaadhaaranamaina naayakatvam mariyu veerochitataku chihnaluga maarutaaru. mataalalo amaraveerulu mukhyamaina paatra poeshistaaru. adevidhamgaa, itara raajakeeya mariyu saamskrutika udaaharanalatoo paatu, socreties vanti vyaktulatoe sahaa, amaraveerulu loukika jeevitamlo gurtinchadagina prabhavalanu chuupaaru.
ardham.
daani asalu ardhamlo, "sakshi" anie ardham vachhe amaraveerudu anae padaanni loukika rangamlo alaage baibil yokka kotta nibandhanalo upayoginchaaru. sakshyam ichhe prakriya sakshi maranaaniki daariteese uddesyam ledhu, ayinappatikee idhi puraatana rachayitala nundi telisindi (udhaa.zii. josephus) mariyu saakshulu tarachugaa vaari saakshyaala kosam maraninchaarani kotta nibandhana nundi.
prarambha kraistava sataabdaalaloo, eee padam vaari matha vishwaasaaniki sakshuluga piluvabade vishwaasula yokka vistruta ardhaanni pondindi, mariyu eee sakshi kaaranamgaa, baadha ledhaa maranaanni bharistundi. eee padam, eee taruvaati ardhamlo, aangla bhaashalo oka runa padamgaa pravesinchindi. amaraveerudi maranam ledhaa daaniki aapaadinchabadina viluvanu "amaraveerudu" antaaru.
amaraveerudu" anae padaanni daani kotta ardhamlo upayoginchadam praarambhinchina prarambha kraistavulu, siluva veyabadina kaaranamgaa, yesunu modati mariyu goppa amaraveerudigaa chuusaaru. prarambha kraistavulu yesunu muula amaraveerudigaa chusinatlu telustondi.
amaraveerudu" anae padaanni aanglamlo aneka rakaala prajalanu vivarinchadaaniki upayogistaaru. ayithe, eee krindi pattika gataanugatika amaraveerulalo unde saadhaarana lakshanaala yokka saadhaarana roopurekhalanu andistundi.
thoorpu mataalu.
chainees samskruti.
aadhunika chainaalo tongmenghui mariyu kumintang party dwara amaraveerudini vistrutamgaa prothsahinchaaru. jinhai viplavamlo mariyu republic off chaina kaalam antataa quing raajavamsaaniki vyatiraekamgaa poradi maraninchina viplavakaarulu, viplavaniki kaaranaanni marinta munduku teesukellinappudu, amaraveerulugaa gurtinchabaddaaru.
hinduu matam.
sanaatana dharmamlo "ahimsa" (ahimsa) nuu prothsahinchinappatiki, amaraveerula bhavana laenappatikee, anni itara margalu viphalamaina tarvaata himsanu teermaanaaniki chivari aasrayamgaa upayoginche nyaayamaina kartavyam ("dharmam") anae nammakam undhi. dheeniki udaaharanalu mahabharatamlo kanipistaayi. vaari vanavasam puurtayina taruvaata, paandavulu tama raajyamlo tama bhaganni tirigi ivvadaaniki vaari bandhuvu duryodhanudu niraakarinchaadu, aaa taruvaata krishna, vidura, sanjayala shanti charchalannee viphalamayyayi. praarambhamaina mahaa yuddham samayamlo, arjunudu kooda sandehaalato kindaku dinchabaddaadu, udhaa.zii., anubandham, dukkham, bhayam. ikkade krushnudu neethimanthudaina yodhudigaa thana kartavyaanni elaa nirvartinchaalo, pooraadaalani arjunuku suuchistaadu.
sikku matam.
amaraveerudu (punjabilo "shahadat" anie pilustaaru) anedi sikku matamlo oka praathamika bhavana mariyu idhi vishwaasam yokka mukhyamaina samsthanu suuchistumdi. sikku luu "ibadat sae shahadat" (prema nundi amaraveerula varaku) nuu vishwasistaaru. kontamandi prasiddha sikku amaraveerulu
abrahamic mataalu.
yoodamatam.
yoodula aachaaraaniki bahiranga ankitabhaavam dwara "devuni namanni pavitreekarinchadam" anie ardham vachhe "kiddush hashem" kuu yoodulalo balidaanam pradhana udaaharanalalo okati. paaschaatya nagarikataku hellenistic yoodamatam yokka atyanta mukhyamaina sahakaralalo mataparamaina amaraveerudini okatigaa pariganistaaru. 1 makkabeelu mariyu 2 makkabeelu tama empika chesina adhipatulu hellenizing (greeku aalochanalu ledhaa hellenistic nagarikata yokka aacharalanu sweekarinchadam) nuu vyatiraekistuu, sabbaatnu paatinchadam, vaari abbayila sunnati cheyadam ledhaa pandhi maamsam ledhaa mamsanni tinadaaniki niraakarinchadam vanti neeraalaku uriteeyabadda yoodulu anubhavinchina aneka amaraveerula gurinchi vivaristaaru. ayithe, yoodu mariyu kraistava sampradayalalo amaraveerula bhavana gananeeyamgaa bhinnamgaa untundi.
kraistava matam.
kraistava matamlo, kotta nibandhanaloni asalu greeku "martis" yokka ardhaaniki anugunamgaa, amaraveerudu, saadhaaranamgaa vraatapuurvakamgaa ledhaa moukhikamgaa sakshyanni teesukuvacche vyakti. mukhyamgaa, sakshyam kraistava suvaarta, ledhaa marinta saadhaaranamgaa, devuni padam. kraistava sakshi anedi maranam taruvaata vastunda ledhaa anae baibil sakshi.
amaraveerudigaa yesu anae bhavana iteevala ekkuva drushtini aakarshinchindi. suvaarta abhiruchi kathanaala vislaeshanhalu chaalaa mandhi panditulu avi shaili mariyu shaili paramgaa amaraveerula vruttaamtaalu anie nirdhaarinchadaaniki daariteesaayi. apostaludaina poulu yesu maranaanni amaraveerudigaa ardham chesukunnadani kooda aneka mandhi panditulu nirdhaarinchaaru. atuvanti teermaanaala drishtya, modati konni sataabdaala kraistavulu yesu siluva veyadaanni amaraveerudigaa ardham chesukunnarani kondaru vaadinchaaru.
charchi charitra sandarbhamlo, roman saamrajyamlo prarambha kraistavulanu himsimchinappati nundi, mariyu neero, idhi daadaapu khachitamgaa aasannamaina maranaaniki daariteestundani "telusukoni", matha vishwaasaanni konasaginchinanduku champabadina vyakti amaraveerudu anie abhivruddhi chendindi (uddeshapoorvakamgaa maranaanni korukokapoyina). amaraveerudu" anae eee nirvachanam pratyaekamgaa kraistava vishwaasaaniki matrame parimitam kaaledu. kraistava matam abel mariyu mccubbies vanti konni paatha nibandhana yoodu vyaktulanu pavitramainavigaa gurtinchinappatikii, kotta nibandhana baptist ayina zaan, yesu yokka sambhaavya bandhuvu mariyu athani pravakta mariyu puurvagaami, modati kraistava sakshi, kraistava vishwaasam sthaapinchabadina taruvaata (pentecost vadda), athani sakshyam kosam champabadda seyint stephen (dheeni paeru "kireetam" anie ardham), mariyu amaraveerudaina vaariki "kireetam" veyabadindani chebutaaru. nirbandham kaalam nundi, kraistavatvam nerarahitam cheyabadindi, aapai, theodosius I aadhvaryamlo, rashtra matamgaa maarindi, idhi himsanu baga tagginchindi (kaani naiseen kaani kraistavulaku kaadu). appudu vaaru kreestunu elaa atyanta daggaragaa anusarinchagalarani kondaru aascharyapoyaaru, "edaari aadhyaatmikata", edaari sanyaasulu, sweeya-dhyasa, sanyaasulu, (paal dhi hermit, seyint. anthony), prapancham nundi verucheyadam dwara kreestunu anusarinchadam. idhi oka rakamaina "tellani amaraveerudu", idhi "errati amaraveerudu", himsaatmaka maranamlo okari praanaanni ivvadam, daaniki viruddhamgaa pratiroojuu tanakosam taanu maraninchadam.
kraistava matamlo, mataparamaina himsalo maranaanni amaraveerulugaa chudavachu. 1534 taruvaata roman catholic charchi mariyu ingland charchi madhya vibhedaalaku iruvaipula amaraveerulu gurtinchabaddaaru. 1553 mariyu 1558 madhya inglaandlooni roman catholic raani maerii I chetha bahiranga dahanam dwara rendu vandala enabhai enimidi mandhi kraistavulu tama vishwaasam kosam amaraveerulu ayyaru, idhi 1559loe raani elizabeth I aadhvaryamlo ingland charchiki tirogamananiki daariteesindi. 1545loe merindol oochakothalo "vandala nundi vaelaadi" varaku valdensianlu amaraveerulu ayyaru. padahaarava mariyu padihedava sataabdaalaloo inglaandlooni charchi adhikarulu moodu vandala roman kaathaliklanu amaraveerulu chesinatlu chepparu.
kreestu yokka amaraveerula gurinchi marinta aadhunika vruttaamtaalu unnaayi, ivi "yesu freaks" vanti pustakaalalo varninchabaddaayi, ayithe sankhyalu vivadaspadamga unnaayi. prati samvatsaram 100,000 mandhi kraistavulu vaari vishwaasam kosam champabadatarane vaadana bbc prakaram chaalaa atisayoktigaa undhi, vaarilo chaalaa mandhi yuddham kaaranamgaa maraninchaaru, conny konasagutunna kraistava amaraveerula vaastavam tirugulenidigaa undhi.
islam.
"shahid" anedi khurran arabic padam nundi udbhavinchindi, dheeni ardham "sakshi" mariyu dheenini amaraveerudini suuchimchadaaniki kooda upayogistaaru. "shahid" khurranlo saadhaarana ardhamlo "sakshi" gaa tarachugaa kanipistundi, conny "amaraveerudu, thana vishwaasam kosam maraninchevaadu" anae ardhamlo okasari matrame; eee taruvaati bhaavam hadeesulalo vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutundi. islam oka amaraveerudini yuddhabhoomilo ledhaa velupala "zihad" nirvahistunnappudu maraninche purushudu ledhaa mahilagaa chustundi (ekkuva zihad mariyu takkuva zihad chudandi).
islaamlo amaraveerudi bhavana iraanlo islaamik viplavam (1978/79) mariyu tadupari iraan-iraq yuddha samayamlo pramukhamgaa maarindi, tadwara amaraveerudi aaradhana viplavam mariyu yuddha maargampai shaashwata prabhavanni choopindi.
bahai vishwaasam.
bahai vishwaasamlo, devuni paerita maanavatvaaniki seva chestu tama praanaalanu tyaagam chese vaaru amaraveerulu. ayithe, bahai vishwaasa sthaapakudu ayina bahavullah, okari jeevitaanni tyaagam cheyalane aksharartha ardhaanni nirutsaahaparichaaru. badulugaa, amaraveerudu antey manavatva sevalo tananu taanu ankitam chesukovadam anie ayana vivarinchaaru.
raajakeeya vyaktulu amaraveerulugaa arhulu.
raajakeeya amaraveerudu antey oka raajakeeya nammakam ledhaa kaaranaanni samarthinchinanduku, thyajinchinanduku, thyajinchadaaniki niraakarinchinanduku ledhaa vaadinchadaaniki niraakarinchinanduku himsa ledhaa maranaaniki guraina vyakti. pramukha raajakeeya amaraveerulalo
viplavakaarulaina amaraveerudu.
viplavaatmaka amaraveerudu" anae padam saadhaaranamgaa viplavaatmaka poraatamlo maraninche vaariki sambandhinchinadi. 20va sataabdamloo, eee bhavana mukhyamgaa communistu ledhaa saamyavaada viplavaala samskruti mariyu prachaaramlo abhivruddhi cheyabadindi, ayinappatikee idhi jaateeyavaada viplavaalaku sambandhinchi kooda upayoginchabadindi.