naanhela charitra

naanhela charitra cree. puu. modati sahasraabdi varaku vistarinchi undhi. naanhelaku mukhyamaina udaaharanalalo lydian simha naanhelu, pertian daric mariyu siglos, tong bii, dirham mariyu bangaaru dinar unnaayi.
naanhelu charitraku pradhana puraavastu vanarulu. eee chinna naanhelalo chithreekarinchadaaniki chaalaa unnaayi. rajyam, bhasha, paripalana, matam mariyu aardhika paristhiti gurinchi samacharanni telusukovadaaniki naanhelu sahaayapadataayi mariyu aaa naanheelanu mudrinchina palakudi paeru kooda telusukovacchu.
naanheelanu modata oka guddupai unchina suttini kottadam dwara lohapu mukkalatho tayaaru chesaaru. chaineeyulu pradhanamgaa taaraaganam naanheelanu utpatti chesaaru, idhi agneyasia mariyu japaanlaku vyaapinchindi. konni chaineeyulu kaanivaari taaraaganam naanheelanu prabhutvaalu utpatti chesinappatiki, nakileevaarilo idhi oka saadhaarana paddhati. 
prarambha naanhelu.
praacheena prapancham nundi inca telisina mottamodati naanhelaku ephesus yokka goppa artemis aalayam aadhaaraalanu andinchindi. abhayaaranyamlooni modati nirmaanaalu, taruvaati devalayala krinda lothugaa khananam cheyabaddaayi, kristupurvam enimidava sataabdaaniki chendinavi, mariyu appati nundi viluvaina vastuvulapai aaraadhanalo upayoginchabaddaayi ledhaa aame aaraadhakulu devataku ankitam chesaaru.
lydian simha naanhelu elaktramtho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, idhi sahajamgaa bangaaram mariyu venditho kuudina misramam, conny maarutuu unde viluvaina loha viluva kaligi untundi. mudra maadirigaane naanem meeda mudra vesina raaja simham chihnam, vishayaala viluvanu prakatinchadam. ivi neerugaa puraatana greeku naanhelaku mundu, dheeni dwara rome anni paaschaatya naanheelanu praarambhinchindi, dheeni dwara cellucids, paarthiyanlu mariyu sassanianlu anni islaamik naanheelanu roopondinchaaru. bharatiya naanhelu ekkuvagaa greeku, roman mariyu islaamik prabhaavaala utpattigaa unnaayi. chainees naanhelu, bahusha swatantramgaa abhivruddhi chendinappatikii, pantommidava sataabdam chivaralo paaschaatya taraha naanhelu vijayavantamayyaayi. aasiyaaloni, aafrikaaloni mariyu itara praantaalalo kooda naanhela tayaareeloo paaschaatya vidhananni avalambinchaayi.
lydian simhaanni kri. puu. 610-560 loe lydia yokka alliets mudrinchaaru. ayithe, puraatana naanheelanu vaanijyam mariyu vaanijyam kosam upayoginchadaaniki kontha samayam pattindi. bahusha oka roeju jeevanopaadhi viluvaina athi chinna viluva kaligina electrum naanhelu kooda rotte konadaniki chaalaa viluvainavi ayi undevi. trojan gurram agamemnon paeruku paryaayapadamgaa maarindi mariyu gurram yokka prateekatvam ayoliyaaloni saim nundi vacchina nanelapai mudra veyabadindi, bahusha vaari vamsam yokka saktini suuchistumdi. vaastavaaniki, saim yokka agamemnon kumarte, hermodike II, juuliyas pollux raaju midasnu vivaham chesukunna tarvaata srushtinchina dabbunu kanipettina ghanata pondindi-athanu taakina pratidaanni bangaramga maarchadaaniki prasiddhi chendaadu.
eee kathaku atyanta hetubaddhamaina vivarana emitante, athanu thana prajalanu vaari vyavasayam mariyu itara parisramala saakhala utpattulanu vaanijyam dwara dabbugaa marchamani prothsahinchaadu, akkadi nundi gananeeyamaina sampada thana sonta khajaanaaloki pravahinchindi... greeku vaaru aavishkarana anie pilichedi, nagarikatalo marinta abhivruddhi chendina deshaala nundi vaari [naanhela] gnaanaanni parichayam cheyadam.
ayithe, anni kathala maadirigaane, teedeelatoo samasya undhi. kristupurvam 8va sataabdamloo nijamaina raajaa mita nivasinchaadu, conny frigian rajyam koolipoye varaku naanhelu kanipettabadaledu. midas puraanaalatoe ayletla anubandham erpadindi, endukante lydian electrum pactolus nadhi nundi vachindi, dheenilo midas raaju taanu taakinavannii bangaramga marchagala thana saamarthyaanni kottukupooyaadani bhaavistunnaaru. ayletla pannu aadaayam athani mariyu athani koduku, crosus, vijayalaku aardhika sahayam chese nijamaina 'midas touch' kaavacchu. ionian nagaramaina miletus mariyu samos dveepamlo gurtinchadagina chitram laeni konni prii-naanhela rakalu upayoginchabaddaayi, ayithe saim nundi vacchina naanhelu, cree. puu. 600-550 chuttoo modatisaarigaa pampinhee cheyabadinappudu, gurram yokka chihnanni upayoginchadam gamaninchadagga vishayam-vaatini agamemnon intiki kattadam mariyu troipy greeku vijayam yokka keerti. bhougolikamgaa mariyu rajakeeyamgaa lydiaku daggaragaa unnanduna, saim vaari 'kuleenula pannu-matlade' aavishkarananu pourulaku andinchindi-tadwara saim yokka kathinamaina gurrapu thala vendi bhinnalu, hemiobols, rendava puraatana naanhela sheershikaku abhyardhigaa-mariyu modatidi ionian greekulu pedda ettuna retailing kosam upayoginchaaru, idhi market aardhika vyavasthanu prapanchamlooni migilina praantaalalo vaegamgaa vistarinchindi. puurva naanhelu nundi simham varaku, prarambha nanelapai gurrapu thala chitraala varaku purogatini choopinche kalakramam graphic kosam, praathamika electrum rakalanu chudandi.
appati nundi, naanhelu dabbu yokka atyanta saarvatrika swaroopamgaa unnaayi. eee modati naanhelu elaktramtho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, sahajamgaa labhinche laetha pasupu rangu bangaaram mariyu vendi misramam, idhi vendi mariyu raagitho marinta mishramamgaa cheyabadindi.
edemaina, pertian daric modati bangaaru naanem, idhe vidhamaina vendi naanem, siglos, (puraatana greeku σίγλος, hebru shkhel (shekel) nundi) acamenid pertian saamrajyam yokka dvi-loha dravya pramaanaanni suuchistumdi, idhi netikee konasaagindi. pertian, sussanid yugamlo pertian naanhelu kooda baga prasiddhi chendaayi. mukhyamgaa, susa mariyu ctesiphon loe.
puraatana kaalam naati atyanta prasiddha mariyu vistrutamgaa sekarinchina naanhelalo konni roman naanhelu mariyu greeku naanhelu.
byzantine saamrajyam aneka naanheelanu mudrinchindi ("byzantine karenseeni chudandi"), veetilo kraistava siluva mariyu vividha byzantine chakravartula chitraanni kaligi unna chaalaa sannani bangaaru naanhelu unnaayi.
7va sataabdapu umayyad khalifa naanhelalo vendi dirham mariyu bangaaru dinar unnaayi.
kristupurvam 11va sataabdaaniki chendina chainees shang raajavamsam yokka samadhi modati cast raagi manee tong bii emito choopistundi. naanheelanu poraadutunna raashtraala kaalam mariyu hohn raajavamsam vistrutamgaa upayoginchaayi. chainaalo chaalaa naanhelaku madhyalo oka randhram undedi, tadwara vaatini oka theegatho kattavachhu.
vendi mariyu bangaaru naanhelu charitra antataa, netikee atyanta saadhaaranamainavi mariyu vishwavyaaptamgaa gurtinchabaddaayi. prapanchavyaaptamgaa tankasaalalu ippatikee kenadian sylver mapul aaku, american goaled eegil mariyu australian naggetto sahaa millionla koddi bangaaram mariyu vendi naanheelanu tayaaru chestaayi. raagi, nickel mariyu itara lohaalu kooda saadhaaranam, conny takkuva viluvalalo untaayi.
pudiinaa saanketikatalu.
naanhelu modata lohapu mukkalatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. puraatana naanhelu oka guddupai unchina suttini kotte prakriya dwara utpatti cheyabaddaayi. prarambha electrum naanhela mundu bhaagamlo unna goppa vigraharadhana, vaati venuka bhaagamlo nistejamaina roopaaniki viruddhamgaa untundi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa punch maarkulanu matrame kaligi untundi. eee guddula aakaram mariyu sankhya vaati viluva mariyu baruvu-pramaanaanni batti maarutuu untaayi. 
 mottamodati naanhelalo "kathinamaina chokka" untundi, ikkada suttini neerugaa venuka vaipu kottaru. taruvaata saanketikata sutthi yokka lakshyanni meruguparachadaaniki "punch" nuu upayoginchindi, tarachugaa "chadarapu incuse", konnisaarlu swastika namuunaaku daariteestundi. tankam yokka gurtunu kaligi undataaniki mariyu chivaraku vaari swantha designu kaligi undataaniki guddulu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi-idhi rendu vaipula naanhelaku daariteesindi. kathinamaina inques nundi namuunaa riverse varaku purogatini choopinche timeline graphic kosam, praathamika electrum rakalanu chudandi. konni simha naanhelu puurtigaa counter maarkulatoe kappabadi untaayi, konni sandarbhaallo padhi kante ekkuva. eee gurtulanu bahusha dabbu marpidi chesevaaru mariyu bankerlu saraina baruvu mariyu mishramamgaa bhaavinche naanhelaku vartimpajesaaru (nakileelu asaadhaaranam kaadu). eee naanhelu mallee vaari chetulloki vasthe, vaaru vaari gurtulanu gurtistaaru mariyu naanheelanu mallee pareekshinchaalsina avasaram undadu.
chaineeyulu pradhanamgaa taaraaganam naanheelanu utpatti chesaaru, idhi agneyasia mariyu japaanlaku vyaapinchindi. chaalaa takkuva chainees kaani taaraaganam naanheelanu prabhutvaalu utpatti chesaayi, ayithe nakileevaarilo idhi oka saadhaarana paddhati. 18va sataabdam prarambham nundi mariyu antaku mundu varaku, paschimamlo screw preslatho praarambhinchi, aaviritoe nadiche pressla vaipu purogamistuu, preslanu (saadhaaranamgaa naanhela sekarana vruttaalalo millulu anie pilustaaru) upayogistunnaru. veetilo modati mudranaalayaalu france mariyu germanylalo abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi mariyu twaragaa britanku vyaapinchayi. aadhunika tankasala paddhatulu vidyut mariyu hydraulic preslanu upayogistaayi.
pudiinaa paddhati rakam (sutthi, milling ledhaa cast cheyadam) naanem kosam upayoginchagala padaarthaalanu parimitam chestundi. udaaharanaku, lohapu pelusu swabhaavam kaaranamgaa, antimony naanhelu (ivi chaalaa arudu) daadaapu ellappuduu udaaharanalugaa untaayi, tadwara idhi vaikalyam chendithe virigipotundi, idhi milling mariyu hammering prakriyaloo keelaka bhaagam.

