
lothaina bhoogarbha sthaayi

lothaina bhoogarbha sthaayi antey bhoomi krinda 20 meterlu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva ettulo unna nirmaanam, idhi cutt-und-cover paddhatini upayoginchadu, mukhyamgaa railu stationlu, air raid shelterlu mariyu bankarlu mariyu konni soramgaalu mariyu ganulu. cutt-und-cover anedi nissara soramgaala nirmaanaaniki oka saadhaarana paddhati, ikkada oka kandakaanni tavvutaaru mariyu sorangam paina nirminchavalasina vaati bharanni moyadaniki taginanta balamaina ovar head maddatu nirmaanamtho paikappu veyabadutundi.
charitra.
maining.
tudor kaalam chivari natiki (eshaanya inglandlo, mariyu skaatlaandlooni teeram vembadi) kontha lothaina tavvakam jariginappatikee, britainlo lothaina shaft tavvakam 18va sataabdam chivaralo vistrutamgaa abhivruddhi chendadam praarambhinchindi, 19va sataabdam antataa mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo parisrama sikharagra sthaayiki cherukunnappudu vaegamgaa vistarinchindi. 1800 kii mundu, velikiteeta ippatikee praacheenamainadi kabatti chaalaa chotla boggu migili undedi. phalitamgaa, lothaina tainside guntalalo (300 nundi 1,000 adugula lothu) boggulo 40 saatam matrame velikiteesaaru. paikappuku maddatugaa chekka pitt praaplanu upayoginchadam anedi 1800 loe modatisaarigaa pravesapettina oka aavishkarana.
ravana vyavasthalu.
soramgaalu mariyu staeshanlatoe ravana vyavasthala kosam edainaa pranaalikalu roopondinchadaaniki mundu, aneka railway operatorlu saadhaaranamgaa railway line yokka gradenu tagginchadaaniki saruku ravana mariyu prayaaneekula railla kosam soramgaalanu upayoginchaaru. udaaharanalalo 1804 nundi penidaren locomotive kosam nirminchina trevithic sorangam, liverpool vadda 1829 crown streat sorangam mariyu liverpool vadda 1836 podavaina sunnam veedhi sorangam unnaayi, veetilo oka bhaagam netikee upayoginchabadutondi, idhi prapanchamlone atyanta puraatanamaina upayoginchina sorangam.
prapanchamlooni mottamodati pattana bhoogarbha railway metropolitan railway, idhi janavari 10,1863naa praarambhinchabadindi. idhi ekkuvagaa nissara soramgaalalo nirminchabadindi (cutt und cover vadda marinta chudandi) mariyu eee rojullo london bhoogarbhamlo bhaagam. idhi aaviri raillanu upayoginchi nirvahinchabadindi, mariyu aneka ventilation shaftlanu srushtinchinappatikii, prayaanikulaku mariyu operating sibbandiki anaarogyakaramainadi mariyu asoukaryamgaa undhi. ayinappatikee, daani raillu modati nundi prachuryam pondaayi mariyu metropolitan railway mariyu pootii metropolitan jilla railway central london chuttoo lopali vruttaanni (1884loe puurtayimdi) mariyu vaayuvya disalo (prakkane unna graameena praantaalaku vistarinchi undhi), paschima, nairuti mariyu thoorpu (ekkuvagaa 1904 natiki puurtayimdi) varaku vistrutamaina suburban saakhala vyavasthanu abhivruddhi chesaayi.
liverpool james streat railway station, birkenheadloni hamilton square bhoogarbha station kalisi prapanchamlooni atyanta puraatana lothaina bhoogarbha stationlu, ayithe london yokka bhoogarbha stationlu cutt-und-cover paddhati dwara nirminchina veedhi uparitalam krinda unnaayi. stationlu chaalaa lothugaa undevi, sulabhamgaa cherukovadaniki lifting avasaram, idhi modati lift-access stationlanu kaligi undatamlo maroka prapanchamlone modatidi. liftulu jalamaargamlo nadichevi.
modati lothaina-sthaayi gottapu maargam, nagaram mariyu dakshina london railway kosam, king vilium veedhi (neti smaaraka kendraaniki daggaragaa) mariyu stockwell madhya rendu vyasala vruttaakaara gottapu soramgaalu tavvabaddaayi, uparitalampai aasti yajamaanulato oppandam avasaram lekunda undataaniki paie rahadaarula krinda anusarinchaayi. idhi 1890loe electric lokomotivlatho praarambhinchabadindi, ivi "padded sels" anae maaruperuto chinna apaaradarsaka kitikeelatoo carriagelanu laagutaayi.
nirmaanam.
cutt-und-cover anedi nissara soramgaala nirmaanaaniki oka saadhaarana paddhati, ikkada oka kandakaanni tavvutaaru mariyu sorangam paina nirminchabade vaati bharanni bharinchenta balamgaa unna ovar head maddatu nirmaanamtho paikappu veyabadutundi. aadhunika lothaina sthaayi nirmaanam saadhaaranamgaa sorangam boaring yantraalanu upayoginchadam dwara jarugutundi.
londonlo, circle, district, hamarsmith & city mariyu metropolitan linelu anevi uparitalam krinda railway soramgaalanu kaligi unna upa-uparitala networklo nadiche sevalu, ivi ekkuvagaa "cutt-und-cover" paddhatini upayoginchi nirminchabaddaayi. eee soramgaalu mariyu raillu british pradhana maargaalloni vaatitho samaana parimaanamlo untaayi. sutthi mariyu nagaram mariyu vruttaakaara margalu vaati anni stationlanu mariyu chaalaa varaku tracknu itara maargaalato panchukuntaayi. bakerloo, central, jubely, uttara, pikkadilli, victoria mariyu vaatarloo & city linelu lothaina-sthaayi gottapu linelu, ivi cast iron ledhaa precast concreat valayaalatoe kappabadina sumaru vyaasamtho rendu vruttaakaara soramgaala gundaa nadiche chinna raillanu upayogistaayi, ivi tunnelling sheeldnu upayoginchi visugu chendhi untaayi. veetini tube linelugaa suuchimchaevaaru, ayithe 1950la nundi "tube" anae padaanni mottam london bhoogarbha vyavasthanu suuchimchadaaniki upayoginchadam praarambhinchaaru.
lothaina railu stationlu.
swatantra raashtraala kaamanveltloni aneka metro vyavasthalu, alaage konni london bhoogarbha margalu lothaina sthaayi stationlanu kaligi unnappatikee, lothaina sthaayi railu stationlu saadhaaranam kaadu. amalulo unna atyanta lothaina mainline railu station, jerusalem-yitzac navan, veedhi sthaayi nundi 80 meterla diguvana platformlanu kaligi undhi.

