
kumintang charitra

kuwomintang (kimiti) anedi chaina poura yuddham phalitamgaa taivaanku maarchabadataaniki mundu 1927 nundi 1949 varaku chaina pradhana bhoobhaganni paalinchina chaina raajakeeya party. eee party paerunu "chaina jaateeya prajala party" anie anuvadistaaru mariyu chaaritraatmakamgaa dheenini chaina jaateeyavaadulu anie pilustaaru. eee party modatlo 1912 augustu 23naa sunn yaat-saine chetha sthaapinchabadindi, conny 1913 novemberlo raddu cheyabadindi. idhi 1919 october 10naa punarnirminchabadindi, mallee sunn yaat-saine netrutvamlo, chainaalo paalaka partyga maarindi. sunn maranam taruvaata, 1927 nundi 1975 varaku paarteelo chiang kaii-shake aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru. 1949loe chaina communistu paarteetho jarigina antaryuddhamlo kimiti odipoyina taruvaata, aaa party taivaanku tirigi velli, taivaanlo unna republic off chaina yokka pradhana raajakeeya partyga migilipoyindi.
sunn yaath-saine 1912loe sthaapinchina eee kimiti, king raajavamsaanni padagottadaaniki sahaayapadindi mariyu paaschaatya margallo aadhuneekarananu prothsahinchindi. eee party majority partyga unna modati chaina modati jaateeya assemblylo mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchindi. ayithe kimiti puurti niyantrananu saadhinchadamlo viphalamaindi. viplavamlo ayana chesina krushiki bahumatigaa yuvan shikay (1859-1916) kuu adhyaksha padavini icchaaru. yuvan shikay thana adhikaaraalanu durviniyogam chesi, raajyaamgaanni adhigaminchi, tanaku, itara paarteelaku madhya balamaina udriktatalanu srushtinchaadu. 1913 joolailo, yuvaannu tolaginchadaaniki kimiti 'rendava viplavam' nirvahinchindi. idhi viphalamaindi mariyu yuvan tadupari charya kimeeti raddu mariyu daani naayakatvam, ekkuvagaa japanku bahishkarinchadaaniki daariteesindi. aaa taruvaata yuvan shikay swayamgaa chaina chakravartigaa niyaminchabaddaadu.
pravaasamlo, sunn yaath-saine mariyu itara maajee kimeeti sabhyulu vividha paerlatoe aneka viplavaatmaka paarteelanu sthaapinchaaru, conny peddagaa vijayam saadhinchaledu. eee paarteelu 1919loe "chaina quimintang" anae birudutho suuryudichae ekam cheyabaddaayi. kotta party 1920loe chainaalooni gwangjouki tirigi vachindi, akkada adhi prabhutvaanni erpaatu chesindi, conny chaina mottam meeda niyantrana saadhinchadamlo viphalamaindi. 1916loe yuvan shikay maranam taruvaata, chaina yuddhaveerula niyantranalo unna aneka praantalugaa vidipoyindi. party sthaanaanni balopetam cheyadaaniki, adhi soviet union mariyu daani commintern nundi sahayam mariyu maddatunu angeekarinchindi. kotta chainees communist party kii. mea. tii loe chaeradaaniki prothsahinchabadindi, tadwara modati aikya kuutamini erpaatu chesindi. kimeeti kramamga daani gwangjou sthaavaram nundi daani prabhava paridhini penchindi. sunn yaat-saine 1925loe maraninchaadu mariyu chiang kaii-shake (1887-1975) kmt balamaina vyakti ayyadu. 1926loe chiang desamloni chaalaa bhaganni niyantrinche yuddhaveerulapai uttara dandayaatra anie piluvabade sainika charyaku naayakatvam vahinchaadu. 1927loe, shangailo april 12naa jarigina sanghatananu chiang prerepinchaadu, dheenilo chainees communist party mariyu communist vargaalu prakshaalana cheyabaddaayi. uttara dandayaatra vijayavantamaindi mariyu 1927loe chiang naayakatvamlo chaina antataa (manchuria minaha) kimiti party adhikaaramloki vachindi. dakshina chainaalo party balamaina sthaavaraaniki daggaragaa undataaniki chaina rajadhani nanajingku maarchabadindi.
party ellappuduu chaina gurtimpunu balopetam cheyadampai shraddha vahinchindi, adhe samayamlo aadhunikata paerita paatha sampradaayaalanu vismaristondi. 1929loe, kmt prabhutvam madhyamika vidyalo vistrutamgaa upayoginche "aadhunika chainees charitra" anae paatyapustakaanni anachivesindi. praacheena chaina charitralo toli chakravartula unikini angeekarinchakapovadam dwara, eee pustakam rashtra punaadini balaheenaparustundani jaateeyavaadulu aandolana chendaaru. aadhunika chainees charitra" paatyapustakam aaa kaalapu lakshanaalanu pratibimbistumdih paatyapustakaanni nishedhinchadam jaateeyavaadula saiddhaantika niyantrananu balopetam chesindi, conny kotta samskruti udyamam mariyu daani marinta udaaramaina saiddhaantika chikkula gurinchi vaari bhayanni kooda velladinchindi. communistu party ayina maavo zedong nuu naasanam cheyadaaniki kii. mea. tii prayatninchindi, conny chaalaa teerapraantaanni mariyu pradhana nagaralanu niyantrinche japan dandayaatranu aapalekapoyindi, chiang kaii-shake united states nundi bhaarii sainika mariyu aardhika sahayanni pondaadu, 1945loe veetotho un security kounsillooni aidu shaashwata sabhyulalo okarigaa maaradu. 1949loe jarigina antaryuddhamlo kamyoonistula chetilo odipoye varaku chainaalo chaalaa bhaganni eee communistu paalinchindi.
naayakatvam, migilina sainyam, lakshalaadi mandhi vyaapaaravaettalu, itara maddatudaarulu, mottam rendu millionlu, taivaanku paaripoyaaru. vaaru akkada "republic off chaina" gaa panicheyadam konasaaginchaaru mariyu vaaru "pradhana bhuubhaagam chaina" anie piliche daanipai daadi chesi tirigi swaadheenam chesukovalani kalalu kannaru. ayithe, 1950 taruvaata united states oka naukaadala sarihaddunu erpaatu chesindi, idhi appati nundi rendu disalalo dandayaatranu nirodhinchindi. chiang kaii-shake mariyu athani kumarudu chiang ching-kuvo (1910-1988) niyantrutva paalanalo 30,000 mandhi pratyarthulanu champi, kimeeti paalana eee dveepaanni 38 samvatsaraala paatu sainika chattam krinda unchindi. asalu naayakatvam antharinchipovadamtho, 1990la praarambhamlo paarlamentu puurti sthaayilo ennika, 1996loe modati pratyaksha adhyaksha ennikalatho ennikalu nirvahinchaalsi vachindi, prajaswaamyaanni anumatinchindi. 2000loe prajaasvaamya pragatiseela party chetilo otami taruvaata, 2008 mariyu 2012 ennikalaloo eee community tirigi adhikaaramloki vachindi.
prarambha samvatsaraalu.
kumintang daani muulaalanu 1895loe sthaapinchabadina punaruddharinchabadina chaina samaajamlo gurtistundi, idhi 1905loe viplavaatmaka kuutamigaa aneka itara raacharika vyatiraeka samaajaalato vileenam cheyabadindi. 1911 jinhai viplavamlo king raajavamsaanni padagotti, chaina ganatantram sthaapinchabadina taruvaata, kumintang adhikarikamga 1912 augustu 25naa beijinglooni hugang gilled haallo sthaapinchabadindi, akkada viplavaatmaka kootami mariyu aneka chinna viplavaatmaka samuuhaalu modati jaateeya assembly ennikalaloo pootii cheyadaaniki cheraayi. republic off chaina taatkaalika adhyakshudiga ippude padaveeviramana chesina sunn yaat-seen, premiere () anae birudutho daani mottam nayakudiga empika cheyabaddaadu, mariyu huwang jingnu sunn deputyga empika chesaaru. edemaina, paarteelo atyanta prabhaavavantamaina sabhyudu moodava rank paata georen, rajyanga parliamentary prajaswaamyaanni prothsahinche vedikapai kii. mea. tii kosam kuleenulu mariyu vyaapaarula nundi saamuuhika maddatunu sameekarinchaaru. modati jaateeya assemblylo paarteeki adhika majority unnappatikee, adhyakshudu yuvan shikay raajyaamgaaniki viruddhamgaa adhyaksha nirnayaalu teesukovadamlo parliamentary samsthanu vismarinchadam praarambhinchaadu mariyu 1913loe shanghailo daani parliamentary nayakudu sang georennu hatya chesaadu. sunn yaat-saine netrutvamloni kimiti sabhyulu juulai 1913loe rendava viplavanni pradarsinchaaru, yuvaannu padagottadaaniki paelavamaina pranaalika mariyu asamartha maddatu kaligina saayudha rising viphalamaindi.
yuvan navambarulo kii. mea. tii. nii raddu chesi (dheeni sabhyulu ekkuvagaa japaanlo bahishkarinchabaddaaru) 1914 praarambhamlo paarlamentunu tolaginchaaru. yuvan shikay 1915 decemberlo tananu taanu chakravartigaa prakatinchukunnadu. 1914loe japaanlo bahishkarinchabadinappudu, sunn chainees viplava paarteeni sthaapinchaadu, kaani huwang zing, wang jingway, huu hanmin mariyu chenn jiangminglatho sahaa athani paatha viplava sahacharulu chaalaa mandhi athanitho chaeradaaniki ledhaa yuvan shikay kuu vyatiraekamgaa saayudha tirugubaatunu prerepinchadamlo athani prayatnaalaku maddatu ivvadaaniki niraakarinchaaru. chaina viplava paarteelo chaeradaaniki, sabhyulu suuryuniki vyaktigata vidheyathatho pramaanam cheyali, idhi chaalaa mandhi paatha viplavakaarulu aprajaswamikamga mariyu viplavam yokka sphuurtiki viruddhamgaa bhaavinchaaru. anduvalla, chaalaa mandhi paatha viplavakaarulu sunn yokka kotta samsthalo cheraledu, mariyu eee kaalamlo athanu republican udyamamlo ekkuvagaa pakkana pettabaddadu. gwangjoulo pratyarthi prabhutvaanni sthaapinchadaaniki sunn 1917loe chainaku tirigi vacchaadu, conny ventane padavi nundi balavantamgaa tolaginchabadi shanghaiki bahishkarinchabaddaadu. akkada, punaruddharinchabadina maddatutoe, athanu 1919 aktobaru 10naa kimeeteeni punarutthaanam chesaadu, conny paatha paarteeni kevalam kumintang anie pilicheevaaru kabatti "chainees" kumintang paerutoe punarutthaanam chesaadu. 1920loe, gwangdanglo suuryudu mariyu kimiti punaruddharinchabaddayi. 1923loe, paaschaatya saktulu gurtimpunu niraakarinchina taruvaata, kimiti mariyu daani prabhutvam soviet union nundi sahayanni angeekarinchaayi. soviet salahaadaarulu-veerilo atyanta pramukhudu mikhail borodine, communist yokka agent-1923loe chainaku ravadam praarambhinchaaru, soviet union communist party tarahaalo kimiti punarvyavastheekarana mariyu ekikaranalo sahaayapadataaniki, 1990la varaku konasagina leninist party nirmaanaanni sthaapinchaaru. chainees communist party (sisipi) kimiteetho sahakarinchamani commintern suuchanala krinda undhi, mariyu daani sabhyulu tama pratyeka party gurtimpulanu konasaagistuu cheramani prothsahinchabaddaaru, rendu paarteela madhya modati aikya frontnu erpaatu chesaaru.
saamuuhika sameekarana paddhatulalo pracharakulaku sikshana ivvadaaniki oka raajakeeya samsthanu erpaatu cheyadaaniki jaateeyavaadulaku soviet salahaadaarulu kooda sahayam chesaaru, 1923loe tongmenghui rojula nundi suuryuni leftinentlalo okaraina chiang kaii-shakenu aneka nelala sainika mariyu raajakeeya adhyayanam kosam mascoku pampaaru. 1924loe jarigina modati party congress loe, indulo sii. sii. pii. sabhyulu vanti kii. mea. tii kaani pratinidhulu unnaaru, vaaru jaateeyavaadam, prajaswamyam mariyu prajala jeevanopaadhi anae moodu suutraalanu kaligi unna sunn raajakeeya siddhaantaanni sweekarinchaaru.
communistulatho yuddham.
sunn yaath-saine maranam taruvaata, general chiang kaii-shake kimeeti nayakudiga udbhavinchi, 1926loe uttara yuddha nayakulanu oodinchadaaniki mariyu chainanu party kinda ekam cheyadaaniki uttara dandayaatranu praarambhinchaadu. chaina antaryuddhaaniki daariteesina kmtho pottu pettukunna kamyoonistulanu prakshaalana cheyadaaniki 1927loe ayana shangailo kontakaalam aagaru. gatamlo satruvula yuddhaveerulache niyantrinchabadinappatiki, eee nagaram antarjaateeyamgaa "dii jyoor" gaa gurtinchabadina rajadhaanigaa unnanduna, kumintang dalaalu beijingnu swaadheenam chesukunnappudu, eee sanghatana adhe samvatsaramlo kumintangku vistrutamaina dautya gurtimpunu andukovadaniki veelu kalpinchindi. rajadhani beijing nundi ming raajavamsam yokka asalu rajadhani ayina nanjingku maarchabadindi, tadwara tudi quing amsaala sanketha prakshaalana jarigindi. 1927 mariyu 1937 madhya chainaalo kimeeti paalana kaalam nonging dasaabdam gaa prasiddhi chendindi.
mottamgaa, eee kimiti american-prerepita samaakhyavaadam mariyu praantiiya swaatantryaanni samardhinche vaividhyamaina samuuhamgaa praarambhamaindi. ayithe, soviet praatipadikana daani punarvyavastheekarana taruvaata, party oka bhaavajaalamto kendrikruta yeka-party rashtraanni sthaapinchaalani lakshyamgaa pettukundi-prajala moodu suutraalu. suuryudu thana maranam taruvaata oka mataparamaina vyaktigaa edigina taruvaata idhi marinta spashtamgaa kanipinchindi. oke party niyantrana "raajakeeya sikshana" kaalam praarambhamaindi, dheenilo prajaasvaamya vyavasthalo elaa palgonalo prajalaku suuchistuu, party prabhutvaanni niyantristundi. aneka sainika dandayaatrala taruvaata mariyu german sainika salahaadaarula sahayamtho (german pranaalika aidava "nirmuulana pracharam"), communistlu dakshina mariyu madhya chainaalooni tama sthaavaraala nundi parvataalaloki pedda ettuna sainika tirogamanamlo upasamharinchukovalasi vachindi, dheenini long march anie pilustaaru, idhi chivariki raitulalo vaari pratishtanu penche oka baadhyata. jebulo nundi bayatapadina 86,000 mandhi communistu sainikulalo 20,000 mandhi matrame shansey provinsku 10,000 kilometres prayaanam chestaaru. kumintang communistulapy daadi konasaaginchaaru. idhi bahya dandayaatralatoo (japan) pooraadataaniki mundu antargata sangharshanhalanu (yuddhaveerulu mariyu communistlu) parishkarinche chiang vidhaanaaniki anugunamgaa undhi. edemaina, japan dandayaatra ekkuva prabalamaina muppu anie namme jhang shueliang, 1937loe zian sanghatana samayamlo chiangnu bandeegaa teesukunnadu mariyu japaneeyulaku vyatiraekamgaa jarigina mottam yuddhamlo communistulatho pottu pettukoodaaniki oppukomani chiangnu balavantam chesaadu. rendava sino-japanese yuddham adhikarikamga praarambhamaindi, 1945loe japaneeyulu longipoye varaku konasaagindi. ayithe, aneka sandarbhaallo kootami paeruloe matrame undhi; kontakaalam sahakaram taruvaata, sainyalu samanvaya mitrulugaa kakunda vidigaa japaneeyulatho poradatam praarambhinchaayi. yuddha samayamlo kimiti mariyu kamyoonistula madhya gharshanalu ippatikee saadhaaranam, mariyu kimiti dalaalapai communist daadula gurinchi document chesina vaadanalu, mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa, pushkalamgaa unnaayi.
eee sanghatanalalo, communistlu gerilla vyuuhaalanu enchukunnappudu, kimeeti sainyalu saadhaaranamgaa marinta saampradaaya vyuuhaalanu upayoginchaayi, communistlu tarachugaa kimeeti dalaalaku maddatu ivvadaaniki niraakarinchaarani, upasamharinchukovaalani mariyu japanese daadula bharanni kimeeti dalaalanu teesukoonivvaalani enchukunnaarani kimeeti vaadanalaku daariteesindi. japan dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa gowravinchabadina idhe gerilla vyuuhaalu, taruvaata bahiranga antaryuddham samayamlo, alaage korea yuddham mariyu yuu. ess loe mitraraajyaala dalaalu goppa vijayaniki upayoginchabaddaayi.ess. vietnam yuddhamlo dalaalu.
1945-49.
japan otami taruvaata communistlu mariyu kimiti madhya puurti sthaayi antaryuddham tirigi praarambhamaindi. communistu sainyalu, gatamlo oka chinna vargam, kimiti vaipu nundi aneka tappula kaaranamgaa prabhavam mariyu adhikaaramlo vaegamgaa vruddhi chendaih modata, japanese longipoyina taruvaata kimiti dalaala sthaayilanu vaegamgaa tagginchindi, pedda sankhyalo samarthulaina, sikshana pondina poraata purushulanu vadilivesindi, vaaru nirudyogulugaa maararu mariyu kamyoonistulaku pradhana niyamakalaga kimeeteetho asantrupti chendaaru.
rendavadi, kimeeti paalana pathanaaniki kontavaraku prabhutva aardhika vidhaanaale kaaranamani cheppavacchu, idhi kimeeti yokka balamaina maddatudaarulugaa unna vyaapaaravaettalaloo muuladhana vimananni prerepinchindi. chaina parisramalo patthi vastra parisrama pramukha rangamgaa undedi, conny 1948loe mudi patthi korata parisramanu teevra sankshobhamloki nettindi. taginanta sarafaraanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki utpattidaarula nundi neerugaa pattini sekarinchi, patthi daaram mariyu vastraalapai dharalanu nilipivese dookudu niyantrana vidhaanamtho kii. mea. prabhutvam pratispandinchindi. 1948 chivarilo mariyu 1949 praarambhamlo dharalu peragadamtho mariyu dravyolbanam adupu tappinappudu vastra soukaryaalu mariyu muuladhanaanni hankong ledhaa taivaanku marchina patthi vastra paarisraamikavettala pratighatana kaaranamgaa eee vidhanam viphalamaindi. vaaru maddatu upasamharinchukovadam kimeeti yokka manosthairyaaniki debba.
dravyolbanaanni niyantrinchadaaniki chepattina atyanta dweshapurita mariyu asamarthamaina prayatnaalalo okati 1948 augustulo jaateeya khazanaku bangaaru pramaanamgaa mariyu bangaaru praamaanika lipi (goaled standard script) gaa marchadam, bangaaram, vendi mariyu videshee maaraka dravyam yokka private yajamanyanni nishedhinchadam, atuvanti viluvaina lohaalu mariyu videshee maaraka dravyaalannintinii prajala nundi sekarinchadam mariyu badulugaa bangaaru praamaanika lipini jaarii cheyadam. kotta script kevalam padhi nelallo panikiraanidigaa maarindi mariyu kmt avineetiparudaina ledhaa atyuttamamgaa asamartha samsthagaa desavyaapta avagahananu baga balopetam chesindi. moodavadi, chiang kaii-shake pattaneekarana nagaralanu rakshinchamani thana dalaalanu aadesinchaadu. eee nirnayam kamyoonistulaku graameena praantaala gundaa swechchagaa prayaaninchae avakaasaanni ichindi. modata, united states nundi aayudhalu mariyu mandugundu samagri sahayamtho kimeeti anchu kaligi undhi. ayithe, adhika dravyolbanam mariyu itara aardhika rugmatalu, vistrutamaina avineetiki, kimiti prajala maddatunu kolpovadam konasaagindi. adhe samayamlo, american sahayanni nilipiveyadam mariyu communistu kaaranaaniki niyaminchabadina vaelaadi mandhi nirjana ledhaa upasamharinchukunna sainikulu communist vaipuku twaragaa adhikara samatulyatanu suuchimchaaru, mariyu desamloni chaalaa praantaallo kamyoonistulaku vipareetamaina prajaadarana pondina maddatu communistulapy vijayavantamaina daadulanu nirvahinchadam kimiti dalaalaku asadhyamga chesindi. 1949 chivari natiki, communistlu chaina pradhana bhuubhaagam mottaanni niyantrinchaaru, endukante chaina jaateeya sampada gananeeyamaina mottamlo mariyu sainika dalaalu mariyu saranaarthulathoo sahaa 2 millionla mandhi prajalatho taivaanku tirigi vellaaru. kontamandi party sabhyulu pradhana bhoobhaagamlo undi, pradhana kimeeti nundi vidipoyi, kuwomintang yokka viplavaatmaka kamiteeni erpaatu chesaaru, idhi prastutam peeples republic off chainaalo enimidi chinna namodaina paarteelalo okatigaa undhi.
chaina pradhana bhoobhaagamlo bhaavajaalam (1920-1950).
chainees jaateeyavaadam.
kuwomintang anedi soviet union maddatu icchina jaateeyavaada viplavaatmaka party. idhi leninism meeda nirvahinchabadindi.
viplavaatmaka aalochana dwara kumintang daani bhaavajaalampai aneka prabhavalanu migilchindi. kumintang mariyu chiang kaii-shake bhuswamya mariyu prati viplavaatmaka padaalanu chedu mariyu venukabaatudalaku paryayapadaluga upayoginchaaru mariyu garvamgaa tamanu taamu viplavaatmakulugaa prakatinchaaru. chiang yuddhaprabhuvulanu bhuusvaamyavaadulu anie pilichi, bhuusvaamyavaadam mariyu prati viplavakaarulanu kumintang chetha tolaginchaalani pilupunicchaadu. pratikuula, bhuswamya ardhaala kaaranamgaa, chiangnu yuddha nayakudani pilichinappudu teevra kopam choopinchaadu. maa bufang aaropanalaku vyatiraekamgaa tananu taanu rakshinchukovalasi vachindi, mariyu thana sainyam "jaateeya sainyam, prajala shakti" loe bhagamani vaartaa maadhyamaalaku cheppadu.
chaina vyavaharalalo jokyam chesukovadam gurinchi kuwomintang adhipati chiang kaii-shake soviet union mariyu itara videshee deshaalanu heccharinchaaru. chainaatho vidaeseeyulu, pradhanamgaa soviet union, britton mariyu united states vyavaharinchina teerupai ayana vyaktigatamgaa kopamgaa unnaaru. athanu mariyu athani kotta jeevita udyamam chainaalo soviet, paaschaatya, american mariyu itara videshee prabhavalanu anichiveyaalani pilupunicchaaru. kmtloni sisi click sabhyudu chenn liphu matladutu, "communism soviet saamraajyavaadam nundi udbhavinchindi, idhi mana deshaanni aakraminchindi."uttara dhruvamloni tella elugubanti daani durmargam mariyu krooratvaaniki prasiddhi chendindi" anie kooda gurtinchabadindi."
chaina antataa unna kumintang nayakulu jaateeyavaada vaakchaaturyaanni sweekarinchaaru. chaina muslim general maa bufang off kinghoy, thana prabhutvam bhuswamya, tibetanlu, bouddha mangolu vanti anachivetaku guraina minoritylamani pratyarthula vimarsalanu tippikottadaaniki, british saamraajyavaadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa poradi, chaina prajalaku tananu taanu chainees jatiyavadiga choopinchaadu. tananu taanu adhikaaramlo unchukoovadaaniki thana chaina jaateeyavaada aadhaaraalanu thana prayojanaaniki upayoginchukunnadu.
sampradaayavaada prabhavalu.
taivaanlo sampradaayavaadam anedi oka vistruta raajakeeya tatvasaastram, idhi taivaaneekarana mariyu taivanese saarvabhoumatvaaniki viruddhamgaa, republic off chaina (aarosi) yokka antarjaateeya bhadrata mariyu aardhika abhivruddhiki oka-chaina vidhananni keelaka bhaagamgaa samarthistundi. praathamika sampradaayavaada aalochanalu confucian viluvalu mariyu sunn yaat-saine bodhanalatho sambandham unna chainees tatvasaastram yokka tantuvulapai aadharapadi unnaayi, idhi saamaajika mariyu aardhika sthaayilalo vyaktula jeevitaalalo sannihitamgaa jokyam chesukune pedda kendrikruta prabhutvam mariyu ekikruta sinocentric jaateeya gurtimpu nirmaanam. taivaanlo sampradaayavaada bhaavajaalam kumintang (kimeeti) party mariyu paan-blue camp yokka swabhaavam mariyu vidhaanaalanu kaligi untundi.
cross-strait vidhanam.
republic off chaina (aarosi) mariyu peeples republic off chaina (prc) madhya sambandhaalu videsanga vyavaharalalo taiwan yokka pradhana aandolana. vistruta konamlo, sampradaayavaada cross-strait vaikhari oka-chaina bhavanaku kattubadi untundi, idhi kumintang (kimeeti) dwara suuchimchabadutumdi. ayithe, eee yeka-chaina tatvaanni party shrenilo vileenam cheyadam gananeeyamgaa maarindi. chiang kaii-shake adhyaksha padavi mugise samayaniki, sainika shakti dwara samuulamaina anukuula ekikarana yokka agenda nemmadigaa saantiyuta mariyu vyuuhaatmaka korikagaa maarindi, ayithe pootii sahajeevanam anedi puurtigaa vivaadaaniki badulu. kalakramena, taruvaati vyuuham 1992 ekaabhipraayam phalitamgaa vann-chaina suutramgaa ekikrutamaindi, idhi taiwan mariyu pradhana bhuubhaagam rendintitho kuudina ekikruta samsthanu pratipaadinchindi, adhe samayamlo praatinidhya samasyanu vivaranaku terichi unchindi. tulanaatmaka drukkonam nundi, taiwan saarvabhoumaadhikaaram kinda suuchimchabadina taiwan yokka ontaritanam mariyu abhadrataku vyatiraekamgaa heccharistuu, sampradaayavaadulu prc thoo communication nundi aardhika mariyu bhadrata prayojanaalanu pondutaaru. taiwan raajakeeya sampradaayavaadulaku, yathaathatha sthithi anukuulamaina daanikante takkuvagaa untundi, conny kaneesam swaatantryam kante merugga untundi.
desheeya vidhanam.
taivaanlo sampradaayavaada desheeya vidhanam vidhanam mariyu nirnayam teesukovadamlo balamaina prabhutvaanni pratibimbistumdi, dheenilo rashtram vyaktula kosam chorava teesukuntundi mariyu vaari rojuvaaree jeevitamlo sannihitamgaa jokyam chesukuntundi. idhi pourula swechhanu gowravinchadaaniki saamaajika jeevita paridhi meeda panichese oka chinna prabhutvaaniki maddatu ichhe paaschaatya raajakeeya sampradaayavaadaaniki viruddhamgaa untundi. anduvalla, sampradaayavaada kimeeti vidhanalu confucian aalochana yokka sampradaayaalu mariyu siddhaantaanni konasaginchadampai drushti pettadam dwara kooda vargeekarinchabadavachhu, avi taiwan samaajamlo pitrutvam mariyu pitruswamya naitikatanu balopetam chestaayi. antekakunda, sampradaayavaadam pratipaksha paarteela anubandha swaatantyra anukuula udyamamlo maarpu yokka anischitiki viruddhamgaa, oka chaina suutram kinda yathaathatha sthithini kaapaadadampai drushti pedutundi, idhi kimeeti party yokka saampradaaya raajakeeya aalochananu kaligi untundi. vistruta sthaayilo, taivaanlooni raajakeeya sampradaayavaadam nirmaanam chuttoo, taruvaata sinocentrism aadhaaramgaa ekikruta chainees jaateeya gurtimpunu kapadatam chuttoo tirugutundi. paaschaatya sampradaayavaadulaku oka praathamika aandolananu niyantrinche bahulasaamskrutikata muppunu pooli untundi.ii. united states, kimeeti vidhanalu aadima samskrutini pradhana sravanti chainees gurtimpulo ekikrutam cheyadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa unnaayi.
aardhika vidhanam.
aardhika vidhaanaala paramgaa, taivaanlo sampradaayavaadaanni atyanta jokyavaadamgaa varninchavachhu. jaateeya aardhika vyavastha abhivruddhi prayojanam kosam kendramgaa pranaalika cheyabadindi mariyu rashtram mariyu samajam madhya takkuva vibhajana undhi. idhi aardhika vyavaharalalo prabhutva jokyam takkuvagaa ledhaa yea vidhamgaanuu korukoni aardhika sampradaayavaadam yokka saadhaarana bhavananu vyatirekistundi. eee saiddhaantika vyatyaasam taivanese sampradaayavaadam yokka confucian muulaala nundi udbhavinchindi. tandri kutumbaaniki adhipati ayina confucian pitrutva bhavananu anusarinchi, sampradaayavaadulu rashtraanni samaajaaniki adhipatigaa chuustaaru. anduvalla, abhivruddhini prothsahinchadam dwara mariyu aardhika vyavaharalalo jokyam chesukovadam dwara rashtram prajala sreyassunu nirdhaarinchaali. sampradaayavaada vidhaanaalaku udaaharanalalo bhuu samskaranalu, egumati kosam utpattini prothsahinche lakshyamtho aardhika samskaranalu, padhi pradhana nirmaana prajectulu mariyu chainaatho moodu pratyaksha sambandhaala sthaapana unnaayi.
muulaalu mariyu tatvasaastram.
confucianism yokka naalugu praathamika amsaalu sampradaayavaada palanaku vartistaayi. pitruswamya rajyam anedi "tandri intiki adhipati, adevidhamgaa rashtram samaajaaniki adhipati" anae bhaavanatho paie nundi krindiki nirnayam teesukoovadaanni kaligi untundi.nayakulu kaligi," zen ", vaari uttama maanava lakshanaalanu soochinche atyunnata dharmam, idhi vaari paalinche hakkunu nirnayistundi. oceal arder und harmoney" anae aalochana anedi poura samajam kalisi panichese "renn/maanaveeyatvam" anae paropakari sthithini oohinchadaanni anuvadistundi-vyatirekinchadam, paryaveekshinchadam mariyu pariseelinchadam kante "shu/paraspara charya". pitruswamya bhavana purushulanu nayakuluga, mahilalanu nishkriyamgaa unchutundi. confucius mariyu mensius, "moodu vidheyatalu" loe, chinnatanamlo tandri mariyu annadammulaku, vivaham chesukunnappudu bhartaku mariyu vitantuvainappudu kumaarulaku vidheyatanu varninchaaru. chivaraga, sii "alectivity" anedi united statesku bhinnamgaa vyaktini jarupukune sampradaayam lekapovadam gurinchi vivaristundi. badulugaa, sopanakramam gouravinchabadutundi endukante idhi samaajamlo sahajamgaa niyaminchabadina sthaanaalanu pratibimbistumdi. antekakunda, oka nirdishta hodaalo vyaktigata vidhulanu neraverchadam samajam yokka paniteeruku avasaram.
kumintang yokka aneka vidhanalu daani vyavasthaapakudu sunn yaath-saine yokka drushti mariyu athani "prajala yokka moodu suutraalu": jaateeyavaadam (<unk> Â), prajaswamyam (Â Â Â Â) mariyu prajala jeevanopaadhi (Â Â Â Â) nundi prerana pondaayi. eee moodu suutraalu kalisi taivaannu svaechchaayutamaina, saktivantamaina mariyu sampannamaina desamgaa chestaayi, ayinappatikee avi sunn yaat-saine yokka asalu uddesyam nundi vaidolige oka nirdishta sandarbhamlo empika cheyabaddaayi. udaaharanaku, chiang kaii-shake paalanalo mariyu chaalaa varaku chiang ching-kuvolo, nirankusa rajyam prajala gontuni sensor cheyadam dwara prajaswaamyaanni kappivesindi. edemaina, taivaannu paripaalinchadamlo athani vaarasulu taruvaata sweekarinchina athani raajakeeya aalochanalalo chaalaa varaku bhuu yajamanyanni samanam cheyadam, confucian viluvala dwara chainees saampradaaya naitikatanu neerchukoevadam mariyu jaateeya corporationla dwara rashtra muuladhana niyantrana unnaayi. chiang ching-kuvo kooda thana chivari samvatsaraallo kumintang yokka yeka-party rashtraanni antam cheyadaaniki munduku sagaru, idhi taiwan prajaasvaamyeekaranaku maargam sugamam chesindi. 
paan-blue kootami.
taivaanlooni sampradaayavaada paarteelalo ledhaa "paan-blue camp" anie pilavabade vaatilo kumintang (kimeeti), peeples fust party (pfp) mariyu nyuu party (enpi) unnaayi.
kumintang pradhana sampradaayavaada party, prastutam idhi 35 seetlatho saasanasabha yuvaanlo atipedda pratipaksha partyga undhi.
peeples fust party anedi 2000 adhyaksha ennikala taruvaata maajee kimeeti pradhana karyadarshi mariyu taiwan provincial governor james soong sthaapinchina oka udaaravaada sampradaayavaada party. idhi sampradaayavaada otla kosam kimeeteetho pradhana pootiidaaru. prastutam, idhi saasana yuvan loe 3 sthaanaalanu kaligi undhi.
pradhana bhuubhaagamtoe paarteeni ekam cheyakunda adhyakshudu lii vidhanalapai asantrupti perigina taruvaata, 1993loe kotta party kooda kimiti nundi vidipoyindi. 2008 ennikala nundi saasanasabha yuvan loe yea seetlanu geluchukoni enn. pii. raajakeeya drushyamlo adrusyamavutunna saktigaa undhi.
maddatudaaru bays.
praarambhamlo, paan-blue camp mariyu paan-green camp jaateeya gurtimpupai samaajamlo saiddhaantika vibhedaalanu pratibimbimchaayi. aaa saiddhaantika thedaalu cross-strait vidhaanampai vividha vaikharula dwara vyaktamayyaayi-blue-camp ekikarana anukuulamainadi mariyu green-camp-swaatantryam anukuulamainadi. anduvalla, party anubandhaanni nirnayinchadam anedi jaathi mariyu pradhana bhuubhaagamtoe sambandham patla vaikharipai aadharapadi untundi. phalitamgaa, paan-blue camp maddatudaarula sthaavaram saampradayakamgaa pradhanamgaa chainees gurtimpulu mariyu ekikarana anukuula vaikharini kaligi unna vyaktulanu kaligi undhi.
ayithe, iteevala, oka paarteetho pottu eee saampradaaya dwaipaakshikatalaku minchi perigindani gamaninchabadindi. idhi jaathi-saamskrutika konamlo kakunda, dveepam yokka chaaritraka, aardhika mariyu raajakeeya abhivruddhilo paatukupoyina pratyaekamaina taivanese gurtimpu perugudala dwara prabhaavitamaindi. prati party saamarthyam mariyu taivanese gurtimpunu konasaginchalane sankalpam meeda perugutunna aandolanato, eee maarpu prajala praadhaanyatalanu prabhaavitam chesindi. eee dhorani phalitamgaa mariyu taivanisga gurtinche perugutunna prajala samuuhaanni aakarshinche prayatnamlo, kimeeti daani aadarsavaada paan-chainees abhiruchini kolpoyindi. attadugu sthaayini nivaarinchadaaniki, idhi saino-taivanese sahakaram yokka aacharanaatmaka dasalapai drushti pettindi.
pourulaki maroe pradhana aandolana jalasandhi antataa shanti mariyu sthirathvaanni konasaginche party saamardhyamgaa maarindi, ekkuva mandhi prajalu ekikarana ledhaa swaatantryam kante yathaathatha sthithini ishtapadataaru. idhi raajakeeya nayakulanu sampoorna ekikarana ledhaa swaatantraanni anusarinchakundaa nirutsaahaparichindi, conny yathaathatha sthithini konasaaginchadaaniki vaari vaikharini mitamgaa unchindi. udaaharanaku 2008 adhyaksha ennikala prachaaramlo, kimiti yathaathatha sthithini prachara vyuuhamgaa upayoginchindi, chivariki daani abhyardhi maa ying-geo ennika kaavadaaniki daariteesindi. ayithe, 2016 taiwan ennikalaloo, alaa cheyadamlo vaiphalyam, adhe "yathaathatha sthithi vyuuhaanni" upayoginchukovadam, dpp adhyaksha padaviki nashtam kaliginchindi.
phalitamgaa, aaa rendu dhoranula nundi-perugutunna taivanese gurtimpu mariyu pradhana bhuubhaagamtoe yathaathatha sthithini konasaginchadam kante sthiramaina praadhaanyata, sampradaayavaadula maddatudaarula lakshanaalu munupati kante takkuva spashtamainaviga marai.
prastuta sthithi.
desheeyamgaa, kimiti lopala sampradaayavaadam oka sannani rekhanu naduputundi. 1992loe ekaabhipraayam unikini angeekarinchani, anduvalla taiwan appatike swatantramgaa undani perkonna paan-taivanese swaatantrya udyamam, bahupakshika rajakeeyaalu, aardhika vyavasthalo marinta ekkuva aarosi saarvabhoumaadhikaaram kosam pilupunicchindi. phalitamgaa, kimiti tirigi adhikaaramloki ravadam anedi aacharanaatmaka doutyaanni marinta jagrattagaa nirvahinchadam meeda aadharapadi untundi, indulo antarjaateeya samsthalalo saamaajika sthalaalanu panchukovadam, doutyaparamaina sandarsanalu cheyadam, aardhika oppandaalapai santakam cheyadam vanti vividha paddhatula dwara taivaannu prokku daggaragaa teesukuraavadam untundi. prati sandarbhamloonuu, apramattamaina prajala nammakalanu pratibimbimchadaaniki surakshitamaina dhooram unchutamani kimiti vaagdaanam cheyali. eee udriktatanu marinta teevrataram cheyadaaniki, cross-strait servies trade aggrement yokka claz bye claz reviewni tappinchukunna taruvaata, kimiti kooda aprajaaswaamika avagaahanato baadhapadindi, idhi poddutirugudu vidyaarthi udyamaanni party viswasaneeyatanu debbateesenduku prerepinchindi. bhavishyattulo, kii. mea. tii. kii, taivanese prajalaku madhya vishwaasaanni punarnirminchadaaniki paaradarsakatanu meruguparachaali.
iteevali samvatsaraalalo, kimiti kramamga chaina yokka anukuulamgaa nundi padipotondi. 2016 ennikalaloo kimeeti otami taruvaata, otarla abhiprayanni merugga suuchimchadaaniki kimeeti thana chaina anukuula vidhananni madhyastham vaipu marchadam praarambhinchindi. sankshiptamgaa, vaaru "chainees" mariyu "taivanese" pourulu iddarinee kaligi unna bahulasaamskrutikata yokka aadarsam kinda pracharam praarambhinchaaru. ayithe, party shrenilo eee maarpunu chaina vimarsinchindi. sthaanikeekarana" prakriyaloo beijing yokka aasakti "dii-synification" vaipu aarosi yokka charyapai aandolanala nundi udbhavinchindi, idhi jalasandhiki iruvaipula unna prajalu ummadi bandham mariyu vaarasatvaanni panchukuntaarani prc vaadananu balaheenaparustundi. antekakunda, chaina prastuta dpp adhyakshudu tsay ing-vennu 1992 ekaabhipraayaanni bedirinche pramaadakaramaina aatagadiga bhaavistundi, desheeya mariyu antarjaateeya vidhaanaala durviniyogaaniki kmtni nindistundi, idhi vaari 2016 ennikala otamiki daariteesindi. bhavishyattulo, chaina pradhana bhuubhaagamtoe sannani rekhanu anusaristuunae, mottam otarla praadhaanyatalanu samatulyam cheyadaaniki kooda kimiti kashtapadaali.
faasijam.
mussolini yokka nalla chokkalu maadirigaa roopondinchina kumintangloni faasist paramilitary samstha ayina blue shartula society, videshee vyatiraeka mariyu communist vyatiraeka, mariyu chaina nundi videshee (japanese mariyu paaschaatya) saamraajyavaadulanu bahishkarinchadam, communismnu anichiveyadam mariyu bhuusvaamyavaadaanni nirmoolinchadam daani agenda anie perkondi. communistu vyatiraekatatoe paatu, chiang kaishek yokka kudi chethi manishi dye lii vanti kontamandi kumintang sabhyulu american vyatiraekulu, mariyu american prabhavanni bahishkarinchaalani korukunnaru. sannihita sino-german sambandhaalu kooda kumintang mariyu naajii party (ensdop) madhya sahakaranni prothsahinchaayi.
kotta jeevana udyamam anedi 1930laloe saamskrutika samskaranalu mariyu neo-confucian saamaajika naitikatanu prothsahinchadaaniki mariyu chivariki yathaathatha sthithiki saiddhaantika savaallu udbhavinchina taruvaata kendrikruta bhaavajaalam kinda chainanu ekam cheyadaaniki chiang kaii-shake praarambhinchina prabhutva netrutvamloni poura udyamam. eee udyamam aadhunika paaschaatya viluvala kante unnatamainadani bhaavinchina saampradaaya chainees naitikata punarutthaanam dwara paaschaatya mariyu japanese saamraajyavaadam yokka bedirimpulanu edurkovadaniki prayatninchindi. eee udyamam confucianism meeda aadharapadi undedi, idhi faasijamto konni saaruupyatalanu kaligi unna kraistavatvam, jaateeyavaadam mariyu nirankusatvamto militam cheyabadindi. idhi vyaktivaadam mariyu udaaravaadaanni tiraskarinchindi, adhe samayamlo socialism mariyu communismnu kooda vyatirekinchindi. kontamandi charitrakaarulu eee udyamaanni naajeevaadaanni anukarinchedigaa mariyu rojuvaaree jeevitaalapai chiang niyantrananu penchadaaniki upayoginche nava-jaateeyavaada udyamamgaa bhaavistaaru. frederic wakeman kotta jeevita udyamam "confucian faasijam" anie suuchimchaaru.
kotta gwangsey samuuham yokka bhaavajaalam.
daa. chaina ganatantram mariyu kumintang party vyavasthaapaka tandri ayina sunn yaat-saine, baxer tirugubaatulo baxerlanu paaschaatya saamraajyavaadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa pooraadinanduku prasamsimchaaru. baxerlu dhairyavanthulu, nirbhayulu, paaschaatya sainyalaku vyatiraekamgaa praanaalatoe pooraadutunnaarani ayana annaru. suuryudu pratyaekamgaa yangkan yuddhanni udaharinchaadu.
uttara dandayaatra samayamlo, kumintang videshee vyatiraeka, paaschaatya vyatiraeka bhavalanu prerepinchindi. aneka charchilalo siluva sthaanamlo sunn atsen chitraalu, "yesu kreestu chanipoyadu" anie KMT posterlu prakatinchaayi. jaateeyavaadam vanti vaatini sajeevamgaa enduku aaraadhinchakuudadu?". videshee missionarylapai daadi chesi, videshee vyatiraeka allarlu chelaregaayi.
kotta gwangsey gumpu netrutvamloni gwangsey provinceloni kumintang saakha saamraajyavaada vyatiraeka, matha vyatiraeka, videshee vyatiraeka vidhaanaalanu amalu chesindi.
uttara dandayaatra samayamlo, 1926loe gwangsilo, muslim general baayi chongji bouddha devaalayaalanu dhvamsam cheyadamlo, vigrahalanu dhvamsam cheyadamlo, devaalayaalanu paatasaalalugaa, kumintang party pradhana karyalayaluga maarchadamlo thana dalaalaku naayakatvam vahinchaadu. gwangjeeloni daadaapu anni bouddha mataalanu baayi eee paddhatiloo naasanam chesinatlu nivedinchabadindi. sanyaasulanu tolaginchaaru. baayi gwangjeelo videshee vyatiraeka taramgaaniki naayakatvam vahinchi, american, european mariyu itara vidaeseeyulu mariyu missionarylapai daadi chesi, saadhaaranamgaa eee praavinsnu sthaanikulaku kaani vaariki surakshitam kaadu. paaschaatyulu provins nundi paaripoyaaru, kontamandi chainees kraistavulu kooda saamraajyavaada agentluga daadi cheyabaddaaru.
athani udyamam yokka moodu lakshyalu videshee vyatiraekata, saamraajyavaada vyatiraekata mariyu matha vyatiraekata. andhavishwaasaaniki vyatiraekamgaa matha vyatiraeka udyamaaniki baayi naayakatvam vahinchaaru. kotta gwangsey samuuhamloo kuwomintang sabhyudaina huwang shavoxiang, baayi prachaaraaniki maddatu icchaadu, mariyu huwang muslim kaadu, eee matha vyatiraeka pracharanni gwangsey kuwomintang sabhyulandaruu angeekarinchaaru.
kumintang sabhyudiga, baayi mariyu itara gwangsi gumpu sabhyulu communistlu videsheeyulapai daadi cheyadam mariyu vigrahalanu dhvamsam cheyadam konasaaginchadaaniki anumatinchaaru, endukante vaaru chaina nundi videshee saktulanu bahishkarinchaalane lakshyanni panchukunnaru, conny vaaru kamyoonistulanu saamaajika maarpunu praarambhinchakundaa aaparu.
general baayi kooda chainaalooni itara praantaala nundi videshee saktulanu dookudugaa bahishkarinchaalani korukunnadu. baay oka prasangam chesaaru, andulo chainaalooni minoritylu videshee anachivetaku guravutunnarani chepparu. british vaari aadhvaryamlo tibetanlu, japanese vaari aadhvaryamlo manchulu, bayati mangolian peeples republic krinda mangolu mariyu soviet union krinda unna jinjiang yokka uigharlu vanti nirdishta udaaharanalanu ayana udaharinchaaru. aaa deshaala nundi vidaeseeyulanu bahishkarinchadamlo sahayam cheyamani baayi chainaku pilupunicchaaru. dungan tirugubaatu samayamlo juvo jongtang netrutvamloni shaililo, jinjiangnu chaina niyantranaloki teesukuraavadaaniki tirigi swaadheenam chesukovadaniki ayana vyaktigatamgaa oka dandayaatraku naayakatvam vahinchaalani korukunnadu.
quomintang shanti nelakolpina samayamlo muslim general maa bufang quomintang prabhutva maddatutoe tibeton bouddha mataalanu naasanam chesaaru.
general maa bufang, oka suufii, yihewani muslimlaku maddatu icchi, fundamentalist salafi/wahabi muslim saakhanu himsimchaadu. yivevaaneelu salaafeelanu dachamani balavantam chesaaru. vaarini bahirangamgaa taralinchadaaniki ledhaa poojinchadaaniki anumatinchaledu. yihevaaneelu loukika mariyu chainees jatiyavaduluga maararu, mariyu vaaru salafianu "bhinnamaina" (zee giao), mariyu vidaeseeyula bodhanalanu (vaidavo) anusarinche prajalugaa bhaavinchaaru. communistlu adhikaram chepattina tarwate salaafeelanu bayataku vacchi bahirangamgaa poojinchadaaniki anumatinchaaru.
socialism mariyu pettubadidaarii vyatiraeka udyamam.
kumintangku vamapaksha, kudi paksham undevi, vamapakshalu soviet anukuula vidhanalalo marinta samuulamgaa undevi, conny rendu vibhagalu vyaapaarulanu samanamga himsimchaayi, vaaru prati viplavakaarulu, praticharyakaarulu anie aaropinchaayi. chiang kaishek aadhvaryamlo mitavaadulu aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru, vaaru communismnu khandinchinappatiki, private vyaapaarulu, paarisraamikavettalaku vyatiraekamgaa samuulamaina vidhaanaalanu konasaaginchaaru.
kumintang prajala moodu suutraalaloo okataina minshengnu soshalijamgaa daa. sunn atsen. ayana thana chivari rojullo eee suutraanni nirvachinchaaru, "idhi socialism mariyu idhi communism.". eee bhavananu saamaajika sankshemamgaa kooda ardham chesukovacchu. sunn dheenini paarisraamika aardhika vyavasthagaa mariyu chaina raitu raitulaku bhuswamula samaanatvamgaa ardham chesukunnadu. ikkada athanu american aalochanaaparudu henry georg (georgism chudandi) mariyu german aalochanaaparudu carle marks chetha prabhaavitamayyaadu; taivaanlo bhuu viluva pannu daani vaarasatvam. athanu jeevanopaadhini naalugu rangaalugaa vibhajinchaaduh aaharam, dustulu, gruhanirmaanam mariyu ravana; mariyu oka aadarsavantamaina (chaina) prabhutvam thana prajala kosam veetini elaa chusukogalado pranaalika chesaadu.
kumintang oka saamyavaada bhavajaalaanni kaligi unnatlu soochinchabadindi. "bhuu hakkula samatulyata" anae nibandhananu daa. asalu tong menhui loe suuryudu. 1920laloe kumintang viplavaatmaka bhaavajaalam pratyaekamaina chainees soshalijamnu daani bhavajalamlo bhaagamgaa cherchindi.
soviet union masco sunn yaat-seen vishwavidhyaalayamlo kumintang viplavakaarulaku sikshana ichindi. paschimaana mariyu soviet unionlo, chiangnu "redd general" anie pilicheevaaru. soviet unionloni cinema theatres chiang yokka nyuus reels mariyu cliplu chuupimchabaddaayi, mascolo sunn yaat-saine vishwavidyaalayam chiang yokka chitraalanu godalapai velaadadeeyabaddaayi, mariyu aaa samvatsaram soviet mae day kavaatulalo, chiang yokka chitraalanu carle marks, lenin, stallin mariyu itara saamyavaada nayakula chitraalato paatu teesukellaalsi undhi.
kumintang cantonloni vyaparulapai pannulu vidhinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu, vyaapaarulu vyapari yokka swachchanda dalamaina sainyanni penchadam dwara pratighatinchaaru. daa. sunn eee vyapari vyatiraeka vidhananni praarambhinchaadu, mariyu chiang kaii-shake daanini amalu chesaadu, chiang vyapari sainyanni oodinchadaaniki vampova military academy graduatela sainyanni nadipinchaadu. chiangku soviet salahaadaarulu sahayam chesaaru, vaaru ataniki aayudhalanu sarafara chesaaru, ayithe vyaapaarulaku paaschaatya deshaala nundi aayudhalanu sarafara chesaaru.
kumintang cantonlo "erra viplavam" kuu naayakatvam vahinchaarani aaropinchabaddaaru. vyaapaarulu sampradaayavaadulu mariyu praticharyakaarulu, mariyu vaari swachchanda samstha nayakudu chenn lianbavo pramukha compredor vyapari.
vyaapaarulaku british vanti videshee, paaschaatya saamraajyavaadulu maddatu icchaaru, vaaru doctor. suuryudu. chiang paaschaatyulu sarafara chesina aayudhalanu vyaapaarula nundi swaadheenam chesukuni, vaaripai poraadaadu. oka kumintang sainyaadhipati aneka mandhi vyaapaarulanu uriteesaadu, kumintang soviet preranatho viplavaatmaka kamiteeni erpaatu chesaadu. british communistu party abhinandanalu doctor. videshee saamraajyavaadulu mariyu pettubadidaarulaku vyatiraekamgaa ayana chesina yuddhaaniki suurya.
1948loe, kumintang mallii shanghai vyaparulapai daadi chesi, aardhika kramaanni punaruddharinchadaaniki chiang kaishek thana kumarudu chiang ching-kuvonu pampaadu. madhyataragati vyaparulapai daadi cheyadam dwara saamaajika viplavanni praarambhinchadaaniki, akkada basa chesinappudu neerchukunna soviet paddhatulanu ching-kuvo coppy chesaaru. sraamikavargam nundi maddatunu penchadaaniki ayana anni vastuvulapai takkuva dharalanu kooda vidhinchaaru.
allarlu chelaregi, podupulu naasanam kaavadamtho, dukaana yajamaanulanu diwala teesina ching-kuvo, dhanavanthulapai daadi cheyadam praarambhinchi, aastulanu swaadheenam chesukuni vaarini arrestu chesaaru. dundagudu du yusheng kumarudini athanu arrestu chesaadu. hetch. private yaajamaanyamloni yangji development corporation giddangulapai daadi cheyaalani ching-kuvo kumintang agentlanu aadesinchaadu.hetch. kung mariyu athani kutumbam. hetch.hetch. kung bhaarya soong ii-ling, aame ching-kuu savati talli ayina soong mae-ling sodari. hetch.hetch. kung kumarudu davidnu arrestu chesaaru, kung luu chianglanu blockmail cheyadam dwara pratispandinchaaru, vaari gurinchi samacharanni vidudala chestamani bedirinchaaru, chivariki athanu charchalu tarvaata vidudala cheyabaddaadu, mariyu ching-kuvo rajinama chesi, shanghainis vyaparulapai ugravaadaanni antam chesaadu.
kumintang prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni samsthalanu kooda prothsahistundi. kumintang vyavasthaapakudu sunn yaat-seen, henry georg yokka aardhika aalochanalache ekkuvagaa prabhaavitamayyaadu, athanu sahaja guttadhipatyala nundi sekarinchina addelu ledhaa bhoomi viniyogam prajalaku chendinavani nammadu. daa. sunn georgism kosam vaadinchaadu mariyu mishrama aardhika vyavastha yokka praamukhyatanu nokki cheppadu, dheenini athanu thana moodu suutraalaloo "minsheng suutram" anie pilichadu.
"railumargalu, praja soukaryaalu, kaaluvalu, adavulanu jaateeyam cheyali, bhoomi, ganula nundi vachhe aadaayam mottam rashtra prabhutvaala chetullo undaali. eee dabbunu chetilo unchukuni, rashtram saamaajika sankshema kaaryakramaalaku aardhika sahayam cheyagaladu."
ningtia quomintang muslim governor maa hangqui prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni guttadhipatya samsthalanu prothsahinchaadu. athani prabhutvaaniki phu ning company anae company undedi, idhi ningtialo vaanijya mariyu parisramalapai guttadhipatyanni kaligi undhi.
kinghoy kuu chendina kumintang muslim governor general maa bufangnu saamyavadigaa abhivarninchaaru. oka american panditudu mariyu prabhutva salahaadaaru, a. doke barnet, maa bufang prabhutvaanni "chainaalo atyanta samarthavantamainadi, atyanta saktivantamainadi" gaa prasamsimchaaru. chainaalo chaalaa varaku, daadaapu anivaryamgaa, antaryuddhamlo chikkukunnappatiki, chingay mana chinna taraha, conny pratishtaatmakamaina, abhivruddhi mariyu punarnirmaana pathakaalanu thana sonta choravatho konasaaginchadaaniki prayatnistunnaaru."
general maa prabhutvam nadipe mariyu niyantrita paarisraamikeekarana prajectunu praarambhinchaaru, neerugaa vidya, vaidya, vyavasaya mariyu paarisuddhya prajectulanu srushtinchaaru, rashtra prabhutvam naduputundi ledhaa sahaayapadutundi. prabhutvam nadipe ledhaa private anni paatasaalallo aaharam mariyu unifamla kosam rashtram dabbunu andinchindi. roadlu mariyu oka theatre nirminchabaddaayi. rashtram anni patrikalanu niyantrinchindi, swatantra paatrikeyulaku swechcha anumatinchabadaledu. ayana paalana daani raajakeeya vyavasthalo niyantrutvamgaa undedi. paalanalo "kathinamaina nirankusatvam" mariyu "vyaktigata swechchaku takkuva sthalam" undani barnet angeekarinchaadu.
csbc corporation, taiwan, sipisi corporation, taiwan mariyu aerospace industrial development corporation vanti corporations republic off chainaalo raashtraaniki chendinavi.
marxistlu kooda kumintang paarteelo undevaaru. vaaru chaina viplavanni kamyoonistula kante bhinnamaina konamlo chuusaaru, chaina appatike thana bhuswamya dasanu daati, maroka utpatti vidhaanamlo kakunda stabdata kaalamlo undani paerkonnaaru. kuvomintangloni eee marxistlu chaina communistu party bhavajaalaanni vyatiraekimchaaru.
confucianism mariyu bhavajalamlo matam.
kumintang saampradaaya chainees mataparamaina vedukalanu upayoginchaaru. kumintang mariyu viplavam kosam poradi maraninchina party amaraveerula aatmalu mariyu party vyavasthaapakudu daa. kumintang party prakaram, sunn yaat-seen, swargaaniki pampabaddaaru. eee amaraveerulu swargam nundi bhoomipai jarigina sanghatanalanu chusarani chiang kaii-shake nammadu.
uttara dandayaatra puurtayinappudu, chiang kaii-shake netrutvamloni kumintang generals daa. 1928 joolailo beijinglooni jiangshan aalayamlo jarigina bully vedukatho swargamlo unna suuryuni aatma, haajaraina kumintang generallalo muslim generals baayi chongsi mariyu maa fuxiang unnaaru.
kumintang kotta jeevana udyamaaniki maddatu icchaaru, idhi confucianismnu prothsahinchindi, idhi paaschaatyeekaranaku kooda vyatiraekam.
kumintang nayakulu kooda mae naalugo udyamaanni vyatiraekimchaaru. chiang kaii-shake, oka jatiyavadiga, confucianistga, mae naalugo udyamam yokka iconoclazaniki vyatiraekamgaa unnaaru. ayana konni paaschaatya aalochanalanu videshee, chainees jatiyavadiga, mariyu naalugo udyamam korukune paaschaatya aalochanalu mariyu saahityam parichayam swaagathinchabadadani bhaavinchaaru. ayana mariyu daa. yuvata naitikatanu bhrashtupattinchinanduku eee naalugo medhaavulanu sunn yaat-saine vimarsinchaaru.
kumintang spaansar chesina imaamlu yuddhamlo shaheed (amaraveerulaku muslim padam) kaavadaaniki muslimlu zihad cheyaalani pilupunicchaaru, akkada muslimlu taamu svayamchaalakamgaa swargaaniki veltaamani vishwasinchaaru. desham kosam jihaadlo shaheed kavadam "raashtraaniki adbhutamaina maranam" anie piluvabade kumintang dwara prothsahinchabadindi mariyu jaateeyavaadaanni prothsahinche hadis vyaapti cheyabadindi. kuwomintang niyantranalo unna muslim chengda paatasaalalo juu venbo raasina oka paata, japanku vyatiraekamgaa chaina kosam jarigina yuddhamlo amaraveerudiki pilupunicchindi.
kumintang daani nyaayasaastramlo confucianismnu kooda cherchindi. sunn chuwanfangnu hatya chesinanduku idhi shhi gianciavonu kshaminchindi, endukante sunn thana tandri shhi kaangbinnu uriteesinappati nundi prateekaaramgaa aame ilaa chesindi, idhi confucianismlo okari tallidandrulaku pitru bhaktini choopinchadaaniki oka udaaharana. kumintang kutumba prateekaara hatyalanu prothsahinchi, vaatini chesina vaariki kshamaapanalu icchaaru.
saamskrutika viplavaniki pratispandanagaa, chiang kaii-shake chainees saamskrutika punarujjeevana udyamaanni prothsahinchaaru, idhi kotta jeevita udyamam yokka dasalalo anusarinchi, confucian viluvalanu prothsahinchindi.
aadhuneekarana.
1990la varaku charitrakaarulu tarachugaa eee kamyoonistulaku prajaadarana pondina vistruta punaadigaa bhaavinche daaniki viruddhamgaa, dhanavanthulaina aardhikavettalu, paarisraamikavettalatho kalisi panichesi, chaina kaarmikulu, raitula patla peddagaa shraddha chuupani avineeti nayakula brundamgaa kmtni chitreekarinchaaru. ayithe, bodenhorn (2002) chuupinatlugaa, panditulu oka saktivantamaina mariyu dynamic rashtraanni nirminchadaaniki chesina prayatnaalanu prasamsistunnaaru, yuddhabhoomilo kamyoonistula chetilo odipovadaaniki mundu, conny taivaanlo rendava avakaasam vachindi, akkada vaaru vijayam saadhinchaaru.
eee kmt shaastram mariyu parisramanu prothsahinchindi, paadaala bandham, vipareeta vivaham mariyu antyakriyala acharalu vanti saampradaaya paddhatulanu nirmuulinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. kraistava missionary kaaryakalaapaalato eee kii. mea. tii. kii sanklishtamaina sambandham undhi. chaalaa mandhi unnata adhikarulu (chiangto sahaa) kraistavulu mariyu chainaku anukuulamgaa unna american prajabhiprayam missionarylapai aadharapadi undhi. adhe samayamlo gramallo missionary karyakalapalu saamraajyavaadaaniki ghoramaina udaaharanagaa kimiti vimarsinchindi. charchilapai etuvanti mukhyamaina charyalu teesukoledu, conny vaatini vimarsinchadam anedi videshee samsthalanu ledhaa yuu. ess. thoo poradatam kante kmt yokka saamraajyavaada vyatiraeka sandesaanni vyaapti cheyadaaniki chaalaa surakshitamaina maargam.ess. chainaalo bayati vyaktula prabhaavampai kopamgaa unna vidyaarthulu mariyu samaajamlooni itarula maddatunu pondadaaniki kraistava vyatiraeka udyamaalu vyuuhaatmakamgaa mukhyamainavi.
kuwomintang chaina vidya vyavasthanu paaschaatya aalochanala nundi prakshaalana chesi, confucianismnu paatyaamsaaloki pravesapettaadu. vidya rashtra puurti niyantranaloki vachindi, antey, vaastavaaniki, vidya mantritva saakha dwara kumintang party. kumintang prajala moodu suutraalapai sainika mariyu raajakeeya taragatulu jodinchabaddaayi. paatyapustakaalu, pareekshalu, degreelu mariyu vidya bodhakulu andaruu anni vishwavidyaalayaala maadirigaane rashtranche niyantrinchabaddaaru.
soviet shaili sainyam.
1950loe rahasya pooliisu saakhaku kumintang directorga niyamitulaina chiang ching-kuvo soviet unionlo chaduvukunnaru, republic off chaina milatariiloo soviet shaili sainika samsthanu praarambhinchaaru, raajakeeya adhikari dalaalanu punarvyavastheekarinchaaru, soviet chesaaru, nigha, kumintang party karyakalapalu sainyam antataa pracharam cheyabaddaayi. dheeniki vyatiraekam american virginia military institutelo chaduvukunna sunn lii-zen. chiang ching-kuvo appudu sunn lii-jennu arrestu chesi, chiang kaii-shakenu padagottadaaniki kutra panninanduku american siato kutra panninatlu aaropinchaadu, kumintang, sunn 1955loe gruha nirbandhamlo unchabaddaadu.
jaathi alpasankhyaakulapai vidhanam.
maajee kimeeti nayakudu chiang kaii-shake chainaalooni minority prajalandarinee chainees nagarikataku pakshika-pouraanika praarambhakarta ayina pasupu chakravarthy varasuluga bhaavinchaaru. chainaalooni anni jaathi minoritylu "jonghuwa minju" (chainees desham) kuu chendinavaarani chiang bhaavinchaadu mariyu dheenini kmt bhaavajaalamloki pravesapettaadu, idhi republic off chaina vidya vyavasthalo pracharam cheyabadindi, mariyu aarosi rajyangam chiang bhavajaalaanni nijamani bhaavinchindi. taivaanlo, adhyakshudu chaina pradhana bhuubhaagam vaipu paschimaaniki edurugaa pasupu chakravartini gowravinche aacharaanni nirvahistaaru.
mangolian mariyu tibeton vyavahaaraalato vyavaharinchadaaniki mangolian mariyu tibeton vyavahaaraala kamishannu kmt nilupukundi. oka muslim, maa fuxiang, daani chairmanga niyaminchabaddaadu.
all-azar vishwavidyaalayam vanti muslim vishwavidyaalayaalalo videshaalalo chaduvukovadaniki muslim vidyaarthulanu spaansar cheyadaaniki eee kimiti prasiddhi chendindi mariyu idhi mukhyamgaa muslimla kosam paatasaalalanu sthaapinchindi, maa fuxiang vanti muslim yuddhaveerulu muslimlaku vidyanu prothsahinchaaru. kii. mea. tii. muslim yuddha nayakudu maa bufang linxia nagaramlo muslim baalikala kosam baalikala paatasaalanu nirminchaaru, idhi aadhunika loukika vidyanu bodhistundi.
tibetanlu mariyu mangolu kajakh vanti itara jaathi samuuhaalanu kinghailo jarigina kokonur vedukalo paalgonadaaniki anumatinchadaaniki niraakarinchaaru, conny kimiti muslim general maa bufang vaarini paalgonadaaniki anumatinchaaru.
chaina muslimlu atyanta kathinamaina kimiti sabhyulalo unnaaru. maa chengziang oka muslim kimiti sabhyudu, athanu kamyoonistulaku longipovadaaniki niraakarinchaadu.
eee kimiti chainees muslimlu mariyu mangols madhya yaan jishan mariyu feng yuxiang vyatiraeka bhavalanu prerepinchindi, madhya maidaana yuddha samayamlo vaari palananu padagottadaaniki vaarini prothsahinchindi.
tair burhan shahidi mariyu uighar eulbers khaan maadirigaane, masood sabri anae uighar nuu jinjiang governorga kimiti niyaminchindi.
muslim general maa bufang thana bhavanam, maa bufang bhavanam meeda party vyavasthaapakudu doctor chittaruvuto paatu kimiti chihnalanu kooda unchaadu. sunn atsen kii. mea. tii genda mariyu republic off chaina jendaatho erpaatu cheyabadindi.
sarassu devudunu poojinche kokonur sarassu vedukaku general maa bufang mariyu itara unnata sthaayi muslim generals hajarayyaru, mariyu aachara samayamlo, chaina jaateeya geetam paadaaru, palgone vaarandaruu kimeeti vyavasthaapakudu doctor. suuryudu yaat-saine, sarassu yokka devudu kooda namaskarinchabaddaaru, mariyu paalgonevaaru aayanaku naivedyaalu samarpinchaaru, indulo muslimlu kooda unnaaru. kimeeti nayakudu mariyu kimeeti chuttoo unna vyaktitvam yokka eee aaradhana anni samavesalalo pramaanikamgaa undedi. sunn yaat-saine chitrapataanni party sabhyulu moodusaarlu namaskarinchaaru. daa. suuryuni chittaruvunu krinda rendu jendaalato, kimeeti genda mariyu republic off chaina jendaatho amarcharu.
eee kimiti baayi chongji, maa fuxiang mariyu maa liang vanti mukhyamaina muslimla samavesalanu kooda nirvahinchindi. maa bufang taanu kinghoy governorga unnappudu "jaathi samarasyam" nuu oka lakshyamgaa nokki chepparu.
1939loe, isaa yousuf alptekin mariyu maa fulianglanu japanku vyatiraekamgaa chaina yuddhaaniki maddatu pondadaaniki eejipt, turkey mariyu siriya vanti madhyapraachya deshaalaku kimeeti oka missionloo pampaaru, vaaru 1940loe aafghanistaannu kooda sandarsinchaaru mariyu mohammed ameen bugranu sampradinchaaru, vaaru jaateeyavaada prabhutva rajadhani chongkingku raavaalani koraru. goo y charyam chesinanduku 1942loe british prabhutvam bugranu arrestu chesindi, mariyu bugranu vidudala cheyadaaniki kimiti erpaatlu chesindi. ayana, eesaa yousuf kmt muslim prachuranalaku sampaadakulugaa panicheesaaru. maa tianiying () (1900-1982) 1939 missionku naayakatvam vahinchaaru, indulo isaa mariyu fuliangto sahaa maroe 5 mandhi vyaktulu unnaaru.
vaerpaatuvaada vyatiraekata.
kimiti anedi vaerpaatuvaada vyatiraekam. chaina pradhana bhoobhaagamlo daani paalanalo, idhi uyghar mariyu tibeton vaerpaatuvaada tirugubaatlanu anichivesindi. eee kimeeti bayati mangolia mariyu tuvaato paatu aadhunika peeples republic mariyu republic off chaina bhuubhaagaalapai saarvabhoumaadhikaaraanni prakatistundi.
kii. mea. tii. muslim general maa bufang thana muslim sainyamtho sino-tibeton yuddham samayamlo daadi chestunna tibetanlapai yuddham chesaadu, mariyu athanu kinghoy provinceulalo raktapaata yuddhaala samayamlo tibeton tirugubaatlanu padepade anachivesaadu. maa bufangku adhyakshudu chiang kaii-shake puurtigaa maddatu icchaadu, athanu tibetpai anekasaarlu daadi cheyadaaniki thana muslim sainyanni siddham cheyaalani aadesinchaadu mariyu tibetanlapai vaimanika bambu daadini bedirinchaadu. kii. mea. tii. maddatutoe, maa bufang, kingoy shanti sthaapana samayamlo edusaarlu golog tibeton praantampai padepade daadi chesi, vaelaadi mandhi tibetanlanu nirmuulinchaadu.
mangolian mariyu tibeton vyavahaaraala commission chhairman general maa fuxiang, mangolia mariyu tibet republic off chainaalo antarbhaagamani paerkontuu, vaadinchaaru
maa party [guwomindang] balaheenamaina mariyu chinnavari abhivruddhini mariyu balamaina mariyu himsaatmakamaina vaariki pratighatananu maa ekaika mariyu atyanta atyavasara panigaa teesukuntundi. mana rakamainavi kaani samuuhaalaku idhi marinta nijam. phii voo julee jhae]. ippudu mangolia mariyu tibet prajalu maatho sannihitamgaa sambandham kaligi unnaaru, mariyu maaku okarinokaru chaalaa abhimanam undih maa ummadi uniki mariyu ummadi gowravam ippatike veyyi samvatsaraala charitranu kaligi unnaayi. [...] mangolia, tibet jeevitam, maranam chaina jeevitam, maranam. chaina bhuubhaagam nundi mangolia mariyu tibet vidipovadaaniki chaina puurtigaa kaaranam kaadu, mariyu mangolia mariyu tibet chaina swatantram pondadaanni tiraskarinchalevu. eee samayamlo, mangolia mariyu tibetlanu nijaayiteegaa abhivruddhi chese chaina tappa bhoomipai okka desham kooda ledhu.
chiang kaii-shake jaateeyavaada prabhutvam aadesaala meraku, kinghoy governor (1937-1949) huyy general maa bufang, tibeton vaerpaatuvaadulu swaatantryam korukokunda nirodhinchadaaniki yushu vimaanaasrayaanni marammatu chesaaru. maa bufang mangol vaerpaatuvaada udyamaalanu kooda anachivesi, chenghi khaan alayanni apaharinchi, labrang vanti tibeton bouddha devalayalapy daadi chesi, kokonur devuni veduka dwara vaatipai gatti niyantrananu konasaginchadu.
kumul tirugubaatu samayamlo, kimiti 36va vibhagam (jaateeya viplava sainyam) vaerpaatuvaada modati thoorpu turkestan republicnu anichivesi, daanini kashgarh yuddhamlo (1934) ghoramaina debbateesindi. muslim general maa hushan kii. mea. tii. kii vidheyata chuupi, churklick tirugubaatulo maroe uighar tirugubaatunu anichivesaadu.
ili tirugubaatu samayamlo, eee kimeeti uyghar vaerpaatuvaadulu mariyu soviet unionku vyatiraekamgaa, mariyu mangoliaku vyatiraekamgaa poraadaaru.
taivaanlo kimmy.
1895loe, pescadorlatho sahaa taiwan, modati saino-japanese yuddhamlo odipoyina taruvaata quing saamrajyam raayiteegaa japanese kaalaneega maarindi. 1945loe rendava prapancha yuddham mugimpulo japan otami taruvaata, saadhaarana arder nem. 1 taivaanlooni thana dalaalanu republic off chaina kumintang dalaalaku appaginchaalani americaku longipoyina japanku aadesaalu ichindi.
taivaannu aikyaraajyasamiti upasamanam mariyu punaravasa paripalana (unra) republic off chaina paripalana niyantranalo unchindi, mariyu aarosi taivaannu sainika aakramanalo unchindi. madhya samvatsaraallo chaina pradhana bhuubhaagaaniki chendina sthaanika taivanese mariyu pradhana bhuubhaagavaasula madhya udriktatalu perigayi, 1947 fibravari 27naa taipeelo oka mahilaa sigaret vikreta mariyu akrama ravana nirodhaka adhikari madhya vivaadam poura rugmata mariyu nirasanalanu prerepinchindi, idhi rojula tarabadi konasaagindi. tirugubaatu raktapaatamgaa maari, fibravari 28 sanghatanalo aarosi sainyam chetha ventane anachiveyabadindi.
1949 aktobaru 1naa peeples republic off chaina (prc) sthaapana taruvaata, taivanpai tudi daadiki mundu bandhuvulu mariyu maatsooni teesukellaalani prc peeples liberation armi commanderlu vishwasinchaaru. kimeeti kuningtou yuddhamlo poraadaaru mariyu dandayaatranu nilipivesaaru. 1950loe communistu tirugubaatu kaalamlo amaluloki vacchina taatkaalika nibandhanala prakaram chiang taipeelo baadhyatalu sweekarinchaadu. eee nibandhana taivaanlo sainika chattanni prakatinchindi mariyu kamyoonistula nundi pradhana bhoobhaganni tirigi pondhe varaku adhyaksha mariyu parliamentary ennikalatho sahaa konni prajaasvaamya prakriyalanu nilipivesindi. kamyoonistulanu oodinchadaaniki 3 samvatsaraalu padutundani kimiti anchanaa vesindi. modati samvatsaramlo siddham avvandi, rendava samvatsaramlo poradatam praarambhinchandi, moodava samvatsaramlo jayinchandi" anae ninaadam undhi."ayithe, antarjaateeya ottiditoe sahaa vividha amsaalu kamyoonistulanu puurti sthaayilo sainikamgaa nimagnam cheyakunda nirodhinchaayani nammutaaru. prarambha samvatsaraallo konni chinna sainika gharshanalato pracchanna yuddham jarigindi. gatamlo nanjinglo unna vividha prabhutva samsthalu taipeelo tirigi sthaapinchabaddaayi, endukante kimiti-niyantrita prabhutvam chaina antataa saarvabhoumaadhikaaraanni churukuga prakatinchukundi. taivaanlooni republic off chaina 1971 varaku aikyaraajyasamitilo chaina sthaanaanni nilupukundi.
1970la varaku, kimiti bhuu samskaranalatho vijayavantamgaa munduku saagindi, aardhika vyavasthanu abhivruddhi chesindi, prabhutvamloni diguva sthaayilo prajaasvaamya vyavasthanu amalu chesindi, cross-taiwan jalasandhi sambandhaalanu meruguparichindi mariyu taiwan aardhika adbhutaanni srushtinchindi. ayithe 1970la chivara nundi 1990la varaku samskaranala varaku yeka party adhikara rajyam kinda prabhutvaanni kmt niyantrinchindi. 1947loe fibravari 28naa jarigina sanghatana phalitamgaa, taivanese prajalu "white terror" anie pilavabade oka kimeeti netrutvamloni raajakeeya anachivetanu bharinchalsi vachindi. taivaanlooni aarosini okappudu kmtki paryaayapadamgaa suuchimchaevaaru, daani paalaka party paeru meeda dheenini "jaateeyavaada chaina" anie pilustaaru. 1970laloe, paarlamentulo vruddhaapya pratinidhula sthaanaalanu bharti cheyadaaniki taivaanlo "anubandha ennikala" kuu anumatinchadam praarambhinchindi. pratipaksha paarteelanu anumatinchakapoyinappatiki, tangwoy (ledhaa, "party velupala") pratinidhulanu sahinchaaru. 1980laloe, prabhutvaanni yeka party vyavastha nundi bahula party prajaswaamyamgaa marchadam mariyu "taivaaneekarana" nuu sweekarinchadam paie eee kmt drushti pettindi. 1986loe democratic progressive party (dii. pii. pii) sthaapanatho, keey. emm. tii. parliamentary ennikalaloo dii. pii. pii. kii vyatiraekamgaa pootii cheyadam praarambhinchindi. 1991loe, communistu tirugubaatu kaalamlo prabhaavavantamaina taatkaalika nibandhanalanu adhyakshudu lii teng-hui raddu chesinappudu sainika chattam nilipiveyabadindi. rashtrapati ennikalatho sahaa anni sthaayila ennikalaloo pootii cheyadaaniki anni paarteelanu anumatinchadam praarambhamaindi. aarosi yokka mottamodati prajasvaamyayutamgaa ennikaina adhyakshudu mariyu 1990laloe kmt nayakudu lii teng-hui, prc thoo "pratyeka rashtra-nundi-rashtra sambandhaala" kosam thana vaadananu prakatinchaaru. prc dheenini taiwan swaatantryaaniki anubandhinchindi.
1994loe kimiti cheelikanu edurkondi, idhi lii yokka "avineeti paalana shaili" phalitamgaa chaina kotta party erpaatuku daariteesindi. leeni prakshaalana chesinappati nundi kotta party ekkuvagaa kimeeteegaa tirigi vileenam ayyindi. 2000 adhyaksha ennikala phalitamgaa paarteelo marinta teevramaina cheelika sambhavinchindi. party adhyaksha abhyardhigaa lien chaan empikapai kalata chendina party maajee secretory general james soong oka swatantra vaelampaatanu praarambhinchaaru, dheeni phalitamgaa soong mariyu athani maddatudaarulu bahishkarinchabaddaaru mariyu peeples fust party (pfp) erpadindi. ennikallo sung tarvaata kmt abhyardhi moodo sthaanamlo nilichaaru. ennikala taruvaata, prathyarthitho leeki balamaina sambandham spashtamgaa kanipinchindi. pii. eff. pii. kii firaayimpulanu nivaarinchadaaniki, taatkaalika hakku party lii yokka swaatantrya anukuula vidhaanaala nundi dhooramgaa velli, chaina ekikaranaku marinta anukuulamgaa maarindi. eee maarpu leeni party nundi bahishkarinchadaaniki, taiwan sangheebhaava sangha erpaatuku daariteesindi.
paan-blue sankeernam 2005loe pradhana bhoobhaganni sandarsinchindi. taivaanlo paalaka partyga, kii. mea. tii. byaankulu, pettubadi companylu, petrochemical samsthalu mariyu television mariyu radeo stationla vistaaramaina vyapara saamrajyaanni koodagattukundi, idhi prapanchamlone atyanta dhanika raajakeeya partyga avatarinchindani bhaavinchabadindi, okappudu mana chuttoo $1 billionla aastulu unnayani anchanaa. 1990la madhyakaalam varaku eee yuddha chest kii. mea. tii. kii sahaayapadinatlu kanipinchinappatikii, idhi taruvaata avineeti aaropanalaku daariteesindi (nalla bangaaram (rajakeeyaalu) chudandi). 2000 taruvaata, kimiti yokka aardhika holdings oka prayojanam kante ekkuva baadhyatagaa kanipinchaayi, mariyu kimiti thana aastulanu upasamharinchukovadam praarambhinchindi. ayithe, lavadevilu velladi kaaledu mariyu aastulanu vikrayinchadam dwara sampaadinchina dabbu (adhi ekkadainaa velli unte) ekkada undho teliyadu. 2004 adhyaksha ennikalaloo akramamga sampaadinchina aastulanu kimiti nilupukunnatlu aaropanalu vachayi. prastutam, chattaviruddhamgaa sampaadinchina party aastulanu tirigi pondadaaniki mariyu vaatini prabhutvaaniki tirigi ivvadaaniki saasana yuvaanlo dii. pii. pii. pratipaadinchina chattam undhi; ayithe, paan-blue kootami, kmt mariyu daani chinna bhagaswamy pfp, saasanasabhanu niyantristunnanduna, idhi aamodinchabadataaniki chaalaa arudu. thana aastulalo kontha bhaganni chattavyatireka maargaala dwara sekarinchinatlu kooda kmt angeekarinchindi, tadwara vaatini prabhutvaaniki "retro-endov" chestamani vaagdaanam chesindi. ayithe, chattaviruddhamgaa vargeekarinchaalsina aastula parimaanam inca teevramaina charchalo undhi; 2000 nundi 2008 varaku paalaka partyga unna dpp, kmt inca gurtinchavalasinavi chaalaa unnayani perkondi. alaage, iteevali aardhika ibbandulanu tagginchadaaniki kimiti thana paerutoe aastulanu churukuga vikrayinchindi, idhi chattaviruddhamani dpp vaadinchindi. kii. mea. tii. maajee chairman maa ying-geo abhiprayam emitante, kii. mea. tii. thana konni aastulanu prabhutvaaniki tirigi ichhe badulu market raetla kante takkuvaku vikrayistundani, eee lavadevila vivaralu bahirangamgaa velladinchabadavani.
2003 decemberulo appati-kmt chairman (prastuta chairman emeritus) mariyu adhyaksha abhyardhi lyon chaan chaina ekikarana mariyu taiwan swaatantryam yokka anusandhaana prasnalapai party vaikharilo oka pedda maarpunu praarambhinchaaru. videshee paathrikeyulatho matladutu, kimiti "takshana swaatantryaaniki" vyatiraekam ayinappatikee, adhi "ekikarana anukuula" gaa vargeekarinchabadaalani kooda korukovadam ledani lien chepparu.
adhe samayamlo, 2004 adhyaksha ennikalaloo saasana yuvan speaker mariyu paan-blue sankeerna prachara nirvahakudu wang zin-ping, taiwan yokka "antima swaatantryaanni" party ikapai vyatirekinchadani annaru."eee prakatana taruvaata spashtam cheyabadindi, antey ekikarana mariyu swaatantryam gurinchi takshana nirnayaanni kimeeti vyatirekistundi mariyu eee samasyanu bhavishyat taraalu parishkarinchaalani korukuntundi. cross-strait sambandhampai kimeeti yokka sthaanam prastuta swatantra-ledhaa-ekikruta paristhitiloo undaalane aasatoe punarnirvachinchabadindi.
2005loe appati party chairman leane chaan taanu thana padavini vidichipettabotunnaani prakatinchaaru. eee sthaanaaniki iddaru pramukha pootiidaarulu maa ying-geo mariyu wang zin-ping. 2005 april 5naa, taipee mayer maa ying-geo, taanu pratipakshamaina kumintangku wang zin-pingto naayakatvam vahinchaalanukuntunnaani chepparu. 2005 juulai 16naa, kumintang 93 samvatsaraala charitralo modati pootii naayakatvamlo maa kmt chairmanga ennikayyaaru. paarteelooni 1.4 kotla mandhi sabhyulalo 54 saatam mandhi tama ootu hakkunu viniyoginchukunnaaru. maa ying-geo 72.4 saatam ledhaa 375,056 otlu saadhinchagaa, wang zin-ping 27.6 saatam ledhaa 143,268 otlu saadhinchaaru. vais chairmanga konasaagadaaniki vaangnu oppinchadamlo viphalamaina taruvaata, maa anae holdovers vu poe-hsyung (<unk>), chiang pinn-kung (<unk>), mariyu linn cheng-chii (<unk>), alaage deerghakaala party administrator mariyu vyuuhakarta zaan kuwan (<unk>), vais chairmenlugaa; anni niyaamakaalu party pratinidhula chethi ganana dwara aamodinchabaddaayi.
pradhana bhuubhaagamlooni adhikaarulatho churukuga charchallo unna kimiti, pfp rendinti pramukha sabhyulatho paan-blue sankeernam, prc madhya iteevali kaalamlo sambandhaalu vedekkaayi. fibravari 2004loe, taivanese vyaapaaravaettalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni shangailo taatkaalika hakku-sung ticket kosam oka prachara karyalayanni kmt terichinatlu kanipinchindi. ayithe, taivaanlo pratikuula pratispandana taruvaata, adhikaarika samacharam ledhaa adhikaram lekunda karyalayam terichinatlu kimiti ventane prakatinchindi. adanamgaa, pradhana bhoobhaagamlo bahiranga pracharanni nishedhistuu prc oka prakatana vidudala chesindi mariyu yea abhyardhi gelichaadane daanipai tamaku praadhaanyata ledani, gelichina abhyardhi sthaanaala gurinchi matrame pattinchukovadam ledani adhikarikamga perkondi.
2005 marchi 28naa, kumintang (kii. mea. tii) kuu chendina muppai mandhi sabhyulu, kii. mea. tii. vais chairman chiang pinn-kung netrutvamlo chaina pradhana bhuubhaagaaniki vacchaaru. 1949loe communistu dalaala chetilo odipoyina taruvaata (gatamlo chiangto sahaa kimiti sabhyulu vyaktigata sandarsanalu chesinappatiki) idhi pradhana bhuubhaagaaniki kimiti modati adhikaarika sandarsanagaa gurtinchabadindi. pratinidhulu huanghuvgang vadda padava tirugubaatu viplavakaarulaina amaraveerulaku nivaalularpinchadam dwara tama prayaana pranaalikanu praarambhinchaaru. aaa taruvaata vaaru sunn yaat-saine ghnaapakaartham maajee aarosi rajadhani nanjingku vellaaru. paryatana samayamlo kmt sipisitoe 10 paayintla oppandampai santakam chesindi. pratyarthulu eee sandarsananu moodava kimiti-sipisi sahakaaraaniki mundumaatagaa bhaavinchaaru. konni vaaraala taruvaata, maeloe, chairman leane chaan pradhana bhoobhaganni sandarsinchi huu gintavonu kalisaaru. rajadroham mariyu aarr ullanghanaku sambandhinchi kmt pratinidhi brundaanni vichaaristaamani chenn shuy-bian prabhutvam bedirinchinanduna etuvanti oppandaalu santakam kaaledu.oo.sii. pourulu communistulatho sahakarinchadaanni nishedhinche chattalu.
13 fibravari 2007naa, maa taipee meyargaa unnappudu "pratyeka kharchula" samasyaku sambandhinchi sumaru $11 millionlu (US $339,000) dopidi chesina aaropanalapai taiwan hye prosecutor karyalayam atanipai abhiyogaalu mopindi. neraropana jarigina ventane, athanu adhyaksha padaviki thana abhyardhitvaanni adhikarikamga prakatinchina adhe vilekarula samavesamlo kumintang chairmanga thana raajeenaamaanu samarpinchaadu. adhikarulu tama adhikaarika vidhula samayamlo chepattina vyaktigata kharchula kosam pratyeka vyaya nidhini upayoginchadam acharamani maa vaadinchaaru. december 2007loe, maa anni aaropanala nundi nirdoshigaa prakatinchabaddaadu mariyu ventane nirdoshigaa prakatinchadaanni kooda appeal chestunna prosecuterlapy daavaa vaesaadu.
2020loe 48 yella johnny chiang kumintang adhyakshudiga ennikayyaaru. janavari ennikalaloo party otami kaaranamgaa rajinama chesina vu denne-yih sthaanamlo ayana baadhyatalu sweekarinchaaru. chiang kimeeti charitranu nirvahinchadamlo mariyu paarteelo vividha rakaala nirmaanaatmaka samasyala nundi savaallanu edurkonnadu.
september 2021loe, johnny chiang sthaanamlo pramukha raajakeeyavetta eric chuni kotta nayakudiga kumintang ennukunnaaru.
kumintang prabhutvaala kalakramam.
chiang kaii-shake (1945-1975).
cross-strait vidhanam.
chaina antaryuddham taruvaata chiang kaii-shake taivaanku tirogamanam, aaa taruvaata 1949 decemberulo aarosi sthaapana, oka-chaina party shreniki prarambhanni suuchimchaayi. taivaanlo, chaina mottam yokka chattaparamaina pratinidhi sthaanaanni konasaginche hakkunu kimiti ventane nokki cheppindi. pravaasamlo unna prabhutvam", chiang kaii-shake aadhvaryamlo aarosi anae padam, october 1971 varaku antarjaateeya samajam gurtinchina hodaagaa undipoyindi, appudu un bhadrata mandalilo taiwan sthaanam prc chetha bharti cheyabadindi, mariyu fibravari 1972, idhi nixon yokka pecking chaaritraka sandarsananu suuchistumdi, idhi shanghai prakatanalo mugisindi.
praarambhamlo, pradhana bhoobhaganni tirigi pondadaaniki maa sahayam mariyu rakshana kinda samayanni mariyu balaanni ketaayinchadaaniki kimiti prayatninchindi. korea yuddham praarambhamaina taruvaata adhyakshudu truman juun 27,1950naa dandayaatraku avakaasam lekunda taivaannu rakshinchadaaniki edava naukaadalaanni aadesinchamani prerepinchaadu. ayithe samyukta raashtraala mottam lakshyam chiang pradhana bhuubhaagaaniki tirigi raavadaaniki sahayam cheyadame kaadu, kamyoonijaaniki vyatiraekamgaa taivaannu kotagaa nirminchadam, idhi chiang ekikarana gurinchi thana sainika drushtini konasaaginchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
balamaina communistu vyatiraekudigaa, chiang thana ekikarana anukuula siddhaantaanni balaanni upayoginchi kamyoonistula nundi pradhana bhoobhaganni vimukti chese bhaavajaalam kinda munduku tecchaadu. anduvalla, athanitho vacchina pourulu, nyaya nipunulu, dalaalu mariyu itara naipunhyam kaligina kaarmikula sainyam taivaannu pradhana bhoobhaganni tirigi swaadheenam chesukovadaniki avasaramaina sthaayiki paarisraamika mariyu sainika balaanni nirminchadaaniki taatkaalika sthaavaramgaa bhaavinchindi. 1955 augustulo, taruvaata 1958loe, modati taiwan jalasandhi sankshobhamlo tachen, kinmen mariyu maatsu deevula venta sangharshananu prerepinchadam dwara sainika saktitoe kimeeti-chainees communist party (sisipi) pratinidhi satrutvaanni parishkarinchadaaniki chiang thana nibaddhatanu pradarsinchaadu. chiang sumaru 60,000 saayudha dalaalanu eee praantamloki moharinchinanduku pratispandanagaa proke eee dveepaalapai kaalpulu praarambhinchindi, idhi rendava taiwan jalasandhi sankshobhaanni prerepinchindi. 1960laloe chinna chinna kotlatalu chaina vimuktini lakshyamgaa chesukuni asaadhaarana vyuuhaalatoe kalisi jarigaayi. chiang kaii-shake vimanalanu moharinchaadu, ivi karapatraalanu padesi, nigha mariyu goodacharya missionlaku vaimanika dalaanni pampai.ii. pradhana bhoobhaagamlo vantenalu mariyu moulika sadupaayaalanu pelchivestundi. edemaina, 1970laloe aikyaraajyasamiti sarvasabhya samavesam teermaanam 2758 dwara gurtinchabadindi, idhi antarjaateeya samaajamlo taiwan ksheenatanu suuchistumdi, daanitoe, pradhana bhoobhaganni tirigi swaadheenam chesukovalane korika kotta asthira sthithilo manugada saaginchaalsina avasaram erpadindi.
desheeya vidhanam.
kii. mea. tii. yokka yeka-chaina vidhanam taivaanlo daani paalaka vidhananni kooda prabhaavitam chesindi. japaneeyula aadhvaryamlo sudeerghakaalam sreyassu taruvaata dveepam yokka balaheenapadutunna aardhika vyavasthatho paatu, kimeeti paripaalanapai nivaasitula asantruptini edurkonna chiang kaii-shake, taiwan yokka antargata vyavaharalanu sthireekarinchadaaniki nirankusa raajakeeya vyavastha dwara thana aadhipatyaanni balopetam cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnadu, idhi pradhana bhuubhaagamtoe ekikaranaku maargam terichindi.
nirmaanam vaareegaa, taivanpai vidhinchina chiang prabhutvam chaina pradhana bhoobhaganni paripaalinchadaaniki upayoginchina munupati roopam kante takkuva vyatyaasaanni kaligi undhi. atyadhika sainika sthaanaalu, pooliisulu mariyu vidya vyavasthanu jodinchadamtho daadaapu anni prabhutva sthaanaalanu pradhana bhuubhaagavaasulu aakramincharu. paripalana vyavastha sthaapanalo jaathi vibhajana kanipinchindih taivaanlooni pradhana jaathi ayina hokkian prajalu sthaanika prabhutvaalapai niyantrana saadhinchaaru. intalo, minority hakkalu pradhana bhuubhaagavaasula patla anukuulata kaaranamgaa pooliisulu mariyu railroadlu vanti samsthalalo unnata sthaanaalanu akraminchayi. sthaanika nivaasitulu ootu hakkulanu viniyoginchukunela aidu munisipaalitiilu mariyu padahaaru counteelatho kuudina pratyeka prabhutvaanni kmt taiwan kosam erpaatu chesindi.
aneka pragatiseela saamaajika vidhanalu amalu cheyabaddaayi. prabhutvam prajaarogya pranaalikanu nirvahinchadamtho paatu marinni paatasaalalu mariyu vishwavidhyaalayaalanu praarambhinchindi. adhikaarika vidya paatyaamsaallo vidyaarthulu manderine chainees neerchukoevaalani, maatlaadaalani demand cheyagaa, sthaanika bhashala vadakanni nishedhinchaaru. edemaina, saamaajika sankshemaaniki badulugaa, prayojanaalu swechcha mariyu prajaasvaamya hakkulu "communist tirugubaatu" vishayamlo pooliisulaku mariyu sainyaniki vistrutamaina adhikaranni manjuru chesina sainika chattanni konasaginchadam, 1950 laloe chiang prabhutvam taivanese yokka anni raajakeeya karyakalapalanu nishedhinchindi, paarteelanu erpaatu cheyadam, vaartaapatrikalu prachurinchadam mariyu vidyaarthi prajaasvaamya udyamaalu. saasana yuvan pranaalika mariyu nidhulatho sahaa bureaucratic samasyalanu charchinchadaaniki parimitam cheyabadinanduna, prabhutvam lopala takkuva paaradarsakata undedi.
sthaanika sthaayilo ennikalanu nirvahinchadaaniki kooda kii. mea. tii prayatninchindih abhyardhulaku vaari prachaaraalanu merugga nirvahinchadaaniki aardhika sahayam mariyu samsthaagata nidhulu andinchabaddaayi. party oka praantamloo vividha vargaala nundi kaneesam iddaru abhyardhulanu munduku netti, aaa vargaalanu sthaanika bureaucracylalo sthaanam pondadaaniki anumatinchindi. kimeeteeki anugunamgaa undataaniki angeekarinchina abhyardhulaku adanapu aardhika prayojanaalu kooda ivvabaddaayi.
aardhika vidhanam.
chiang kaii-shake paalanalo 1949 mariyu 1953 madhya pravesapettina bhuu samskaranalu praatinidhya aardhika vidhanam, ivi vyavasaya rangaaniki matrame kakunda mottam aardhika vyavasthapai teevra prabhavanni chupayi. bhoomi anyaayamaina pampineeni prothsahinchi, dhanikulu, paedala madhya antaraanni penchina japanese valasa adde vyavasthanu marchadame vaari lakshyam. raitulandarinee vaari sonta polaalaku yajamanuluga marchadam eee samskaranala lakshyam. samskaranalu moodu dasalugaa undevi. modatidi, bhoomi addenu tappanisarigaa tagginchadam, idhi vyavasaya addelanu pradhana pantala vaarshika digubadilo garishtamgaa 37.5 saataaniki parimitam chesindi. rendava dasha-gatamlo japanese valasavaadula yajamanyamlo unna mariyu japthu cheyabadina prabhutva bhoomini market viluva kante gananeeyamgaa takkuva dharaku vaastava addedaarulaku vikrayinchadam. chivari moodava dasha-2.9 hectarlaku paiga bhuswamula yaajamaanyamloni bhoomini prabhutvaaniki tappanisarigaa vikrayinche "land-tuu-dhi-tiller act", idhi addedaarulaku tirigi vikrayinchindi. eee samskaranalu taivanese vyavasaya janabhalo adhika bhaganni taakaayi, modati dasalo 70 saatam kouludaarula kutumbaala addelu tagginchabaddaayi. rendava mariyu moodava dasalu kooda 1949loe addedaarula saagu bhoomini 44 saatam nundi 1953loe 17 saataaniki tagginchadaaniki dohadapaddayi.
aardhikamgaa, samskaranalu mukhyamainavi, endukante yajamanyam maarputho, saagudaarula prothsaahaka chatram roopaantaram chendindi-pani prayatnaalu, utpatti, pettubadi mariyu kotta saanketika parignaanaanni avalambinchadam penchadam. eee perugutunna utpaadakata tadupari aardhika vyavasthalooni itara rangaalaku kaarmika, muuladhanam vanti vanarulanu badilee cheyadaaniki avasaram. eee samskaranalu aadaaya pampineepai kooda prabhavam chupayi, addedaarulu mariyu kotta yajamaanula aadaayaalanu meruguparichayi. atuvanti pampinhee vidhanam modata, taruvaata vruddhi kooda desham yokka samanatva vruddhi namuunaaku dohadapadindani vaadinchabadindi.
chiang ching-kuvo (1975-1988).
cross-strait vidhanam.
kmt adhyakshudu chiang ching-kuvo aadhvaryamlo taiwan adhikaarika doutyaparamaina ontaritanam yugamlo marinta saralamaina cross-strait sambandham vaipu oka charyanu sakaram chesindi, dheenini janavari 1,1979naa us prc gurtimpu praarambhinchindi. chiang kaii-shake yokka asalu vann-chaina tatvasaastram taivaannu daani ekaika chattabaddhamaina pratinidhigaa konasaaginchindi, aaa samayamlo antarjaateeya samajam gurtinchina vaikhari, taiwan yokka ksheenistunna antarjaateeya hodha mariyu chaina yokka shakti mariyu auchityam perugudalanu edurkonna athani kumarudu, ikapai adhe kathinamaina vaikharini mariyu bahirangamgaa shatru vidhananni konasaginchalekapoyadu. aaa vidhamgaa, kuvo aadhvaryamlo unna kimeeti thana prastuta cross-strait sambandhaalalo praatinidhya shatrutva bhavanaku oka-chaina yokka vivarananu maarchindi, idhi cpp yokka praatinidhya pootii vaadana drishtya daani auchityam mariyu itara videshee rangaalalo chesina raayiteela kosam charchalu jarapaalsina taiwan yokka avasaranni vyaktam chestundi.
oka-chaina rekha kinda, chiang ching-kuvo prc yokka perugutunna saktitoe pootii padataniki thana sonta bhadrata kosam charchalu jaripaaru. anduvalla, taiwan videshee sambandhaala yokka aadhunika namuunaanu panchukuntu, itara deshaalatho adhikaarika dautya sambandhaala shoonyatanu anadhikaarika sambandhaalato ayana nimpaaru. 1979loe adhikaarika sambandhaala vichchinnam mariyu paraspara rakshana oppandaanni raddu cheyadampai chiang ching-kuvo teevramgaa spandinchaadu, deenivalla athanu "vaastavikata, konasagimpu, bhadrata, chattabaddhata mariyu prabhutvata" anae pataakam krinda aarosi-yus sambandhaalaku sambandhinchi thana aidu suutraalanu punarudghaatinchaadu."phalitamgaa, united states congress octoberlo taiwan sambandhaala chattanni munduku tecchindi. adhe samvatsaram 10. eee chattam anadhikaarika brokerage, idhi taivaanku bahya bedirimpulanu edurkovadaniki mariyu rakshana bhavanam kosam aayudhalanu vikrayinchadaaniki americanu anumatinchindi.
1979loe, aarosi yokka "moodu linkulu" kuu pratispandanagaa proke thoo "moodu nose": etuvanti sampradimpulu, raajee, charchalu laevu, aamodinchabaddaayi mariyu adhyakshudu kuvo chetha nirvahinchabadindi. ayithe, 1986 mae 3naa chaina vimanayana cargo vimananni haizak cheyadam, pradhana bhuubhaagaaniki cherukovalani koorutuu pourula desheeya ottiditoe kalipi, eee vidhananni raddu chesindi. 1987loe, oka bahiranga dwara vidhanam taiwan nundi prajalu pradhana bhuubhaagamlooni vaari bandhuvula vaddaku velladaaniki anumatulu jaarii cheyadaaniki aarosi redd kraasnu anumatinchindi, idhi aarosi mariyu prc madhya konasagutunna poura marpidi praarambhaaniki prerepinchindi.
1984 vesavi olympicslo "chainees taipee" raajee anedi chiang ching-kuvo paripaalanalo chesina raayiteelaku mukhyamaina udaaharana. chainees taiwan anae padaaniki sambandhinchi chaina firyadulu, mariyu chainees athletlugaa athletlanu namodu cheyadam valla, taiwan "chainees taipee" nuu sweekarinchindi-eee padam nissabdamgaa vann-chaina suutraanni aamodinchindi, mariyu praatinidhyam yokka raajeeni pooli untundi, dheeniki rendu paarteelu santrupti chendaayi. idhi aarosi kosam antarjaateeya sthalaanni tirigi pondadaaniki oka aacharanaatmaka charya, idhi ekikarana vaipu oka charyanu kaligi undhi.
desheeya vidhanam.
perugutunna desheeya prajaasvaamya anukuula bhaavam, antarjaateeya samajam vidichipettadam-aarosini doutyaparamgaa gurtinchakudadane united states nirnayam nundi praarambhinchi, chaina yokka perugutunna shakti mariyu antarjaateeya hodha nundi, antargata mariyu bahya ottillaku vyatiraekamgaa kmt adhikaranni ekikrutam cheyadaaniki chiang ching-kuvo vividha vyuuhaatmaka, parimita prajaasvaamya raayiteelanu praarambhinchaadu. alaa cheyadam dwara prajaswamyamlo oka balamaina rashtramgaa vyuuhaatmakamgaa konasaagadaaniki veelu kalpistundi, adhe samayamlo aarosi thana yeka-chaina vidhaanampai charchalu jarapadamlo videshaalalo surakshitamgaa drushtini ketaayinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. chivaraku, maanava hakkula samasyalu ippatikee eee yugamlo oka pedda vivaadamgaa migilipoyayi, endukante chiang ching-kuvo thana tandri paalanalooni pradhana vidhaanaalanu sajeevamgaa unchaadu. ayithe, communistu tirugubaatu valla athani tandri bhadrataku sambandhinchina aandolanala phalitamgaa vacchina sainika chattam chivariki 1987loe ettiveyabadindi.
chiang ching-kuvo jaathi chainees sampradaayavaadam nundi taivanese sampradaayavaadaaniki kramamga maaradam chinna sthaayilo unnappatikee, marinta jaathi taivanese sabhyulanu chaerchadaaniki mantrivargaanni punarvyavastheekarinchadamtho praarambhamaindi. eee maarpulo tadupari dasha taivanese prajalalo muulaalanu kaligi unna "tangwoy" anae vyatiraeka paarteelaku raajakeeya rangaanni teravadam. chiang ching-kuvo raajakeeya pratipakshaalapai niyantranalanu nemmadigaa sadalinchadam praarambhinchinappatikii, 1970la chivarilo "tong-vaay" appatike sthaanika ennikala nundi pedda maddatunu sampadistondi; 1979loe kavosiyung sanghatana taruvaata, kmt pratipaksha sabhyulapai kathinamaina nigha, pattubattadam praarambhinchindi. 1980laloe raajakeeya kriyaaseelata marinta ekkuva mandhi taivaaneesnu aakarshinchadamto, kotta pratibha mariyu mataparamaina vyaktulanu cherchadam vanti migilina janabha bhagaswamyanni prothsahinchadaaniki kimiti prabhutvam bahiranga vidhaanaalanu amalu cheyadam praarambhinchindi. 1982loe asalu taivanese ayina lii teng-huynu dhesha upadhyakshudiga ennukoovaalani chiang teesukunna nirnayam oka pramukha udaaharana. 1986loe, chiang ching-kuvo oohinchaleni pani chesadu athanu prajaasvaamya pragatiseela party (dii. pii. pii) chattaviruddha erpaatunu anumatinchadam dwara kmtni ullanghinchaadu. chaina perugutunna muppuku vyatiraekamgaa prajaasvaamya chattabaddhata yokka naitika unnata sthaayini teesukovadam dwara, chiang ching-kuvo thana palananu balopetam cheyadaaniki antarjaateeya maddatunu pondaalani prayatninchaadani eee vidhanalu niruupistunnaayi. alaa cheyadamlo, athanu aardhika mariyu bhadrata kaaranaala valla united statesnu saantimpajeyadaaniki kooda prayatninchaadu.
chiang ching-kuvo yugamlo maroka amsam sinocentric jaateeya gurtimpunu kalushitam chestundane bhayamtho taiwan aadimavaasulanu nirantaram minahayinchadaanni suuchistumdi. dii. pii. pii. erpadinappatiki, idhi aadimavaasula hakkulanu punaruddharinchaalane uddesyamto eppuduu aadhaarapadaledu, conny kopam mariyu santruptini tolaginche oka samsthagaa undedi. antekakunda, chiang kaii-shake kinda dongilinchabadina bhoomini tirigi ivvadaaniki, aadima bhashalanu uddesinchi nishedhaanni ettiveyadaaniki ledhaa aadima samskrutini konasaaginchadaaniki paatasaalallo vidyanu andinchadaaniki etuvanti vidhanalu amalulo laevu. chiang ching-kuvo taruvaata prajaasvaamya ekikarana jarigina taruvaata matrame aadimavaasula hakkulu punaruddharinchabaddayi. chiang ching-kuvo mariyu athani manushulu party nirmaanaaniki kotta brand sampradaayavaadaanni pravesapettadaaniki prayatnistunnanduna, kathinamaina sino-centric gurtimpunu konasaginchadamto paatu, desavyaapta sthaayilo prabhutvaanni ippatikee niyantrutva sampradayavaduluga mudravesaaru.
aardhika vidhanam.
1970luu taiwan aardhika vyavasthaku vegavantamaina aardhika abhivruddhi kaalam. prastuta moulika sadupayalu garishta saamarthyaanni cherukuntunnayani, aardhika vyavastha avasaralaku anugunamgaa undalekapotunnayani prabhutvam grahinchindi. modati yuddhaanantara pedda ettuna moulika sadupayala nirmaanam, antey padhi pradhana nirmaana prajectula pratipaadana venuka chiang ching-kuvo chodaka saktigaa maarindi. veetilo rahadaarulu, railu, samudra mariyu vaayu ravana moulika sadupayalu mariyu itara aaru prajectulu-naukaanirmaanam, chamuru suddhi, ukku tayari mariyu anhu vidyut utpatti unnaayi. eee prajectula panulu 1970la praarambhamlo prarambhamayyayi, ayithe chiang ippatikee pradhaanamainadigaa undhi mariyu chaalaa prajectulu dasaabdam chivari natiki puurtayyaayi. factory moosiveta phalitamgaa perugutunna nirudyogam vanti 1973 chamuru sankshobham yokka prabhavalanu tagginchadaaniki eee nirmaanam gananeeyamgaa dohadapadindi. eee prajectulu 1,40,000 mandiki upaadhi avakaasaalanu srushtinchaayi mariyu aardhika vyavastha vaegamgaa punaruddharinchadaaniki prerepinchaayi. vaaru taivanese perugutunna egumati aadhaarita aardhika vyavasthaku punaadi kooda vaesaaru.
chiang adhyakshatana, padhi pradhana nirmaana prajectula taruvaata pannendu pradhana nirmaana prajectulu vachayi, veetilo moulika sadupayala prajectulu mariyu ukku millu vistarana unnaayi. taruvaata, padnaalugu pradhana nirmaana prajectulu puurtayyaayi, graameena praantaallo aneka chinna mariyu madhyataraha samsthala vistaranaku avasaramaina padaarthaalu mariyu moulika sadupaayaalanu andinchaayi, anduvalla eekviteetho vruddhini prothsahinchaayi.
lii teng-hui (1988-2000).
cross-strait vidhanam.
cross-strait vyavaharalanu nirvahinchadamlo, president lii saampradaaya kimeeti line nundi vaidolugutaaru. anduvalla, sampradaayavaadaaniki ayana chesina krushi aardhika rangaaniki jagrattagaa parimitam ayi undaali. nijaaniki, thana adhyaksha padavi antataa, taivaannu "tirugubaatu provins" gaa chaina varninchadam anedi oka gaddi manishi vaadananu kaligi undane vaadanatoe "1992" ekaabhipraayaanni "lii tiraskarinchaaru. badulugaa, shaan-francisco oppandam pariseelanaloo taiwan ellappuduu chaaritraatmakamgaa swatantramgaa undani ayana bhaavinchaaru. atuvanti teevramaina vaikhari chaina sainika aankshalanu enthavaraku upayoginchabadindo aandolanaku gurichesindi, idhi moodava taiwan jalasandhi sankshobham praarambhaaniki prerepinchindi.
desheeya vidhanam.
taivanese rajakeeyaala saralikaranaku maargadarsakudigaa pariganinchabadatam valla, lii adhyakshatana aneka antargata vidhanalu sampradaaya sampradaaya raajakeeya vidhananni anusarinchaledu. thana paalanalo, 1949 nundi adhikaaramlo unna pradhana bhuubhaagamlooni shaashwata saasanasabhyulaina yuvan sabhyulanu tolaginchadam dwara, alaage marinni taivanese sabhyulanu chaerchadaaniki taruvaata svaechchaayutamaina ennikalanu nirvahinchadam dwara ayana prajaswaamyaanni churukuga prothsahinchaaru. athanu thana paalanalo thana jaathi taivanese gurtimpunu nokkichepparu, thana puurveekudu chiang ching-kuvo dasalanu anusarinchi taivanese jaateeyavaadam yokka balamaina bhavanni roopondinchaaru.
aardhika vidhanam.
1990laloe taivanese prabhutvam cross-strait pettubadulapai paryaveekshanha mariyu niyantrananu churukuga konasaaginchindi. pradhana bhoobhaagamlo pettubadi pedutunna anni samsthalu tama pettubadula mottam mariyu swabhaavaanni nivedinchaalsina avasaram vanti vividha nibandhanalu amalu cheyabaddaayi. vaaru alaa cheyadamlo viphalamaithe, prayaanaaniki anumatulanu niraakarinchadam, runaalu mariyu marpidi karyakalapalanu nilipiveyadam, bhavishyat pettubadi darakhaastulanu tiraskarinchadam vanti vividha sikshalu vechi unnaayi. 1 million dollarla kante ekkuva kotta pettubadulaku mundastu aamodam avasaramani, idhi pradhana bhuubhaagaaniki sambandhinchina aardhika karyakalapalanu paryavekshinche prabhutva saamarthyaanni marinta balopetam chestundani kooda nibandhanalu suuchimchaayi.
eee kaalamlo taivanese pettubadulalo pedda maarpu kooda kanipinchindi-chinna taraha tayari nundi mariyu ekkuvagaa dustulu, paadarakshalu, aahara prosessing vanti sramatho kuudina parisramalu, adhika saanketika utpatti mariyu moulika sadupayala prajectulaku. phalitamgaa, pettubadula viluva baga perigindi, taiwan pradhana bhuubhaagampai perugutunna aadharapadatam gurinchi prabhutva bhayalanu levanettindi. dheeniki pratispandanagaa, adhyakshudu lii teng-hui videshee pettubadulapai, mukhyamgaa prclo desham mitimeerina aadharapadatam, desheeya aardhika vyavasthanu punaruddharinchadam nundi muuladhanaanni mariyu drushtini mallistondani, prabhutvam daanipai oka mootha pettalsi untundani nokki chepparu. itara takkuva pratikuula marketlalo taivanese pettubadulanu vaividhyaparachadaaniki kotta viewhalalo okati, aagneya asealo avtsourcing utpattini prothsahinche "goo south" vidhanam. ayithe eee vidhanam avasaramaina phalitaalanu ivvaledu mariyu pradhana bhuubhaagaaniki pettubadulanu tagginchaledu.
dakshinaaniki vellandi" vyuuhamlooni balaheenatalanu chuusi, prabhutvam "tondarapadakandi, opikagaa undandi" vidhananni pravesapettina maroka vidhananni avalambinchindi. dheeniki pradhana bhoobhaagamlo adhika saanketikata mariyu moulika sadupayalalo taivanese pettubadula kesula vaareegaa aamodaalu avasaram. alaage, idhi prclo pettubadulapai parimitulanu vidhinchindi-oka samstha yokka mottam nikara viluvalo garishta pettubadi sthaayi 20 nundi 40 saatam mariyu vyaktigata pettubadulapai US $50 millionla parimiti. eee krindi niyantrana chaalaa pedda ettuna moulika sadupayalu mariyu indhana prajectulalo taivanese pettubadulanu kooda nishedhinchindi. eee vidhanam yokka lakshyam pradhana bhuubhaagam vaipu kadalikanu puurtigaa apadam kaadani, haitek samsthala pravahanni mandaginchadam mariyu nirvahinchadam mariyu vaariki intlo abhivruddhi chendadaaniki avakaasam ivvadam anie vaadinchaaru. beijing taiwan patla satruvugaa unnanta kaalam, ituvanti aniyantrita pettubadulu mariyu pradhana bhuubhaagampai mitimeerina aadharapadatam jaateeya bhadratanu debbateestundani lii paerkonnaaru.
beijing nundi bhadrata bedirimpulu mariyu ottidipai aandolanalu unnappatikee, pradhana bhuubhaagamtoe sannihita aardhika sambandhaalaku maddatu icchina vyapara sthaayilu mariyu saadhaarana otarla nundi lii vidhaanaalaku balamaina vyatiraekata eduraindi.
maa ying-geo (2008-2016).
cross-strait vidhanam.
maa ying-geo adhyakshatana, 1992 ekaabhipraayam konasaagindi, taiwan nissabdamgaa oka-chaina praatinidhyaanni konasaaginchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. eee pratishtambhana nepathyamlo, maa appudu anuvaina doutyaanni amalu cheyadam dwara taiwan bhadrata mariyu antarjaateeya sthaanaanni balopetam chese disagaa mallaru. anduvalla, lii teng-hui mariyu chenn shuy-bian adhyaksha padavula samayamlo baga perigina shatru sambandhaanni tagginchadam dwara aarosi yokka perugutunna shakti mariyu prabhaavaaniki sambandhinchi "modus vivendi" nii nemmadigaa punaruddharinchadam maa yokka pradhana drushti. maa adhyakshatana videsanga vyavahaaraala mantritva saakha prakaram, ekaabhipraayam videshee vyavaharalalo aarosi yokka "gowravam, swayampratipatti, vyaavahaarikasattaavaadam mariyu vasyata" suutraalanu suuchistumdi. antarjaateeya samajam vaikhariki anugunamgaa proke patla satrutvaanni tagginchadam dwara, taiwan dwaipaakshika sambandhaala dwara, alaage antarjaateeya gadhi dwara bhouthika vastuvulu mariyu bhadratanu bhadraparachagaligindi.
mukhyamgaa, mae 18,2009naa, aarosi 62va prapancha aarogya samavesamlo paalgondi, idhi 1971 nundi un samsthalalo paalgonadaaniki taiwan tirigi vacchina charyanu suuchistumdi. taivaannu antarjaateeya samaajamlo tirigi vileenam cheyadaaniki anugunamgaa, maa paripalana kooda aarosini vaataavarana maarpulapai aikyaraajyasamiti framework convention (ufcc) mariyu antarjaateeya poura vimanayana samstha (icao) loe cherchadaanni pradhana praadhaanyatalagaa unchindi. antekakunda, 2009 nundi, asea pasiphik praantamlooni deshaalatho sambandhaalu kooda kolukunnayi, koreatho vimanayana bhadrata sahakaarampai avagahana oppandam mariyu malaysia mariyu philippeanstho upa mantri sthaayi aardhika mariyu vaanijya sampradimpula punahprarambham dheeniki nidarsanam. taiwan yokka deerghakaala mitradesamaina united states, aarosi yokka jaateeya rakshanalo sahayapade roopamlo dwaipaakshika sambandhaalanu konasaginchindihi october 2008loe, bush paripalana 6.2 billion dollarla aayudhaala ammakalaku angeekarinchindi, idhi obama adhyakshatana punaraavrutamaindi.
ayithe, juun 2013loe, prc mariyu aarosee atyanta vivaadaaspada cross-strait services trade aggrement (csta) paie santakam chesaayi. pradhanamgaa 1992 ekaabhipraayaanni konasaginchadame kakunda, proke mariyu aarosini munupennadoo lenantha daggaragaa teesukuvacchina maa paripalana yokka anuvaina dautyam yokka prayatnaalu, vidyaarthulu jaateeya paarlamentunu aakraminchadamtho raajakeeya edurudebbanu prerepinchaayi, oppandam yokka claz bye claz sameekshanu demand chesaayi. maa yokka cross-strait vidhaanampai saadhaarana asantrupti 2016 ennikalaloo mugisindi, idhi dppni tirigi adhikaaramloki teesukuvacchindi.
desheeya vidhanam.
2008 adhyaksha ennikalaloo vijaetagaa nilichina maa ying-geo vidhanalu desheeya rajakeeyaalanu dookudugaa roopondinchina pedda rashtraanni kaligi unnaayi. eee vidhanalu entha peddavi ayinappatikee, taivanese pourulu vaari jokyam matrame kakunda, vaati paelavamaina samarthatha paramgaa kooda ekkuvagaa savaalu chesaaru. adanamgaa, maa prachaaramlo aneka mukhya amsaalu avineeti vyatiraeka vaagdaanaalu mariyu antekakunda, jaatula madhya samarasyam. edemaina, rendoo unchabadaledu; mukhyamgaa, ayana nirnayinchina modati charyalalo okati chiang kaii-shake samadhini tirigi teravadam, idhi munupati adhyakshudu kottagaa ennikaina adhyakshudini saino-centric praatipadikana pratyaekamaina jaateeya gurtimpunu pempondinchadaaniki enthagaa prabhaavitam chesaro choopistundi.
thana modati padaveekaalamlo taiwan aardhika vruddhi pradhana bhuubhaagamtoe aardhika samaikyatapai ayana chesina prayatnaalaku krutagnatalu, tirigi ennika kosam vyaparamlo pedda paerla nundi pedda mottamlo maddatunu pondindi; conny adhe samayamlo maa prabhutvam munduku tecchina vividha vidhana maarpulanu vyatirekinchadaaniki perugutunna pourulu saamaajika udyamaalalo utsaahamgaa palgontunnaru. 2008 sunami taruvaata paelavamaina nirvahana, vyavasaya graama punarujjeevanam kosam saasanam, praja television prasaarampai media niyantrana, pillala patla laingika vaedhimpulu, tiiraaniki sameepamlo nafta banasancha karmagaranni erpaatu cheyadaaniki aamodam vanti vaatipai adhikaarula nundi vacchina konni vivaadaaspada charyalu. antekakunda, prabhutvam munupati dpp-maddatugala poura mariyu paryaavarana nirmaanaala karyakalapalanu saasvatamgaa nilipivesindi, deenivalla prabhutvam mariyu prajala madhya communication margalu kolpoyayi. aaa vidhaanaalannii pedda vyaparala dwara nidhulu samakuurchabadina, janaadarana laeni, pedda rashtram undatam valla saapekshamgaa sampradaayavaada drukpathaanni pratibimbimchaayi, mukhyamgaa maa yugamlo, maanava hakkulu mariyu paryaavarana samasyalanu balaheenaparichindi.
aardhika vidhanam.
pradhana bhuubhaagaaniki sambandhinchina aardhika karyakalapalanu tagginchadaaniki prayatninchina lii teng-hui adhyakshatana munupati kimeeti prabhutvam vale kakunda, maa ying-geo vaanijya prayojanaalanu pondadaaniki chaina sahakaaramtho abhivruddhipai drushti pettaru. perugutunna korikalu mariyu vyapara samajam nundi perugutunna ottidini anusarinchi, maa praarambhotsavam jarigina konni vaaraala taruvaata, moodu pratyaksha sambandhaala samasyaku sambandhinchi taiwan mariyu pradhana bhuubhaagam madhya charchalu praarambhinchaaru. taiwan mariyu prc madhya communicationku ivi moodu pradhana margalu-mail, ravana mariyu vaanijyam dwara, ivi daadaapu aaru dasabdaluga rendu vaipula madhya nishedhinchabaddaayi. moodu anusandhaanaalu lekapovadam taivanese vyaapaaraalaku bhaarii avarodhamgaa maarindi, ravana kharchulanu penchadam mariyu pradhana bhoobhaagamlo pedda market, takkuva kaarmika kharchulu mariyu pratibhanu pondadaaniki aatamkam kaliginchadam. idhi taivaanlo bahulajaati companyla pettubadi mariyu abhivruddhini kooda nirodhinchindi.
chivaraku, november 4,2008naa, irupakshaalu prati anusandhaanaaniki sambandhinchi varusa oppandaalapai santakam chesaayi mariyu moodu pratyaksha anusandhaanaalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. vijayavantamaina charchalu chaaritraatmaka kshanaanni suuchistaayi, idhi cross-strait sambandhaalu charchalu mariyu sahakaram vaipu gatha satrutvaanni kadilinchaayani suuchistumdi. pratipakshaalu sandehaalu vyaktam chestu, ituvanti charya taivaanku aardhikamgaa prayojanakaramgaa undavacchani padepade perkonnaayi, taivanese vimaanaasrayaalu prc vimaanaalaku terichi undadamtho idhi jaateeya bhadratatho raajee padutondi. ayithe, vaastavaaniki, eee abhivruddhi kaaranamgaa, cross-strait sambandhaalu gharshana kante samarasyam vaipu ekkuvagaa kendrikrutamai unnaayi.
maa prabhutvam yokka maroka aardhika vidhanam aardhika sahakaara framework oppandam. 2010loe santakam chesina eee oppandam taiwan aardhika vyavasthaku chaalaa avasaramaina oopunichhe aasatoe, rendu vaipula madhya sunkaalu mariyu vaanijya addamkulanu tagginchadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. ayinappatikee, dheeniki prajala nundi manchi aadarana labhinchaledu, idhi nirasanalaku mariyu oppandam yokka prabhavalapai teevramaina praja charchaku naandi palikindi. taivanese kaarmikulu mariyu chinna vyaparalu choukaina chainees vastuvula digumatula perugudalato pootii padavalasi untundi kabatti pratyarthulu sthaanika aardhika vyavastha bhavishyattu gurinchi aandolana vyaktam chesaaru. ayithe, eee dveepaanni chaina provinsga chuse beijing thoo eekfa ekikaranaku daariteeyavachchu anae bhayam nirasanalaku kendramgaa undhi. eee oppandam aardhika saastraaniki sambandhinchinadani, raajakeeyaalaku sambandhinchinadani adhyakshudu nokki chepparu, taiwan prajaswamyam mariyu prc nundi anavasaramaina ottidini nivaarinche daani saamardhyampai thana vishwaasaanni dhruveekarinchaaru.

