
1936 spanish viplavam

spanish viplavam anedi 1936loe spanish antaryuddham prarambhamainappudu praarambhamaina kaarmikula saamaajika viplavam, idhi rendu nundi moodu samvatsaraala paatu desamloni vividha praantaalalo, pradhanamgaa catalonia, aragon, andalusia mariyu valencian samaajamlooni konni praantaalalo araachakavaada mariyu marinta vistrutamgaa, swechchaavaada saamyavaada samsthaagata suutraalanu vistrutamgaa amalu cheyadaaniki daariteesindi. speyin aardhika vyavasthalo ekkuva bhaagam kaarmikula niyantranalo unchabadindi; catalonia vanti arachaka saktula balamaina praantaalalo, eee sankhya 75 saatam varaku undhi. karmagaralu kaarmika kamiteela dwara nadapabaddayi, mariyu vyavasaya praantaalu samishtiga maari swechchaavaada saamyavaada sanghaluga nadichayi. hotallu, mangali dukaanaalu mariyu restaurantlu vanti aneka chinna vyaparalu kooda vaari kaarmikulache samishtiga nirvahinchabaddaayi.
saamuuhika prayatnaanni pradhanamgaa (cn tii; national confederation off laber) mariyu (phai; iberian arachaka samakhya) yokka rank-und-file sabhyulu nirvahinchaaru. soshalistu (yujiti; kaarmikula saadhaarana union) kooda saamuuhikata amalulo paalgondi.
charitra.
1936 juulai 17naa spanish tirugubaatu praarambhamaindi. juulai 18naa, konasagutunna sainika tirugubaatu ganatantra rajyam kuppakuuladaaniki daariteesindi (oke rojulo naalugu prabhutvaalu okadaanikokati vijayavantam ayyayi) mariyu tirugubaatu kutradaarulu adhikaranni swaadheenam chesukoni pradaesaalaloo rashtra balavantapu nirmaanaalu raddu cheyabadataaniki ledhaa pakshavaataaniki gurayyayi. appatiki, cn tii loe sumaruga 1,577,000 sabhyulu unnaaru mariyu yujiti loe 1,447,000 sabhyulu unnaaru. juulai 19naa, tirugubaatu kataloniaku cherukundi, akkada kaarmikulu aayudhalu ettaaru, baraclapy daadi chesaaru, barikedlanu erpaatu chesaaru, chivariki sainyanni oodinchaaru.
viplavam yokka modati dasha (juulai-september 1936): "arachakam yokka vesavi".
sainika tirugubaatu mariyu daani patla rashtram chuupina spashtamaina udaaseenata rendintikee pratispandanagaa, sii. enn. tii mariyu yujiti unionlu juulai 19 nundi 23 varaku saadhaarana sammeku pilupunichaayi. poura rangaala madhya aayudhaala pampinhee gurinchi munupati rojullo nirdishta recordulu unnappatikee, saadhaarana samme samayamlone samavesamayye unionlu mariyu chinna samuuhaalatoe sambandham unna kaarmika sanghaala samuuhaalu, vaaru prabhutvaaniki vyatiraekamgaa tirugubaatu chestunnara ledhaa anedaaniki bhinnamgaa, rashtra dalaala yokka aneka aayudha depolapy daadi chesaayi.
ippatike eee modati varallo, arachaka-syndicalist viplavaatmaka rangaalalo rendu samuuhaalu staapinchabaddaayih praathamikamgaa iberian araachakavaada samakhya (phai) thoo mudipadi unna radikal samuuham, daani dwara CNT thoo mudipadi undhi, idhi saampradaaya viplavamgaa palgonna drugvishayaanni ardham chesukundi; mariyu CNT yokka marinta mitavaada rangamlooni sabhyulatho kuudina sambhaavya samuuham, idhi vistruta frontlo palgone soulabhyaanni vyaktam chesindi, taruvaata dheenini janaadarana pondina antifassist front (FPA) anie pilustaaru, idhi ennikala sankeerna praja frontlo unionlanu jodinchadam phalitamgaa erpadindi.
adhe samayamlo, rashtra velupala paripalana nirmaanaalu erpaddaayi, chaalaa varaku sthaanika ledhaa praantiiya swabhaavam, conny nirdishta sandarbhaallo atuvanti parimitulanu adhigaminchaayi; konni atyanta mukhyamainavih
konni rojullo, spanish antaryuddham yokka frontlu sthaapinchabaddaayi, pradhana frontlalo okati, viplavam sandarbhamlo, aragon. 1936 juulai 24naa, modati swachchanda sainyam barcelonanu aragon vaipu vadilindi. idhi sumaru 3,000 mandhi vyaktulatoe kuudina durruti kaalam, ekkuvagaa vaaru vellina munisipaalitiilaloo swechchaavaada communismnu modata amalu chesina buenaventhura durruti samanvayamtho panichese kaarmikulu. adanamgaa, inupa stambham mariyu erupu mariyu nalupu stambham vanti itara prasiddha sainika nirmaanaalu erpaddaayi, rendodi kooda aragon kuu bayaluderindi. eee udyamam anthaa tirugubaatu sainyam teesukoni bhagalalo araachakavaadula asaadhaarana yekagrataku daariteesindi. oka vaipu, catalonia mariyu valencia nundi vaelaadi mandhi araachakavaada sainikula raaka, marovaipu, pedda graameena aragonese prajaadarana pondina sthaavaram uniki viplavam yokka atipedda saamuuhika prayogam yokka pragatiseela abhivruddhiki anumatinchindi.
eee modati dasalo spanish aardhika vyavasthalo ekkuva bhaagam unionlu nirvahinchina kaarmikula niyantranaloki teesukuvacchaaru; pradhanamgaa catalonia vanti arachaka praantaalalo. eee drugvishayam mottam paarisraamika rangamlo 75 saataaniki vistarinchindi, conny saamyavaada prabhavam unna praantaalalo, raetu antha ekkuvagaa ledhu. karmagaralanu kaarmikula kamiteelu nirvahinchaayi, vyavasaya praantaalu samishtiga marai mariyu swechchaavaada kamyoonlugaa panicheesaayi. hotallu, kshourashaalalu, ravana margalu mariyu restaurantlu vanti pradaesaalu kooda vaari swantha kaarmikulache samishtiga mariyu nirvahinchabadataayi.
british rachayita georg arvel, thana nirankusa vyatiraeka rachanalu "animal phaam" mariyu "pantommidi enabhai naalugu" laku prasiddhi chendaadu, athanu cnt-allide (poum; marxist ekikarana yokka workers party) yokka lenin vibhaagamlo sainikudu. orvel antaryuddham gurinchi thana pratyaksha pariseelanalanu jagrattagaa namodu chesaadu mariyu thana pustakam "kaataloniyaaku nivaali" loe saamaajika viplavam patla prasamsalu vyaktam chesaadu.
communelu praathamika suutram prakaram nirvahinchabadataayi, "prati okkari nundi vaari saamarthyam prakaram, prati okkariki vaari avasaraniki anugunamgaa."konni pradaesaalaloo, dabbu puurtigaa tolaginchabadindi, daani sthaanamlo vocharlu vachayi. eee vyavastha kinda, vastuvula dhara tarachugaa munupati kharchulo naaluginta oka vanthu kante konchem ekkuvagaa untundi. viplavam samayamlo, graameena praantaalalo 70 saatam catalonialo, 70 saatam thoorpu aragon loe, 91 saatam republican sector extramaduralo, 58 saatam castilla-laa manchaalo, 53 saatam republican andalusialo, 25 saatam modridlo, 24 saatam mursialo, 13 saatam valencian samaajamlo swaadheenam chesukunnaru. iraa dayta prakaram, republican speyin yokka swaadheenam chesukunna praantamloo 54 saatam samishtiga cheyabadindi. graameena communelu atyanta mukhyamainaviga maarina praavinsulu siudad real-ikkada 1938loe 1,002,615 hectorlu (98.9% saagu bhoomulu) sekarinchabaddaayi-mariyu jaine-ikkada 685,000 hectorlu (76.3% saagu bhoomulu) sekarinchabaddaayi, migilina ganatantra praavinsulanu chaalaa venukabadi unchaayi. yuddham mugise varaku aneka communelu konasagayi. araachakavaada communelu samishtiga utpatti cheyabadataaniki mundu kante marinta samarthavanthamaina retutho utpatti cheyabaddaayi, utpaadakata 20 saatam perigindi. kottagaa vimukti pondina mandalaalu puurtigaa swechchaavaada suutraalapai panicheesaayi; etuvanti bureaucracy lekunda saadhaarana pourula councils dwara nirnayaalu teesukobaddaayi.
libertarian communism libertarian miliciala kalamsga prakatinchabadina aaragaanlo, sumaru 450 graameena communelu erpaddaayi, aacharanatmakamgaa avanni cnt chetilo unnaayi, sumaru 20 mandhi yujiti netrutvamlo unnaaru.
valencian praantamloo, 353 communelu sthaapinchabaddaayi, veetilo 264 communelu cnt netrutvamlo, 69 yujiti netrutvamlo mariyu 20 mishrama cnt-yujiti naayakatvamtho unnaayi. vyavasaya egumati kosam ekikruta levantine council (cluva) mariyu alcoy nagaram yokka parisramalu mariyu sevala yokka mottam saanghikeekarana daani pradhana parinamalalo okati.
catalan parisramalo, cnt kaarmika sanghaalu aneka vastra karmagaralanu swaadheenam chesukunnayi, barcelonalo tramlu mariyu bassulanu nirvahinchaayi, chepala vaetaloe, paadarakshala parisramalo mariyu chinna retail dukaanaalu mariyu bahiranga pradarsanalalo kooda saamuuhika samsthalanu sthaapinchaayi. konni rojullo, speyin parisramalo moodinta rendu vantula kendrikrutamai unna kaataloniyaaloni 70 saatam paarisraamika mariyu vaanijya companylu kaarmikula aastigaa marai.
aardhika viplavamtho paatu, saamskrutika mariyu naitika viplavam yokka sphuurti undih swechchaavaada atheniumlu samavesa pradaesaalugaa mariyu saiddhaantika vidya yokka praamaanikamaina saamskrutika kendraalugaa marai, veetilo aksharaasyata taragatulu, aarogyampai charchalu, graameena praantaalaku vihaarayaatralu, praja pravesha grandhaalayaalu, naataka pradarsanalu, raajakeeya samavesalu, kuttu varkshaaplu modalainavi nirvahinchabaddaayi. aneka hetuvaadi paatasaalalu sthaapinchabaddaayi, ivi atheniumlu mariyu union centerla prastuta aafarlanu vistarinchaayi mariyu veetilo francesk ferrer ii guardia, ricardo mella, leo tolstoy mariyu maria montessori yokka vidya pratipaadanalu nirvahinchabaddaayi. adevidhamgaa, saamaajika rangamlo, konni sampradaayaalu anachiveta rakaluga pariganinchabaddaayi, burjuwa naitikata kooda amaanaveeyamaina mariyu vyaktivaadamgaa pariganinchabadindi. araachakavaada suutraalu vyakti yokka chetana swechhanu mariyu samaajaala purogatiki sahaja saadhanamgaa maanavula madhya sangheebhaavam yokka sahaja kartavyaanni samarthinchaayi. udaaharanaku, viplavam samayamlo, mahilalu catalonialo garbhasravam hakkunu saadhinchaaru, ekaabhipraayam laeni prema aalochana prachuryam pondindi, mariyu prakrutivaadam perigindi.
edemaina, viplavam yokka saamaajika prabhavalu aardhika prabhaavaala kante takkuva teevramainavi; pedda pattana praantaalalo konni saamaajika maarpulu unnappatikee (barcelona "sraamika shaili" nii nokkicheppindi mariyu catalonia chavakaina garbhasravam soukaryaalanu erpaatu chesindi), diguva vargaala vaikharulu chaalaa sampradayavadamga undipoyaayi mariyu russian-shaili "viplavaatmaka naitikata" yokka anukarana chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi.
praja kramam kooda gananeeyamgaa maarutuu, praja kramam yokka praamaanika saktulu (pooliisulu, poura rakshakulu, kortulu mariyu sainyam) lekunda, volunteerlu, prajaadarana pondina sainika dalaalu mariyu udbhavinchina samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki uddesinchina porugu samavesalato kuudina niyantrana gastee dwara bharti cheyabaddaayi. aneka jailla talupulu teravabaddaayi, khaideelanu vidudala chesaayi, veerilo chaalaa mandhi raajakeeya nayakulu unnaaru, conny saadhaarana nerasthulu kooda unnaaru, konni jaillu koolchiveyabaddaayi.
mussolini adhikaaramloki raakamundu genova vishwavidhyaalayamlo aardhika shaastra professorga unna faasist vyatiraeka kaarlo rosselli eee krindi maatalalo thana teerpunu ichchaaru
conny vaastavamgaa rashtra adhikaram kullipoyinappatiki, augustu 2naa prabhutvam spanish ganatantra sainyam yokka pindam ayina "volunteer betalian" erpaatutho viplavaniki vyatiraekamgaa niyantrananu tirigi pondadaaniki thana modati charyalalo okati teesukundi. viplavaatmaka drugvishayamtho munigipoyi, idhi konni sanketha uttarvulanu kooda prakatinchindih
araachakavaadula vyuuham mariyu speyin communist party vidhanam mariyu catalonialo daani vistarana, suke madhya modati udriktatalu kooda talettaayi; augustu 6naa suke sabhyulu arachaka-syndicalist ottilla kaaranamgaa catalan swayampratipatti gala prabhutvaanni vidichipettaru.
viplavam yokka rendava dasha (september-november 1936): "modati vijaya prabhutvam".
eee dasalo mariyu munupati dasalo, rashtram saadhaaranamgaa viplavaniki anugunamgaa chattalanu roopondinchadaaniki parimitam cheyabadindi. edemaina, tirugubaatudaarula sainyaniki vyatiraekamgaa sainika charyala avasaram kaaranamgaa, 1936 aktobaru-november nundi unionlu modrid rakshana kosam niluvu varusala niyantrananu raashtraaniki appaginchadam praarambhinchaayi, idhi pakshika-swatantra samstha-modrid rakshana mandaliche nirdesinchabadindi, dheenilo araachakavaadulato paatu anni pramukha front paarteelu praatinidhyam vahinchaayi. prajaadarana pondina mundanja paarteelu mariyu unionla madhya eee kramamga goppa oppandam mariyu samarasyam prarambham september 4naa largo caballero yokka "modati vijaya prabhutvam" erpaatulo pratibimbimchimdi.
viplavakaarula karyakalapalanu chattabaddham chese lakshyamtho teesukunna charyalalo ivi unnaih
viplavakaarulaku eee spashtamaina raayitee unnappatikee, prabhutvam viplavam abhivruddhilo churukuga jokyam chesukoledu, endukante daani pradhana lakshyam sainyanni kendrikruta raashtraaniki punaadi rayiga prothsahinchadam mariyu balopetam cheyadam. prajaadarana pondina yuddham mariyu rakshana kamiteela raddu kosam padepade chesina prayatnaalatoe paatu, vaaru ilaa teerpu ichchaaru
yuddham saagutunna koddi, viplavam yokka modati rojula sphuurti taggindi mariyu praja kuutamilooni vibhina sabhyula madhya gharshana praarambhamaindi, kontavaraku communist party off speyin (pce) vidhaanaala kaaranamgaa, veetini ganatantraaniki videshee sahaayaaniki atipedda vanaru ayina stallinist soviet union videsanga mantritva saakha sthaapinchindi.
konasagutunna antaryuddham republicanlu yuddhamlo vijayam saadhinche varaku konasagutunna saamaajika viplavanni vaida veyadam avasaramani pce abhipraayapadindi. viplavam valla haani kaliginche mariyu satruvutoe kalisi undagala republican paarteela attadugu sthaayi madhyataragati vargaalanu vyatirekinchavaddani pce vaadinchindi. prajaadarana pondina mundanjalo unna prabhutvamlo, madhyataragati (poura sevakulu, udaaravaada nipunulu, chinna vyaapaarulu, bhuswamulu raitulu) otlu, prayojanaala maddatutoe republican left, republican union, republican left off catalonia vanti paarteelu undevi.
araachakavaadulu mariyu poumistaalu (vamapaksha communistlu) yuddham mariyu viplavam okate anie ardham chesukuni, pisiitoe ekibhavinchaledu. yuddham varga pooraataaniki podigimpu anie, sraamika vargam sainyanni odinchindi, burjuwa ganatantraanni rakshinchadam valla kaadu, konnellugaa vaaru mostunna eee viplavaatmaka prerana valla anie vaaru vishwasinchaaru. eee viplavakaarulu poraadutunna vargaaniki jaateeyavaadulu khachitamgaa praatinidhyam vahinchaaruh dhanavanthulaina pettubadidaarulu, bhuswamulu, charchi, poura rakshakulu mariyu valasa sainyam.
prajaadarana pondina frontu prabhutvaaniki vyatiraekamgaa unna paarteelu mariyu samuuhaala sainika dalaalu tvaralo prabhutva sahayanni nilipivesi, vaari charya teesukune saamarthyam tagginatlu kanugonnayi. tatphalitamgaa, republicanlu chaalaa praantaalalo iteevala chesina maarpulanu nemmadigaa tippikottadam praarambhinchaaru. eee kaalamlo, konni viplavaatmaka nirmaanaalu kotta kaaryakramaalanu aamodinchaayi, ivi vaatini prabhutvaaniki lobadi unchaayi, idhi ganatantra rashtra prabhutvam viplavaatmaka nirmaanaala raddu ledhaa vileenam, ketayimpu mariyu jokyaniki daariteesindi. chaalaa ganatantra-aadheenamlo unna praantaalalo paristhiti nemmadigaa daani yuddhaaniki mundu paristhitulaku tirigi ravadam praarambhinchindi.
dheeniki minahaayimpu araganlo saamuuhika prakriyanu ekikrutam cheyadam, ikkada valencia mariyu catalonia nundi vaelaadi mandhi libertarian sainikulu vacchaaru, mariyu antaryuddham praarambhaaniki mundu, speyin antataa cmttho anubandhinchabadina atyanta mukhyamaina arachaka-syndicalist kaarmika sthaavaram undedi. 1936 septembaru chivari varallo, modridlo september 15,1936naa pratipaadinchina aadesaalanu anusarinchi, pattanaalu mariyu samakhya kaalamla pratinidhulatho aragon yokka praantiiya kamitee dwara bujaralojlo samavesanni pilicharu, cnt yokka praantiiya sabhyula jaateeya pleanary, anni raajakeeya mariyu union rangaalaku kendra prabhutva vidhulanu nirvartinche jaateeya rakshana mandalitho samakhya cheyabadina praantiiya rakshana mandalula erpaatunu pratipaadinchindi mariyu adhe samvatsaram october 15naa daani modati samavesanni jarupukunna aragon yokka praantiiya rakshana mandali erpaatuku angeekarinchindi.
ayinappatikee, septembaru 26naa sambhaavyavaadula aadhipatyam kaligina atyanta teevramaina mariyu araachakavaada rangaalu, raashtramtho sahakaara vidhananni praarambhinchaayi, tamanu taamu swayampratipatti gala prabhutvamlo vileenam chesukunnayi, idhi october 1naa raddu chesukunna catalonia yokka antifassist miliciala kendra kamitee sthaanamlo punarjanma pondindi. marovaipu, october 6naa aragon praantiiya rakshana mandalini uttarvu dwara chattabaddham chesi niyantrinchaaru. pratipaadita jaateeya rakshana mandali daani abhivruddhini nilipivestuu niyantrinchabadindi. eee spashtamaina sahanam edurkonna october 9naa, generalitat yokka oka uttarvu kaataaloniyaaloni anni sthaanika kamiteelanu nishedhinchindi, adhikarikamga vaati sthaanamlo eff. pii. eah. yokka munisipal councilsnu niyaminchindi. samsthalaku eee raayiteelannee araachakavaadam yokka shaastreeya suutraalaku droham anie kondaru bhaavinchaaru, mariyu sahacharula nundi kathinamaina vimarsalanu andukunnaru.
viplavam yokka moodava dasha (november 1936-janavari 1937): "rendava vijaya prabhutvam".
november 2naa, valencia yokka pramukha karyanirvahaka kamitee oka kotta kaaryaacharana karyakramanni aamodinchindi, idhi largo caballero yokka republican prabhutva vidhaanaaniki lobadi undhi, indulo cnt sabhyulu juvan garsia olivar, juvan lopez sanchez, federica montseny mariyu juvan peero unnaaru. eee nelaloo, pramukha karyanirvahaka kamitee andinchina sarafara korataku nirasanaga, kontakaalam paatu valencianu teesukoovaalani nirnayinchukundi, idhi taruvaata nagara veedhullo libertarian milicialu mariyu communist samuuhaala madhya gharshanalaku daariteesindi, dheenilo 30 mandiki paiga maraninchaaru.
november 14naa, durruti kaalam madrid cherukundi, vaaru raashtramtho sahakaram koorutuu sambhaavya vaadula ottidiki longipoyaru. november 20naa, beaunaventhura durruti anumaanaaspada paristhitulalo maraninchaadu, modrid yuddhamlo poraadaadu, akkada athanu aragon mundu nundi veyyi mandiki paiga sainikulatoe vacchaadu.
december 17naa, masco dinapatrika "pravda" oka sampaadakeeyaanni prachurinchindi, andulo ilaa vraayabadindih "catalonialo trotskyistlu mariyu arachaka-sindikallistula prakshaalana ippatike praarambhamaindi; idhi soviet unionlo unna saktitoe nirvahinchabadindi."masco aadesaalaku lobadani faasistula vyatiraeka, saamuuhikeekaranalu mariyu itara viplavaatmaka nirmaanaalanu raddu cheyadam ippatike stalanistulu praarambhinchaaru.
december 23naa, gizon yuddha kamiteeni decree dwara austourias mariyu leone yokka antarpraanta mandaligaa marcharu, idhi ganatantra prabhutvanche niyantrinchabadindi mariyu daani vidhanalalo marinta mitamgaa undedi, adhe samayamlo idhi jaateeya rakshana kamitee erpaatunu adhikarikamga gurtinchindi. janavari 8,1937naa, valencia yokka pramukha karyanirvahaka kamitee raddu cheyabadindi.
eee dasalo, prabhutvam khachitamgaa araachakavaada prajaadarana pondina sainika dalaalanu niyantrinchindi, vaatini raddu chesindi, tadwara vaaru tappanisarigaa spanish republican sainyamlo vileenam cheyabaddaaru, idhi vruttiparamaina adhikaarula aadhvaryamlo undedi.
viplavam mugimpu (janavari 1937-mae 1937).
1937 fibravari 27naa prabhutvam faayi vaartaapatrikanu nishedhinchindi, tadwara prabhutvaanni vimarsinche chaalaa prachuranalu sensorshipnu edurkonadam praarambhinchaayi. marusati roeju adhi raajakeeya paarteelu ledhaa unionlaku chendina pooliisulanu nishedhinchindi, marchi 2naa catalan praantiiya prabhutvam teesukunna charya marchi 12naa, sainiketara samuuhaala nundi anni aayudhalu mariyu paeludu padaarthaalanu swaadheenam chesukovalani demand chestu oka uttarvunu generalitate aamodinchindi. eff. pii. eah. looni rangaala madhya marinta gharshanalu prarambhamayyayi; marchi 27naa catalan swayampratipatti gala prabhutva araachakavaada salahaadaarulu rajinama chesaaru. marchi nelaloo, sainika dalaala "sainikeekarana" puurtayimdi, vaatini kramasikshanaa mariyu kramaanugata palanalaku lobadi saadhaarana sainyamgaa maarchindi, dheeniki vyatiraekamgaa aneka araachakavaada swaraalu lechaayi.
april 17naa, cnt mantrulu generalitatku tirigi vacchina marusati roeju, puygsardaaloni carabineros dalam cnt kaarmikula gastee dalaanni france sarihaddulo customs niyantrananu appaginchaalani demand chesindi. adhe samayamlo, kaarmikula samsthala niyantrananu pooliisula nundi tolaginchadaaniki, serdanya swayampratipatti mandalini raddu cheyadaaniki, poura rakshakulu mariyu daadi gaardulanu vigrahaalaku mariyu girona provins antataa unna itara pattanaalaku pampaaru. adhe samayamlo, barcelonalo, daadi gaardu veedhullo, prajala drushtilo kaarmikulanu niraayudhulanu cheyadaaniki munduku sagaru.
1937 mae nelaloo, viplavam maddatudaarulu mariyu daanini vyatirekinche vaari madhya gharshanalu teevrataram ayyayi. mae 13naa, barcelona sanghatanala taruvaata, iddaru communist mantrulu, jeesas hernandez tomas mariyu vicent yuribe, national laber confederation (cnt) mariyu workers party off marxist unification (poum) lanu sikshinchaalani prabhutvaaniki pratipaadinchaaru, idhi taruvaati paarteeki vyatiraekamgaa anachivetanu aacharanaloki tecchindi. mae 16naa, largo caballero rajinama chesaaru, aaa taruvaata juvan neegrin aadhvaryamlo, conny araachakavaadulu ledhaa viplavakaarula maddatu lekunda, oka saamyavaada prabhutvam erpadindi.
catalonialo jarigina sanghatanala taruvaata speyinku prayaaninchina inglaandlooni ilp karyadarshi fenner brokeway eee krindi padaalaloo thana abhipraayaalanu vyaktam chesaru
sambandhita tadupari sanghatanalu.
1937 mae 25naa, faayi prajala nyaayasthaanaala nundi minahaayinchabadindi. juun 8naa, prabhutvam oka decreeni jaarii chesindi, dheeni dwara inca raddu cheyani graameena kamyoonlanu tatkalikamga nishedhinchindi. juun 14naa, araachakavaadulu mariyu viplavakaarulu lekunda kooda generalitat yokka kotta prabhutvam erpadindi. juun 15naa, poumnu nishedhinchaaru mariyu daani karyanirvahaka kamiteeni arrestu chesaaru. juun 16naa 29va vibhagam (gatamlo poum yokka lenin vibhagam) raddu cheyabadindi.
1937 augustulo, prabhutva circular dwara yuu. ess. ess. aarr. paie vimarsalu nishedhinchabaddaayi. eee nelaloo, kendra prabhutvam aragon rakshana mandalini raddu cheyaalani kooda aadesinchindi, aacharanatmakamgaa viplavaatmaka shakti yokka chivari migilina samstha, idhi augustu 10naa republican armi dalaalu sainikamgaa aakraminchindi. daani adhyakshudu jokewin ascaso arrestu cheyabaddaadu. adevidhamgaa, padakondava communistu vibhagam aragonese prajala vividha kamiteelapai daadi chesi, saamuuhika vyavasaya utpattini raddu chesindi, idhi ventane punarvyavastheekarinchabadindi. septembaru 7naa, prabhutvam vyaktigatamgaa mataparamaina aaraadhanaku tirigi adhikaram ichindi, idhi republican jonelo prabhutva adhikaranni punaruddharinchadaaniki teesukunna aneka charyalalo okati, ayithe barcelonalo arachaka-syndicalist prachurana raddu cheyadaanni vyatiraekistuu pradarsanalu jarigaayi. september 16naa barcelonalo raajakeeya rallylu nishedhinchabaddaayi. septembaru 26naa, asturian council rendava spanish republic nundi swatantramgaa, asturias mariyu leonela saarvabhouma mandaligaa prakatinchindi.
aktobaru 21naa, araajakavaada, saamyavaada teevravaadulu valencialoni shaan miguel dii laas rayes jailu mundu nirasana pradarsana nirvahinchaaru, khaideelanu vidudala cheyakapothe talupulu vichchinnam chestamani bedirinchaaru. november 12naa, cnt fpa kamiteela nundi vaidoligindi.
1938 janavari 6naa, kamiteelu, munisipaalitiilu, corporations modalaina vaati dwara notlu mariyu naanhela yokka anni kotta jaareelanu nishedhistuu prabhutvam oka decreeni prachurinchindi.viplavam yokka chivari avasheshaalanu antam chese prayatnamlo, vaatini chelaamani nundi upasamharinchukovadaaniki oka nela vyavadhi ivvabadindi.
aaa samvatsaramlo chaalaa mandhi pedda bhuswamulu tirigi vacchi tama aastini tirigi ivvamani demand chesaaru. prajaadarana pondina maddatu unnappatikee saamuuhikata kramamga raddu cheyabadindi.
saam dolgoff anchanaa prakaram daadaapu enimidi millionla mandhi prajalu pratyakshamgaa ledhaa kaneesam parokshamgaa spanish viplavamlo palgonnaru, idhi "charitralo yea itara viplavam kante vistaaramaina sthaayilo swechhaa raajyarahita samajam yokka aadarsaanni grahinchadaaniki daggaragaa vachindani" ayana paerkonnaaru.
saamaajika viplavam.
aardhikamgaa.
saanghika viplavam yokka atyanta mukhyamaina amsam bhaagaswaamya paarisraamika samuuhaalu mariyu vyavasaya communela vikendrikruta mariyu kshitija samaantara samakhyala dwara samanvayam aadhaaramgaa swechchaavaada saamyavaada aardhika vyavasthanu sthaapinchadam. geniva vishwavidhyaalayamlo professor ayina andrea oltmares, kontha podavugaa prasangistuu ilaa annaru
aardhika vyavastha yokka yajamanyam mariyu abhivruddhiki sambandhinchina anni dasallo nirvahana, utpatti mariyu pampinhee, viplavam yokka mukhya parinaamaalu. private aasti nirankusa swabhaavam kaligi undane araachakavaada nammakaniki kattubadi, praivaetu yaajamaanyamloni vanarulanu vistrutamgaa swaadheenam chesukovadam mariyu samishtiga sekarinchadam dwara idhi saadhinchabadindi.
kaarmikula nirvahana mariyu niyanthranatho paatu vyavasaya samuuhaalatoe aneka prayogaalu ganatantra bhuubhaagam antataa jarigaayi. konni pattanaalu mariyu nagarallo, parivartanalu aakasmikamgaa jarigaayi mariyu vividha maargaalanu enchukunnaayi. ayithe, pedda sankhyalo modati dasalu barcelonalo teesukunna vaatini anukarinchadam.
saanghika parisrama.
tirugubaatu mariyu antaryuddham praarambhamaina taruvaata, ganatantra mandalamlooni chaalaa mandhi yajamaanulu hatya cheyabaddaaru, khaidu cheyabaddaaru ledhaa bahishkarinchabaddaaru, tadwara aneka companylu mariyu karmagaralu etuvanti aadesaalu lekunda migilipoyayi. eee paristhiti unionlu konnisaarlu mottam parisramalaku samaanamaina atuvanti samsthalanu swaadheenam chesukovadaniki daariteesindi. paarisraamika rangamlo viplavam vividha margallo jarigindi. eee thedaalu aneka kaaranaala nundi vyaapinchaayih yajamani adrushyam, kaarmikula samsthala balam mariyu raajakeeya dhorani, companylone videshee muuladhanam uniki ledhaa daani utpattula gamyam kooda. eee paristhitini edurkonnappudu, moodu pradhana dhoranulu undevi
yuddham praarambhamlo, speyinlooni mottam parisramalo 70 saatam catalonialo undhi, idhi CNT mariyu spanish araachakavaadaaniki naadii kendramgaa, viplava prakriyaloo goppa praamukhyatanu ichindi, konni atyanta viplavaatmaka viplavaatmaka prayogaalu jarigina pradaesaalaloo okatigaa undhi. paarisraamika charyalu teesukunna anni pradaesaalaloo, parisrama rakam ledhaa vividha kaarmika samsthalu mariyu raajakeeya paarteela amarika vanti konni amsaalanu, mukhyamgaa viplavam praarambhamlo, charyalu marinta vistrutamgaa unnappudu, kaarmikulaku ekkuva kadalika swechcha unnappudu mariyu raashtraaniki vaatini vyatirekinche saamarthyam lenappudu, pariseelinchadam avasaram.
saanghikeekarana.
saanghikeekaranalo parisrama nirvahananu kaarmikulu swayamgaa nirvahinchadam untundi. aacharanaatmaka sthaayilo, idhi pratyaksha charya suutraalu mariyu araachakavaadam yokka nirankusatva vyatiraekata aadhaaramgaa saamuuhika nirvahana mariyu aasti dwara private aastini raddu cheyadaaniki daariteesindi. eee sandarbhamlo, nirvahana padihenu mandhi kante takkuva mandhi unna directorla borduku padipoyindi, dheenilo company yokka anni utpaadaka mariyu seva sthaayilu palgonnayi, mariyu dheenilo kaarmika sanghaala kendraalaku damasha prakaram praatinidhyam vahinchaalsi untundi. eee mandalini kaarmikula sabhalo ennukunnaaru, dheeniki vaaru baadhyata vahinchaaru. prayojanaalu kaarmikulaku, samsthaku mariyu saamaajika prayojanaala kosam pampinhee cheyabaddaayi. prati companylo praantiiya runa sanghaalaku, nirudyogulaku ledhaa vidya mariyu aarogya rangaalalo pettubadula vanti saamaajika prayojanaala kosam upayoginchaalani assembly nirnayinchagala reserve fund undedi.
jaateeyeekarana.
jaateeyam anedi parisrama nirvahananu rashtram dwara suuchistumdi. idhi private aasti mariyu nirvahananu raddu cheyadaaniki daariteesindi. directorla bordulanu rashtram niyantrinchedi, mariyu prayojanaalu raashtraaniki mariyu companyki jodinchabaddaayi. eee vidhamgaa adhi cnt kaligi unna aardhika saktini balaheenaparustundi kabatti, communist party samarthinchina empika idhi.
kaarmikula niyantrana.
kaarmikula niyantranalo pani paristhitulanu niyantrinche baadhyata kaligina kaarmikula kamiteela erpaatu, companyla nagadu kadalikalu mariyu private chetullo unna companyla utpatti niyantrana, kamiteeki chendina sharatulanu teerchadaaniki taginanta sibbandi laenivi matrame tappa. eee kamiteelu moodu nundi tommidi mandhi sabhyulatho roopondinchabaddaayi, avi rendu unionla pratinidhulatho, damasha paddhatiloo mariyu company vyavaharinchae anni sevalu mariyu parisramalatho roopondinchabaddaayi. eee pratinidhulu kendra saasanasabhalo ennukoobaddaaru, dheenilo nidhula kadalikalu, kamitee mariyu poeshakula madhya samavesala tarachudanam mariyu vaari madhya samavesala tarachudanam kosam santakam chese hakku kooda oka kamiteeki undaa anie nirnayinchaaru. kamitee sabhyatvaaniki vetanam ivvabadaledu, oka padaveekaalam rendu samvatsaraalu konasaagindi, tirigi ennikaku arhatato. sabhyulu, oka samstha yokka nirvahanaku, samstha yokka assembleaki mariyu parisrama yokka saadhaarana mandaliki baadhyata vahistaaru. gantala, jeetam perugudala mariyu taggudala, vargaalu ledhaa karyalayala maarpulu mariyu kaarmikulaku gairhajaru notificationlanu oka kamitee aamodinchindi. yajamani pratipaadanalanu charchinchadaaniki mariyu adhikaarika nibandhanalaku anugunamgaa undela chuudataaniki oka kamitee vaaraaniki okasari samavesamavvalsi undedi. yajamani praatinidhyaaniki ippatikee company yokka chattaparamaina praatinidhyam, oppandam kudurchukune adhikaram, pette yokka adupu mariyu santakam mariyu vaari vetanam nirnayinche adhikaram undhi. companyki oka corporation ledhaa itara vaanijya namuunaa chattaparamaina samsthagaa unte, kamitee sabhyudu gonthu thoo conny ootu lekunda council samavesalaku haajaru kavalsi untundi.
jeetam.
viplavaatmaka dasalo araachakavaada, marxistu abhipraayaala madhya gharshanaku kaaranam pani kosam ichhe vetanam. araachakavaada samsthalu oke kutumba jeetamnu samarthinchagaa, marxist samsthalu nirvahinchina pani rakaniki anugunamgaa asthiramaina jeetamnu samarthinchaayi.
eee thedaalu vyakti yokka vibhina bhavanala dwara mariyu nirmaatagaa vyaktini prerepinchadam dwara prerepinchabaddaayi. modatidi, araachakavaadam vyaktini teerchavalasina avasaraalatoe kuudina amsamgaa ardham chesukoga, maarksavaadam vyaktini nirmaatagaa ardham chesukuntundi. rendavadi, utpaadaka karyakalapalanu niyantristuunae karmikudu prakriyanu utpatti cheyadaaniki mariyu meruguparachadaaniki prayatnistaadane bhavananu araachakavaadam kaligi untundi. marovaipu, karmikudu adhika vetanam pondadaaniki badulugaa marinta kashtapadataadani marxism ardham chesukuntundi.
saamuuhika parisramala udaaharanalu.
sinee parisrama.
confederated medialo samstha mariyu kaaryakalaapaalaku cnt yokka vinoda sangham oka namuunaa. juulai 20 mariyu 25 madhya, barcelona yokka cinema theatres mariyu theatres barcelona yokka cnt nundi kaaryakartalu chesina modati mariyu atyanta vijayavantamaina vruttulalo okati. juulai 26naa cinema theatres pani yokka kotta frameworknu nirvachinche prajectunu siddham cheyadaaniki oka saanketika kamishannu niyaminchaaru. adhe roeju, sanghatanalatho nindina catalan generalitat, vijayavantam kaanidi srushtinchindi; CNT union dwara nirvahinchabade kaarmikula utpatti puurtigaa utpattini chepattindi.
aagashtu 6 nundi mae 1937 varaku, viplavaatmaka utsaaham barcelonalo anni cinematographic mariyu theatrical karyakalapalanu nirvahinchi, saktivantam chesindi. chitra parisramalo anni rakaala udyogaalaku vaetanaalanu praamaaneekarinchadam dwara eee project praarambhamaindi. anaaroogyam, vaikalyam, vruddhaapyam mariyu balavantamgaa nirudyoga prayojanaalanu saasvatamgaa erpaatu chesaaru. eee mottam vyavastha sumaru 6,000 mandiki upaadhi kalpinchindi mariyu aaa kaalamlo 114 cinema theatres, 12 theatres mariyu 10 sangeeta mandiraalaku maddatu ichindi. eee kalaa prakriyanu saadhaarana prajalaku daggara chese prayatnamlo, tivoli theatres oka opera company kooda srushtinchabadindi.
ascaso (neti vergara) vanti konni sinimaahaallanu kooda nirmistuu, aardhikamgaa uttamamgaa panichesina rangaalalo idhi okati anie cheppavacchu. durruti cinema (ippudu rangaala cinema) vanti marikonni samskarinchabaddaayi ledhaa puurtayina nirmaanaalu cheyabaddaayi.
raajakeeya sthaayilo, cinema samishtiga burjuwa mariyu pettubadidaarii vyavasthaku viruddhamgaa kalanu ardham chesukovadaniki oka kotta maargam. srujanaatmaka prakriyaloo pramaanaala aikyata ledhu, teravenuka pidivaadaanni anumatinchaledu, mariyu "edava kala" akkada emi jarugutundo chithreekarinchadaaniki veedhulloki cameralanu teesukelladam dwara kotta journalism roopaanni cherchindi. vaaru chusina vaatini cheppadaniki prajaadarana pondina sameekarana udbhavinchindi, mariyu sandesam prati-samacharamga udbhavinchindi. aaa vidhamgaa prajala samacharam adhikaranni bharti chesindi.
1936 mariyu 1937 madhya, vandaku paiga sinimaalu nirminchabaddaayi, veetini nirmaana samstha mariyu sii. enn. tii. roopondinchina pampineedaaru prothsahinchaaru. yuddha vaartalu anivaryamgaa itara karyakalapalanu munduku nettivesinanduna documentary shaili nissandehamgaa atyanta vijayavantamaindi. chalanachitraala nirmaanam kosam chalanachitraalu (vinoda parisrama yokka syndicate) mariyu spartacus chalanachitraalu srushtinchabaddaayi. unionlo chitreekarana kosam moodu "peethabhoomulu" thoo rendu pedda studiolu unnaayi, mariyu setlu mariyu adanapu sahayaka sevala kosam montjuic praamganamloo "pales off belgium" erpaatu cheyabadindi. ayithe, 1937 mae naati anachiveta barcelona veedhullo saamaajika viplavanni gonthu nulimivesindi, chalanachitraala nirmaanam konasaginappatiki, munupati utpatti raetu gananeeyamgaa mandaginchindi.
aaa samayamlo catalonialo arachaka chalanachitra nirmaanam srujanaatmaka jeevitamlo pedda bhaagam; mariyu idhi pattanaalu mariyu nagaraala paristhitulaku mariyu vaatini saadhyam chesina sraamika prajalaku anugunamgaa, vividha namuunaala dwara aragon, modrid mariyu levante varaku vyaapinchindi. barcelonalo kante modridlo utpaadaka karyakalapalu takkuva praamukhyata kaligi unnappatikee, documentarylu mariyu kalpita chitraalato 24 chitraalanu chitreekarinchaaru.
chekka pani parisrama.
antaryuddham samayamlo 7,000 nundi 10,000 mandhi varaku eee parisramalo panicheesaaru. saadhaarana samme jarigina ventane, kaarmikulu tama companylu mariyu varkshaaplaku tirigi vachinappudu, kalapa kaarmikulu samajikamga maaradam praarambhinchaaru. vaaru companylanu swaadheenam chesukovadam dwara praarambhinchaaru, mariyu prayatnaalu mariyu vanarulanu hetubaddham cheyadaaniki oka saadhaarana pranaalika dwara, vaaru taginanta aarogya mariyu bhadrata paristhitulaku anugunamgaa laeni varkshaaplanu moosivesi, vaatini pedda mariyu spashtamaina praamganaalanu kaligi undataaniki tirigi samuuham chesaaru. praarambhamlo inca chinna varkshaaplu unnappatikee, taruvaata avi kooda saanghikeekaranaku jodinchabaddaayi.
konni nelala aakasmikata taruvaata, 8 gantala roeju varaku prayatnaalu samanvayam cheyabaddaayi, vaetanaala praamaaneekarana, pani paristhitula merugudala mariyu utpatti perugudala saadhinchabaddaayi. saamaajikeekarana utpatti yokka anni dasalalo amalu cheyabadindihi saammillu, joinary mariyu vadrangi.
oka vruttiparamaina paatasaala mariyu grandhaalayaalu srushtinchabaddaayi, 1937loe oka saanghika furniture fair kooda jarigindi. levante yokka saanghika kalapa parisramatho samanvayam saadhinchabadindi, vividha rakaala furniturelanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki mariyu pootii padataniki kaadu. konni marpidulu marpidi dwara (itara saanghika shaakhalatho ledhaa konni vyavasaya sanghaalato) nirvahinchinappatikii, chaalaa sandarbhaallo vaaru dabbunu upayoginchaalsi vachindi.
vyavasaya samajalu.
spanish graameena praantaallo latifundismo dhorani raitulalo vistrutamaina asaantiki daariteesindi. 19va sataabdapu japtulu bhuu yajamanyam yokka nirmaanaanni gananeeyamgaa savarinchadamlo viphalamayyayi mariyu ganatantram yokka vyavasaya samskarana prakriya maarpu kosam anchanaalanu neraverchaledu. aaa vidhamgaa, tirugubaatu phalitamgaa, raitulu bhuswamula nundi swaadheenam chesukuni, utpatti saadhanaala saamuuhika yajamanyam aadhaaramgaa sweeya-nirvahana samajalanu erpaatu chese viplavaatmaka prakriya praarambhamaindi. eee drugvishayaanni "saamuuhikeekarana" anie pilustaaru. vividha maargaala dwara samuuhaalu srushtinchabaddaayi. jaateeyavaadulu swaadheenam chesukoni praantaalalo, munisipaalitiilu mariyu raitulu swayamgaa saamuuhikatanu praarambhinchaaru.
aaa vidhamgaa kuleenulu, bhuswamula bhoomulanu swaadheenam chesukuni, itara samuuhaala bhuumulatoe kalipe saamuuhika kaarmika paalana erpadindi. jantuvulu, panimutlu, panimutlannee samishtiga nirvahinchi, nirvahinchabaddaayi. samajam emi chestundo nirdesinchadaaniki, alaage itara sanghaalato charchalu jarapadaniki mariyu maarpidini prothsahinchadaaniki aavartana samavesalu jarigaayi. eee samoohaalalo ekkuva bhaagam tirugubaatu taruvaata khaliga migilipoyina ledhaa kamiteelachae swaadheenam chesukunna bhoomulaku pratispandanagaa janminchaayi. iraa speyin antataa 1,500 nundi 2,500 communityla madhya lekkinchabadindi. eee samuuhaalu aragon, castile loe raitu samakhyala ekikaranato ledhaa levante loe cluva srushtitoe praadesikamgaa vyavastheekarinchabaddaayi. yuddham antataa vaaru prati vargam yokka raajakeeya mariyu aardhika vidhanalalo unnaaru, oka vidhamgaa republican vaipu saiddhaantika yuddhabhoomulalo marokati.
saamuuhika samajam nundi union ledhaa nishkramana uchitam. oka chinna yajamani sontamgaa bhoomini konasaginchalanukunte, vaaru evarinee niyaminchananta kaalam vaaru alaa cheyagalaru. antey, anni vastuvulu mariyu sevala utpatti, pani mariyu pampineeni nirvahinche prajala samsthalu samuuhaalu. konni pattanaallo vaaru mottam janabha ayyaru, marikonni pattanaallo vaaru daanilo bhaagam matrame. ara million kante ekkuva anubandha samsthalanu kaligi unna yujiti-vyavastheekruta national federation off land workers (fntt) ekkuvagaa samuuhaalaku anukuulamgaa undhi.
barcelonalo communitylu yajamaanulu lekunda, samuuhaala maadirigaane nirvahana paatranu poeshinchaayi, endukante pratidee vaari swantha kaarmikulache niyantrinchabadindi. pattana ravana vanti nagara sevalanu saamuuhika sanghaalu nirvahinchevi. aragon graameena praantaallo, valencian community mariyu mursialo, vyavasaya sanghaalu kamyoonlugaa panicheesaayi. aneka sandarbhaallo dabbu mariyu private aastini (saamyavaada arachaka samajam suutraalaloo okati) raddu chestu, avi srushtinchabadina purapalaka sanghaala sthaanika adhikaaraalanu bharti chese samsthatho vyapara paatranu kalapabadindi. atyanta mukhyamaina aragonese samajalalo konni alconiz, alcorisa, barbastro, kalanda, fraga, monzone mariyu valderrobress. 1937 fibravari madhyalo, caspelo oka congress jarigindi, dheeni uddesyam 80,000 aragonese samuuhavaadulaku praatinidhyam vahistunna 500 mandhi pratinidhulu haajaraina samuuhaala samakhyanu srushtinchadam. aragon front venta, jokewin ascaso adhyakshatana arakwan arachist prabhaavita council eee praantampai niyantrananu sweekarinchindi. aragon council mariyu eee communitylu rendintinee republic prabhutvam baga gowravinchaledu; kabatti, augustu 4naa jaateeya rakshana mantri, indalesio prieto, commander enrich lister yokka 11va vibhaagaaniki orders jaarii chesi, augustu 11naa aragon kounsilnu raddu chesi, "yuktulapai" pampaaru.
aragon loe, aidu nundi padhi mandhi sabhyula madhya pani samuuhaalachae nirminchabadina vyavasaya samuuhaalu erpaddaayi. prati pani samuuhaaniki, samajam oka bhoobhaganni ketaayinchindi, daaniki adhi baadhyata vahistundi. prati samuuham samaja samavesalalo tama abhipraayaalanu vyaktam chese pratinidhini ennukundi. oka nirvahana kamitee samajam yokka rojuvaaree nirvahanaku baadhyata vahistundi. eee kamitee padaarthaala sekarana, itara praantaalatoo marpidi, utpatti pampineeni nirvahinchadam mariyu avasaramaina praja panulaku baadhyata vahinchindi. daani sabhyulanu saadhaarana sabhalalo ennukunnaaru, indulo samaajamlo unna prajalandaruu palgonnaru.
aneka gramalu mariyu pattanaalalo dabbunu raddu chesi, vaati sthaanamlo kamiteela santakam ledhaa stamp chesina vocharlu kooda undevi. konni communitylaku republican adhikaarulatho samasyalu unnappatikee (udhaa.zii. araganlo raddu), castilla, mursia praantam mariyu andalusia vanti itara praantaalu, 1939 varaku, franco dalaalache raddu cheyabade varaku, ekkuva ledhaa takkuva vijayamtho panicheyagaligaayi.
raajakeeyam.
nirnayam teesukovadam.
swechchaavaada paddhatulanu anusarinchi, samuuhaalu "diguva nundi paiki" gaa varninchagala nirmaanaala dwara paalinchabaddaayi. antey, anni nirnayaalu mariyu niyaamakaalu assemblylo jarigaayi, ikkada korukune prajalandaruu paalgonavacchu. eee samavesalalo prajalaku sambandhinchina anni samasyalu charchinchabaddaayi. idhe samavesalalo samajam yokka purogati mariyu teesukovalasina charyalu charchinchabaddaayi.
samaakhyavaadam.
vistruta samsthaagata sthaayilo, samajalu aragon udaaharananu anusarinchi tamanu taamu samakhyaluga vyavastheekarinchukovalani korukunnayi. saamuuhika samakhyala erpaatuku anukuulamgaa congress luu undevi, conny yea sandarbhamloonuu aragon kante vistrutamaina samstha ennadoo erpaatu kaaledu. levantlo citrus egumatula nirvahana samstha ayina cluva vanti samaakhyavaadam yokka itara kesulu kooda unnaayi.
samoohaalalo, vaari sonta kaagitapu dabbutho ledhaa adhikaarika currencytho marpidi kooda undedi.
paryaavaranavaadam.
spanish viplavam aneka paryaavarana samskaranalanu chepattindi, avi aaa samayamlo prapanchamlone atipeddavi kaavacchu. araachakavaada bhuubhaagaalu pantalanu vaividhyaparustaayani, neetipaarudalani vistaristaayani, atavee nirmuulananu praarambhistaayani, chetla narsareelanu praarambhistaayani daniel guerin paerkonnaadu. vaayu kalushyam mariyu kshayavyadhi madhya sambandham kanugonabadina tarvaata, CNT aneka loha karmagaralanu moosivesindi.
aardhika vyavastha.
raitulu bhoomini, pani saadhanaalanu vidichipetti, swaadheenam chesukovadam ledhaa koodabettadam phalitamgaa gramallo samuuhaalu erpaddaayi. vaaru chendinavaaru kaavaalanukune vyaktulatoe roopondinchabaddaaru mariyu cheyavalasina panini vividha sabhyula madhya vibhajinchaaru. dabbu raddu cheyani pradaesaalaloo, jeetam chaalaa sandarbhaalalo kutumba jeetam ayyindi. tadanugunamgaa, vaaru janta ledhaa pillalu unnara anedaanini batti kutumba sabhyula sankhyanu batti idhi sett cheyabadindi.
dabbu.
araachakavaada samuuhaala aardhika vidhanalu pradhanamgaa "prati okkari nundi athani saamarthyam prakaram, prati okkari avasaraniki anugunamgaa" anae praathamika communist suutram prakaram nirvahinchabadataayi. samajalalo atyanta vishishtamaina amsaalalo okati vaaru dabbu mariyu utpattula pampinhee samasyanu edurkonna vidhanam. dabbu raddu cheyabadina gramalu mariyu pattanaalalo, vividha parishkaralu korabaddayi; eee aalochanalu praantam mariyu pattanaanni batti maarutuu undevi kamiteelu, khaataa pustakaalu, sthaanika naanhelu, ration pattikalu ledhaa vyaktigata ledhaa kutumba chekbuklu santakam chesina ledhaa mudrinchina vocharlu. dabbu raddu cheyabadina sandarbhaallo, samajam swayamgaa pondaleni utpattulu ledhaa saadhanaalanu pondadaaniki dheenini upayoginchaaru.
addamkulu.
samajalu edurkonna atipedda samasyalu yuddha paryavasanamga vachinavi eruvulu, vittanaalu, parikaraalu mariyu sadhanalu vanti mudi padaarthaala korata ledhaa sameekarana kaaranamgaa kaarmikula korata. aaa samuuhaalu rashtram velupala adhikaranni vyaktam chesevi, prabhutvampai aadhipatyam chelaayinchina communism yokka saiddhaantika pratyarthulugaa kooda unnanduna, vaaritho vaari sambandhaalalo kooda vaariki goppa samasyalu undevi. iraa yokka financing, levantelo cluva yokka pootii, catalonialo balavantamgaa union ledhaa aragon loe vaari balavantamgaa raddu cheyadamlo vaaru vivakshanu eee vidhamgaa edurkonnaru.
rashtra pratispandana.
rashtram daani yea sthaayiloonainaa punarnirminchabadina tarvaata, adhi yea viplavaatmaka jeevini aapadaniki, nirdesinchadaaniki ledhaa kaneesam marganni nirdesinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. samuuhaalaku sambandhinchi, vyavasaya mantri yuribe vyavasaya samuuhaala decreeni roopondinchaaru, adhi vaatini prasaram cheyadaaniki matrame prayatninchindi. eee uttarvu dwara okkokka raituku adhika praamukhyata ivvabadindi.
viplavam yokka paridhi.
ganaamkaalu tarachugaa aspashtamgaa untaayi. vividha sankhyalu pratipaadinchabaddaayi. 3 millionla mandhi palgonnarani gaston level chepparu. vernon richards 1,500,000 gurinchi matladataru. fraank mintz, 1970 adhyayanamlo, idhi 2,440,000 mariyu 3,200,000 madhya undani chepparu; conny 1977 natiki athanu ippatike eee ganaamkaalanu savarinchi, kaneesam 1,838,000 saamuuhikavaadula vadda unchaadu. daani samarthana eee krindi vidhamgaa undih
vidyalo viplavam.
vidya rangamlo mukhyamaina prayogaalu kooda jarigaayi, ayithe, chudagaliginatluga, eee anubhavalu marinta teevramaina panini nirvahinchakundaa nirodhinchadamlo goppa lopaalanu kaligi unnaayi. vidya anedi pettubadidaarii vidhanam yokka rakshanaatmaka mariyu vidhvamsaka rangamgaa maaradam nundi kotta viplavaatmaka samaja nirmaanaaniki praathamika stambhamgaa ardham chesukovadam anedi atyanta mukhyamaina maarpulalo okati.
praathamika mariyu madhyamika vidya.
1936 juulai 27naa catalonialo erpadina kotta ekikruta paatasaala mandali (yuu. ess. sii), catalonialo vidya vyavasthanu punarnirminche panini appaginchindi. eee samsthanu vidya yokka praja nirvahana namoonaga ardham chesukovachhuh uchita, saha-vidya, loukika, sthaanika bhashala upayogam mariyu vividha vidya sthaayila ekikarana. ayithe, senuu yuu. ess. sii. vyavasthaku velupala unna hetuvaada paatasaalala praantiiya samakhyanu srushtinchindi.
graameena praantaallo, saamuuhika udyamam nagaraala kante neerugaa jokyam chesukovalasi vachindi. antakumundu vidya nirmaanaalu lenanduna ledhaa ekkuva swayampratipatti unnanduna, aneka graameena munisipaalitiilaloo eee samajam sthaanika, vruttiparamaina ledhaa munisipal kharchulanu edurkondi.</baala kaarmikulanu nishedhinchina konni vargaala saasanaalanu paatinchadam kooda mukhyam.
vrutti mariyu saanketika sikshana.
vrutti mariyu saanketika sikshana rangamlo, vividha karyakramalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. paarisraamika rangamlo, ivi ekkuvagaa unionla phalitam, ivi tamaku saanketika nipunulu laerani telusukuni, vaaripai apanamakam chuupi, tama samsthala sabhyulaku sikshana ivvadaaniki prayatninchaayi. eee karyakramalalo pratyaekamaina vyaparala yokka aneka paatasaalalu unnaih railvelu, optics, transporterlu, metallurgistlu mariyu vruttiparamaina sikshanaku ankitamaina vibhagalu.
vyavasaya rangamlo, kaarmika sanghaala samakhyalu eee rakamaina choravanu nirvahinchaayi, veetilo levante kaaryadarsula paatasaala, moncada vyavasaya vishwavidyaalayam, vyavasaya mariyu pasuvula praantiiya samstha mariyu monzone teevravaadula paatasaalanu manam kanugonavacchu.
anadhikaarika mariyu saamskrutika vidya.
anadhikaarika vidya kosam libertarian atheniums ledhaa prasiddha saamaajika kendraalu undevi, veetilo vividha samachara, saamskrutika ledhaa pani panulu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. araachakavaadam balamgaa unna atheniumlu chaalaa balamaina sampradaayaanni kaligi unnaayi. ayithe, yuddhamlo vaaru konni muulaalu unna praantaalaku kooda vistarinchaaru. modrid vanti konni sandarbhaallo, eee atheniumlu paatasaalalanu srushtinchadaaniki, aarogya beemaanu kaligi undataaniki mariyu itara rakaala sevalanu prothsahinchadaaniki vachayi.
vividha sanghaalu grandhaalayaala srushti, kalaatmaka karyakalapalu, cinema phoram, theatre groupulu, atheniumlu, daani swantha academylu ledhaa nursory paatasaalala punaadi vanti itara kaaryakramaalanu kooda nirvahinchaayi.
edurkonna samasyalu.
edurkovalsina samasyalaku rendu ververu muulaalu undevi oka vaipu, yuddhaaniki vilakshanhamaina samasyalu undevi, veetiki vidya rangaanni lagutunna itarulanu jodinchavachhu, marovaipu, hetubaddhamaina paatasaala udyamam yokka vilakshanhamainavi.
viplavam, poura yuddham mariyu sainika dalaalu.
viplavam mariyu spanish antaryuddham yokka yaadruchikam antey sainika rangamlo viplavaatmaka tarangam sthaapinchina kotta paripalanalache samanvayam cheyabadina vividha karyakramalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi, veetilo chaalaa varaku viphalamayyayi.
aragon mundu.
1936 juulai 24naa modati swachchanda sainyam durruti kaalam, jaragoja disalo barcelona nundi bayaludaerinappudu abhivruddhi cheyabadina modati sainika chorava idhi. chivari niluvu varusalo okati laas aguiluchos niluvu varusa, idhi augustu 28naa hyuska disalo barcelona nundi bayaluderindi. barcelona mariyu leada stambhaalu pradhanamgaa hyuska mariyu jaragoja vaipu, mariyu valencian stambhaalu terruel vaipu, moodu praantiiya raajadhaanulanu padepade muttadinchaayi. septembaru praarambhamlo, carode-ferrer kaalam vacchi villanueva dii hurwa chuttoo erpaatu cheyabadindi.
eee operation september chivari varaku konasaagindi, modrid yuddham anivaaryatanu edurkonnappudu, konni stambhaalu tama swaatantryaanni vadulukuni, prabhutva avasaralaku longipoyayi.
mallorka landinglu.
mallorkaku dandayaatra aalochana juulai 19 nundi undhi, dheenini aibija mariyu formenteratho paatu jaateeyavaadulu teesukunnaru. balleric dveepasamoohamlo republic chetullo migilipoyina ekaika dveepam menorca. republicanlu ibija, formentera mariyu cabrera dveepaalanu tirigi swaadheenam chesukogaligaru, punta aamer mariyu porto christo praantamlooni mallorka dveepamlo digaaru. septembaru 5naa, bio yokka kaalam mallorka nundi upasamharananu praarambhinchindi, idhi septembaru 12 varaku konasaagindi, barsilonaku tirigi vachindi.
septembaru 20naa mallorka nundi francoist dalaalu formenteraanu aakraminchinappudu "mallorka landinglu" anie pilavabadevi khachitamgaa nirdharinchabaddayi.
modrid yokka rakshana.
samakhya sainika dalaala chivari pradhana operation 1936 navambarulo jarigindi. viplavam yokka pradhana paatradhaarulalo okaraina boonaventhura durruti 1936 november 20naa maraninchaadu. prajaadarana pondina sainika dalaala pratighatana, antarjaateeya brigadela balagaalato kalisi, modrid tirugubaatudaarula daadini pratighatinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. nagaram yokka tadupari rakshanalo, madrylenian cipriano maeraa netrutvamloni kaalam vanti aneka arachaka-syndicalistulu jokyam chesukunnaru.
ayinappatikee, samakhya sainika dalaalu 1937loe spanish ganatantra sainyamgaa sainikeekarinchabaddaayi.
vimarsalanu.
spanish viplavam meeda vimarsalu pradhanamgaa araachakavaada palgonevari (pradhanamgaa aragon graameena samoohaalalo) balavantam aaropanala chuttoo kendrikrutamai unnaayi, vimarsakulu aaropinchinavi swechchaavaada samsthaagata suutraalaku viruddhamgaa unnaayi. cnt-faayi nivedikalu saamuuhikata yokka swachchanda swabhaavaanni atigaa pradarsinchaayani, arachaka samstha yokka praadhamika lakshanamgaa balavantam ledhaa sampoorna shakti yokka marinta vistrutamaina vaastavaalanu vismarinchaayani bolloten paerkonnaaru.
yuddha vaataavaranam mariyu araachakavaada sainika samstha yokka saadhaaranamgaa balavantapu swabhaavaanni mariyu graameena praantaallooni aneka praantaallo unikini, paalgonevaarini vaari ishtaniki vyatiraekamgaa bandhinchadaaniki puurti balam ledhaa spashtamaina balavantam upayoginchakapoyina, saamuuhika sthaapanalo oka amsamgaa ayana nokki chepparu.
eee aaropananu charitrakaarudu ronald frazer gatamlo thana "blood off spain yaan oral history off dhi spanish sivil waar" loe chesaaru, athanu balavantamgaa chese yuddha vaataavaranam sandarbhamlo pratyaksha shakti avasaram ledani vyakhyaaninchaadu.
araachakavaadula patla saanubhootiparulu, "balavantapu vaataavaranam" undatam anedi yuddhamlo tappinchukoleni amsam, dheeniki araachakavaadulanu nyayamga nindinchalemu, mariyu uddeshapoorvakamgaa balavantam ledhaa pratyaksha shakti undatam chaalaa takkuvagaa undani, dheeniki saamuuhika samsthalo paalgonakuudadani enchukunna saamuuhikavaadulu mariyu vyaktigata asammativaadula yokka saadhaaranamgaa saantiyuta misramam sakshyam. taruvaati bhavanni charitrakaarudu antoine beaver thana "speyin kosam yuddhamh spanish antaryuddham, 1936-1939" loe vyaktam chesaaru.
araachakavaada samuuhaalu pradhanamgaa swachchanda sanghaalu mariyu samstha yokka swechchaavaada suutraala dwara nirvahinchabadutunnaayani, mariyu chaeradaaniki mariyu paalgonadaaniki nirnayam saadhaaranamgaa asthirata mariyu pettubadidaarii vidhanam samarthavantamgaa lekapovadam taruvaata chesina hetubaddhamaina mariyu samatulya empikapai aadharapadi undani charitrakaarudu graham kelsey paerkonnaadu.
araachakavaada speyin antataa adhika sabhyatva sthaayilaku punaadigaa upayogapade aneka dasaabdaala samstha mariyu takkuva vyavadhi CNT-faayi aandolanapai araachakavaada anukuula vislaeshakulu drushti pettaru, idhi tarachugaa araachakavaada samuuhaala prajaadaranaku aadhaaramgaa suuchimchabadutumdi, idhi ishtapadakapoyina vyaktulanu asankalpitamgaa palgonamani balavantam chesina balaprayogam ledhaa balavantam kante.
spanish viplavam samayamlo kaarmikula sweeya nirvahanato itara vairudhyaalu unnayani maikhel seedman suuchimchaaru. somaritanam ledhaa anaitikata" kosam kaarmikulanu tolaginchavacchani, kaarmikulandaruu "vaari vruttiparamaina mariyu saamaajika vyaktula vivaraalanu namodu chese failnu kaligi undaali" anie cnt nirnayinchindani ayana etthi chuupaaru. cnt nyaya mantri, garsia olivar, "kaarmika shibiraala" erpaatunu praarambhinchaarani, atyanta suutrapraayamaina araachakavaadulu, durruti snehitulu kooda "balavantapu kaarmika" nuu samardhinchaarani kooda ayana paerkonnaaru. edemaina, garsia olivar 1936 december 31naa valencialo nyayam gurinchi thana aadarsavaada drushtini vivarinchaadu; saadhaarana nerasthulu grandhaalayaalu, kreedalu mariyu naatakaala dwara jailulo vimukti pondutaaru. raajakeeya khaideelu kotalu, vyuuhaatmaka roadlu, vantenalu, railvelanu nirminchadam dwara punaravasam pondutaaru, alaage manchi vaetanaalu pondutaaru. faasist praanaalanu kapadatam anedi vaariki maranasiksha vidhinchadam kante ekkuva ardhavantamainadani garsia olivar vishwasinchaaru. idhi yuddha samayamlo tirugubaatudaarula praantamloo amalu chesina raajakeeya pratyarthulanu saamuhikamgaa nirmoolinche vidhaanaaniki viruddhamgaa undhi.
araachakavaada rachayitalu udyamam prarambha kaalamlo spanish viplavam samayamlo kaarmika vargam edurkonna samasyalanu konnisaarlu takkuvagaa paerkonnaaru. udaaharanaku, saamuhikamgaa "kathinamaina" "pani kramasikshana" vidhinchaarani gaston level angeekarinchinappatiki, athanu eee vyakhyanu kevalam futnotku parimitam chestaadu. ayithe, itara teevramaina vyaakhyaatalu spanish viplavam yokka parimitulanu pettubadidaarii vyatiraeka viplavam yokka vaari siddhaantaalalo chaerchaaru. udaaharanaku, pettubadidaarii vidhananni adhigaminchadaaniki, kaarmikulu kevalam sweeya nirvahana kakunda vaetana shrama mariyu muuladhanam rendintinee puurtigaa raddu cheyaalani vaadinchadaaniki gilles douv spanish anubhavanni upayogistaadu.

