
kannada vyaakaranam

praamaanika kannada vyaakaranam () pradhanamgaa kesirajuni sabdamanidaarpana (c. cree. sha. 1260) kannada bhasha yokka puurti kramabaddhamaina vivarananu andistundi. munupati vyaakarana rachanalalo 9va sataabdaaniki chendina "kavirajamarga" ("alankara" paie oka grandham), "kaavyavalokana" mariyu "karnatakabhashabhushana" bhagalu unnaayi, rendoo 12va sataabdam modati bhaagamlo nagavarma II rachinchaaru.
kannadalooni vividha vyaakarana amsaalalo taatsama-tadbhava, vibhakti pratiyya, kaala (kaala-roopaalu), linga (linga-roopaalu), sandhi, samasa, chandassu, alankara; mariyu "vruttaa", "tripadi", "kaanda" ("chaupadi" ledhaa "chaturapadi" anie kooda pilustaaru), "satapadi", "sangatya" mariyu itara vividha kavita chhandassulu unnaayi.
swachchamaina, nijamaina aksharaniki "akshara", "akshara" ledhaa "varna" anae paeru pettaru. prati aksharaniki daani swantha roopam ("aakara") mariyu dhwani ("shabda") unnaayi; ivi varusaga kanipinche mariyu vinagalige praatinidhyaalanu andistaayi. kannada edama nundi kudiki vraayabadutundi.
kannada varnamaala (aksharamaale ledhaa varnamaale) ippudu 49 aksharaalato koodi undhi. 
prati dhwaniki daani swantha pratyaekamaina aksharam untundi, anduvalla prati padam sarigga uchcharinchabadutundi, kabatti chevi taginanta margadarshi. aksharaala khachitamaina sabdaalu okasari pondina tarvaata, prati padaanni khachitamaina khachitatvamto uchcharinchavachhu. yaasa modati aksharampai vastundi.
aanglamlo kannada vyaakaranampai modati grandham 1864loe rev rachinchaaru. thamus hadson, oka weslian missionary, "kannada ledhaa kenarii bhasha yokka praathamika vyaakaranam" gaa"
namavachakalu (naamapadaalu).
lingam (lingam).
kesirajuni "shabdamanidarpana" prakaram, kannadalo tommidi linga roopaalu unnaayi. ayithe, aadhunika kannada saahityamlo aacharanalo moodu linga roopaalu matrame upayoginchabadutunnaayih purusha, stree mariyu napumsaka.
lingam kosam anni kannada namavachakala code.
jeevasambandhamaina lingam vyaakarana linga vargaaniki anugunamgaa untundi. edemaina, 'suuryudu' anie ardham vachhe 'suuryudu' vanti devatalache vyakteekarinchabadina konni bhavanalu, devata yokka vyaakarana lingaanni panchukuntaayi, eee sandarbhamlo idhi purushamainadi.
paina perkonna rendu taragatulaku chendani namavachakalalo yea okkati kooda tatastha lingaanni kaligi unnatlu pariganistaaru.
kesulu (kesulu).
kannadalo enimidi kesulu unnaih
kannada vyaakaranam yokka adhyayanam samskruta vyaakaranam meeda aadharapadi unnanduna, aidava kesu (dative kesu nalgava kesu mariyu genetive kesu kesula saampradaaya kramamlo aaravadi kabatti) konnisaarlu pariganinchabadutundih oblative kesu (απαανίακτι). eee kesu 'kaaranam, parisaraalu, pradaesam, binduvu' anie ardham vachhe 'dese' anae namavachakam yokka vaayidya-cases roopamtho oblative loe unna namavachakam yokka janyu kesunu kalapadam dwara periphrasticalga erpadutundi. anduvalla kannada oblative aksharala '{namavachakam} yokka kaaranam/binduvu nundi/dwara' anie anuvadistundi. ayithe, eee 'oblative' roopam saadhaaranamgaa vyavaharikamgaa upayoginchabadadu, mariyu yajamanyam kosam matrame undhi-idhi nijamaina kesu kaadu, idhi samskruta ablativeku samaantaramgaa matrame upayogapadutundi. daani sthaanamlo, moodava kesu, instrument-oblative kesu, saadhaaranamgaa upayoginchabadutundi.
vaastavaaniki, "marada deseinda alige hodenu."adhi kooda sarainade.
namavachakam yokka namavachaka-kesu mariyu aapaadinche-kesu roopaalu tarachugaa mudi aadharam dwara pratyamnaayamgaa vaduka bhaashalo untaayani gamaninchandi.
sankhya (witchn).
aanglamlo vale, rendu vyaakarana sankhyalu unnaih ekavachana sankhya (<unk>kvchn) mariyu bahuvachana sankhya (βοvchn). ksheenatalo, purusha ledhaa stree namavachakam yokka bahuvachanam anedi mudi punaadiki 'arr' ('aarr') anae pratyayaanni ivvadam dwara tayaaru cheyabadutundi, aapai cases-termination, mariyu tatastha namavachakam yokka bahuvachanam roopam mudi punaadiki 'γ' ('gall') anae pratyayaanni ivvadam dwara tayaaru cheyabadutundi, aapai cases-termination. ayithe, ellappuduu purusha ledhaa streelingamaina 'talli', 'muttaata', 'alludu' mariyu 'tammudu' vanti sambandham yokka naamavaachakaalaku bahuvachana sankhya marker 'andhiri' ('andir') untundi.
udaaharanalu
ksheenata (vikati prarambham).
kannadalo "naalugu" niraakaranalu ledhaa kesu-mugimpu samuuhaalu unnaayi. modati ksheenatalo 'ā' thoo mugise anni purusha mariyu stree namavachakalanu kaligi untundi; rendava ksheenatalo 'Â' thoo mugise anni napumsaka namavachakalanu kaligi untundi; moodava ksheenatalo 'Â', 'Â', 'Â', 'Â', 'Â', ledhaa 'Â' thoo mugise anni lingaala namavachakalanu kaligi untundi; nalgava ksheenatalo 'Â', 'Â', 'Â', 'Â', 'Â', 'Â', ledhaa 'Â' thoo mugise anni lingaala namavachakalanu kaligi untundi.
krinda 'praamaanika' cases-terminations unnaayi, ivi bahuvachanamlo puurti cases-termination srushtinchadaaniki bahuvachana sankhya markerlaku pratyayam cheyabadataayi. ayithe, ekavachana sankhyalo, anni niraakaranalu 'praamaanika' kesu-mugimpula yokka vaividhyaalanu tudi kesu-mugimpulugaa upayogistaayi.
ksheenata sandhi (vikatipiriyam samvedi).
sandhi anedi swaram kosam oka padam yokka chivari ledhaa prarambha aksharaala parivartana. sandhi chaalaa tarachugaa ksheenatalo sambhavistundi.
modati ksheenatalo mariyu rendava ksheenatalo, achutho praarambhamayye bahuvachana marker ledhaa cases-termination mundu tudi 'aaa' ('atwa') yokka tolagimpu (padipovadam) matrame sambhavistundi.
moodava ksheenatalo, oka achutho praarambhamayye bahuvachana marker ledhaa cases-termination mundu namavachakam tarvaata euphonic 'Â' ('yaatva') nuu choppinchaali.
nalgava ksheenatalo, oka achutho praarambhamayye bahuvachana marker ledhaa cases-termination mundu namavachakam tarvaata euphonic 'va' ('vaatva') nuu choppinchaali. edemaina, oka kannada namavachakam oka asalu dasalo euphony kosam ippatike jodinchabadina 'λ' loe mugisinappudu, namavachakam taruvaata bahuvachana marker ledhaa achutho praarambhamayye cases-termination unnappudu aaa tudi acchu tolaginchabadutundi. ayithe, saanketikamgaa nijamaina punaadulaku tudi acchu undadu (punaadi ippatikee nalgava ksheenata mugimpulanu teesukunnappatiki), ksheenata samayamlo aaa swaram 'σ' tolaginchabadutundi. ippatike oka swaraswaram 'σ "kaligi unna eee padaalu vaati mugimpuku jatacheyabadina ksheenata samayamlo tappipoyinappatiki neerchukoevaali, conny chaalaa sthaanika kannada, ledhaa vaastavaaniki kannada, padaalu vaati chivara eee' swaraswaram 'σ" kaligi untaayi, endukante chaalaa kannada padaalu modata' σ "thoo muginchabadavu.
naalugo ksheenata (nomprethic nalakane varg).
instrument cases, genetive cases mariyu locative cases kosam, modata icchina cases-termination saadhaaranamgaa praadhaanyata ivvabadutundani gamaninchandi.
savarinchevi (πριρτκος).
kannada, aanglam maadirigaane, visaeshanhaalu mariyu kriyaavishaeshanhaalanu savarinchevigaa upayogistundi. kannadalo vyasalu laevu. ayithe, 'oo' ('adhi') mariyu 'ondaa' ('okati') anae visaeshanhaalanu varusaga khachitamaina mariyu niravadhika vyasamga upayoginchavacchu.
kannadalo konni namavachakala nundi udbhavinchani konni visaeshanhaalu unnaayi. visaeshanha pratyayaalalo 'oodu' ("aksharalah 'edhi/adhi ayyindi') mariyu 'ick' unnaayi.
kannadalo nijamaina vidheya visaeshanhaalu laevu. visaeshanhaanni oohaatmakamgaa upayoginchadaaniki, subjectku saripoye visaeshanhaaniki chivarilo moodava vyakti sarvanamam pratyayamgaa untundi.
kriyaavishaeshanhaalu 'ogi' anae pratyayamtho erpadataayi. aanglamlo kakunda, visaeshanhaalaku ledhaa naamavaachakaalaku kriyaavishaeshanhaalanu jodinchavachhu, ikkada '-ly' nuu visaeshanhaalaku matrame pratyayam cheyavachu.
kriyalu (kriyaapadam).
kriya yokka maarputho sandhi (kriyapadga roopanisanti).
sandhi anedi swaram kosam oka padam yokka chivari ledhaa prarambha aksharaala parivartana. kriya yokka roopam maarchabadutunnappudu yea sandarbhamloonainaa kriyalatho kuudina sandhi vartistundi.
edainaa kriya roopam (Крияруπ) 'aaa' ('atwa') ledhaa 'сум' ('utwa') achutho mugisinappudu, achutho praarambhamayye pratyayam anusaristhe aaa tudi acchunu tolaginchandi.
 "bru (mudi kriya roopam; 'randi') → burr + ally (moodava vyakti ekavachana atyavasara pratyayam) = barli"
kriya (kriyapakam) yokka "mudi roopam/muulam" 'idhi' ('itwa') achutho ledhaa 'Â' ('etwa') achutho ledhaa 'oo' ('atwa') achutho mugisinappudu, achutho praarambhamayye pratyayam anusaristhe, roopam tarvaata 'Â' ('yaatva') anae swaraanni choppinchandi.
"" "burr (bair) (crude kriya roopam; 'vraayandi') → burr (bair) + aall (-all) (anantamaina roopam pratyayam) + pott (pott) (gatha nishkriyaatmaka moodava vyakti ekavachana napumsaka pratyayam) = barliptti (berelpatitu) (gatha nishkriyaatmaka moodava vyakti napumsaka roopam 'burr'; 'idhi vraayabadindi')"
kriya yokka edainaa itara roopam 'idhi' ('itwa') ledhaa 'Â' ('etwa') achutho mugisinappudu, achutho praarambhamayye pratyayam anusaristhe aaa tudi acchunu tolaginchandi. oka kriya yokka mudi roopam/muulam tappa maray itara kriya roopam 'oo' loe mugustundi.
"maadu (mudi kriya roopam; 'tayaaru') → maadi (gatha kriyaavisheshanha palgone; 'tayaaru chesina') + yuu (gatha kriyaaseela moodava vyakti ekavachana atyavasara pratyayam) = maaditu"
parimita kriya roopaalu (<unk>aātrupgü).
kannada kriyalaku aneka roopaalu unnaih ajj (nishacharpu), aaa
aakasmika-bhavishyattu, ledhaa sambhaavya roopam (sangavrup),
oka atyavasara roopam (vijr),
mariyu pratikuula roopam (nigrup).
nischayaatmaka roopamlo kriya yokka charya jarugutundi, conny charya
pratikuula roopamlo oka kriya jaragadu. aakasmika-bhavishyat roopam
prastutam oka charya sambhavinche avakaasam gurinchi aalochananu vyaktam chestundi
ledhaa bhavishyattulo; tappanisari roopam aadesaalu, prothsaahakaalu ledhaa optates.
aanglamlo vale, moodu kaalalu (coll)
prastuta kaalanni (vramankal) cherchandi,
gatha kaalam (<unk>),
mariyu bhavishyat kaalam (<unk>).
ayithe, eee kalalalo pratidaaniki vibhina roopaalu matrame unnaayi
saanukuula roopam. aanglamlo vale, anivaarya roopam, kaalam kaligi undadu, mariyu endukante
aakasmika-bhavishyat roopam yokka ardham, dheeniki udrikta bhedaalu kooda laevu.
pratikuula roopam vilakshanamainadi, endukante daani roopaalu prastuta-teevratanu kaligi untaayi,
gatha-teevrata, ledhaa bhavishyat-teevrata ardham, sandarbham nundi oohinchavalasi untundi; aadhunika
mandalikam, itara niraakarana paddhatulu upayoginchabadataayi.
rendu vyaakarana amsaalu unnaayi (shaastram)
kriyala yokka-paripuurna amsam
paristhiti), dheenilo charya ippatike vyakteekarinchabadina samayamlo jarigindi
kriya yokka kaalam dwara, mariyu pragatiseela amsam (γιστιχκστιτι), dheenilo
kriya yokka kaalam dwara vyakteekarinchabadina samayamlo charya konasaagutundi.
swaram yokka vyakteekarana (PRAOG)
kannadalo aanglamlo kante chaalaa bhinnamgaa untundi, conny oke rendu swaraalu
rendu bhaashalalo unnaayi-kriyaaseela swaram (karnh ping) mariyu nishkriyaatmaka swaram (karnh ping).
parimita kannada kriyalu eee lakshanaalannintikii mariyu
vishayam yokka moodu lakshanaalu vyakti (purusha),
sankhya (witchn), mariyu
lingam (lingam). akkada
aanglamlo unnatlugaa kannadalo mugguru vyaktulu-modati vyakti (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
(oka vyakti),
mariyu moodava vyakti (PRITEM)
puro)-alaage oka ekavachana sankhya (<unk>) mariyu oka bahuvachana sankhya (β). namavachakam anedi
purusha lingam (pulling),
streelinga lingam (streelingam),
ledhaa napumsaka lingam (nyootaru gender)
ardhavantamgaa nirnayinchabadutundi. purusha entiteelanu soochinche anni naamavachakaaluu,
vyakteekrutamaina entiteelu-udaaharanaku, mataparamgaa-maga entiteelugaa, purushulu,
mariyu anni stree naamavachakaaluu stree entiteelanu ledhaa stree vyakteekarana entiteelanu suuchistaayi;
migilina namavachakalu tatastha lingamloki vastaayi.
anantam kaani kriya roopaalu (kriyapadagus aavartaka).
modati anantam kaani kriya roopam anantamaina roopam (<unk>). moodu anantamainavi unnaayi, ivi vaati upayogaalu mariyu vaati mugimpulalo maarutuu untaayi.
anantamainavi kakunda, kannadalo rendu rakaala bhagaswamyalu unnaayi-visaeshanha bhagaswamyamu (kundachi) mariyu kriyaavisheshanha bhagaswamyamu (carra). aanglam yokka prastuta bhagaswamyamu visaeshanhamgaa mariyu kriyaavisheshanamgaa rendintiloonuu panicheyagaladu, mariyu gatha bhagaswamyamu visaeshanhamgaa matrame panicheyagaladu, kannada bhaagaswaamya vidhulu chaalaa sthiramgaa untaayi.
kannada visaeshanha bhagaswamyamu vilakshanamainadi, endukante idhi nirbandha saapeksha nibandhananu, saapeksha nibandhana yokka kriyanu, mariyu saapeksha sarvanamam puurvasthiti puurakam ayithe, paalaka puurvasthitini parichayam chese saapeksha sarvanamam sthaanaanni teesukuntundi. prastuta-bhavishyat visaeshanha palgone, alaage gatha visaeshanha palgone untundi.
kriyaavisheshanha bhagaswamyamu prastuta-teevramaina roopam mariyu gatha-teevramaina roopaanni kaligi untundi mariyu vaakyam yokka kriyanu savaristundi. visaeshanha bhagaswamy daani sonta namavachakanni angeekarinchavacchu, endukante visaeshanhaalu daani nibandhanalo palgontayi.
kannadaku gerund ledhu, conny adhe aalochananu vyaktam chese namavachakalanu prastuta visaeshanha bhaagaswaamyaaniki moodava vyakti tatastha sarvanamanni pratyayam cheyadam dwara yerparuchukovacchu.
anantam kaani roopaala kosam kriyalanu pratibimbistumdi (kriyapadgigwe roopanipti).
prastuta kriyaavisheshanha palgone (vartamaanakaaldu kriya).
oka kriya yokka prastuta kriyaavisheshanha bhagaswamyanni roopondinchadaaniki, kriya yokka mudi roopaaniki 'λτ' pratyayaanni jodinchandi. aadhunika maandalikamlo minahaayimpulu laevu, conny appudappudu 'λ' ledhaa 'λ' roopaalu kanipinchavacchu.
gatha kriyaavisheshanha palgone (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
slum" loe mugise kriya yokka gatha kriyaavisheshanha bhagaswamyanni roopondinchadaaniki, (-u) kriya yokka mudi roopaaniki "ee" (-i) pratyayaanni jodinchandi. edainaa acchulo mugise kriya yokka gatha kriyaavisheshanha bhagaswamyanni roopondinchadaaniki conny "slum", (-u) kriya yokka mudi roopaaniki "δο" (-du) pratyayaanni jodinchandi.
aneka vichitramgaa erpadina gatha kriyaavisheshanha bhagalu unnaayi, vaatilo konni kramarahitamgaa untaayi, vaatilo konni paatha nirmaanaalanu anusaristaayi, marikonni swaram kosam marchabaddayi. avi krinda ivvabaddaayi 
eee kriyala kosam, ledhaa vaati yokka edainaa aadhunika roopaala kosamh 
pratyayam "yuu.anie.
khachitamgaa
chivari hallulu
yuu" ledhaa "yuu" kii mundu itara hallulatho bharti cheyabadataayi
gatam yokka palgone. yuu' kii munduh 
λ →
<unk>; <unk>
shh. mundu
meeru":
mariyu; 
meeru
(dheenilo
chivari "см
euphonic "см" vale idhi modata euphonicga undedi
namavachakala kosam)
Â
dhi
krindi kriyala gatha bhagalu kramam tappakunda yerpadavachhu, conny kooda undhi
aaa kriyala yokka maroka, kramarahita roopamh ogu
<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤
→ poe; 
hoy
→ hoow
prastuta-bhavishyat visaeshanha bhagaswamyamu (vartamanakall mariyu yuu vivijuvaall).
prastuta-bhavishyat visaeshanha bhagaswamyanni roopondinchadaaniki, kriya yokka mudi roopaaniki "λv" (-uva) pratyayaanni jodinchandi. aadhunika maandalikamlo eee roopaaniki kramaraahityaalu laevu.
gatha visaeshanha bhagaswamyamu (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
kriya yokka gatha visaeshanha bhagaswamyamu gatha kriyaavisheshanha bhagaswamyamu nundi erpadutundi. oka kriya yokka gatha kriyaavisheshanha bhagaswamyamu 'lum' (-u) loe mugisinatlayithe, gatha visaeshanha bhagaswamyanni roopondinchadaaniki gatha kriyaavisheshanha bhagaswamyamu chivariki 'ā' (-a) nii jodinchandi. oka kriya yokka gatha kriyaavisheshanha bhagaswamyamu 'ee' (-i) loe mugisinatlayithe, gatha kriyaavisheshanha bhagaswamyamu chivarilo 'δ' (-da) nii jodinchandi.
kramarahita gatha visaeshanhaalaloo ivi untayih 'oodu' (āda), mudi kriya muulam 'ogu' (āgu, undaali/maaraali) nundi; 'podu' (poda), mudi kriya muulam 'pogu' (pogu, vellaali) nundi; mariyu 'hodu' (hoda), mudi kriya muulam 'hogu' (hogu, vellaali) nundi.
parimita roopaalu/samyogam kosam kriyalanu pratibimbimchadam (kriyapadga/samyogam).
nischayaatmaka roopam (nishacharpu).
kriyalanu vaati prastuta-teevramaina nischayaatmaka roopamlo samyogam cheyadaaniki, prastuta kriyaavisheshanha bhaagaswaamyaaniki eee krindi pratyayaalanu jodinchandi.
kriyalanu vaati gatha-teevramaina nischayaatmaka roopamlo samyogam cheyadaaniki, gatha visaeshanha bhaagaswaamyaaniki eee krindi pratyayaalanu jodinchandi, moodava vyakti tatastha ekavachana pratyayam minaha, idhi gatha kriyaavisheshanha bhaagaswaamyamto jatacheyabadindi.
kriyalanu vaati bhavishyat-teevramaina nischayaatmaka roopamlo samyogam cheyadaaniki, prastuta-bhavishyat visaeshanha bhaagaswaamyaaniki eee krindi pratyayaalanu jodinchandi.
pratikuula roopam (nick).
kriya yokka pratikuula roopaaniki etuvanti kaalam undadu. udvegam sandarbham nundi cheppabadaali. ayithe, oka kriyanu tiraskarinchadaaniki saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche pratikuula padam 'illai'.
padunaina pratikuula roopaaniki "α" loe mugise shabda anantaniki eee mugimpulu (ivi bhavishyat kaalam yokka pratyayaala maadirigaane untaayi) pratyayam
pratikuula roopam kramarahita nirmaanaanni matrame kaligi untundi, 'idhi' yokka saadhaarana pratikuula roopaala sthaanamlo 'idhi' nuu 'pratyamnaayamgaa' upayoginchavacchu.
aakasmika-bhavishyat roopam (снагаоруπ/снагаояруπ).
aakasmika-bhavishyat roopam oka kriya yokka charya bahusha bhavishyattulo sambhavinchavacchane aalochananu vyaktam chestundi. udaaharanaku, aakasmika-bhavishyat roopamlo samyoginchabadina 'maadeenu' nuu 'ii' mae (itt) 'anie anuvadinchavacchu.
ivi aakasmika-bhavishyat roopaaniki pratyayaalu, 'λ' loe mugise kriyala kosam gatha kriyaavisheshanha bhaagaswaamyaaniki ledhaa 'Â' ledhaa 'Â' loe mugise kriyala kosam gatha visaeshanha bhaagaswaamyaaniki pratyayam ivvabaddaayi
aakasmika-bhavishyat roopaaniki kramarahita nirmaanaalu undavu.
atyavasara roopam (viterp).
kriya yokka anivaarya roopam optates, prerepistundi ledhaa aadesaalanu istundi. udaaharanaku, modati vyakti mariyu moodava vyakti atyavasaram 'mae/lett {i/we/he/he/it/they} _ _' anae aalochananu vyaktam chestundi. ayithe, rendava vyakti anivaryam ('edainaa cheyandi!') ledhaa kriya yokka ardham mariyu sandarbhaanni batti optative ledhaa jassive sense (' mae yuu _ _ _ ') thoo.
eee pratyayaalu kriya yokka muulaaniki jodinchabaddayi
kramarahita atyavasara roopaalu krinda ivvabaddaayi
anni kriya roopaala saaraamsam (Îlell Kriapd rupgg саранс).
λ' loe mugise kriya elaa samyogam chendutundo mariyu 'Â' ledhaa 'e' loe mugise kriya varusaga 'αdü' ('cheyadam)' mariyu 'κρε' ('coll cheyadam') anae kriyalatho elaa samyogam chendutundo choopinche pattika krinda undhi. idhi sahayaka kriyaga kooda upayoginche kramarahita kriya 'iru' ("undaali/undaali") yokka samyogaanni kooda chooputundi.
padha kramam (πδινας).
kannada padha kramam anedi 's-o-v', ledhaa 'subject-object-verb', aanglaaniki viruddhamgaa, idhi 's-v-o' ledhaa 'subject-verb-object' bhasha. ayithe, kannadalo, daani atyanta maarpu chendina swabhaavam kaaranamgaa, oka vaakyam yokka padha kramaanni shaili ledhaa praadhaanyata kosam swechchagaa maarchavacchu.
vaakya bhagalu (vaakidaangu).
kannada vaakyaalaku rendu praathamika bhagalu unnaih vishayam mariyu anchanaa. vishayam vaakyam yokka kendra amsaanni kaligi untundi, idhi namavachaka kesuku tiraskarinchabadindi, ayithe predicate oka kriyanu kaligi untundi, tarachugaa oka vastuvutoe (idhi adhikarikamga aaropana kesulo undaali), ledhaa "etuvanti kriya mariyu vastuvu undakapovachhu conny kevalam namavachaka kesulo maroka namavachakam tiraskarinchabadindi, dheenini predicate nominative anie pilustaaru, ikkada samanatva prakatana uddesinchabadindi.
"udaaharanakih neenu (vishayam) jananu (vastuvu) katteenu (kriya). (neenu table kattanu.'ikkada, vishayam' i 'mariyu' table nirminchabadindi 'anedi predicate,' billed 'anedi kriyaga mariyu' table 'anedi vastuvugaa untundi."
"udaaharanalu neenu (vishayam) neenu (namavachakam). (neenu) kannada vidyaarthini.'undaali' anae kriyaku pratyaksha kannada samaanamainadi ledani gamaninchandi, endukante kannada anedi sunna-kopula bhasha, ayithe vakyanni pratyamnaayamgaa 'neenu kanadid vidaarti (neenu) ogidene' anie vraayavacchu.'aksharala ardham' neenu kannada vidyaarthi ayyanu/unikilo unnaanu.'"
vishayam (cram).
kannadalo, vishayam nominative kesuku tiraskarinchabadindi. vishayam daadaapu ellappuduu kannadalo charyanu nirvahistundagaa (nishkriyaatmaka swaram yokka upayogam chaalaa arudu), vishayam vaastavaaniki roogi kaavacchu.
oka vishayam, kriya mariyu vastuvutoe kuudina vaakyamlo, vishayam ippatike spashtam cheyabadi unte ledhaa sandarbham nundi teliste, vishayam tolaginchabadavacchu, vakyanni roopondinchadaaniki vidheyatvam ontarigaa untundi.
"udaaharanakih" "neenu chaalaa bagunnanu". (neenu intiki veltaanu.'ikkada, manam' neenu 'anae amsaanni tolaginchavacchu, antey' neenu ', endukante kriya (modati vyakti ekavachana mugimpu, adhe vyakti mariyu' ii 'sankhya) mugimpu dwara vishayam' ii 'anie spashtamgaa telustundi."
"udaaharanakih meeru inca chaduvutaaru. neenu vuntaanu. ('vinaya eee roeju paatasaalaku vellaledu. {vinaya/athanu} intiki vacchaadu.'rendava vaakyamlo,' vinaya 'anae vishayam tolaginchabadindi endukante munupati vaakyam nundi vishayam' vinaya 'anie spashtamgaa telustundi.)"
kriya (kriyapad).
kannadalo, vaakyamlo okati kante ekkuva parimita ledhaa samyojita kriyalu undakudadu. udaaharanaku, 'neenu paatasaalaku velli intiki vacchaanu' anae vaakyam.'aksharala kannadaloki anuvadinchalemu. aaa vaakyaaniki samaanamaina kannada padam 'paatasaalaku velli, neenu intiki vacchaanu.'kannadalo, kriyaavisheshanha bhaagaalanu tappaka upayoginchaali.
"udaaharanakih meeru oka vyaktigaa undandi. (neenu, paatasaalaku velli, intiki vacchaanu.'/' neenu paatasaalaku velli intiki vacchaanu.')"
"udaaharanakih neenu ninnu preminchanu. ('neenu, parugettaanu, aadataanu.'/' neenu parugettutaanu mariyu aadataanu.'rendu charyalu ekakaalamlo jarugutaayani cheppaalane uddesam unte ('neenu parugettutunnappudu aadataanu.') appudu vaakyam' neenu ninnu "anie vraayabadutundi.')"
dative construction (sampradan poord karwangir vaak).
kannadalo, dative nirmaanam tarachugaa upayoginchabadutundi. ardha vishayam padabandham vishayamlo unnappudu mariyu ardha pratyaksha vastuvu namavachaka sandarbhamlo unnappudu padabandham nirmaanam jarugutundi. udaaharanaku, kannadalo, 'naaku jalubu anipistondi' anie chepparu; badulugaa, 'naaku jalubu vastondi' ('naaku jalubu vastundi') anie samanam anie chebutaaru. adevidhamgaa, 'raatri bhojanam naaku kaavaali' anie okaru chebutaaru ('neenu ninnu korukuntunnanu' ledhaa 'neenu ninnu korukuntunnanu'; rendodi aksharala vidipoyindi 'neenu ninnu korukuntunnanu', aksharala 'naaku, raatri bhojanam kaavaali/avasaram ayyindi' anie ardham).
maroe udaaharana '<unk>' thoo upayogam. udaaharanaku, okaru 'neenu aapil ishtapadataanu' anie antaaru (bhashaparamga-'naaku aapil ishtam'; aksharala-'naaku, aapil aanandamgaa maarutundi').
aangla indriya anusandhaana kriyalaku samanamga mariyu aneka modal sahayaka kriyalatho cheyadaaniki dative nirmaanaalu upayoginchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, 'neenu atanni chuustunnaanu' anie anuvadinchabadindi, 'athanu nannu (atanni) chudanistadu', dative kesulo 'neenu'.
niraakarana (nishedham).
pratikuula padaalu.
kannadalo 'eppuduu', 'evaruu laeru' mariyu 'aemee ledhu' vanti ardhaparamgaa pratikuula padaalu laevu. eee padaalu kriyanu pratikuula padaaniki samaanamaina saanukuula padamtho tiraskarinchadam dwara vyakteekarinchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, kannadalo, 'vidyaarthulu aadivaaram naadu paatasaalaku vellaru' anie cheppalemu; 'vidyaarthulu eppuduu aadivaaram naadu paatasaalaku vellaru' ('vidyaardhi sangham maanyulu') kuu samanam anie cheppali. adevidhamgaa, 'aadivaaram naadu evaruu paatasaalaku vellaru', 'aadivaaram naadu evaruu paatasaalaku vellaru' anie okaru chebutaaru.
"udaaharanakih" "ayithe, janaalu kooda.'('prajalu aaa prakatnanu ekkada angeekarincharu.')
pratikuula parimita kriyalu (nizarak).
kannadalo kriya yokka pratikuula 'mood' ledhaa roopam unnappatikee, idhi ikapai saadhaaranamgaa upayoginchabadadu. adanamgaa, pratikuula roopam samaya vyatyaasaalanu vyaktam cheyadu, kabatti vislaeshanhaatmaka pratikuula roopaalu upayoginchabadataayi.
kannadalo 'kaadu' vanti pratikuula kriyavisheshanam ledhu. vislaeshanhaatmaka kriya niraakarana chaalaa vichitramainadi, mariyu idhi 'iru' ('undaali, unikilo untundi') anae roopaanni upayogistundi, idhi 'ella'. ayithe, 'idhi' thoo unna pratikuula kannada kriyalaku vyaktigata mugimpulu laevu-avi vyakti, lingam ledhaa vishayam yokka sankhyanu suuchimchavu.
illai' thoo gatha pratikuula kriyanu roopondinchadaaniki, 'llem' thoo mugise kriya yokka anantamaina roopaaniki 'llem' anae pratyayam. illai' thoo prastuta pratikuula kriyanu roopondinchadaaniki, kriya yokka shabda naamavaachakaaniki 'llem' anae pratyayam. bhavishyat pratikuula kriyanu roopondinchadaaniki, 'Îlell' thoo kriya yokka prastuta-teevramaina pratikuula roopaanni upayoginchandi ledhaa 'Âlell' anae pratyayaanni 'Âll' thoo mugise kriya yokka anantamaina roopaaniki upayoginchandi.
oka kriyaavisheshanha bhaagaswaamyamto 'iru' yokka pratikuula roopaanni upayoginchadam dwara 'idhi' anae amsam saadhaarana maargamlo vyakteekarinchabadutundi. udaaharanaku, 'neenu hitt cheyabadanu' antey 'hadilptudurlikilla'.
"udaaharanakih" "'chaalaa chaalaa.'(' neenu velladam ledhu.')
"udaaharanakih" "'hagi irleal.'(' neenu vellaledu.')
ayithe, prastuta kaalamlo, vyaktini vyakteekarinchadaaniki palgone tarvaata neerugaa 'illai' nuu upayoginchavacchu.
"udaaharanakih" "idigo, idigo.'(' neenu velladam ledhu.')
"udaaharanakih" "idhi sarena.'(' neenu vellaledu.')
kriyaavisheshanha bhagala yokka niraakarana.
kriyaavisheshanha bhagalu pratikuula roopaanni kaligi untaayi, idhi kriya yokka mudi roopaaniki 'ādé' pratyayam dwara srushtinchabadutundi. eee roopam padunainadi kaadu, mariyu '_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ udaaharanaku 'nodhi haano' antey 'neenu chusina tarvaata vellaanu', 'nodatu hano' antey 'chudatam (adhi), neenu vellaanu' ledhaa 'neenu chuudataaniki vellaanu (adhi)', mariyu 'nodade hano' antey 'neenu chudaledu (adhi)', 'neenu chudaledu (adhi)', ledhaa 'neenu chudakundane vellaanu (adhi)'.
ayithe, 'ελλ', 'ερο' nundi udbhavinchindi, idhi kriyaavisheshanha bhaagaswaamya roopaanni kaligi undhi-'ελλε'-mariyu kriyaavisheshanha bhagaswamyanni tappanisarigaa tiraskarinchinappudu udriktamgaa undataaniki dheenini upayoginchavacchu. udaaharanaku, 'chudaledu' anie khachitamgaa ardham 'chudaledu' anie, 'chudaledu' anie khachitamgaa ardham anie cheppavacchu.

