
nyayala

lothattu niala ledhaa kevalam niala (tragelaphus angasi), dakshina africaku chendina oka sarpila kommula jinka. idhi bovide kutumbaaniki chendina oka jaathi mariyu gatamlo "nyala" jaatilo unchabadina "tragelaphus" jaatiki chendinadi. dheenini mottamodata 1849loe georg french angas varninchaaru. shareera podavu, mariyu adhi baruvu. eee kotu aada mariyu baalikalalo meroon ledhaa rufus godhuma rangulo untundi, conny vayojana purushulalo muduru godhuma ledhaa slate buudida rangulo perugutundi, tarachugaa neelam rangutho untundi. aada mariyu yuva maga vaari vaipula padhi ledhaa anthakante ekkuva tellati charalu kaligi untaaru. magavaariki matrame podavaina mariyu pasupu-kona kommulu untaayi. idhi sarpila kommula jinkalalo atyadhika laingika dviruupatanu pradarsistundi. idhi ethiopia yokka baale praantamloo nivasistunna antarinchipothunna parvata niyaalaato ayomayam chendakudadu).
nyayalu pradhanamgaa udayaanne mariyu madhyahnam chivarilo churukuga untaayi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa pagatipuuta ushnogratalu unte mariyu varshakalamlo raatri samayamlo brouse chestundi. saakahaarulugaa, nyayalu aakulu, pandlu mariyu gaddini tintaayi mariyu taginanta manchineeru avasaram. siggupade jantuvu, idhi bahiranga pradaesaala kante neeti randhraalanu ishtapadutundi. nyayalu praadaesikata sankethaalanu choopinchavu, mariyu vyaktula praantaalu ativyaapti chendavacchu. vaaru chaalaa jagrattagaa unde jeevulu. vaaru 10 mandhi vyaktulatoe kuudina yeka linga ledhaa mishrama kutumba samoohaalalo nivasistunnaaru, conny vruddha purushulu ontarigaa nivasistunnaaru. ivi dattamaina mariyu podi savannah adavulalo dattamaina adavulalo nivasistaayi. nyala yokka pradhana maamsaahaarulu simham, chiruta mariyu african adavi kukkalu, ayithe baboonlu mariyu raptorial pakshulu baluranu vetaadataayi. vasanta mariyu saradrutuvulo sambhogam sikharaalu. purushulu mariyu mahilalu varusaga 18 mariyu 11-12 nelala vayassulo laingikamgaa parinati chendutaaru, ayinappatikee vaaru aidu samvatsaraala vayassu varaku samajikamga aparipakvamgaa untaaru. edu nelala garbhadhaarana kaalam taruvaata, oke oka dhooda janmistundi.
niala shrenilo malavi, mosambic, dakshinaafrikaa, eswatini, zambia mariyu zimbabwe unnaayi. idhi botswana mariyu namibiaku parichayam cheyabadindi mariyu 1950la nundi antarinchipoyina eswatiniki tirigi parichayam cheyabadindi. daani janabha sthiramgaa undhi, mariyu prakruti parirakshana kosam antarjaateeya union dheenini athi takkuva aandolana kaliginchedigaa jabita chesindi. eee jaatulaku pradhana muppu vaeta mariyu maanava sthaavaraala phalitamgaa aavasala nashtam. aafrikaalo maga jantuvulu aata jantuvulugaa chaalaa viluvainavi.
vargeekarana mariyu paeru pettadam.
nyayalani mottamodata 1849loe aangla prakruti shaastravetta ayina georg french angas varninchaaru. nyaayaala shaastreeya paeru "tragelaphus angasi". angasi" anae paeru angas kuu aapaadinchabadindi, zaan edward gray eee jaatiki angas tandri, dakshina australiaku chendina georg fife angas paeru pettaarani chepparu. antarjaateeya jantusastra naamakaranam code mariyu jantusastra naamakaranam paie antarjaateeya commission yokka artical 50.1.1 prakaram, rachayitagaa buudida rangulo paerkonadaaniki idhi saripodu. nyayala" anae paeru eee jinkaku tsonga paeru, idhi bahusha julu "inyaala" thoo paatu aanglaaniki muulam kaavacchu. dheeni mottamodati upayogam 1899loe jarigindi. eee padaaniki baantu muulam undhi, idhi venda padam "digie-nyala" (nyala buck) maadirigaane untundi.
chinna kudu taruvaata tragelaphine kutumba chettu nundi kommalu kotte rendava vargeekarana niala. nyaayaala vamsam gananeeyamaina kaalam (5 million samvatsaraalaku paiga) vaerugaa unnanduna, kontamandi adhikarulu dheenini daani swantha ekaroopa jaathi "nyaayaala" loe unchaaru. "nyaya" nuu 1912loe american janthu shaastravetta edmond heller pratipaadinchaaru, ayana kooda chinna kudu kosam "ammelaphus" nuu pratipaadinchaaru, conny adhi vistrutamgaa gurtinchabadaledu. idhi 2011loe peater grub mariyu peddapregu thotala vargeekarana kinda chellubaatu ayye jaatigaa tirigi niyaminchabadindi, conny ksheeradaala vaividhya database vanti vargeekarana adhikarulu dheenini sweekarinchaledu.
2005loe, shandi villos-munro (kwaajulu-natal vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chendina) mariyu sahacharulu tommidi "tragelaphus" jaatula mitochondrial dna vislaeshanhanu nirvahinchaaru. mitochondrial dna mariyu nuclear dna daetaanu poolchaaru. phalitaalu tragelafini tega monophilaticga, takkuva kudu ("tii") thoo unnatlu choopinchaayi. emberbis) phylogenylo besal, taruvaata nyayal. mitochondrial dayta aadhaaramgaa, adhyayanalu sumaru 13.7 million samvatsaraala kritam chinna kudu daani sodari vamsam nundi vidipoyindani anchanaa vaesaayi. ayithe, anhu dna dayta takkuva kudu mariyu nyayalu oka vamsaanni yerparustunnatlu choopistundi, ivi samishtiga 13.8 million samvatsaraala kritam sodari vamsaaniki nundi vidipoyaayi.
janyusaastram mariyu parinaamam.
niyalalo 55 maga chromosomelu mariyu 56 aada chromosomelu untaayi. itara tragelaphids maadirigaa, vai chromosome 14va chromosomeloki badilee cheyabadindi, conny vai chromosome yokka vilomam jaragadu. kapaala adhyayanalu parvata nyayala mariyu nyayala, oka saadhaarana paerunu panchukunnappatiki, vaastavaaniki suduura bandhuvulu anie choopinchaayi.
myosene kaalam mugisinappati nundi (5.8 laksala samvatsaraala kritam) nyayala oka pratyeka jaatigaa undani shilaja aadharalu suuchistunnaayi. proto-nailaku proto-takkuva kudutho kontha prarambha sankareekarana undani janyu aadharalu suuchistunnaayi, ayithe eee daatadam tarvaata chaalaa kaalam paatu rendoo vaerugaa unnaayi.
bhouthika vivarana.
nyala anedi oka bush buck mariyu kudu madhya unde oka sarpila kommula mariyu madhya parimaana jinka. idhi atyanta laingika dviruupa jinkagaa pariganinchabadutundi. nyaya saadhaaranamgaa thala mariyu shareera podavu madhya untundi. purushudu nilabadi untaadu, stree etthu varaku untundi. magavaaru baruvugaa, aadavaru baruvugaa untaaru. nyaayaala ayurdayam sumaru 19 samvatsaraalu.
eee kotu aada mariyu baalikalalo tuppu pattina ledhaa rufus godhuma rangulo untundi. idhi vayojana magavaarilo muduru godhuma ledhaa slate buudida rangulo perugutundi, tarachugaa neelam rangutho untundi. aada mariyu yuva maga vaari vaipula padhi ledhaa anthakante ekkuva tellani niluvu charalu kaligi untaaru. mukham, gonthu, paarsvaalu mariyu todalapai itara gurtulu kanipistaayi. peddavaaraina purushulalo charalu chaalaa takkuvagaa untaayi ledhaa undavu. maga mariyu aada iddari kalla madhya tellani chevron untundi, mariyu podavaina podalugala thoka diguva bhaagamlo tellati untundi. rendu lingaalaku thala venuka nundi thoka chivara varaku nadustunna juttu yokka dorsal crest untundi. magavaariki chaatii mariyu kadupu madhya rekha venta maroka ventrukala rekha untundi.
magavaariki matrame kommulu untaayi. kommulu podavugaa mariyu pasupu-mukkalu kaligi untaayi. okati ledhaa rendu malupulu unnaayi. spoor bushbak maadirigaane untundi, conny peddadi. idhi podavugaa untundi. malam gundramgaa golaakaara gulikalu pooli untundi. nyaayaala paadaalapai ventrukala grandhulu untaayi, avi ekkadiki vellinaa vaati suvasananu vadilivestaayi.
nyaya sthithi tarachugaa lingaala madhya maarutuu untundi. oka adhyayanam prakaram, vaari shareera parimaanaalalo vyatyaasaalu dheeniki kaaranamani cheppavacchu. poeshakaahaara ottidi samayamlo, vruddhulu ekkuva sankhyalo maraninchaarani, vaarilo ekkuva mandhi purushulu unnaarani gamaninchabadindi. nyayalo rakta namuunaanu sekarinche prayatnamlo, ottidi samayamlo vitamin ii sthaayilu maarutuu untaayani kanugonabadindi.
paraannajeevulu.
naatallooni naalugu game rijarvula nundi 77 nialas nundi helminthla adhyayanam padhi nematode jaatulu mariyu naalugu nematode jaatulu, oka trematode jaatulu mariyu paramphistomelu (suupar family "paramphystomydia" sabhyulu) mariyu rendu sestode jaatula unikini velladinchindi. eee parisoedhanaloo nayala hostga unna kotta paraannajeevulanu kanugonnaru-avi "cuperia rotandispiculum" jaathi, "gaigeria pachiselis", "gongilonema" jaathi, "hemanchus veglia", "impalia tuberculata", "annavahika" jaathi, "setaria" jaathi, "trichostrongilus deflexes", "trichostrongilus falculatus", "tainia" jaathi yokka larva dasha, "thysaniagea" jaathi mariyu "skistosoma maathee". "astertagia harrisi" mariyu "sii. rotandispiculum "jinkalo atyanta prabalamaina nematodlu.
dakshinaafrikaa nialas yokka 97 rakta namuunaalapai jarigina maroe adhyayanamlo macchalu dwara sankraminche haemoparasitelu (rakta paraannajeevulu) unnatlu velladaindi. polymerase chain reaction (pii. sii. aarr) mariyu riverse line blat (aarr. ell. bii) hybridisation paddhatulu upayoginchabaddaayi. prabalamaina paraannajeevulu "thylaria" jaatulu, t. buffelly, "tii. bicornis, "erlichia" jaatulu, "anaplasma marginal" mariyu "eah. bovis ". 1983 mariyu 1984loe eshaanya kwaajulu-naatallooni umphology, mkuji mariyu endumu game reservulalo 73 nialas adhyayanamlo padhi tick jaatulu, rendu paenu jaatulu mariyu oka paenu fly jaatulu mariyu 1994loe adanamgaa aaru vyaktulapai adhyayanam chesaaru. "boofilus decoloratus", "repecephalus appendiculatus" mariyu "aarr" loe abhivruddhi yokka anni dasalaku nyalas aatidhyam istundani kanugonabadindi. muehlency "mariyu" amblioma hebrium "mariyu" repecephalus maculatus "yokka aparipakva dasalu. vayojana aadavaalla kante vayojana magavaallu ekkuva sankhyalo paelu mariyu paenu laku aatidhyam icchaaru. alaage, jeeva, padanirmaana mariyu paramaanu dayta aadhaaramgaa, mosambiclo adavi-pattubadina niala nundi oka trypanosome vaeru cheyabadindi, idhi "trypanosoma vivax" thoo samanamga unnatlu nirdhaarinchabadindi mariyu kanugonabadindi.
vyaadhulu.
nyayalu mayopati thoo kooda baadhapadavachhu. janavari 1973 mariyu juun 1981 madhyakaalamlo, 21 mandhi nyalalu eee vyaadhitho maraninchaaru. pradhana lakshanaalu drudhatvam, peragalekapovadam mariyu navjata sisuvulalo peelchukovadamlo vaiphalyam. hystological vislaeshanha tarvaata asthipanjara kandaraalalo necrosis (antey, jeeva kanajaalamlo kanaala akaala maranam) mariyu khanijatvam kanugonabaddayi. baalikalalo hridaya kandaraala yokka teevramaina necrosis undhi. peddavaarilo, arteriosclerosisto paatu cardiac kandaraala madhyantara fibrosis undhi.
british dheevulalo bandeegaa unna adavi jantuvulalo spongiform encephalopathispie epidemiological pariseelanalu" anae sheershikato 1994loe prachurinchabadina oka nivedikalo, jantupradarsanasaalalo bandeegaa unna oka niyalalo spongiform encephalopathy nirdhaarana cheyabadindani gurtinchabadindi. viral vyaadhi ippudu nirmoolinchabadinatlu pariganinchabadutunnappatiki, nyaayaala gatamlo rinderpest vyaadhi dwara prabhaavitamaindi.
paryaavaranam mariyu pravartana.
nyayalu pradhanamgaa udayaanne mariyu madhyahnam chivarilo churukuga untaayi. ushnogratalu unte pagatipuuta mariyu varshakalamlo raatri samayamlo idhi vetukutundi. eee jinkalu rojulo vaedi samayaallo mandapati podalalo vishraanti teesukuntaayi. nyayalu chaalaa siggupadevi mariyu jagrattagaa untaayi, mariyu tarachugaa bahirangamgaa bayataku rakapoyina dachabadi untaayi. adavilo chaalaa varaku nyayalu neeti randhraala vadda kanipistaayi. conny rakshita praantaalalo vaaru takkuva siggupadataaru mariyu tarachugaa paryaatakula drushtilo bayataku vastaaru.
nyaya samuuhaalu lingam ledhaa mishrama prakaram untaayi. mandalu saadhaaranamgaa kalisi neeru traagutaayi mariyu vetukutaayi. prati samuuhamloo iddaru nundi padhi mandhi vyaktulu untaaru. mosambic looni jinav jaateeya udyaanavanamlo jarigina oka adhyayanamlo 67 saatam pariseelanalu okati nundi moodu niyalala samuuhaalaku chendinavani, migilina mandalu 30 niyalala varaku unnayani telindi. mandalu tarachugaa vidipoyi tirigi erpaddaayi. saadhaaranamgaa vayojana magavaaru ontarigaa untaaru. aadavaru tama santaanam unnappudu tarachugaa tama tallulaku daggaragaa untaaru, kabatti aada mandalalo sambandhaalu magavaari kante daggaragaa undavacchu.
apramattamgaa mariyu jagrattagaa unde swabhaavam gala, nyayalu pramaada samuuhamloo unna itarulanu heccharinchadaaniki padunaina, ettaina, kukka lanty beradunu upayogistaayi. eee lakshanaanni pradhanamgaa mahilalu upayogistaaru. vaaru impala, baboon mariyu kudu alaram kaalsku kooda pratispandistaaru. impala kooda nyaayaala pilupulaku pratispandistundani kanugonabadindi. nyala yokka pradhana maamsaahaarulu simham, chiruta, chiruta, macchala haina, african adavi kukka mariyu nail mosallu kaga, baboonlu mariyu raptorial pakshulu baalintalanu vetadevi.
aaharam.
saakaahaaramgaa, nyaayaala aahaaramlo aakulu, pandlu, puvvulu mariyu kommalu untaayi. varshakalamlo ivi taja gaddini tintaayi. vaariki kramam tappakunda neeru taagadam avasaram, anduvalla sameepamloni neeti vanaru unna pradaesaalanu enchukondi. ayithe, vaaru kalanugunamga neeti labhyata unna praantaalalo nivasinchadaaniki alavaatu padataaru. jululaandlo jarigina oka adhyayanamlo nyayalu pradhanamgaa udayaanne mariyu madhyahnam chivarilo tinevaarani telindi. varshakalamlo raatri velallo ivi tintaayi.
impala mariyu nyaayaala aaharapu alavaatlapai drushti saarinchina nataallooni makhuj game reserve mariyu nandumu game reservelo jarigina oka adhyayanamlo vaari aahaaramlo dicotylidenla parimaanam kalanugunamga maarutuu untundani telindi. podi kaalamlo, nyaayaala dicotyldon diet content 83.2% mariyu impala 52 saatam. eee seasonlo, aahaaramlo peechu samruddhiga perigindi mariyu aahaaramlo proteins takkuvagaa unnaayi. varshakalamlo dheeniki viruddhamgaa jarigindi. varshaakaalam vachinappudu, rendu jaatulu pradhanamgaa monocotyldanlanu tinevi, mariyu impala vaatini ekkuvagaa tinedi. aahaaramlo peechu kante ekkuva proteins undevi.
nyaayaalaloni laingika dviruupata daani metha alavaatlanu prabhaavitam chesindo ledho telusukovadaaniki maroka adhyayanam jarigindi. prati feeding bott mugimputho vrukshasampada sarvelu nirvahinchabaddaayi. moodu aavasalalo aadavaru samanamga metha kosam gadiparani kanugonabadindi, conny magavaaru isuka adavulanu ekkuvagaa ishtapadataaru. magavaaru ekkuva sagatu ettulo chekka jaatulanu tintaaru, ayithe aadavaru takkuva mulika pora nundi tintaaru kabatti marinni thedaalu gurtinchabaddaayi. vividha shareera parimaanaalu mariyu vibhina punarutpatti vyuuhaala prakaram vividha poeshaka mariyu saktivantamaina demandla phalitamgaa thedaalu unnayani nirdhaarinchabadindi.
punarutpatti.
nyayalu edaadi podavunaa santanotpatti chestaayi, conny vasanta mariyu saradrutuvulo sambhogam garishta sthaayiki cherukuntundi. dheeniki kaaranam ippatikee teliyadu, conny photoperiod mariyu jantuvu yokka aaharapu alavaatlaku aapaadinchabadindi. mahilalu 11 nundi 12 nelala vayassulo laingika paripakvataku cherukuntaaru mariyu purushulu 18 nelala vayassulo (vaaru aidu samvatsaraala vayassu varaku samajikamga aparipakvamgaa unnappatikee), vaaru 14 nelallo churukaina spermatogenesis choopinchadam praarambhistaaru.
andotsargamu mundu, graphian follicals kaneesam podavu cherukuntaayi. oka stree yokka eestras chakram sumaru 19 rojula podavu untundi. magavaaru rendu rojula paatu aadavaarito sahajeevanam cheyadaaniki prayatnistaaru, conny aame prati chakraniki aaru gantalu matrame anumatistundi. sambhogam samayamlo maga aada mandaloki pravesinchinappudu, athanu thana tellati dorsal sikharaanni paiki lepi, kommulanu tagginchi, gattiga kadilinchadam dwara pradarsana istaadu. aneka itara jantuvula maadirigaane, maga jantuvulu sambhogam samayamlo aadhipatyam kosam poraadataayi.
impalalu mariyu nyalalala moothrapindaala kovvu suuchikalu (keey. eff. ii. ess) saamaajika vargam mariyu vaatipai punarutpatti prabhavanni ardham chesukovadaniki adhyayanam cheyabaddaayi. keey. eff. ii. nii nirnayinchadaaniki, moothrapindaanni teesivesi, kovvutho baruvu veyabadutundi mariyu marosari kovvunu minahaayistaaru. phalitamgaa vachhe vyatyaasam moothrapindaala meeda kovvu parimaanam. kovvu entha ekkuvagaa unte, jantuvu antha aarogyamgaa untundi. rutt loe, maga nyalalu takkuva kaafeelanu kaligi undevi, idhi seasonku anugunamgaa peddagaa maaraledu. nyaya mariyu impala rendinti garbhinii streelalo garbhinii kaani vaari kante ekkuva kaphilu undevi.
garbhadhaarana chivari moodava bhaagamlo corpus lutium gananeeyamgaa perugutundi. garbham edu nelala paatu untundi. oke oka dhooda putti, baruvu untundi. jananam saadhaaranamgaa mamsaahaarula drushtiki dhooramgaa, dattamaina adavulu vanti pradaesaalaloo jarugutundi. dhooda 18 rojula varaku dachabadi untundi, talli kramam tappakunda daanini samrakshistundi. dhooda tadupari dhooda putte varaku daani thallithone untundi, eee samayamlo maga dhooda daanini talli nundi dhooram chestundi.
aavasalu mariyu pampinhee.
nayala dattamaina lothattu adavulu mariyu dattamaina dattamaina adavulalo, pradhanamgaa dakshina malavi, mosambic, zimbabwe mariyu thoorpu dakshinaafrikaalo nivasistundi. idhi manchi naanhyata gala gaddi bhuumulatoe paatu manchineeti sadupaayaanni kaligi unna pradaesaalanu enchukuntundi. idhi pacchani nadhee desamlo kooda nivasistundi. niala yokka sahaja shreni aagneya africa antataa malaavilooni diguva shair loya nundi mosambic mariyu zimbabwe dwara thoorpu dakshinaafrikaa mariyu eswatini varaku vistarinchi undhi.
nyaayaala yokka bhougolika pampinhee janyu vaividhyam aadhaaramgaa undavacchu. dakshinaafrikaa, mosambic, malavi mariyu zimbabvelaloni niala adhyayanam prakaram, moodu microsatalite lokeela vadda janyu pounahpunyaalalo gananeeyamaina vyatyaasam undhi. mitochondrial dna vislaeshanha prati pradaesaaniki chendina vyaktulalo oka pratyaekamaina haplotype unikini velladinchindi. anduvalla, niyalalo bhougolika vaividhyam aavasala nirdishtata aadhaaramgaa pampinhee namuunaa kaaranamgaa undavacchu.
nedu nyala dakshina africa rakshita praantaalalo endumo game reserve, umkuz game reserve mariyu hluhluve-umphology game reserve, annee kwaajulu-natal, alaage krugger national paarkulo kanipistaayi. 1999 natiki, nyaayaala yokka 10-15% private bhoomilo sambhavinchindi. gorongosa jaateeya udyaanavanam mariyu mojambikloni bunhein jaateeya udyaanavanamlo nyaayaala janabhanu nilupukovadaaniki prayatnaalu jarugutunnaayi. malaavilooni lengway jaateeya udyaanavanamlo kooda nyayala vruddhi chendutundi.
nyayalu ennadoo praadaesikatanu choopinchadam gamaninchabadaledu. yea lingam yokka bhuubhaagaalu vistrutamgaa ativyaapti chendutaayi. purushula gruha shrenulu sumaruga streela shrenulatho samanamga untaayi, sumaru vistiirnamloo.
bedirimpulu mariyu parirakshana.
nyaayaala janaabhaaku pradhana muppu vaeta, aavasa nashtam, vyavasayam mariyu pasuvula metha. janasaandrata taggadaaniki rinderpest vyaapti kooda dohadapadindi. eee jaathi prastutam takkuva aandolana kaligistondi, mariyu janabha iucn mariyu coats rendinti dwara sthiramgaa pariganinchabadutundi. 1999 natiki, nyaayaala mottam janabha sumaru 32,000 mandhi. iteevali anchanaalu dakshinaafrikaalo kaneesam 30,000 niyalalu unnayani, 25,000 kwaajulu-naatallo unnayani chuupistunnaayi. eswatini loe ippudu 1,000 kante ekkuva rakshita praantaalu mariyu gaddibeedulu unnaayi. mosambiclo 3,000 kante ekkuva, zimbabwelo 1,000 kante ekkuva, mariyu malaavilo sankhya 3,000 nundi 1,500 kii padipoyindi. namibialo athi takkuva janabha undhi, sumaru 250.
nedu mottam janabhalo 80 saataaniki paiga jaateeya udyaanavanaalu mariyu abhayaaranyaalalo, ekkuvagaa dakshinaafrikaa rakshita praantaalalo rakshinchabaddaaru. dakshinaafrikaalo aata trophylaga vayojana purushulaku adhika demand undhi.

