
panchayati raaj

panchayati raaj anedi bhaarata upakhandam nundi udbhavinchina oka raajakeeya vyavastha, idhi pradhanamgaa bharatadesam, pakistan, bangladesh, srilanka mariyu nepaallalo kanipistundi. idhi bhaarata upakhandamlo sthaanika prabhutvaala yokka puraatana vyavasthalalo okati, mariyu chaaritraka prastaavanalu cree. sha. 250 kaalam nativi. raaj" anae padaaniki "paalana" anie ardham mariyu "panchayati" antey aidu ("pancha") la "assembly" ("ayath") anie ardham. saampradayakamgaa, panchaayateelalo sthaanika samajanche empika cheyabadina mariyu aamodinchabadina telivaina mariyu gouravaneeyamaina peddalu undevaaru. eee samavesalu vyaktulu mariyu graamaala madhya vivaadaalanu parishkarinchaayi. ayithe, ituvanti samavesalalo vividha roopaalu undevi. 
panchayati nayakudini tarachugaa adhyakshudu mukhia, sarpanch ledhaa pradhan anie pilicheevaaru, idhi ennikaina ledhaa saadhaaranamgaa gurtinchabadina padavi. bharatadesamloni aadhunika panchayati raaj mariyu daani graama panchaayatheelanu saampradaaya vyavasthatho ledhaa uttara bharatadesamloni konni praantaallo kanipinche rajyangetara khaap panchaayatiilatoo (ledhaa kula panchaayateelu) ayomayam chendakudadu.
mahatma gandhi bharatadesa raajakeeya vyavasthaku punaadigaa "panchayati raaj" nuu samardhinchaaru. idhi vikendrikruta prabhutva roopamgaa undedi, ikkada prati graamam daani swantha vyavahaaraalaku baadhyata vahistundi. atuvanti daarsanikataku padam "graama swaraj" ("graama swayam paalana"). bharatadesam atyanta kendrikruta prabhutva vyavasthanu abhivruddhi chesinappatiki, ennikaina graama panchaayatheelaku saadhikaarata kalpistuu, sthaanika sthaayiki aneka paripalana vidhula pratinidhi brundam dheenini niyantrinchindi. 
jawaharlal nehru 1959 aktobaru 2naa nagaur vadda panchaayatiini praarambhinchaaru. mahatma gandhi puttinaroju sandarbhamgaa eee rojunu empika chesaaru. panchayati raaj dwara graama swaraj kaavaalani gandhi korukunnaru. 1992loe eee vyavasthanu savarinchaaru.
bhaarata upakhandamlo.
prarambha charitra.
hinduu grandham rugvedam (cree. puu. 1700) 'sabalu' anie piluvabade swayam paalita graama samsthalu unikilo unnayani suuchimchadaaniki aadhaaraalanu andistundi. kalakramena, eee samsthalu panchaayateelugaa (aiduguru vyaktula mandali) marai. daadaapu prati graamamlo panchaayateelu attadugu sthaayi palanaku upayogapade samsthalu. graama panchayati ledhaa ennikaina mandalilo karyanirvahaka mariyu nyaayaparamaina rendoo peddavigaa undevi. eee panchayati bhoomini pampinhee chesindi, idhi kooda utpatti nundi pannulanu vasoolu chesi, graamam tarapuna prabhutva vatanu chellinchindi. eee graama mandalla kante ekkuvagaa, avasaramaite paryaveekshinchadaaniki mariyu jokyam chesukovadaniki pedda panchayati ledhaa council undedi. madhyayuga kaalamlo moghal paalanalo kulatatvam, bhuswamya paalana vyavastha gramallo swayam palananu nemmadigaa naasanam chesaayi. palakudu mariyu prajala madhya bhuswamya adhipatulu mariyu revenue collectorlu (jameendaarlu) oka kotta taragati udbhavinchindi. mariyu, aaa vidhamgaa gramallo swayam paalana stabdata mariyu ksheenata praarambhamaindi.
madhyayuga dakshina bhaarata graama mandali elaa panichesindo vivaranaatmaka vivarana tamilanaduloni chennaiki paschimaana 85 kilometres dhooramlo unna uthiramerur anae graamamlo aalaya godalo chekkabadindi. muppai mandhi council sabhyulanu lott dwara empika chesaaru, idhi oka vidhamaina kramabaddheekarana. purushulu manchi swabhaavam kaligi undi, bhuswamulu mariyu hinduu grandhaala ghnaanam aadhaaramgaa avasaralanu teerchinatlayithe vaaru empikaku arhulu. appudu vaarini neetipaarudala panulu, thotalu mariyu itara vishayaalaku baadhyata vahinche vividha kamiteelaku niyaminchaaru.
british paalanalo.
british vaaru saadhaaranamgaa sthaanika paripalana gurinchi pattinchukoledu, conny daanini sthaanika palakulaku vadilesaaru, anduvalla prastuta panchayati vyavasthalalo jokyam chesukoledu, sthaanika sthaayilo marinta prajaasvaamya samsthalanu pariganinchamani palakulanu prerepinchaledu. paalakulu 'niyantrita' sthaanika samsthalanu erpaatu cheyadamlo aasakti chuupaaru, ivi vaariki pannulu vasoolu cheyadam dwara vaari vaanijya prayojanaalalo sahaayapadataayi. 1857 tirugubaatu taruvaata valasarajyala paripalana teevramaina aardhika ottidiki gurainappudu, rahadari mariyu praja panula baadhyatanu sthaanika samsthalaku badilee cheyadam dwara vikendrikarananu koraru. ayithe, eee 'balavantapu' vikendrikarana yokka balam purapalaka paripalanaku sambandhinchi undhi.
"baksar vadda otami taruvaata nashtaparihaaramlo bhaagamgaa 1765loe bengaallo diwan karyalayanni nawabu manjuru chesinappudu eest india company panchaayatiini dhvamsam chesindi. diwanga company rendu nirnayaalu teesukundi. modatidi, idhi graama bhuu namodu karyalayanni raddu chesi, patwari anae company adhikaarini srushtinchindi. patwari aneka graamaalaku adhikaarika recordula keeper ayyadu. rendavadi magistrate karyalayanni erpaatu cheyadam mariyu graama pooliisulanu raddu cheyadam. magistrate ellappuduu fauzdar aadhvaryamlo rashtra kaaryakartagaa unna darogha dwara pooliisu vidhulanu nirvahinchaadu. eee charyala yokka praathamika uddesyam fiat dwara bhuu aadaayaanni sekarinchadam. patvaareelu, daroghala dopidilu mana jaanapada kathalalo bhaagam, idhi bengaallo ghoramaina karuvuku daariteesindi. karuvu yokka prabhavalu 18va sataabdam chivari varaku konasagayi. eee rendu charyalu graama samajanni puurtigaa anachivesi, panchaayatiini naasanam chesaayi. 1857 taruvaata british vaaru chinna chinna neeraalanu vichaarinchadaaniki, graama vivaadaalanu parishkarinchadaaniki adhikaralu ivvadam dwara panchaayatiini punaruddharinchadaaniki prayatninchaaru. conny eee charyalu graama samajam kolpoyina adhikaaraalanu ennadoo punaruddharinchaledu."
1870 nundi vaisray prabhuvu maayo teermaanam (prajala demandnu teerchadamlo paripalana saamarthyaanni teesukuraavadaaniki mariyu valasa paalana yokka aardhika paristhitulaku jodinchadaaniki adhikara vikendrikarana kosam) sthaanika samsthala abhivruddhiki avasaramaina prerananu ichindi. sthaanika prabhutvam vaipu valasarajyala vidhanam parinaamamlo idhi oka mylurayi. ayithe, vikendrikaranapai prabhutva vidhanam yokka nijamaina bench markingnu lard ripan kuu aapaadinchavachchu, athanu 1882 mae 18naa sthaanika swayam paalanapai thana prasiddha teermaanamlo sthaanika prabhutvam yokka janta parigananalanu gurtinchaaduh (i) paripalana saamarthyam mariyu (ii) raajakeeya vidya.
pattanaalapai drushti saarinchina ripan teermaanam, ennukoobadina prabhutvetara sabhyulatho kuudina sthaanika samsthalaku adhika sankhyaakamgaa erpaatu chesindi mariyu dheeniki prabhutvetara chairperson adhyakshata vahinchaaru. eee teermaanam valasarajyala nirvaahakula nundi pratighatananu edurkondi. purapalaka samsthalanu erpaatu cheyadamlo sagam hridayapurvaka charyalu matrame teesukovadamto sthaanika swayampratipatti purogati mandaginchindi. graameena vikendrikarana paripalana samskaranalo nirlakshyam cheyabadina praantamgaa migilipoyindi.
surr hetch adhyakshatana vikendrikaranapai raayal commission (1907). doubleu. graama sthaayilo panchaayateela praamukhyatanu primrose gurtinchaaru. vikendrikarana prayojanaala drishtya, sthaanika graama vyavahaaraala paripalana kosam graama panchaayatheelanu erpaatu chesi, abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki prayatninchadam, sthaanika paripalana yokka sthaanika panulatho prajalanu anusandhaaninchadam chaalaa koradaginadi" anie commission sifaarasu chesindi."
conny, montague-chamesford samskaranalu (1919) sthaanika swayam palananu provinceulalo bharatiya mantrula paridhiloki praantiiya badilee amsamgaa teesukuvacchaayi. samsthaagata, aardhika parimitula kaaranamgaa, panchayati samsthalanu nijamgaa prajasvaamyayutamgaa, chaitanyavantamainavigaa maarchalekapoyindi. edemaina, eee kaalamlo atyanta mukhyamaina abhivruddhi emitante, 'aneka provinceulalo graama panchaayateela sthaapana, avi ikapai kevalam taatkaalika nyaya nyayamandaliga undavu, conny graamam yokka corporate swabhaavaanni soochinche mariyu poura vishayaalaku sambandhinchi vistruta adhikara paridhini kaligi unna pratinidhi samsthalu'. 1925 natiki, enimidi praavinsulu panchayati chattalanu aamodinchaayi mariyu 1926 natiki, aaru sthaanika rashtraalu kooda panchayati chattalanu aamodinchaayi.
bhaarata prabhutva chattam, 1935 kinda praantiiya swayampratipatti bhaaratadesamlo panchaayateela parinaamaanni suuchimchimdi. sthaanika swayam paalana samsthalanu marinta prajaasvaamyeekarinchadaaniki provinceulalo prajaadarana pondina ennikaina prabhutvaalu chattalanu roopondinchaayi. conny attadugu sthaayilo baadhyataayutamaina prabhutva vyavastha kaneesam baadhyatagaa undedi. dii.pii. kendra provinceulalo 1935 naati bhaarata prabhutva chattam kinda appati sthaanika swayampratipatti mantri ayina mishra 'mana sthaanika samsthala paniteeru' anie abhiprayapaddaru.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. mana provincelo mariyu bahusha mottam desamlo oka vishaadakaramaina chitraanni andistundi.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. 'saamarthyam' mariyu 'sthaanika samstha' anevi paryayapadaluga marai.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru.'anie paerkonnaaru.
vikendrikaranapai raayal commission (1907), rajyanga samskaranalapai montague und chamesford nivedika (1919), bhaarata prabhutva teermaanam (1919) modalaina vividha kamiteelu unnappatikee.paryaveekshanha mariyu niyantrana aadhaaramgaa kramaanugata paripalana nirmaanam abhivruddhi chendindi. nirvaahakulu graameena palanaku kendra binduvugaa maararu. british vaaru vikendrikruta prajaasvaamyamtho sambandham kaligi undaru, conny valasavaada lakshyalanu lakshyamgaa pettukunnaru.
1920la nundi 1947 varaku bhaarata jaateeya congress akhila bhaarata swaraj samasyanu nokki cheppi, mahatma gandhi naayakatvamlo swaatantryam kosam udyamaalanu nirvahinchindi. phalitamgaa sthaanika sthaayiki yea vidhamaina blueprintnu siddham chese panini nirlakshyam chesaaru. graameena sthaanika swayam paalana samsthaku ketayinchalsina hodha mariyu paatra gurinchi agra nayakula madhya ekaabhipraayam ledhu; badulugaa eee amsampai bhinnamaina abhiprayalu unnaayi. oka vaipu gandhi graama swaraajku, graama panchaayatiini puurti sthaayilo balopetam cheyadaaniki anukuulamgaa, marovaipu doctor. bii.aarr. ambedkar eee aalochananu vyatiraekimchaaru. eee graamam anachivetaku muulamaina tirogamana bharatadesaniki praatinidhyam vahistundani ayana viswasinchaadu. anduvalla namuunaa rashtram atuvanti saamaajika anachivetaku vyatiraekamgaa rakshanalanu nirminchaalsi vachindi mariyu parliamentary raajakeeya namuunaanu sweekarinchadam dwara matrame deenni cheyagaligedi.
bhaarata rajyangam musaida roopondinche samayamlo, panchayati raaj samsthalanu raajyaangamlooni nyaayabaddham kaani bhaagamlo, rashtra vidhaanamlooni nirdesaatmaka suutraalaloo, artical 40 prakaram unchaaru. artical 'graama panchaayatheelanu nirvahinchadaaniki rashtram charyalu teesukoovaali mariyu vaariki swayam paalana yokka vibhagaluga panicheyadaaniki veelugaa avasaramaina adhikaralu mariyu adhikaranni ivvali' anie perkondi. ayithe, dheenini amalu cheyadaaniki jaateeya ledhaa rashtra sthaayilo etuvanti viluvaina chattam amalu cheyaledu.
jawaharlal nehru 1959 aktobaru 2naa raajasthaanloni nagourlo panchaayatiini praarambhinchaaru. mahatma gandhi puttinaroju sandarbhamgaa eee rojunu empika chesaaru. panchayati raaj dwara graama swaraj kaavaalani gandhi korukunnaru. dheenini amalu chesina modati rashtram rajasthan. nehru 1959 aktobaru 11naa dasara sandarbhamgaa aandhra pradeeshloo panchayati raajnu praarambhinchaaru. eee vyavastha kramamga bharatadesam antataa sthaapinchabadindi.
raajyaamgaanni aamodinchinappati nundi naalugu dasaabdaalalo, panchayati raaj samsthalu raajyaangamlooni nyaayabaddham kaani bhaagam nundi oka pratyeka savarana dwara, vaari charitraku puurtigaa kotta hodaanu jodinchina praantaaniki prayaaninchaayi.
swaatantyraanantara kaalam.
panchayati raaj vividha dasalanu daatavalasi vachindi. modati panchavarsha pranaalika pranaalika prakriyaloo churukaina bhagaswamyam mariyu prajala prameyaanni teesukuraavadamlo viphalamaindi, indulo pranaalika roopakalpana amalu mariyu paryaveekshanha unnaayi. rendava panchavarsha pranaalikaloo aaa praantamlooni graama panchaayateela nominated pratinidhulu mariyu sahakaara sanghaalu vanti konni itara pramukha samsthalatho paatu, block abhivruddhi adhikarulu, sahayaka abhivruddhi adhikarulu, graama sthaayi kaarmikula samsthala dwara mottam graameena praantaalanu jaateeya vistrutamaina servies blaakulatoe cover cheyadaaniki prayatninchaaru. conny aaa pranaalika vikendrikarananu santruptikaramgaa neraverchadamlo viphalamaindi. anduvalla, vikendrikarana yokka vividha amsaalapai kendraaniki salaha ivvadaaniki vividha adhikarulu kamiteelanu erpaatu chesaaru.
kaneesam kontavaraku attadugu sthaayilo prajala pratyaksha raajakeeya bhagaswamyam anae gandhi lakshyanni andinchadaaniki, 1957loe jaateeya abhivruddhi mandali balwant raay mehta aadhvaryamlo oka kamiteeni niyaminchindi, idhi 1958loe thana nivedikanu samarpinchindi, dheenilo adhi sifaarsu chesindi-
jilla sthaayilo jilla parishat, block sthaayilo panchayati samiti, graama sthaayilo graama panchayatheetho kuudina 3-sthaayi nirmaanam.
1992loe panchayati raaj chattam (73va savarana) aamodinchadam dwara bhaarata panchayati vyavasthalo tadupari pradhana maarpu vachindi. graama avasaralanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu pratispandinchadaaniki kendra prabhutvam niyaminchina bureaucratla kante sthaanika prabhutvaalu merugaina sthithilo undavachane nammakam eee chattam yokka pradhana prerana. anduvalla, vikendrikarana disagaa bharatadesam teesukunna charyalo eee chattam oka mukhyamaina bhaagam.
eee chattam yokka pradhana lakshanaalu (eah) 20 laksalaku paiga janabha unna anni raashtraalaku 3-sthaayi panchayati raaj vyavastha; (bii) prati 5 samvatsaraalaku okasari panchayati ennikalu; (sii) scheduled kulaalu, scheduled tegalu mariyu mahilalaku (moodinta oka vanthu kante takkuva seetlundani) seetla reservation; (dii) panchaayateela aardhika adhikaaraalaku sambandhinchi sifaarsulu cheyadaaniki rashtra aardhika sanghaanni niyaminchadam. anduvalla, siddhaantaparamgaa, swayam paalana samsthalugaa panicheyadaaniki mariyu saamaajika nyaayaaniki sahaayapadataaniki panchaayatheelaku taginanta adhikaram ivvabadindi.
eee savarana valla aneka saanukuula prabhavalu unnaayi, vaatilo konni paina jabita cheyabaddaayi. ayithe, raajakeeyetara maargaala dwara lothugaa paatukupoyina ootu-vaanijya nirmaanaalu kooda konasaagutunnaayani aadharalu unnaayi. panchayati chattamlo oohinchina vidhamgaa panchaayateela paniteerulo prajala bhagaswamyam mariyu paaradarsakatanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki graama sabhalaku taginanta adhikaram mariyu balopetam cheyabadaledu anae vaastavam dheeniki kaaranam kaavacchu.