
vistarinchina janyu sankethaalu

vistarinchina janyu sanketam anedi krutrimamgaa savarinchina janyu sanketam, dheenilo okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva nirdishta kodaanlu sahajamgaa encode cheyabadina 22 saadhaarana protein-genic amaino aamlalalo laeni amaino aamlanni encode cheyadaaniki tirigi ketayinchabaddayi.
janyu sanketaanni vistarinchadaaniki pradhana mundastu avasaraalu
janyu sanketaanni vistarinchadam anedi synthetic biology parisoedhana yokka oka rangam, idhi upayogakaramaina prayojanaala kosam jeevana vyavasthalanu roopondinchadam dheeni lakshyam. janyu sanketha vistarana vignaana saastraaniki andubaatulo unna upayogakaramaina saadhanaala jaabitaanu susampannam chestundi.
2019 maeloe, parisoedhakulu, oka mylurayi prayatnamlo, bacteria janyuvulooni 64 kodanla sahaja sankhyanu 61 kodanlaku tagginchadam dwara "escherichia kooli" anae bacteria yokka oka roopaantaram, aacharaneeya jeevitam yokka kotta synthetic (bahusha krutrima) roopaanni srushtinchinatlu nivedinchaaru (serin kosam aaru kodanla codinglo rendintini mariyu moodu stop kodaanlalo okadaanni tolaginchadam)-veetilo 59 20 amaino aamlaalanu encode cheyadaaniki upayoginchevi.
parichayam.
anni jeevulaku janyu sanketam praathamikamgaa okate kavadam gamaninchadagga vishayam, tadwara anni jeevulu oke 'janyu bhasha' nii upayogistaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, jeeva kanaala proteinlalo kotta kriyaatmaka asahaja amaino aamlaala parichayam janyu bhasha yokka vishwavyaaptatanu vichchinnam chestundi, idhi aadarsavantamgaa pratyaamnaaya jeevana roopaalaku daariteestundi. anuvaada vyavastha anuvula kaaranamgaa proteins utpatti avtayi, ivi rna sandeshaalanu amaino aamlaala stringa decode chestaayi. messenger rna (mrna) loe unna janyu samacharanni proteinloki anuvadinchadam ribozomela dwara utprerakam cheyabadutundi. mrnanu daani encode chesina polypeptide loki decode cheyadaaniki badilee rna (trna) lanu keelugaa upayogistaaru. trana anedi mrnloni oka nirdishta moodu nucleotide kodaannu daani looplalo okadaanipai anticodon anie piluvabade paripuurakaramaina kramaanni gurtistundi. prati moodu-nucleotide codan sahajamgaa sambhavinche iravai amaino aamlalalo okadaaniki anuvadinchabadutundi. edainaa kodanku kaneesam oka trana untundi, mariyu konnisaarlu oke amaino aamlam kosam bahula kodanla code untundi. aneka tranalu aneka kodanlaku anukuulamgaa untaayi. aminoasile trna synthetase anie piluvabade enjaim amaino aamlanni tagina tranaku samayojaneeyamgaa jodistundi. chaalaa kanaalu prati amaino aamlam (20 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva syntheteslu) kosam ververu synthetesnu kaligi untaayi. marovaipu, konni bacteria 20 kante takkuva aminoasile trna syntheteslanu kaligi untaayi, mariyu aminotransferase enjaim dwara nirmanatmakamga sambandhita amaino aamlanni savarinchadam dwara "tappipoyina" amaino aamlam (lanu) parichayam chestaayi. janyu sanketam yokka vistaranalo upayoginchina oka lakshanam emitante, aminoasile trna synthetase tarachugaa yantikodannu gurtinchadu, conny tranaloni maroka bhaganni gurtistundi, antey yantikodannu utparivartana chesthe aaa amaino aamlam yokka encoding kotta kodanga maarutundi.
ribozomelo, mrna codan oka trana yokka paripuurakaramaina anticodantho saripolinappudu, mariyu jatacheyabadina amaino aamlam perugutunna polypeptide golusulo jodinchabadinappudu mrnloni samacharam oka nirdishta amaino aamlamgaa anuvadinchabadutundi. idhi ribozome nundi vidudalainappudu, polypeptide golusu panichese proteinga madavutundi.
janyu sankethamlo oka kotta amaino aamlanni chaerchadaaniki aneka maarpulu avasaram. modatidi, oka kotta amaino aamlam yokka vijayavantamaina anuvaadam kosam, kotta amaino aamlam ketayinchabadina codan ippatike 20 sahaja amaino aamlalalo okadaaniki code cheyalemu. saadhaaranamgaa ardhamleni codan (stop codan) ledhaa naalugu-bays codan upayoginchabadataayi. rendavadi, oka kotta jatha trana mariyu aminoasile trana synthetase avasaram, veetini orthogonal sett antaaru. orthogonal sett antarjanita trana mariyu synthetase setlatho crosstock cheyakudadu, ayithe ribozome mariyu anuvaada upakaranam yokka itara bhaagaalato kriyaatmakamgaa anukuulamgaa untundi. synthetase yokka kriyaaseela pradaesam kotta amaino aamlanni matrame angeekarinchadaaniki savarinchabadutundi. chaalaa tarachugaa, utparivartana krutrima padaardhaala libraryni, kaavalasina amaino aamlamtho trananu chaarj chese vaati kosam pareekshistaaru. orthogonal trananu matrame gurtinchadaaniki synthetase kooda savarinchabadutundi. trna synthetase jatha tarachugaa itara bacteria ledhaa eucariotic kanaalalo roopondinchabadutundi.
eee parisoedhana rangamlo, 20 encode cheyabadina proteinogenic amaino aamlaalanu praamaanika amaino aamlalu ledhaa pratyamnaayamgaa sahaja ledhaa canonical amaino aamlalu anie pilustaaru, ayithe jodinchina amaino aamlaalanu praamaanikam kaani amaino aamlalu (nsas) ledhaa asahaja amaino aamlalu (uaas; eee padaanni phosphocerine vanti sahaja protein kaani amaino aamlalu ledhaa canonical kaani amaino aamlaalatoe vyavaharinchae patraalalo upayogincharu.
praamaanikam kaani amaino aamlalu.
vyavastha yokka modati moolakam amaino aamlam, idhi oka nirdishta jaathi jeevi yokka janyu sanketaaniki jodinchabadutundi.
ii" yokka vividha jaatulaku 71 kii paiga ververu nsas jodinchabaddaayi. kolai, eest ledhaa ksheerada kanaalu. saanketika vivaraala kaaranamgaa (nsas yokka sulabhamaina rasayana samslaeshanha, takkuva crosstock mariyu aminoasile-trna synthase yokka sulabhamaina parinaamam), nsas saadhaaranamgaa praamaanika amaino aamlaala kante peddavigaa untaayi mariyu chaalaa tarachugaa phenylalanine kornu kaligi untaayi, conny pedda rakamaina vividha pratyaamnaayaalato untaayi. ivi fluorescent reporterga ("ii") label cheyadam (chitram chudandi) vanti kotta vidhula pedda jaabitaanu anumatistaayi.zii."dancilalanine) ledhaa" ii "loe anuvaada proteinlanu utpatti cheyadam. eucariotic post-translational maarpulatoe kooli (e.zii."phosphocerine, phosphothrionine mariyu phosphotyrosine).
sthaapinchina panini rolf furter nivedinchaaru, athanu ontarigaa eest tranafe/fers jatanu pii-iodophenylalanine "ii" loe chaerchadaaniki upayoginchaadu.kolai ".
proteinlalo cherchabadina asahaja amaino aamlalalo konni ex-rae sphatika shaastra adhyayanalanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki bhaarii anuvutho kuudina amaino aamlalu untaayi; kotta sterrick/packing mariyu electronic lakshanaalatoo kuudina amaino aamlalu; vitro ledhaa vivolo protein-protein paraspara charyalanu parisoedhinchadaaniki upayoginche photocroslinking amaino aamlalu; keato, acetylene, azide mariyu boronate kaligina amaino aamlalu, ivi pedda sankhyalo biophysical probes, taglu mariyu kotta rasayana kriyaatmaka samuuhaalanu proteins "inn vitro" ledhaa "inn vivo" loki empika cheyadaaniki upayogapadataayi; electron badileeni parisoedhinchadaaniki mariyu savarinchadaaniki redox kriyaaseela amaino aamlalu; photocosed mariyu photoisomerisable amaino aamlalu; utprerakam mariyu loha ayan sensing kosam loha bandham amaino aamlalu; amaino aamlalu ledhaa fluorase-sented, mariyu probino aamlaala yokka probino-transfiling, probino aamlaala yokka probino-transfiling, mariyu probino aamlaala yokka probino-transfiling, probino aamlaala yokka proba
praamaanikam kaani amaino aamlam labhyata kosam jeevi daanini madhyamam nundi digumati chesukovali ledhaa jeevasansleshanha cheyali.
modati sandarbhamlo, asahaja amaino aamlam modata daani optical swachchamaina roopamlo rasaayanikamgaa samslaeshanha cheyabadutundi. appudu idhi kanam yokka perugudala maadhyamaaniki jodinchabadutundi. kotta amaino aamlam kalapadamlo upayogam kosam sammelanaala library saadhaaranamgaa pareekshinchabadutundi, conny idhi ellappuduu avasaram ledhu, udaaharanaku, vividha ravana vyavasthalu apolar side-chainlatho asahaja amaino aamlaalanu nirvahinchagalavu.
rendava sandarbhamlo, oka biosynthetic marganni injaneering cheyalsina avasaram undhi, udaaharanaku, oka "e". praathamika carbon vanarula nundi kotta amaino aamlam (pii-aminophenylalanine) nuu biosynthesize chese mariyu daani janyu sankethamlo cherchagala kolai jaathi. maroka udaaharana-sahaja jeevakriya ayina phosphocerine utpatti, tatphalitamgaa daani utpattini penchadaaniki daani maarga pravaahamlo maarpu avasaram.
codan assainment.
vyavasthalooni maroka moolakam kotta amaino aamlam ketaayinchadaaniki oka codan.
janyu sanketha vistaranaku oka pradhana samasya emitante uchita kodaanlu laevu. janyu sankethaalu yaadrucchikam kaani leavutnu kaligi untaayi, idhi aadima parinaamam yokka vividha dasala yokka katha-katha sankethaalanu chooputundi, ayithe, idhi appati nundi stambhimpajeyabadindi mariyu dadapuga vishwavyaaptamgaa samrakshinchabadindi. ayinappatikee, konni kodaanlu itarulakanna arudugaa untaayi. nijaaniki, "ii. kolai (mariyu anni jeevulu) codan vadakam samanamga undadu, conny aneka arudaina kodaanlanu andistundi (pattika chudandi), arudainadi umber stop codan (yueji).
umber codan anachiveta.
kodaanlanu tirigi niyaminche avakaasaanni normanly mariyu itarulu grahinchaaru."1990loe," "ii" "yokka aacharaneeya utparivartana jaathi unnappudu". kolai "yueji (umber) stop codan dwara chadavandi.
eee codan yokka arudaina mariyu vidudala karakam 1 matrame umber codan anuvaadaanni muginchela chestundi anae vaastavam kaaranamgaa idhi saadhyamaindi. taruvaata, shultz prayogasaalalo, "methanococcus jannashi" anae archibacterium nundi vacchina tranatir/tyrosyl-trna synthetase (tyres) nuu stapku badulugaa tyrosine pravesapettadaaniki upayoginchaaru, idhi umber codan yokka default viluva. okadaanikokati gurtinchani antarjanyudaina bacteria syntheslu mariyu orthologous archaeal synthesla madhya vyatyaasaala kaaranamgaa idhi saadhyamaindi. tadanantaram, eee samuuham praamaanikam kaani amaino aamlam "oo"-methyliterosine nuu upayoginchadaaniki ortholognal trna/synthase jatanu abhivruddhi chesindi. dheeni taruvaata pedda nafthylalanine mariyu benzoilfenilanine photocroslinking, vyavastha yokka sambhaavya prayojanaanni niroopinchaayi.
umber codan anedi "escherichia kooli" loe athi takkuvagaa upayoginche codan, conny daanini haizak cheyadam valla gananeeyamaina fitness kolpotundi. vaastavaaniki, oka adhyayanamlo, kaneesam 83 peptidelu ekkuvagaa reed throo dwara prabhavitamayyayani kanugonnaru, adanamgaa, labeling asampuurnamgaa undhi. paryavasanamga, janyuvu nundi anni umber kodaanlanu tholaginchadamtho sahaa, fitness kharchunu tagginchadaaniki aneka jaatulu tayaaru cheyabaddaayi.
chaalaa varaku "ii. kolai "keey-12 jaatulu (udhaa. "escherichia kolai" (molecular biology) jaathi vamsaavaliki 314 yueji stop kodaanlu unnaayi. tatphalitamgaa, veeti sthaanamlo bhaarii mottamlo pani jarigindi. professor brundam maargadarsakatvam vahinchina oka vidhanam. haarvardku chendina georg charchini maze inn cage anie pilichevaaruh idhi anni yueji kodaanlanu tolaginchadaaniki bahulajaati parivartana mariyu tadupari jaathi punassamyojanampai aadhaarapadindi-taruvaati bhaagam modati kaagitamlo oka virama binduvunu andinchindi, conny adhigaminchabadindi. dheeni phalitamgaa "e" vachindi. anni yueji kodaanlu mariyu rf1 laeni kolai "strain c321.δa. idhi amaino aamlam biphenylalanainku banisaga maaradaaniki eee jaatito oka prayogam cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi, nirmanatmakamga avasaramaina aneka keelaka enjaimlanu abhivruddhi cheyadam dwara, anduvalla daani vistarinchina janyu sanketaanni saanukuula empika kinda unchindi.
arudaina indriya codan punahpampinii.
umber kodanto paatu, arudaina indriya kodaanlu kooda upayogam kosam pariganinchabaddaayi. arjinin kosam egcodone sankethaalu, conny 6-"enn"-alliloxycarbonil-lysine kosam sanketamgaa cheyadaaniki oka jaathi vijayavantamgaa savarinchabadindi.
maroka abhyardhi avuva codan, idhi asaadhaaranamainadi, endukante daani sambandhita trana aagku vyatiraekamgaa methionin kosam aaa sankethaalanu vaeru cheyalsi untundi (praathamikamgaa, isolucin, anduvalla daani sthaanam). idhi cheyataaniki, auvaa tranaku lysidine anae pratyeka punaadi untundi. sthaanika trananu "mycoplasma mobile" (lysidine ledhu) thoo bharti cheyadam valla synthase ("tills") tolagimpu saadhyamaindi. taggina fitness anedi aavaa yokka anni sandarbhaalanu kolpovataniki jaathi meeda ottidi techhe disagaa modati adugu, idhi janyu sanketha vistarana kosam upayoginchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
naalugu bays (naalugu retlu) kodaanlu.
triple kodanulu janyu sanketaaniki aadharam ayithe, programme cheyabadina + 1 frame shift anedi oka sahaja prakriya, idhi amaino aamlanni encode cheyadaaniki naalugu-nucleotide kramaanni (quadruplet codan) upayoginchadaaniki anumatistundi. genetic code injaneeringlo iteevali parinaamaalu prayogaatmaka paristhitulalo praamaanikam kaani amaino aamlaalanu encode cheyadaaniki naalugu retlu kodaannu upayoginchavacchani choopinchaayi. idhi rendu asahaja amaino aamlalu, "p"-agidophenylalinine (pazf) mariyu n6-[(2-propiniloxy) carbonyl] lysine (cock) lanu ekakaalamlo upayoginchadaaniki anumatinchindi, ivi husegen cycloload dwara okadaanitoe okati cross-link avtayi. adavi-rakam, tirigi gurtinchani jaatulalo naalugu retlu decoding chaalaa asamarthamainadi. tribhuja complexulu ledhaa itara anuvaada bhaagaalato injaneerd tranala madhya paraspara charya kana antarjanyuya anuvaada muulakaala maadirigaa anukuulamainadi mariyu balamgaa undadu anae vaastavam nundi idhi udbhavinchindi. eee samasyanu pratyaekamgaa injaneering mariyu abhivruddhi chendutunna trna dwara adhigaminchavacchu, ivi recode kaani jaatulalo naalugu retlu kodaanlanu decode cheyagalavu. eee paddhatiloo 4 ververu quadruplet orthogonal trna/trna synthethes jatalanu utpatti cheyavachu. hechaivi-1 teaca nirmaanaaniki quadruplet codan decoding vidhanam kooda vartinchabadindi.
trana/synthetase jatha.
maroe mukhya amsam trana/synthetase jatha.
synthetase mariyu trna yokka orthologous setnu vaerae, kotta, amaino aamlamtho trananu chaarj cheyadaaniki nirdesita parinaamam dwara utparivartana cheyavachu mariyu pareekshinchavacchu. eee jatanu kaligi unna plaasmidku utparivartanalanu dosha-peedita pcr dwara ledhaa synthetase yokka kriyaaseela sait kosam degenerate primerla dwara pravesapettavachu.
empikalo rendu-dasala prakriya yokka bahula roundlu untaayi, ikkada plasmid chloramphenicol acetyl transferesnu akaala umber kodanto vyaktam chese kanaalloki badilee cheyabadutundi. vishapuurita chloramphenicol mariyu sahajam kaani amaino aamlam samakshamlo, manugadalo unna kanaalu praamaanika amaino aamlalu ledhaa sahajam kaani vaatitho orthogonal trna aminocylated upayoginchi umber kodaannu adhigamistaayi. modatidaanni tolaginchadaaniki, plasmid akaala umber kodanto barness janyuvu (vishapuuritamaina) thoo kanaalalo choppinchabadutundi, conny sahajam kaani amaino aamlam lekunda, sahajam kaani amaino aamlamnu pratyaekamgaa gurtinchani anni orthogonal syntheslanu tolagistundi.
trananu vaerae kodanku recoding cheyadamtho paatu, naalugu-bays kodaannu gurtinchadaaniki vaatini utparivartana cheyavachu, adanapu uchita coding empikalanu anumatistundi.
sahajam kaani amaino aamlam, phalitamgaa, protein nirmaanam mariyu paniteerunu anveshinchadaaniki ledhaa aacharanaatmaka prayojanaala kosam kotta ledhaa merugaina proteinnu srushtinchadaaniki oka saadhanamgaa upayoginchadaaniki vibhina bhouthika rasayana mariyu jeeva lakshanaalanu parichayam chestundi.
namuunaa jeevulalo orthogonal setlu.
oka jeevi kosam panichese orthogonal jatha synthetase mariyu trana marokadaaniki panicheyakapovacchu, endukante synthetase miss-aminocylate endogenous tranalu ledhaa trana endogenous synthetase dwara miss-aminocylate kaavacchu. phalitamgaa, ippati varaku srushtinchabadina samuuhaalu jeevula madhya bhinnamgaa untaayi.
2017loe asahaja amaino aamlaalatoe proteinlanu utpatti cheyagala podiginchina janyu sankethamtho roopondinchina eluka nivedinchabadindi.
orthogonal ribozomelu.
orthogonal tranalu mariyu aminoasile trana synthetasela (ars) maadirigaane, orthogonal ribozomelu sahaja ribozomelaku samaantaramgaa panicheyadaaniki injaneering cheyabaddaayi. orthogonal ribozomelu vaati sahaja pratyardhula kante vibhina mrna transcriptsnu upayogistaayi mariyu chivariki trana yokka pratyeka pool meeda kooda geeyali. idhi umber codan anachiveta vanti paddhatula nundi prastutam talette kontha fitness nashtanni taggistundi. adanamgaa, naalugava kodanla gurtimpu vanti nirdishta panula kosam orthogonal ribozomelanu utparivartana cheyavachu mariyu optimize cheyavachu. atuvanti optimisation saadhyam kaadu, ledhaa sahaja ribozomelaku chaalaa pratikuulamgaa untundi.
oo-ribosome.
2005loe moodu rakaala ribozomelu prachurinchabaddaayi, ivi sahajamaina marnanu gurtinchaledu, badulugaa orthogonal marnah (oo-marnah) yokka pratyeka puulnu anuvadinchaayi. marnah yokka gurtimpu kramam, shine-dalgarno kramam mariyu ribozomela yokka 16 la rrnlo sambandhita gurtimpu kramam, anty-shine-darlgarno-kramam anie pilavabade vaatini marchadam dwara idhi saadhinchabadindi. eee vidhamgaa bays jatha, saadhaaranamgaa yea kramam ayina utparivartana chendithe kolpotundi, andubaatulo untundi. ayithe 16la rrnaloni utparivartanalu shaastreeya anty-shine-darlgarno kramam yokka spashtamgaa bays-pairing nucleotidelaku parimitam kaaledu.
raibo-x.
2007loe jasson doubleu. gaddam oka orthogonal ribozomnu andinchindi, idhi umber codan anachiveta kosam optimize cheyabadindi. 16la rrna sahaja ribozome kante takkuva balamgaa vidudala karakam rf1నii bandhinche vidhamgaa utparivartana chendindi. eee ribozome sahaja proteinlalo anachiveyabadina stop kodanla valla kalige taggina kana drudhatvam samasyanu tolaginchaledu. ayithe merugaina vishishtata dwara idhi sarigga samslaeshanha cheyabadina lakshya protein digubadini gananeeyamgaa penchindi (oka umber codan anachiveyadaaniki ~20% nundi> 60 saataaniki mariyu rendu umber kodanlaku <1 saatam nundi> 20 saataaniki).
raibo-kyuu.
2010loe jasson doubleu. gaddam orthogonal ribozome yokka marinta optimize chesina samskarananu andinchindi. raibo-kyuu anedi sahaja triple kodanlaku badulugaa, naalugu retlu kodaanlanu gurtinchadaaniki naalugu retlu anty-kodaanlanu kaligi unna tranalanu gurtinchadaaniki optimize cheyabadina 16ess rrna. eee vidhaanamtho saadhyamayye kodanla sankhya 64 nundi 256kii perugutundi. vividha rakaala stop kodanlaku kooda, 200 kante ekkuva vibhina amaino aamlaalanu eee vidhamgaa encode cheyavachu.
ribozome stapling.
paina vivarinchina orthogonal ribozomelu 16s rrna nii optimize cheyadampai drushti pedataayi. ippativaraku, eee optimize chesina 16s rrna sahaja pedda-upabhaagaalato kalipi orthogonal ribozomelanu yerparustundi. pedda ribosomal sub unit yokka pradhana rna-bhaagam ayina 23ess rrna kooda optimize cheyabadithe, orthogonal mariyu sahaja ribosomela assemblylo crosstock ledani haamii ivvalsi untundi (figurks bii chudandi). optimize chesina 23s rrna optimize chesina 16s rrna thoo matrame ribozomeluga erpadutundani nirdhaarinchadaaniki, rendu rrna lanu oke transcriptga kalapabaddayi. 23la rrna kosam kramaanni 16la rrna kramaanni loop-regionlo choppinchadam dwara, rendu upabhaagaalu ippatikee panichese madatalu sweekaristaayi. rendu rrnlu anusandhaaninchabadi, sthiramaina saameepyamlo unnanduna, avi okadaanikokati bandhinchadaaniki praadhaanyata istayi, itara uchita teliade ribosomal upabhaagaalu kaadu.
injaneerd peptidile transferes center.
23s rrna yokka peptidile transferes centarnu marchadam dwara, traina yokka orthogonal pools meeda laage ribozomelanu srushtinchavacchani 2014loe choopabadindi. trana yokka 3 'chivara vishwavyaaptamgaa ccaga samrakshinchabadutundi. rendu cytidinelu rendu gwanainlatho 23s rrna thoo jatacheyabadi traina ribozomecu bandhistaayi. anuvaada viswasaneeyata kosam eee paraspara charya avasaram. ayithe, binding nucleotidelanu avi ippatikee bays jatagaa undela saha-utparivartana cheyadam dwara, anuvaada viswasaneeyatanu parirakshinchavacchu. trana yokka 3 '-end cca nundi cgak parivartana chendutundi, ayithe ribozomelu eah-mariyu pii-saitlaloni rendu cytidine nucleotidelu gwanidinga parivartana chendutaayi. idhi sahajamgaa sambhavinche tranalanu uparitalaalugaa angeekarinchani ribozomelaku mariyu sahaja ribozomela dwara uparitalamgaa upayoginchaleni tranalaku daariteestundi. 
atuvanti tranalanu samarthavantamgaa upayoginchadaaniki, avi nirdishta, orthogonal aras dwara aminoacylated ayi undaali. chaalaa sahajamgaa sambhavinche chevulu vaati sambandhita trina yokka 3 '-endnu gurtistaayi. eee 3 '-maarpu chendina trinaalaku aras inca andubaatulo laevu. ippativaraku, eee vyavastha inn-vitro anuvaada amarikalo matrame panichestundani choopabadindi, ikkada "flexizimes" anie pilavabade vaatini upayoginchi orthogonal trana yokka aminoasilation saadhinchabadindi. flexizimelu anevi trna-amaino-accellation charyatho kuudina ribosimelu.
applications.
vistarinchina janyu sankethamtho, asahaja amaino aamlanni janyuparamgaa aasakti unna proteinlo enchukunna yea pradaesaanikainaa pampavacchu. eee prakriya yokka adhika saamarthyam mariyu viswasaneeyata, protein post-translationalga savarinchadamtho poliste savarana yokka sthaanam yokka merugaina niyantrananu anumatistundi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa, systeine yokka theol samuuham mariyu lysine yokka amaino samuuham vanti oke rakamaina anni amaino aamlaalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuntundi. alaage, vistarinchina janyu sanketam "inn vivo" loe maarpulanu nirvahinchadaaniki anumatistundi.
prayogasaala-samslaeshanha rasayana maayiteelanu proteinlaloki nirdesinche saamarthyam aneka rakaala adhyayanalanu anumatistundi, lekapothe avi chaalaa kashtamgaa untaayi, avih
bhavishyattu.
janyu sanketam yokka vistarana inca baalyamlone undhi. prastuta paddati aaa samayamlo oka praamaanikam kaani amaino aamlanni matrame upayogistundi, ayithe aadarsamgaa bahulaanni upayoginchavacchu. vaastavaaniki, jasson chinn samuuham iteevala janyuparamgaa recode cheyabadina "ii" rikaardunu baddalu kottindi.kolai jaathi ekakaalamlo 4 asahaja amaino aamlaalanu kaligi untundi. antekakunda, protein digubadi mariyu viswasaneeyatanu meruguparachadaaniki orthogonal ribozomelu mariyu asahaja trna/rs jatala kalayikanu anumatinche softwarelo abhivruddhi jarigindi.
tirigi coded synthetic genome.
bahula asahaja amaino aamlaala encodingnu saadhinchadaaniki oka maargam tirigi vraayabadina janyuvunu samslaeshanha cheyadam. 2010loe, $40 millionla vyayamtho, "mycoplasma laboratorium" anae jeevini nirminchaaru, idhi synthetic dwara niyantrinchabadutundi, conny recode cheyabadaledu, janyuvu. modati janyuparamgaa punaruddharinchabadina jeevi georg charchi mariyu farren isacs prayogasaalala madhya sahakaaramtho srushtinchabadindi, adavi rakam ii.kolai mg1655nii tirigi code cheyabadina vidhamgaa telisina mottam 321 stop kodaanlu (yueji) pratyamnaayamgaa uaa kodaanlugaa marchabaddayi mariyu exogenous stop kodanto paraspara charyanu tolaginchadaaniki mariyu asahaja protein samshlaeshanhanu meruguparachadaaniki vidudala karakam 1nii tolaginchaaru. 2019loe, "escherichia kooli" sinn61 srushtinchabadindi, 4 megabase recode genome thoo sahaja 64kii badulugaa 61 kodanlatho matrame untundi. 
arudaina kodanla vadakanni tholaginchadamtho paatu, aneka trnlu aneka kodaanlanu gurtistunnanduna vyavastha yokka pratyaekatanu penchaalsina avasaram undhi.
vistarinchina janyu varnamaala.
coding saamarthyaanni penchadaaniki nucleobasela sankhyanu vistarinchadam maroka vidhanam.
asahaja bays jatha (yuu. bii. pii) anedi dii. enn. eah. yokka roopondinchina upaghatakam (ledhaa nucleobase), idhi prayogasaalalo srushtinchabadutundi mariyu prakrutilo sambhavinchadu. japaanlooni ricken institutelo ichiro hirao brundam "inn vitrolo" yuu. bii. pii. ess pradarsananu saadhinchindi. 2002loe, vaaru 2-amaino-8-(2-thynyl) purin (luu) mariyu pyridine-2-vann (vai) madhya asahaja bays jatanu abhivruddhi chesaaru, idhi transcription mariyu translationlo "inn vitro" gaa panichestundi, idhi praamaanikam kaani amaino aamlaalanu proteinlalo sait-nirdishtamgaa cherchadam kosam. 2006loe, vaaru 7-(2-thynyl) imidazo [4,5-bii] pyridine (ds) mariyu pyrol-2-carbaldehyde (paa) nuu replication mariyu transcription kosam moodava bays jatagaa srushtinchaaru. aaa taruvaata, ds mariyu 4-[3-(6-aminohexanamido)-1-propinyl]-2-nitropyrol (px) pcr amplificationlo adhika viswasaneeyata jatagaa kanugonabaddayi. 2013loe, vaaru "inn vitro" empika (selex) dwara dna optamer utpattiki ds-px jatanu vartimpajesaaru mariyu janyu varnamaala vistarana proteinlanu lakshyamgaa chesukovadaniki dna optamer anubandhaanni gananeeyamgaa penchutundani pradarsinchaaru.
2012loe, californialoni shaan diagoloni scrips research institutelo rasayana jeevasaastravetta ayina floyd romsburg netrutvamloni american saastravettala brundam, athani brundam asahaja bays jatha (yuu. bii. pii) nuu roopondinchindani prachurinchindi. rendu kotta krutrima nucleotidelu ledhaa "asahaja bays jatha" (yuu. bii. pii) kuu "dii5six" mariyu "dii. enn. emm" anie paeru pettaru."marinta saanketikamgaa, hydrophobic nucleobaselanu kaligi unna eee krutrima nucleotidelu, rendu fused sugandha valayalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi dnalo (dii5six-daam) complexes ledhaa bays jatanu yerparustaayi. 2014loe scrips research institute nundi adhe brundam vaaru sahaja tii-eah mariyu sii-zii bays jatalatho kuudina plasmid anie piluvabade vruttaakaara dna yokka saagunu uttama paniteeru kanabarichina ubp romsburg prayogasaala roopondinchi, saadhaarana bacteria kanaalalo choppinchinatlu nivedinchindi. kolai "aneka taraala dwara asahaja bays jatalanu vijayavantamgaa pratiroopam chesindi. oka jeevi tadupari taraalaku vistarinchina janyu sanketaanni daatadaaniki idhi modati telisina udaaharana. nucleotide trifasphate transporternu vyakteekarinchae sahayaka algal janyuvunu jodinchadam dwara idhi kontavaraku saadhinchabadindi, idhi d5sicstp mariyu dnamtp rendinti trifasphatelanu samarthavantamgaa "e" loki digumati chesukuntundi. kolai "bacteria. appudu, sahaja bacteria pratiruupana margalu vaatini dii5six-daam kaligi unna plaasmidnu khachitamgaa pratiroopam cheyadaaniki upayogistaayi.
jeevinchi unna suukshmajeevulaloo moodava bays jatanu vijayavantamgaa cherchadam anedi dna dwara encode cheyagala amaino aamlaala sankhyanu baga vistarinche lakshyanni saadhinchadamlo mukhyamaina purogati, tadwara jeevulaku kotta proteinlanu utpatti chese saamarthyaanni vistaristundi. dna yokka krutrima teegalu inca dhenikee encode cheyavu, conny avi paarisraamika ledhaa aushadha upayogaalanu kaligi unde kotta proteinlanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki roopondinchabadi undavacchani saastravettalu oohinchaaru.
2014 maeloe, parisoedhakulu rendu kotta krutrima nucleotidelanu bacteria dnloki vijayavantamgaa pravesapettinatlu prakatinchaaru, mariyu culture medialo vyaktigata krutrima nucleotidelanu cherchadam dwara, krutrima nucleotidelanu kaligi unna plaasmidlanu 2 x 107 (24 rettimpu) karakam dwara vistarinchagaligaaru; vaaru mrna ledhaa krutrima nucleotidelanu upayoginchagala proteinlanu srushtinchaledu.
sambandhita paddhatulu.
alloproteinla utpatti kosam selective pressure incorporation (spie) paddhati.
praamaanikam kaani amaino aamlaalatoe proteinnu utpatti chesina aneka adhyayanalu jarigaayi, conny avi janyu sanketaanni marchavu. alloprotein anie piluvabade eee protein, idhe vidhamaina coded amaino aamlam lenappudu asahaja amaino aamlamtho kanaalanu podigeyadam dwara tayaaru cheyabadutundi, modatidi taruvaati sthaanamlo proteinlo cherchabadutundi, udaaharanaku-2-aminohexanoic aamlam (ehcx) methionin (mett) kosam.
eee adhyayanalu aminoasile trna synthetase yokka sahaja swachchanda karyakalapalapai aadhaarapadataayi, daani lakshyamaina tranaku asahaja amaino aamlam (i.ii. analog) sahaja uparitalaanni pooli untundi, udaaharanaku methionyl-trna synthase yokka isolucin nuu methionine anie tappugaa bhaavinchadam. udaaharanaku, protein sphatika saastramlo, methionin-oxotrophic jaathi yokka samskruti yokka maadhyamaaniki selenomethionine jodinchadam valla methionin ("udhaa."kaaranam kosam bahula-tarangadairghyam kramarahita vyaapti). maroka udaaharana emitante, cross-label proteinku lucine mariyu methioninlaku badulugaa photolucin mariyu photomethionine jodinchabadataayi.
adevidhamgaa, konni tellurium-thattukogala sileendhraalu systeine mariyu methioninlaku badulugaa tama proteinlo tellurosistine mariyu telluromethioninlanu cherchagalavu.
janyu sanketaanni vistarinche lakshyam marinta radikal, endukante idhi amaino aamlam sthaanamlo undadu, conny idhi sanketaaniki okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva jodistundi. marovaipu, proteom-wide pratyaamnaayaalu prapancha amaino aamlam pratyaamnaayaala dwara atyanta samarthavantamgaa nirvahinchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, fluorinated analogsto sahaja amaino aamlaala yokka prapancha proteom-wide pratyaamnaayaalu "e" loe prayatninchabaddaayi. kooli "mariyu" bii. subtilis ". e" loe 20899 ugg kodanlaku pratispandanagaa thionopyrol-alanaintho puurti tryptophan pratyaamnaayam. kooli "nuu 2015loe budisa mariyu soal nivedinchaaru. antekakunda, protein madata mariyu sthirathvam vanti aneka jeeva drugvishayaalu, protein kramamlo aneka sthaanaalalo synergistic prabhavalapai aadharapadi untaayi.
eee sandarbhamlo, spie paddhati sahaja amaino aamlaala pratyaamnaayam dwara sahajamaina pratiruupaalatoe neerugaa recombinant protein vaeriyantlu ledhaa alloproteinlanu utpatti chestundi. lakshya protein vyakteekarana samayamlo amaino aamlam oxotrophic vyakteekarana host oka amaino aamlam analog thoo bharti cheyabadutundi. eee vidhanam anachiveta aadhaarita paddhatula aapadalanu nivaaristundi mariyu saamarthyam, punarutpatti mariyu chaalaa saralamaina prayogaatmaka setup paramgaa idhi daani kante merugga untundi. vividha isosteric analogsto canonical amaino aamlaala prapancha pratyaamnaayam kaneesa nirmaanaatmaka aatamkaalanu elaa kaliginchindo aneka adhyayanalu pradarsinchaayi, ayithe thermodynamic, madata, aggregation spectral lakshanaalu mariyu enzymatic activitylo naatakeeya maarpulu sambhavinchaayi.
"inn vitro" samslaeshanha.
paina vivarinchina janyu sanketha vistarana "inn vivo". inn vitro" anuvaada prayogaala coding maarpu oka pratyaamnaayam. dheeniki anni tranalu ksheeninchadam mariyu konni rasaayanaparamgaa aminoacylated ayina konni aminoacylated-tranalanu empika chesina tirigi pravesapettadam avasaram.
rasayana samslaeshanha.
peptidelanu rasaayanikamgaa utpatti cheyadaaniki aneka paddhatulu unnaayi, saadhaaranamgaa idhi ghana-dasha rakshana rasayana shaastram dwara jarugutundi. dheeni ardham edainaa (rakshita) amaino aamlanni navjata kramamlo jodinchavachhu.
november 2017loe, scrips research institute nundi oka brundam pakshika-synthetic "ii" nii nirminchinatlu nivedinchindi. aaru ververu nucleotidelanu (prakrutilo kanipinche naalugu kii vyatiraekamgaa) upayoginchi kooli "bacteria janyuvu. rendu adanapu 'aksharalu' moodava, asahaja bays jatanu yerparustaayi. phalitamgaa erpadina jeevulu "asahaja amaino aamlalu" upayoginchi proteinlanu abhivruddhi chesi samslaeshanha cheyagaligaayi. upayoginchina asahaja bays jatha dnam-dtp3. eee asahaja bays jatha gatamlo pradarsinchabadindi, conny idhi asahaja bays jatanu upayoginchi proteinla transcription mariyu anuvaadam yokka modati nivedika.

