tirugutuu

roaming anedi wireless telecommunication padam, idhi saadhaaranamgaa mobile phonelu vanti mobile parikaraalatoe upayoginchabadutundi. idhi mobile phone daani sthaanika network paridhi velupala upayoginchadam mariyu andubaatulo unna maroka sell netvarkku anusandhaninchadaanni suuchistumdi.
saanketika nirvachanam.
marinta saanketika paramgaa, roaming anedi "sell viniyogadaarulaku svayamchaalakamgaa vois calls cheyadam mariyu sweekarinchadam, daetaanu pampadam mariyu sweekarinchadam ledhaa home network yokka bhougolika coverage praantam velupala prayaninchetappudu home dayta sevalatho sahaa itara sevalanu access chese saamarthyaanni suuchistumdi, sandarsinchina netvarknu upayoginchadam dwara". udaaharanakuh oka chandadarudu vaari sell phone company transmitter paridhini daati prayaanistae, andubaatulo unte, vaari sell phone svayamchaalakamgaa maroka phone company sevaloki pravesistundi.
eee prakriyaku chalanasheelata nirvahana, praamaaneekarana, adhikaram mariyu accounting billing vidhaanaala (aaa ledhaa 'triple yea' anie pilustaaru) yokka telecommunication prakriyala dwara maddatu labhistundi.
saadhaaranamgaa tirugutuu untaaru.
roaming "sim-aadhaarita roaming" mariyu "user name/password-aadhaarita roaming" gaa vibhajinchabadindi, dheeni dwara saanketika padam "roaming" anedi vividha network pramaanaala networkla madhya roamingnu kooda kaligi untundi, udhaa.zii. wlan (wireless lokal area network) ledhaa gsm (mobile communicationla kosam global system). sim card samardhyam, antenna mariyu network interfacelu mariyu power management vanti parikara parikaraalu mariyu kaaryaacharana, praapyata avakaasaalanu nirnayistaayi.
vlaan/gsm roaming udaaharananu upayoginchi, eee krindi paristhitulanu vaeru cheyavachu (cf. gsm association shaashwata suuchana patram aa.39):
eee user/network drushyaalu gsm network operatorla networkla nundi roamingpy drushti saarinchinappatikii, spashtamgaa roaming anedi dvi-disaatmakamainadi kaavacchu, antey.ii. public wln operatorla nundi gsm networkla varaku. adhe praamaanika networklalo saampradaaya roaming, udhaa.zii. oka wln nundi wln ledhaa gsm network nundi gsm network varaku, ippatike paina vivarinchabadindi mariyu adevidhamgaa home subscriber registerlo chandaadaarula namodu rakam aadhaaramgaa network yokka vidaeseeyata dwara nirvachinchabadindi.
session konasagimpu vishayamlo, vividha rakaala access rakallo eee sevalaku atukulu laeni access andinchabadutundi.
electric vehicle charging netvarklatho sahaa itara networklalo kooda roaming sambandhitamgaa untundi.
intiki velli, sandarsinche netvarklu.
"home network" anedi chandadarudu namodu chesukunna netvarknu suuchistumdi.
"sandarsakula network" anedi chandadarudu tatkalikamga tirige netvarknu suuchistumdi mariyu "home network" sarihaddulaku velupala untundi.
roaming oppandaalu.
pondina sevala billing kosam roaming bhaagaswaamula madhya charchinchina chattaparamaina roaming vyapara amsaalu saadhaaranamgaa roaming oppandaalu anie pilavabade vaatilo nirdesinchabadataayi."gsm association thana sabhyula kosam praamaanika roopamlo ituvanti roaming oppandaala vishayaala gurinchi vistrutamgaa vivaristundi. sandarsinche chandaadaarula praamaaneekarana, adhikaram mariyu billing yokka chattaparamaina amsaala kosam, roaming oppandaalu saadhaaranamgaa kaneesa bhadrata pramaanaalanu kaligi untaayi, udhaa.zii. sthaana naveekarana vidhanalu ledhaa aardhika bhadrata ledhaa warranty vidhanalu.
roaming prakriya.
roaming prakriya yokka vivaralu cellular networkla rakalanu batti bhinnamgaa untaayi, conny saadhaaranamgaa, eee prakriya eee krindi vaatini pooli untundih
sthaana naveekarana.
sthaana naveekarana anedi panilekunda unna sthithilo (netvarkku anusandhaaninchabadina, conny kriyaaseela coll lekunda) oka ms yokka sthaanaanni nirnayinchadaaniki upayoginche yantraangam.
mobile coll aapiveyabadindi.
udaaharanaku roaming sell phoneku coll chesinappudu idhi jarugutundi.
sankethaala prakriyah
oka chandadarudu sandarsinchina networklo namodu chesukogalige vidhamgaa, sandarsinchina network mariyu home network madhya roaming oppandam undaali. ireg (antarjaateeya roaming nipunula samuuham) mariyu taddig (badilee cheyabadina khaataa dayta marpidi samuuham) anie piluvabade varusa pariksha prakriyala taruvaata eee oppandam sthaapinchabadindi. ireg pareeksha anedi sthirapadina communication linkla saraina paniteerunu pareekshinchadaaniki ayithe, taddig pareeksha anedi calls yokka billabilityni tanikhi cheyadam.
sandarsinche networklo chandadarudu upayoginchedi sii. dii. emm. eah, amps modalaina vaati kosam zii. ess. emm/cyber (cellular intercarrir billing exchange record) kosam tapp (badilee cheyabadina khaataa vidhanam) anae failuloo sangrahinchabadutundi... file mariyu home netvarkku badilee cheyabadutundi. tapp/cyber filelo chandaadaaru chesina calls vivaralu untaayi. location, coll party, coll party, coll samayam mariyu vyavadhi modalainavi. tapp/cyber faillu sandarsinchina operator vasoolu chese sunkaala prakaram rate cheyabadataayi. home operator appudu eee kaalsnu thana chandaadaarulaku billu chestaadu mariyu sthaanikamgaa vartinche maark-up/pannunu vasoolu cheyavachu.
iteevala chaalaa carrierlu sonta retail raetu pranaalikalu mariyu roaming kosam kattalanu praarambhinchinanduna, tapp recordulu saadhaaranamgaa toku inter-operatorla settlementla kosam matrame upayoginchabadataayi.
sunkaalu.
roaming pheejulu saadhaaranamgaa wireless vois servies kosam nimishaaniki, pampina mariyu sweekarinchina vachana sandesaaniki mariyu dayta servies kosam upayoginche megabyte/seey daetaaku vasoolu cheyabadataayi mariyu avi saadhaaranamgaa servies provider yokka dharala pranaalika dwara nirnayinchabadataayi.
united states mariyu bharatadesam rendintiloonuu aneka vahakalu tama desavyaapta dharala pranaalikalaloo eee rusumulanu tolaginchaayi. anni pradhana carrierlu ippudu dharala pranaalikalanu andistunnaayi, ivi viniyogadaarulu desavyaaptamgaa roaming-free nimishaalanu konugolu cheyadaaniki anumatistaayi. ayithe, vahakalu "jaateeya" nuu vividha margallo nirvachistaayi. udaaharanaku, konni vahakalu "desavyaaptamgaa" nii yuu loe ekkadainaa nirvachistaayi.ess., ayithe itarulu dheenini carrier network lopala ekkadainaa nirvachistaaru.
15naa, pradhana network providerlu saadhaaranamgaa viniyogadaarulaku ippudu antarjaateeya raetlu vasoolu cheyabadatayani salaha ivvadaaniki text heccharikalanu pamputaaru, kabatti idhi eppudu vartistundo spashtamgaa telustundi. videshaalalo UK dayta roaming chaarjeelu phone oppandam yokka swabhaavaanni batti maarutuu untaayi (meeru velletappudu chellinchandi ledhaa nelawari oppandaalu). tii-mobile mariyu virgine mobailtho sahaa konni vahakalu, antarjaateeya "yaad aann" ledhaa "bolt aann" nuu mundastugaa konugolu cheyakunda antarjaateeya roamingnu upayoginchadaaniki viniyogadaarulaku chellimpuni anumatinchavu."
sandarsakulaku roaming sevalanu andinchaalanukune operator saadhaarana paristhitulalo daani amaluku kaneesam aravai rojula mundu vaari networklo vasoolu cheyabade sunkaalanu prachuristaadu. sandarsinchina operator sunkaalalo pannu, taggimpulu modalainavi undavacchu. mariyu vois calls vishayamlo vyavadhi aadhaaramgaa untundi. dayta calls kosam, charging pampina mariyu andukunna dayta valume aadhaaramgaa undavacchu. kontamandi operatorlu coll setup kosam pratyeka rusumu kooda vasoolu chestaaru.ii. oka coll erpaatu kosam. eee chaarjnu "flagfall" chaarj antaaru.
european union lopala tirugutuu.
european unionlo, roaming chaarjeelapai niyantrana 30 juun 2007naa praarambhamaindi, idhi 28 mandhi sabhyula kootamilo seva pradaatalanu vaari roaming rusumulanu tagginchamani balavantam chesindi. idhi taruvaata EEA sabhya deshaalanu kooda cherchindi. eee niyantrana avtgoing calls kosam nimishaaniki €3.39 €0.15 (2007loe €4.49,2008loe €4), mariyu incoming calls kosam nimishaaniki €0.15 €0.15 (2007loe €2.199) dhara parimitini nirnayinchindi-pannu minahayinchi. market paristhitulu EEA lopala roaming parimitini ettiveyadaanni samarthinchaledani inca kanugonna commission commission chattanni bharti chesindi. 2012 niyantrana prakaram, retail roaming parimiti chaarjeelu chaarjeelu gaduvu mugisai mariyu toku parimiti chaarjeelu oppandam gaduvu mugiyalsi unnaayi. 2009 madhyalo eee niyantranalo cherchabadina sms vachana sandesaaniki € 0.11 (pannu minahayinchi) garishta dhara kooda undhi.
11 juun 2013naa, european commission modatisaarigaa mobile roaming chaarjeelanu nilipiveyadaaniki ootu vesindi.
15 december 2016naa european commission ootu taruvaata, european unionlo roaming chaarjeelanu juun 2017 natiki raddu cheyalsi undagaa, roaming chaarjeelanu muginchadam vyavasthaapakata mariyu vaanijyaanni prerepistundani european commission (isi) vishwasinchagaa, mobile operatorlaku maarpula gurinchi sandehaalu unnaayi.
15 juun 2017naa, regulation (iyu) 2016/2286, "rome like ett home" anae maaruperuto mariyu adhe samvatsaram maeloe european paarlamentu mariyu commission santakam chesina taruvaata amaluloki vachindi. idhi european union, island, lichtenstein mariyu norwelalo anni roaming chaarjeelanu raddu chesindi.
itara deshaala madhya tirugutuu.
athi-jaateeya adhikaranni panchukooni deshaalu kooda antarjaateeya roaming sevala erpaatunu pariseelinchadam praarambhinchaayi. tama rendu deshaala madhya roaming kosam vois mariyu sms retlanu tagginchadaaniki operatorlatho angeekarinchinatlu singapur mariyu malaysia 2011 eprillo prakatinchaayi. 2012 augustulo australia mariyu newzealand roaming sevalapai samanvaya charyanu pratipaadistuu oka musaida nivedikanu prachurinchaayi. dheeni taruvaata 2013 fibravarilo tudi nivedikalo rendu deshaalu tama telecommunications regulatorlanu antarjaateeya roamingpy daryaaptu chesetappudu niyantrana parishkarala yokka podiginchina paalettoe sannaddham cheyaalani sifaarsu chesindi. australia mariyu newzealand pradhaanamantrulu tudi nivedika yokka sifaarsulanu amalu cheyadaaniki chattanni pravesapettanunnatlu prakatinchaaru.
19 fibravari 2020naa, bolivia, columbia, ekuvador mariyu peru, andean samajam aadhvaryamlo, tamalo taamu roaming pheejulanu tolaginchukovadaaniki ootu vaesaayi. eee oppandam oppandam praarambhamavadaaniki pranaalika cheyabadindi.
1 juulai 2021naa, serbia, albania, montenegro, bosnia & herzegovina, uttara macedonia mariyu kosovo minee skenzen prajectulo bhaagamgaa roaming pheejulanu raddu chesaayi, aaa deshaalalo sim holderlu tama roaming feezu chellinchakundaa maroka desamlo tama desheeya pyaakaejeelanu upayoginchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. eee oppandam 2019 eprillo santakam cheyabadindi. european union yokka "roaming like home" project maadirigaane adanapu chaarjeelu laevu.
november 2021naa, central african republic, kango, bhoomadhyarekha ginia, chaad mariyu gaban chaarjeelanu ettiveyadaaniki mariyu paraspara anusandhaana sunkaalanu tagginchadaaniki dwaipaakshika oppandaalaku kattubadi unnaayi.
itara rakaala roaming.
praantiiya ledhaa antargata roaming.
eee rakam mobile operator ("antargata roaming") yokka jaateeya coverage lopala oka praantam nundi maroka praantaaniki vellae saamarthyaanni suuchistumdi. praarambhamlo, operatorlu oka praantaaniki (konnisaarlu oka pattanaaniki) parimitam cheyabadina vaanijya aafarlanu andinchi undavacchu. gsm vijayam mariyu kharchu taggadam kaaranamgaa, us, russia, india modalaina vistruta bhougolika praantaalu unna deshaalalo tappa khaataadaarulaku praantiiya roaming arudugaa andinchabadutundi., dheenilo aneka praantiiya operatorlu unnaaru.
russialo desavyaaptamgaa operatorlu kooda viniyogadaarulu tama "sonta praantam" lopala unnara ledhaa velupala unnara anae daanipai aadharapadi ververu sunkaalanu vasoolu chestaaru. operatorla nundi vyatiraekata kaaranamgaa "antargata roaming" nuu tolaginchadaaniki aneka chattaparamaina prayatnaalu viphalamayyayi. viphalamayyayi crimeanu vileenam chesina taruvaata, russia operatorlu crimea lopala tama sevalanu neerugaa andinchananduna gananeeyamaina vimarsalanu edurkontunnaru, adhikarikamga idhi russialo saadhaarana samakhya amsamgaa gurtinchabadinappatiki.
jaateeya roaming.
eee rakam anedi oke desamlo oka mobile operator nundi maroka deshaaniki vellae saamarthyaanni suuchistumdi. udaaharanaku, tii-mobile usa yokka postpaid chandadarudu, ett & tii mobility mariyu/ledhaa vairo wireless mariyu yuu dwara praantiiya carrierlalo tiragadaaniki anumatinchabaddaadu.ess. cellular netvarklaku jaateeya roaming hakkulu untaayi; marovaipu prepaid providerlu saadhaaranamgaa kharchu kaaranaala valla marinta parimitam cheyabadina jaateeya roaming saamarthyaanni matrame anumatistaaru. vaanijya mariyu licenses kaaranaala valla, chaalaa nirdishta paristhitulalo mariyu niyantrana pariseelanaloo tappa eee rakamaina roaming anumatinchabadadu. oka kotta companyki mobile telephony licenses ketayinchinappudu (wind traytho uchita italia yokka 10 samvatsaraala jaateeya roaming oppandam vantivi), kottagaa pravesinche vaarini sthirapadina operatorlatho polchadagina kavarejeeni andinchadaaniki anumatinchadam dwara marinta pootii marketnu srushtinchadam dwara (kotta pravesinchevaariki daani swantha netvarknu nirminchadaaniki samayam unnappudu ippatike unna operatorlu roamingnu anumatinchadam dwara), ledhaa mobile network moulika sadupayalu sahaja ledhaa maanava nirmita maargaala dwara naasanam cheyabadinappudu, 2022 ukrenpai russian dandayaatra samayamlo, ukrainian mobile operatorlu aaa dandayaatralo naasanam cheyabadina network moulika sadupaayaalanu bharti cheyadaaniki okaritho okaru jaateeya roamingnu twaragaa amalu cheyalsi vachindi.
praantiiya operatorla sankhya ekkuvagaa unna bharatadesam vanti desamlo, desham "telecom circles" gaa vibhajinchabadina eee rakamaina roaming sarvasaadhaaranam. 2015 juulai 15naa 15naa gulakaraalla network praarambhinchina taruvaata, gulakaraalla network sim kaardunu upayoginchi etuvanti adanapu kharchu lekunda pradhana UK networklalo jaateeya roaming saadhyamaindi.
antarjaateeya roaming.
eee rakamaina roaming anedi videshee seva pradaata yokka netvarkku vellae saamarthyaanni suuchistumdi. tatphalitamgaa, idhi antarjaateeya paryaatakulaku mariyu vyapara prayaanikulaku pratyeka aasaktini kaligistundi. sthuulamgaa cheppalante, gsm pramaanaanni upayogistunnappudu antarjaateeya roaming saadhaaranamgaa sulabhamainadi, endukante dheenini prapanchamlooni mobile operatorlalo 80 saataaniki paiga upayogistaaru mariyu chaalaa parikaraalu dheeniki maddatu istayi. edemaina, appudu kooda, samasyalu undavacchu, endukante deshaalu gsm communicationla kosam ververu frequency byaandlanu ketayinchayi (rendu deshaala samuuhaalu unnaih chaalaa gsm deshaalu 900/1800 emhechz nuu upayogistaayi, conny united states mariyu americaloni konni itara deshaalu 850/1900 emhechz nuu ketayinchayi): vaerae frequency ketayimpu unna desamlo pani cheyadaaniki, phone aaa desham yokka okati ledhaa rendintiki maddatu ivvali, tadwara trai ledhaa kwad byaand ayi undaali. antarjaateeya roaming prayaanikulu vaari paryatana samayamlo connect avvadaniki anumatiste, prayaanikulu vaari prastuta phone sevaku aichhika yadannu konugolu cheyakudadani enchukunte, carrierlu antarjaateeyamgaa gsm vadakanni teevramgaa dhara nirnayinche dhorani kaaranamgaa, idhi viniyogadaarulaku gananeeyamaina kharchulanu kooda srushtistundi. vaastavaaniki, daani asalu desham velupala mobile networkla vadakam daani asalu mobile dayta operator vaari prastuta phone sevaku yadon lekunda gananeeyamaina billingku daariteestundi.
inter-standards roaming.
eee rakam rendu pramaanaala madhya tirugutuu undataanni suuchistumdi. eee padam ippudu mobile communicationlalo vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutundi, mukhyamgaa cdma viniyogadaarulu cdma network laeni ledhaa upayoginchina pramaanampai roamingku maddatu ivvadaaniki roaming oppandam laeni praantaalalo tama phone upayoginchaalanukuntunnaar. airopalo cdma netvarklu chaalaa arudu. chaalaa mandhi cdma viniyogadaarulu americalu ledhaa suduura thoorpu nundi vacchaaru. vaaru airopalo tirugutuu undataaniki veelugaa, inter-standard roaming anedi parishkaram. airopaku vachhe sii. dii. emm. eah. viniyogadaarulu andubaatulo unna zii. ess. emm. networklalo namodu chesukovacchu.
mobile communication technologylu khandaalalo swatantramgaa abhivruddhi chendaayi kabatti, eee technologylalo atukulu laeni roamingnu saadhinchadamlo gananeeyamaina savaalu undhi. saadhaaranamgaa, eee saanketikatalu vividha parisrama samsthalu nirdesinchina saanketika pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa amalu cheyabaddaayi, anduke dheeniki eee paeru vachindi. parisramalanu tayaaru chese aneka pramaanaalu kalisi, saanketika parignaanaala madhya paraspara kaaryaacharananu nirvachinchi, saadhinchadaaniki, antar-pramaanaala roamingnu saadhinchadaaniki oka maargamgaa vachayi. idhi prastutam konasagutunna prayatnam.
mobile santakam roaming.
mobile signature roaming anedi yea tudi-viniyogadaaru nundi ayina mobile santakaanni pondadaaniki access paayintnu anumatistundi, epi mariyu tudi-viniyogadaaru oke mssptho vaanijya sambandhaanni kudurchukokapoyina. lekapothe, oka epi veelainanni ekkuva mssaplatho vaanijya nibandhanalanu nirminchaalsi untundi, idhi kharchuku bhaaram kaavacchu. dheeni ardham, application provider jaarii chesina mobile santakam lavadevi tagina msspni cherukogalagali, idhi epi kosam paaradarsakamgaa undaali.
inter-msc roaming.
oke operatorku chendina network elements, conny ververu praantaalalo unnaayi (sthaanika licensula ketayimpu anedi oka saadhaarana paddhati ayina oka saadhaarana paristhiti) jatha switch mariyu daani sthaanampai aadharapadi untundi. anduvalla, software maarpulu mariyu ekkuva prosessing saamarthyam avasaram, conny inca eee paristhiti prati operator praatipadikana kakunda prati msc praatipadikana roaming yokka kotta bhavananu pravesapettavachu. conny idhi vaastavaaniki oka bhaaram, kabatti dheenini nivaaristaaru.
saasvatamgaa tirugutuu untaaru.
eee rakam anedi saasvatamgaa tiragadaaniki ledhaa off-networkga undataaniki uddesinchina mobile phone aaparetartho sevanu konugolu chese viniyogadaarulanu suuchistumdi. network viniyogamlo mariyu velupala viniyogamlo etuvanti kharchu vyatyaasam laeni "uchita roaming" seva pranaalika yokka perugutunna prajaadarana mariyu labhyata kaaranamgaa idhi saadhyamavutundi. viniyogadaaruku sthaanikamgaa laeni mobile phone operator nundi sevanu pondadam valla kalige prayojanaalalo choukaina raetlu ledhaa vaari sthaanika mobile phone operatorlo andubaatulo laeni lakshanaalu mariyu phonelu undavacchu ledhaa oka nirdishta mobile phone operator yokka netvarknu cherukovacchu, tadwara aaa mobile phone operator yokka itara viniyogadaarulaku uchita aparimita mobile nundi mobile feature dwara uchita calls pondavacchu.
chaalaa mandhi mobile phone operatorlu viniyogadaarula nivaasa ledhaa billing chirunama vaari coverage praantamloo ledhaa takkuva tarachugaa mobile phone operator yokka prabhutvam jaarii chesina radeo frequency licenses lopala undaali, idhi saadhaaranamgaa computer anchanaa dwara nirnayinchabadutundi endukante kavarejeeki haamii ivvadam asadhyam. sambhaavya customer chirunama aaa mobile phone operator yokka avasaralaku anugunamgaa lekapothe, vaariki seva niraakarinchabadutundi. saasvatamgaa tiragadaaniki viniyogadaarulu tappudu chirunama mariyu online billing, ledhaa avasaramaina praantamloo unna bandhuvu ledhaa snehitudi chirunama mariyu moodava party billing empikanu upayoginchavacchu.
chaalaa mandhi mobile phone operatorlu tama customer tirugutunna network operatorku nimishaaniki raetlu chellinchaalsi unnanduna shaashwata roamingnu nirutsaahaparustaaru ledhaa nishedhistaaru. endukante vaaru aaa adanapu kharchunu viniyogadaarulaku ("uchita roaming") ivvaleru.
trombone roaming.
sthaanika sunkam praantamloo roaming calls, kaneesam oka phone aaa praantam velupala unnappudu. saadhaaranamgaa "tromboning" anie kooda piluvabade "trombone routing" thoo amalu cheyabadutundi.

