
uchitam (cartography)

oka mapp loe oka graticule () anedi oka samanvaya vyavasthanu panktula gridga chitraatmaka chitrana, prati pankthi sthiramaina samanvaya viluvanu suuchistumdi. idhi eee vidhamgaa isolane yokka oka roopam, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa sthaanika nundi prapancha sthaayi varaku aneka rakaala pataalalo kanipistundi.
bhougolika samanvaya vyavasthalo akshaamsam mariyu rekhaamsam yokka samaantaraalu mariyu meridianlanu pratyaekamgaa suuchimchadaaniki eee padaanni daadaapu ellappuduu upayogistaaru. saarvatrika viloma vaanijyaka yantram vanti itara samanvaya suuchana vyavasthala kosam grid linelu saadhaaranamgaa adhe prayojanaala kosam maplalo unchabadataayi, saaruupya ardhamtho, mariyu saaruupya roopakalpananu upayogistaayi, conny vaatini arudugaa graticules anie pilustaaru. kontamandi cartographerlu drushya rekhalanu matrame kakunda, akshaamsam mariyu rekhaamsam suuchana vyavasthanu suuchimchadaaniki graticule anae padaanni upayoginchaaru; ayithe, bhougolika samachara vyavasthala yugamlo, dheenini bhougolika samanvaya vyavastha anie pilavadam kante idhi chaalaa takkuva saadhaaranam.
charitra.
graticule puraatana muulaaniki chendinadi, idhi golaakaara bhoomi yokka bhavana vale daadaapu paatadi, bhougolika sthaanaalanu kolavadaniki samanvaya vyavastha mariyu mapp projection. strabo thana "bhougolikam" (ca 20ad) loe, eratosthenes yokka "bhougolikam" pustakam 3 (3 va sataabdam BC, ippudu kolpoyina) looni pataalalo "paschimam nundi thoorpuku geesina rekhalu, bhoomadhyarekha rekhaku samaantaramgaa" (eee vidhamgaa samaantara padam) tolemy yokka "bhougolikam" (ca 150 AD) thana rendu anchanaala kosam samaantaraalu mariyu meridianlanu geeyadaaniki vivaranaatmaka suuchanalanu istundi.
tolemy mariyu itara shaastreeya bhougolika saastravettala rachanalu madhyayuga islam saastravettalaku andubaatulo unnaayi. all-khwarizmi vanti kondaru, akshaamsam mariyu rekhaamsam yokka upasheershikapai patalanu roopondinchadamtho sahaa eee rachanalanu marinta abhivruddhi chesaaru.
european madhya yugaalalo, utpatti cheyabadina konni pataala nundi graticules adrusyamayyaayi; mukhyamgaa tii mariyu oo pataalu sthaanam yokka khachitamaina praatinidhyam kante mataparamaina vishwodbhava shaastramtho ekkuva sambandham kaligi unnaayi. 13va nundi 15va sataabdaala portolan pataalu chaalaa khachitamainavi, conny akshaamsam mariyu rekhaamsam kante samudra naukaayaanaaniki chaalaa upayogakaramgaa unde rumblinelanu upayoginchaayi. ayithe, adhe samayamlo, tolemy yokka punahshodhana mariyu bhoomi yokka aakaram mariyu parimaanam gurinchi itara shaastreeya ghnaanam konni puraatana patalanu vaati graatikyullatoe punaraabhivruddhi cheyadaaniki daariteesindi; tolemy yokka "bhougolikam" yokka mottamodati kaapeelu athani pataalatho 14va mariyu 15va sataabdaala nativi. 16va sataabdam nundi, prapancha mariyu khandantara pataalalo eee graticule sarvavyaaptamgaa undhi.
paaschaatya samparkaaniki mundu chaina mariyu itara aasiyanlaku prapancham golakaramga undho ledho anae daanipai kontha charcha undhi, conny chaalaa maplu praantaalanu chadunainavigaa bhaavistaayi. chainees pataalu akshaamsam mariyu rekhaamsam yokka yea bhavananu chithreekarinchanappatiki, cartician gridlu 11va sataabdaaniki chendina konni pataalalo kanipistaayi.
upayogaalu mariyu design.
maplo aneka prayojanaalanu andinchadaaniki eee uchitam upayogapadavachuh
ivi saadhaaranamgaa mapp yokka praadhamika prayojanam kosam dviteeyamgaa untaayi, kabatti drushya sopanakramamlo tarachugaa takkuva parimaanamlo untaayi.

