nucleic aamlam kramam

nucleic assid sequence anedi aidu ververu aksharaala samiti dwara suchinchabade bays la varusa, idhi dna (gact upayoginchi) ledhaa rna (gaaku) anuvu lopala yugmavikalpalanu yerparustunna nucleotidela kramaanni suuchistumdi. sampradaayam prakaram, kramaalu saadhaaranamgaa 5 'chivara nundi 3' chivari varaku pradarsinchabadataayi. dna kosam, sense strand upayoginchabadutundi. endukante nucleic aamlalu saadhaaranamgaa sarala (saakhalu laeni) polymerlu, kramaanni perkonadam anedi mottam anuvu yokka samayojaneeya nirmaanaanni nirvachinchadaaniki samanam. eee kaaranamgaa, nucleic aamlam kramaanni praathamika nirmaanam anie kooda pilustaaru.
eee kramam samacharanni soochinche saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi. jeevasambandhamaina deoxyribonucleic aamlam oka jeevi yokka vidhulanu nirdesinche samacharanni suuchistumdi.
nucleic aamlalu kooda dviteeya nirmaanam mariyu trutheeya nirmaanaanni kaligi untaayi. praathamika nirmaanaanni konnisaarlu porapaatuna "praathamika kramam" anie pilustaaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, dviteeya ledhaa trutheeya kramam yokka samaantara bhavana ledhu.
nucleotidelu.
nucleic aamlalu nucleotidelu anie piluvabade anusandhaaninchabadina unitla golusunu kaligi untaayi. prati nucleotide moodu upabhaagaalanu kaligi untundih oka fasfate samuuham mariyu oka chakkera (rna vishayamlo ribos, dnalo dioxyribose) nucleic assid strand yokka vennemukanu yerparustundi, mariyu chakkeraku anusandhaaninchabadina nucleobasela samitilo okati. prakhyaata double helix vanti unnata sthaayi dviteeya mariyu trutheeya nirmaanaalanu roopondinchadaaniki tantuvula bays jatalo nucleobaselu mukhyamainavi.
saadhyamayye aksharalu "a", "c", "g", mariyu "t", ivi oka DNA strand yokka naalugu nucleotide bays lanu suuchistaayi-adenine, cytosine, gwanin, thymine-ivi phosphodiester vennemukatoe samayojaneeyamgaa anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi. saadhaarana sandarbhamlo, shrenulu khaaliilu lekunda okadaanikokati daggaragaa mudrinchabadataayi, aagtctgac kramamlo vale, 5 'nundi 3' disalo edama nundi kudiki chadavabadutundi. transcriptionku sambandhinchi, oka kramam coding strandlo untundi, adhi transcript cheyabadina rna maadirigaane unte.
oka kramam maroka kramaniki paripuurakaramainadi kaavacchu, antey avi paripuurakaramaina prati sthaanaaniki aadharam kaligi untaayi (i.ii.a nundi t, c nundi g) mariyu vyatiraeka kramamlo. udaaharanaku, ttac kii paripuurakaramaina kramam gtaa. double-stranded dna yokka oka strandnu sense strandga pariganinchinatlayithe, antisense strandga pariganinchabade maroka strand, sense strandku paripuurakaramaina kramaanni kaligi untundi.
sanketam.
rendu nucleotide shrenula madhya% vyatyaasaanni polchadam mariyu nirnayinchadam.
a, t, c, mariyu g oka sthaanam vadda oka nirdishta nucleotide suuchistumdagaa, aspashtatanu soochinche aksharalu kooda unnaayi, ivi aaa sthaanam vadda okati kante ekkuva rakaala nucleotidelu sambhavinchinappudu upayoginchabadataayi. international union off pure und uplied chemistry (iapac) niyamaalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
eee chihnalu rna kii kooda chellutaayi, t (thymine) sthaanamlo u (eurasil) tappa.
adenine (eah), cytosine (sii), gwanin (zii), thymine (tii) mariyu eurasil (yuu) thoo paatu, dna mariyu rna kooda nucleic assid golusu erpadina tarvaata savarinchabadina kshaaraalanu kaligi untaayi. dnalo, atyanta saadhaarana savarinchina ksharamu 5-methylcytidine 5-methylcytidine. rnalo, sudoridine (si), dihydroridine (d), inosine (i), ribothymidine (rt) mariyu 7-methylguanosine (m7g) thoo sahaa aneka savarinchina ksharalu unnaayi. utparivartana uniki dwara srushtinchabadina aneka ksharalalo hypoxanthine mariyu janthine rendu, rendoo demination dwara (amine-samuuhaanni carbonyl-samuuhamtoe bharti cheyadam). adenine nundi hypoxanthine utpatti avutundi, gwanin nundi janthine utpatti avutundi. adevidhamgaa, cytosine yokka demination valla eurasil erpadutundi.
jeevasambandhamaina praamukhyata.
jeeva vyavasthalalo, nucleic aamlalu nirdishta proteinlanu nirminchadaaniki jeeva kanaalu upayoginche samacharanni kaligi untaayi. nucleic assid strandpy nucleobasela kramaanni kana yantraalu protein strandnu tayaaru chese amaino yasidla kramaanni anuvadistaayi. codan anie piluvabade moodu kshaaraala prati samuuham oke amaino aamlaaniki anugunamgaa untundi, mariyu oka nirdishta janyu sanketam undhi, dheeni dwara moodu kshaaraala prati kalayika oka nirdishta amaino aamlaaniki anugunamgaa untundi.
nucleic aamlalalo unna samacharanni upayoginchi proteins nirminchabade yantraamgaanni molecular biology yokka kendra siddhaantam vivaristundi. dna anedi mrna anuvulugaa lipyantareekarinchabadutundi, ivi ribozomecu prayaanistaayi, ikkada mrna protein strand nirmaanaaniki templetga upayoginchabadutundi. nucleic aamlalu paripuurakaramaina shrenulatho anuvulatho bandhinchagalavu kabatti, proteinla kosam code chese "sense" shrenulu mariyu paripuurakaramaina "antisense" shrenula madhya vyatyaasam undhi, idhi swayamgaa panicheyadu, conny indriya tantuvuto bandhinchagaladu.
kramam nirdhaarana.
dna sequencing anedi icchina dna sakalam yokka nucleotide kramaanni nirnayinche prakriya. oka jeevi yokka dna kramam aaa jeevi manugada saaginchadaaniki mariyu punarutpatti cheyadaaniki avasaramaina samacharanni encode chestundi. anduvalla, kramaanni nirnayinchadam anedi jeevulu enduku, elaa jeevistaayane praathamika parisoedhanaloo, alaage anuvartita vishayaalalo upayogapadutundi. jeevulaku dna yokka praamukhyata kaaranamgaa, dna kramam yokka ghnaanam aacharanatmakamgaa edainaa jeevasastra parisoedhanaloo upayogapadavachhu. udaaharanaku, vaidyamlo dheenini janyu vyaadhulanu gurtinchadaaniki, nirdhaarinchadaaniki mariyu chikitsalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. adevidhamgaa, vyadhikaaraka karakalapai parisoedhana antu vyaadhulaku chikitsalaku daariteeyavachchu. biotechnology anedi aneka upayogakaramaina utpattulu mariyu sevalaku sambhaavyatatoo abhivruddhi chendutunna vibhagam.
rna neerugaa kramabaddheekarinchabadaledu. badulugaa, idhi riverse transcriptase dwara dnak coppy cheyabadutundi, aapai eee dna kramabaddheekarinchabadutundi.
prastuta kramabaddheekarana paddhatulu dna polymerasela vivakshata saamardhyampai aadharapadi untaayi, anduvalla naalugu sthaavaraalanu matrame vaeru cheyagalavu. oka inosine (rna editing samayamlo adenosine nundi srushtinchabadindi) oka zii gaa chadavabadutundi, mariyu 5-methyl-cytosine (dna methylation dwara cytosine nundi srushtinchabadindi) oka sii gaa chadavabadutundi. prastuta saanketika parignaanamtho, chinna mottamlo dnnu kramabaddhikarinchadam kashtam, endukante signal kolavadaniki chaalaa balaheenamgaa untundi. polymerase chain reaction (pii. sii. aarr) amplification dwara idhi adhigaminchabadutundi.
digital praatinidhyam.
oka jeevi nundi nucleic assid sequence pondina tarvaata, adhi digital roopamlo "silikolo" nilva cheyabadutundi. digital janyu shrenulanu kramam databaselalo nilva cheyavachu, vislaeshimchavachchu (krinda "kramam vislaeshanha" chudandi), digitalga maarchavacchu mariyu krutrima janyu samshlaeshanhanu upayoginchi kotta vaastava vaastava srushtinchadaaniki templetlugaa upayoginchavacchu.
kramam vislaeshanha.
digital janyu shrenulanu bioinformatics saadhanaalanu upayoginchi daani paniteerunu nirnayinchadaaniki vislaeshimchavachchu.
janyu pareeksha.
oka jeevi yokka janyuvulooni dnnu vaarasatvamgaa vacchina vyaadhula durbalatvaalanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki vislaeshimchavachchu mariyu pillala pitrutvam (janyu tandri) ledhaa vyakti yokka puurveekulanu nirnayinchadaaniki kooda upayoginchavacchu. saadhaaranamgaa, prati vyakti prati janyuvu yokka rendu vaividhyaalanu kaligi untaaru, okati vaari talli nundi vaarasatvamgaa, marokati vaari tandri nundi vaarasatvamgaa. maanava janyuvulo sumaru 20,000-25,000 janyuvulu unnayani nammutaaru. vyaktigata janyuvula sthaayiki chromosomelanu adhyayanam cheyadamtho paatu, janyu pareekshalo vistruta konamlo janyu vyaadhulu ledhaa janyu rugmatalu abhivruddhi chendhe pramaadamtoe sambandham unna janyuvula utparivartana roopaala uniki kosam jeevarasaayana pareekshalu untaayi.
janyu pareeksha chromosomelu, janyuvulu ledhaa proteinlalo maarpulanu gurtistundi. saadhaaranamgaa, vaarasatvamgaa vacchina rugmatalato sambandham unna maarpulanu kanugonadaaniki pareekshanu upayogistaaru. janyu pareeksha phalitaalu anumaanaaspada janyu paristhitini nirdhaarinchavacchu ledhaa thosipuchavacchu ledhaa janyu rugmata abhivruddhi chendadaaniki ledhaa sankraminchadaaniki oka vyakti yokka avakaasaanni nirnayinchadamlo sahaayapadataayi. prastutam aneka vandala janyu pareekshalu upayogamlo unnaayi, inca marinni abhivruddhi cheyabadutunnayi.
kramam amarika.
bioinformaticslo, sequence amarika anedi sequencela madhya kriyaatmaka, nirmaanaatmaka ledhaa parinaama sambandhaala kaaranamgaa unde saaruupyata praantaalanu gurtinchadaaniki dna, rna ledhaa protein yokka sequencelanu erpaatu chese oka maargam. oka amarikalo rendu shrenulu oka saadhaarana puurveekulanu panchukunte, asamatulyatanu point mutationluga mariyu antaraalanu okati ledhaa rendu vamsaalaloo pravesapettina choppimpu ledhaa tolagimpu utparivartanaalugaa (indels) ardham chesukovacchu. proteinla krama samrekhalalo, kramamlo oka nirdishta sthaanaanni aakraminche amaino aamlaala madhya saaruupyata yokka sthaayini oka nirdishta praantam ledhaa kramam muulaamsam vamsaalaloo elaa samrakshinchabadutundane daani sthuula kolatagaa ardham chesukovacchu. pratyaamnaayaalu lekapovadam ledhaa chaalaa sampradaayavaada pratyaamnaayaalu (antey, side chains saaruupya jeevarasaayana lakshanaalanu kaligi unna amaino aamlaala pratyaamnaayam) matrame undatam, eee praantaaniki nirmaanaatmaka ledhaa kriyaatmaka praamukhyata undani suuchistumdi. amaino aamlaala kante dna mariyu rna nucleotide sthaavaraalu okadaanikokati chaalaa pooli unnappatikee, bays jatala parirakshana idhe vidhamaina kriyaatmaka ledhaa nirmaana paatranu suuchistumdi.
ganana phylogenetics phylogenetic chetla nirmaanam mariyu vivaranalo kramam amarikalanu vistrutamgaa upayogistundi, ivi vibhina jaatula janyuvulalo praatinidhyam vahinche sajatiya janyuvula madhya parinaama sambandhaalanu vargeekarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi. prasna samuuhamlooni kramaalu yea sthaayilo bhinnamgaa untayo, adhi okadaanikokati nundi okadaanikokati parinaamaatmaka dooraaniki gunaatmakamgaa sambandhinchinadi. sthuulamgaa cheppalante, adhika shreni gurtimpu anedi prasnalooni shrenulu saapekshamgaa yuva iteevali saadhaarana puurveekulanu kaligi unnayani suuchistumdi, ayithe takkuva gurtimpu anedi vaividhyam marinta puraatanamainadani suuchistumdi. rendu janyuvulu modata verucheyabadinappati nundi (antey, ekagrata samayam) gadichina samayanni vivarinchadaaniki parinaamaatmaka maarpu yokka sumaru sthiramaina retunu upayoginchavacchani "molecular clack" parikalpananu pratibimbimchae eee ujjaayimpu, mutation mariyu empika yokka prabhavalu krama vamsaavaliloo sthiramgaa unnayani bhaavistundi. anduvalla, idhi DNA marammattu raetlu ledhaa kramamlo nirdishta praantaala saadhyamayye kriyaatmaka parirakshanhalo jeevulu ledhaa jaatula madhya saadhyamayye vyatyaasaalaku kaaranam kaadu. (nucleotide shrenula vishayamlo, molecular clack hypothesis daani atyanta praathamika roopamlo icchina codan yokka ardhaanni marchani nissabda utparivartanalu mariyu itara utparivartanaala madhya angeekaaram raetlaloo vyatyaasaanni kooda taggistundi, dheeni phalitamgaa vaerae amaino aamlam proteinlo cherchabadutundi.) marinta ganankaparamga khachitamaina paddhatulu phylogenetic chettu yokka prati saakhapai parinaamaatmaka raetu maaradaaniki anumatistaayi, tadwara janyuvulaku ekagrata samayala gurinchi merugaina anchanaalanu utpatti chestaayi.
kramam muulaamsaalu.
tarachugaa praadhamika nirmaanam kriyaatmaka praamukhyata kaligina muulaamsaalanu encode chestundi. krama muulaamsaalaku konni udaaharanalu sii/dii
mariyu hetch/aca baakslu
snarnalu, sm binding sait, sait, yuu1, yuu2, yuu4, yuu5, yuu6 mariyu mariyu vanti spliciosomal rnlalo kanipistaayi, idhi shine-dalgarno sequence,
kozak ekaabhipraaya kramam
mariyu rna polymerase III terminator.
sequence entropy.
bioinformaticslo, sequence entropy, sequence complexity ledhaa information profile anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi prosessing dhisha nundi swatantramgaa, dna sequence yokka sthaanika sanklishtata yokka parimaanaatmaka kolatanu andinche sankhya kramam. samachara profile yokka taarumaaru, udaaharanaku muulaamsam mariyu punarvyavastheekaranala gurtimpu vanti amarika-rahita paddhatulanu upayoginchi shrenula vislaeshanhanu praarambhistundi.

