moghal saamrajyam

 
moghal saamrajyam 16va mariyu 19va sataabdaala madhya dakshina asealo unna prarambha aadhunika saamrajyam. daadaapu rendu vandala samvatsaraala paatu, saamrajyam paschimaana indus nadhee pareevaahaka praantam yokka bayati anchula nundi, vaayuvyamlo uttara afghanistan mariyu uttaraana kashmir nundi, thoorpuna prastuta assam mariyu bangladesh yokka ettaina praantaala varaku, mariyu dakshina bhaaratadesamlo dakkan peethabhoomi yokka ettaina praantaala varaku vistarinchindi. 
moghal saamrajyaanni baabar neti uzbekistan kuu chendina adhipati baabar sthaapinchaadani saampradayakamgaa chebutaaru, athanu poruguna unna safavid mariyu ottoman saamrajyaala nundi sahayanni niyaminchi, modati panipat yuddhamlo dhhillee sultan ibraheem lodini oodinchi, uttara bharatadesamloni maidaanaalanu tudichipettadaaniki upayoginchaadu. ayithe, moghal saamraajya nirmaanam konnisaarlu 1600 naatidi, baabar manavadu akbar paalana naatidi. eee saamraajya nirmaanam 1720 varaku konasaagindi, chivari pradhana chakravarthy aurangzeb maraninchina koddikaalam taruvaata varaku, athani paalanalo saamrajyam daani garishta bhougolika paridhini kooda saadhinchindi. 1760 natiki paatha dhhillee mariyu chuttupakkala praantaalaku tagginchabadina eee saamrajyam 1857 naati bharatiya tirugubaatu taruvaata british raaj dwara adhikarikamga raddu cheyabadindi. 
mughal saamrajyam sainika yuddhaala dwara srushtinchabadi, konasaginchabadinappatiki, adhi paalinchadaaniki vacchina samskrutulu mariyu prajalanu teevramgaa anachiveyaledu; badulugaa adhi kotta paripalana paddhatulu mariyu vibhina paalaka unnatavargaala dwara vaarini samanam chesi, saantimpajesindi, idhi marinta samarthavanthamaina, kendrikruta mariyu praamaanika palanaku daariteesindi. saamrajyam yokka saamuuhika sampadaku aadharam vyavasaya pannulu, dheenini moodava moghal chakravarthy akbar sthaapinchaadu. eee pannulu, oka raitu saagudaarula utpattilo sagaaniki paiga undevi, baga niyantrinchabadina vendi currencylo chellinchabaddaayi, mariyu raitulu mariyu chetivruttulavaaru pedda marketlaloki pravesinchadaaniki kaaranamayyaayi. 
17va sataabdamloo chaalaa varaku saamrajyam konasaaginchina saapeksha shanti bharatadesa aardhika vistaranaku oka amsam. bhaarata mahasamudramlo perugutunna european uniki mariyu bharatiya mudi mariyu tudi utpattulaku perugutunna demand moghal rajasabhaku chaalaa sampadanu srushtinchindi. mughal unnatavargamlo marinta spashtamaina viniyogam undedi, phalitamgaa painting, saahitya roopaalu, vastraalu mariyu vaastusilpaaniki ekkuva prothsaaham labhinchindi, mukhyamgaa shaa jahaan paalanalo. dakshina aasiyaaloni moghal unesco prapancha vaarasatva pradaesaalaloo egra koota, fatepur sikri, erra koota, humayun samadhi, lahore koota, shalamarh thotalu mariyu taaz mahal unnaayi, ivi "bhaaratadesamlo muslim kala yokka aabharanam, mariyu prapancha vaarasatvamlo vishwavyaaptamgaa prasamsimchabadina kalakhandala okati" gaa varninchabaddaayi."
paeru.
baabar sthaapinchina saamrajyaanni samakaaleenulu taimurid saamrajyamgaa paerkonnaaru, idhi athani raajavamsam yokka vaarasatvaanni pratibimbistumdi, mariyu eee padaanni mogalulu ishtapadataaru.
vaari swantha raajavamsaaniki mughal hodha gurkani (). moghal" mariyu "moghal" yokka upayogam "mangol" yokka arabic mariyu pertian avineeti nundi udbhavinchindi, mariyu idhi taimurid raajavamsam yokka mangol muulaalanu nokki cheppindi. eee padam 19va sataabdamloo karenseeni pondindi, conny indologistulache vivadaspadamga undhi. mogal" mariyu "moghal" thoo sahaa saamrajyaanni suuchimchadaaniki ilanti lipyantareekaranalu upayoginchabaddaayi. ayinappatikee, baabar puurveekulu saampradaaya mangols nundi chaalaa bhinnamgaa undevaaru, endukante vaaru turco-mangol samskruti kante pertian vaipu moggu chuupaaru. mogalulu taamu mangol saamrajyam vyavasthaapakudu chenghis khaan nundi antima santativaarani paerkonnaaru.
saamraajyaaniki maroka paeru hindustan, idhi ine-ii-akbareelo namodu cheyabadindi, idhi saamraajyaaniki adhikaarika paeruku atyanta daggaragaa varninchabadindi. mughal paripalana recordulu saamrajyaanni "hindustan desham" () ledhaa "hindustan aadhipatyam" () gaa kooda suuchistaayi. paschimaana, "moghal" anae padaanni chakravarthy kosam, mariyu podigimpu dwara, mottam saamrajyam kosam upayoginchaaru.
charitra.
baabar mariyu humayun (1526-1556).
moghal saamrajyaanni baabar (paalinchinadi 1526-1530) sthaapinchaadu, athanu thana tandri vaipu turco-mangol vijaeta taimur (taimurid saamrajyam vyavasthaapakudu) nundi vacchina oka kendra asea palakudu, mariyu athani talli vaipu chenghis khaan nundi. pitrutvaparamgaa, baabar mangol muulaaniki chendina tarkeekarinchina barlas tegaku chendinavaadu. madhya aasiyaaloni thana puurveekula domainla nundi bahishkarinchabadina baabar thana aasayaalanu santrupti parachadaniki bharatadesam vaipu tirigaadu.
athanu kaaboollo sthirapadi, taruvaata afghanistan nundi khaibar paas dwara kramamga dakshina disagaa bharatadesamloki pravesinchaadu. baabar dalaalu baabar modati panipat yuddhamlo ibraheem lodini oodinchaayi. yuddhaaniki mundu, baabar madyam vidichipetti, wine paatralanu vichchinnam chesi, wine nuu baavilo poyadam dwara daivika anugraham pondaadu.
ayithe, eee samayaniki lodhi saamrajyam appatike kuppakoolindi, vaastavaaniki idhi mewar yokka raanaa sanga samartha paalanalo uttara bharatadesamloni atyanta balamaina shakti ayina rajput samakhya. athanu bayana yuddhamlo baabarnu oodinchaadu. ayithe, agraaku sameepamlo jarigina nirnayaatmaka khanwa yuddhamlo, baabar yokka taimuri dalaalu sanga yokka rajput sainyanni oodinchaayi. eee yuddham bhaarata charitralo atyanta nirnayaatmakamaina mariyu chaaritraatmaka yuddhaalalo okati, endukante idhi tadupari rendu sataabdaala paatu uttara bharatadesapu vidhini moosivesindi.
yuddham taruvaata, mughal shakti kendram kaabool kuu badulugaa agraga maarindi. ayithe, yuddhalu, sainika pracharalalo nimagnamai undatam valla kotta chakravarthy bhaaratadesamlo saadhinchina laabhaalanu ekikrutam cheyadaaniki anumatinchaledu. tirugubaatudaarulache pertialo bahishkarinchabadda athani kumarudu humayun (1530-1556 paalinchina) aadhvaryamlo saamraajya asthirata spashtamgaa kanipinchindi. share shaa suuri (paalana 1540-1545) sthaapinchina surr saamrajyam (1540-1555), moghal palanaku kontakaalam antaraayam kaliginchindi. pertialo humayun bahishkarana safavid mariyu moghal aasthaanaala madhya dautya sambandhaalanu sthaapinchindi, taruvaata punaruddharinchabadina moghal saamrajyamlo pertian saamskrutika prabhavanni penchadaaniki daariteesindi. daariteesindi pertia nundi vijayavantamgaa tirigi vacchina humayun bharatadesamloni konni praantaalalo moghal palananu punaruddharinchaadu, conny marusati samvatsaram athanu oka pramaadamloo maraninchaadu.
akbar nundi aurangzeb (1556-1707).
akbar (paalana 1556-1605) rajaputra umarkote kotalo humayun mariyu athani bhaarya hameeda baanu begum, oka pertian yuvaraaniki janminchaadu. akbar bhaaratadesamlo mughal saamrajyaanni ekikrutam cheyadaaniki sahayapadina raajapratinidhi byrum khaan aadhvaryamlo simhasananni adhishtinchaadu. yuddham mariyu dautyam dwara akbar saamrajyaanni anni disalalo vistarinchagaligaadu mariyu godavari nadiki uttaraana unna daadaapu mottam bhaarata upakhandaanni niyantrinchagaligaadu. ayana tanaku vidheyata kaligina kotta paalaka unnatavargaanni srushtinchi, aadhunika paripalananu amalu chesi, saamskrutika parinaamaalanu prothsahinchaaru. athanu european vaanijya samsthalatho vaanijyaanni penchaadu. bharatadesam balamaina mariyu sthiramaina aardhika vyavasthanu abhivruddhi chesindi, idhi vaanijya vistarana mariyu aardhika abhivruddhiki daariteesindi. akbar thana aasthaanamlo matha swechhanu anumatinchaaru, mariyu palakudi aaradhana yokka balamaina lakshanaalatoo kotta matam dhin-ii-leala sthaapinchadam dwara thana saamrajyamlo saamaajika-raajakeeya mariyu saamskrutika vibhedaalanu parishkarinchadaaniki prayatninchaaru. ayana thana kumarudiki antargatamgaa sthiramaina rashtraanni vadili vellaadu, idhi daani swarna yugam madhyalo undhi, conny chaalaa kaalam mundu raajakeeya balaheenata sankethaalu bayatapadataayi.
jahangir (saleem gaa janminchi, 1605-1627 nuu paripaalinchaadu) akbar mariyu athani bhaarya mariam-uz-jamani, oka bharatiya rajput yuvaraaniki janminchaadu. saleemku bharatiya suufii sadhuvu saleem chishti paeru pettaru, chishti kumarte aayananu penchindi. athanu "nallamandu banisaga, rashtra vyavaharalanu nirlakshyam chesi, pratyarthi kortu vargaala prabhaavaaniki gurayyadu". islaameeya matha sthaapana maddatu pondadaaniki gananeeyamaina prayatnaalu cheyadam dwara jahangir akbar nundi tananu taanu vaeru chesukunnadu. akbar kante ekkuva "madad-ii-maash" (mataparamaina vidyaavantulaku ledhaa aadhyaatmikamgaa arhulaina vyaktulaku pannu rahita vyaktigata bhuu aadaaya nidhulanu ivvadam) ivvadam ayana chesina oka maargam. akbarku viruddhamgaa, jahangir muslimetara matha naayakulatoe, mukhyamgaa sikku guruvu arjantho sangharshanaku digaadu, athani maranasiksha mughal saamrajyam mariyu sikku samajam madhya aneka sangharshanhalalo modatidi.
shaa jahaan (paalana 1628-1658) jahangir mariyu athani bhaarya jagat gosain, rajput yuvaraaniki janminchaadu. ayana paalana mughal vaastusilpam yokka swarna yuganiki naandi palikindi. shaa jahaan paalanalo, mughal rajasabha yokka vaibhavam daani sikharaaniki cherukundi, dheeniki taaz mahal udaaharana.ayithe, nyaayasthaana nirvahana kharchu vachhe aadaayaanni minchipovadam praarambhinchindi. ayana palananu "mughal vaastusilpam yokka swarna yugam" anie pilicheevaaru. shaah jahaan nizam shahee raajavamsaanni antam cheyadam dwara mughal saamrajyaanni dakkanuku vistarinchaadu, mariyu aadil shaaheelu mariyu qutub shaaheelanu kappam chellinchamani balavantam chesaadu.
shaa jahaan pedda kumarudu, udaaravaadi daaraa shikoh, thana tandri anaaroogyam phalitamgaa phalitamgaa raajapratinidhi ayyadu. daaraa thana muttaata akbar nuu anukaristuu, synchretistic hinduu-muslim samskrutini saadhinchaadu. ayithe, islaamik sanaatanavaada maddatutoe, shaa jahaan chinna kumarudu aurangjeb () simhasananni swaadheenam chesukunnadu. chesukunnadu aurangjeb daaraanu oodinchi uriteeyinchaadu. shaa jahaan thana anaaroogyam nundi puurtigaa kolukunnappatiki, aurangjeb aurangjeb thana maranam varaku shaa jahaannu khaidu chesaadu. aurangjeb mughal rajyam yokka islaameekaranaloo perugudalanu paryaveekshinchaadu. athanu islam matamloki maradanni prothsahinchaadu, muslimetarulapai "jijia" nuu punaruddharinchaadu mariyu islaamik chattam yokka sekarana ayina "fatawa 'alangiri" nuu sankalanam chesaadu. sikku guruvu theg bahadoornu uriteeyaalani kooda aurangjeb aadesinchaadu, idhi sikku samajam yokka sainikeekaranaku daariteesindi. saamraajya drukpatham nundi, islam matamloki maaradam sthaanika unnatavargaalanu raaju yokka ummadi gurtimpu yokka network yokka drushtigaa ekikrutam chesindi, idhi mughal chakravarthiki vidheyathatho saamrajyam antataa bhinnamaina samoohaalalo cherutundi. dakshina, paschima bhaaratadaesaalanu jayinchadaaniki ayana chesina dandayaatra namamatramga moghal saamraajya parimaanaanni penchindi, conny moghal saamrajyampai vinaasakaramaina prabhavanni choopindi. moghal-maraataa yuddhaala samayamlo (paavu sataabdamloo etaa 100,000) sumaru 25 laksala mandhi aurangjeb sainyam maraninchindani, yuddhamlo debbatinna bhoomulalo 2 millionla mandhi pourulu karuvu, plaegu mariyu karuvu kaaranamgaa maraninchaarani white anchanaa vestunnaru. eee pracharam mughal khazanapai kooda vinaasakaramaina prabhavanni choopindi, chakravarthy lekapovadam uttara bhaaratadesamlo paalanalo teevramaina ksheenataku daariteesindi. aurangjeb maraninchina koddikaalaanike maraataalu uttara disagaa vistarinchadam praarambhinchi, dhhillee mariyu bhopal loe moghalulanu oodinchi, 1758 natiki peshawar varaku tama saamrajyaanni vistarinchaaru.
orangzeb bharatadesapu atyanta vivaadaaspada rajuga pariganinchabaddaadu, kontamandi charitrakaarulu athani mataparamaina sampradaayavaadam mariyu asahanam moghal samajam yokka sthirathvaanni balaheenaparichaayani vaadinchaaru, itara charitrakaarulu dheenini prasnistunnaaru, athanu hinduu devaalayaalanu nirminchaadani, thana puurveekula kante thana saamraajya bureaucracylo gananeeyamgaa ekkuva mandhi hinduvulanu niyaminchaadani, hinduvulu mariyu shiya muslimlaku vyatiraekamgaa matabhrashtatanu vyatirekinchaadani paerkonnaaru. eee aaropanalu unnappatikee, chakravarthy aurangje muslimetarula patla anachiveta vidhaanaalanu amalu chesinatlu angeekarinchabadindi, dheeni phalitamgaa maraataalu kooda pedda tirugubaatuku daariteesaayi.
ksheenata (1707-1857).
aurangjeb kumarudu bahadur shaa thana tandri mataparamaina vidhaanaalanu raddu chesi paripalananu samskarinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu. "ayithe, "ayithe ayana maranam taruvaata, moghal raajavamsam gandaragolamlo, himsaatmaka vairaalalo munigipoyindi. vachayi matrame, naluguru chakravartulu varusaga simhasananni adhishtinchaaru, "sadat-eah-baaraa anie piluvabade bharatiya muslim kulaniki chendina prabhuvula sodarabhavam paalanalo pramukhuluga, vaari nayakulu, sayyad sodarulu, saamrajyam yokka vaastava saarvabhoumaadhikaarulu ayyaru.
mohammed shaa (paalana 1719-1748) paalanalo, saamrajyam vichchinnam kavadam praarambhinchindi, madhya bharatadesamloni vistaaramaina praantaalu moghal nundi maraataa chetulaku vellaayi. mogalulu dakkanulo nizam swaatantryaanni anachiveyadaaniki prayatninchinappudu, athanu madhya mariyu uttara bharatadesampai daadi cheyadaaniki maraataalanu prothsahinchaadu. gatamlo paschima asealo chaalaa varaku, caucasus mariyu madhya asiapai iranian aadhipatyaanni tirigi sthaapinchina nather shaa yokka suduura bharatiya dandayaatra, dhilleeni dochukovadamtho mugisindi mariyu mughal shakti mariyu pratishta yokka avasheshaalanu mukkalu chesindi. saamraajyamloni aneka mandhi unnatavargaalu ippudu tama sonta vyavaharalanu niyantrinchukovadaaniki prayatninchaaru, mariyu vidipoyi swatantra rajyalanu yerparachukunnaru. conny, sugata boses mariyu ayesha jalal prakaram, moghal chakravarthy saarvabhoumaadhikaaram yokka atyunnata abhivyaktigaa konasagaru. muslim kuleenulu matrame kaadu, maraataa, hinduu, sikku nayakulu bharatadesa saarvabhoumatvamgaa chakravartini lanchanaprayamga angeekarinchadamlo palgonnaru.
intalo, perugutunna vicchinnamaina moghal saamraajyamloni konni praantiiya raajakeeya vyavasthalu, tamanu taamu mariyu rashtraanni prapancha sangharshanhalalo nimagnam chesaayi, idhi karnataka yuddhalu mariyu bengaul yuddhamlo odipovadaaniki mariyu bhoobhaganni kolpovadaniki matrame daariteesindi.
moghal chakravarthy shaa alam II (1759-1806) moghal ksheenatanu tippikottadaaniki vyardhamaina prayatnaalu chesaadu, conny chivariki afghanistan ameer ahmed shaa abdali rakshananu koravalasi vachindi, idhi idhi maraataa saamrajyam mariyu afghanla (abdali netrutvamlo) madhya moodava panipat yuddhaaniki daariteesindi. daariteesindi, maraataalu afghan niyantrana nundi dhilleeni tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnaru mariyu mariyu vaaru adhikarikamga dhilleelooni chakravarthy yokka rakshakuluga maararu, idhi rendava aanglo-maraataa yuddham varaku konasaagindi. aaa taruvaata, british eest india company dhilleelooni moghal raajavamsaaniki rakshakuluga maarindi. british eest india company company bengaul-bihar maajee moghal praavinsnu swaadheenam chesukundi, idhi 1858 varaku konasagina sthaanika paalana (nizamat) nuu raddu chesindi, idhi bhaarata upakhandamlo british valasa yuganiki naandi palikindi. 1857 natiki maajee mughal bhaaratadesamlo gananeeyamaina bhaagam eest india company niyantranalo undhi. ayana namamatramga naayakatvam vahinchina vahinchina yuddhamlo ghoramaina otami taruvaata, chivari moghal bahadur shaa jaafarnu british eest india company tolaginchi tolaginchi bahishkarinchindi. 1858 bhaarata prabhutva chattam dwara british kireetam kotta british raaj roopamlo bharatadesamloni eest india company aadheenamlo unna bhuubhaagaalapai pratyaksha niyantrananu sweekarinchindi. sweekarinchindi british raani victoria bharatadesa saamraagni birudunu sweekarinchindi.
ksheenataku kaaranaalu.
oka sataabdam vruddhi mariyu sreyassu taruvaata 1707 mariyu 1720 madhya mughal saamrajyam vaegamgaa kuulipoevadaaniki charitrakaarulu aneka vivaranalu icchaaru. aardhika paramgaa, simhasana daani pradhana adhikarulu, ameerlu (prabhuvulu) mariyu vaari parivaaraalaku chellinchadaaniki avasaramaina aadaayaanni kolpoyindi. vistrutamgaa chellacheduruga unna saamraajya adhikarulu kendra adhikaarulapai vishwaasaanni kolpoyi, sthaanika prabhaavaseelulatoo tama sonta oppandaalu chesukovadamto chakravarthy adhikaranni kolpoyadu. marinta dookudugaa unna maraataalaku vyatiraekamgaa sudeerghamaina, vyardhamaina yuddhaalalo chikkukunna saamraajya sainyam thana poraata sphuurtini kolpoyindi. chivaraku simhasana meeda niyantranapai himsaatmaka raajakeeya vairalu vachayi. vachayi farrukhsiar chakravartini uriteesina taruvaata, sthaanika moghal varasudu rashtraalu oka praantam tarvaata maroka praantamloo adhikaranni chejikkinchukunnayi.
samakaaleena charitrakaarulu taamu chusina ksheenatanu chuusi dukkinchaaru, eee amsaanni british netrutvamloni punarujjeevanam avasaranni nokki cheppalanukunna modati british charitrakaarulu teesukunnaru.
ksheenatapai aadhunika abhiprayalu.
1970la nundi charitrakaarulu ksheenataku aneka vidhaanaalanu teesukunnaru, yea amsam aadhipatyam chelaayistundane daanipai takkuva ekaabhipraayam undhi. manasika vivaranalu unnata pradaesaalaloo dushtatvam, adhika vilasalu mariyu paalakulu bahya savaaluku siddhamgaa laeni sankuchita abhipraayaalanu nokki chebutaayi. oka marxist paatasaala (irrfan habib netrutvamlo mariyu alighar muslim vishwavidhyaalayamlo unna) dhanavanthulache raitulanu mitimeerina dopideeki praadhaanyata istundi, idhi sankalpam mariyu palanaku maddatu ichhe maargaalanu tolagistundi. hinduu byaankarlatoe panicheyadamlo paalana vaiphalyampai curran leonard drushti pettaru, vaari aardhika maddatu ekkuvagaa avasaramaindi; appudu bankerlu maraataalaku mariyu british vaariki sahayam chesaaru. oka mataparamaina vivaranalo, kontamandi panditulu hinduu saktulu muslim raajavamsam palanaku vyatiraekamgaa tirugubaatu chesayani vaadistaaru. chivaraku, saamrajyam yokka sreyassu adhika sthaayi swaatantryaanni saadhinchadaaniki praavinsulanu prerepinchindani, tadwara saamraajya aasthaanaanni balaheenaparustundani itara panditulu vaadistaaru.
jeffrey zii. 18va sataabdam chivari bhaagamlo bhaarata aardhika vyavastha moghal saamrajyam patanam yokka paroksha phalitamgaa paarisraamikeekarana dwara vellipoyindani, taruvaata british paalana marinta paarisraamikeekaranaku kaaranamaindani villiamson vaadinchaaru. villiamson prakaram, moghal saamrajyam ksheenata vyavasaya utpaadakata ksheenataku daariteesindi, idhi aahara dharalanu, taruvaata naamamaatrapu vaetanaalanu, aapai vastra dharalanu penchindi, idhi bharatadesam prapancha vastra marketlo vatanu britanku kolpovadaniki daariteesindi, adhi merugaina factory saanketikatanu kaligi undataaniki mundhe. ayithe, bharatiya vastraalu 19va sataabdam varaku british vastraalapai pootii prayojanaanni konasaginchayi.
paripalana mariyu rashtram.
moghal saamrajyam atyanta kendrikruta, bureaucratic prabhutvaanni kaligi undhi, veetilo ekkuva bhaagam moodava moghal chakravarthy akbar paalanalo sthaapinchabadindi. kendra prabhutvaaniki moghal chakravarthy naayakatvam vahinchaadu; ventane ayana krinda naalugu mantritva saakhalu undevi. saamrajyam yokka bhuubhaagaala nundi vachhe aadaayaalanu niyantrinchadam, pannu aadaayaalanu lekkinchadam mariyu ketaayimpulanu pampinhee cheyadaaniki eee samacharanni upayoginchadam aardhika/revenue mantritva saakha baadhyata. sainika mantritva saakha (sainyam/nigha) kuu "mirr bakshi" anae adhikari naayakatvam vahinchaaru, athanu sainika samstha, sandesha seva mariyu "mansabdari" vyavasthaku baadhyata vahinchaadu. nyaayamuurtulanu niyaminchi, daatrutva samsthalanu, vaetanaalanu nirvahinche "sadhar ass-sudhar" baadhyata nyaya/mataparamaina prothsaahaaniki baadhyata vahinche mantritva saakhapai undedi. maroka mantritva saakha saamraajya gruha mariyu praja panulaku ankitam cheyabadindi.
paripalana vibhagalu.
saamrajyam "suba" (praavinsulu) gaa vibhajinchabadindi, veetilo pratidaaniki "subadar" anie piluvabade praantiiya governor naayakatvam vahinchaaru."kendra prabhutva nirmaanam praantiiya sthaayilo pratibimbimchimdi; prati" "subaku" "daani swantha" "bakshi", "" "sadhar ass-sudhar" "mariyu aardhika mantri" "subahdar" "kante neerugaa kendra prabhutvaaniki nivedinchaaru". "subas" "sarkaarlu" anie piluvabade paripalana vibhagaluga upavibhajana cheyabaddaayi, ivi "" paraganaalu "" anie piluvabade graamaala samuhaluga vibhajinchabaddaayi "."paraganaalo" moghal prabhutvam oka muslim nyaayamuurti mariyu sthaanika pannu collectornu kaligi undedi. "paraganaalu" moghal saamrajyam yokka praathamika paripalana vibhagamga undevi.
moghal paripalana vibhagalu sthiramgaa laevu. merugaina paripalana niyantrana kosam, saagu vistarinchadaaniki bhuubhaagaalu tarachugaa punarvyavastheekarinchabadda, punarnirminchabaddaayi. udaaharanaku, oka "sarkar" "subah" gaa maaravacchu, mariyu "paraganaalu" tarachugaa "sarkar" la madhya badilee cheyabadataayi. vibhajana yokka sopanakramam konnisaarlu aspashtamgaa undedi, endukante oka bhuubhaagam bahula ativyaapti paridhula krindaku raavacchu. paripalana vibhagalu kooda vaari bhougolikamlo aspashtamgaa undevi-mughal raashtraaniki vivaranaatmaka bhuu sarvelanu chepattadaaniki taginanta vanarulu ledhaa adhikaram ledhu, anduvalla eee vibhagala bhougolika parimitulu lanchanaprayamga laevu mariyu pataalu srushtinchabadaledu. badulugaa mogalulu saralamaina bhuu sarvela aadhaaramgaa, bhuubhaagam yokka aadaaya saamarthyaanni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki, prati vibhagam gurinchi vivaranaatmaka ganaamkaalanu namodu chesaaru.
raajadhaanulu.
mogalulu tama paalana kaalamlo sthaapinchabadina aneka saamraajya raajadhaanulanu kaligi unnaaru. ivi agra, dhhillee, lahore mariyu fatepur sikri nagaralu. adhikaram tarachugaa eee raajadhaanula madhya munduku venukaku maarutundi. konnisaarlu idhi raajakeeya mariyu sainika demandla valla avasaramaindi, conny saiddhaantika kaaranaala valla kooda maarpulu jarigaayi (udaaharanaku, akbar fatepur sikreeni sthaapinchadam), ledhaa kotta rajadhaanini sthaapinchadaaniki ayye kharchu swalpamgaa undatam valla kooda. moghal charitralo ekakaalamlo rendu raajadhaanulu unna paristhitulu chalasarlu jarigaayi. dakkanloni aurangabad kuu marinappudu maadirigaane konni nagaralu swalpakaalika, praantiiya rajadhaanulugaa kooda panicheesaayi. kaabool 1526 nundi 1681 varaku mogalula vesavi rajadhaanigaa undedi.
sainika dandayaatralu mariyu raaja paryatanalaku upayoginche saamraajya shibiram, oka rakamaina chalanaseela, "vaastava" paripalana rajadhaanigaa kooda panichesindi. akbar kaalam nundi, moghal sibiraalu pedda ettuna undevi, raajasabhato sambandham unna aneka mandhi vyaktulatoe paatu sainikulu mariyu kuuliilu kooda undevaaru. paripalana, paripalana annee vaatilone jarigaayi. moghal chakravartulu tama paalana kaalamlo gananeeyamaina bhaganni eee shibiraallone gadiparu.
aurangjeb taruvaata, moghal rajadhani khachitamgaa shahjahanabad (nedu paatha dhhillee) yokka godala nagaramgaa maarindi.
chattam.
mughal saamrajyam yokka nyaya vyavastha sandarbha-nirdishtamainadi mariyu saamraajya paalana kaalamlo abhivruddhi chendindi. muslim raajyamgaa, saamrajyam "fikh" (islaamik nyaayasaastram) nuu upayoginchindi, anduvalla "khaadi" (nyaayamuurti), "mufti" (nyaayaparamaina), mariyu "muhtasib" (sensor mariyu market supervisor) vanti islaamik chattam yokka praathamika samsthalu mughal saamrajyamlo baga sthaapinchabaddaayi. ayithe, nyaya pampinhee paripalana niyamaalu, sthaanika acharalu mariyu raajakeeya soulabhyam vanti itara karakalapai kooda aadharapadi untundi. moghal bhaavajaalampai pertian prabhavalu, mariyu moghal saamrajyam muslimetara majorityni paripaalinchadam dheeniki kaaranam.
chattaparamaina bhaavajaalam.
moghal saamrajyam sunni hanafi nyaayasaastra vyavasthanu anusarinchindi. daani prarambha samvatsaraallo, saamrajyam daani puurveekulaina dhhillee sultanet nundi vaarasatvamgaa vacchina hanafi chattaparamaina suuchanalapai aadhaarapadindi. veetilo "all-hidayata" (uttama maargadarsakatvam) mariyu "fatawa all-tatarkanya" (emire tatarkan yokka mataparamaina nirnayaalu) unnaayi. mughal saamrajyam sikharagra samayamlo, "fatawa 'alamgiri" nuu chakravarthy aurangjeb niyaminchaadu. hanafi chattam yokka eee sankalanam dakshinasia sandarbham yokka pratyaekatalatoe vyavaharinchae moghal raashtraaniki kendra suuchanagaa panicheyadaaniki prayatninchindi.
moghal saamrajyam kooda parshiyanla raajatvam yokka bhaavanalanu aakarshinchindi. mukhyamgaa, dheeni ardham moghal chakravarthy chattaparamaina vyavaharalapai atyunnata adhikaramga pariganinchabaddaadu.
nyaayasthaanaalu.
moghal saamrajyamlo vividha rakaala kortulu undevi. atuvanti oka nyayasthaanam "khadee". moghal "khadee" nyayam andinchadaaniki baadhyata vahinchaadu; indulo vivaadaalanu parishkarinchadam, neeraalaku prajalaku teerpu ivvadam mariyu vaarasatvamgaa vachinavaaru mariyu anaadhalatho vyavaharinchadam vantivi unnaayi. patraalaku sambandhinchi "kaadhi" kii adanapu praamukhyata undhi, endukante "kaadhi" yokka mudra patraalu mariyu pannu recordulanu dhruveekarinchadaaniki avasaram. "khadis" anedi oke sthaanaanni kaligi ledhu, conny oka sopaanakramaanni roopondinchindi. udaaharanaku, atyanta praathamika rakam "paragana" (jilla) "kaadhi". marinta pratishtaatmakamaina sthaanaalu kadile saamraajya sibiramtoe paatu vellina "khadee all-quddat" (nyaayamuurtula nyaayamuurti), mariyu "khadee-yii lashkar" (sainyam yokka nyaayamuurti). "khaadeelanu" saadhaaranamgaa chakravarthy ledhaa "sadhar-uss-sudhar" (daatrutva samsthala adhipati) niyaminchevaaru. khadee" yokka adhikara paridhini muslimlu mariyu muslimetarulu oke vidhamgaa upayoginchukunnaru.
jagirdar" (sthaanika pannu collector) maroka rakamaina adhikaariki, mukhyamgaa adhika-vataa kesulaku, sampradinchaaru. moghal saamraajyamloni prajalu kooda tama firyaadulanu sthaanika "khadee" kante ekkuva adhikaram mariyu sikshaatmaka adhikaranni kaligi unna unnata adhikaarula kortulaku teesukellaaru. atuvanti adhikaarulalo "kotwal" (sthaanika pooliisulu), "fauzdar" (bahula jillaalu mariyu sainikula dalaalanu niyantrinche adhikari), mariyu atyanta saktivantamaina "subahdar" (praantiiya governor) unnaaru. konni sandarbhaallo, chakravarthy swayamgaa neerugaa nyayam chesaadu. jahangir agra kotalo "nyaya golusunu" erpaatu chesinatlu telisindi, idhi yea baadhitudaina vishayam ayina chakravarthy drushtini aakarshinchadaaniki mariyu adhikaarula asamarthatanu daataveyadaaniki kadilinchagaladu.
samajam ledhaa graama sthaayilo panichese sweeya-niyantrana tribunals saadhaaranam, conny vaati yokka arudaina documentation undhi. udaaharanaku, mughal yugamlo "panchaayateelu" (graama mandallu) elaa panichesayo aspashtamgaa undhi.
aardhika vyavastha.
moghal yugamlo bhaarata upakhandamlo aardhika vyavastha praacheena kaalamlo maadirigaane panichesindi, ayithe ippudu adhi vistrutamaina praantiiya udriktatala ottidini edurkontondi. moghal aardhika vyavastha peddadigaa, susampannamgaa undedi. 1750 varaku bharatadesam prapancha tayari utpattilo 24.5% nuu utpatti chestondi. paarisraamika viplavaniki mundu 18va sataabdapu paschima airopa maadirigaane bharatadesa aardhika vyavasthanu puurva-paarisraamikeekarana roopamgaa varninchaaru.
mogalulu vistrutamaina rahadari vyavasthanu nirminchadaaniki, ekareeti karenseeni srushtinchadaaniki, dhesha ekikaranaku baadhyata vahinchaaru. saamrajyam vistrutamaina rahadari netvarknu kaligi undhi, idhi aardhika moulika sadupaayaalaku keelakamainadi, dheenini mogalulu erpaatu chesina praja panula vibhagam nirminchindi, idhi saamrajyam antataa pattanaalu mariyu nagaralanu anusandhaaninche rahadaarulanu roopondinchindi, nirminchindi mariyu nirvahinchindi, tadwara vaanijyam nirvahinchadam sulabham ayindi.
saamrajyam yokka saamuuhika sampadaku pradhana aadharam vyavasaya pannulu, dheenini moodava moghal chakravarthy akbar sthaapinchaadu. eee pannulu, oka raitu saagudaarula utpattilo sagaaniki paiga undevi, baga niyantrinchabadina vendi currencylo chellinchabaddaayi, mariyu raitulu mariyu chetivruttulavaaru pedda marketlaloki pravesinchadaaniki kaaranamayyaayi.
naanhelu.
surr chakravarthy share shaa suuri thana sankshipta paalanalo pravesapettina roopayi ("rupia" ledhaa vendi) mariyu daam (raagi) currencylanu mogalulu sweekarinchi, praamaanikam chesaaru. akbar paalana praarambhamlo currency modata oka roopaayiki 48 aanakattalu, taruvaata taruvaata oka roopaayiki 38 aanakattaluga maaradaaniki mundu, 17va sataabdamloo raagi kosam kotta paarisraamika upayogaala phalitamgaa anakatta viluva marinta perigindi, kaamsya firangulu mariyu ittadi paatralalo. akbar kaalamlo anakatta praarambhamlo atyanta saadhaarana naanem, taruvaata paalanalo roopayi atyanta saadhaarana naanem gaa bharti cheyabadataaniki mundu. anakatta viluva taruvaata jahangir paalana mugimpulo oka roopaayiki 30 viluva, taruvaata 1660la natiki oka roopaayiki 16 viluva undedi. mogalulu adhika svachchatato naanheelanu mudrinchaaru, avi eppuduu 96 saatam kante takkuvagaa padaledu, 1720la varaku ksheenata lekunda undevi.
bharatadesam thana sonta bangaaram mariyu vendi nilvalanu kaligi unnappatikee, mughals tama sonta chinna bangaaraanni utpatti chesaaru, conny ekkuvagaa digumati chesukunna bulian nundi naanheelanu tayaaru chesaaru, saamrajyam yokka balamaina egumati-aadhaarita aardhika vyavastha phalitamgaa, bharatiya vyavasaya mariyu paarisraamika utpattulaku prapanchavyaaptamgaa sthiramaina demand bharatadesamloki viluvaina lohala pravahanni aakarshinchindi. moghal india digumatulalo daadaapu 80 saatam bulian, ekkuvagaa vendi, digumati chesukunna bulian yokka pradhana vanarulu, kotta prapancham mariyu japan, ivi bengaul suba provins nundi pedda mottamlo vastraalu mariyu pattu digumati chesukunnayi.
shrama.
charitrakaarudu shireen moosvi anchanaa prakaram, 16va sataabdam chivaralo, moghal aardhika vyavasthaku praathamika rangam 52 saatam, dviteeya rangam 18 saatam, trutheeya rangam 29 saatam dohadapadindi; 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo british india kante dviteeya rangam ekkuva saatam dohadapadindi, ikkada dviteeya rangam aardhika vyavasthaku kevalam 11 saatam matrame dohadapadindi. pattana-graameena vibhajana paramgaa, moghal bharatadesa kaarmika saktilo 18 saatam pattana praantaalu, 82 saatam graameena praantaalu, ivi aardhika vyavasthaku varusaga 52 saatam, 48 saatam dohadapaddayi.
stephen broadberry mariyu bishnupriya gupta prakaram, bhaaratadesamlo dhanyapu vaetanaalu 16va mariyu 17va sataabdaalaloo inglandto polchadaginavi, conny 18va sataabdamloo avi ingland vaetanaala kante 20-40% kuu padipoyinappudu vaerugaa undevi. ayithe, dheenini paarthasaarathi mariyu shivaramakrishnalu vivadaspadamga paerkonnaaru. 18va sataabdam madhyakaalamlo bengaul mariyu dakshina bhaaratadesamlo netha mariyu nooluku dhanyam vaetanaalu britton thoo polchadaginavani paarthasaarathi thana anchanaalanu udaharinchaaru. adevidhamgaa, shivaram krishna, 1800-1801 samayamlo frances buchanan nirvahinchina vyavasaya sarvelanu vislaeshimchi, "jeevanaadhaara butta" nuu upayoginchi, mottam chirudhanyala aadaayam jeevanaadhaara sthaayiki daadaapu aidu retlu undavacchani, adhe samayamlo sambandhita vari aadaayam moodu retlu ekkuvagaa undavacchani anchanaa vaesaaru. idhi airopaloni mundati bhaagamtho polchavachhu. ayithe, dayta korata kaaranamgaa, edainaa nirdhaaranaku raavadaaniki mundu marinta parisoedhana avasaram.
moosvi prakaram, godhuma paramgaa mughal bharatadesaniki talasari aadaayam, 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo british india kante 16va sataabdam chivaralo ekkuva. ayithe, dustulu vanti tayaaru chesina vastuvulanu parigananaloki teesukunte eee aadaayaanni diguvaku savarinchaalsi untundi. talasari aahaaramto poliste, dustulapai kharchu chaalaa takkuvagaa undedi, kabatti 1595 mariyu 1596 madhya saapeksha aadaayam 1901-1910 thoo polchadaginadigaa undaali. ayithe, unnatavargaalache sampada nilva cheyabadina vyavasthalo, vaetanaalu saareeraka shrama kosam anachiveyabaddaayi. moghal bhaaratadesamlo, saareeraka kaarmikula patla saadhaaranamgaa sahanasheela vaikhari undedi, uttara bharatadesamloni konni mataparamaina sampradaayaalu saareeraka kaarmikulaku unnata hodaanu garvamgaa nokki cheppayi. baanisatvam kooda unnappatikee, idhi ekkuvagaa gruha sevakulaku matrame parimitam cheyabadindi.
vyavasayam.
moghal saamrajyam krinda bharatiya vyavasaya utpatti perigindi. godhumalu, vari, barley vanti aahara pantalu, patthi, indigo, nallamandu vanti aahaaretara nagadu pantalatho sahaa vividha rakaala pantalanu pandinchevaaru. 17va sataabdam madhya natiki, bharatiya saagudaarulu americala nundi mokkajonna mariyu pogaaku anae rendu kotta pantalanu vistrutamgaa pandinchadam praarambhinchaaru.
moghal paripalana vyavasaya samskaranalanu nokki cheppindi, idhi moghal kaani chakravarthy shere shaa suuri aadhvaryamlo praarambhamaindi, akbar eee panini marinta samskaranalatho sweekarinchi, munduku teesukellaadu. poura paripalananu paniteeru aadhaaramgaa padoennatulatoe, yogyata aadhaaramgaa kramaanugata paddhatiloo nirvahinchaaru. mughal prabhutvam saamrajyam antataa neetipaarudala vyavasthala nirmaanaaniki nidhulu samakuurchindi, idhi chaalaa ekkuva panta digubadini utpatti chesindi mariyu nikara aadaaya punaadini penchindi, idhi vyavasaya utpattini penchadaaniki daariteesindi.
akbar pravesapettina pradhana moghal samskarana "jabth" anae kotta bhuu aadaaya vyavastha. gatamlo bhaaratadesamlo saadhaaranamaina mariyu aaa samayamlo tokugava japan upayoginchina kappam vyavasthanu athanu ekareeti currency aadhaaramgaa dravya pannu vyavasthatho bharti chesaadu. perugutunna market demandto paatu, patthi, neelam, cheraku, chettu pantalu, nallamandu vanti adhika viluva gala nagadu pantalaku anukuulamgaa aadaaya vyavastha pakshapaatamto vyavaharinchindi, nagadu pantalanu pandinchadaaniki rashtra prothsaahakaalanu andinchindi. jubt" vyavastha kinda, mogalulu nagali saagu kinda unna bhoomini anchanaa vaeyadaaniki vistrutamaina cadastral sarvenu kooda nirvahinchaaru, moghal rashtram kotta bhoomini saagu kindaku teesukuvacchina vaariki pannu rahita kaalaalanu andinchadam dwara ekkuva bhoomi saagunu prothsahinchindi. vyavasayam mariyu saagu vistarana taruvaata moghal chakravartula aadhvaryamlo konasaagindi, veerilo aurangjeb kooda unnaaru, ayana ayana ferman saasanam ilaa perkondih "chakravarthy yokka mottam unnata drushti mariyu korikalu saamrajyam yokka janabha mariyu saagu perugudala mariyu mottam raitula mariyu mottam prajala sankshemaaniki ankitam cheyabaddaayi."
aaa samayamlo european vyavasaayamtho poliste moghal vyavasayam konni vidhaluga abhivruddhi chendindi, airopalo daanini sweekarinchadaaniki mundu bharatiya raitulalo vittana kavacham yokka saadhaarana upayogam dheeniki udaaharana. prapanchavyaaptamgaa sagatu raitu chaalaa takkuva pantalanu pandinchadamlo naipunhyam kaligi undagaa, sagatu bharatiya raitu vividha rakaala aahara mariyu aahaaretara pantalanu pandinchadamlo naipunhyam kaligi, vaari utpaadakatanu penchaaru. 1600 mariyu 1650 madhya kaalamlo moghal bharatadesam antataa vaegamgaa sweekarinchabadi, vistrutamgaa saagu cheyabadutunna kotta prapancham nundi mokkajonna mariyu pogaaku vanti laabhadaayakamaina kotta pantalaku kooda bharatiya raitulu twaragaa anugunamgaa maararu. bengali raitulu mulbury saagu mariyu sericulture yokka paddhatulanu vaegamgaa neerchukunnaaru, bengaul subanu prapanchamlooni pradhana pattu utpatti praantamgaa sthaapinchaaru. mughal sakaaniki kontakaalam mundu bhaaratadesamlo chakkera millulu kanipinchaayi. chakkera milling kosam dra baar vaadakaaniki aadharalu aadharalu dhhillee vadda kanipistaayi, conny antakumundu kooda undavacchu, mariyu pradhanamgaa uttara bhaarata upakhandamlo upayoginchabadindi. 17va sataabdam natiki, rolls mariyu warm garing suutraanni upayoginchi, moghal bhaaratadesamlo mottamodata sannaddhamaina chakkera rolling millulu kanipinchaayi.
aardhika charitrakaarudu emmanuel wallerstein prakaram, irrfan habib, persival eete, mariyu ashoke desaayila nundi vacchina aadhaaraalanu utamkistuu, 17va sataabdapu moghal bhaaratadesamlo talasari vyavasaya utpatti mariyu viniyoga pramaanaalu bahusha 17va sataabdapu airopa kante ekkuvagaa undevi mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo british india kante khachitamgaa ekkuvagaa undevi. perigina vyavasaya utpaadakata aahara dharalanu tagginchadaaniki daariteesindi. idhi bharatiya vastra parisramaku prayojanam chekurchindi. britton thoo poliste, vendi naanhela paramgaa dhanyam dhara dakshina bhaaratadesamlo sagam mariyu bengaallo moodinta oka vanthu. dheeni phalitamgaa bharatiya vastraalaku vendi naanhela dharalu taggai, idhi prapancha marketlalo dharala prayojanaanni istundi.
paarisraamika tayari.
1750 varaku, bharatadesam prapancha paarisraamika utpattilo 25 saatam utpatti chesindi. mughal saamrajyam nundi tayaaru chesina vastuvulu mariyu nagadu pantalu prapanchavyaaptamgaa vikrayinchabaddaayi. pradhana parisramalalo vastraalu, naukaanirmaanam mariyu ukku unnaayi. proses chesina utpattulalo patthi vastraalu, noolu, noolu, pattu, janapanara utpattulu, lohapu saamaanu mariyu chakkera, noonelu mariyu venna vanti aaharaalu unnaayi. 17va-18va sataabdaalaloo moghal yugamlo bhaarata upakhandamlo tayari parisramala vruddhini paarisraamika viplavaniki mundu 18va sataabdapu paschima airopa maadirigaane, puurva-paarisraamikeekarana roopamgaa suuchistaaru.
prarambha aadhunika airopalo, moghal bharatadesam nundi utpattulaku, mukhyamgaa patthi vastraalaku, alaage sugandha dravyaalu, miriyalu, neelam, pattu mariyu uppuneeru (aayudhalalo upayogam kosam) vanti vastuvulaku gananeeyamaina demand undedi. udaaharanaku, european fyaashan moghal bharatiya vastraalu mariyu pattu meeda ekkuvagaa aadharapadi maarindi. 17va sataabdam chivari nundi 18va sataabdam prarambham varaku, asea nundi british digumatulalo 95 saatam moghal india, mariyu asea nundi dutch digumatulalo 40 saatam bengaul suba provins matrame. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, moghal bhaaratadesamlo european vastuvulaku chaalaa takkuva demand undedi, idhi ekkuvagaa swayam samruddhiga undedi, anduvalla europeanlaku konni unni, proses cheyani lohaalu mariyu konni vilaasavantamaina vastuvulu minaha andinchadaaniki chaalaa takkuva undedi. vaanijya asamatulyata kaaranamgaa europeanlu dakshinasia digumatulaku chellinchadaaniki pedda mottamlo bangaaram mariyu vendi moghal indiaku egumati chesaaru. bharatiya vastuvulu, mukhyamgaa bengaul nundi vachinavi kooda indonesia mariyu japan vanti itara asea marketlaku pedda parimaanamlo egumati cheyabaddaayi.
vastra parisrama.
mughal saamrajyamlo atipedda tayari parisrama vastra tayari, mukhyamgaa patthi vastra tayari, indulo mukkalu vastuvulu, calicos mariyu maslinla utpatti, labhinche rangu lekunda mariyu vividha rangulalo undevi. saamrajyam yokka antarjaateeya vaanijyamlo pedda bhaagaaniki patthi vastra parisrama baadhyata vahinchindi. 18va sataabdam praarambhamlo prapancha vastra vaanijyamlo bharatadesaniki 25 saatam vataa undedi. 18va sataabdamloo prapancha vaanijyamlo bharatiya patthi vastraalu atyanta mukhyamaina tayari vastuvulu, america nundi japan varaku prapanchavyaaptamgaa viniyoginchabaddaayi. 18va sataabdam praarambhamlo, moghal bharatiya vastraalu bhaarata upakhandam, agneyasia, eurup, america, africa mariyu madhyapraachyamlo prajala dustulu. patthi utpattiki atyanta mukhyamaina kendram bengaul provins, mukhyamgaa daani rajadhani nagaram dhaakaa chuttoo undhi.
asea nundi dutch digumati chesukunna vastraalalo 50 saataaniki paiga bengaalu vataga unnaayi, bengali pattu mariyu patthi vastraalu pedda parimaanamlo eurup, indonesia mariyu japaanlaku egumati cheyabaddaayi, mariyu dhaakaa nundi bengali maslin vastraalu madhya asealo vikrayinchabaddaayi, akkada vaatini "dhaakaa vastraalu" anie pilicheevaaru. satabdaalugaa bhaarata vastraalu bhaarata mahasamudra vaanijyamlo aadhipatyam chelayinchayi, atlantic mahasamudra vaanijyamlo vikrayinchabaddaayi, 18va sataabdam praarambhamlo paschima africa vaanijyamlo 38 saatam vatanu kaligi unnaayi, ayithe bharatiya calicos airopalo pradhana saktigaa unnaayi, 18va sataabdam praarambhamlo dakshina airopatho mottam aangla vaanijyamlo bharatiya vastraalu 20 saatam vatanu kaligi unnaayi.
13va-14va sataabdaala prarambha dhhillee sultanet yugamlo bhaaratadesamlo kanugonabadina warm gair roller cotton zin, 16va sataabdam chuttoo moghal saamrajyamlo upayogamloki vachindi, mariyu ippatikee bhaaratadesamlo upayoginchabadutondi. maroka aavishkarana, patthi ginlo crank handlenu cherchadam, bhaaratadesamlo modatisaari dhhillee sultanet chivarilo ledhaa prarambha moghal saamrajyamlo kanipinchindi. patthi utpatti, idhi ekkuvagaa gramallo noolubadi, aapai noolu roopamlo vastra vastraalugaa neyadaaniki pattanaalaku teesukellabadi undavacchu, mughal yuganiki kontakaalam mundu bharatadesam antataa noolu chakram vyaapti dwara abhivruddhi chendindi, noolu kharchulanu tagginchindi mariyu patthi kosam demandnu penchadaaniki sahaayapadindi. noolu chakram yokka vyaapti, mariyu roller cotton jinlo warm gair mariyu crank handlenu cherchadam moghal yugamlo bharatiya patthi vastra utpattini baga vistarinchadaaniki daariteesindi.
 okasari, moghal chakravarthy akbar thana sabhikulanu adigadu, idhi atyanta andamaina puvvu. kondaru gulaabeelanu, vaati rekula nundi viluvaina ittarnu swedanam chesaarani, marikondaru, taamara, prati bharatiya graamaaniki keerti anie chepparu. conny birbal, "cotton bole" anie annadu. akkada oka avamaanakaramaina navvu vachindi mariyu akbar vivarana adigadu. birbal ilaa annadu, "mea mahima, patthi boll nundi samudraala meedugaa vyaapaarulu viluvaina chakkati vastram vastundi, idhi mea saamrajyaanni prapanchavyaaptamgaa prasiddhi chesindi. mea keerti yokka parimalam gulaabeelu mariyu malle vasananu minchipoyindi. anduke neenu patthi bollu atyanta andamaina puvvu anie cheptunnaanu.
naukaanirmaana parisrama.
mughal bhaaratadesamlo pedda naukaanirmaana parisrama undedi, idhi kooda ekkuvagaa bengaul provincelo kendrikrutamai undedi. aardhika charitrakaarudu inderjit rae, 16va mariyu 17va sataabdaalaloo bengaul yokka naukaanirmaana utpattini samvatsaraaniki 223,250 tannulugaa anchanaa vaesaadu, 1769 nundi 1771 varaku uttara americaloni pantommidi kaalaneelalo utpatti cheyabadina 23,061 tannulatho poliste. athanu bengaallo ooda marammattunu kooda anchanaa vestaadu.
naukaanirmaanamlo oka mukhyamaina aavishkarana bengali vari nowkalaloo flushed deck designu pravesapettadam, phalitamgaa stepped deck designtho nirminchina saampradaaya european naukala nirmaanaparamgaa balaheenamaina porala kante balamaina mariyu leak ayye avakaasam takkuvagaa unde poralanu kaligi undhi. british eest india company taruvaata taruvaata bengaul vari naukala flush deck mariyu hull designlanu nakilee chesindi, idhi paarisraamika viplavam samayamlo european noukalaku samudra arhata mariyu navigationlo gananeeyamaina merugudalaku daariteesindi.
bengaul subah.
subah mogalulu swaadheenam chesukunnappati nundi nundi british eest india company niyantrananu swaadheenam chesukune varaku bengaul suba provins mukhyamgaa sampannamgaa undhi. charitrakaarudu c. eah. idhi bahusha moghal saamrajyamlo atyanta sampannamaina provins anie baelii raasaaru. desheeyamgaa, bhaaratadesamlo chaalaa varaku vari, pattu mariyu patthi vastraalu vanti bengali utpattulapai aadharapadi undhi. videshaalalo, europeanlu patthi vastraalu, pattu mariyu nallamandu vanti bengali utpattulapai aadharapaddaru; asea nundi dutch digumatulalo 40 saatam bengaalu, udaaharanaku, 50 saataaniki paiga vastraalu mariyu daadaapu 80 saatam pattu vanti vaatitho sahaa. bengaul nundi, uppupommanu airopaku kooda ravana chesaaru, nallamandu indoneshiyaalo vikrayinchabadindi, mudi pattu japan mariyu netherlandsku egumati cheyabadindi mariyu patthi mariyu pattu vastraalu eurup, indonesia mariyu japaanlaku egumati cheyabaddaayi.
bengaalloni aneka adavulanu polaluga marchadam praarambhinchina akbar, bengalni pramukha aardhika kendramgaa sthaapinchadamlo keelaka paatra pooshinchaaru. athanu eee praantaanni jayinchina ventane, saagunu vistarinchadaaniki adavulanu subhram cheyadaaniki sadhanalu mariyu manushulanu teesukuvacchaadu mariyu adavulanu vyavasaayaaniki teravadaaniki suufiilanu teesukuvacchaadu. taruvaata bengaalnu moghal chakravartulu "deshaala swargam" gaa abhivarninchaaru. mogalulu aadhunika bengali calendertho sahaa vyavasaya samskaranalanu pravesapettaaru. kotta samvatsaram mariyu saradrutuvu pandugalatho sahaa pantala pempakam, pannu sekarana mariyu saadhaaranamgaa bengali samskrutini abhivruddhi cheyadamlo mariyu nirvahinchadamlo calender keelaka paatra pooshinchindi. eee provins dhanyalu, uppu, pandlu, madyam mariyu vainlu, viluvaina lohaalu mariyu aabharanaala pramukha utpattidaarugaa undedi. daani chenetha parisrama raaja vaarentla krinda abhivruddhi chendindi, eee praantaanni prapanchavyaaptamgaa maslin vaanijyaaniki kendramgaa maarchindi, idhi 17va mariyu 18va sataabdaalaloo garishta sthaayiki cherukundi. praantiiya rajadhani dhaakaa saamrajyam yokka vaanijya rajadhaanigaa maarindi. mughals suuphiila naayakatvamlo bengaul deltalo saagu bhoomini vistarinchaaru, idhi bengali muslim samaajaaniki punaadini ekikrutam chesindi.
moghal vaisraayla 150 samvatsaraala paalana taruvaata, taruvaata bengaul nawabula aadhvaryamlo bengaul pakshika swaatantryam pondindi. britton, france, netherlands, denmark, portugees mariyu austria samsthalatho sahaa eee praantam antataa vaanijya sthaavaraalanu erpaatu cheyadaaniki european companylanu navaabulu anumatinchaaru. pradhana nagaralu mariyu pattanaalalo banking mariyu shippinglo oka armenian samajam aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi. europeanlu bengaalnu vaanijyaaniki atyanta sampanna pradaesamgaa bhaavinchaaru. 18va sataabdam chivari natiki, british vaaru bengaalloni moghal paalaka varganni sthaanabhramsham chesaaru.
janabha.
janabha.
mughal saamrajyam kinda bharatadesa janabha perugudala vegavantamaindi, apuurvamaina aardhika mariyu janabha perugudalato, idhi 200 samvatsaraalalo bharatiya janabhanu 60 saatam penchi, penchi kante ekkuva chesindi. moghal sakaaniki mundu bhaarata charitralo telisina yea samayamloonainaa kante bharatiya janabha moghal yugamlo vaegamgaa vruddhi chendindi. aurangjeb paalana natiki, moghal saamrajyamlo mottam 455,698 gramalu undevi.
aadhunika pakistan mariyu bangladesh praantaalatoo sahaa bharatadesamloni mottam janaabhaato poliste, mariyu prapancha janaabhaato poliste, eee krindi pattika mughal saamrajyam yokka janabha anchanaalanu istundih
pattaneekarana.
irrfan prakaram, moghal saamrajyam krinda unna nivaasa nagaralu mariyu pattanaalu, daani kaalaaniki saapekshamgaa adhika sthaayi pattaneekarananu kaligi unnaayi, daani janabhalo 15 saatam mandhi pattana kendraalalo nivasistunnaaru. idhi aaa samayamlo samakaaleena airopalo pattana janabha saatam kante ekkuvagaa undhi mariyu 19va sataabdamloo british india kante ekkuvagaa undhi; airopalo pattaneekarana sthaayi 19va sataabdam varaku 15 saataaniki cherukoledu.
cherukoledu akbar paalanalo, mughal saamrajyam yokka pattana janabha 17 millionla varaku, saamrajyam yokka mottam janabhalo 15 saatam. idhi aaa samayamlo airopaloni mottam pattana janabha kante peddadi, mariyu oka sataabdam taruvaata kooda kooda, ingland, scatland mariyu wales pattana janabha daani mottam janabhalo 13 saataaniki minchaledu, ayithe british bhaaratadesamlo pattana janabha janabha daani mottam janabhalo 13 saatam kante takkuvagaa mariyu mariyu 9 saatam kante takkuvagaa undhi, idhi munupati mughal shakam kante ksheenata. 1700 natiki, moghal bhaaratadesamlo pattana janabha 23 millionlu, idhi idhi british bharatadesa pattana janabha 22.3 millionla kante ekkuva.
aaa anchanaalanu atisayoktigaa bhaavinche tim dyson vimarsinchaaru. dyson prakaram moghal saamrajyam pattaneekarana 9 saatam kante takkuvagaa undhi.
akbar paalanalo 120 pedda nagaralu mariyu 3200 pattanaalu undevani charitrakaarudu nizamuddin ahmed (1551-1621) nivedinchaaru. bharatadesamloni aneka nagarallo paavu millionla nundi ara millionla madhya janabha undhi, pedda nagarallo 800,000 mandhi varaku agra (agra subahlo), lahore (lahore subahlo) 700,000 mandhi varaku, dhaakaa (bengaul subahlo) 1 million kante ekkuva mandhi, mariyu dhhillee (dhhillee subahlo) 600,000 mandiki paiga prajalu unnaaru.
nagaralu vastuvula ammakaniki marketlaga panicheesaayi, vividha rakaala vyaapaarulu, vyaapaarulu, dukaanadaarulu, chetivruttulavaaru, vaddii runaalu ichhevaaru, netha kaarmikulu, hastakalaakaarulu, adhikarulu mariyu mataparamaina vyaktulaku gruhalanu andinchaayi. ayithe, aneka nagaralu tayari ledhaa vaanijya kendraala kante sainika mariyu raajakeeya kendraalugaa undevi.
samskruti.
moghal saamrajyam dakshinasia charitra prarambha aadhunika mariyu aadhunika kalalalo khachitamainadi, bharatadesam, pakistan, bangladesh mariyu aafghanistaanlalo daani vaarasatvam saamskrutika sahakaralalo kanipistundihi
vaastusilpam.
mogalulu tama pratyaekamaina indo-pertian vaastusilpam abhivruddhitho bhaarata upakhandaaniki pradhana sahakaram andinchaaru. moghal yugamlo muslim chakravartulu, mukhyamgaa shaa jahaan aneka smaaraka chihnalanu nirminchaaru, veetilo taaz mahal-bhaaratadesamlo muslim kala yokka aabharanam mariyu prapancha vaarasatvapu vishwavyaaptamgaa prasamsimchabadina kalakhandala okatigaa pariganinchabade unesco prapancha vaarasatva pradaesam, samvatsaraaniki 7-8 millionla pratyeka sandarsakulanu aakarshistundi. raajavamsam nirminchina rajabhavanalu, samadhulu, thotalu mariyu kotalu nedu agra, aurangabad, dhhillee, dhaakaa, fatepur sikri, jaipur, lahore, kaabool, sheikhupura mariyu bharatadesamloni aneka itara nagaralu, pakistan, afghanistan mariyu bangladeshlalo unnaayi, avih
kala mariyu saahityam.
moghal kalaatmaka sampradaayam, pradhanamgaa chithrinchina chinna chitraalalo, alaage chinna vilaasavantamaina vastuvulalo vyakteekarinchabadindi, idhi iranian, indian, chainees mariyu punarujjeevanodyama european saileekruta mariyu nepathya amsaala nundi teesukunnadi. moghal chakravartulu tarachugaa vaari kaalabaddha sailula saaruupyatalu mariyu iranian kala mariyu chetivraata patla moghal anubandham kaaranamgaa irani pustaka bandhakulu, chitrakaarulu, chitrakaarulu mariyu calligrapherlanu safavid kortu nundi teesukunnaru. moghal chakravartulu praarambhinchina chinna chitraalu praarambhamlo chaaritraka drushyaalu mariyu aasthaana jeevitamto kuudina pustakaalanu vivarinche pedda prajectulapai drushti saarinchaayi, conny taruvaata albumla kosam marinni oke chitraalanu cherchaayi, sahaja prapancham yokka prasaantata mariyu andam patla lothaina prasamsalanu pradarsinche chitraalu mariyu janthu chitraalato. udaaharanaku, chakravarthy jahangir saamrajyam antataa asaadhaarana vrukshajaalam mariyu jantujaalaanni vaastavikamgaa chithreekarinchadaaniki ustad mansur vanti telivaina kalaakaarulanu niyaminchaadu.
akbar mariyu jahangir saahitya rachanalu "rajmanama" (hinduu itihaasam yokka pertian anuvaadam, "mahabharata") vanti itihaasaala nundi "babarnama" mariyu "akbarnama" mariyu "tujk-eah-jahangiri" vanti raajavamsam yokka chaaritraka ghnaapakaalu ledhaa jeevita charitrala varaku chithreekarinchaalani aadesinchabaddaayi. chetivraata mariyu kalaatmaka drushyaalatho alankarinchabadina goppaga puurtayina albumlu ("murakka") alankaara anchulatho paejeelapai amarchabadi, aapai stamp cheyabadina mariyu bangaaru rangu ledhaa paint cheyabadina mariyu lakka tholutho kattabadi undevi. aurangjeb (1658-1707) chitrakalaku eppuduu utsaahabharitamaina poeshakudu kaadu, ekkuvagaa mataparamaina kaaranaala valla, mariyu 1668 loe aasthaana vaibhavam mariyu acharala nundi vaidoligadu, aaa taruvaata athanu bahusha ikapai chitraalanu praarambhinchaledu.
bhasha.
kazwini prakaram, shaa jahaan samayaniki, chakravarthiki konni turkey padaalu matrame suparichitam mariyu chinnatanamlo bhasha adhyayanamlo peddagaa aasakti chuupaleedu. mogalulu turco-mangol muulaaniki chendinavaaru ayinappatikee, vaari paalana bhaarata upakhandamlo pertian bhasha yokka punarujjeevanam mariyu ettunu amalu chesindi. saahitya prothsaahamtho pertian bhashanu adhikaarika mariyu aasthaana bhashaga samsthaagatam cheyadam jarigindi; idhi pertian bhasha moghal bharatadesamloni aneka mandhi nivaasulaku daadaapu modati bhasha hodaanu cherukovadaniki daariteesindi. mogalulu tama vaividhyamaina saamrajyaanni ekam cheyadaaniki vistrutamaina indo-pertian raajakeeya samskrutiki vahanamga persianlanu uddeshapoorvakamgaa upayoginchaarani muzafar aalam vaadinchaaru. pertian dakshina asea bhaashalapai teevra prabhavanni choopindi; atuvanti bhasha, nedu urdoo anie piluvabadutundi, idhi mugimpu mughal yugamlo dhhillee saamraajya rajadhanilo abhivruddhi chendindi. rendava shaa aalam paalana nundi dheenini mughal aasthaanamlo saahitya bhashaga upayoginchadam praarambhinchaadu, athanu dheenini thana dastanla bhashaga abhivarninchaadu mariyu pertian bhashanu muslim unnatavargam yokka bhashaga bharti chesaadu. meer takee mirr prakaram, "raaju adhikaram dwara urdoo hindustan bhasha."
sainyam.
tupaki yuddham.
ottoman saamrajyam mariyu safavid parshiyaato paatu moodu islaamik gunpouder saamrajyaalalo mughal india okati. loady sultan ibraheem khanku vyatiraekamgaa thana tirugubaatuku maddatu ivvadaaniki lahore loady governor daulat khaan aayananu aahvaaninche samayaniki, babarku tupaki mandhu tupaakulu mariyu kshetra phirangula gurinchi, vaatini moharinche paddhati gurinchi baga telusu. baabar ottoman nipunudu ustad allie kuleeni niyaminchaadu, athanu babarku praamaanika ottoman nirmaanaanni choopinchaadu-phirangi mariyu thupaakeetho kuudina padaatidalam madhyalo vyaganla dwara rakshinchabadindi mariyu rendu rekkalapai unna valucherlu. baabar baabar jarigina modati panipat yuddhamlo eee erpaatunu upayoginchaadu, ikkada dhhillee sultanetku vidheyata kaligina afghan mariyu rajput dalaalu, sankhyalo unnatamainavi ayinappatikee, tupaki aayudhalu lekunda odipoyaayi. saamrajyam yokka charitra kaalamlo pratyarthulu moghal yuvarajulanu yuddhamlo arudugaa kalusukovadaniki oka kaaranam taimurid dalaala nirnayaatmaka vijayam. bhaaratadesamlo, kaalikat (1504) mariyu diu (1533) nundi kaamsyamtho tayaaru chesina tupaakulu swaadheenam chesukobaddayi.
akbar kosam panichesina pertian palimat mariyu mechanical injanir ayina fatullah shiraji (), prarambha multy gunn shotnu abhivruddhi chesaaru. praacheena grease mariyu chainaalo gatamlo upayoginchina polybolos mariyu punaraavruta crossbosku viruddhamgaa, shiraji yokka vegavantamaina kaalpula thupaakeelo thupaakeetho nindina chethi firangulanu prayoginche bahula tupaki barrells undevi. dheenini vaalii gunn yokka oka roopamgaa pariganinchavacchu.
17va sataabdam natiki, bhaaratheeyulu vividha rakaala thupaakeelanu tayaaru chestunnaru; mukhyamgaa pedda tupaakulu, tanjavuru, dhaakaa, bijapur mariyu murshidaabaadlalo kanipinchaayi.
raaketlu mariyu paeludu padaarthaalu.
padahaarava sataabdamloo, sunball yuddha samayamlo, "byaans" anie piluvabade lohapu cylinder raaketlanu, mukhyamgaa yuddha enugulaku vyatiraekamgaa, akbar modata praarambhinchi, upayoginchaadu. upayoginchaadu, bidar muttadi samayamlo moghal sainyam raaketlanu upayoginchindi. yuvaraju aurangjeb dalaalu godalanu scale chestunnappudu raaketlu mariyu grenadelanu vidudala chesaayi. oka rockett athani pedda gunpouder deponu taakinappudu sidhi marjan pranantakamga gayapaddadu, iravai edu rojula kathinamaina poraataanantaram bidarnu mogalulu swaadheenam chesukunnaru.
greeku agni mariyu tupaki podi charitralo", james riddick partington bharatiya raaketlu mariyu paeludu ganulanu vivarinchaaduh
bhaarata yuddha raaketlu... airopalo ituvanti raaketlanu upayoginchadaaniki mundu ivi baleeyamaina aayudhalu. vaari vadda baam-buu raadlu, raadku tagilina rockett-boddy mariyu inupa paayintlu undevi. avi lakshyanni taakutuu fusenu veliginchi kalchabaddayi, conny patham chaalaa asthiramgaa undhi. akbar mariyu jahangir kaalamlo ganulu mariyu counter-mainla vadakam, paeludu padaardhaalatoo kuudina mandugundu saamagrini upayoginchadam gurinchi prastaavinchabadindi.
taruvaata, mysorian raaketlu jinji muttadi samayamlo arcot nawabula santaanam upayoginchina moghal rocketla yokka upgraded versionlu. hyder allie tandri fatah mohammed, budikotloni conistable, arcot navaabku 50 mandhi rockett menn ("kushoon") thoo kuudina dalaaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu. hyder allie rocketla praamukhyatanu grahinchi, lohapu cylinder rocketla adhunaatana samskaranalanu pravesapettaadu. eee raaketlu rendava aanglo-mysur yuddhamlo, mukhyamgaa polilur yuddhamlo mysur sultanetku anukuulamgaa marai. pratigaa, mysorian raaketlu congrave raaketlaku aadharam, veetini britton fraansku vyatiraekamgaa nepolian yuddhaalalo mariyu mariyu united statesku vyatiraekamgaa yuddhamlo moharinchindi.
sains.
khagola shaastram.
saiddhaantika khagola shaastram gurinchi peddagaa aandolana laenappatikee, moghal khagola saastravettalu pariseelanaatmaka khagola saastramlo purogati saadhinchi daadaapu vanda "ziz" grandhaalanu roopondinchaaru. humayun dhhillee sameepamlo oka vyaktigata observatoryni nirminchaadu; jahangir mariyu shaa jahaan kooda observatorylanu nirminchaalani bhaavinchaaru, conny alaa cheyalekapoyaru. moghal observatorylalo upayoginche khagola parikaraalu mariyu pariseelana paddhatulu pradhanamgaa islaamik khagola shaastram nundi udbhavinchaayi. 17va sataabdamloo, moghal saamrajyam islaamik mariyu hinduu khagola shaastram madhya samshlaeshanhanu chusindi, ikkada islaamik pariseelana parikaraalanu hinduu ganana paddhathulatho kalapadam jarigindi.
moghal saamrajyam patanam samayamlo, ambarku chendina hinduu raaju rendava jaii singh moghal khagola shaastram panini konasaginchadu. 18va sataabdam praarambhamlo, athanu yantra mandiraalu anie piluvabade aneka pedda observatorylanu nirminchaadu, idhi ulug yokka samarkand observatoryki pratyarthigaa undataaniki mariyu "siddhaantaalu" mariyu "ziz-ii-sultani" looni islaamik pariseelanalalo munupati hinduu gananalanu meruguparachadaaniki. ayana upayoginchina parikaraalu islaamik khagola shaastram dwara prabhaavitamayyaayi, ayithe ganana paddhatulu hinduu khagola shaastram nundi udbhavinchaayi.
chemistry.
deane mahammad moghal rasayana shaastram gurinchi chaalaa neerchukunnaadu mariyu shampoo utpatti cheyadaaniki vividha ksharalu mariyu sabbulanu utpatti cheyadaaniki upayoginche paddhatulanu ardham chesukunnadu. athanu moghal chakravarthy shaa alam II mariyu allahabad mariyu dhhillee nagaralanu goppa vivaraalatoe vivarinchina mariyu moghal saamrajyam yokka mahimalanu kooda prastaavinchina pramukha rachayita kooda.
britainlo, deane mahammadnu georg IV mariyu vilium IV rajulaku shampoo sarjanga niyaminchaaru.
lohasastram.
mughal bhaaratadesamlo kanugonna atyanta adbhutamaina khagola parikaraalalo okati kolpoyina mainapu taaraaganam, bolu, atukulu laeni, khagola globe. dheenini 998 ah (1589-90 CE) loe allie kashmiri ibn lookman kaashmeerlo kanugonnaru, mariyu atuvanti iravai itara golaalu taruvaata mughal saamrajyamlo lahore mariyu kaashmeerlalo utpatti cheyabaddaayi. cheyabaddaayi vaatini tirigi kanugonadaaniki mundu, aadhunika loha saastravettalu etuvanti seemlu lekunda bolu loha golaalanu utpatti cheyadam saanketikamgaa asadhyam anie vishwasinchaaru.
17va sataabdapu khagola golaanni kooda kooda lahore (ippudu paakistaanlo) dhiya adh-dhin mohammed roopondinchaaru. idhi ippudu scatland jaateeya museumlo unchabadindi.

