
kalapa parisrama

kalapa parisrama ledhaa kalapa parisrama (konnisaarlu kalapa parisrama-pradhanamgaa kattirimpu bordulanu suchinchetappudu) anedi atavee, kalapa kalapa, kalapa vaanijyam mariyu praadhamika atavee utpattulu mariyu kalapa utpattula utpattiki sambandhinchina parisrama (udhaa.zii. furniture) mariyu gujju mariyu kaagitam parisrama kosam kalapa gujju vanti dviteeya utpattulu. atipedda utpattidaarulalo kondaru kalapa bhoomula atipedda yajamaanulalo kooda unnaaru. kalapa parisrama chaaritraatmakamgaa aneka aardhika vyavasthalalo oka mukhyamaina rangamgaa undhi mariyu konasagutondi.
bhedam.
padaala yokka irukaina ardhamlo, kalapa, atavee, atavee mariyu kalapa/kalapa parisrama vividha rangaalanu suuchistunnatlu anipistundi, paarisraamika, antarjaateeya prapanchamlo, sylviculture mariyu atavee nundi private praadhamika ledhaa dviteeya adavulalo ledhaa thotalalo kalapa prakriya dwara kalapa prosessing mariyu vaanijyam mariyu ravana (udhaa.zii. kalapa rafting, atavee railvelu, logging roadlu).
prosessing mariyu utpattulu mukhyamgaa saft wood mariyu hardwood madhya vyatyaasaaniki sambandhinchi bhinnamgaa untaayi. saft wood pradhanamgaa kalapa indhanam mariyu gujju mariyu kaagitam utpattiki velutundagaa, gatti kalapanu pradhanamgaa furniture, antastulu modalaina vatiki upayogistaaru.. rendu rakalu bhavanam mariyu (nivaasa) nirmaana prayojanaala kosam upayogapadataayi (udhaa.zii. logg houselu, logg cabinlu, kalapa framing).
agrashreni nirmaatalu.
2019 natiki, americaloni agrashreni kalapa bhoomula yajamaanulu real estate pettubadi trustlugaa nirminchabaddaaru mariyu vaatilo ivi unnaih
2008loe samyukta rashtraallo atipedda kalapa mariyu kalapa utpattidaarulu
eee companylu tarachugaa bahirangamgaa vartakam cheyabadataayi kabatti, vaati antima yajamaanulu vaividhyabharitamaina pettubadidaarula samuuham. kalapa aadhaarita real estate pettubadi trustlu kooda unnaayi.
sammildatabase prakaram, 2007loe prapanchamlooni agrashreni aaviri kalapa utpattidaarulu
samasyalu.
bhadrata.
sabdam.
atavee mariyu kalapa parisrama upa-rangamlooni kaarmikulu vyavasayam, atavee, chepalu pattadam mariyu vaeta (afhech) parisrama rangamloki vastaaru, idhi uttara america parisrama vargeekarana vyavastha (nikes) dwara vargeekarinchabadindi. national institute pharr occupational safety und health (niyosh) afhech parisrama yokka sabdam bahirgatam mariyu vinikidi lopam yokka prabalyanni nisitamgaa pariseelinchindi. mottam parisrama rangam sabdam bahirgatam chesina parisramala mottam praabalyam (15 saatam v. 19 saatam), atavee mariyu kalapa kaarmikula sankhya 21 saataanni daatindi. atavee narsareelloni muppai aaru saatam mandhi kaarmikulu, atavee utpattulanu sekarinchadam, atavee mariyu kalapalo oka upa rangam, vinikidi lopaanni anubhavinchaaru, idhi yea yea upa-rangamloonainaa ekkuva. atavee narsareelloni kaarmikulu mariyu atavee utpattulanu sekarinchadam vantivi atavee nirmuulana kosam chetlanu penchadam mariyu dumpalu mariyu beradu vanti utpattulanu sekarinchadam vanti panulanu nirvahistaayi. polchi choosthe, sabdam bahirgatam kaani kaarmikulalo vinikidi lopam yokka praabalyam kevalam 7 saatam matrame untundi.
atavee mariyu kalapa parisramalo kaarmikula sabdam 102 dba varaku unnatlu kanugonabadindi. oka karmikudu 8 gantala samaya-baruvutho kuudina sagatu 85 dba shabda bahirgatam kaligi undaalani niyosh sifaarsu chestundi. adhika sabdam kaarmikulaku vinikidi lopam vachhe pramaadaanni penchutundi. oka karmikudu vruttiparamaina sabdam bahirgatam phalitamgaa vinikidi lopaanni abhivruddhi chesthe, adhi vruttiparamaina vinikidi lopamgaa vargeekarinchabadutundi. yantraalu mariyu bhaarii parikaraalanu chuttumuttadam, mufflerlu mariyu sailensarlanu vyavasthaapinchadam mariyu parikaraalapai saadhaarana nirvahana cheyadam dwara atavee mariyu kalapa parisramalo sabdam bahirgatam avadanni tagginchavachhu. sabdam bahirgatam pramaada niyantranala sopanakramam dwara kooda tagginchavachhu, ikkada sabdam tagginchadaaniki shabda parikaraalanu tolaginchadam ledhaa bharti cheyadam uttama paddhatigaa panichestundi.
gaayam.
beuro off laber statistics (bls) 2013 nundi 2016 varaku atavee mariyu kalapa kaarmikula maranaalu samvatsaraaniki 81 nundi 106 kii perigaayani kanugondi. 2016loe eee parisramalo prati 100 mandhi kaarmikulaku 3.6 gayalu mariyu anaaroogyam kesulu namodayyayi.
aardhika vyavastha.
kalapa aardhika vyavastha uniki, ledhaa marinta vistrutamgaa, atavee aardhika vyavastha (aneka deshaalalo veduru aardhika vyavastha prabalamgaa undhi), aneka abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo alaage samasheetoshna vaataavaranam unna aneka itara deshaalalo mariyu mukhyamgaa takkuva ushnogratalu unna deshaalalo oka pramukha vishayam. ivi saadhaaranamgaa ekkuva atavee praantaalu unna deshaalu kabatti sthaanika upayogaala kosam kalapanu pandinchadaaniki sthaanika atavee abhivruddhini paristhitulu anumatistaayi. furniture, bhavanalu, vantenalu mariyu shakti vanarugaa kalapanu upayoginchadam vistrutamgaa prasiddhi chendindi. adanamgaa, chetlu mariyu podala nundi vacchina kalapanu kalapa gujju, kaagitamlo cellulose, prarambha photographic filmlo celluloid, cellophane mariyu rayon (pattu pratyaamnaayam) vanti vividha utpattullo upayoginchavacchu.
vaati saadhaarana upayogam mugimpulo, kalapa utpattulanu ushna saktini pondadaaniki kaalchavacchu ledhaa eruvulugaa upayoginchavacchu. kalapa aardhika vyavastha sambhavinche sambhaavya paryaavarana nashtaalalo ekasamvardhaka atavee (chaalaa takkuva chetla rakaala teevramaina saagu) mariyu carbon dye oxide udgaaraala kaaranamgaa jeevavaividhyam taggadam unnaayi. ayithe, adavulu vaataavarana carbon dioxidenu tagginchadamlo sahaayapadataayi, tadwara vaataavarana maarpulanu parimitam chestaayi.
kaagitam nedu ekkuvagaa upayoginche kalapa utpatti.
kalapa vadakam yokka charitra.
paataraatiyugam mariyu nootanaraatiyugam mundu yugaala nundi kalapa aardhika vyavastha prapanchavyaaptamgaa nagarikatalaku prarambha binduvugaa undhi. lohaalu karigipovadaniki aneka sahasraabdaalu mundu, lohaalu karigipovadam anedi mantanu veliginche paddhatulanu kanugonadam dwara (saadhaaranamgaa rendu chaalaa podi chekka raadlanu scrap cheyadam dwara pondabadutundi) mariyu aneka saadhaarana yantraalu mariyu praathamika saadhanaala nirmaanam dwara matrame saadhyamaindi, karralu, club handles, villu, baanaalu, eetelu. ippativaraku kanugonabadina atyanta puraatana chethitho tayaaru chesina vastuvulalo okati 250,000 samvatsaraala (moodava antarhimanadeeya kaalam) naati palish chesina chekka eete kona (clackton eete), idhi inglandlo clackton-aann-sea vadda avakshepaala kinda khananam cheyabadindi.
eejiptu, sumerianla vanti varusa nagarikatalu adhunaatana furniture vastuvulanu nirminchaayi. dantaalu mariyu viluvaina adavulalo aneka rakaala furniturelu mana kaalam varaku aacharanatmakamgaa chekkuchedarakunda manugada saaginchaayi, endukante avi ullanghinchani rahasya samaadhulalo ekaantamgaa unnaayi, avi edaari yokka podi vaataavaranam dwara kooda kshayam nundi rakshinchabaddaayi.aneka bhavanalu mariyu veetilooni bhagalu (anni paikappula paina) kalapa (tarachugaa ook) muulakaalu kaligi undi, nirmaanaparamaina aadharalu mariyu kappulanu yerparustaayi; padavalu, oodalu vanti ravana margalu; taruvaata (chakram aavishkaranatoe) vyaganlu mariyu carriagelu, vinchlu, neetitho nadiche pindi millulu modalainavi.
parimaanaalu mariyu bhougolikam.
prapanchamlo upayoginche kalapaku pradhana muulam adavulu, veetini kanya, ardha kanya mariyu thotalagaa vargeekarinchavachhu. aneka deshaalalo, mukhyamgaa moodava prapanchamlo sthaanika janabha katte kosam chaalaa kalapanu tolagistaaru, ayithe eee mottaanni vistruta anischiti anchulatho matrame anchanaa veyavachu.
1998loe, prapanchavyaaptamgaa "gundrani kalapa" (adhikarikamga kattega upayoginchani kalapa) utpatti, prapanchamlo saagu cheyabadina kalapalo sumaru 45 saatam. bhavana nirmaanaaniki avasaramaina bhagaluga maaradaaniki uddesinchina cutt laaglu mariyu saakhalu prapancha paarisraamika kalapa utpattilo sumaru 55 saatam vatanu kaligi unnaayi. 25 saatam kalapa gujjugaa (kalapa podi mariyu brokaleetho sahaa) pradhanamgaa kaagitam mariyu kaagitapu palakala utpattiki uddesinchabadindi, mariyu sumaru 20 saatam plyvudlo panelluga mariyu furniture mariyu saadhaarana upayoga vastuvula kosam viluvaina kalapaga maarindi (FAo 1998). russialo atyadhika atavee praantaanni kaligi unna desham ayinappatikee, adhikarikamga lekkinchabadina kalapa yokka prapanchamlone atipedda utpattidaaru mariyu viniyogadaaru united states.
1970laloe, atipedda atavee praantam unna deshaalu soviet union (sumaruga 8,800,000 km2), brazil (5,150,000 km2), kenada (4,400,000 km2), united states (3,000,000 km2), indonesia (1,200,000 km2) mariyu democratic republic off kango (1,000,000 km2). mukhyamaina kalapa utpatti mariyu viniyogam unna itara deshaalu saadhaaranamgaa vaati praadaesika vistaranaku sambandhinchi takkuva janabha saandratanu kaligi untaayi, ikkada manam argentine, chilly, finland, polland, sweeden, ukrain vanti deshaalanu cherchavacchu.
2001 natiki brazil varshaaranya praantaalu aidava vanthu (1970kii sambandhinchi) tagginchabaddaayi, sumaruga 4,000,000 chadarapu kii. mea. kuu tagginchabaddaayi; naela subhraparachadam pradhanamgaa pasuvula pacchika bayalla kosam uddesinchabadindi-brazil daadaapu 200,000,000 pasuvula thalatho prapanchamlone atipedda goddu maamsam egumatidaaru. cheraku saagu aadhaaramgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna brazilian ethanol aardhika vyavastha kooda adevidhamgaa atavee vistiirnaanni taggistondi. adhe kaalamlo kenadian adavi daadaapu 30 saatam taggipoyi 3,101,340 chadarapu kii. mea. kii cherukundi.
vaataavarana maarpulanu parimitam cheyadamlo praamukhyata.
vaataavarana maarpula samasyaku sambandhinchi, adavulanu kalchadam valla vaataavaranamloo carbon dye oxide perugutundani, chekkuchedarakunda unna kanya adavi ledhaa thotalu carbon dye oxide kuu munigipotayani, eee kaaranaala valla kalapa aardhika vyavastha greenhouse prabhaavamtho pooraadutundani telisindi. carbon dye oxide yokka parimaanam chetla rakam, bhoomi mariyu chetlu sahajamgaa perige ledhaa natabade pradaesam yokka vaataavaranampai aadharapadi untundi. antekakunda, raatri puuta mokkalu kiranajanya samyogakriya cheyavu, mariyu carbon dye oxide nuu utpatti chestaayi, varusaga rojunu tolagistaayi. viruddhamgaa vesavilo nagaralu mariyu pattana udyaanavanaalaku sameepamlo unna adavulalo kiranajanya samyogakriya dwara srushtinchabadina oxygen, pattana vaayu kaalushyamto (kaarla nundi modalainavi) sankarshana chendutundi.) mariyu ojon (moodu oxygen anuvula anuvu) looni soura kiranaala dwara roopaantaram chendutundi, idhi adhika vaataavaranamloo atineelalohita kiranaalaku vyatiraekamgaa vadapotanu kaligi undagaa, takkuva vaataavaranamloo kalushya karakam, swaasakosha aatamkaalanu rekettinchagaladu.
takkuva carbon aardhika vyavasthalo, atavee karyakalapalu takkuva-prabhavam paddhatulu mariyu tirigi perugudalapai drushti saaristaayi. atavee nirvaahakulu matti aadhaarita carbon nilvalaku ekkuva bhangam kaliginchakundaa chusukuntaru. pratyeka chetla polaalu aneka utpattulaku pradhana vanarugaa untaayi. utpattini penchadaaniki twaragaa pandinche chetla rakalanu takkuva aavartanaalalo pandistaaru.
desham vaareegaa utpatti.
brazillo.
brazilku nirdishta upayogaalato aneka rakaala chetlanu kose sudeergha sampradaayam undhi. 1960la nundi, digumati chesukunna paine chettu mariyu eucalyptus jaatulu ekkuvagaa plywood mariyu kaagitam gujju parisramala kosam pandinchabadutunnaayi. prastutam cheraku puliyabettadam yokka enjaimlanu kalapaloni celluloseku vartimpajeyadaaniki, mithanaalnu pondadaaniki unnata sthaayi parisoedhanalu jarugutunnaayi, ayithe mokkajonna kharchula nundi pondina ithanaaltho poliste kharchu chaalaa ekkuvagaa untundi.
kenada mariyu united states loe.
eee deshaala madhya atavee aardhika vyavasthalo sannihita sambandham undhi; vatiki aneka vruksha jaatulu unnaayi, mariyu kenada samyukta raashtraalaku uddesinchina kalapa mariyu chekka vastuvula pradhana utpattidaaru, prapanchamlo kalapa mariyu daani upa utpattulanu atyadhikamgaa viniyogistundi. thoorpu tiiraaniki goppa sarassulu, erii kenal, hudson nadhi mariyu seyint laurence samudra maargam mariyu mississippi nadhi madhya maidaanaalu mariyu louisianaku neeti vyavasthalu chaalaa takkuva kharchutho laaglanu ravana cheyadaaniki anumatistaayi. paschima teeramlo, columbia nadhi pareevaahaka praantamloo adbhutamaina kalapatho kuudina adavulu pushkalamgaa unnaayi.
kenada.
kenadaalo 2005loe atavee rangam 930,000 mandhi kaarmikulanu (prati 17 mandiloo 1 udyogam) niyaminchi, vastuvulu mariyu sevalalo sumaru $108 billionla viluvanu sampaadinchindani agency kenada wood council lekkinchindi. chaalaa samvatsaraalugaa kenadian adavulalo chetla nundi pondina utpattulu desamloni atyanta mukhyamaina egumati vastuvulugaa unnaayi. 2011loe, prapanchavyaaptamgaa egumatulu sumaru $64.3 biliyanlu-kenadian vaanijya samatulyataku atipedda sahakaram andinchaayi.
susthira atavee nirvahana paddhatulalo kenada prapanchamlone agragamiga undhi. prastutam kalapa utpatti kosam (kenadian adavulalo 28 saatam) matrame nirvahinchabadutunnaayi, ayithe prastuta chattam dwara anchanaa veyabadinavi panta kotha nundi rakshinchabaddaayi.
kenadian kalapa parisrama sthaanika prajalatho paryaavarana sangharshanaku daariteesindi, vaari bhoomini kalapa nundi rakshistundi. udaaharanaku, asuppeeshchoseevagang modati desham vaari bhoomini tolaginchakundaa nirodhinchadaaniki 2002 nundi iravai samvatsaraala paatu gaddi irukaina rahadaarula digbandhanaanni erpaatu chesindi.
airopalo.
italii.
eee rakamaina aardhika vyavasthalo aneka upayogaalaku anuvaina jaatulu vrukshasampada dwara upayoginchevi, ivi vaati lakshanaalaku mariyu konni rakaala bhoomi mariyu vaataavaranaala avasaraniki baga prasiddhi chendaayi.
phennoscandia mariyu russialo.
sweeden, finland mariyu kontavaraku norwaylo, chaalaa bhuubhaagam ataveepraantamgaa undhi, mariyu gujju mariyu kaagitam parisrama atyanta mukhyamaina paarisraamika rangaalalo okati. rasayana gujju adhika saktini utpatti chestundi, endukante nalla madyamlooni sendriya padaartham, ekkuvagaa lignin mariyu hemicellulose vicchinna utpattulu, recovery boilerloo kaalchiveyabadataayi. anduvalla, eee deshaalu punarutpaadaka indhana viniyogamlo adhika nishpattini kaligi unnaayi (udaaharanaku finlandlo 25 saatam). companylu mariyu prabhutva prajectula dwara atavee utpattula viluva mariyu viniyogaanni penche disagaa gananeeyamaina prayatnaalu jarugutunnaayi.
avtputs.
dahanam.
kalapanu kalchadam anedi prastutam ghana indhana jeevaraashi nundi pondina shakti yokka atipedda upayogam. kalapa indhanam katteluga andubaatulo undavacchu (udhaa.zii. laaglu, boltlu, blocks), boggu, chips, sheetlu, gulikalu mariyu sadust. kalapa indhanaanni poyyi mariyu poyyi pradaesaala dwara vanta cheyadaaniki mariyu vaedi cheyadaaniki, mariyu appudappudu aaviri yantraalu mariyu vidyuttunu utpatti chese aaviri turbinelaku indhanam ivvadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. aneka satabdaalugaa kalapa dahanam dwara utpatti ayye vaedi nundi prayojanam pondadaaniki aneka rakaala saampradaaya ovenlu upayoginchabaddaayi. ippudu, marinta samarthavanthamaina mariyu parisubhramaina parishkaralu abhivruddhi cheyabaddayi adhunaatana nippu goollu (ushna vinimaayakaalato), kalapatho kaalchina ovenlu, kalapatho kaalchina poyyi mariyu gulika poyyi, ivi kalushya kaarakaalanu (bhramana vadapotato buudidanu kendrikarinchevi) filter cheyagalavu mariyu vaeru cheyagalavu, tadwara aneka udgaaraalanu tolagistaayi, chimney pogalatho tappinchukunna adhika parimaanamlo vaedini tirigi pondadaaniki kooda anumatistaayi.
kalapa yokka sagatu shakti saandrata, jaatulu mariyu temanu batti sumaru 6-17 megajoul/kilograamu vadda lekkinchabadindi.
ayithe, kalapa dahanam suukshma paryaavarana kalushya kaarakaala utpattitoe mudipadi untundi, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (Co) (raktam yokka haemoglobin yokka tirigi maarchaleni santruptatanu rekettinchagala adrushya vayuvu), alaage suukshma kanaalu.
poplar vaegamgaa peragadam mariyu vaataavarana carbon dioxidenu grahinchadam valla daani kalapa nundi sekarinchina shakti yokka adbhutamaina nishpatti kaaranamgaa, chetlanu saagu cheyadaaniki, kattirinchadaaniki mariyu ravana cheyadaaniki avasaramaina takkuva mottamlo saktitoe poplarnu jeeva indhanaalugaa maarchadaaniki saagu cheyabadina chettuga italeelo poplarnu pratipaadinchaaru. "populus x canadensis" 'ii-214', chaalaa vaegamgaa perugutundi, idhi padhi samvatsaraalalo vyaasam mariyu ettulanu cherukogaladu.
boggu.
boggu anedi muduru buudida rangu avasheshaalu, idhi jantuvulu mariyu vrukshasampada padaarthaala nundi neeru mariyu itara asthira bhaagaalanu tolaginchadam dwara pondina asuddha carbontho koodi untundi. boggu saadhaaranamgaa nemmadigaa pyrolysis, oxygen lenappudu kalapa ledhaa itara padaarthaalanu vaedi cheyadam dwara utpatti avutundi. boggunu appudu adhika dahana ushnogratato indhanamgaa upayoginchavacchu.
kalapa gasogen.
wood gyaas generator (gasogen): idhi oka sthuulamaina mariyu bhaarii parikaram (conny saanketikamgaa sulabham), idhi mandutunna kalapanu molecular hydrogen (hetch2), carbon monoxide (koo), carbon dioxide (koo2), molecular natrajani (enn2) mariyu neeti aaviri (hetch2oo) mishramamgaa maarustundi. kalapa vayuvu", "paelavamaina vayuvu" ledhaa "singas" anie piluvabade eee vayuvu misramam, 900 ° celsius ushnogratala vadda, parimita mottamlo vaataavarana gaalitho tagginche vaataavaranamloo (takkuva oxygen) podi kalapanu dahanam chesina tarvaata pondabadutundi mariyu antargata dahana yantraaniki indhanam istundi.
modati prapancha yuddham mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham madhya kaalamlo, chamuru korata kaaranamgaa, italii, france, grate britton mariyu sweeden vanti aneka deshaalalo, kalapa gyaas generator (oka "gasogen"), kalapa, boggu ledhaa kalche vyardhaalatho nadiche parikaram, ventane, adhe vahanamlo, praamaanika kaaru (takkuva-kudimpu injin) yokka koddigaa savarinchina manchu engineku saktinicche vaayuvunu utpatti cheyagala (mariyu suddhi cheyagala) parikaranni jodinchi, aneka gasoline-saktitoe nadiche kaarlu savarinchabaddaayi. carburator nuu air-gyaas mixertho marchalsi vachindi). garishta vegaanni gananeeyamgaa tagginchadam mariyu takkuva gerlanu upayoginchi drive cheyalsina avasaram mariyu gaalini telivigaa motaadu veyadam vanti aneka edurudebbalu unnaayi. aadhunika kaarlalo, kalapa gyaas generatortho savarinchabadina, gyaas udgaaraalu (koo, koo2 mariyu nokes) gasoline thoo nadiche adhe vahanam kante takkuvagaa untaayi (adhe utpreraka converternu unchadam).
mithanol.
mithanol (saralamaina alkahal) 25°sii vadda dravamgaa pravartistundi, vishapuuritamainadi mariyu tinivesedi, mariyu sendriya rasayana saastramlo praathamika pustakaalanu tarachugaa "dhi spirit off wood" anie pilustaaru, endukante dheenini kalapa puliyabettadam nundi pondavacchu. arudugaa, telivitakkuva wine tayaareedaarulu chinna chekka mukkalu mariyu akulanu draakshatoo kalipinappudu, meethanaalnu neeru, ethanol mariyu draksha puliyabettadam nundi utpannamayye itara padaarthaala mishramaaniki kalushya karakamga kanugonavacchu.
kalapa nundi mithanaalnu pondadaaniki uttama maargam kalapa yokka nirjala pyrolysis dwara utpatti cheyabadina syngas (koo, koo2, hetch2) dwara, idhi puraatana egyptianlu kanugonna paddhati.
gasoline kosam methanolnu oxygen adhikamgaa unde sankalanamgaa upayoginchavacchu. ayithe, methane nundi ledhaa syngas nundi meethanaalnu utpatti cheyadam saadhaaranamgaa chaalaa choukainadi. paarisraamika rasayana saastraaniki mithanol atyanta mukhyamaina muula padaartham, ikkada idhi tarachugaa hologenation mariyu rasayana jodimpu praticharyala dwara marinta sanklishtamaina anuvulanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi.
gyaas turbine.
tankulanu.
american emm1 abrams pradhana yuddha tank gyaas turbine dwara saktini pondutundi, idhi kalapa podi mariyu biodiesel, deasle indhanam ledhaa kirosinlo 50 saatam mishramtho kooda panicheyagaladu. turbo-deasle injin kante dheeni prayojanaalu, chinna parimaanam mariyu takkuva baruvu, radiator lekapovadam (idhi tupaki mariyu phirangi shotlu mariyu yuddhamlo edurkonna kshipani daadula prabhaavaaniki vyatiraekamgaa prayojanaanni istundi). turbine injin nimishaaniki takkuva viplavaala retutho panichese saamarthyam lenanduna, idhi oka edurudebba, idhi aadarsam kante chaalaa takkuva, mariyu march samayamlo eee injin intercooler mariyu direct injectiontho kuudina aadhunika turbo-deasle injin kante rendu retlu ekkuva indhanaanni viniyogistundi.
nirmaanam.
kalapa baruvulo saapekshamgaa telikainadi, endukante daani nirdishta baruvu 500 kilolu/mea3 kante takkuvagaa untundi, idhi oka prayojanam, 2,000-2, reinforced kaankreetuku 500 kilolu/mea3 ledhaa ukkuku 7,800 kilolu/mea3 thoo polchinappudu.
kalapa balamgaa untundi, endukante nirmaanaatmaka prayojanaala kosam kalapa saamardhyamlo ukkutho samaanamaina lakshanaalu untaayi.
vantenalu, kattalu, microhydro, stambhaalu.
vantenalanu (amsterdamlo magre vantenagaa), alaage neeru mariyu gaali millulu mariyu vidyut kosam microhydro generatorlanu nirminchadaaniki kalapanu upayogistaaru.
nivaasam.
gatti kalapanu chekka illalo mariyu vistruta shreni kolatalu kaligina itara nirmaanaalalo padaarthamgaa upayogistaaru. saampradaaya gruhaalalo paikappulu, talupulu, neelalu mariyu kitikeelaku kalapanu ishtapadataaru. saampradayakamgaa inti paikappula kosam chekka framelanu upayoginchevaaru, conny avi mantala samayamlo koolipoye pramaadam undhi.
nishkriyaatmaka illu" thoo sahaa shakti samarthavanthamaina gruhaala abhivruddhi nirmaanamloo kalapa yokka praamukhyatanu punaruddharinchindi, endukante kalapa concreetu kante merugaina phalitaalato dhwani mariyu ushna insulationnu andistundi.
bhookampa nirodhaka bhavanalu.
japaanlo, pagodalu vanti saapekshamgaa adhika ettulo unna puraatana bhavanalu, chaaritraatmakamgaa adhika teevrata kaligina bhookampaalanu nirodhinchagalavani niroopinchabaddaayi, saampradaaya nirmaana paddhatulu, saage keellanu upayoginchadam mariyu kathinamaina tvaranaalu mariyu sampeedana shacklanu grahinchi, sthithisthaapakamgaa vikruteekarinche chekka framela adbhutamaina saamardhyaaniki dhanyavaadaalu.
2006loe, CNRkii chendina italian saastravettalu shaan michel aall 'adige yokka "istituto purr laa valorizzazione dell legno ii delle specy arbori" (ivalsa) chae nirminchabadina "sophi" anie piliche edu antastula chekka bhavanam, 24 meterla ettulo unna oka bhavana vyavasthaku patent pondaaru. 2007loe dheenini poura nirmaanaala kosam atyanta kathinamaina japanese anticysmic pareekshato pareekshinchaaruh cobe yokka bhookampam (7.2 richter scale) anukarana, japaanlooni miki nagaraniki sameepamlo unna sukuba sains paarkulo unna naid-instituteku chendina apaaramaina dolanam chese vedikapai eee bhavananni unchaaru. eee italian project, jigurugala laminated kalapalo chaalaa sannani mariyu anuvaina panellanu upayoginchindi, mariyu CNR prakaram parisoedhakulu bhookampa praantaalalo marinta surakshitamaina gruhaala nirmaanaaniki daariteeyavachchu.
nauka nirmaanam.
atyanta saasvatamaina padaarthaalalo okati virginian dakshina pratyaksha ook mariyu white ook nundi kalapa, mukhyamgaa sajeeva ook tella ook kante 60 saatam balamgaa untundi mariyu temaku marinta nirodhakatanu kaligi untundi. udaaharanaku, yuddha nauka nirmaanamloo pradhana bhaagam, teliade prapanchamlooni atyanta puraatana naukaadala nauka (1797loe praarambhinchabadindi) white ook.
chekka pani
chekka pani anedi kalapatho vastuvulanu tayaaru chese karyakalapam ledhaa naipunhyam, indulo cabinet tayari (cabinetry mariyu furniture), kalapa chekkadam, joinary, vadrangi mariyu kalapa tippadam untaayi. lakshalaadi mandhi prajalu chekka panula prajectula dwara jeevanopaadhi pondutunnaru.