
islaamlo soviet orientalist studies

islaamlo soviet orientalist adhyayanalu islam gurinchi soviet marxist siddhaantakartala vidyaaparamaina upanyaasaalu, chaaritraka bhouthikavaadam mariyu muslimla aadhaaramgaa daani muulaalu mariyu abhivruddhi. eee upanyaasam yokka pradhana prasna emitante, muslim samajam maanava charitra yokka saadhaarana abhivruddhiki elaa saripotundi. pramukha soviet oriyantalistulalo mikhail eah unnaaru. reisner, evjeni beliyav, liutsian ii. climovic, mikhail ell. tomara, vii. diatikin mariyu shandzar dii. asfendiarov.
nepathyam.
october viplavam soviet union communistu paarteeni adhikaaramloki teesukuvacchindi. soviet unionlo vividha jaatula muslim janabha pedda sankhyalo undedi. anduvalla, marks, engels anevaaru eee amsaanni uparitalamgaa matrame vyavaharinchinanduna asalu parisoedhana avasaram erpadindi. 1920laloe, bolsheviklu oriental studies yokka ankitabhaavamtho kuudina marxist panditulanu utpatti cheyadaaniki uddesinchina kotta samsthalu mariyu samsthalanu srushtinchaaru. vaatilo agragamiga masco institute pharr oriental studies, pradhanamgaa soviet videshee seva yokka avasaraala kosam 1920loe srushtinchabadina party paatasaala. thoorpu praantaalu mariyu russia mariyu usr republicla nundi party kaaryakartalu mariyu nirvaahakulaku vidyanu andinchadaaniki, alaage vidaesaala nundi kamyoonistulaku sikshana ivvadaaniki, 1921loe sthaapinchabadina communist vishwavidyaalayam, orient yokka sraamikula paatasaala. islampai kotta marxist upanyaasam eee raajakeeya bodhana mariyu parisoedhanaa samsthala nundi panditula aadhipatyam kaligi undhi.
islam communistu siddhaantam.
1923loe, jinnatullah navshirvanov (ataturk yokka kotta republic off turkeylo communist party erpaatulo kooda churukuga unna oka volga totter communist) novi vostoke jarnallo islaamik charitralo communism yokka aneka roopaalu unnayani pratipaadinchaaru. rachayitalu appatike mohammed sahacharula karyakalapalalo "aadima communism" nuu kanugonnaru, conny islaamik sufism sampradaayamlo communism marinta pramukhamgaa undani vaaru kanugonnaru. sufism musugulo islam mariyu mathamtho sambandham laeni communistu aalochanalu mariyu udyamaalu udbhavinchaayi. eee udyamaalu muslimlachae nadapabaddayi-paedha sanchaarulu, raitulu mariyu pattana hastakalaakaarulu-vaari kaalamlooni bhuswamya kramaanni padagottalani korukunnaru, antey.ii., abbasid, seljukid, mariyu sameepamloni thoorpuna ottoman raajavamsaalu. udaaharanalugaa navshirvanovs shiya ismilites, anatolian fyootuva mariyu akhi samsthalu mariyu bektashi arder off dervishes gurinchi prastaavinchaaru. eee bhuswamya vyatiraeka suufii communist udyamam yokka paraakaashta simavnaku chendina sheikh bedreadin, athanu 1416loe ottomanlache matabhrashtudigaa uriteeyabaddaadu; athani shishyulu ottoman palanaku vyatiraekamgaa raitu tirugubaatlanu nadipinchaaru mariyu navshirvanov "anatolia yokka modati viplavaatmaka prabhutvam" anie piliche daanini erpaatu chesaaru.
eee siddhaantam taginanta chaaritraka aadharalu lekapovadam valla baadhapadindi mariyu itara siddhaantaalachae bharti cheyabadindi.
vaanijya pettubadidaarii siddhaantam.
mikhail eah. raisner (maikhel vaan reisner, 1868-1928), chattaniki chendina german jaathi charitrakaarudu mariyu pracharakudu saamaajika adhyayanala konam nundi coron yokka vivaranaatmaka marxist vislaeshanhanu roopondinchaaru. islam gurinchi ayana chesina vivarananu 1926loe soviet saahitya patrikalo prachurinchabadina "coron mariyu daani saamaajika bhaavajaalam" paie rendu vyasalalo chudavachu. eee adhyayanaalalo reisner islam anedi makka arab vyaapaarula matam anie paerkonnaadu. athanu pedda vyaapaarulu, antey makkaalooni dhanika kutumbaalu, takkuva sampanna mariyu paedha vyapara kutumbaala madhya thedaanu chuupaadu. arab tegala vibhedaala kaaranamgaa, vaanijya caravans nirantaram sanchaarulache daadi cheyabade pramaadaanni edurkontunnaru. eee caravan luu khuraish tegaku chendina dhanika mariyu takkuva sampanna vaanijya kutumbaala ummadi vyapaaraalugaa nirvahinchabaddaayi, conny paedha vyaapaarulu pettubadi pettaru, anduvalla dhanika kutumbaala kante vaari mooladhanamlo ekkuva saatam pramaadaaniki gurayyaru. eee kaaranamgaa khurayeela paedha kutumbaalu oka ekeshwaravaada matam krinda arab tegala union aalochananu abhivruddhi chesaayi, endukante atuvanti union matrame daadulanu tolagistundi. vaari vakta mohammed ayyadu, athanu swayamgaa takkuva pratyeka hakkulu kaligina khuraish vamsaalaloo okari nundi vacchaadu.
coron allahnu "dhanavanthudu, saktivantamaina mariyu telivaina pettubadidaarudu" gaa chithreekarinchaadani reisner paerkonnaadu. madeenaalo, mohammed oka pravaktagaa mariyu bodhakudigaa antagaa vyavaharinchaledu, conny naipunhyam kaligina nirvahakudiga vyavaharinchaadu. prajalu kotta matamlo chaeradaaniki aasaktigaa unnanduna kaadu, vaarini ekam chese chattam kosam vaaru aaraatapadatam valla ayana vijayam saadhinchaaru. coron, reisner konasaagistuu, aastiki matrame haamii istundi mariyu devuni swantha naayakatvamlo "vishwaasula prapancha vaanijya samstha" () nuu srushtistundi. koraanlooni aneka amsaalu vyapari yokka sthaanaanni pratibimbistaayih praarthanalu mariyu acharalu chaalaa sanklishtamgaa undavu mariyu "aadhyaatmika anubandhalu" avasaram ledhu; makka (huzz) kuu teerthayaatra oka vaanijya pradarsanatoe mudipadi untundi; dasaamsaalu (jakat) mitamaina sthaayiki parimitam cheyabaddaayi, mariyu vishwaasulu vaari dabbunu vrudhaa cheyavaddani prothsahinchabaddaaru; vaddii nishedhinchabadinappatiki, muslimlu mitamaina labhalu sampaadinchadaaniki prothsahinchabadathaaru; mariyu, course yokka, coron pramaanaala praamukhyata, saraina kolatalu mariyu deposit yokka nammakamaina tirigi ravadanni nokki chebutundi.
spashtamaina varga bhedaalanu adhigaminche aadhyaatmika amsaalu chaalaa taruvaata matrame islaamloki pravesinchaayani, pradhanamgaa pertian sampradaayam nundi udbhavinchaayani reisner vivarinchaadu.
1920la chivaralo soviet panditulalo reisner yokka vivarana chaalaa prabhaavavantamgaa maarindi.
vaanijya pettubadidaarii siddhaantam yokka beliyav yokka savarana.
islampai prarambha soviet upanyaasamlo palgonna vaarandarilo praachya bhaashalalo sikshana pondina ekaika professional evgeny beliyav (1895-1964). islam yokka muulaalapai 1930loe "etist" anae pratyeka sanchikaku thana sahakaaramlo, makka yokka vaanijya vaataavaranam nundi islam udbhavinchindani beliyav vaadinchaaru. anyamata matam vaanijyam yokka uddesyaanni neraverchindi, mariyu caba looni devatala adhikaram vyaapaarula sampadatho perigindi. 6va sataabdam chivaralo islam takkuva dhanavanthulu, madhyavarti mariyu diguva makkan burjuwa vargaaniki chendina udyamamgaa udbhavinchindi, eee "atyaasagala vyaapaarulu mariyu dayaneeyamaina vaddeedaarula" 'kuleenulaku "vyatiraekamgaa."
ayithe, resnerku viruddhamgaa, eee prarambha islaamlo pragatiseela, vimukti ledhaa viplavaatmakamaina dheninee beliyav chudaledu udaaharanaku, islam baanisatvaaniki vyatiraekamgaa nilabadaledu. beliyav koraanlooni devuni chitraanni oka niyanta mariyu baanisa yajamani chithramtho polchadu.
beliyav prakaram, idhe vidhamaina poraatam madeenaalo jarigindi, ikkada konni vamsaalu itarulapai aadharapadi undevi, mukhyamgaa yoodula vamsaalapai, vaari sampada "vaddii rajadhani" (rostovshchicheski copital) paie aadharapadi undedi. muslim madiinaalooni puraatana girijana mariyu vamsa nirmaanaala kramamga raddu islam mataaniki aapaadinchabadadu, conny makka vaanijya rajadhani abhivruddhiki, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa baanisalu, pasuvulu mariyu itara aastulalo private aastiki maaradaaniki aapadinchabadaali. chinna burjuwa vargaaniki pratyaekamaina vivaraala kosam aasakti mariyu prematho, madeenaa kaalamlooni visugu puttinche, nirutsaahapariche mariyu nistejamaina suuraalu aasti mariyu vaarasatvaaniki alaage konugolu mariyu ammakam kosam nibandhanalanu nirdesistaayi". madeenaalo mohammed jerusalem nundi makkaku praarthana disanu marchadu; "muslim devuniki praarthistuu, vaaru gowravinche ekaika devudu, antey rajadhani mundu namaskaristaaru." "madhyataraha sampanna" "vyaapaarulu chivaraku makkanu swaadheenam chesukunnappudu, vaaru tama lakshyanni cherukunnaruh kendramloni dhanavanthulaina" "khurais" "thoo kalisi vaaru" "hijaz yokka vaanijya pettubadidaarii samstha" "yokka adhipatigaa unnaaru, idhi chivariki arabia tegalanu ekam chesindi". dheeniki viruddhamgaa, sanchaarulu, beliyev drushtaamtamlo churukaina paatra pooshinchaleedu; mohammed maranam taruvaata vaaru sulabhamgaa matabhrashtataku palpaddaru mariyu modati khalifa abu bakr chetha balavantamgaa islanku tirigi vellavalasi vachindi.
dietic.
vii. marxism charitrapai nipunudaina ditiachin, islaamik sampradaayaaniki badulugaa marks mariyu engels rachanalanu, ledhaa paaschaatya oriental studies ledhaa reisner rachanalanu kooda thana prarambha binduvugaa teesukunnadu. marks mariyu engels vaari vadda parimita vanarulu matrame unnayani, islanku eppuduu pratyeka adhyayananni ketayinchaledani ditiachin angeekarinchaadu; ayinappatikee vaaru eee amsampai mukhyamaina antardrushtulaku vacchaarani athanu nammadu.
ditiachin prakaram, marks mariyu engels islaamik puurva arabia rendu ververu vaataavaranaala dwara vargeekarinchabadindani ardham chesukunnaru, avi sanchaara bedouinlu mariyu sthirapadina pattana vyaapaarulu. iddaru aalochanaaparula samachara marpidi chuupinatlugaa, bedouinlanu unnata samskrutini kaligi unnavaarigaa varninchalekapoyaru, ayithe nairuti arabia dveepakalpamloni janabha "nagarika" oriental unnata samskruti. spashtamgaa, yamen nundi petroglyphlapy prachuranalaku engels praapyata kaligi unnaaru, idhi athani manassulo, "puraatana, jaateeya arabic sampradaayam ekadevatavadam" nuu pratibimbistumdi. ayithe, mohammed kuu mundu sataabdaalaloo, yemen yokka paatha samskruti ethiopians dandayaatrala dwara naasanam cheyabadindi, tatphalitamgaa makka dwara uttaraana velle arabic vaanijya maargam kooda ksheeninchindi. 1853loe marks kuu engels rasinatluga, mohammed kuu mundu kaalamlo vaanijya ksheenata "mohammed viplavamlo pradhana karakallo okati".
ingels nuu mallii utamkistuu, "prati" matha udyamam "laaga, mohammed yokka matha viplavam" adhikarikamga oka praticharya ", paatha, saralamaina daaniki tirigi vachinatlu aaropinchabadindi". [mohammed] udyamam pattanaallo sthirapadina conny ksheeninchina vyaktulaku vyatiraekamgaa bedouin pratispandana yokka swabhaavaanni kaligi unnatlu naaku anipinchindi, aaa samayamlo vaari matamlo kooda chaalaa ksheeninchi, avineeti swabhaavaanni kalipevaaru-avineeti judaism mariyu kraistava mathamtho.engels suuchimchina ksheenata aardhikamgaa mariyu mataparamgaa undedi.
ditiachin prakaram, videshee aakramanadaarulache odinchabadi, tama desham nundi tarimikottabadina anagarika bedownlu, chivariki arabianu rakshinchi, tvaralo paripaalinche "saiddhaantika vyavastha" nuu srushtinchaarani, angels prakatanalu spashtamaina vairudhyaaniki daariteesaayi.
prapanchamlooni oka pedda bhaagam. diatikin manassulo, eee spashtamaina vairudhyaanni eee krindi tarkam dwara matrame parishkarinchavacchuh islam yokka puttinillu bedouinla sanchaara jeevanasaili yokka sahajeevanam mariyu gatamlo atyanta abhivruddhi chendina "pattana felas" yokka vaanijya aardhika vyavastha dwara vargeekarinchabadindi, ayithe idhi ksheenistoondi, conny ippatikee bedouin samskruti kante "samarthavantamgaa" balamgaa undhi. rendinti madhya vairudhyaalanu raddu cheyadaaniki mariyu vaanijya erpaatunu daani parimitula nundi vimukti cheyadaaniki "viplavaatmaka debbalu" avasaram. eee debbalu videshee dandayaatrala roopamlo vachayi, angels chesinatlugaa
1853loe suuchimchinadihi "abyssinianla bahishkarana mahammad kuu nalabhai samvatsaraala mundu jarigindi mariyu idhi spashtamgaa arabic jaateeya chaitanyaanni melkolpe modati charya, idhi uttaraana nundi pertian dandayaatrala dwara kooda prerepinchabadindi, daadaapu makkaku munduku nettabadindi".
diatikin kosam, islam oka bedouin paatranu kaligi undhi, mariyu bedouin jeevanasaili kotta matampai bhaarii prabhavanni choopindi. ayithe, islaamik vistarana kaaranamgaa, islam yokka udbhavinchina matam tvaralo pattana aardhika vyavastha punaadulaku anugunamgaa maarindi. tadanugunamgaa, islam vamsam aadhaarita samajam yokka avasheshaalanu tolaginchi, pattana samajam yokka bhavajalamga maarindi. ayithe, islam yokka paatha sanchaara mariyu bedouin saamskrutika vaarasatvam airopalo islam aadhipatyam chelayinchakunda nirodhinchadaaniki taginanta balamgaa maarindi. makka yokka khuraishlaku vyatiraekamgaa mohammed chesina poraatam "vaanijya muuladhanaanni abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa maranistunna bedouin samskruti yokka viplavam" anie diatikin nirdhaaranaku vacchaadu-idhi reisner yokka vaanijya pettubadidaarii siddhaantaaniki khachitamgaa viruddhamgaa kanipistundi.
bedoin siddhaantam.
bedouinla paatraku sambandhinchina maroka vivarananu kajakh communistu mariyu charitrakaarudu sundger dii munduku teesukuvacchaaru. asfendiarov (1889-1938). 1928loe, masco oriental institute yokka thana sankshipta directorla samayamlo, asfendiyarov "islam aavirbhaavaaniki kaaranaalu" anae thana modati bookletnu prachurinchaadu.
asfendiarov islaamnu makka vyaapaarula utpattigaa kakunda, reisner chesinatlugaa, arab sanchaarula utpattigaa bhaavinchaadu. ataniki, islaamik vistarana anedi arabialoni hijaz mariyu nazd praantaala nundi bayati prapanchaaniki sumaru oka million sanchaarula bhaarii valasa tarangam. arabbi nundi semit tegala chivari bhaarii vistaranagaa islam udbhavinchindani asfendiyarov paerkonnaadu. ayithe, eee vistarana sanchaara aardhika vyavasthalo maarpula valla jarigindani, vaataavarana maarpula valla kaadani asfendiyarov nokki chepparu.
ayana abhiprayam prakaram, arabbulu "aadima pitruswamya sanchaaravaadam" erpadataaniki minchinavaaru; badulugaa, vaaru "abhivruddhi chendina", savarinchina pasuvula pempakam aardhika vyavasthanu kaligi unnaaru. 7va sataabdam natiki, pasuvula pempakam kosam bhoomilo koratato arabia baadhapadindi. uttaraana byzantine mariyu pertian saamrajyaalu, mariyu yemenlo pertian mariyu ethiopian jokyala phalitamgaa central arabia ontarigaa undadamtho paatu andubaatulo unna pacchika bayalla kosam pootii perigindi. eee korata mariyu pootii kaaranamgaa, arab tegalu ippudu makka mariyu madeenaa vanti hijaz oyasis mariyu pattanaalanu akraminchayi, ivi ippativaraku pradhanamgaa yoodulu mariyu itara sthirapadina janabha nivasinchevi. eee sthaavaraalanu jayinchina arabic tegalu vyavasaya mariyu vaanijya karyakalapalanu swaadheenam chesukunnayi. khuraishla vanti konni bedouin tegalu vaanijya tegalagaa marai. pasuvula pempakandaarula madhya paraspara daadulu mariyu yuddham peragadam valla, marinta ekkuva arab sanchaarulu tama pasuvulanu kolpoyaru, eee sthaavaraala chuttoo paedalu mariyu aadhaarapadina vamsaalagaa sthirapaddaaru mariyu jeevanopaadhi kosam vyavasaya panini chepattaru.
eee kaaranaalannintikii, 7va sataabdapu arabia girijana aardhika vyavastha kevalam aadima pitruswamya samajam kante ekkuvagaa undedi, endukante ekkuva mandhi maanavaatiita pasuvula pempakandaarulaku arab vyaapaarulu mariyu arab vyavasaayadaarulu (ledhaa "pakshika-raitulu", asfendiarov kaligi unnatlugaa, vaaru ippatikee sanchaara jeevana vidhaanamtho anusandhaaninchabaddaru) anubandhamgaa undevaaru. eee moodu saamaajika samuuhaalanu kalipi choosthe, ippatikee oke aardhika vyavastha erpadindi, idhi anni saamaajika vairudhyaalato, mukhyamgaa dhanikulu mariyu paedala madhya gurtinchadagina vyatyaasamtho, kontha aardhika pratyekata kaligi undhi. vaarandarikee ummadigaa unnadi vaari girijana samstha, idhi oka samajam ledhaa porugu aadhaarita saamaajika samsthagaa abhivruddhi chendaledu. asphendiarov prakaram, girijana samstha kevalam gatamlooni avasheshaalu (perezitok) kaadu, adhi adrusyamayyenduku vicharakaramga undedi, conny moodu aardhika vaataavaranaalaloo manugadaku avasaramaina chaalaa kriyaatmaka amsam. paschimamlo vale, eee dhorani aadima-pitruswamya, bhuswamya, pettubadidaarii samajam yokka chaaritraka kramam dwara kakunda, moodu nirmaanaala nundi amsaalanu kalipe oka girijana nirmaanam dwara vargeekarinchabadindani ayana muginchaaru. asfendiarov prakaram, eee girijana nirmaanam kaneesam 16va sataabdam varaku konasaginchabadindi.
islam, asfendiarov drushtilo, arab tegala saamaajika vistarananu prerepinchina sanghatana tappa marokati kaadu, arab yokka ontaritanaanni vichchinnam cheyadaaniki tegalanu ekam chesindi. idhi tegala kadalikaku "daadaapu dviteeya kaaranam" ayina "apasmaraka prerana". anduvalla islaamnu tegala aardhika udyamamgaa ardham chesukovali. tadanugunamgaa, islam makka vyaapaarula prayojanaalanu kaligi undane reisner abhiprayanni asfendiyarov teevramgaa vimarsinchaaru.
raitu siddhaantam.
islam yokka perugudala gurinchi puurtigaa kotta vivarana teesukuraabadindi.
aardhikavetta mikhail ell. tomara. 1930 naati etist special issuelo tomara raasina vyaasam, "dhi
islam yokka muulam mariyu daani varga praatipadika, "raitula paatranu suuchistumdi
mariyu 7va sataabdapu arabialo vyavasayam. tomara oka vistaaramaina jabita chesindi
saakshula sankhya, paakshikamgaa all-tabarii nundi teesukobadindi (d. 923), conny
ekkuvagaa neebur, burton mariyu palgrave vanti european prayaanikula nundi,
mariyu mukhyamgaa sprenger yokka mishrama mishramaala nundi "daas leben und verk dess mohammed"
(1861-1865), arabia yokka vyavasaya mariyu udyaanavanaalanu choopistundi
janabha daani bedouin janabhanu minchipoyindi, daani gurinchi cheppanakkarledu
vyaapaarulu.
tomara drushtilo, vyavasayam pradhanamgaa chepattabadindi.
paedha bedouins dwara; saadhaarana vaataavarana maarpula krinda
arabbi, vaari pacchika bayallu endipoyinappudu vaaru valasa vellevaaru ledhaa islam mundu vale valasalu nirodhinchabadinappudu,
baavulu tavvandi mariyu vaari sahayamtho vyavasayam cheyadaaniki sthirapadandi
krutrima neetipaarudala. pacchika bhoomi yokka nirantara parivartana
polaallo padatam bedouins mariyu bedooins madhya teevra pooraataaniki daariteesindi.
raitu janabha. vyavasaayadaarulu anie tomara bhaavinchaaru
indulo pradhanamgaa khaataadaarulu ("mawali", padatam. "mawla") saktivantamainadi
vamsaala, maanava rahita baanisalu mariyu itara sthaanabhramsham chendina prajalu. paedha vyavasaayadaarulu
vaddeedaarulapai aadharapadatam mariyu tarachugaa vaari nashtanni chavichustundi
illu, bhoomi, pasuvulu, tadwara adde pasterluga panicheyavalasi vastundi
(raas. "batraki") dhanavanthulaina poruguvaariki. eee vidhamgaa tomara muggurinee veruchesindi
taragatulu": sanchaarulu, sampanna raitulu, mariyu paedha raitulu
pakshika-transhument ledhaa transhument jeevitaanni gadipina vaaru (spashtamgaa,
bedooins pasuvulanu meputu). yaadrucchikamgaa, paedha raitulu tama sramanu pasterluga vikrayinchaarani ayana oohinchina daaniki etuvanti aadharaanni andinchaledu.
vaanijyam konchem matrame abhivruddhi chendindani tomara inca konasaaginchaaru.
7va sataabdapu arabialo, anduvalla islam daaniki ghanata ivvabadaduh
islam makka vaanijya nagaramlo janminchindi, conny oka vyakteekaranagaa matrame.
nagaramloni paedha vargaala asantrupti; mariyu adhi maarindi
akkada viphalamayyela. vaanijya rajadhani, oka teevramaina pratyarthigaa
islam, islaamnu oodinchi makka nundi tarimikottaaru 
aaa taruvaata,
islam madeenaalo oka ghanamaina taragati aadharaanni kanugondi, idhi pratyaekamgaa vyavasaya aadhaaritamainadi.
pattanam. coron yokka daatrutvam yokka aamodam, kabatti tomara, yokka upayogam
paedalaku maddatu ivvadaaniki, baanisalanu banisaluga maarchadaaniki, runagraheetalaku upasamanam kaliginchadaaniki bhikshalu
vaari aardhika bhaaram nundi, islam udbhavinchindani spashtamgaa choopistundi
pattana paedala matam. paedha valasadaarulu (muhajirun)
makka madeenaa pattana paedalatoe kalisi, vaari saktini vichchinnam chesindi
muhammadnu vyatirekinchina dhanika medinan bhuswamulu
aneka sandarbhaallo. coron 59:7 loe suuchimchinatlugaa, mohammed ketaayinchaaru
madeenaa mariyu chuttupakkala unna vyavasaya bhoomulu thana paedha maddatudaarulaku
alaage itara vyavasaya vargaala nundi athani vaddaku vachhe prajalaku
arabialo. raitu maddatudaarulaku bahumati ivvaalsina avasaram perugutondi
oyasis loe mariyu daani chuttoo unna uttama vyavasaya bhoomini vaaru kaligi unnanduna, madeenaa yokka yoodu vamsaala bahishkaranaku, taruvaata vinaasanaaniki daariteesindi.
dheeniki viruddhamgaa, khuraislaku vyatiraekamgaa poraatamlo mohammed ekkuva saktini pettubadi pettaledu, endukante podi makka nundi labham pondadaaniki raitu bhoomi ledhu; badhar (624 loe) vanti konni prasiddha yuddhalu kevalam kotlatalu, mariyu taruvaata uhud vadda jarigina yuddham mariyu madeenaa yokka makka muttadi mohammed thana swasthalaaniki vyatiraekamgaa spashtamgaa rakshanaatmakamgaa unnaadani choopistundi. coranlo thana "raitu siddhaantaaniki" tomara maddatu pondaadu; daani aasakti nishedham, athani manassulo, vaddeedaarula dopideetho badhapadina vyavasaayadaarula aasaktulanu vyaktam chesindi. alaage, coronic vaarasatva chattalu madeenaalo konasagutunna vyavasaya bhoomi vibajananu pratibimbistaayani ayana suuchimchaaru.
dheeniki viruddhamgaa, sanchaarulu tomara chitraalalo churukaina paatra pooshinchaleedu.
drushtaantam; vaaru yodhulugaa nammadaganivaaru, mariyu vaaru islaamnu uparitalamgaa matrame angeekarinchaaru. alaage, "islam sanchaara pasuvula pempakandaarula matam ayithe, appudu swargam [coranlo] ettaina gaddi yokka anantamaina gaddi maidanaluga chithreekarinchabadi undedi, american bhaaratheeyulu tama bahumatini ikkada bhavishyattulo pushkalamgaa bysonlu mariyu itara adavi jantuvulato kuudina prereelalo vaeta maidanaluga elaa oohinchaaru anedaaniki samanamga."
tadanugunamgaa, mohammed maranam taruvaata matabhrashtata (ridda) yuddhamlo bedouin tegalu paedha medeenanlu mariyu vyavasayam chetilo kolpoyina pacchika bhoomulanu tirigi pondadaaniki prayatninchaayi. conny eee tirugubaatu
aboo bakr chetha chuurnam cheyabadi, sanchaarulu tamanu taamu balavantamgaa kanugonnaru
valasa vellandi. sussanid mariyu byzantine saamrajyam rendoo ippudu unnanduna
raajakeeya, aardhika sankshobhamlo, bedouins sulabhamgaa kanugonnaru
pertia, siriya mariyu eejiptuku valasa velladam dwara. phalitamgaa, mariyu
kontavaraku aascharyakaramgaa, modati khalifala aadhvaryamlo islaamik vistarana pradhanamgaa islam vaari bhuubhaagaala nundi tarimikottina sanchaarulache chepattabadindi. aaa vidhamgaa, daani praarambhamlo islam raitula bhavajalamga undedi, mariyu taruvaata, 750 taruvaata abbasidla krinda, islam "muu 'tajilism roopamlo vaanijya muuladhanam yokka bhavajalamga, mariyu shiyajam roopamlo pertia yokka bhuswamya vargaala bhavajalamga maarindi."
tomara yokka vivarana sanchaara paatranu vismarinchadu
bedouinlu mariyu pattana vyaapaarulu, mariyu vaariki ardhavantamaina paatralanu kooda ketayistaru
islam aavirbhavam mariyu vyaaptiloo. ayithe, vaari vidhulu
ivi pradhanamgaa pratikuulamgaa nirvachinchabaddaayi. endukante tomara
chuttupakkala paedha vyavasaayadaarula keelaka paatranu etthi chuupaaru.
pattanaalu, athani bhavananu athani pratyarthulu oka
kevalam "raitu siddhaantam".
climovic.
lytsian I. climovic (1907-1989), thana modati pradhana vidvaamsula vyaasamlo, "muulam gurinchi" anae sheershikato
islam ", oka prastaavana chesindi
gananeeyamaina sankhyalo paaschaatya praachyavaadulu (dozzy, noldek, vanti)
muir, veyil, vaan cremer, lamens mariyu sprenger) mariyu ekkuvagaa mikhail reisner siddhaantaanni anusarinchaaru, islam makka vaanijyam nundi udbhavinchindi
pettubadidaarii vidhanam. paedha vyapari kutumbaala vyatiraekata nirdesinchabadindi
caba vadda dhanika vamsaalaku mariyu vaari anyamata aaraadhanaku vyatiraekamgaa. eee vyatiraekata
arab hanif udyamamlo modata vyaktamaindi
ekadevataradhakulu taruvaata islanga abhivruddhi chendaaru. climovic nirvahinchabadindi
eee udyamam modata naastika, pragatiseela mariyu
chaaritraka viplavaatmaka; mohammed daani pramukha vyakti ayinappudu
udyamam mataparamaina lakshanaalanu sweekarinchindi, ayinappatikee daani pragatiseelatanu kolpoledu
ventane paatra. hijraa taruvaata madeenaa mohammed
islam anedi aemee kaani naipunhyam kaligina raajakeeya nayakudiga maararu.
saktini pondadaaniki oka sadhanam. adevidhamgaa, arab tegalalo cherina vaaru
udyamam kevalam dopideepai matrame aasakti choopindi, matampai kaadu. aaa tarvaata
makka yokka praticharya vyaapaarulu varusa yuddhalu cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru
islam matam anie vaaru ardham chesukunnanduna kotta mataanni sweekarinchandi
arab tegalanu paripaalinchadaaniki vaariki kotta saadhananni andinchandi.
idhi eee dhanika vyapari kutumbaala chetullo undhi,
climovic, aaa islam chivaraku viplavaatmaka udyamam nundi maarindi
anachiveta mariyu aadhyaatmika baanisatvam kosam oka saadhanamgaa
muslim prajalu. prarambha islam climovic yokka "pragatiseela" paatrapai thana pattudalatho, islaamik vyatiraeka pracharam kosam kotta mariyu nirdishta vyuuhaanni abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki uddesinchinatlu telustondi, idhi vishwaasula paadaala krinda nundi tivaacheeni laagutundi.
1929loe pattabhadrudaina taruvaata climovic thana swasthalaaniki tirigi vacchaadu.
kazan, akkada athanu leag yokka sthaanika saakhalo sabhyudiga unnadu
teevravaada daivarahitula (soyuz woinstwishikh bejbojhnikov, ess. vii. bii).
adhe samvatsaram ayana thana modati rendu pustakaalanu prachurinchaaru. sotsialistichesco loe
kristova naa vostoke ii religia, climovic muslim anie paerkonnaadu
soviet union yokka chuttupakkala praantam konasagutunna punaruddharanaku sakshyam vahistondi
islam. kotta aardhika vidhanam yokka paristhitulalo, samskaranavaadulu
islam saamyavaadaaniki sampuurnamgaa anukuulamgaa undani muslim prajalanu oppinchadaaniki mullalu prayatninchaaru.
idhi oka mosam anie climovic heccharinchaadu,
socialism marxism, bhouthikavaadam mariyu
maandalika paddhati, mariyu matam mariyu daani vaikhariki puurtigaa vyatiraekam
aadarsavaadam. ayithe, naastika pracharakulu tarachugaa tama vishayamlo nissahayamgaa undevaaru.
vishwaasulatho charchalu. climovic edhi avasaramani bhaavinchaadu,
anduvalla, matha vyatiraekulaku islampai praathamika samacharam undhi
kaaryakarta. idhi 1929loe ayana raasina rendava pustakam, soderjani yokka uddesyam.
corana ("coron yokka vishayalu"). eee pustakam
praathamikamgaa coron nundi ullekhanaala sankalanam. climovic
pustakam yokka nirmaanam, devuni yokka coronic chitram gurinchi kooda vivarinchindi.
prapancha srushti, teerpu dinam, swargam gurinchi daani kathanaalugaa,
mariyu narakam. annintikante minchi, ayana antargata vairudhyaalanu nokki chepparu.
coronic sandesam mariyu shaastreeya khachitatvam mariyu saralata
grandham nundi.
climovic yokka coron pustakam ippatikee mikhail reisner abhiprayanni anusarinchindi
islam matam makka vyapari pettubadidaarii vidhanam nundi udbhavinchindi. coron,
climovic prakaram, idhi oka "arabic nyaya pustakam", idhi demand chesindi.
vyapari samstha yokka prayojanaala kosam kramasikshana, dheeni codex
idhi praatinidhyam vahistundi. vaanijyam kakunda, pavitra sthalamlo rendava "maargam" demand cheyabadindi
islam grandham anedi devuni, pravakta mariyu devuniki orpu mariyu vidheyata.
athani kutumbam, alaage "adhikaaramlo unna prajalaku", climovic yokka
manassu, islam yokka praticharya malupunu spashtamgaa pratibimbistumdi. moodava maargam
islam yokka zihad, avishwaasulatho pooraadataaniki mariyu champadaaniki pilupu. amaraveerulugaa
climovic neerugaa swargaaniki veltaadu, jihaadnu "lottery" gaa bhaavinchaadu
dheenilo okaru odipoledu ".
mohammed yokka uniki.
1930 navambarulo climovic islanku praanaantakamaina debba anie, adhe samayamlo islaamik adhyayanaalalo viplavamgaa bhaavinche daanini teesukuvacchaadu. aaa nelaloo ayana communistu academylo (bahusha kajaanlo) oka upanyaasam icchaaru, rechagotte prasna adigaru, "mohammed unikilo unnada?eee upanyaasam prarambha muslim samajampai islaamik charitranu khandinchataaniki samanam. climovic prakaram, mohammed jeevitampai samakaaleena aadharalu aevee maaku raaledu; ibn ishaq/ibn hisham vanti pravakta yokka mottamodati nivedikalu mariyu jeevita charitralu, 8va mariyu 9va sataabdaala madhyakaalaaniki chendina muslim rachayitalu raasaaru. ayithe, aaa samayaniki, muslim panditulaku mohammed jeevitampai vishwasaneeyamaina samacharam ledhu; vaari vadda unnadi coron matrame, anduvalla vaari jeevita charitralu mariyu hadeet vishayam coron paie chivari drushtaantam mariyu vyakhyanam tappa marokati kaadu. nijaaniki, aaa samayaniki coron bhasha arabbulaku kooda antagaa ardham kaaledu, kotta bhashalu kooda ardham chesukolekapoyayi.
daanini ardham chesukovadaniki muulaalu avasaram. phalitamgaa, mohammed yokka jeevitakaalam mariyu modati vraatapuurvaka jeevitakaalam madhya samayam antaram
muulaalu entha peddavigaa unnayante, eee moolaalalo icchina samacharam edhee praamaanikamainadani memu anukolemu. climovic prakaram,
kraistava moolaalalo mohammed gurinchi kooda suuchanalu unnaayi
conny nammadaginadi. aemee teliyadani climovic nirdhaarinchaadu
chaaritraka mohammed gurinchi khachitamgaa, mariyu adhi kooda avakaasam undhi
ayana eppuduu unikilo laeru. tatphalitamgaa, climovic aaa
coron mohammed yokka pani kaadu, conny mottam yokka utpatti
rachayitala samuuham. mohammed nuu taruvaata charitrakaarulu srushtinchaaru
islaamik samajam aavirbhavaanni vivarinchadaaniki roopondinchina oka puraanam
hanif udyamam nundi. pravakta oka aavishkarana
saamaajika nirasana udyamamgaa islam yokka prarambha paatra.
stallinist yugamlo.
stallinist shakam mariyu bhuswamya siddhaantam yokka aadhipatyam samayamlo, islam praarambhamlo pragatiseela saamaajika nirasana udyamamgaa undani thana abhiprayam nundi upasamharinchukovaalani climovic ardham chesukunnadu. prarambha sthaanam ikapai coron, arabic sampradaayam ledhaa "burjuwa" orientalism yokka vimarsha kakapovachhu; badulugaa, okaru marks mariyu engels rachanalatho praarambhinchaalsi vachindi. mae 1933loe kutvlo jarigina oka upanyaasamlo, 120 climovic praathamikamgaa islampai engels raasina anni ullekhanaalanu jabita chesaaru, idhi ippatike 1927loe ditiachin prachurinchindi, ayithe, ditiakkinku etuvanti credit ivvaledu. manam chuusinatlugaa, matam anedi jeevitampai "adbhutamaina" pratibimbam anie, islam anedi "bedouinla pratispandana" anie, alaage "melkone arabia jaateeya chaitanyam yokka modati charya", "paatadaaniki tirigi ravadam" anie angels vyakhyaaninchaaru. eee ullekhanaalanu kalipi, islaamnu praticharyagaa vargeekarinchaalani climovic nirdhaarinchaadu.
bhuuswaamyeekarana" mariyu arabic tegala kendrikarana prakriya phalitamgaa islam udbhavinchindani, idhi caba looni mataparamaina aaraadhanala kendrikaranalo pratibimbimchimdani climovic ippudu vaadinchaaru. eee padaalaloo unchithe, islam "bhuswamya prabhuvula (rus) bhavajalamga udbhavinchindi. ), "dopidi mariyu asamaanatanu suuchistumdi.
bhuswamya siddhaantam.
eee siddhaantam stallinist shakam antataa mariyu aaa taruvaata aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi, endukante idhi adhikaarika soviet siddhaantaanni dhruveekarinchindi. itara siddhaantaalu "punarvimarsavaadi" mariyu "trotskyist" gaa tiraskarinchabaddaayi."
appatike munupati samvatsaraallo muslim periphariilalooni soviet matha vyatiraeka kaaryakartalu muslim bhuswamulapai mullaalatoe paatu daadi chesaaru, islam bhuswamya dopideeki maddatu istundani paerkonnaaru. loe
ayithe, 1930la praarambhamlo islaamnu bhuswamya utpattigaa pariganinchadam praarambhamaindi. adhe samayamlo, charchala swaram maarindi.
marinta dookudugaa. eee abhivruddhiki toli sahakaralalo okati
ment anedi oka khh raasina sameeksha vyaasam. 1932loe namov, idhi "revoliyutsioni vostoke" loe kanipinchindi.
namov yokka sameeksha vyaasam daadi cheyabadindi
iteevala russian bhaashatho oka paatyapustakaanni prachurinchina evgeny beliyav
paaschaatya european oriyantalistula anuvaadaalu. namov beliyav paie "prachuryam" kosam matrame kakunda kathinamgaa daadi chesaadu
burjuwa oriyantalistula vijayalu conny vaatini pradarsinchadaaniki kooda
moodu aardhika vaataavaranaalu spashtamgaa, mariyu vaatini jodinchadaaniki
yaantrikamgaa". " vaeru cheyabadataaniki badulugaa, athanu pattubattaru, "mugguru
vyavasthalu arabia yokka ekikruta aardhika vyavasthalo vibhina bhagaluga undevi.
rojula vaareegaa, vaanijya praantaalu aadhipatya paatranu kaligi untaayi
vaari bhuswamya sambandhaala gurinchi. namov
vaanijyam mariyu bhuusvaamyavaadam madhya eee sambandhaanni ekkada vivarinchaledu,
alaage ayana etuvanti muulaalanu kooda andinchaledu.
anni mataalu (...)
purushula manassulalo aaa baahyula adbhutamaina pratibimbam tappa marokati ledhu
vaari rojuvaaree jeevitaanni niyantrinche saktulu. eee coat okkate saripotundi
coron anedi vakreekarinchina adbhutamaina vyakteekarana" anie athanu konasaginchadu
aaa kaalapu vaastavikata gurinchi. tatphalitamgaa, dheenini parigananaloki teesukovadam tappu
prarambha islanku muulamgaa coron. namov vivarinchadaaniki vellaadu
muslimla madhya vyatyaasam chuupadam kooda aamodayogyam kaadu
mariyu muslimetarulu, athanu perkonnappudu beliyav chesinatlugaa
madeenaa muslimlu anyamata makka caravanspy daadi chesaaru.
muslimlu mariyu muslimetarula madhya thedaanu chuupadam, kabatti nomov,
missionarylu" anae padavini chepattadam antey, vaaru "missionarylanu" kramabaddhikarinchadam "anie ardham.
aviswaasulu (manam chuustaaru, oriyantalistulu ayye aaropana
mataaniki seva chese mataprachaarakulu, oka soukaryavantamaina matamgaa maararu.
mariyu 1930laloe paruvu nashtam yokka vistruta sadhanam).
namov aneka itara marxist oriyantalistulapai kooda daadi chesaadu,
islam oka "saamaajika viplavam" anae thana abhipraayaaniki liutsian climovic
arabic vaanijya muuladhanam yokka pragatiseela amsaalu".
muslimlu mariyu muslimetarulanu naumov samatulyam cheyadam, athani patla nirlakshyam
matam oka pratyeka karakamga, bahusha oka pratyeka karakamga uttamamgaa vargeekarinchavachhu.
athi vamapaksha sthaanam. ayithe, saadhaaranamgaa, praamukhyatanu ayana tiraskarinchaaru
matam mariyu vyaktitvaalu mariyu athani nirnayaatmaka praadhaanyata
bhouthikavaadaanni ippatikee m yokka paatasaalato mudipettavacchu.enn. pokrovsky.
kendrikarana
konni arabic nagarallo dravya rajadhani, annintikante ekkuvagaa makkaalo,
valasavaadulaku' vyatiraekamgaa poraatam [i.ii., ethiopians mariyu pertianlu],
sahaja (aardhika) sambandhaala raddu, mariyu prakriya
saadhaaranamgaa varga yuddham arabbulanu anivaaryathatho nettivesindi
arabic rashtra srushti vaipu."
climovic bhuswamya siddhaantaanni hrudayapuurvakamgaa sweekarinchi, navshirvanov mariyu tomara meeda daadi chesaadu. 
climovic reisner yokka "vaanijya pettubadidaarii siddhaantam" paie daadi chesaadu.
idhe vidhamaina kathinatvam; khachitamgaa cheppalante, reisner konni samvatsaraala kritam maraninchaadu,
conny paina chuusinatlugaa, athani siddhaantam sweekarinchabadindi mariyu savarinchabadindi
evgeni beliyav mariyu itarulu.
dhesha saadhaarana raajakeeya vaataavaranamloo maarpu mariyu
mukhyamgaa islaamik adhyayanaalalo chaalaa mandhi rachayitalu readjust cheyadaaniki prerepinchaaru.
vaari sthaanaalu. idhi balaheenamaina conny ekikruta soviet siddhaantaanni roopondinchindi.
ika nundi siddhaantamgaa pariganinchabade islam. taruvaati samvatsaraallo islaamnu varninchadam asadhyam ayyindi.
edainaa ardhavantamaina paddhati. soviet loe manugadalo unna paalgonevaaru
islampai charcha islaamnu anusandhaaninche siddhaantaaniki sabhyatvam pondavalasi vachindi.
bhuusvaamyavaadam. adhe samayamlo daanini jagrattagaa vrayadam nivaarinchabadindi
bhuswamya" anae padaaniki sambandhinchina edainaa vishayam, ledhaa daanitoe daani sambandhaanni vivarinchadaaniki
vaanijya pettubadidaarulu".