odesaloni yoodula charitra

odesaloni yoodula charitra 16va sataabdaaniki chendinadi. mandiram aadhunika nagaram sthaapinchabadinappati nundi, neti ukreyinlo yoodula atyadhika janabhalo odessa okatigaa undhi. vaaru 19va sataabdam antataa mariyu 20va sataabdam madhyakaalam varaku eee praantamloo atipedda jaathi-matha samuuhamgaa unnaaru.
nepathyam.
yoodulu aneka satabdaalugaa eee praantam yokka aardhika karyakalapalalo bhaagamgaa unnaaru. 16va sataabdam nundi, polish kiriitaaniki chendina yoodulu neti dakshina ukreyinlo sthirapaddaaru, zaporogian sitch looni kosaklalo vyaapaarulu, digumatidaarulu mariyu anuvaadakulugaa panicheesaaru. vaaru crimea nundi pradhana bhuubhaagaaniki vastuvulanu egumati cheyadamlo kooda churukuga unnaaru mariyu eee praantamlooni dukaanaalu mariyu sarassulalo gananeeyamaina vatanu kaligi unnaaru. unnaaru zaporogian sitch raddu taruvaata, rashyanlu eee praantaanni swaadheenam chesukunnappudu, yoodulu kottagaa sthaapinchabadina teerapraanta pattanaalaku vellaaru, vaatilo okati khajibi, dheenini mandiram odesaa anie paeru marcharu. 
eee praantamloo prarambha yoodu sthiranivaasulu bahusha sephardi yoodulu, veeru crimea nundi valasa vacchaaru. 1765 mariyu 1789 madhyakaalamlo hebru bhaashalo vraayabadina aneka samadhi raallu eee praantamloo kanugonabaddayi.
prarambha vruddhi.
1799 natiki, nagaramloni yoodula janabha 317, indulo 187 mandhi purushulu mariyu 130 mandhi mahilalu unnaaru. eee kaalamlo, khananam chese sangham, oka yoodula mandiram mariyu "talmud thoraa" anae anaathala paatasaalato sahaa aneka yoodula matha samsthalu undevi. oka "hekdesh" (work house) nirminchabadindi mariyu oka "kehilla" (commune) erpaatu cheyabadindi. 
19va sataabdam modati rendu dasaabdaalalo eee praantaaniki valasalu rendu vibhina taramgaalalo jarigaayi, dheeni meeda maarumuula mariyu kottagaa erpadina yoodu samajam daani perugudala kosam ekkuvagaa aadhaarapadindi. steven jipperstein vaadinchinatlugaa, yoodu valasadaarulu "vistaaramaina veedhulu mariyu sunnapurayi bhavanaalatho kuudina odesanu, vaaru alavaatupadina puraatana sthaavaraalaku bhinnamgaa oka prapanchamgaa chuusaaru, mariyu odesalu vaerae chota yoodulaku praatinidhyam vahinchadaaniki vachayi [...] vaataavaranam, aardhika avakaasaalu mariyu aamodayogyamaina mataparamaina pravartana yokka paridhulalo maarpunu andinche kotta prarambha empika ". 
aardhika jeevitam.
jeevitam yoodula sankhya 240 nundi nundi 1797loe tagginappatikee, vaanijyamlo yoodula bhagaswamyam nagaramlo mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchindi. taruvaati samvatsaram nundi vacchina oka nivedika prakaram, nagara vaanijya rajadhanilo ekkuva bhaagam yoodulu kaligi unnaaru mariyu pattu, patthi, unni, hardware, inumu mariyu bootlu vanti vastuvula vaanijyamlo aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru mariyu ekkuvagaa uppu egumatini niyantrinchaaru. chaalaa mandhi yoodulu kotalo unnappudu chinna vyaapaarulu ledhaa chetivruttulavaarugaa kooda russian sainyam kosam panicheesaaru. ayithe, ayithe iddaru yoodulu matrame tamanu taamu "kuptsi" (vyaapaarulu) vibhaagamlo namodu chesukogaliginanta dhanavanthulu. dhanavanthulaina yoodulu ekkuvagaa nagaram madhyalo nivasinchaaru, paedalu moldavanka mariyu peressip jillaalo kendrikrutamai unnaaru. 
rendava tarangam.
modatidi vacchina ventane, vohlinia, podilia, white russia mariyu broady pattanam nundi vacchina rendava taragatiki chendina sthiranivaasulu vacchaaru. eee kotta sthiranivaasulu russian nalla samudra naukaasrayam yokka sambhaavya praamukhyata gurinchi telusukuni, dhanyam marketlo hecchutaggula nundi labham pondadaaniki prayatnistunnaaru. kherson nagaram nundi yoodu kutumbaalu ekkuvagaa vachayi. 
prajalu vyaktigatamgaa vacchina modati taramgaaniki viruddhamgaa, rendava tarangam kutumbaala raakanu kaligi undhi. 1809 mariyu 1819 madhya, odessa antarjaateeya praamukhyata kaligina nagaramgaa maarindi, idhi eee praantamlooni yoodu samaajaaniki vistruta shreni avakaasaalanu ichindi. valasala prakriya kooda saadhaaranamgaa mataparamaina kaaryakalaapaalaku kathinamgaa kattubadi undataanni balaheenaparichindi. udaaharanaku, udaaharanaku oka saayantram, nagaramloni rabbi berish benn ijraayelnu aachara chattanni kathinamgaa paatinchadam patla asantrupti chendina yoodula brundam veedhullo kotti champindi. 
galician yoodulu.
yoodulu, galician yoodulu nagaram yokka dhanyam vyaparamlo madhyavartulu mariyu agentla paatralapai aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru, adhe samayamlo bankerlu, vyaapaarulu mariyu brokerluga kooda niyaminchabaddaaru, odesaloni brokerlalo 86 saatam mandhi yoodulu. yoodulalo atyanta sampannamaina rangamgaa avatarinchina vaaru sthaanika kehillanu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. veelugaa russia prabhutvam yoodula kehilla mottaanni raddu chesina taruvaata kooda, odessa kehilla eee praantamloo pakshika swayampratipatti kaligina samsthagaa panicheestuunee undhi, dheeni samavesalu kramam tappakunda jarigaayi. 
1837 mariyu 1844 madhya, "kuptsi" vargaaniki chendina yoodu vyaapaarula sankhya 169 nundi nundi perigindi. lilienthal, nagaramlo 228 vyaparalu, 67 karmagaralu mariyu varkshaaplu mariyu 26 crackery dukaanaalu yoodula yajamanyamlo undevi. 1850 natiki, nagara vaanijyamlo yoodulu vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna samuuhamgaa maararu mariyu mariyu vaanijya aardhika vyavasthalo nimagnamaina 5,466 mandhi vyaktulalo 2,907 mandhi (53.2%) yoodulu unnaaru. 
perigindi, galician yoodulu loukika mariyu yoodu vishayalanu bodhinche aadhunika praathamika paatasaalanu praarambhinchaaru. moshe tsvi netrutvamloni yoodu sampradaayavaadula vyatiraekata unnappatikee, eee chattaniki nagara adhikarulu maddatu icchaaru. modati samvatsaramlo 250 mandiki paiga vidyaarthulu paatasaalalo namodu chesukunnaru. maaks lilienthal lilienthal paatasaalalo daadaapu 400-500 vidyaarthulu unnaarani paerkonnaadu. paerkonnaadu, eee paatasaalanu rashtra paatasaala vyavasthalo vileenam chesinappudu, eee sankhya sankhya perigindi. 
broadsky yoodula mandiram.
mandiram, broady yoodulu tama modati yoodula mandiraanni, pushkin mariyu postal (ippudu zukovsky) veedhula muulaloe, saapekshamgaa chinna intlo, dhanavanthudaina greeku vyaapaaravaetta xenisu nundi leejuku teesukunnaru. broady pattanam nundi vacchina rabbi nissan bluementhal aaa contor. samaajamandiraala samskarana nagaramlo maskillim yokka praadhaanyatalalo okati, idhi vijayavantamaindi, endukante broadsky samajamandiram tvaralo eee praantamloo yoodula praarthanaku namoonaga maarindi. gatamlo beat neisset haa gadol anie piluvabade paatha glavaina yoodula mandiram, mandiram sthaapinchabadindi mariyu nagaram yokka pradhana dhamanulapai (rishelevskaya alitsa) undhi, broadsky yoodula mandiram namuunaapai punaruddharinchabadindi. 
idhi, broadsky yoodula mandiram kotta nirmaanaanni nirminchadaaniki thana nibaddhatanu prakatinchindi. pratyeka lott konugolu mariyu nirmaana vyayam 35,646 rubillu, 197 mandhi vyaktulu andinchaaru. dheenini vaastusilpi joseph enn roopondinchaaru. gothik florentine shaililo kollovich. sthaanika sunnapuraayitho nirminchina eee yoodula mandiram, russian saamrajyam yokka dakshina praantaalalo atipeddadigaa maarindi, idhi idhi puurtayimdi mariyu murish vaastusilpaaniki sthaanika mylurayiga panichesindi. broadsky yoodula mandiram odesalo atyanta pramukha yoodula mandiramgaa mariyu russian saamrajyamlo modati aadhunika yoodula mandiramgaa maarindi.
19va sataabdam.
modati nicolus paalanalo yoodulapai himsa adhikarikamga maarindi. ayana paalanalo yoodulaku sambandhinchina pradhana nibandanalalo ivi unnaih unnaih aamodinchabadina vaari pillalatho sahaa yoodula nirbandha niyamakam; niyamakam; chattamgaa santakam chesina prayaana mariyu sthaavara parimitulaku sambandhinchina nibandhanalu; veelugaa khall vyavasthanu raddu cheyadam; keev, kherson mariyu sevastopol nundi yoodula janabhanu bahishkarinchadam; mariyu bahirangamgaa hebru mariyu yiddish vaadakaaniki sambandhinchina nishedhaalu. yoodula ekikarana lakshyamtho jilla mariyu prabhutva paatasaalala maadirigaane kotta yoodu paatasaalalanu srushtinchadaaniki veelugaa veelugaa jaar oka uttarvu jaarii chesaadu. 
crimean yuddha samayamlo odessa naukaasrayaanni digbandham cheyadam, aaa taruvaata vaanijyaaniki antaraayam kaliginchadam kaaranamgaa, 1853 nundi 1855 varaku nagara egumatulu padhi retlu vaegamgaa padipoyayi. nashtalu nagaramloni greeku vyaapaaravaettalanu tama karyalayalanu moosiveyavalasi vachindi, yuddham taruvaata nagaram kolpoyina khaataadaarulanu tirigi pondadamlo viphalamaindi. ayithe, greekula maadirigaa kakunda, yoodulu utpattidaarulato sannihita sambandham kaaranamgaa maandyaanni thattukogaligaaru, idhi marketnu anchanaa vese vaari saamarthyaanni baga meruguparichindi mariyu takkuva laabhaala margine thoo vyaparam cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. phalitamgaa, egumati vaanijyamlo greeku vatanu yoodulu twaragaa adhigaminchaaru. adhigaminchaaru prakaram, nagaramloni vaanijya samsthalalo 60 saatam mariyu chaalaa retail dukaanaalu yoodula yajamanyamlo unnaayi. 
nagaram, eee nagaram aadhunika yoodula medhaavula vargaaniki kendramgaa maarindi. janabhalo daadaapu moodinta oka vanthu mandhi yiddish maatlaadadamtho, eee nagaram nagaram yiddish saahityaaniki kendramgaa edigindi, russian yoodula saamskrutika parivartanalo pedda paatra pooshinchindi. odesalo chaalaa vijayavantamaina yoodu samsthalu unnaayi, ivi russia antataa unna aneka yoodu medhaavulanu aakarshinchayi. 
ayithe, itara jaateeyatalato perigina udriktatalaku aaa samajam baadhituraalaindi, idhi chivariki bahiranga yoodula vyatiraekatagaa maarindi. maarindi odesalo jarigina yoodula vyatiraeka allarla samayamlo, constantinopullo greeku sanaatana pitrutvam maraninchina taruvaata, 14 mandhi yoodulu champabaddaru. mottammeeda, 1821,1859,1871,1881 mariyu 1905 laloe odesalo maaranahomaalu jarigaayi, ayithe "yoodula encyclopedia" 1821 allarlaku udaaharanagaa pariganinchaledu. alegzander II hatyaku yoodulanu nindistuu pukaarlu raavadamtho, 1881 mariyu 1884 madhya ukrain thoo sahaa dakshina russia saamrajyamlo pedda ettuna yoodula vyatiraeka himsa alalu chelaregina taruvaata eee padam saadhaaranamaindi. 
adanamgaa, 1882 naati mae chattalu russian yoodulalo raajakeeya kriyaaseelataku mariyu saamuuhika valasalaku prerananichaayi. 1881 mariyu 1920 madhya rendu millionlaku paiga yoodulu russia nundi paaripoyaaru, majority united states mariyu paalastiinaa ayina ottoman praantaaniki valasa vacchaaru, mariyu eee nagaram geonizaniki maddatugaa oka mukhyamaina sthaavaramgaa maarindi.
maarindi, bilu mariyu hovvei zian sabhyulu paalastiinaaku modati alia anie pilavabade daanini, appudu ottoman saamrajyamlo bhaagamgaa chesaaru. praarambhamlo, eee samsthalu adhikarikam kaavu, mariyu chattabaddhamgaa gurtimpu pondina chatraanni saadhinchadaaniki, oka yoodu samsthanu vividha european deshaalalo swachchanda samsthagaa namodu cheyalsi vachindi; american yoodulu ekkuva mottaanni nidhulu andinchaaru. kathinamaina charchala taruvaata, russia prabhutvam 1890 praarambhamlo siriya mariyu polestineloni yoodu raitulu mariyu chetivruttulavaari maddatu kosam sosaiteeni sthaapinchadaaniki aamodam telipindi, dheenini odessa kamitee anie kooda pilustaaru. idhi leone pinskar netrutvamloni odesalo undhi mariyu palestinelo yoodula vyavasaya sthaavaraalanu sthaapinche aacharanaatmaka amsaalaku ankitam cheyabadindi. jarrist prabhutvam kooda yoodula olasalanu appudappudu prothsahinchindi. lekkinchindi modati geonist congressku mundu, odessa kamitee 4,000 mandiki paiga sabhyulanu lekkinchindi. lekkinchindi geonist samstha sthaapinchabadinappudu, chaalaa varaku hovvey jion sanghaalu daanilo cheraayi. cheraayi moosivese varaku odessa kamitee panicheestuunee undhi. 
geonism mariyu tadupari olasalanu prothsahinchadaaniki prayatnaalu chesinappatiki, odessa janabhalo yoodula vataa daadaapu 35 saatamgaa sthiramgaa undhi. modati prapancha yuddham mariyu russian antaryuddham taruvaata kooda, odesalo 150,000 mandiki paiga yoodulu unnaaru, idhi mottam janabhalo 36.7% gaa undhi.
rendava prapancha yuddham mariyu antaku minchi.
rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo, 1941 augustulo romanian mariyu german dalaala samyukta dalaalu odesapai daadi chesaayi. odesanu 73 rojula muttadi taruvaata, eee nagaranni swaadheenam chesukuni romanian paripaalanalo unchaaru, idhi transnistria governorate rajadhaanigaa maarindi. aktobaru 23naa, nagaramlo aksha dalaala raakato, yoodu muulaaniki chendina prajalandaruu marusati roeju dalnic graamaaniki nivedinchaalani aadesistuu oka uttarvu jaarii cheyabadindi; sumaru 5,000 mandhi yoodulu kattubadi unnaaru. modati 50 mandini tank-nirodhaka guntaku teesukuvacchi, 10va meshin-gunn betalian commander leftinent-kalnal nikole deleynu kalchi champaru. 5, 000 nundi 10,000 mandhi yoodulu champabaddaru mariyu chaalaa mandhi bandeelugaa teesukunnaru. odesalo romanlu basa chesina modati vaaramlo, nagaram daani janabhalo 10 saatam mandini kolpoyindi. 
sumaru 25,000 mandhi odesson yoodulu nagara shivaarlalo hatya cheyabaddaaru mariyu 35,000 mandiki paiga bahishkarinchabaddaaru; dheenini odessa oochakotha anie pilicheevaaru. aakramana jarigina modati aaru nelallo chaalaa varaku duraagataalaku palpaddaru mariyu insatzgruppen deth squadlache jarigaayi. 1941 aktobaru 17 natiki, eee praantamlooni 210,000 mandhi yoodulalo 80 saatam mandhi champabaddaru. idhi romanialoni yoodulaku viruddhamgaa undhi, ikkada ekkuva mandhi manugada saaginchaaru. 
thoorpu frontlo naajii dalaalu naela kolpoinappudu, roman paripalana thana vidhananni savarinchindi mariyu thoorpu airopaloni migilina yoodu janabhanu german aakramita polandlo unna nirmuulana shibiraalaku bahishkarinchadaaniki niraakarinchindi, adhe samayamlo yoodulanu adde karmikuluga panicheyadaaniki anumatinchindi. aakramita thoorpu airopaloni itara praantaalaku bhinnamgaa, odesalo yoodula janabha manugada gananeeyamgaa ekkuvagaa undhi. yuddham taruvaata, odessa janabhalo padhi saataaniki paiga yoodulu unnaaru, mariyu odarevu stevedorlu mariyu naipunhyam laeni kaarmikula nundi medho unnatavargam varaku chaalaa vruttiparamaina samoohaalalo kanipinchaaru. 
1970la nundi, migilina yoodula janabhalo ekkuva mandhi rendu vibhina alialalo valasa vacchaaru, okati okati mariyu marokati soviet union raddu taruvaata. valasadaarulu pradhanamgaa ijraayelku vellaaru, conny kondaru yoodula swayampratipatti kaligina oblast ledhaa itara deshaalaku kooda vellaaru, eee praantamlooni yoodula samajam kudinchabadindi. 
chaaritraka janabha.
1880 nundi 1920 varaku, odesalo russian saamrajyamlo rendava atipedda yoodu janabha undedi.
daani vyavasthaapaka samvatsaramlo (1795), nagaram yokka janabha 2,500 mandigaa namodu cheyabadindi. cheyabadindi, nagara janabha 90,000 mandiki paiga perigindi, idhi russian saamrajyamlo moodava atipedda nagaramgaa nilichindi. eee perugudala valasadaarula bhaarii pravaham kaaranamgaa jarigindi, deenivalla janabha janabha 86,729 nundi nundi 1873loe perigindi. perigindi nagaramloni mottam janabhalo yoodulu 89 saatam unnaaru. unnaaru janabha 404,000kuu perigindi, yoodulu rendava atipedda samuuhamgaa unnaaru. 198, 233 mandhi rashyanlu, 124,511 mandhi yoodulu (janabhalo varusaga 49.09% mariyu 30.83%) unnaaru. ayithe yoodulalo kevalam 38.5% matrame nagaramlo janminchaaru. tadanugunamgaa kotta rashyaalooni dakshina praavinsula yoodula janabha 1844 mariyu 1880 madhyakaalamlo 333% perigindi, mariyu yoodulu russia mottam janabhalo 5.6% unnaaru. 

