
bangka (padava)

bangka phillippeans yokka vividha sthaanika jala noukalu. idhi modata nadulu mariyu nissara teerapraanta jalaallo upayoginche chinna double-rigger dugawoot canolanu suuchistumdi, conny 18va sataabdam nundi, idhi avt riggarlatho ledhaa lekunda pedda strabbed-logg noukalanu chaerchadaaniki vistarinchindi. phillippeans antataa upayoginche padam okate ayinappatikee, "bangka" anedi vividha praantaalaku pratyaekamaina chaalaa vibhina shreni padavalanu suuchistumdi. bangkanu banca, panca ledhaa pangaa (m. spaanishlo banco, panco, pango). dheenini puraatanamgaa sakayan (sakayan anie kooda pilustaaru) anie kooda pilustaaru.
vyutpatti.
bangka anedi proto-malaayo-polynesian "* bangka α" nundi udbhavinchindi, kaavalan "bangka", "mori" bangka "mariyu sumbava" bangka "vanti kagnetlatho. idhi padavalanu soochinche rendu itara protoformlalo rendu retlu proto-austronatian "* kabang" mariyu proto-central-malaayo-polynesian "* wangka". chivariki proto-austronatian lexical muulam "* baang" nundi "padava" kosam.
charitra.
swadeshi philippean padavalu austronatian prajala puurveekula single-avtrigor dugawoot canola nundi udbhavinchaayi, ivi swayamgaa kaatamaraanla nundi udbhavinchaayi. eee padavalu prapanchamlooni mottamodati samudra-prayaana noukalu, ivi kristupurvam 3000 nundi 1500 varaku samudrateera aagneya chaina mariyu taiwan nundi aagneya asea dveepam, micronesia, dveepam melanesia, polynesia mariyu madagaskarla varaku samudrayaana austronatian vistaranaku anumatinchaayi.
philippeanslo kolukunna puraatana padavalu cree. sha. 320 naati butuvaanlo kanugonabadina 9 nundi 11 "baalange", veetilo anni namuunaalu vilakshanhamaina strabbed-lug austronatian padavalu. 19va sataabdam varaku philippean (mariyu agneyasia) padavalalo eee saanketikata saadhaaranam, aadhunika padavalu lohapu gollatho nirminchadam praarambhinchaayi. philippeansloni konni praantaalalo anchu-jatacheyabadina palakalu manugada saagistunnaayi, ayinappatikee ivi saadhaaranamgaa saampradaaya laaglu mariyu lashinglaku badulugaa lohapu rebarlu mariyu raadlatho bhadraparachabadataayi.
duradrushtavasaattu agneyasialo valasavaadaaniki mundu jarigina nauka shidhilaala (jaateeya museum dwara sahaa) chaalaa tavvakaalu mariyu recoverylu ooda nirmaanaalanu adhyayanam cheyadam kante saruku ravaanaapai ekkuva drushti pedataayi. dopidi kooda oka samasya, idhi puurva-valasavaada philipino jala vimanalapai parisoedhana korataku dohadam chestundi.
samudra vaanijyamlo vividha rakaala bangkaalanu upayoginchevaaru. philippeansloni raajakeeya vyavasthalu chinnaviga mariyu ekkuvagaa agneyasia vaanijyam yokka anchuna unnappatikee, avi agneyasia marketlo bhaagamgaa undevi. bhouthika samskruti yokka mottamodati marpidi, dakshina vietnam mariyu taivaanlooni itara austronatian raajakeeyaalato vartakam cheyabadina luzonlo tayaaru cheyabadina "lingling-oo" double-head jade ledhaa bangaaru aabharanaalalo chivari neolithic vaanijyam. dheeni taruvaata resinlu, sugandha adavulu, bangaaram, mutyaalu, samudra dosakaya (treponging), tabella shell, sivetlu, battalu, theneteegalu mariyu pakshula goodu badulugaa aagneya asea mariyu dakshina chaina pradhana bhuubhaagam nundi seramicslo vaanijyam jarigindi. philippean rajakeeyaala pradhana vaanijya sambandhaalalo vietnam, chaina mariyu brunai sultanet looni champa rajakeeyaalu unnaayi.
yuddhalu mariyu naavikaadala yuddhamlo mariyu talasokraseela teerapraanta daadulaloo ("mangaya") kooda bangka upayoginchabadindi, atuvanti yuddhanaukaku mukhyamaina udaaharana visayas yokka "karakova". ivi kalanugunamga undevi mariyu goppa mariyu yodhula taragatulu pratishta mariyu dopideeni pondadamlo pedda paatra poeshinchaayi. daadulaloo palgonna yodhulu tama dopideelanu vistrutamaina puurti shareera pachchabotlalo namodu chesaaru.
valasavaadaaniki puurvam phillippeans yokka vividha janthu shatrutva nammakaalalo, bangka nirmaanamloo tarachugaa kalapa kosam chetlanu enchukovadam nundi samudrayaanaalaku mundu acharala varaku mataparamaina acharalu undevi. kottagaa nirminchina bangkaalo vividha acharala dwara samrakshaka aatma ("anito") nii nimpaaru, saadhaaranamgaa raktabalulu untaayi. puraatana mariyu prarambha valasavaada yugam bangkanu kooda saadhaaranamgaa chekkina ledhaa paint chesina mukhamtho alankarinchevaaru. vyaktigata ravana, chepala vaeta noukalu, vaanijya noukalu mariyu yuddhanaukalapai daadi cheyadam vanti panulatho puurva-hysponic philipino samskrutilo bangka pradhana paatra pooshinchindi. philippeanslo motaru ledhaa teddu-nadiche bangka ippatikee jala nauka yokka pradhana roopamgaa undhi.
nirmaanam.
anni puurveekula austronatian padavala maadirigaane, bangka yokka pottu daani saralamaina roopamlo aidu bhaagaalanu kaligi undhi. diguva bhaagamlo bolu-avt logg yokka oke mukka untundi (mukhyamgaa oka dugawoot cano, "bangka" anae padaaniki asalu ardham). pakkapakkane rendu palakalu undevi, mariyu rendu gurrapu naala aakarapu kalapa mukkalu proo mariyu sturn nuu yerparustaayi. veetini yea gollanu upayoginchakundaa, laaglu, dovellu mariyu lashinglatho (rattan ledhaa fiber nundi tayaaru cheyabadinavi) anchu nundi anchu varaku gattiga amarcharu. vaaru padava yokka shelnu yerparuchukunnaru, taruvaata adhi kshitija samaantara pakkatemukalatho balopetam cheyabadindi. vaariki kendra raddarlu laevu, conny badulugaa oka vaipu oka teddunu upayoginchi nadipinchabadevaaru. ivi double-cano aakruteekaranalo nirminchabaddaayi ledhaa gaali vaipu oke avtrigor kaligi unnaayi. aagneya asea dveepamlo, ivi prati vaipu double avtrigarlugaa abhivruddhi chendaayi, ivi gaaliki vyatiraekamgaa vyavaharinchetappudu ekkuva sthirathvaanni andinchaayi. bangkanu kooda saampradayakamgaa "upitang" chetla ("dipterocorpus" esppi) nundi "baalaa" rasaanni udikinchi misramam upayoginchi kalapabadevaaru.) mariyu "gaata" (kobbari paalu).
philippeansloni chaalaa aadhunika bangkaalo double-avt riggarlu unnappatikee, single-avt rigger dugawoot canolu philippeansloni konni praantaalalo iteevali kaalam varaku manugada saaginchaayi. udaaharanalalo 1940laloe sekarinchina manila bay nundi southampton vishwavidhyaalayamlo oka namuunaa, alaage iteevala 2015 nundi dakshina luzonloni bikol praantamlooni lake bulusan mariyu lake buhi nundi padavalu unnaayi. oke avtrigarnu parshwa sthirathvaanni andinchadaaniki upayogistaaru, ayithe matsyakaarulu fishing valalatho panicheyadaaniki ippatikee anumatistundi. eee saampradaaya padavalu aadhunika kaalamlo ekkuvagaa kanumarugayyayi, paakshikamgaa tagina kalapa korata kaaranamgaa mariyu paakshikamgaa fiberglass padavala saapeksha chouka kaaranamgaa.
puurveekula rigg anedi maast laeni tribhujaakaara peetha panjaalu, idhi gaaliki vangi undagala rendu boomlanu kaligi undhi. pandon aakulato nesina chaapalatho terachaapalu tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. tribhujaakaara peetha panjaalu terachaapalu kooda taruvaata chadarapu ledhaa deerghachaturasraakaara tanza terachaapalugaa abhivruddhi chendaayi, veetini peetha panjaalu terachaapala vale gaaliki vyatiraekamgaa vangi unchavacchu. sthira tripaud ledhaa baipad masts kooda agneyasialo abhivruddhi chendaayi.
saamskrutika praamukhyata.
vaanijyam mariyu yuddhamlo upayoginchadame kakunda, phillippeans antataa vividha samskrutulaku bangka pradhana praamukhyatanu kaligi undhi. gramalanu "barangay" anie pilicheevaaru, idhi "balamgay" anae saadhaarana pedda padava rakam nundi udbhavinchindi. padava padajaalam ranklu, pradaesaala paerlu mariyu vyaktigata paerlaku kooda, dveepam lopali bhagalalo kooda upayoginchabadindi. dakshina philippeansku chendina samaa-bajou prajalalo, "desenging" mariyu "lepa" vanti vividha rakaala bangka anhu kutumbaala house botlugaa panicheesaayi mariyu tarachugaa vamsapu nowkalaloo kalisi prayaanistaayi. chinna bangkaalanu konnisaarlu vari mariyu vyavasaya vastuvulanu bhoomipai ravana cheyadaaniki kooda upayoginchevaaru, endukante avi sledge ledhaa vyaganla kante irukaina margallo marinta soukaryavantamgaa undevi.
visayan puraanaalaloo bangka pramukhamgaa kanipistundi. balande" anie piluvabade padavanu magyan devata mrutula aatmalanu teesukelladaaniki upayogistaadu. suludnone prajala itihaasam "labav danggaon" loe, "biday naa inagta" (litt. "nalla padava") pramukhamgaa pradarsinchabadindi. paaschaatya visayaalalo, "kibang" anie piluvabade bhavishyavaani aacharamlo, nivaasitulu "bangka" loe sampuurnamgaa nischalamgaa kuurchuni prasnalu adagadam, "diwata" (prakruti aatma) padavanu kadilinchadam dwara samadhanam ivvadam untaayi.
aadhunika bangka.
1970laloe motaru injin pravesapettinappati nundi, gatamlo vistrutamgaa vyaapinchina philippean sailing sampradaayaalu ekkuvagaa poyayi. chaalaa aadhunika bangkaalu motaru cheyabadataayi mariyu veetini "pump boats" (ledhaa "pambot") ledhaa "lancha" ("lanta") anie pilustaaru. chinna padavalu saadhaaranamgaa gasoline ledhaa deasle enginelanu upayogistaayi, ayithe pedda padavalu recycle chesina automobile enginelanu upayoginchavacchu.
banca kooda kalapaku badulugaa fiber-reinforced plaastik (fiberglass) thoo tayaaru cheyabadutondi, ivi ooda purugulu mariyu kullipovadaniki marinta nirodhakatanu kaligi untaayi mariyu saapekshamgaa choukainavi.

