
puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam

puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam anedi vaarasatvamgaa vacchina paristhiti, idhi chaalaa varaku varnaamdhatvaaniki muula kaaranam. rangu drushti meeda daani chinna nundi mitamaina prabhavam tappa dheeniki mukhyamaina lakshanaalu laevu. idhi retina yokka cone kanaalalo prakaasavantamaina varnadravyam ayina erupu mariyu/ledhaa aakupaccha opsin proteinla kaaryaacharanalo vaividhyam valla sambhavistundi, ivi rangu drushtini madhyavartitvam chestaayi. sambandhita opsinla janyuvulu x chromosomelo unnanduna, aadavaalla kante magavaallu erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvaanni vaarasatvamgaa pondhe avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi. puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam kosam screening saadhaaranamgaa ishihara ledhaa ilanti rangu drushti pareekshato nirvahinchabadutundi. varnaamdhatvaaniki etuvanti nivaarana ledhu.
puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam kaligi, saastriiyamgaa adhyayanam chesina modati vyakti ayina zaan dalton tarvaata eee rakamaina varnaandhatvaanni konnisaarlu chaaritraatmakamgaa daltonism anie pilustaaru. itara bhaashalalo, "daltonism" ippatikee erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvaanni vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi, conny saadhaaranamgaa ranga andhatvaanni kooda vaadukalo suuchimchavachchu.
lakshanaalu.
puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam yokka ekaika mukhyamaina lakshanam rangu drushti lopam (rangu andhatvam ledhaa dyschromatopsia). adanamgaa, sumaru _ _% varnaandhatvam puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha varnaandhatvam valla sambhavistundi, kabatti paristhiti mariyu lakshanaalanu vippadam tarachugaa kashtam. erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhula vishayam erupu-aakupaccha aksham venta rangu vivakshanu taggistundi (ledhaa undadu). idhi saadhaaranamgaa eee krindi gandaragola rangulanu kaligi untundih
vargeekarana.
puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam 4 samoohaalalo 1 gaa vargeekarinchabadindih
eee samoohaalalo prati okkati oka upasarga mariyu oka pratyayaanni kaligi untundi. greeku nundi lexames, "modati" ("prote-") ledhaa "rendava" ("dutor-") varusaga ell-mariyu emm-opsinsnu suuchistuu, upasarga prabhaavitamaina cone (photopsin) nuu suuchistumdi. pratyayam rangu drushti yokka parimaanaanni suchistundihi
dimentionality.
saadhaarana rangu drushti yokka parimaanam trigunamgaa untundi. idhi moodu vibhina cone taragatulato kuudina drushya vyavasthanu mariyu anduvalla trimiteeya swarasaptakam anie suuchistumdi. dvivarna rangu drushti rendu vibhina cone taragatulanu matrame kaligi untundi, anduvalla idhi dvi-miteeya swarasaptakam. erupu-aakupaccha dichromacytho, idhi erupu-aakupaccha pratyarthi chaanelnu soochinche parimaanam. kramarahita trichromacy kooda trichromatic, conny cone kanaalalo kaneesam okadaani yokka varnapata sunnitatvam maarchabadutundi, idhi vaerae parimaanam ledhaa aakaram gala swarasaptakaaniki daariteestundi. puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam vishayamlo, saadhaarana rangu drushtitoe polchinappudu erupu-aakupaccha parimaanam yokka dynamic paridhi taggutundi.
lopam yokka parimaanam balam/teevrataku sambandhinchinadi, conny saadhaaranamgaa vaidyaparamgaa teevratanu telikapati, mitamaina mariyu balamaina (ledhaa teevramaina) gaa nirvachinchadam chaalaa sulabham. asaadhaaranamaina trichromacy teevratalo saadhaarana rangu drushti (telikapati) nundi vaeru cheyalenidi nundi dichromacy (balamainadi) nundi vaeru cheyalenidi varaku maaravacchu. anduvalla, kramarahita trichromacy mariyu dichromacy madhya bhedaatmaka roganirdhaarana kashtam. oka udaaharana clinical roganirdhaarana "balamaina dutan", idhi deuteranomaly ledhaa deuteranopiaku anugunamgaa untundi.
protan verses. dutan.
prabhaavita cone aadhaaramgaa puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam yokka rendu rakaalu
tarachugaa varusaga redd-blind mariyu green-blind anie piluvabadinappatiki, protan mariyu dutan rakalu chaalaa saaruupya samalakshanaalanu (rangu drushti) kaligi untaayi, mukhyamgaa triton varnaamdhatvamtoe polchinappudu. eee paristhitini erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam anie pilavabadadu endukante erupu mariyu aakupaccha gandaragolaniki suuchika rangulu, ledhaa "erupu" mariyu "aakupaccha" sankuvulu prabhaavitamainanduna, conny erupu-aakupaccha pratyarthi prakriya chhaanel prabhaavitamainanduna. dichromacylo, yea cone (ldablues ledhaa endablues) lekunda unnaa aaa chhaanel samanamga nishkriyam cheyabadutundi. kramarahita trichromacylo, yea cone samarthavantamgaa maroka vaipu kadulutundo daanitoe sambandham lekunda aaa chhaanel samanamga prabhaavitamavutundi.
atyanta spashtamaina vyatyaasam scoterythrus prabhavam, ikkada protanlaku erupu rangu masakaga kanipistundi. anduke protaanlu tarachugaa erupu rangunu nalupu rangutho gandaragolaniki guri chestaayi, dutanlu alaa cheyavu. protan prakaasinchae saamarthyam paniteeru podavaina tarangadairghyala vadda irukainadi, idhi erupu rangulu muduru rangulo undataaniki kaaranamavutundi. dheeniki kaaranam erra sankuvulu (ivi saadhaaranamgaa varnapatam yokka erupu vaipunu kappi unchutaayi) takkuva tarangadairghyaalaku maaradam ledhaa kanipinchakapovadam.
rendintinee rangu drushti pareekshalatoo vaeru cheyadam kashtam, conny anomaloscopto atyanta vishwasaneeyamgaa nirvahistaaru. eee parikaram erupu mariyu aakupaccha kaanti nishpattini kolustundi, idhi pasupu suuchanaku grahanasaktito saripoladaaniki kalapali. protaanlu saadhaarana rangu kante ekkuva erupu rangunu jodistaayi, dutanlu marinta aakupaccha rangunu jodistaayi.
yantraangam.
janyuvulu.
puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam yokka vidhanam cone kanaala kaaryaacharanaku sambandhinchinadi, pratyaekamgaa photopsinla vyakteekaranaku, photaanlanu 'pattukuni' tadwara kaantini rasayana sanketaalagaa marche photopigmentlaku sambandhinchinadi. oka saadhaarana maanavudiki moodu vibhinnamaina photopsinlu untayih s-, m-mariyu l-opsinlu, varusaga opn1esdablue, opn1endablue ledhaa opn1eldablue anae vibhina janyuvula dwara vyakteekarinchabadataayi. oo. pii. enn. 1emm. doubleu mariyu oo. pii. enn. 1ell. doubleu. luu x chromosome yokka kyuu arm chivara xq28 sthaanamlo oka janyu samuuhamloo (locus niyantrana praanta janyuvutho paatu) untaayi. opn1esdablue eee paristhitiki sambandham ledhu mariyu vaerae chromosomelo undhi. samuuhamlooni janyuvulu eee krindi pattikalo sangrahinchabaddayih
oka nakilee sanghatana 30-40 miah nundi vaerugaa, rendu aapsinlu chaalaa sajaateeyamgaa untaayi (chaalaa saaruupyata), kevalam 19 dimorphic saitlanu (amaino aamlalu bhinnamgaa untaayi) kaligi untaayi, anduvalla 96 saatam saaruupyata kaligi untaayi. polchi choosthe, eee opsin janyuvulalo okati opn1esdablue (sws photopsin encoding mariyu chromosome 7loe unna) ledhaa "roow" (rhodopsin encoding, mariyu chromosome 3loe unna) kuu 40 saatam matrame samanamga untundi.
rendu janyuvulu 19 dimorphic saitlanu (vibhinnamaina amaino aamlalu) panchukuntaayi, vaatilo 7 matrame janyuvula madhya kriyaatmaka vyatyaasaaniki daariteestaayi, antey.ii. opsin yokka varnapata sunnitatvaanni tune cheyandi. eee 7 kriyaatmaka dimorphic saitlu opsinnu adhika (redd shift) ledhaa takkuva (blue shift) tarangadairghyaaniki tune chestaayi. eee dimorphic saitlalo prati okkati vadda oo. pii. enn. 1emm. doubleu janyuvuku vilakshanhamaina (atyanta saadhaarana) yugmavikalpam blueshift cheyabadutundi. adevidhamgaa, eee dimorphic saitlalo prati okkati vadda opn1eldablue janyuvuku vilakshanhamaina yugmavikalpam erupugaa maarchabadutundi. maroe maatalo cheppalante, saadhaarana rangu drushtiki dohadapade prati janyuvu yokka atyanta saadhaarana yugma vikalpaalu kotta binduvu utparivartanalu lekunda varnapatamlo (sumaru 30 nm) undagaliginanta varaku untaayi.
homolagus recombination.
meosis samayamlo, adhe rakamaina chromosomela madhya homolagus recombination sambhavinchavachhu, avi vaati janyuvulalo kontha bhaganni marpidi chesukuntaayi. marpidi cheyabadina bhagalu saadhaaranamgaa samanamga untaayi (oke janyuvulanu kaligi untaayi) mariyu eee prakriyanu "samaana" homolagus recombination antaaru. "chromosomela marpidi bhagalu samanamga lenappudu "asamaana" homolagus recombination jarugutundi, i.ii. avi oke chota virigipovu. eee punassamyojanam tarachugaa eee locus vadda jarugutundi endukante oo. pii. enn. 1ఎల్డblue mariyu oo. pii. enn. 1endablue janyuvulu prakkane untaayi mariyu 96 saatam saruupyamgaa untaayi.
janyuvula madhya viraamaalato asamaana punarekeekarana jariginappudu (neelam rekhala dwara chithreekarinchabadindi), oka janyuvunu chromosomelalo okadaani nundi tappanisarigaa tolaginchavacchu. eee janyu tolagimpu protanopia ledhaa deuteranopia (puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha dichromacy) kii daariteestundi.
janyuvu yokka "madhyalo" viraamaalato asamaana punarekeekarana jariginappudu (udhaa.zii. exanla madhya), opn1eldablue/opn1endablue janyuvulalo prati bhaganni kaligi unna chimerick janyuvulanu srushtinchavachu.
chimerick janyuvu.
oka chimerick janyuvu prati opn1endablue mariyu opn1eldablue janyuvula vilakshana yugmavikalpala nundi dohadapade exanlanu kaligi untundi. janyuvula madhya saaruupyata kaaranamgaa, eee chimeralu ellappuduu panicheestaayi, conny varnapata tuningnu anubhavistaayi, i.ii. varnapata sunnitatvaaniki maarpu. chimera yokka varnapata sunnitatvam saadhaarana yugmavikalpa sikharaala (530 ~ 560 nm) madhya ekkado untundi. eee chimerick yugmavikalpalu m * ledhaa l * nakshatramtho suuchimchabadataayi. oka chimerick janyuvunu m * ledhaa l * gaa varninchabadindaa anedi avi spectramlo vilakshanhamaina m ledhaa l yugmavikalpaaniki daggaragaa unnaya anae daanipai aadharapadi undadu, conny itara vyakteekarinchabadina janyuvuku vyatiraekam. dheeni ardham janyu samuuhamloo itara janyuvulu emito batti adhe chimerick janyuvunu m * ledhaa l * anie label cheyavachu. protanomaly unna vyaktiki m mariyu l * opsinlu untaayi mariyu deuteranomaly unna vyaktiki l mariyu m * opsinlu untaayi.
eee krindi pattikalo spectral tuningku dohadapade 7 dimorphic saitlu unnaayi, veetilo vaati exon mariyu vilakshanhamaina oo. pii. enn. 1emm. doubleu mariyu oo. pii. enn. 1ell. doubleu exanla madhya spectral shift (mottam) unnaih
janyu nakileelu.
janyu nakileelu asamaanamaina sajatiya punarekeekarana yokka oka phalitam. idhi chaalaa saadhaaranamgaa rendodi ayinappatikee, oo. pii. enn. 1elue ledhaa oo. pii. enn. 1emmyuu. lanu nakilee cheyavachu. kevalam 5 saatam x chromosomelalo bahula opn1eldablue janyuvulu untaayi, conny 55 saatam bahula opn1eldablue janyuvulanu kaligi untaayi, konnisaarlu 4 varaku untaayi. nakilee janyuvulanu konnisaarlu sankhya pratyayaalato suuchistaaru, ikkada rendava sthaanamlo unna opn1endablue janyuvunu opn1endablue2 anie pilustaaru. nakilee janyuvulu ellappuduu kramamlo untaayi mariyu janyuvu yokka vividha yugmavikalpalanu kaligi untaayi, conny nakilee shreni yokka modati janyuvu matrame eppuduu vyakteekarinchabadutundi.
blue-cone monochromacy.
puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam (mottam rangu andhatvamtho sahaa) kante neelam-cone ekavarnam chaalaa balamaina lakshanaalanu pradarsistundagaa, idhi chaalaa saaruupya vidhananni anusaristundi. chaalaa sandarbhaallo, oke ell/emm-opsin janyuvutho janyuroopaanni utpatti cheyadaaniki asamaanamaina sajatiya kalayika modata sambhavinchaali. appudu aaa janyuvu puurtigaa nishkriyam cheyadaaniki ardhamleni utparivartananu anubhavinchaali.
janyusaastram.
"puttukatho vacchina" antey eee paristhiti puttinappati nundi undani, conny saadhaaranamgaa paristhiti yokka janyu, vaarasatva praatipadikanu suuchimchadaaniki upayogistaaru. idhi puttinapudu laeni mariyu vruddhaapyam, pramaadaalu, mandulu modalaina vaati valla sambhavinche "sampaadinchina" varnaamdhatvaaniki viruddhamgaa untundi.
vaarasatvam.
prabhaavita opsin janyuvulu (opn1eldablue mariyu opn1endablue) ex chromosomelo unnanduna, avi linga-anusandhanam kaligi untaayi, anduvalla purushulu mariyu streelanu asamanamga prabhaavitam chestaayi. varnandhatva yugmavikalpalu tirogamanamgaa untaayi kabatti, varnaandhatvam x-anusandhaanita tirogamana vaarasatvaanni anusaristundi. magavaariki oke oka x chromosome (caryotype xy) untundi, mariyu aadavaariki rendu (caryotype xx) untaayi; endukante magavaariki prati janyuvulo oka yugmavikalpam matrame untundi, adhi tappipoyinatlayite ledhaa chimerick ayithe, magavadu varnaandhatvam kaligi untaadu. oka streeki prati janyuvuku rendu yugmavikalpalu untaayi (prati chromosomelo okati), oka yugmavikalpam matrame utparivartanam cheyabadithe, aadhipatya saadhaarana yugmavikalpalu utparivartanam chendina, tirogamana yugmavikalpanni "adhigamistaayi" mariyu streeki saadhaarana rangu drushti untundi. ayithe, aadavaariki rendu utparivartana yugmavikalpalu unte, aame inca varnaamdhatvamtoe untundi. anduke varnaandhatvam yokka asamaana praabalyam undhi, purushulalo 8 saatam mandhi varnaandhatvaanni mariyu streelalo ~0.5% varnaandhatvaanni pradarsistunnaaru. 
pattika nundi konni teermaanaalu
pannet square mariyu eee vibhagam prati chromosomecu oka prabhaavita janyuvu matrame undani bhaavistundi. rendu prabhaavita chromosomelu unna streelu kooda adhe vidhamgaa prabhaavitamavutaarani idhi bhaavistundi.
janyuroopaalu.
kudivaipuna unna pattika saadhyamayye yugmavikalpam/chromosome kalayikalanu mariyu oka vyaktilo vaati paraspara charyalu elaa vyaktamavutaayo chooputundi. konni kalayikala yokka khachitamaina samalakshanam prabhaavita janyuvu kramarahita yugmavikalpanni suuchistumdaa ledhaa anae daanipai aadharapadi untundi. udaaharanaku, janyuvulu kanipinchakapothe/panicheyakapothe xy magavaariki neelam-cone ekavarnam undavacchu, ledhaa rendu janyuvulu kramarahitamgaa unte saadhaarana rangu drushtini kaligi undavacchu.
sii. vii. dii. yokka vahakalu loe tetrachromacy.
kramarahita trichromasyki bhinnamaina streelu (i.ii. vahakalu) tetrachromats kaavacchu. eee aadavaariki opn1endablue ledhaa opn1eldablue janyuvuku rendu yugmavikalpalu untaayi, anduvalla saadhaarana mariyu kramarahita opsinlanu rendintinee vyaktam chestaayi. stree abhivruddhi samayamlo prati photoreceptor kanamlo oka x chromosome yaadrucchikamgaa nishkriyam cheyabadinanduna, aaa saadhaarana mariyu kramarahita aapinlu vaati swantha cone kanaalugaa vaeru cheyabadataayi mariyu eee kanaalu ververu varnapata sunnitatvaanni kaligi unnanduna, avi vibhina cone taragatulugaa panicheestaayi. anduvalla eee saiddhaantika streeki 420 nm (s cone), 530 nm (m cone), 560 nm (l cone) vadda garishta sunnitatvamto sankuvulu untaayi mariyu 530 nm mariyu 560 nm (m * ledhaa l * cone) madhya nalgava (kramarahita) cone untundi.
oka stree protanomaly mariyu deuteranomaly rendintikee bhinnamainavi ayithe, aame pentachromatic kaavacchu. protanomaly ledhaa deuteranomaly yokka vahakalu ayina mahilalu spashtamaina tetrachromaticga untaaru mariyu ekapaksha kaantiki saripoyela naalugu varnapata laitla misramam avasaram anedi chaalaa maarutuu untundi. james "mariyu itarulu."tagina mariyu taginanta sunnitamaina parikaraalatoe erupu-aakupaccha varnaandhatvam (i.ii. heterozygus protanomaly, ledhaa heterozygus deuteranomaly) anedi ekkuva ledhaa takkuva sthaayilo tetrachromat.
purushulalo kramarahita trichromacy sambhavam ~ 6 saatam, idhi kramarahita emm opsin ledhaa ell opsin yugmavikalpala sanghatanaku samanamga undaali kabatti, varnaandhatvam (anduvalla sambhaavya tetrachromatla) yokka prabhaavitam kaani mahilaa vaahakaala praabalyam 11.3% (i.ii. 94 saatam × 6 saatam × 2), hardy-weinberg suutram aadhaaramgaa. atuvanti mahilalo okaru nijamaina ledhaa kriyaatmaka tetrachromat anie vistrutamgaa nivedinchabadindi, endukante aame chaalaa mandhi itara vyaktulu cheyaleni rangulanu vivaksha chuupagaladu.
rooga nirdhaarana.
rangu drushti pareeksha.
puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvaanni saadhaaranamgaa psychophysical pareeksha dwara anchanaa veyabadutundi. eee rangu drushti pareekshalu rangu drushti samalakshanaanni gurtistaayi, mariyu vishayam janyuroopaanni kaadu, kabatti puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam nundi pondina thedaanu gurtinchalevu. ayithe, rangu drushti mariyu janyuroopam chaalaa paraspara sambandham kaligi untaayi, mukhyamgaa pondina varnaandhatvam tolaginchabadinappudu. ishihara rangu pareeksha anedi erupu-aakupaccha lopaalanu gurtinchadaaniki tarachugaa upayoginche pareeksha mariyu chaalaa tarachugaa prajalachae gurtinchabadutundi.
electroretinography.
psychophysical pareeksha avaanchaneeyamgaa unnappudu, daaniki badulugaa electroratinogram (arg) nuu upayoginchavacchu. oka erg anedi retina nundi vachhe vidyut pratispandananu kaanti tarangadairghyam yokka vidhiga kolustundi. cone kanaala varnapata sunnitatvam yokka aakaram kaaranamgaa, cone sunnitatvam yokka garishta tarangadairghyaalanu oka erg nundi oohinchavachhu. garishta tarangadairghyalu janyuroopamtho chaalaa paraspara sambandham kaligi untaayi.
janyu pareeksha.
opn1endablue mariyu opn1eldablue janyuvulanu kramabaddhikarinchadam dwara janyuroopaanni neerugaa anchanaa veyavachu. janyuroopam mariyu samalakshanam (rangu drushti) madhya sahasambandham andarikee telisinade, kabatti asampoorna samacharanni andinche psychophysical rangu drushti pareekshalaku janyu pareeksha upayogakaramaina anubandhamgaa untundi.
chikitsa.
varnaamdhatvaaniki janyu chikitsalo iteevali merugudala unnappatikee, puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha varnaamdhatvaaniki prastutam eff. dii. eah. aamodinchina chikitsa ledhu, lekapothe dheeniki nivaarana ledhu. lakshanaalanu tagginchadaaniki varnaandha kallajollanu upayoginchadam dwara paristhitini nirvahinchadam ledhaa rojuvaaree panulalo sahaayapadataaniki smartphone yaplu saadhyame.
epidemiology.
puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam pedda sankhyalo vyaktulanu, mukhyamgaa european puurveekula vyaktulanu prabhaavitam chestundi, ikkada 8 saatam purushulu mariyu 0.40 saatam mahilalu puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu lopaanni pradarsistaaru. paina vivarinchina vidhamgaa, streelalo takkuva praabalyam puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam yokka ex-linked vaarasatvaaniki sambandhinchinadi. aasaktikaramgaa, dalton yokka modati paper kooda ippatike eee 8 saatam sankhyaku vachindihi
itara jaatulu saadhaaranamgaa puttukatho vachhe erupu-aakupaccha rangu andhatvam yokka takkuva prabalyanni kaligi untaayi. eee krindi pattika vividha praantaalalo nirvahinchina aneka adhyayanalanu sangrahistundi.