
islam charitra

islam yokka eee charitra islaamik nagarikata yokka raajakeeya, saamaajika, aardhika, sainika mariyu saamskrutika parinaamaalaku sambandhinchinadi. islam cree. sha. 7va sataabdam praarambhamlo makka mariyu madeenaalo udbhavinchindani chaalaa mandhi charitrakaarulu vishwasistunnaaru. islaamnu muslimlu aadam, noah, abraham, moshe, david, solaman mariyu yesu vanti abrahamic pravaktala asalu vishwaasaaniki tirigi ravadam, devuni chittaaniki ("islam") longipovadam anie bhaavistaaru.
saampradaaya vruttaantam prakaram, muslimlu cree. sha. 610 loe daivika dyotakaalugaa bhaavinche vaatini sweekarinchadam praarambhinchi, oke devuniki longipovalani, aasannamaina chivari teerpu yokka nireekshana mariyu paedalu mariyu nirupedalanu chusukovalani pilupunicchaaru. mohammed sandesam koddimandi anucharulanu ("sahaba") geluchukundi mariyu makka pramukhula nundi perugutunna vyatiraekatanu edurkondi. cree. sha. 622loe, thana prabhaavavantamaina mamaiah abutalib ibn abad all-muttalib maranamtho rakshana kolpoyina konni samvatsaraala taruvaata, mohammed yatrib nagaraniki (ippudu madeenaa anie pilustaaru) valasa vacchaadu. cree. sha. 632loe mohammed maranamtho, rasheedun khalifa samayamlo muslim samaajaaniki nayakudiga ayana taruvaata evaru vastaarane daanipai asammati erpadindi.
prarambha muslim vijayalu islam vyaaptiki kaaranamayyaayi. cree. sha. 8va sataabdam natiki, umayyad khalifa paschimaana muslim iberia nundi thoorpuna indus nadhi varaku vistarinchindi. umayyad, abbasid califates (madhyapraachyamlo, taruvaata speyin, dakshina italeelo) paalinchina raajakeeya vyavasthalu, fathemids, seljuks, ayyubids, mamlooks vantivi prapanchamlooni atyanta prabhaavavantamaina saktulalo unnaayi. samanidlu, ghajnavidlu, guridlu nirminchina atyanta pertian saamrajyaalu saanketika, paripalana abhivruddhiki gananeeyamgaa dohadapaddayi. islaamik swarnayugam aneka samskruti mariyu vignaana kendraalaku daariteesindi mariyu madhya yugaalalo pramukha bahuguruvulu, khagola saastravettalu, ganita saastravettalu, vaidyulu mariyu tatvavettalanu srushtinchindi.
13va sataabdam praarambhamlo, dhhillee sultanet uttara bhaarata upakhandaanni jayinchagaa, rumm sultanet mariyu artukids vanti turkic raajavamsaalu 11va mariyu 12va sataabdaalaloo byzantine saamrajyam nundi anatolialo ekkuva bhaganni jayinchayi. 13va mariyu 14va sataabdaalaloo, nallajati maranam kaaranamgaa janabha kolpovadamtho paatu thoorpu nundi vidhvamsaka mangol dandayaatralu mariyu tamerlane (taimur) dandayaatralu, pertia nundi eejipt varaku vistarinchi unna muslim prapanchamlooni saampradaaya kendraalanu baga balaheenaparichaayi, conny taimurid punarujjeevanam mariyu paschima aafrikaaloni maali saamrajyam mariyu dakshina aasiyaaloni bengaul sultanet vanti pradhana prapancha aardhika saktula aavirbhavaanni chusindi. sisily mariyu itara italian bhuubhaagaala emirate nundi muslim moorla bahishkarana mariyu baanisatvam taruvaata, islaamik iberianu kramamga kraistava dalaalu tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnayi. edemaina, aadhunika kaalam praarambhamlo, islaamik gunpouderla yuganiki chendina rashtraalu-ottoman turkey, moghal india mariyu safavid iraan-prapancha saktulugaa udbhavinchaayi.
19va mariyu 20va sataabdaala praarambhamlo, muslim prapanchamlo chaalaa varaku european goppa saktula prabhavam ledhaa pratyaksha niyantranaloki vachindi. gatha rendu satabdaalugaa swaatantryam pondadaaniki mariyu aadhunika dhesha-rashtraalanu nirminchadaaniki vaaru chesina konni prayatnaalu netikee pratidhvanistuunae unnaayi, alaage paalastiinaa, kashmir, jinjiang, chechenya, madhya africa, bosnia mariyu mayanmar vanti praantaalalo sangharshana-praantaalaku indhanam andistunnaayi. chamuru vijrumbhana gulph sahakaara mandali yokka arab rashtraalanu (bahrain, kuwait, oman, khatar, soudhi arabia mariyu united arab emirates) sthireekarinchindi, tadwara vaaru prapanchamlone atipedda chamuru utpattidaarulu mariyu egumatidaarulugaa maararu, ivi pettubadidaarii vidhanam, swechhaa vaanijyam mariyu paryaatakampai drushti saarinchaayi.
kalakramam.
modati prapancha yuddhaaniki mundu islaamik prapanchamlo atyanta mukhyamaina raajakeeyaalaku eee krindi kalakramam sthuula drushya maargadarsigaa upayogapadutundi. idhi arabia, mesopotamia (aadhunika iraq), pertia (aadhunika iraan), levant (aadhunika siriya, lebanon, jordan mariyu izrael/paalastiinaa), eejipt, magreb (vaayuvya africa), sahel (paschima africa-madhya africa-thoorpu africa), swahili teeram, all-andalus (iberia), transoxania (madhya asea), hindustan (aadhunika pakistan, uttara bharatadesam mariyu bangladeshto sahaa), anatolia (aadhunika turkey) vanti pradhana chaaritraka adhikara mariyu samskruti kendraalanu kaligi undhi. konni praantaalapai paalana konnisaarlu vividha adhikara kendraala madhya vibhajinchabadindi, mariyu pedda rajakeeyaalalo adhikaram tarachugaa aneka raajavamsaala madhya pampinhee cheyabadindi kabatti idhi tappanisarigaa oka anchanaa. udaaharanaku, abbasid khalifa taruvaati dasalalo, baghdad rajadhani nagaranni kooda bayyidlu mariyu seljuklu vanti itara raajavamsaalu samarthavantamgaa paalinchaayi, ayithe ottoman turklu saadhaaranamgaa algeres yokka dees, tunis yokka bees mariyu iraq yokka mamlooks vanti sthaanika saktivantamaina praantaalaku bahya praavinsulapai karyanirvahaka adhikaranni appaginchaaru.
prarambha muulaalu mariyu charitra.
islaamik charitralo prarambha kaalaala adhyayanam muulaala korata kaaranamgaa kashtataram cheyabadindi. udaaharanaku, islam yokka muulaalaku atyanta mukhyamaina chaaritraka muulam all-tabari rachana. all-tabari thana samayam mariyu pradaesam yokka pramaanaala prakaram adbhutamaina charitrakaarudigaa pariganinchabadutundagaa, athanu pouraanika, puraana, moosa, vakreekruta mariyu vivaadaaspada vishayaala yokka pradarsanalanu udaaramgaa upayoginchaadu-ivi islamikga aamodayogyamainavigaa pariganinchabadataayi-mariyu islam praarambhaaniki sambandhinchina athani vivaranalu aneka taraala taruvaata jarigina sanghatanalu, all-tabari cree. sha. 923loe maraninchaadu.
andubaatulo unna muulaalanu elaa edurkovalo bhinnabhiprayalu prarambha islam charitraku naalugu ververu vidhaanaala abhivruddhiki daariteesaayi. eee naalugu paddhatulaku nedu kontha sthaayi maddatu undhi. 
eee rojullo, upayoginchina vividha paddhatula prajaadarana pariseelanaloo unna panula paridhini batti maarutuu untundi. prarambha islam charitra yokka avalokana chikitsala kosam, vivaranaatmaka vidhanam marinta prachuryam pondindi. islam praarambhaalanu lothugaa chuse panditulaku, muula vimarsanaatmaka mariyu sampradaaya vimarsanaatmaka paddhatulu ekkuvagaa anusarinchabadataayi.
cree. sha. 8va sataabdam taruvaata, vanarula naanhyata merugupadutundi. puurvakaalaanni pedda loukika mariyu saamskrutika antharamtho pariganinchina muulaalu ippudu marinta samakaaleenamaina vruttaamtaalanu ivvadam praarambhinchaayi, andubaatulo unna chaaritraka vruttaamtaala shaili naanhyata merugupadutundi mariyu adhikaarika patraalu, correspondence mariyu kavitvam vanti kotta documentary muulaalu kanipistaayi. islam praarambhaaniki mundu kaalam-cree. sha. 6va sataabdamloo-mishrama naanhyata gala muulaalu kooda unnatamainavi. mukhyamgaa, cree. sha. 6va sataabdamloo sasanian saamraajya prabhaavaaniki sambandhinchina muulaalu paelavamgaa unnaayi, ayithe aaa samayamlo byzantine praantaalaku sambandhinchina muulaalu gouravapradamaina naanhyata kaligi unnaayi, mariyu siriya mariyu iraq kosam syriac kraistava muulaala dwara puurti cheyabaddaayi.
islam yokka muulaalu.
madhyapraachyamlo puraatana kaalam chivari chaaritraka, saamaajika, raajakeeya, aardhika, mataparamaina sandarbhamlo prarambha islam udbhavinchindi. cree. sha. 6va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo islaamik puurva arabia dveepakalpamlo raajakeeya gandaragolam erpadindi, communication margalu ikapai surakshitamgaa laevu. eee sankshobhamlo mataparamaina vibhajanalu mukhyamaina paatra poeshinchaayi. cree. sha. 380 taruvaata yemenlo yoodamatam himarite raajyamlo aadhipatya matamgaa maarindi, ayithe kraistava matam pertian gulflo paatukupoyindi. marinta "aadhyaatmika matam" kosam kooda aaratam undedi, mariyu "matam yokka empika anedi saamuuhika samasya kakunda oka vyaktigaa maarindi."kontamandi arabbulu videshee vishwaasaaniki maaradaaniki vimukhamgaa undagaa, aaa abrahamic mataalu" "pradhana medho mariyu aadhyaatmika suuchanalanu" "andinchaayi, mariyu aramic nundi yoodu mariyu kraistava aruvu padaalu dveepakalpam antataa arabic yokka paatha anyamata padajaalaanni bharti cheyadam praarambhinchaayi". videshee abrahamic mataalu mariyu saampradaaya arab bahudevataradhana nundi tamanu taamu vaeru chesukovadaniki prayatninchina ekeshwaravaadula samuuham ayina "hanif" ("tyajistundi"), islam puurva arabia mataala sthaanamlo kotta matha prapancha drukpatham kosam chuustunnaaru, "vaaru yoodula yahwe mariyu kraistava yehovato swechchagaa polchina annintinee kaligi unna tandri devudu allah" paie drushti pettaru."vaari drushtilo, makka modata pitruswamya abrahamu sthaapinchina ekaika nijamaina matamgaa vaaru bhaavinche eee ekeshwaravaada vishwaasaaniki ankitam cheyabadindi.
saampradaaya kathanam prakaram, islaamik pravakta mohammed cree. sha. 570 loe makkaalo janminchaaru. athani kutumbam makka yokka pradhana tega mariyu paschima arabialo aadhipatya shakti ayina khuraish yokka arab vamsaaniki chendinadi. arachakam yokka prabhavalanu edurkovadaniki, vaaru anni himsalu nishedhinchabadinappudu mariyu prayaanam surakshitamgaa unnappudu "pavitra nelalu" anae samsthanu samarthinchaaru. makka mariyu chuttupakkala praantamlooni bahudevataradhana caba mandiram oka prasiddha punyakshetramgaa undedi, idhi nagaraniki gananeeyamaina aardhika parinaamaalanu kaliginchindi.
bahusha mohammed "yoodula nammakam mariyu acharala gurinchi sannihitamgaa telusu", mariyu "hanif" thoo parichayam kaligi undevaadu. hanif" laaga, mohammed "tahannut" nuu abhyasinchaadu, heera parvatam vadda ekaantamgaa samayam gadipadu mariyu "anyamataaniki dhooramgaa unnadu."ayana sumaru 40 samvatsaraala vayassulo, hizra parvatam vadda, muslimlu gabriel dhootha dwara andinchina daivika dyotakaalugaa bhaavinche vaatini andukovadam praarambhinchaaru, idhi taruvaata khurranga maarindi. eee preranalu kathinamaina ekeshwaravaada vishwaasaanni prakatinchaalani, idhi yoodatvam mariyu kraistavatvam yokka pavitra grandhaalalo gatamlo krodikarinchabadina baibil pravaktaavaadam yokka tudi vyakteekaranagaa prakatinchaalani, raboye teerpu roeju gurinchi thana deshaprajalanu heccharinchadaaniki, mariyu thana nagaram yokka saamaajika anyayalanu khandinchadaaniki aayananu prothsahinchaayi. mohammed sandesam koddimandi anucharulanu ("sahaba") geluchukundi mariyu makka pramukhula nundi perugutunna vyatiraekatanu edurkondi. cree. sha. 622loe, thana prabhaavavantamaina mamaiah abutalib ibn abad all-muttalib maranamtho rakshana kolpoyina konni samvatsaraala taruvaata, mohammed yatrib nagaraniki (taruvaata madeenaa anie piluvabaddadu) valasa vacchaadu, akkada athani anucharulu athanitho cheraaru. taruvaati taraalu "hizra" anie piluvabade eee sanghatananu islaamik sakaaniki prarambhamga pariganistaayi.
madeenaa rajyanga nibandhanala prakaram nagaramloni vividha vargaala madhyavartigaa angeekarinchabadina yaatriblo, mohammed kotta khurran shlokaala sahayamtho kotta islaamik samaajaaniki punaadulu veyadam praarambhinchaadu, idhi chattam mariyu mataparamaina aachara vishayaalapai maargadarsakatvam andinchindi. eee kaalamlooni suuraalu baibil pravaktala sudeergha varusalo athani sthaanaanni nokkicheppayi, conny khurran sandesaanni kraistava matam mariyu yoodula pavitra grandhaala nundi kooda vaeru chesaayi. yatrib praantamlooni arab makkanlu, yoodu thegalatho saayudha gharshanalu twaralone chelaregaayi. sainika gharshanalu, raajakeeya vinyasala taruvaata, mohammed cree. sha. 629loe makkapai niyantrananu, khuraishlaku vidheyatanu pondagaligaadu. cree. sha. 632loe ayana maraninche varaku migili unna samayamlo, arabia dveepakalpam antataa girijana adhipatulu aayanatho vividha oppandaalu kudurchukunnaru, kondaru kootami nibandhanala prakaram, marikondaru ayana pravachana hakkula vaadanalanu angeekarinchaaru mariyu aneka mandhi sahayakulu, vishwaasula sainyam mariyu praja khajanato kuudina thana prabhutvaaniki bhiksa vidhimputho sahaa islaamik paddhatulanu anusarinchadaaniki angeekarinchaaru.
islam vyaapti, daani raajakeeya nepathyam, mariyu athani jeevitakaalamlo athani missionary karyakalapalu ("daavaa") gurinchi mohammed yokka nijamaina uddeshaalu vivaadaaspadamaina vishayalu, ivi islaamik adhyayanala vidya rangamlo muslim panditulu mariyu muslimetara panditulalo vistrutamgaa charchinchabaddaayi. islanku puurvapu arabia samajam mariyu thana sonta mataanni sthaapinchina sandarbhamlo, vividha rachayitalu, islaamik kaaryakartalu mariyu islam charitrakaarulu mohammed yokka uddesam mariyu athani matha-raajakeeya missionku sambandhinchina aasayaala gurinchi aneka avagahanalanu pratipaadinchaaruh
rasheedun khalifa.
cree. sha. 632loe mohammed maranam taruvaata, athani samajam kotta nayakudini niyaminchaalsina avasaram erpadindi, idhi "khalifa" () biruduku daariteesindi. aaa vidhamgaa, taruvaati islaamik saamrajyaalanu "khalifa" luu anie pilicheevaaru, mariyu naalugu khalifa la shreni prarambha islaamik saamrajyaanni paripaalinchindih abu bucker (632-634), umar ibn all-khattab (umar, 634-644), utman ibn affan (644-656), mariyu aalii ibn abii talib (656-661). eee nayakulanu sunni islaamlo "rasheedun" ("saraina maarganirdesam") khalifalu anie pilustaaru. vaaru prarambha muslim vijayala prarambha dasanu paryaveekshinchaaru, pertia, levent, eejipt mariyu uttara africa gundaa munduku sagaru.
umayyad khalifa perugudalato paatu, eee kaalamlo prarambha islaamlo pradhana raajakeeya abhivruddhi emitante, kharizait, sunni mariyu shiya muslimla madhya matha vibhajana mariyu raajakeeya vibhajana; idhi khalifa paatraku vaarasatvampai vivaadamloo daani muulaalanu kaligi undhi. khalifa ennukoobadinavaadani, mohammed tega ayina khuraish yokka arab vamsaaniki chendina yea muslim ayina okarigaa panicheestaarani sunneelu vishwasinchaaru. marovaipu, khalifa birudu mohammed raktarekhalo vamsapaaramparyamgaa undaalani sheeyetlu vishwasinchaaru, anduvalla mohammed bandhuvu mariyu alludu allie ibn abii talib mariyu athani modati kumarudu husson minaha khalifa landaruu vaastavaaniki chattaviruddhamaina duraakramanadaarulu. ayithe, iraan, oman minaha muslim prapanchamlooni chaalaa praantaalalo sunni saakha vijayavantamaindi. mohammed yokka sannihita sahacharulu ("shahaba"), athani taruvaata vacchina naluguru "saraina maarganirdesam pondina" khalifalu, jerusalem, chesiphone mariyu damascuslanu chuttumutte islaamik saamrajyaanni vistarinchadam konasaaginchaaru mariyu sindh praantam varaku arab muslim sainyalanu pampaaru. prarambha islaamik saamrajyam umayyad raajavamsam paalanalo all-andalus (muslim iberia) nundi punjab praantam varaku vistarinchindi.
mohammed maranam taruvaata, athani sannihita sahacharulalo okaraina aboo bakr modati khalifa (varasudu) gaa empika cheyabaddaadu. khalifa karyalayam mataparamaina adhikara prakaasaanni nilupukunnappatiki, adhi pravachananiki etuvanti vaadananu unchaledu. aneka mandhi girijana arab nayakulu mohammed thoo kudurchukunna oppandaalanu aboo bakr varaku vistarinchadaaniki niraakarinchaaru, daanamu chellimpulanu nilipivesaaru mariyu konni sandarbhaallo tama sonta hakkulo pravaktalugaa cheppukunnaru. aboo bucker ridda yuddhalu anie piluvabade vijayavantamaina sainika dandayaatralo thana adhikaranni nokkicheppadu, dheeni vegam byzantine mariyu sassanian saamrajyaala bhoomulloki teesukuvellabadindi. rendava khalifa umar ibn all-khattab paalana mugise samayaniki, arab muslim sainyalu, ippudu odipoyina tirugubaatudaarulu mariyu maajee saamraajya sahayaka dalaalache yuddhamlo gattipadina shrenulu, thoorpu byzantine praavinsulu siriya mariyu egyptupai daadi chesaayi, ayithe sasanidlu tama paschima bhuubhaagaalanu kolpoyaru, migilina pertia ventane anusarinchindi.
umar ibn all-khattab abhivruddhi chendutunna islaamik saamrajyam yokka paripalananu meruguparichadu, neetipaarudala netvarklanu meruguparachadaaniki aadesinchaadu mariyu basra vanti nagaraala punaadiloo paatra poeshinchaadu. paedalaku daggaragaa undataaniki, athanu talupulu laeni saadhaarana matti gudiselo nivasinchevaadu mariyu prati saayantram veedhullo nadichevaadu. paedalatoe sampradinchina taruvaata, umar muslim mariyu muslimetara paedalu, paedalu, vruddhulu, anaathalu, vitantuvulu mariyu vikalaangula kosam "beyat all-maall" anae sankshema samsthanu sthaapinchaaru. beyat all-maall" cree. sha. 7va sataabdamloo rasheedun khalifa aadhvaryamlo vandala samvatsaraalu nadichindi mariyu umayyad kaalam varaku mariyu abbasid shakam varaku konasaagindi. pillalaku pillala prayojanaanni, vruddhulaku pinchanlanu kooda umar pravesapettaaru. oka governor ledhaa commander sampada patla aakarshitulavutunnaarani ledhaa avasaramaina paripalana pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa laerani bhavinchinappudu, athanu thana padavi nundi tolaginchabaddaadu. arabia mariyu levantlalo varusaga mahaa karuvu mariyu plaegu samvatsaraalalo cree. sha. 638 mariyu 239 madhya vistarana paakshikamgaa nilipiveyabadindi, conny umar paalana mugise samayaniki, siriya, eejipt, mesopotamia mariyu pertialo ekkuva bhaagam prarambha islaamik saamrajyamlo cherchabaddaayi.
mataparamaina alpasankhyakulugaa nivasinchina yoodulu mariyu sthaanika kraistavula sthaanika janabha, mariyu byzantinelu mariyu sasanidlatho yuddhaalaku aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki muslim paalanalo "jijia" pannu chellinchavalasi vachindi, tarachugaa muslimlu tama bhoomulanu byzantinelu mariyu parshiyanla nundi swaadheenam chesukovadaniki sahayapaddaru, phalitamgaa anoohyamgaa vegavantamaina vijayalu jarigaayi. kotta praantaalanu swaadheenam chesukunnanduna, vaaru abhivruddhi chendutunna islaamik saamraajyamloni itara praantaalatoo swechhaa vaanijyam nundi kooda prayojanam pondaaru, ikkada vaanijyaanni prothsahinchadaaniki, vaanijyam kante sampadaku pannulu vartimpajeyabaddaayi. muslimlu paedala prayojanam kosam tama sampadapai "jakat" chellinchaaru. islaamik pravakta mohammed roopondinchina madeenaa rajyangam nundi, yoodulu mariyu kraistavulu tama sonta chattalanu upayoginchadam konasaaginchaaru mariyu vaari swantha nyaayamuurtulanu kaligi unnaaru.
cree. sha. 239loe, munupati governor 25,000 mandhi itara prajalatho paatu playgloo maraninchina taruvaata, muvia ibn abii suufyaannu siriya governorga umar niyaminchaaru. arab-byzantine yuddhaala samayamlo samudram nundi byzantine vaedhimpulanu aapadaniki, 649loe mavia oka naukaadalaanni erpaatu chesindi, monophysite kraistavulu, eejiptu captic kraistavulu mariyu jacobite syrian kraistavulu naavikulu mariyu muslim dalaalu naukaadalamthoo, cree. sha. 655loe masts yuddhamlo byzantine naavikaadalaanni oodinchi, madhyadhara samudraanni muslim noukalaku terichindi.
prarambha muslim sainyalu nagaralaku dhooramgaa shibiraallo undipoyaayi, endukante vaaru sampada mariyu vilaasaala vaipu aakarshitulavutaarani, devuni aaradhana nundi dhooramgaa vellipovacchani, sampadanu koodagattukoni, raajavamsaalanu sthaapinchavacchani umar bhayapaddadu. nagaralaku dhooramgaa eee shibiraallo undatam valla swayampratipatti kaligi undagala sthaanika janabhapai etuvanti ottidi undadani nirdhaarinchindi. eee shibiraalalo konni taruvaata iraaklooni basra mariyu kufa mariyu eejiptlooni fustat vanti nagaraluga perigayi.
cree. sha. 644loe umar hatyaku gurainappudu, rendava bandhuvu mariyu mohammed yokka rendusaarlu alludu ayina utman ibn affan moodava khalifa ayyadu. arabic bhasha acchulu lekunda vraayabadinanduna, vividha arabic maandalikaalu mariyu itara bhashalanu matladevaru khurran yokka ardhaanni marchagala dhvanyaatmaka vaividhyaalatoe pathinchaaru. eee vishayam utman kuu telisinappudu, khurran yokka praamaanika kaapeeni siddham cheyaalani aadesinchaadu. ayana paalanalo praarambhamaina khurran sankalanam cree. sha. 650 mariyu 656 madhya kontakaalam puurtayimdi, mariyu vistaristunna islaamik saamraajyamloni vividha kendraalaku kaapeelu pampabaddayi. mohammed maranam taruvaata, arabbula madhya paatha girijana vibhedaalu tirigi talettadam praarambhinchaayi. roman-pertian yuddhalu mariyu byzantine-sassanian yuddhaala taruvaata, iraq (gatamlo sassanian saamrajyam krinda) mariyu siriya (gatamlo byzantine saamrajyam krinda) madhya lothaina vaerlu gala thedaalu kooda unnaayi. kottagaa sthaapinchabadina islaamik saamrajyam yokka rajadhani tama praantamloo undaalani prati okkaroo korukunnaru.
utman chaalaa vruddhudainappudu, mavia bandhuvu modati marwan vaakyuumlooki jaripoyi, athani karyadarshi ayyadu mariyu nemmadigaa marinta niyantrananu chepattadu. cree. sha. 656loe utman hatyaku gurainappudu, mohammed bandhuvu mariyu alludu allie ibn abii talib khalifa padavini sweekarinchi, rajadhaanini iraaklooni kufaaku marcharu. siriya governor modati muwawi, modati marwan nerasthulanu arrestu cheyaalani demand chesaaru. modati marwan prati okkarinee taarumaaru chesi sangharshananu srushtinchaadu, dheeni phalitamgaa modati muslim antaryuddham ("modati fitna") jarigindi. cree. sha. 661loe aleeni khareejaitlu hatya chesaaru. aaru nelala taruvaata, aalii modati kumarudu husson shanti prayojanaala kosam modati muaviyaatho shanti oppandam kudurchukunnadu. husson-muvia oppandamlo, husson ibn allie prajalaku nyayamga untaadani, thana maranam taruvaata oka raajavamsaanni sthaapinchakuudadanae sharathupai modati muviaviaku adhikaranni appaginchaadu. modati muwawi taruvaata oppandam yokka sharatulanu ullanghinchi, damascuslo raajadhaanito umayyad raajavamsaanni sthaapinchaadu. appati varaku manugadalo unna mohammed ekaika manavadu ayina hussen ibn allie, umayyadlaku vidheyata chuupadaaniki niraakarinchaadu; athanu adhe samvatsaram karbala yuddhamlo champabaddadu, ashura rojuna shiya muslimlu ippatikee santaapam vyaktam chestunna oka sanghatanalo. rendava muslim antaryuddham ("rendava fitna") anie piluvabade raajakeeya ashanti konasaagindi, conny modati muavia aadhvaryamlo muslim paalana roads, creat, kaabool, bukhara mariyu samarkand varaku vistarinchabadindi mariyu uttara africaku vistarinchindi. cree. sha. 664loe arab muslim sainyalu kaabuulnu jayinchi, cree. sha. 665loe magrebloki marinta munduku nettayi.
umayyad khalifa.
modati umayyad khalifa muttaata umaiah ibn abd shams nundi udbhavinchina umayyad raajavamsam (ledhaa ommiads) cree. sha. 661 nundi 750 varaku paalinchindi. umayyad kutumbam makka nagaram nundi vachinappatikee, damascus rajadhaanigaa undedi. 666loe abdul-rehmann ibn abu bucker maranam taruvaata, modati muavia thana adhikaranni balopetam chesukunnadu. modati muwawa thana rajadhaanini madeenaa nundi damascusku marchadu, idhi saamrajyamlo teevra maarpulaku daariteesindi. adhe vidhamgaa, taruvaati kaalamlo, damascus nundi baghdadku khalifa badilee oka kotta kutumbam adhikaaramloki ravadam gurtinchabadindi.
rashtram abhivruddhi chendadamtho rashtra kharchulu perigayi. adanamgaa muslimlu mariyu muslimetara paedalu, paedalu, vruddhulu, anaathalu, vitantuvulu mariyu vikalaangulaku sahayam cheyadaaniki bayeth all-maall mariyu sankshema rashtra kharchulu perigayi, umayyadlu kotta matamarpidi chesukunnavaarini (mavali) ennikala pannu chellinchadam konasaginchamani koraru. umayyad paalana, daani sampada mariyu vilaasamto, mohammed bodhinchina islaamik sandesaaniki kooda viruddhamgaa kanipinchindi. idantaa asantruptini penchindi. mohammed maama abbas ibn abd all-muttalib vaarasulu asantrupti chendina "mawali", paedha arabbulu mariyu kontamandi shiya lanu umayyadlaku vyatiraekamgaa sameekarinchi, general abu muslim sahayamtho vaarini padagotti, 750loe abbasid raajavamsaanni praarambhinchaaru, idhi rajadhaanini baghdadku maarchindi. umayad kutumbam yokka oka saakha uttara africa antataa all-aandalasku paaripoyindi, akkada vaaru cardoba yokka kaaliphetnu sthaapinchaaru, idhi all-andalus yokka fitna kaaranamgaa padipoye mundu 1031 varaku konasaagindi. beyat all-maall, sankshema rajyam appudu abbasidla krinda konasaagindi.
daani atyadhika sthaayilo, umayyad raajavamsam prapanchamlone atipedda saamrajyaalalo okatigaa mariyu ippativaraku aidava atipedda sannihita saamrajyamgaa nilichindi.
muwawa damascusnu andamgaa teerchididdi, constantinopulku poteegaa oka aasthaanaanni abhivruddhi chesindi. athanu saamraajya sarihaddulanu vistarinchaadu, oka samayamlo sthiramaina prajala anchuku cherukunnadu, ayithe byzantinelu atanni venakki nettivesaayi mariyu athanu anatolialo yea bhoobhaganni pattukolekapoyadu. poura yuddham anantara arachakam nundi abhivruddhi chendutunna muslim deshaanni rakshinchina ghanata sunni muslimlaku dakkutundi. edemaina, shiya muslimlu yuddhanni prerepinchaarani, ummanu vibhajinchadam dwara muslim deshaanni balaheenaparichaarani, pravakta kutumbaanni duushistuu sweeya-vruddhi chese matavisvaasaalanu srushtinchaarani, thana muslim vimarsakulanu byzantine saamrajyamlo baanisatvaaniki vikrayinchaarani aaropinchaaru. muwawi yokka atyanta vivaadaaspada mariyu saasvatamaina vaarasatvaalalo okati thana kumarudaina yaajidnu thana varasudiga niyaminchaalani ayana teesukunna nirnayam. shiya siddhaantam prakaram, idhi husson ibn aleetho ayana chesina oppandaanni spashtamgaa ullanghinchindi.
682loe, yazid uttara africa governorga uqba ibn nafini punaruddharinchaadu. uqba berberlu mariyu byzantinelaku vyatiraekamgaa yuddhaalanu gelichindi. akkada nundi uqba vaela mailla dhooram paschimaana tanzier vaipu kavaatu chesi, akkada atlantic tiiraaniki cherukuni, atlas parvataala gundaa thoorpu vaipu kavaatu chesaadu. sumaru 300 mandhi aswikadalamtho, athanu biscra vaipu vellaadu, akkada kaisala aadhvaryamlo berber dalam atanipai merupudaadi chesindi. uqba mariyu athani manushulandaru pooraadutuu maraninchaaru. berberlu kontakaalam paatu uttara africa nundi muslimlapai daadi chesi tarimikottaaru. antaryuddhaala kaaranamgaa balaheenapadina umayyad samudramlo aadhipatyaanni kolpoyi, roads mariyu creat deevulanu vidichipettavalasi vachindi. modati yazid paalanalo, kufa looni kontamandi muslimlu mohammed varasudu hussen ibn allie tama palakudu ayithe, athanu marinta nyayamga undevaadani anukovadam praarambhinchaaru. athanu kufaaku ahvaninchabaddadu, conny taruvaata mosam chesi champabaddadu. imam hussen kumarudu imam allie ibn hussen hussen sodari mariyu karbala yuddhamlo migilipoyina itara mahilalatho paatu khaidu cheyabaddaadu. prajala vyatiraekata kaaranamgaa vaarini taruvaata vidudala chesi, vaari swasthalamaina madiinaaku velladaaniki anumatinchaaru. imam hussen taramlo okadaani taruvaata okati imam konasagaru, ayithe imam abdullah all-mahadii billa uttara aafrikaalo modati khalifaga adhikaaramloki vachhe varaku, imam allie taruvaata khalifa mariyu imamat mallee oke vyakti vaddaku vachhe varaku, aaa roeju khalifa luu vaari pratyarthulugaa vaarini vyatiraekimchaaru. eee imaamlanu shiya islam modati khalifa/imamga sweekarinchindi mariyu safavidlu mariyu ippudu ismaili, twelver modalaina aneka saaruupya samsthalu dheenini samsthaagatheekarinchaayi.
rendava muavia paalanalo antaryuddhaalu (rendava fitna) jarigaayi. idhi baga chaduvukunna, samarthudaina palakudu abd all-malik ibn marwan paalanalo sulabhataram avutundi. athani palanaku aatamkam kaliginchina aneka raajakeeya samasyalu unnappatikee, anni mukhyamaina recordulu arabic bhaashaloki anuvadinchabaddaayi. ayana paalanalo muslim prapanchaaniki oka currency mudrinchabadindi. idhi 692loe asea mainarlo justinian II (sebastopolis yuddham) aadhvaryamlo byzantine saamraajyamtho yuddhaaniki daariteesindi. pedda sankhyalo baanisala firaayimpu taruvaata byzantinelu khalifa chetilo nirnayaatmakamgaa odipoyaaru. appudu islaamik karenseeni muslim prapanchamlo pratyeka currenciega marcharu. ayana vyavasayam mariyu vaanijyaanni samskarinchaaru. abd all-malik muslim palananu ekikrutam chesi, daanini vistarinchaadu, arabiknu rashtra bhashaga marchadu mariyu kramam tappakunda tapala sevalanu nirvahinchaadu.
 modati all-valid islaamik vijayala tadupari dasanu praarambhinchaadu. ayana aadhvaryamlo prarambha islaamik saamrajyam daani suduura sthaayiki cherukundi. athanu byzantine saamrajyam nundi egyptuloni konni praantaalanu tirigi swaadheenam chesukuni, carthage loki mariyu uttara africaku paschimaana vellaadu. tarik ibn ziyad aadhvaryamlo muslim sainyalu gibraulter jalasandhini daati, uttara african berber sainyalanu upayoginchi iberian dveepakalpaanni jayinchadam praarambhinchaayi. umayyad lisbannu jayinchinappudu iberian dveepakalpamloni visigotlu odipoyaaru. airopa meeda islaamik niyantranaku iberian dveepakalpam atyanta suduura paridhi (paryatanala yuddhamlo avi nilipiveyabaddaayi). thoorpuna, mohammed ibn all-khasim aadhvaryamlo islaamik sainyalu dheenini indus loya varaku chesaayi. all-valid aadhvaryamlo, khalifa saamrajyam iberian dveepakalpam nundi bharatadesam varaku vistarinchindi. all-hazzaz ibn yousuf sainika commanderla samstha mariyu empikalo keelaka paatra pooshinchaaru. umayyad yugamlo atyanta balamaina naavikaadalaanni nirmistuu, vyavastheekruta sainyam vistaranapai all-valid goppa shraddha chuupaaru. iberian dveepakalpaaniki vistaranaku eee vyuuham keelakamainadi. athani paalana islaamik saktiki sikharamgaa pariganinchabadutundi.
all-valid maraninchina roeju suleiman ibn abd all-malik khalifa gaa prasamsimchabaddaadu. athanu mesopotamia governorga yazid ibn all-muhallabnu niyaminchaadu. suleiman kakunda all-valid kumarudu yazid vaarasatvaaniki maddatu icchina iddaru pramukha naayakulalo (marokaru qutuiba ibn muslim) okaraina all-hazzaz kutumbaanni arrestu chesi uriteeyaalani suleiman aadesinchaadu. all-hazzaz all-valid kante mundhe maraninchaadu, kabatti athanu etuvanti muppu kaliginchaledu. dangaku ayana chesina vignaptini athani dalaalu tiraskarinchinappatiki, qutuibah suleimanku vidheyatanu tyajinchaadu. vaaru atanni champi, athani talanu suleiman vaddaku pampaaru. khalifa ayina taruvaata suleiman damascusku vellaledu, ramlalone undipoyaadu. byzantine rajadhani (constantinople muttadi) paie daadi cheyadaaniki suleiman maslama ibn abd all-maaliknu pampaadu. byzantine vaipu bulgaria jokyam nirnayaatmakamainadigaa niroopinchabadindi. muslimlu bhaarii nashtalanu chavichusaru. suleiman 717loe akasmaattugaa maraninchaadu.
rendava umar maranaanantaram rendava yazid adhikaaramloki vacchaadu. yazid umar sampradimpulu jaruputunna khareejaitlatho poradi, kharijait nayakudu shaavdabnu champadu. yazid paalanalo, saamraajyamloni vividha praantaalalo antaryuddhaalu prarambhamayyayi. 724loe maraninche mundu, yazid khalifa bhoobhaganni caucasus loki vistarinchaadu. thana sodarudi nundi khalifa vaarasatvamgaa pondina hisham ibn abd all-malik aneka samasyalatho kuudina saamrajyaanni paripaalinchaadu. eee samasyalanu parishkarinchadamlo, umayyad saamrajyaanni oka samsthagaa konasaaginchadaaniki anumatinchadamlo ayana prabhaavavantamgaa unnaaru. ayana sudeergha paalana prabhaavavantamainadi, rendava umar pravesapettina samskaranalanu punaruddharinchaaru. hisham paalanalo, byzantinelaku vyatiraekamgaa kramam tappakunda daadulu konasagayi. uttara aafrikaalo, kharijait bodhanalu sthaanika asaantini kalipi berber tirugubaatunu srushtinchaayi. athanu zaid ibn allie tirugubaatunu kooda edurkonnadu. hisham rendu tirugubaatlanu anachivesadu. abbasidlu khurasan mariyu iraaklalo adhikaranni pondadam konasaaginchaaru. ayithe, vaaru inca oka adugu vaeyadaaniki taginanta balamgaa laeru. kondarini thoorpu governorlu pattukuni, sikshinchaaru ledhaa uriteesaaru. ukainian raajavamsam yokka chivari dandayaatra samayamlo jarigina acronan yuddham, oka nirnayaatmaka byzantine vijayam. hisham 743loe maraninchaadu.
rendava all-valid thana paalanalo raajakeeya kutranu chushadu. moodava yazid thana bandhuvu valid yokka "anaitikataku" vyatiraekamgaa matladadu, indulo yameneelu mariyu arab yetara muslimlapai baanu khais arabbula tarapuna vivaksha chuupadam kooda undhi, mariyu yazid kuu khadaria mariyu murjia (maanava swechhaa sankalpaanni vishwasinchevaaru) nundi marinta maddatu labhinchindi. aaa taruvaata koddikaalaanike vaalidnu tirugubaatulo tolaginchaaru. yazid khajanala nundi nidhulanu pampinhee chesi khalifaku angeekarinchaadu. devuni pustakam mariyu sunnam tarapuna taanu tirugubaatu chesanani ayana vivarinchaaru. yazid kevalam aaru nelalu matrame paalinchaadu, ayithe vividha samuuhaalu vidheyatanu tiraskarinchaayi mariyu asammati udyamaalu talettaayi, aaa taruvaata athanu maraninchaadu. ibraheem ibn all-valid, thana sodarudu moodava yazid chetha varasudiga perkonabaddadu, athanu padavee viramana cheyadaaniki mundu 744loe kontakaalam paalinchaadu. rendava marwan 744 nundi 750loe champabade varaku paalinchaadu. athanu damascus nundi paalinchina chivari umayyad palakudu. marwan thana iddaru kumaarulaku ubedallah, abdallah vaarasulu anie paeru pettadu. ayana governorluga niyaminchi, balavantamgaa thana adhikaranni nokki chepparu. mukhyamgaa iraan mariyu iraaklalo umayyad vyatiraeka bhavana chaalaa prabalamgaa undhi. abbasidlu chaalaa maddatu pondaaru. khalifaga marwan paalana daadaapu puurtigaa umayyad saamrajyaanni kalisi unchadaaniki prayatninchadaaniki ankitam cheyabadindi. athani maranam thoorpuna umayyad paalana mugimpunu suuchimchimdi, aaa taruvaata abbasidlu umayyad lanu oochakotaku guri chesaaru. iberian dveepakalpaaniki paaripoyi akkada oka raajavamsaanni sthaapinchina pratibhaavantudaina yuvaraju abd all-rehmann minaha daadaapu mottam umayyad raajavamsam champabadindi.
abbasid khalifa kaalamlo islaamik prapancham.
750loe abbasid raajavamsam adhikaaramloki vacchi, munupati khalifala laabhaalanu ekikrutam chesindi. praarambhamlo, vaaru balericlatho sahaa madhyadhara dveepaalanu, aaa taruvaata, 827loe dakshina italeeni jayincharu. abbasid viplavakarudu aboo muslim pempondinchina umayyadula patla asantrupti alapai paalaka party adhikaaramloki vachindi. abbasid paalanalo islaamik nagarikata abhivruddhi chendindi. atyanta mukhyamainadi arabic gadyam mariyu kavitvam yokka abhivruddhi, dheenini "islam yokka cambridge charitra" daani "swarna yugam" gaa perkondi. vaanijyam mariyu parisramalu (muslim vyavasaya viplavamgaa pariganhinchabadutunnaayi) mariyu kalalu mariyu saastraalu (muslim shaastreeya viplavamgaa pariganhinchabadutunnaayi) kooda abbasid khalifalu all-mansur (paripaalinchina 754-775), haroon all-rasheed (paripaalinchina 786-809), all-mamun (paalinchina 809-813) mariyu vaari takshana vaarasula aadhvaryamlo abhivruddhi chendaayi. kraistavulu, yoodulu mariyu sabiyanlu vanti aneka mandhi muslimetarulu vividha rangaalalo islaamik nagarikataku dohadapaddaru, mariyu ghnaana gruham anie piluvabade samstha kraistava mariyu pertian panditulanu rachanalanu arabic loki anuvadinchadaaniki mariyu kotta gnaanaanni pempondinchadaaniki niyaminchindi.
pertia mariyu transoxanialo thoorpu vyavaharalapai abbasidlu unchina praamukhyata kaaranamgaa rajadhani damascus nundi baghdadku maarchabadindi. eee samayamlo praantiiya raajavamsaala perugudala madhya khalifa vichchinnam yokka sankethaalanu choopinchindi. umayyad kutumbam tirugubaatu abbasidlache champabadinappatiki, oka kutumba sabhyudu, modati abd-aarr-rehmann, speyinku paaripoyi 756loe akkada oka swatantra khalifanu sthaapinchaadu. magreblo, haroon all-rasheed arab aghlaabidlanu vaastavamgaa swayampratipatti palakulaga niyaminchaadu, ayinappatikee vaaru kendra adhikaranni gurtinchadam konasaaginchaaru. aghlabid paalana swalpakaalikam, mariyu vaaru 909loe shiat fathemid raajavamsam chetha tolaginchabaddaaru. sumaru 960 natiki, fathemids abbasid eejiptunu jayinchi, 973loe "all-khahira" (antey "vijaya graham", nedu kairo anie pilustaaru) anie piluvabade rajadhaanini nirminchaaru.
daani ksheenata samayamlo, abbasid khalifa tulunid, ghajnavid raajavamsam vanti chinna rashtraalu, rajavamsaalagaa vichchinnamaindi. ghajnavid raajavamsam maroka islaamik saamrajyam, samanid saamraajyaaniki chendina turkic baanisa-sainikulache sthaapinchabadina muslim raajavamsam. pertialo ghajnavidlu abbasidla nundi adhikaranni lakkonnaru. abbasid prabhavanni 1055 natiki goppa seljuk saamrajyam (pertia pradhana bhuubhaagamlooki valasa vacchina muslim turkish vamsam) viniyoginchindi. maroe rendu turkish tegalu, karaahaneedlu mariyu seljuklu, 10va sataabdamloo islam matamloki maararu. taruvaata, vaaru ottomanlache longipoyaru, vaaru oke muulam mariyu bhashanu panchukuntaaru. shiya matam daani prabhavanni penchinappudu sunni matam punaruddharanalo seljuklu mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaaru. seljuk sainika nayakudu alp arslan (1063-1072) saastraalu mariyu saahityaaniki aardhikamgaa maddatu icchaadu mariyu baghdadlo nezamiye vishwavidyaalayaanni sthaapinchaadu.
vistarana konasaagindi, konnisaarlu balavantamgaa, konnisaarlu saantiyuta matamarpidi dwara. bharatadesanni jayinchadamlo modati dasha 1000 samvatsaraaniki mundu praarambhamaindi. daadaapu 200 samvatsaraala taruvaata (1193 nundi 1209 varaku), gangaa nadhi varaku praantam padipoyindi. sub-sahara paschima aafrikaalo, islam 1000 samvatsaram taruvaata sthaapinchabadindi. muslim paalakulu 1081 mariyu 1097 madhya kontakaalam nundi kaanemlo unnaaru, 1009 lone gavo adhipati vadda oka muslim yuvaraju unnatlu nivedikalu vachayi. maalitho sambandham unna islaamik rajyalu 13va sataabdamloo praamukhyatanu santarinchukunnaayi.
abbasidlu ekkuva islaamik aikyatanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni choravalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. siddhaantam, charitra mariyu aacharana dwara vaeru cheyabadina islaamik vishwaasam mariyu maseedulalooni vividha vargaalu sahakarinchadaaniki nettabaddayi. abbasidlu kooda umayyadla naitika swabhaavam mariyu paripaalanapai daadi cheyadam dwara umayyadla nundi tamanu taamu vaeru chesukunnaru. iraa lapidus prakaram, "abbasid tirugubaatuku arabbulu, pradhanamgaa yemeni vargam mariyu vaari maavaaleeni cherchadamtho badhapadina maarvlo sthirapadinavaaru ekkuvagaa maddatu icchaaru". abbasidlu arabbula bandhutva aadhaarita samaajaaniki velupala undi, umayyad saamrajyamlo diguva taragatigaa bhaavinchina "mavali" anie piluvabade arab yetara muslimlaku kooda vignapti chesaaru. abbasidlache prothsahinchabadina islaamik ecumenism, aksharartha ardhamlo "umma" yokka aikyata aalochananu suchistundihi oke vishwaasam undhi. sharia krodikarinchabadinappudu, naalugu madaablu sthaapinchabadinappudu islaamik tatvasaastram abhivruddhi chendindi. eee yugam shaastreeya suufiivaadam kooda perigindi. saheeh bukhari mariyu itarula hadeesula praamaanika sekaranalanu puurti cheyadam mataparamaina vijayalalo undhi. islam kontavaraku abrahamic mataala praamaanikatanu gurtinchindi, khurran yoodulu, kraistavulu, jorastrianlu mariyu sabiyanlanu (saadhaaranamgaa mandiyanlatho gurtinchabadindi) "pustaka prajalu" gaa gurtinchindi. unnata madhya yugaala praarambhamlo, islam yokka rendu pradhana tegalaina sunni mariyu shiya siddhaantaalu, patishtamayyayi mariyu prapanchamlooni vibhagalu vedaantaparamgaa erpaddaayi. eee pokadalu alasata mariyu ayyubid kaalaala varaku konasaagutaayi.
rajakeeyamgaa, abbasid khalifa islaamik racharikam (ekikruta prabhutva vyavastha) gaa abhivruddhi chendindi.) praantiiya sultanet mariyu emirate governorla uniki, chellubaatu ledhaa chattabaddhata rashtra aikyata kosam gurtinchabaddaayi. iberian umayyads yokka prarambha islaamik tatvasaastramlo, adhikaarika ashari vedaantasaastram nundi vignaana shaastram mariyu tatvasaastram yokka vimukti kosam samarthananu andinche "nirnayaatmaka grandham" loe averos oka vaadananu samarpinchaaru; anduvalla, aviroism aadhunika loukikavaadaaniki purvagaamigaa pariganinchabadindi.
bangaaru baghdad abbasid.
"prarambha madhya yugaalu"
arab muulaala prakaram, 750va samvatsaramlo abbasid khalifa sthaapakudu all-safah, talas sameepamloni khurasan provins nundi umayyad khalifa kuu vyatiraekamgaa bhaarii tirugubaatunu praarambhinchaadu. umayyad kutumbam mottaanni nirmuulinchi, jaab yuddhamlo vijayam saadhinchina taruvaata, all-safah mariyu athani dalaalu damaskasloki pravesinchi kotta raajavamsaanni sthaapinchaayi. athani dalaalu aneka praantiiya saktulanu edurkoni abbasid khalifa rajyaanni ekikrutam chesaayi.
all-mansur kaalamlo pertian paandityamu udbhavinchindi. chaalaa mandhi arabbulu kaani vaaru islam matamloki maararu. jijia sekarana ledhaa muslimetarulapai pannunu konasaaginchadaaniki umayyadlu matamaarpidini churukuga nirutsaahaparichaaru. islam matam thana bhoobhaagamlo 750loe 8 saatam nivaasitula nundi all-mansur paalana mugise samayaniki 15 saataaniki daadaapu rettimpu ayyindi. all-mahadii, dheeni paeru "sarigga maarganirdesam cheyabadinadi" ledhaa "vimochakudu" anie ardham, athani tandri maranasayyapai unnappudu khalifa gaa prakatinchabaddaadu. all-mahadii paalanalo baghdad vikasinchi, prapanchamlone atipedda nagaramgaa maarindi. idhi arabia, iraq, siriya, pertia mariyu bharatadesam mariyu speyin vanti suduura praantaala nundi valasadaarulanu aakarshinchindi. perugutunna muslim janaabhaato paatu, baghdad kraistavulu, yoodulu, hinduvulu mariyu jorastrianlaku nilayamgaa undedi. thana tandri maadirigaane, all-haadhee thana prajalaku bahirangamgaa undevaadu mariyu baghdad looni rajabhavanamlo pourulu atanni uddesinchi prasanginchadaaniki anumatinchaadu. athanu "ghnaanoodayam pondina palakudu" gaa pariganinchabaddaadu mariyu thana abbasid puurveekula vidhaanaalanu konasaginchadu. athani swalpa paalana sainika sangharshanhalu mariyu antargata kutratho baadhapadindi. 
haroon all-rasheed paalanalo sainika gharshanalu taggai. ayana paalana shaastreeya, saamskrutika, mataparamaina shreyassutho gurtinchabadindi. athanu library beyat all-hikma ("ghnaana gruham") nuu sthaapinchaadu, athani paalanalo kalalu mariyu sangeetam abhivruddhi chendaayi. khalifa sthaapanalo bermackid kutumbam nirnayaatmaka salaha paatra pooshinchindi, conny rasheed paalanalo niraakarinchindi. 
all-ameen thana tandri haroon all-rasheed nundi khalifanu pondaadu, conny thana sodarula kosam chesina erpaatlanu gowravinchadamlo viphalamayyaadu, idhi nalgava fitnaku daariteesindi. all-mamun yokka sainyaadhipati tahir ibn hussen baghdadnu swaadheenam chesukuni all-ameennu uriteesaadu. eee yuddham raajavamsam pratishtanu kolpovadaniki daariteesindi.
praantiiya saktula perugudala.
abbasidlu tvaralo captic arabbulu, indo-pertianlu mariyu valasa vacchina turkla madhya trimukha satrutvamlo chikkukunnaru. adanamgaa, oka pedda saamrajyaanni nadapadaniki ayye kharchu chaalaa ekkuvagaa maarindi. turklu, egyptianlu, arabbulu sunnit saakhaku kattubadi undevaaru; pertianlu, turkic samoohaalalo ekkuva bhaagam, mariyu bharatadesamloni aneka mandhi yuvarajulu shiya. islam raajakeeya aikyata vichchinnam kavadam praarambhinchindi. abbasid khalifala prabhaavamtho, muslim prapanchamlo swatantra raajavamsaalu kanipinchaayi mariyu khalifalu atuvanti raajavamsaalanu chattabaddhamgaa muslimlugaa gurtinchaaru. modatidi khurasanloni tahiridlu, idhi khalifa all-mamun paalanalo sthaapinchabadindi. ilanti raajavamsaalalo kusharidlu, samanidlu, ghajnavidlu mariyu seljuklu unnaaru. eee samayamlo khagola shaastram, kavitvam, tatvasaastram, vignaana shaastram mariyu ganita shaastram rangaalalo purogati saadhinchaaru.
unnata baghdad abbasidlu.
"prarambha madhya yugaalu"
all-ameen maranam taruvaata, all-mamun khalifa ayyadu. all-mamun thana paalanalo abbasid saamrajyam yokka bhoobhaganni vistarinchaadu mariyu tirugubaatlanu edurkonnadu. all-mamunnu khurasan governorga haroon niyaminchaadu, mariyu athanu adhikaaramloki vacchina taruvaata, khalifa thana vidheyataku bharosa ivvadaaniki taahirnu thana sainika sevala governorga niyaminchaadu. tahir mariyu athani kutumbam iranian rajakeeyaalalo sthirapaddaaru mariyu kalifal saktini kendrikarinchi balopetam cheyalane all-mamun korikanu niraasaparichae saktivantamainadigaa maarindi. all-mamun sonta vidhanalu vaarini mariyu itara pratyarthulanu dhooram cheyadamtho tahirid kutumbam yokka perugutunna shakti muppuga maarindi.
all-mamun adhikaranni kendreekarinchadaaniki mariyu sajavuga vaarasatvaanni nirdhaarinchadaaniki panicheesaaru. matavisvaasaalaku vyatiraekamgaa islaamnu kapadevadu khalifa anie all-mahadii prakatinchaadu, alaage sanaatanaanni prakatinche saamarthyaanni kooda prakatinchaadu. all-mamun maranaaniki naalugu nelala mundu 833loe pravesapettina abbasid vichaarana ayina "mihna" loe thana sarihaddulanu adhigaminchaadani matha panditulu dhruveekarinchaaru. all-mamun paalanalo vichaaranalanu vyatirekinchinanduku "ulamaa" islaamik rajakeeyaalalo oka saktigaa udbhavinchindi. ulema" mariyu pradhana islaamik nyaya paatasaalalu all-mamun kaalamlo ruupudiddukunnaayi. samaantaramgaa, sunnism chattaala matamgaa nirvachinchabadindi. sunni mariyu shiya islam madhya siddhaantaparamaina thedaalu marinta spashtamgaa kanipinchaayi.
all-mamun paalanalo sarihaddu yuddhalu perigayi. all-mamun oka pedda dandayaatraku sannahalu chesaadu, conny sardislo dandayaatraku naayakatvam vahistunnappudu maraninchaadu. all-mamun baghdad vadda aneka mataalaku chendina panditulanu sameekarinchaadu, vaarini athanu baga, sahanamtho chusukunnadu. athanu byzantine saamraajyaaniki oka dhoothanu akkada atyanta prasiddha vraatapratulanu sekarinchadaaniki pampaadu, vaatini arabic bhaashaloki anuvadinchaadu. ayana saastravettalu rasavidyanu praarambhinchaaru. thana maranaaniki kontakaalam mundu, 832loe eejiptu sandarsana samayamlo, khalifa ghnaanam mariyu nidhi kosam vetakadaaniki gija yokka goppa pyramidnu ullanghinchaalani aadesinchaadu. sampradaayaalu asalu pravesha dwaaram unna chotuku sameepamlo kaarmikulu tunnell chesaaru. all-mamun taruvaata prashnaarthakamaina paristhitulalo tarsus sameepamlo maraninchaadu mariyu athani kumarudu all-abbas ibn all-mamun kante athani savati sodarudu all-mutasim vijayam saadhinchaadu.
khalifa gaa, all-muu 'taim ventane tayaanaaloni all-mamun sainika sthaavaraanni kuulchiveeyaalani aadesinchaadu. athanu khurramite tirugubaatlanu edurkonnadu. eee khalifa edurkontunna atyanta kashtataramaina samasyalalo okati babak khorramdin tirugubaatu. all-muu 'tasim tirugubaatudaarulanu adhigaminchi gananeeyamaina vijayanni saadhinchaadu. byzantine chakravarthy theophilus abbasid kotalapai daadi praarambhinchaadu. all-muu 'tasim all-afsheennu pampaadu, athanu angen yuddhamlo theophilus dalaalanu kalusukuni oodinchaadu. tirigi vacchina taruvaata athanu teevramaina sainika kutra gurinchi telusukunnadu, idhi atanni mariyu athani vaarasulanu turkish commanderlu mariyu gillman baanisa-sainikulapai (mamluk vyavasthanu mundhe choopinche) adharapadela chesindi. khurramiyalu ennadoo puurtigaa anachiveyabadaledu, ayinappatikee vaaru taruvaati khalifala paalanalo nemmadigaa ksheeninchaaru. all-muu 'tasim jeevitam mugimpulo paalastiinaaloo tirugubaatu jarigindi, conny athanu tirugubaatudaarulanu oodinchaadu.
all-mutasim paalanalo, tahirid kutumbam adhikaaramlo perugutuunae undhi. tahiridlu aneka kappam mariyu paryaveekshanha vidhula nundi minahayinchabaddaru. vaari swaatantryam thoorpuna abbasid ksheenataku dohadapadindi. saiddhaantikamgaa, all-mutasim thana savati sodarudu all-mamunnu anusarinchaadu. athanu islaamik muu 'tajila saakhaku thana puurveekula maddatunu konasaginchi, pratipakshaalapai krooramaina himsanu amalu chesaadu. arab ganita shaastravetta all-kindini all-muu 'tasim niyaminchi, khalifa kumarudiki sikshana icchaadu. all-kindi ghnaana gruhamlo panichesi, khalifa aadhvaryamlo greeku jyaamiti mariyu beejaganitamlo thana adhyayanalanu konasaginchadu.
all-vathik thana tandri taruvaata vacchaadu. all-vathik arabia, siriya, paalastiinaa mariyu baghdadlalo vyatiraekatanu edurkonnadu. oka prasiddha kattini upayoginchi athanu vyaktigatamgaa baghdad tirugubaatudaarula maranasikshalo cheraadu. arab janabha mariyu turkish sainyala madhya perugutunna pedda antaram phalitamgaa eee tirugubaatlu jarigaayi. tirugubaatlanu anachivesaaru, conny turkish dalaalu adhikaram pondadamtho rendu samuuhaala madhya satrutvam perigindi. athanu byzantinelatho bandee maarpidini kooda pondaadu. all-vathik panditulaku, alaage kalaakaarulaku poeshakulu. aayanaku vyaktigatamgaa sangeeta pratibha undhi mariyu vandaku paiga paatalanu swaraparichinanduku prasiddhi chendaaru.
all-vatik adhika jwaramtho maraninchinappudu, all-mutavakkil athani taruvaata vacchaadu. all-mutavakkil paalana aneka samskaranalaku gurthundipothundi mariyu dheenini swarna yugamgaa chuustaaru. athanu chivari goppa abbasid khalifa; athani maranam taruvaata raajavamsam ksheeninchindi. all-mutavakkil mihnanu muginchaadu. all-mutavakkil thoorpu vaipu samara vistaranalo bhaagamgaa samara yokka goppa maseedunu nirminchaadu. thana paalanalo, all-mutavakkil prasiddha byzantine vedanti constantine tatvavettanu kalusukunnadu, aayanni saamrajyam mariyu khalifa madhya dautya sambandhaalanu balopetam cheyadaaniki chakravarthy maikhel III pampaaru. alpasankhyaaka vargaalaku vyatiraekamgaa ayana teesukunna charyalalo pratibimbimchinatlugaa, all-mutavakkil mataparamaina charchalalo palgonnadu. shai hussen ibn aalii mandiraanni dhvamsam cheyadamlo vyaktamaina anachivetanu edurkonnadu, idhi teerthayaathralanu aapadaniki pratyakshamgaa nirvahinchina charya. all-mutavakkil tirugubaatlanu anachiveyadaaniki mariyu videshee saamraajyaalaku vyatiraekamgaa yuddhaalaku naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki turkish raajaneetignulu mariyu baanisa sainikulapai aadharapadatam konasaginchadu, mukhyamgaa byzantinela nundi sisileeni swaadheenam chesukunnadu. all-mutaavakkilnu oka turkish sainikudu hatya chesaadu.
all-muntasir adhe rojuna turkish vargam maddatutoe khalifaku vijayam saadhinchaadu, ayithe athanu hatyalo chikkukunnadu. tama tandri hatyaku prateekaaram teerchukuntamane bhayamtho turkish party all-muntasir thana sodarulanu vaarasatva rekha nundi tolaginchindi. iddaru sodarulu padavee viramana gurinchi prakatanalu raasaaru. thana paalanalo, all-muntasir husson mariyu hussen samaadhulaku teerthayaathrapai nishedhaanni tolaginchi, byzantinelapy daadi cheyadaaniki vaasifnu pampaadu. all-muntasir teliyani kaaranaalatoo maraninchaadu. turkish adhipatulu all-mustaayinnu ennukuni, athani vaarasudini ennukoovadaaniki oka mandalini nirvahinchaaru. baghdad nundi vacchina arabbulu mariyu paaschaatya dalaalu eee empika patla asantrupti chendhi daadi chesaayi. ayithe, khalifa arabia empikapai aadhaarapadaledu, conny turkish maddatupai aadhaarapadindi. kraistavulaku vyatiraekamgaa muslim pracharam viphalamaina taruvaata, prajalu vishwaasampai vipattu tecchi, vaari khalifalanu hatya chesinanduku turklanu nindinchaaru. turklu baghdadnu muttadinchina taruvaata, all-mustas all-muu 'taaz kuu padavee viramana cheyaalani yochinchadu, kaani athani aadesam prakaram maranasiksha vidhinchabadindi. all-muu 'tajnu turklu simhasananni adhishtinchi, adhikaranni sweekarinchina athi pinna vayaskudaina abbasid khalifa ayyadu.
all-muu 'tajj thana turkish yajamaanula sishyudu chaalaa yogyudani niroopinchukunnaadu, conny okaripai okaru asuyapade paartiilatoe chuttumuttabaddadu. samara vadda, turklu "paaschaatyulato" (berberlu mariyu moorlu) samasyalanu edurkontunnaru, ayithe bagdadloni arabbulu mariyu pertianlu, all-mustaayinku maddatu icchina vaaru, iddarinee samaana dveshamto bhaavinchaaru. all-muu 'tajj thana sodarulu all-muu' yaad mariyu abu ahmednu champesadu. palakudu nirlakshyamgaa kharchu chesi, vaari jeetam kosam turklu, aafrikanlu mariyu parshiyanla tirugubaatuku kaaranamayyaadu. aaa tarvaata koddikaalaanike all-muu 'tajnu krooramgaa tolaginchaaru. all-muhtadi tadupari khalifa ayyadu. turklu adhikaranni kaligi unnappatikee, munupati khalifalato poliste athanu drudhamgaa, sadgunavantudu. ayana aarohana jarigina ventane turklu aayananu champesaru. all-muu 'taimid 23 samvatsaraalu konasagaru, ayinappatikee athanu paeruloe matrame palakudu. janj tirugubaatu taruvaata, all-mutamid all-muvaafaknu ataniki sahayam cheyadaaniki pilichadu. aaa taruvaata, all-muwafaq paeru tappa annintinee paripaalinchaadu. 890loe khalifa luu anatolialoni mardin governorga niyamitulainappudu hamdan ibn hamdun dwara hamdanid raajavamsam sthaapinchabadindi. all-muu 'taimid taruvaata thana kumarudu all-muu' taideedku adhikaranni badilee chesaadu, mariyu tirigi adhikaram pondaledu. eee samayamlo vidipoyinappudu tulunidlu islaamik egyptulo modati swatantra raajyamgaa maararu.
all-muu 'tadid khalifa rajyaanni samarthavantamgaa paripaalinchaadu. eejipt vidheyataku tirigi vachindi mariyu mesopotamia kramaniki punaruddharinchabadindi. athanu shiya patla sahanamtho undevaadu, conny umayyad samajam patla antha neetigaa laedu. all-muu 'tadid thana sikshalalo krooramgaa unnadu, veetilo konni athani puurveekula sikshalanu adhigaminchaledu. udaaharanaku, mosul vadda unna khariji nayakudini pattu dustulu dharinchina baghdad chuttoo kavaatu chesaaru, andulo khareejeelu papuluga khandinchi, aapai siluva veyabaddaaru. all-muu 'tadid maranam taruvaata, turkish baanisa-ammai dwara athani kumarudu, all-muktafi simhasananni adhishtinchaadu.
all-muktafi thana audaaryaaniki, mariyu thana tandri rahasya jaillanu, baghdad yokka bhayanni raddu chesinanduku prajalaku ishtamaina vyakti ayyadu. ayana paalanalo, khalifalu karmathiyanla vanti bedirimpulanu adhigaminchaayi. all-muktafi maranam taruvaata, wazir all-muktaadeernu enchukunnadu. all-muktadir paalana padamudu vajeerla sthiramaina vaarasatvam, okaru marokari patanam ledhaa hatya tarvaata edigaaru. ayana sudeergha paalana saamrajyaanni daani atyalpa sthaayiki teesukuvacchindi. africa poyindi, eejipt dadapuga poyindi. mosul daani aadharapadataanni viraminchukundi, mariyu greekulu rakshana laeni sarihaddu meedugaa daadi chesaaru. thoorpu praantam adhikarikamga khalifanu gurtinchadam konasaaginchindi, indulo vaastavamgaa swaatantryam pondina vaaru kooda unnaaru.
baghdad abbasid kaalam praarambhamlo, saamraagni jooe carbonopsina all-muktadirto yuddha viramana kosam ottidi chesi, muslim khaideela vimochana kosam erpaatu chesindi, ayithe byzantine sarihaddunu bulgarianlu bedirinchaaru. idhi baghdad yokka rugmataku matrame todpadindi. prajalu dveshinchinappatiki, allarla taruvaata all-muktadir mallee adhikaaramlo unnadu. all-muktadir chivariki nagara dwaaraala velupala champabaddadu, aaa taruvaata sabhikulu athani sodarudu all-khaheernu enchukunnaaru. ayana marinta ghoramgaa undevaaru. padavee viramana cheyadaaniki niraakarinchina ayana andhulai jailuku pampabaddaadu.
athani kumarudu all-raadi duradrushtam yokka pravahanni anubhavinchadaaniki matrame baadhyatalu sweekarinchaadu. thana bhaktini prasamsimchina athanu vaastava paalaka mantri ibn raik ("ameer all-umara"; "ameerla ameer") sadhanam ayyadu. ibn raik prabhutva paggalanu chepattadu mariyu bahiranga praarthanalalo athani paeru khalifa thoo jatacheyabadindi. eee kaalamlo, hanbalilu, prajaadarana pondina bhaavaalaku maddatugaa, vaastavaaniki oka rakamaina 'sunni vichaarana' nuu erpaatu chesaaru. arr-radini saadhaaranamgaa nijamaina khalifalalo chivari vyaktigaa pariganistaaruh sukravaaram sevalo prasamgaalu cheyadaaniki, samavesalanu nirvahinchadaaniki, tatvavettalato communicate cheyadaaniki, aaa roeju prasnalanu charchinchadaaniki, rashtra vyavaharalapai salaha teesukoovadaaniki; bhikshalu pampinhee cheyadaaniki ledhaa krooramaina adhikaarula teevratanu tagginchadaaniki. aaa vidhamgaa prarambha baghdad abbasidlu antam ayyaru.
930la madhyakaalamlo, egyptuloni ikhshididlu abbasidla tarapuna governorluga vaari sthaanaanni pratibimbimchae arabic birudunu "valii" gaa kaligi unnaaru, modati governor (mohammed binn tugz all-ikhshid) nuu abbasid khalifa niyaminchaaru. vaaru ataniki mariyu athani vaarasulaku 30 samvatsaraala paatu vilayanu icchaaru. ikhshid anae chivari paeru "yuvaraju" kosam sogdian.
930laloe kooda, allie ibn buya mariyu athani iddaru tammullu, all-husson mariyu ahmed buid samakhyanu sthaapinchaaru. modata tabaristan georidla sevalo sainikudaina allie 934loe baghdad nundi yakut anae turkish sainyaadhipatini oodinchadaaniki sainyanni niyaminchagaligaadu. taruvaati tommidellalo mugguru sodarulu migilina khalifapai niyantrana saadhinchaaru, adhe samayamlo bagdadloni khalifa naamamaatrapu adhikaranni angeekarinchaaru. buidlu pedda praadaesika laabhaalanu pondaaru. phaars mariyu jibal jayinchabaddaayi. buidlu kerman (967), oman (967), jajira (979), tabaristan (980), gorgaon (981) lanu teesukoovadaaniki mundu 945loe central iraq longipoyindi. dheeni taruvaata buids nemmadigaa ksheeninchaayi, samakhya yokka bhagalu kramamga vidipoyaayi mariyu vaari paalanalo unna sthaanika raajavamsaalu "vaastavamgaa" swatantramgaa marai.
madhya baghdad abbasid.
"prarambha unnata madhya yugaalu"
madhya baghdad abbasidla praarambhamlo, khalifa praamukhyata takkuvagaa maarindi. ameer all-umara" bajkam thana kaaryadarsini baghdadku pampi vaarasudini ennukoovadaaniki sthaanika pramukhulanu sameekarinchadam dwara santrupti chendaadu. empika all-muttaakeepai padindi. oka vaeta paarteelo kurdulanu dochukoni bajkamnu champaru. baghdadlo tadupari araachakamlo, ibn raik mosul kuu paaripovaalani khalifanu oppinchaadu, akkada ataniki hamdaanidlu swaagatam palikaru. vaaru ibn raiknu hatya chesaaru. hamdanid nasser all-daula baghdad vaipu munduku sagadu, akkada kirai sainikulu mariyu baga vyavastheekruta turklu vaarini tippikottaaru. turkish general tujun "ameer all-umara" ayyadu. turklu drudamaina sunneelu. oka kotta kutra khalifanu pramaadamloo padesindi. hamdanid dalaalu add-daula mosul, aapai nassibin varaku tappinchukovadaaniki sahayapaddayi. tujun mariyu hamdanid stambhinchipooyaaru. all-muttaki rakka vadda unnadu, athanu tujunku vellaadu, akkada athanu tolaginchabaddaadu. tujun andhudaina khalifa bandhuvunu all-mustaqfi birudutho varasudiga niyaminchaadu. kotta khalifato, tujun buwaihid raajavamsam mariyu hamdanidla meeda daadi chesaadu. ventane, tujun maraninchaadu, athani sainyaadhikaarulalo okaraina abu jaffar athani taruvaata vacchaadu. appudu buvehidlu baghdadpai daadi chesi, aboo jaffar khalifato daakkovadaaniki paaripoyaadu. buvehid sultan muiz udh-daula khalifa ameerku ghoramgaa longipovalani balavantam chestu aadesam sweekarinchaadu. chivariki, all-mustaqfi andhatvam chendhi, tolaginchabaddaadu. nagaram gandaragolamlo padindi, khalifa rajabhavanam dochukundi.
baghdadnu buvehidlu niyantrinchina tarvaata, all-muthi khalifa ayyadu. karyalayam nijamaina saktitoe cheelipoyindi mariyu shiya acharalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. oka sataabdaaniki paiga baghdad loe beauvehids unnaaru. buvehid paalana antataa khalifa athi takkuva sthaayiki cherukundi, conny iberialo tappa, mataparamgaa gurtinchabadindi. buwaid sultan muiz all-dawla thana sonta bhadrata kosam, mariyu tirugubaatu bhayam kaaranamgaa, rajadhanilo mariyu velupala shiya khalifanu simhaasanaaniki ettakunda nirodhinchabaddaadu.
tadupari khalifa, all-thai, syrialo fathemids, turks mariyu carmathianla madhya varga kalahalapai paalinchaadu. daachina raajavamsam kooda vichchinnamaindi. abbasid sarihaddulanu chinna sarihaddu rashtraalu matrame rakshinchaayi. iraq yokka baid ameer bahaa all-daula 991loe all-taini tolaginchi, all-khaadirnu kotta khalifaga prakatinchaadu.
all-khadeer khalifa kaalamlo, ghajneeki chendina mahmud saamrajyaanni chusukunnadu. thoorpu prasiddhi chendina ghajni mahammad khalifala patla snehapuurvakamgaa undevaadu, bhaarata saamrajyamlo athani vijayalu baghdad yokka pulpits nundi krutagnatato mariyu prakaasavantamaina padaalatoe prakatinchabaddaayi. all-khadir shiya mataaniki vyatiraekamgaa sunni poraataanni prothsahinchaadu mariyu baghdad manifesto mariyu khurran srushtinchabadindane siddhaantam vanti matavisvaasaalanu nishedhinchaadu. athanu mutajillah nuu nishedhinchi, hetubaddhavaada muslim tatvasaastram abhivruddhiki mugimpu palikadu. eee mariyu taruvaati kaalamlo, islaamik saahityam, mukhyamgaa pertian saahityam, beauvehidla prothsaahamtho abhivruddhi chendindi. 1000 natiki, prapancha muslim janabha prapanchamlooni kraistava janabha 10 saatamtoe poliste, sumaru 4 saataaniki perigindi.
all-kaim paalanalo, buwaihid palakudu tarachugaa rajadhani nundi paaripoyaadu mariyu seljuk raajavamsam adhikaram pondindi. siriya mariyu armeniyaalanu togrul aakraminchindi. aaa taruvaata athanu raajadhaaniloki pravesinchaadu, akkada ataniki nayakulu mariyu prajalu iddaroo manchi aadarana pondaaru. bahreyinlo, all-hasaalo karmatian rashtram koolipoyindi. arabia fatimidla nundi kolukundi mariyu abbasidla aadhyaatmika adhikara paridhini mallii angeekarinchindi. all-muktaadeeni modati seljuk sultan malik-shaa gowravinchaadu, ayana paalanalo seljuk vijayam yokka vistarinchina paridhi antataa khalifa gurtinchabadindi. sultan rashtra vyavaharalalo khalifa jokyanni vimarsinchaadu, conny madhya baghdad abbasidlalo chivarivaadini tolaginche mundu maraninchaadu.
divangata baghdad abbasid.
"chivari unnata madhya yugaalu"
divangata baghdad abbasidlu crusadela prarambham nundi edava crusade varaku paalinchaaru. modati khalifa all-mustazir. intlo poura kalahalu mariyu syrialo modati crusade unnappatikee, athanu rajakeeyamgaa asambaddhamgaa unnadu. tolouseku chendina raymond IV baghdadpai daadi cheyadaaniki prayatninchaadu, manjikert yuddhamlo odipoyaadu. 1100 natiki kraistava janabha 11 saatamgaa undagaa, prapancha muslim janabha sumaru 5 saataaniki perigindi. jerusalemnu daani nivaasulanu oochakotha kosina crusaderlu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. franks" (european crusaderlu) nundi all-axa maseedu praamganaanni tirigi pondadaaniki eee vishaadaanni prakatistuu, prajalanu uttejapariche mataprachaarakulu khalifa antataa prayaaninchaaru. bahishkrutula gumpu aviswaasiki vyatiraekamgaa yuddham kosam samavesamaindi. sultan ledhaa khalifa paschima disagaa sainyanni pampaledu.
all-mustarshid marinta swaatantryam saadhinchagaa, goppa seljuk sultan rendava mahmad thoorpuna yuddhamlo palgonnadu. baanu majeed (majyadeed rashtram) general, dubay ibn sadaka (all-hillah emir), bosranu dochukuni, sultan yokka chinna sodarudu ghiyat adh-dhin masood thoo kalisi baghdad paie daadi chesaadu. jengid raajavamsam sthaapakudu jengi aadhvaryamlo seljuk sainyam dubaaynu anichivesindi. mahammad maranam taruvaata athani kumarudu davood, athani menalludu masood mariyu rendava atabegh togrul madhya antaryuddham jarigindi. thoorpuna jengeeni pilipinchaaru, khalifa mariyu dubay chetha prerepinchabaddaadu, akkada atanni kottaru. khalifa moodu nelala paatu moesulnu muttadinchi, vijayam saadhinchaledu, masood mariyu jengi pratighatinchaaru. ayinappatikee idhi khalifa sainika punaruddharanalo oka mylurayi.
damascus muttadi (1134) taruvaata, jengi syrialo karyakalapalu chepattadu. all-mustarshid paschima seljuk sultan masood paie daadi chesi khaidiigaa teesukunnaru. aaa tarvaata athanu hatyaku gurainatlu gurtinchaaru. athani kumarudu all-rasheed seljuk turkla nundi swaatantryam pondadamlo viphalamayyaadu. jengi, dubayla hatya kaaranamgaa, pratyarthi sultanetnu erpaatu chesaadu. masood daadi chesaadu; khalifa mariyu jengi, vijayam asajanakamga, mosul kuu tappinchukunnaaru. sultan tirigi adhikaranni pondaadu, oka mandalini erpaatu chesaaru, khalifa padaveechyutudayyaadu, all-muktafi kumarudu ayina athani maama kotta khalifa gaa niyaminchabaddaadu. arr-rasheed isfahanku paaripoyi hashshinla chetilo champabaddadu.
seljuk turkla madhya konasagina vibhajana mariyu pootiilu all-muktafi baghdadlo niyantrananu konasaaginchadaaniki mariyu iraq antataa vistarinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchaayi. 1139loe, all-muktafi nestorian pitrusvaamyavaadi abdisho IIIకి rakshananu manjuru chesaadu. crusade teevrataram ayinappudu, khalifa baghdad muttadilo (1157) seljuk yokka mohammed II kuu vyatiraekamgaa baghdadnu vijayavantamgaa rakshinchaadu. jengi vignaptiki pratispandanagaa sultan mariyu khalifa purushulanu pampaaru, conny seljuklu, khalifa ledhaa vaari ameerlu crusaderlanu pratighatinchadaaniki dhairyam cheyaledu.
tadupari khalifa, all-mustanjid, 260 samvatsaraala taruvaata saladin fatimida raajavamsaanni aarpadam chushadu, tadwara abbasidlu mallee aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru. saladin eejiptu sultan ayinappudu all-mustaadi paalinchaadu mariyu abbasidlaku vidheyata prakatinchaadu.
devuni mataaniki vijaeta" ayina ann-nasser, khalifa rajyaanni daani puraatana aadhipatya paatraku punaruddharinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu. athanu tikrit nundi gulph varaku iraaknu etuvanti antaraayam lekunda sthiramgaa pattukunnadu. athani nalabhai edu samvatsaraala paalana pradhanamgaa tartar naayakulatoe pratishtaatmakamaina mariyu avineetipuurita vyavahaaraalato mariyu mangolsnu pramaadakaramaina prerepanato gurtinchabadindi, idhi athani raajavamsaanni antam chesindi. athani kumarudu, ajj-jahir, athani maranaaniki mundu kontakaalam khalifaga unnadu mariyu ann-nasser manavadu all-mustansir khalifa ayyadu.
all-mustansir mustansiriya madrasanu sthaapinchaadu. 1236loe ogedee khaan khorasannu penchaalani aadesinchi, heraatnu janabha penchaadu. mangol sainika governorlu ekkuvagaa ajarbaijaanloni mughan maidaanamlo tama sibiraanni erpaatu chesukunnaru. mosul mariyu silician armenia paalakulu longipoyaru. chormakan sainika sopanakramam aadhaaramgaa dakshina caucasus praantaanni moodu jillaluga vibhajinchaadu. georgialo, janabha tatkalikamga enimidi kanitulugaa vibhajinchabadindi. 1237 natiki abbasid iraq, ismaily balamaina sthaavaraalu, afghanistan, kashmir minaha pertialo chaalaa bhaganni mangol saamrajyam longadeesukunnadi.
all-mustasim bagdadloni chivari abbasid khalifa mariyu edava crusade samayamlo eejiptu simhaasanaaniki shazar all-durr edugudalanu vyatirekinchinanduku prasiddhi chendaadu. thoorpuna, hulaagu khaan aadhvaryamlo mangol dalaalu transoxiana mariyu khorasan gundaa chochukupoyayi. baghdad tolaginchabaddaadu mariyu aaa taruvaata ventane khalifa tolaginchabaddaadu. mamluk sultanlu, siriya taruvaata kairolo shakti laeni abbasid khalifanu niyaminchaaru.
kairo yokka khalifa (1261-1517).
"kairo yokka" "needa" "khalifa"
"madhya yugaala chivari"
kairo yokka abbasid "needa" khalifa mamluk sultanla aadhvaryamlo paalinchaadu mariyu nominal paalakulu mamluk sultanla vaastava palananu chattabaddham chesevaaru. all-mustaayinku mundu ledhaa taruvaata vacchina kieren abbasid khalifalandaru aadhyaatmika adhipatulu, vaariki etuvanti loukika shakti ledhu. all-mustain kontakaalam raajakeeya adhikaranni kaligi unna ekaika kairo aadhaarita abbasid khalifa. all-mutavakkil III chivari "needa" khalifa. 1517loe, ottoman sultan modati selim mamluk sultanetnu oodinchi, eejiptunu ottoman saamrajyamlo bhaagamgaa chesaadu.
fatimida khalifa.
fathemids ifricia (aadhunika tunisia mariyu thoorpu algerialo) loe udbhavinchaayi. eee raajavamsaanni 909loe abadullah all-mahadii billa sthaapinchaaru, athanu thana kumarte fatima ass-jahra mariyu aame bhartha modati shiya imam ayina aalii ibn-abii-talib dwara mohammed nundi vacchina thana vaadananu chattabaddham chesaadu, anduvalla dheeniki "all-fatimiyun" "fatimida" anae paeru vachindi. abdullah all-mahadii niyantrana tvaralo madhya magreb mariyu eejiptu antataa vistarinchindi. aaa samayamlo fatimidlu, jaidilu, chaalaa mandhi sunneelu chesinatlugaa, hanafi nyaayasaastraanni upayoginchaaru.
eee praantamlooni itara prabhutvaala maadirigaa kakunda, rashtra karyalayalalo alasatatho kuudina purogati vaarasatvam kante yogyatapai aadharapadi undedi. sunneelatoo sahaa islaamlooni itara saakhala sabhyulu shiat la maadirigaane prabhutva padavulaku niyaminchabade avakaasam undhi. sahanam kraistavulu mariyu yoodulu vanti muslimetarulanu kaligi undhi; vaaru saamarthyam aadhaaramgaa prabhutvamlo unnata sthaayilanu teesukunnaru. ayithe, eee saadhaarana sahanam vaikhariki minahaayimpulu unnaayi, mukhyamgaa all-hakeem bii-amar allah.
fatimad rajabhavanam rendu bhagaluga undedi. idhi binn ell-kwasrin veedhilooni khaan ell-khalili praantamloo undhi.
fatimidaina khalifalu.
"prarambha mariyu unnata madhya yugaalu"
madhya baghdad abbasidla praarambhamlo, fatimida khalifalu egyptulo matrame kakunda, siriya matha naayakatvaanni kooda vyatiraekimchaaru. bagdadloni abbasid rajyam praarambhamlo, aleedlu khalifaku pratyaksha muppuga unnanduna paalaka paarteeche teevramaina himsanu edurkonnaru. abbasid vichaaranala kaaranamgaa, puurveekulu daavaa unikini daachadaaniki enchukunnaaru. aaa taruvaata, vaaru iranian peethabhoomi vaipu prayaaninchi, raajakeeya prapanchaaniki kendra binduvu nundi tamanu taamu dhooram chesukunnaru. all mahadii tandri, all hussain all mastur daavaa vyavaharalanu niyantrinchadaaniki tirigi vacchaadu. athanu yemen mariyu paschima africaku rendu dailanu pampaadu. all hussen thana kumarudu all mahadii puttina ventane maraninchaadu. uttara aafrikaalo jarigina abhivruddhipai all mahdiki oka prabhutva vyavastha sahaayapadindi.
all mahdi abdullah all-mahdi billa fatimida raajavamsaaniki chendina modati imamnu sthaapinchaadu. hussen mariyu ismail dwara fatimah varaku vamsapaaramparya muulaalu unnayani ayana paerkonnaaru. all mahdi salamiyalo thana pradhana karyalayanni sthaapinchi, aghlabid paalanalo vaayuvya africa vaipu vellaadu. mahdiki purvagaamigaa cheppukovadamlo ayana saadhinchina vijayam uttara aafrikaaloni berber tegalalo, mukhyamgaa kutama tegalo keelaka paatra pooshinchindi. all mahadii tunitialoni all-kairawan shivaaru praantamaina rakkaadaalooni maajee aghlabid nivaasamlo sthirapaddaadu. 920loe, all mahdi saamrajyam yokka kottagaa sthaapinchabadina rajadhani all-mahdialo nivaasam yerparachukunnadu. athani maranam taruvaata, all mahadii taruvaata athani kumarudu abu all-khasim mohammed all-kaim, thana vistaranavaada vidhananni konasaginchadu. thana marana samayamlo athanu thana palananu idrisidla moraco varaku, alaage eejiptu varaku vistarinchaadu. fathemid califate sisileeni kaligi undi, atlantic mahasamudram nundi libia varaku uttara africa antataa vistarinchindi. abdullah all-mahadii yokka niyantrana tvaralo tuneeshiyaalooni mahdia nundi paalinchina aadhunika deshaalaina moraco, algeria, tunisia mariyu libiato kuudina praantam, central magreb antataa vistarinchindi. tunisiyaaloni kairovan sameepamlo kottagaa nirminchina rajadhani all-mansuria, ledhaa mansuria, imaamlu all-mansur billa (r. 946-953) mariyu all-muiz lii-dhin allah (r. 953-975).
969loe fatimida general jawahar eejiptunu jayinchi, akkada fustat sameepamlo oka kotta rajabhavana nagaranni nirminchaadu, daanini athanu all-mansuria anie kooda pilichadu. all-muiz lidinillah aadhvaryamlo, fatimidlu ikhshidid vilayanu jayincharu (fatimida eejipt chudandi), 969loe "all-khahira" (kairo) vadda kotta rajadhaanini sthaapinchaaru. eee paeru maars graham, "dhi subder" kuu suuchanagaa undhi, idhi nagara nirmaanam praarambhamaina samayamlo aakaasamlo pramukhamgaa undhi. kairo fatimida khalifa mariyu athani sainyaniki raaja aavaranagaa uddesinchabadindi, ayithe eejipt yokka vaastava paripalana mariyu aardhika rajadhani 1169 varaku fustath vanti nagarallo undedi. eejipt taruvaata, fatimidlu tunitia nundi siriya varaku, alaage sisily varaku paripaalinche varaku chuttupakkala praantaalanu jayinchadam konasaaginchaaru.
fatimidla aadhvaryamlo, eejipt daani sikharagra samayamlo uttara africa, sisily, paalastiinaa, jordan, lebanon, siriya, africa erra samudra teeram, tihama, hejaz mariyu yemenlanu kaligi unna saamraajyaaniki kendramgaa maarindi. eejipt abhivruddhi chendindi, mariyu fathemids madhyadhara mariyu hinduu mahasamudram rendintiloonuu vistrutamaina vaanijya netvarknu abhivruddhi chesaaru. vaari vaanijya, dautya sambandhaalu chaina, daani paatala raajavamsam varaku vistarinchaayi, idhi chivariki unnata madhya yugaalalo eejipt yokka aardhika marganni nirnayinchindi.
paddenimidava imam, all-mustansir billa taruvaata, nizari saakha thana kumarudu nizar thana vaarasudani nammadu, ayithe mustali anie piluvabade maroka ismaily saakha (veeri nundi daavuudii bohra chivariki vastaadu), thana maroka kumarudu all-mustaaleeki maddatu ichindi. fatima raajavamsam all-mustaaleeni imam mariyu khalifa rendintigaa konasaaginchindi, mariyu aaa ummadi sthaanam 20va imam, all-ameer bii-ahkami ell-laa (1132) varaku konasaagindi. imam ameer maraninchinappudu, mustali vishwaasamlooni oka saakha athanu imametnu thana kumarudu aut-tayyib abii ell-kaasinku badilee chesinatlu paerkonnaadu, appudu ataniki rendellu.
1160laloe ksheeninchina raajakeeya vyavastha ksheeninchina taruvaata, jengid palakudu noor adh-dheen thana sainyaadhipati shirkuhnu 1169loe wazirshawar nundi eejiptunu swaadheenam chesukunnadu. shirkuh adhikaranni sweekarinchina rendu nelala tarvaata maraninchaadu, mariyu paalana athani menalludu salaadinku vellindi. idhi eejipt mariyu siriya yokka ayyubid sultanetnu praarambhinchindi.
crusades.
8va sataabdam praarambhamlo, iberian kraistava rajyalu moorla nundi all-aandalasnu tirigi pondaalane lakshyamtho punassamyojanaanni praarambhinchaayi. 1095loe, pope urban II, kraistava dalaala speyinlo vijayala nundi prerana pondhi, thoorpuna kraistavatvaanni rakshinchadamlo sahayapadamani thoorpu roman chakravartini vaedukunnaadu, paschima airopa nundi modati crusadeku pilupunicchaadu, idhi edessa, antioc, tripoli county mariyu jerusalemlanu swaadheenam chesukundi.
crusadela prarambha kaalamlo, jerusalem kraistava rajyam udbhavinchindi mariyu kontakaalam jerusalemnu niyantrinchindi. taruvaati 90 samvatsaraalalo jerusalem rajyam mariyu itara chinna crusader rajyalu levant yokka sanklishtamaina rajakeeyaalalo bhaagamgaa erpaddaayi, conny islaamik califate ledhaa eee praantamlooni itara saktulaku muppu kaliginchaledu. 1169loe shirkuh fatimida palananu muginchi, daanini syriato ekam chesina taruvaata, crusader rajyalu muppunu edurkonnaayi, athani menalludu saladin 1187loe chaalaa praantaanni tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnadu, crusaderlaku konni odarevulu unnaayi.
moodava crusadelo airopa nundi vacchina sainyalu jerusalemnu tirigi swaadheenam chesukovadamlo viphalamayyayi, ayithe crusader rashtraalu aneka dasaabdaala paatu konasagayi, itara crusadelu anusarinchaayi. all-aandalaslo kraistava punassamyojanam konasaagindi, chivariki 1492loe grenada pathanamtho puurtayimdi. crusadela takkuva kaalamlo, nalgava crusade levant nundi mallinchabadindi mariyu badulugaa constantinopalnu teesukundi, thoorpu roman saamrajyaanni (ippudu byzantine saamrajyam) thoorpuna turkish prajalaku vyatiraekamgaa vaari sudeergha poraatamlo marinta balaheenapadindi. edemaina, crusaderlu islaamik kaalifetlanu debbateesukogaligaaru; malmesburyki chendina vilium prakaram, vaaru kraistavamatamloki marinta vistarinchakundaa mariyu maamluklu mariyu mangolsku lakshyamgaa undakunda nirodhinchaaru.
ayyubid raajavamsam.
ayyubid raajavamsam saladin chetha sthaapinchabadindi mariyu egyptulo kendrikrutamai undhi. 1174loe saladin tananu taanu sultanga prakatinchukuni, sameepa thoorpu praantaanni jayinchadu. 12va mariyu 13va sataabdaalaloo ayyubidlu eejipt, siriya, uttara mesopotamia, hejaz, yemen mariyu uttara africa tiiraanni aadhunika tunisia sarihaddula varaku niyantristuu madhyapraachyamlo chaalaa bhaganni paalinchaaru. saladin taruvaata, athani kumaarulu sultanet meeda niyantrana kosam pootii paddaru, conny saladin sodarudu all-aadil chivariki 1200loe tananu taanu sthaapinchukunnaadu. 1230laloe, siriya yokka ayyubid paalakulu eejipt nundi swaatantryam pondadaaniki prayatninchaaru mariyu eejiptu sultan ass-saliha ayyub 1247 natiki aleppo minaha syrialo ekkuva bhaganni swaadheenam chesukovadam dwara ayyubid aikyatanu punaruddharinche varaku vibhajinchabaddaaru. 1250loe, eejiptu praantamlooni raajavamsam baanisa regimentlache padagottabadindi. aleppo yokka yaan-nasser yousuf netrutvamlo daanini tirigi pondadaaniki chesina aneka prayatnaalu viphalamayyayi. 1260loe, mangolu alepponi tolaginchi, aaa tarvaata ayyubid bhoobhagalalo migili unna vaatipai niyantrana saadhinchaaru.
mangol kaalam.
mangol dandayaatralu mariyu vijayalu.
all-vatik (842-847) mariyu all-mutadid (892-902) paalana taruvaata abbasid khalifa ksheeninchinappatikii, mangol saamrajyam 1258loe abbasid raajavamsaaniki mugimpu palikindi. mangolu madhya asea mariyu pertia antataa vyaapinchaaru; pertian nagaram isfahan 1237 natiki vaari chetilo padipoyindi. chingisid vamsaaniki chendina ilkhanlu islam yokka rakshakulu, bahusha abbasid khalifa vaarasulu kooda anie cheppukunnaru. mangolulu islaamik rajyalanu jayinchadam, muslim palakulanu vaari sainika, raajakeeya saktiki longadeesukovadam vanti vaati dwara afflocky, abu bucker roomy vanti kontamandi suufii muslim rachayitalu sanukoolamgaa prabhaavitamayyaaru, vaari dandayaatralu, vistarananu devuni nundi chattabaddhamaina daivika sikshagaa bhaavinchaaru, endukante eurasia gaddi neelaku chendina mangolulu, turkic prajalu vaari kaalamlooni muslim panditulu, sanyaasulu, mufteela kante ekkuva pavitrulugaa pariganinchabaddaaru. eee yugamlo, pertian suufii kavi mariyu aadhyaatmikudu jalaluddin roomy (1207-1273) thana kalakhandamaina "masnavi" nuu rachinchaadu, idhi devuni nundi "digumati cheyabadindi" anie athanu nammadu mariyu khurran ("tafseer") yokka saraina vivaranagaa ardham chesukunnadu.
vividha aadhunika panditula abhiprayam prakaram, 10va mariyu 14va sataabdaala madhya pertian mariyu madhya asea samskruti madhyavartitvam dwara, alaage sufi muslim alamatistunna sanyaasulu mariyu aadhyaatmikula (fakeerlu mariyu darvishlu) bodhana dwara ekkuva mandhi mangolu mariyu turkic prajalu islam matamloki maararu. islam matamloki maarina turkic mariyu mangol matastulu teevra, sanyasi suuphiila mariyu turco-mangol shamanlah acharala madhya saaruupyatalanu kanugonnaru. turkic mariyu mangol muslimlu tama sthaanika matam, saampradaaya turkic-mangol shamanism yokka amsaalanu islam yokka turkic samshlaeshanhaloo chaerchaaru, idhi eee thedhee varaku itara muslim samajalalo aacharinche islaamik mataaniki gananeeyamgaa bhinnamgaa undhi, mariyu kotta islaamik vivaranalo bhaagamgaa maarindi. iteevali samvatsaraalalo, swadeshi turco-mangol shamanism mariyu islam madhya samanvaya aalochana savaalu cheyabadindi. islam gurinchi "sanaatana" siddhaantaanni nirvachinchadaaniki ledhaa amalu cheyadaaniki adhikaram lenanduna, kontamandi aadhunika panditulu 16va sataabdaaniki mundu, islanku suuchimchina nammakalu levani, suuchimchina paddhatulu matrame unnayani vaadinchaaru. anduvalla, puurva-islaamik mariyu swadeshi turco-mangol shamanism yokka bhaagaalanu ekeshwaravaada islaamik vishwaasamlo ekikrutam cheyadam chaalaa saadhaaranam mariyu turkic mariyu mangol prajalalo bhinnamainadi kaadu.
taalaala yuddham (752) samayamlo shamanistu prabhavalu ippatike sambhavinchinappatikii, muslim matavisvaasaalulu eppuduu shamanlah gurinchi prastaavinchaledu. oka pradhana maarpu mahilala hodaalo jarigindi. arab samskruti vale kakunda, turco-mangol sampradaayaalu samaajamlo mahilalanu adhika gowravamtho pariganinchaayi. turkic mariyu mangol prajalu kooda suufii sanyasi mariyu vaari saampradaaya shamanik paddhatula madhya adbhutamaina saaruupyatalanu kanugonnaru. turco-mangol shamanism anatolia, madhya asea mariyu balkanlalo sanaatana muslimlanu prabhaavitam chesindi, vaaru alevismnu utpatti chestu daaniki sabhyatvam pondaaru. phalitamgaa, aneka shamanik sampradaayaalu nijamaina islamikga bhaavinchabaddaayi, pavitra prakruti, chetlu, jantuvulu mariyu videshee prakruti aatmalu vanti nammakalu eee roeju varaku vistrutamgaa unnaayi.
13va sataabdam nundi 14va sataabdam varaku, sunni mariyu shiya paddhatulu rendoo mudipadi unnaayi, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa shiya islam charithratho mudipadi unna aalii ibn abii talib mariyu jaffar all-shadiq (varusaga, modati mariyu aarava sheete imaamlu) vanti chaaritraka vyaktulu, muslim vishwaasulaku "kanipinchani" ("all-ghaib") nuu ardham chesukovadamlo daadaapu saarvatrika paatra pooshinchaaru. sunni, shiya, mariyu binna sampradaaya islaamik nammakaala madhya padunaina vyatyaasam ledhu.
islaamik mangol saamrajyaalu.
chivariki, ilkhanet, bangaaru samuuham, chagatai khanet-naalugu pradhana mangol khanetlalo moodu-islaamnu sweekarinchaayi. siriya, mesopotamia, pertia mariyu marinta thoorpuna adhikaaramlo unna 13va sataabdam migilina kaalamlo kramamga andaruu islam matamloki maararu. chaalaa mandhi ilkhanid paalakula sthaanamlo 1360laloe parshiyanu jayinchina taimur (swayamgaa oka muslim) sthaapinchina kotta mangol saktini niyaminchaaru, athanu bharatadesamloni dhhillee sultanet mariyu anatolialoni ottoman turklaku vyatiraekamgaa kadilaadu. taimur yokka nirantara vijayaalato paatu chingis khaan thoo saripolina krooratva pradarsanalu kooda undevi, athani udaaharana taimur spruhatho anukarinchaadu. taimur saamrajyam yokka vishwavyaapta rajadhani samarkand, athani paalanalo munupennadoo laenamtagaa abhivruddhi chendindi, ayithe iraan mariyu iraq pedda ettuna vinaasanaanni chavichusai. eee praantamlooni janabhalo moodinta oka vanthu mandhi maraninchina nalla maranam nundi madhyaprachyam inca kolukuntondi. eee plaegu chainaalo praarambhamai, 1347loe egyptuloni alegzandriaku cherukundi, taruvaati samvatsaraallo chaalaa islaamik praantaalaku vyaapinchindi. plaegu mariyu yuddhaala kalayika madhyapraachya islaamik prapanchaanni teevramgaa balaheenaparichindi. taimuri raajavamsam bharatadesamloni moghalulatho sahaa islam yokka aneka balamaina saamrajyaalanu kanugondi.
taimurid punarujjeevanam.
taimurid raajavamsam paalinchina madhya asealo unna taimurid saamrajyam kalalu mariyu vignaana shaastra rangaalalo vipareetamaina perugudalanu chusindi, thoorpu mariyu paaschaatya prapanchavyaaptamgaa vyaapinchindi.
tummerlane chess aavishkarana, samarkand nagara punarnirmaanam, sultan shaa rukh kutumbam khagola shaastram, ganitam, vaastusilpa rangaalalo gananeeyamaina sahakaram andinchadam visaeshamgaa undhi, indulo gauhar shaad, bahuguruvu ulug baeg, sultan hussen baikara unnaaru. eee saamraajyaaniki bahula islaamik panditulu mariyu saastravettala nundi vistruta maddatu labhinchindi. aneka islaamik abhyasa kendraalu mariyu maseedulu nirminchabaddaayi, mukhyamgaa ulug baeg observatory.
herat nagaram yokka sreyassu saamskrutika punarjanmaku kendramgaa italian punarujjeevana janmasthalamaina florensto potipadindani chebutaaru.
taimurid punarujjeevanam yokka amsaalanu taruvaata moghal chakravartulu moghal bharatadesaniki teesukuvacchaaru mariyu migilina itara islaamik gunpouder saamrajyaala raajyaala vaarasatvamgaa panichesaaruh ottoman turkey mariyu safavid iraan.
mamluk sultanet.
1250loe, ayyubid eejiptu raajavamsam baanisa dalaalache padagottabadindi, mamluk sultanet janminchindi. sainika pratishta mamluk samaajaaniki kendramgaa undedi, levant meeda mangol dandayaatrala samayamlo mangol saamraajyamtho gharshanalalo idhi keelaka paatra pooshinchindi.
1260laloe, mangolulu thoorpu bhuubhaagaalaku sameepamlo unna islaamik praantaalanu tolaginchi niyantrinchaaru. mangol aakramanadaarulanu chivaraku 1260loe jerusalenku uttaraana jarigina ine jaloot yuddhamlo eejiptu maamluklu aaparu. 
pradhanamgaa turkic, caucasian mariyu aagneya european muulaalaku chendina baanisa-sainikulu ayina maamluklu, ayyubid raajavamsam tudi vidhvamsam taruvaata mangolsnu balavantamgaa tarimikottaaru (ine jaloot yuddham chudandi). konni nelala taruvaata mangolu mallii athani yuddhamlo mamlukla chetilo odipoyi, aapai siriya nundi puurtigaa tarimikottabaddaaru. dheenitho, maamluklu tama dalaalanu kendrikarinchagaligaaru mariyu levent looni chivari crusader rashtraalanu jayinchagaligaaru. aaa vidhamgaa vaaru abbasid mariyu ottoman saamrajyaala (1250-1517) madhya sudeerghakaalam paatu siriya mariyu eejiptunu ekam chesaaru.
maamluklu nirantara raajakeeya sangharshana, sainika udriktata, paroksha yuddhalu mariyu "muslim bhuubhaagam" (dhaar all-islam) mariyu "muslimetara bhuubhaagam" (dhaar all-harb) madhya aardhika pootiini anubhavinchaaru. ine jaloot yuddham mariyu marge all-suffer (1303) yokka adbhutamaina yuddham, rendavadi paakshikamgaa imam ibn taimiya netrutvamlo, levant meeda mangol dandayaatralaku mugimpu palikindi. eee sangharshanhala samayamlo icchina fatvaalu raajakeeya islam yokka marganni marchai. islaamik sanaatanavaadaanni rakshinche vaari empika chesina paatralo bhaagamgaa, maamluklu maseedulu, madarasaalu mariyu khankalatho sahaa aneka mataparamaina bhavanalanu spaansar chesaaru. provinceulalo kontha nirmaanam jariginappatikee, eee prajectulalo ekkuva bhaagam rajadhaanini vistarinchaayi. kairoloni aneka mamluk bhavanalu eee roeju varaku manugadalo unnaayi, mukhyamgaa paatha kairolo (marinta samacharam kosam, mamluk vaastusilpam chudandi).
proto-salafism.
paandityavaadamlo, mangolulu sunnijamloki maradanni angeekarinchani ibn taimiya (1263-1328), islam yokka samagrata gurinchi aandolana chendaadu mariyu islaamnu daani aaropanala nundi suddhi cheyadaaniki vedaanta siddhaantaanni sthaapinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu. prarambha islam nundi sampradaayaalu mariyu chaaritraka kathanaalapai aadhaarapadina samakaaleena paandityaaniki bhinnamgaa, ibn taimiya yokka paddati hadis yokka empika chesina upayogam mariyu khurran yokka saahitya avagahana yokka misramam. athanu islam patla chaalaa taatvika vidhaanaalanu tiraskarinchi, badulugaa spashtamaina, saralamaina mariyu pidivaada vedaantasaastraanni pratipaadinchaadu. ayana vedaanta vidhaanamlooni maroe pradhana lakshanam daivaparipalana rajyam yokka praamukhyatanu nokki cheppindi. oka raashtraaniki mataparamaina ghnaanam avasaramani prabalamaina abhiprayam unnappatikee, ibn taimiya mataparamaina shreshtataku raajakeeya shakti avasaramani bhaavinchaaru. athanu thana kaalamlo muslimlalo prasaram avtunna aneka hadeesulanu tiraskarinchaadu mariyu asharite siddhaantaanni khandinchadaaniki padepade "saheeh bukhari" mariyu "saheeh muslim" paie matrame aadharapaddadu. crusaderlu mariyu mangols nundi bedirimpulaku gurainatlu bhaavinchi, muslimetarulaku vyatiraekamgaa bhouthika jihaadlo cheradam muslimlaku tappanisari anie ibn taimiya paerkonnaadu. indulo aakramanadaarulu matrame kakunda, islam ksheeninchadaaniki ibn taimiya nindinchina shias, ashaaraitlu, tatvavettalato sahaa muslimlalo "mataviswaasaala" luu kooda unnaaru. ayinappatikee, ayana rachanalu ayana jeevitakaalamlo swalpa paatra matrame poeshinchaayi. manavadharmam yokka devudu aayananu padepade daivaduushanhaku paalpaddaadani aaropinchaadu, mariyu athani sishyudu ibn katir thana guruvu nundi tananu taanu dhooram chesukuni, athani bodhanalaloni aaa amsaanni tiraskarinchaadu. ayinappatikee, ibn taimiya bodhanalalo konni bahusha ibn katir yokka tafseerloni vivaranaatmaka vidhananni prabhaavitam chesaayi, idhi appati nundi chaalaa varaku vivaranaatmaka sampradaayaanni tagginchindi. ibn taimiya mariyu ibn katir rachanalu vahabism mariyu 21va sataabdapu salafi vedaantasaastraaniki mukhyamaina mulaluga marai.
all-andlus.
berber general tarik ibn ziyad aadhvaryamlo arabbulu modata 711loe dakshina speyin ledhaa all-aandalasnu jayinchadam praarambhinchaaru. hispanialoni visigotik raajyamlo antaryuddhamlo jokyam chesukovadaniki tarik netrutvamloni daadi chese paarteeni pampaaru. gibraulter jalasandhini (general paeru pettabadindi) daati, 711 vesavilo juulai 19naa gwadelet yuddhamlo visigothic raaju rhoderick odipoyi champabadinappudu idhi nirnayaatmaka vijayanni saadhinchindi. tarik commander moosa binn nusair gananeeyamaina balagaalato daati, 718 natiki dveepakalpamlo chaalaa varaku muslimlu aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru. konni taruvaata arabic mariyu kraistava muulaalu 710loe oka nirdishta taraf chesina munupati daadini pradarsinchaayi mariyu "alphonso III yokka charitra" yokka yaad sebastianum recension, wamba paalanalo ervig prerepinchina arab daadini suuchistumdi (672-80). nirnayaatmaka yuddham jaragadaniki mundu rendu pedda sainyalu dakshinaana oka samvatsaram paatu undi undavacchu.
all-andalus palakulaku damascuslo umayyad khaleef all-valid I ameer hodaanu manjuru chesaaru. abbasidlu adhikaaramloki vacchina taruvaata, kontamandi umayyadlu tamanu taamu sthaapinchukoevadaaniki muslim speyinku paaripoyaaru. 10va sataabdam chivari natiki, palakudu abd all-rehmann III "cardoba khalifa" (912-961) birudunu sweekarinchaadu. aaa taruvaata ventane, umayyadlu daani rajadhani cardobatho balopetam cheyabadina rashtraanni abhivruddhi chesaaru. 961loe thana tandri abd arr-rehmann III maranam taruvaata rendava all-hakam khalifaku vijayam saadhinchaadu. athanu uttara iberialoni kraistava raajyaalato saantini nelakolpaadu mariyu neetipaarudala panula nirmaanam dwara vyavasayanni abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki sthirathvaanni upayoginchukunnadu. veedhula vistarana mariyu marketla nirmaanam dwara aardhika abhivruddhini kooda prothsahinchaaru. khalifa palananu dveepakalpamlo muslim uniki yokka uchchasthitilo unna rojugaa pilustaaru.
rendava hicham paalanalo raajakeeya vibhajanalu, poura ashanti kaaranamgaa 1031loe umayyad khalifa kuppakoolindi, athanu thana somaritanam kaaranamgaa bahishkarinchabaddaadu. all-andalus appudu "taifa rajyalu" (arabic, "muluk all-taavaa 'iff"; aanglam, chinna rajyalu) anie piluvabade aneka rajyaalugaa vidipoyindi. aaa chinna rajyaalugaa khalifa vichchinnam kavadam iberian dveepakalpamloni muslimlanu uttaraana unna kraistava raajyaalato poliste balaheenaparichindi. seville vanti kontamandi "taifaalu" kraistava yuvaraajulato pottulu kudurchukuni castilleku dabbu roopamlo nivaalulu arpinchavalasi vachindi.
all-andalus yokka ameerlu.
abbasid viplavam anie piluvabade praja tirugubaatu taruvaata modati abd all-rehmann mariyu bether (maajee greeku baanisa) tama praanaalatoe tappinchukunnaaru. modati rehmann paalastiinaa, sinoy gundaa dakshinaana konasagadu, aapai egyptuloki vellaadu. eee samayamlo ifriciaku pramaadakaramaina trekking chesina manugadalo unna aneka umayyad kutumba sabhyulalo modati rehmann okaru. modati rehmann mariyu bether sueta sameepamloni aadhunika moraco cherukunnaru. tadupari dasha samudraanni daati all-aandalasku velladam, akkada rahman neenu ataniki swaagatam palukutaano ledho khachitamgaa cheppalekapoyanu. berber tirugubaatu (740luu) taruvaata, arabbula madhya girijana vibhedaalu mariyu arabbulu mariyu berberla madhya jaathi udriktatalato umma cheelipovadamto eee provins gandaragola sthithilo undhi. bether mugguru syrian commanderlanu varusalo unchaadu-obid allah ibn utman mariyu abd allah ibn khaleed, iddaroo modata damascusku chendinavaaru, mariyu kinnasrinku chendina yousuf ibn bukht mariyu athani sammati pondadaaniki all-sumail (appudu jaragojalo) nuu sampradinchaaru, conny all-sumail niraakarinchaadu, modati rehmann tananu taanu amirga chesukovadaniki prayatnistaadani bhayapaddadu. yemenite commanderlatho charchinchina taruvaata, modati rehmann all-andalus vaddaku vellamani cheppabadindi. aaa taruvaata koddikaalaanike, athanu bedder mariyu anucharula chinna samuuhamtoe airopa kosam bayaludaeraadu. abdul all-rehmann malaagaaku thoorpuna unna all-andalus looni almunekar vadda digaadu.
malagalo thana swalpa kaalamlo, athanu twaragaa sthaanika maddatunu sampaadinchaadu. yuvaraju raaka gurinchi vaartalu dveepakalpam antataa vyaapinchayi. adhikaaramloki ravadanni vegavantam cheyadaaniki, athanu kalahalu mariyu vibhedaalanu sadviniyogam chesukunnadu. ayithe, edainaa cheyaka mundhe, uttara all-aandalaslo samasya talettindi. abd all-rehmann mariyu athani anucharulu jaragojanu niyantrinchagaligaaru. modati rehmann all-aandalasnu paalinchadaaniki gwadalkiwar nadhi vadda, cardoba velupala musara maidaanaalalo (musara yuddham) jarigina yuddhamlo poraadaadu. modati rehmann vijayam saadhinchaadu, thana satruvulanu vaari sainyamlooni konni bhaagaalato maidaanam nundi vembadinchaadu. modati rehmann rajadhani cardoba loki kavaatu chesi, edurudaadiki digaadu, conny charchalu gharshananu muginchaayi. modati rehmann adhikaranni ekikrutam chesina taruvaata, athanu tananu taanu all-andalus amirga prakatinchukunnadu. ayithe modati rehmann muslim khalifanu prakatinchaledu. all-fihri sainyaadhipati all-sumailnu cardoba jailulo unchadam chivari dasha. abbasidla nundi tappinchukogaligina umaiah intiki all-andalus surakshitamaina swargadhaamamgaa undedi.
baghdadlo, abbasid khalifa all-mansur ameernu tolaginchaalani yochinchadu. modati rehmann, athani sainyam abbasidlanu edurkoni abbasid sainyamlo chaalaa mandini champaru. pradhana abbasid nayakula sirachchaedam cheyabadindi, vaari talalu uppulo bhadraparachabaddayi, vaari chevulaku gurtinche taglu kattabaddayi. talalanu oka bhayankaramaina packagelo kattinchi, makka teerthayaathralo unna abbasid khalifa vaddaku pampaaru. modati rehmann all-aandalaslo punaraavrutamayye tirugubaatlanu anachivesadu. athanu goppa maseedu [cardova] nirmaanaanni praarambhinchaadu, teeram vembadi ooda yaardulanu erpaatu chesaadu; antekakunda speyinlooni anukuula vaataavaranamloo aracheti mariyu daanimmapandlanu naatina modati vyakti aayane anie chebutaru mariyu ayana thana rashtraallo vignaana shaastram mariyu saahityaanni prothsahinchaaru. muppai naalugu samvatsaraala oka nela paalana taruvaata 788 septembaru 29naa ayana maraninchaaru.
modati rehmann varasudu athani kumarudu modati hisham. cardobalo janminchina ayana aneka maseedulanu nirminchi mezquitanu puurti chesaaru. athanu zihad kosam pilupunicchaadu, dheeni phalitamgaa asturias rajyam mariyu tolouse kounteeki vyatiraekamgaa pracharam jarigindi; eee rendava poraatamlo athanu charlemagne modati bandhuvu ayina vilium off gellon chetilo odipoyaadu. athani varasudu modati all-hakam adhikaaramloki vacchi athani pinatandrulu, modati rehmann yokka itara kumaarulu savaalu chesaaru. okaru, abdullah, sahayam kosam charchalu jarapadaniki ikes-laa-chaapelleloni charlemagne aasthaanaaniki vellaaru. eelogaa cardoba daadi cheyabadindi, conny rakshinchabadindi. modati hakam thana paalanalo ekkuva bhaagam toledo, saragosa, meridalo tirugubaatlanu anachiveyadamlo gadipadu.
rendava abd arr-rehmann thana tandri taruvaata vacchaadu mariyu asturiusku chendina rendava alphonsotho daadaapu nirantara yuddhamlo palgonnadu, athani dakshina disagaa purogatini athanu nilipivesaadu. rendava rehmann kaadijlo digi, sevillenu (daani citadel minaha) jayinchi, cardobapy daadi chesina wikingla daadini tippikottaadu. aaa taruvaata athanu bhavishyat daadulanu tippikottadaaniki seville vadda naukaadalam mariyu naukaadala aayudhagaaraanni nirminchaadu. charless dhi balled nominationlaku vyatiraekamgaa thana poraatamlo sahayam kosam septimania yokka vilium abhyardhanalaku athanu pratispandinchaadu.
modati mohammed paalanalo muwalad (iberian muslimlu), mojaaraablu (muslim-iberian kraistavulu) kadalikalu jarigaayi. modati mohammed taruvaata athani kumarudu modati mundhir vacchaadu. thana tandri paalanalo, mundhir I porugu kraistava raajyaalaku, muwalad tirugubaatlaku vyatiraekamgaa sainika kaaryakalaapaalaku naayakatvam vahinchaadu. thana tandri maranaanantaram ayana simhasananni vaarasatvamgaa pondaadu. thana rendu samvatsaraala paalanalo, modati mundhir umar ibn hafsoontho poraadaadu. athanu 888loe bobustro vadda maraninchaadu, athani sodarudu abdullah ibn mohammed all-umavi athani taruvaata vacchaadu.
umavi taanu muppuga bhaavinchina vaarini paaraveyadaaniki etuvanti ayishtata chuupaleedu. arabbulu, berberlu, muwalladla madhya nirantara yuddhalu ayana prabhutvam gurtinchabadindi. amirga athani adhikaram cardoba praantaaniki parimitam cheyabadindi, migilinavi tirugubaatu kutumbaalache swaadheenam cheyabaddaayi. varasudiga ayana niyaminchina kumarudini umavi sodarulalo okaru champaru. taruvaati vyaktini umavi tandri uriteesaaru, athanu umavi hatyaku guraina kumarudi kumarudu abd arr-rehmann III nuu varasudiga paerkonnaadu.
aafrikaalo islam.
uttara africapy umayyad vijayam 632loe mohammed maranam taruvaata vaegamgaa muslim sainika vistarana sataabdaanni konasaaginchindi. 640 natiki arabbulu mesopotamianu niyantrinchaaru, armeniyapai daadi chesaaru, byzantine syrianu jayincharu. damascus umayyad khalifa yokka sthaanamgaa undedi. 641 chivari natiki eejiptu mottam arab chetullo undhi. ayithe, taruvaata nakuria nubian rajyaanni jayinche prayatnam tippikottabadindi.
magrab.
tunisiyaaloni kairovan magreblo muslimlu sthaapinchina modati nagaram. arab general uqba ibn naafee eee nagaranni (670loe) nirminchaadu, adhe samayamlo, paschima islaamik prapanchamlo atyanta puraatanamaina mariyu atyanta pratishtaatmakamaina abhayaaranyamgaa pariganinchabade kairovan goppa maseedu.
islaamik bhuubhaagamlooni eee bhaagamlo islaamik charitralo chaalaa varaku swatantra prabhutvaalu unnaayi. 788 nundi 985 varaku paalinchina paschima magreb (moraco) loe modati arab paalakulu idrisid. eee raajavamsaaniki daani modati sultan idris I paeru pettaru.
almoravid raajavamsam 11va sataabdamloo vaayuvya africa mariyu iberian dveepakalpamloni vistruta praantamloo abhivruddhi chendina saharaku chendina berber raajavamsam. eee raajavamsam aadhvaryamlo murish saamrajyam prastuta moraco, paschima sahara, mauritania, gibraulter, tlemsen (algerialo) mariyu dakshinaana senegal mariyu maali, uttaraana speyin mariyu portugal laloe kontha bhaagaaniki vistarinchabadindi.
almohad raajavamsam ledhaa "unitarianlu", oka berber muslim matha shakti, idhi 12va sataabdamloo aidava murish raajavamsaanni sthaapinchindi, mariyu all-aandalastoe kalisi eejipt varaku uttara africa mottaanni jayinchindi.
africa yokka horn.
africa kommulo islam charitra daadaapu vishwaasam antha paatadi. erra samudraaniki avatali vaipuna, arabia dveepakalpamlo vaari matamarpidi chesina muslim vaanijya bhaagaswaamulato vistrutamaina vaanijya mariyu saamaajika paraspara charyala dwara, kommu praantamlooni vyaapaarulu mariyu naavikulu kramamga kotta matam prabhaavamloki vacchaaru.
prarambha islaamik shishyulu aksam chakravarthy aasthaanamlo khuraishla nundi rakshana pondadaaniki aadhunika uttara somalialoni jeelaa odarevu nagaraniki paaripoyaaru. rakshana pondina kontamandi muslimlu mataanni prothsahinchadaaniki kommu praantamlooni aneka praantaalalo sthirapaddaarani chebutaaru. 7va sataabdamloo khuraishlapai muslimla vijayam sthaanika vyaapaarulu mariyu naavikulapai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni choopindi, endukante arabialoni vaari vaanijya bhaagaswaamulu appatike islaamnu sweekarinchaaru, mariyu madhyadhara mariyu erra samudramloni pradhana vaanijya margalu muslim khalifala aadhipatyamloki vachayi. arabia dveepakalpamlo asthirata prarambha muslim kutumbaalu somali samudra tiiraaniki marinta olasalanu chusindi. eee vamsaala utprerakaalugaa panicheyadaaniki vachayi, kommu praantamlooni pedda praantaalaku vishwaasaanni munduku teesukellaayi.
goppa sarassulu.
islam matam aagneya aafrikaaloni goppa sarassula praantaaniki ippatike unna vaanijya maargaala venta vachindi. vaaru vaari nundi muslimla aacharalanu neerchukunnaaru, idhi muslim arabbulu vaari matamaarpidiki daariteesindi.
sthaanika islaamik prabhutvaalu tanzania (appudu janjibar) loe kendrikrutamai unnaayi. zaid" prajalu goppa sarassula praantaaniki valasa vacchina muslimlu. valasavaada puurva kaalamlo, ikkada islaamik adhikaram yokka nirmaanam "ulema" (swahili bhaashalo "vanavyonis") dwara nilabadindi. praadaesika sarihaddulu sthaapinchabadataaniki mundu eee nayakulaku aagneya aafrikaaloni chaalaa mandhi muslimlapai kontha adhikaram undedi. akkadi pradhana khadiki tudi mataparamaina adhikaram undani gurtinchabadindi.
thoorpu asealo islam.
bhaarata upakhandam.
bhaarata upakhandamlo, islam modata dveepakalpam yokka nairuti konalo, neti kerala raashtramlo kanipinchindi. mohammed jananam mundugaane arabbulu malabar thoo vyaparam chesevaaru. malik ibn deenar aadhvaryamlo oka sahaba brundam malabar tiiraaniki vacchi islam bodhinchindani sthaanika puraanaalu chebutunnayi. aaa puraanam prakaram, bharatadesamloni modati maseedunu rendava chaera raaju cheraman perumal nirminchaadu, athanu islaamnu angeekarinchi "tajuddin" anae paerunu pondaadu. cheraman perumal maseedu 629 loe nirminchabadindani chaaritraka recordulu suuchistunnaayi.
8va sataabdamloo mohammed binn khasim sindhnu jayinchinappudu bhaarata upakhandamlo islaamik paalana modatisaarigaa vachindi, ayithe idhi bhaarata bhuubhaagam yokka swalpakaalika ekikarana. cree. sha. 12va sataabdamloo ghajni mahmud aadhvaryamlo islaamik vijayalu vistarinchaayi, phalitamgaa indus nadhee pareevaahaka praantamloo ghajnavid saamrajyam sthaapinchabadindi, aaa taruvaata ghajnavid samskruti mariyu paalana yokka thoorpu burujugaa lahore praamukhyata pondindi. ghajnavid palananu ghor mohammed mariyu ghiyat all-dhin mohammed yokka ghurid saamrajyam maruguna pettindi, mohammed binn bakhtiar khalji vijayala krinda athani aadhipatyam bengaul varaku vistarinchindi, ikkada bharatiya islaamik missionarylu daavaa mariyu islam matamloki maarina vaari sankhya paramgaa vaari goppa vijayanni saadhinchaaru. qutub-udh-dhin aibak 1206loe dhilleeni jayinchi, dhhillee sultanet palananu praarambhinchaadu, idhi africa mariyu eurasia yokka vistruta vaanijya mariyu saamskrutika netvarklatho bharatiya nagarikatanu samslaeshanha chesina raajavamsaala varusa, bhaaratadesamlo janabha mariyu aardhika vruddhini baga penchindi mariyu sampannamaina indo-gangaa maidaanamloki mangol chorabaatunu nirodhinchindi mariyu koddimandi mahilaa muslim paalakulalo okaraina rajia sultananu simhasana adhishtinchindi.
13va sataabdam nundi 16va sataabdam varaku bhaarata upakhandamloni qutub shahi, gujarat, kashmir, bengaul, bijapur, bahamani sultanetlu vanti vividha praantaalanu aneka pramukha sultanetlu, emiratelu paripaalinchaayi, conny edhee mugal saamrajyam yokka shakti, vistruta vyaaptiki poteegaa nilavaledu. mukhyamgaa bengaul sultanet prapanchamlooni pradhana prapancha vaanijya desham, dheenini europeanlu "vaanijyaaniki atyanta dhanika desham" gaa abhivarninchaaru, ayithe shaa mirr raajavamsam kaashmeereelanu kramamga islam matamloki marchadanni nirdhaarinchindi.
islaamik paripalana mariyu iraan mariyu madhya asea nundi sainikulu, bureaucratlu, vyaapaarulu, suuphiilu, kalaakaarulu, kavulu, upaadhyaayulu mariyu vaastusilpula valasala kaaranamgaa pertian samskruti, kala, bhasha, vantakaalu mariyu saahityam bhaaratadesamlo praamukhyata santarinchukunnaayi, phalitamgaa indo-pertian samskruti prarambha abhivruddhiki daariteesindi.
aagneya asea.
islam matam 7va sataabdamloo makka nundi vyaapaarula dwara, mukhyamgaa prastuta indonesia yokka paschima bhaagam dwara samudra agneyasiaku cherukundi. yemen nundi arab vyaapaarulu ippatike asea loe vaanijyam mariyu samudram dwara prayaaninchadam dwara unikini kaligi unnaaru, eurup mariyu africaku madhyavarti vyapaarulugaa panicheestunnaaru. vaaru arabia vastuvulanu matrame kakunda, africa, bharatadesam nundi kooda vastuvulanu vartakam chesevaaru, veetilo dantaalu, sugandha dravyaalu, sugandha dravyaalu mariyu bangaaram modalainavi unnaayi.
tii prakaram. doubleu. islaamik calender 2va sataabdam natiki, arab vyaapaarulu aadhunika srilankaloni selan nivaasulatoe vyaparam chestu unnaaru. idhe vaadananu daa. bii.hetch. burger mariyu daa. mister. sedzara economics sociologies indonesia" (indonesia saamaajika aardhika charitra) loe prajudi. bhougolika shaastravetta all-biruni (973-1048) roopondinchina atlas prakaram, bhaarata ledhaa indonesia mahaasamudraanni pertian mahasamudram anie pilicheevaaru. paaschaatya saamraajyavaada paalana taruvaata, eee roeju upayogistunna paeru, hinduu mahasamudram, pratibimbimchaelaa eee paerunu marcharu.
tvaralo, chaalaa mandhi suufii missionarylu shaastreeya suufii saahityaanni arabic mariyu pertian nundi malayaku anuvadinchaaru; dheeni yokka spashtamaina utpatti jaavi lipi. idhi malayalo asalu islaamik saahityaanni rachinchadamtho paatu, malayanu islaamik bhashaga maarchadaaniki daariteesindi. 1292 natiki, marco pooloo sumatraanu sandarsinchinappudu, nivaasitulaloo ekkuva mandhi islam matamloki maararu. malakka sultanetnu malae dveepakalpamlo srivijayan yuvaraju parameshwara sthaapinchaadu.
vaanijyam mariyu vaanijyam dwara islam taruvaata borneo mariyu jaavaaku vyaapinchindi. 15va sataabdam chivari natiki, mindanavo dakshina dveepam dwara philippeansku islam parichayam cheyabadindi. dheeni phalitamgaa vacchina agrashreni saamaajika-saamskrutika muslim samsthalu sulu sultanet mariyu magvindanavo sultanet; uttara luzon dveepamlooni mayaneela rajyam mariyu tondo rajyam vanti islaamik rajyalu, taruvaata 16va sataabdam nundi spanish valasavaadulu dveepasamoohamlo ekkuva bhaganni swaadheenam chesukuni kraistava matamloki marcharu.
islam vyaapti chendadamtho, vyaktigata matamarpidi nundi saamaajika maarpulu abhivruddhi chendaayi, aidu sataabdaala taruvaata idhi eee praantamloo aadhipatya saamskrutika mariyu raajakeeya saktigaa udbhavinchindi. moodu pradhana muslim raajakeeya saktulu udbhavinchaayi. uttara sumatraaloni daani kendram nundi agneyasia mariyu bharatadesam madhya chaalaa praantaanni niyantrinche aashe sultanet atyanta mukhyamainadi. sultanet suufii kavulanu kooda aakarshinchindi. rendava muslim shakti malae dveepakalpamloni malakka sultanet. javapai demac sultanet moodava shakti, ikkada abhivruddhi chendutunna muslim dalaalu 16va sataabdam praarambhamlo sthaanika majapahit rajyaanni oodinchaayi. sultanet thana bhoobhaganni kontavaraku vistarinchagaliginappatiki, daani paalana swalpakaalam matrame konasaagindi.
portugees dalaalu 1511loe navika dalapu general afonso dii albukerki aadhvaryamlo malakkanu swaadheenam chesukunnayi. malakka longipovadamtho, aashe sultanet mariyu brunian saamrajyam agneyasialo islam kendraalugaa sthirapaddaayi. sultanet bhuubhaagam chaalaa varaku taggipoyinappatiki, aadhunika brune darussalam rashtramgaa eee roeju varaku chekkuchedarakunda undhi.
chaina.
chainaalo, naluguru sahabalu (saad ibn abii wakhas, wahab abu kabcha, jaffar ibn aboo talib mariyu jahash ibn riyab) 616/17 loe bodhinchaaru mariyu taruvaata 615/16 loe abyssinia nundi prayaaninchina taruvaata chittagang-kamaroop-manipur marganni anusarinchaaru. 636 loe parshiyanu jayinchina taruvaata, saad ibn abii wakhas sayed ibn zaid, kais ibn saad mariyu husson ibn thabit latho kalisi 637 loe puurti khurran teesukoni chainaku vellaaru. khalifa utman chainaku rayabara karyalayanni nadipinchamani korina taruvaata saad ibn abii wakhas muudavasaari chainaku vellaadu, daanini chaina chakravarthy andukunnadu.
prarambha aadhunika kaalam.
15va mariyu 16va sataabdaalaloo moodu pradhana muslim saamrajyaalu erpaddaayi anatolia, balkanlu, madhyaprachyam mariyu uttara aafrikaalo ottoman saamrajyam; grater iraanlo safavid saamrajyam; mariyu dakshina asealo moghal saamrajyam. eee saamraajya saktulu gunpouder aavishkarana mariyu dopidi mariyu marinta samarthavanthamaina paripalana dwara sadhyamayyayi.
ottoman saamrajyam.
ottoman charitra prakaram, osman ghazi kalanu thana palanaku devuni chattabaddhatagaa ardham chesukunna shake eedebaali palakudiki chattabaddhata kalpinchaadu. 1362loe modati murad edirn nuu jayinchinappati nundi, saamraajyamloni turkish sultanlu kaaliphetnu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. ottoman abhivruddhi kaalamlo, 1517loe kalifal adhikaarampai vaadanalu gurtinchabaddaayi, endukante muslim bhoomulanu jayinchadam mariyu ekikrutam cheyadam dwara makka mariyu madiinaalooni rendu pavitra maseedula samrakshakudu modati selim ayyadu, muslim prapanchamlo califate meeda vaari vaadananu balopetam chesaadu.
anatoliapai mangol dandayaatra taruvaata 13va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo seljuk turklu ksheeninchaaru. dheeni phalitamgaa bilix anie piluvabade bahula turkish samsthaanaalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. ottoman raajavamsam sthaapakudu modati osman 13va sataabdam chivarilo eee samsthanaalalo okadaaniki (sogat) naayakatvam vahinchi, thana tandri ertugrul taruvaata vacchaadu. modati osman taruvaata byzantine saamraajyamtho varusa yuddhaalalo dheeniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu. 1331 natiki, ottoman turklu osman kumarudu mariyu varasudu modati orhan naayakatvamlo maajee byzantine rajadhani nikianu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. 1389loe cerbian saamraajyaaniki vyatiraekamgaa jarigina kosovo yuddhamlo vijayam airopaloki vaari vistarananu sulabhataram chesindi. adhe samvatsaramlo modati bayejid adhikaaramloki vachhe samayaniki, ippudu perugutunna saamrajyam yokka adhipatigaa, balkanlu mariyu anatolialo ottomanlu sthaapinchabaddaaru.
mangol yuddha nayakudu taimur ("tamerlane" anie kooda pilustaaru) 1402loe ankara yuddhamlo modati bayejidnu swaadheenam chesukuni, ottoman antarbhaagaanni praarambhinchinappudu vruddhi aagipoyindi. eee sanghatanalo modati bayejid kumaarulu ottoman bhoobhaganni vibhajinchadam jarigindi, vaaru taimurid adhikaaraaniki longipoyaru. aneka ottoman bhuubhaagaalu swatantra hodaanu tirigi pondinappudu, saamrajyam naasanamaindi. edemaina, modati bayejid, modati mahammad yokka chinna kumarudiga saamrajyam tirigi punjukundi, thana paalaka sodarulaku vyatiraekamgaa daadi chesindi, tadwara asea mainarnu tirigi ekam chesi 1413loe tananu taanu sultanga prakatinchindi. 1512loe modati selim paalanalo ottoman naavikaadala naukaadalam abhivruddhi chendindi, tadwara ottoman turklu mediterranian praantamloo itara italian samudra ganatantraalato paatu daani talaasookraseeni sthaapinchina naavikaadala shakti ayina venis republicnu savaalu cheyagaligaaru. vaaru balkanlanu tirigi geluchukovadaaniki kooda prayatninchaaru. mehmed I manavadu mehmed II (paripaalinchina 1444-1446; 1451-1481) samayaniki, ottomanlu byzantium rajadhani constantinoplanu muttadinchagaligaaru. ottomanlu pravesapettina tupaakulu mariyu pedda phirangula vadakam eee muttadiki oka kaaranam. 54 rojula muttadi taruvaata 1453loe byzantine koota longipoyindi. daani rajadhani lekunda byzantine saamrajyam vichchinnamaindi. ottomanlu mariyu taruvaati saamrajyaala bhavishyat vijayalu gunpouder dopideepai aadharapadi untaayi.
16va sataabdam praarambhamlo, shiat safavid raajavamsam 1501loe paalaka turcoman samakhya akk kviyunlu (white shep turcomans anie kooda pilustaaru) nuu oodinchi, shaah ismail I naayakatvamlo pertialo niyantrananu sweekarinchindi. ottoman sultan selim I 1514loe jarigina chaldiron yuddhamlo vaarini savaalu chesi oodinchi, safavid vistarananu tippikottadaaniki prayatninchaadu. selim I eejiptlooni paalaka maamluklanu kooda tolaginchi, 1517loe vaari bhuubhaagaalanu swaadheenam chesukunnadu. selim I varasudu suleiman I ("suleiman dhi grandable" anae maaruperu), thoorpu sarihadduloni ujbeklaku safavid drushtini mallinchadam valla prayojanam pondaadu mariyu baghdadnu tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnadu, idhi safavid niyantranalo undhi. ayinappatikee, ottomanlaku poteegaa safavid shakti gananeeyamgaa undipoyindi. 1526loe jarigina mohax yuddham taruvaata modati suleiman hangareeloki lothugaa pravesinchi, aaa taruvaata vienna dwaaraala varaku cherukuni, 10 samvatsaraala taruvaata pavitra roman saamraajyaaniki chendina charless Vకి vyatiraekamgaa fraansku chendina modati fraansistoe franco-ottoman kuutamipai santakam chesaadu. suleiman I paalana (1520-1566) tarachugaa ottoman shakti yokka sikharamgaa gurtinchabadinappatiki, 18va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo daani sainika balam saapekshamgaa padipoye varaku saamrajyam saktivantamainadigaa mariyu prabhaavavantamgaa konasaagindi.
safavid saamrajyam.
shaite safavid raajavamsam 1501loe tabriz loe adhikaaramloki vacchi, taruvaata migilina iranunu jayinchindi. vaaru mishrama puurveekulu, modata kurdish, conny vaari paalanalo turkamans, georgianlu, circassianlu mariyu pontic greekulatho vivaham chesukunnaru. safavid raajavamsam daani muulaanni safavid kramamlo sufiyism kaligi undagaa, iranian janabhanu ekkuvagaa sunni muslimlu rachinchaaru. kaldiran yuddhamlo sunni ottomanla chetilo vaaru odipoyina taruvaata, thana venuka unna persianlanu ekam cheyadaaniki, shaa ismail I iraanlooni ekkuvagaa unna sunni janabhanu sunni ottomanlaku vyatiraekamgaa poradela cheyagaligela shiya islam yokka twelver vibhaagaaniki marchadam tappanisari chesaadu.
dheeni phalitamgaa iraan safavid mataanni shiya islanga maarchindi. safavid palanaku mundu shiya muslimlalo atipedda samuuham ayina iranian jaidilu kooda shiya islam yokka pannendava tegaku maravalasi vachindi. aaa samayamlo jaidilu, chaalaa mandhi sunneelu chesinatlugaa, hanafi nyaayasaastraaniki sabhyatvam pondaaru, vaari madhya manchi sambandhaalu undevi. aboo hanifa mariyu zaid ibn allie kooda chaalaa manchi snehitulu. azerbaijan nundi safavid raajavamsam 1501 nundi 1736 varaku paalinchindi; vaaru safavid iraan yokka adhikaarika matamgaa twelver sheeyismnu sthaapinchaaru mariyu daani praavinsulanu oke saarvabhoumaadhikaaram krinda ekam chesaaru, tadwara pertian gurtimpunu punaruddharinchaaru.
1524loe, modati tahmasp simhasananni adhishtinchi, kalala punaruddharananu praarambhinchaadu. tivaacheela tayari oka pradhana parisramagaa maarindi. madhya yugamlo madyam mariyu ganjai viniyogaanni nishedhinchi, casinolu, gudiselu mariyu vaesyaagruhaalanu tolaginchi, kathinamaina mataparamaina aacharamgaa marentha varaku, vraatapratulalo pertian suukshma chitralekhanam yokka sampradaayam daani sikharaaniki cherukundi. tehmasp menalludu ibraheem mirja hatya cheyabade varaku kalala chivari pushpinche samrakshananu konasaginchadu, aaa taruvaata moghal raajavamsam dwara chaalaa mandhi kalaakaarulanu niyaminchaaru.
tehmasp manavadu modati shaa abbas, mashad vadda enimidava twelver sheete imam, allie all-ridha alayanni punaruddharinchaadu mariyu ordable vadda rajavamsa mandiraanni punaruddharinchaadu. rendu punhyaksheetraalaku aabharanaalu, chakkati vraatapratulu mariyu chainees pingaaniilu labhinchaayi. abbas rajadhaanini isfahanku marchadu, paatha naukaasrayaalanu punaruddharinchaadu mariyu europeanlatho abhivruddhi chendutunna vaanijyaanni sthaapinchaadu. abbas yokka atyanta kanipinche saamskrutika vijayalalo "nakhsh-eah-jahaan square" ("prapancha roopakalpana") nirmaanam okati. sukravaaram maseedu sameepamlo unna plaza kappabadi undhi. safavid raajavamsam 1722loe hotaki raajavamsam chetha padagottabadindi, idhi sunni praantaalanu balavantamgaa twelver sheisga marchadanni muginchindi.
moghal saamrajyam.
moghal saamrajyam 1526loe sthaapinchabadina daadaapu dakshina asea mottaanni kaligi unna oka shakti. idhi taimurid rajavamsamchae sthaapinchabadindi mariyu paalinchabadindi, madhya asiaku chendina turco-mangol chagathay muulaalu, chenghis khaan (athani kumarudu chagathay khaan dwara) mariyu taimur rendinti nundi pratyaksha santati anie cheppukunevaaru, mariyu vivaha pottula dwara gananeeyamaina bharatiya rajput mariyu pertian puurveekulatoo; modati iddaru moghal chakravartulu madhya asea puurveekula tallidandrulanu kaligi unnaaru, ayithe taruvaati chakravartulu pradhanamgaa rajput mariyu pertian puurveekulu. eee raajavamsam samskrutilo indo-pertian, pertian samskrutini daani aasthaana samskruti mariyu paripalana acharalalo kanipinche sthaanika bharatiya saamskrutika prabhaavaalato militam chesindi.
modati panipat yuddhamlo (1526) dhhillee sultanet chivari palakudu ibraheem lodeepai daani vyavasthaapakudu baabar saadhinchina vijayaniki saampradayakamgaa saamrajyam prarambham anie cheppavacchu. baabar varasudu humayun paalanalo, uttara bhaarata upakhandam antataa grand trunk rahadaarini tirigi sthaapinchina shere shaa suuri sthaapinchina surr saamrajyam saamraajyaaniki kontakaalam antaraayam kaliginchindi, roopayi currency vyavasthanu praarambhinchindi mariyu moghal paalana yokka samarthavanthamaina paripalanaku chaalaa punaadulanu abhivruddhi chesindi. moghal saamrajyam yokka "classic kaalam" 1556loe akbar simhasananni adhishtinchadamtho praarambhamaindi. konni rajput rajyalu vaayuvya bharatadesamloni moghal aadhipatyaaniki gananeeyamaina muppunu konasaginchayi, conny vaatilo chaalaa varaku akbar chetha longipoyayi. moghal chakravartulandaru muslimlu; ayithe akbar thana jeevitapu chivari bhaagamlo "ine-ii-akbari" mariyu "dabistan-ii majahib" vanti chaaritraka pustakaalalo namodu cheyabadinatlugaa dheen-ii-ilahi anae samanvaya mataanni pratipaadinchaadu. moghal saamrajyam daani unikilo chaalaa varaku sthaanika samajalalo jokyam chesukovadaniki prayatninchaledu, badulugaa samanvayaatmaka paripalana paddhatulu mariyu samanvaya, sammilita paalaka unnatavargam dwara vaarini saha-empika chesi saantimpajeyadam, idhi marinta kramabaddhamaina, kendrikruta mariyu ekareeti palanaku daariteesindi. uttara, paschima bharatadesamloni maraataalu, rajput luu, pashtunlu, hinduu jaatlu, sikkulu vanti saampradaaya, kottagaa pondikaina saamaajika samuuhaalu, mughal paalanalo sainika, paripalana aasayaalanu pondaayi, idhi sahakaram ledhaa pratikuula paristhitula dwara vaariki gurtimpu, sainika anubhavam rendintinee ichindi.
shaa jahaan (1628-1658) paalana mughal vaastusilpam yokka ettunu suuchistumdi, taaz mahal, mothee maseedu, erra koota, jaamaa maseedu mariyu lahore koota vanti prasiddha smaaraka chihnalu athani paalanalo nirminchabaddaayi.
mohammed auranzgabe sharia paalana fatawa-eah-alamgiri sthaapanaku sakshyam vahinchindi. muslim bharatadesam prapanchamlooni atipedda aardhika vyavasthagaa avatarinchindi, dheeni viluva prapancha gdplo 25 saatam. 18va sataabdapu paschima airopa kante merugaina paristhitulanu kaligi unna prapanchamlooni pramukha aardhika vyavastha ayina daani atyanta dhanika provins ayina bengaul suba, puurva-paarisraamikeekarana kaalam aavirbhavam dwara paarisraamika viplavaniki sankethaalanu choopinchindi. aanglo-moghal yuddham vanti aneka sangharshanhalu kooda jarigaayi.
madhyayuga bharatadesam mugimpunu mariyu bhaaratadesamlo european valasavaadam prarambhanni soochinche aurangjeb maranam taruvaata, saamrajyam yokka paripalana mariyu aardhika vyavasthala balaheenata kaaranamgaa antargata asantrupti talettindi, idhi bengaul yokka nawab, awadh yokka nawab, hyderabad yokka nizam, tippu sultan mariyu itara chinna raashtraalache paalinchabadina mysur rajyam anie piluvabade pradhana aardhika mariyu sainika shakti dwara daani maajee praavinsula vibhajana mariyu swaatantryam prakatanalaku daariteesindi. 1739loe, karnal yuddhamlo pertialo afsharid raajavamsam sthaapakudu nather shaa dalaala chetilo mogalulu krooramgaa odipoyaaru, dhilleeni tolaginchi dochukunnaru, vaari ksheenatanu teevramgaa vegavantam chesaaru.
1757loe eest india company plassie yuddhamlo bengaul subanu adhigaminchindi. 18va sataabdam madhya natiki, maraataalu moghal sainyalanu oodinchi, punjab nundi bengaul varaku aneka moghal praavinsulanu geluchukunnaru.
dakshina bhaaratadesamlo unna tippu sultan yokka mysur rajyam, sharia aadhaarita aardhika mariyu sainika vidhaanaala pakshika sthaapanaku sakshyam.ii. dakshinasiyalo agragami aardhika bhoobhagamgaa bengaul navaabulu paalinchina bengaul sthaanamlo fatul mujahideen erpadindi. 
aanglo-mysur yuddhalu hyder allie, athani kumarudu tipu mariyu nepolian bonapartetho sahaa vaari french mitraraajyaalu mariyu eest india company madhya jarigaayi. rockett firangulu mariyu prapanchamlooni mottamodati inupa-cased raaketlu, mysorian raaketlu, yuddha samayamlo upayoginchabaddaayi mariyu zihad aadhaarita fatul mujahideen sankalanam cheyabadindi.
taruvaati sataabdamloo moghal adhikaram teevramgaa parimitam ayyindi, chivari chakravarthy rendava bahadur shaaku shahjahanabad nagarampai matrame adhikaram undedi. 1857 naati bhaarata tirugubaatuku maddatugaa bahadur oka "ferman" jaarii chesaaru. tirugubaatu otami phalitamgaa eest india company adhikarulu rajadroham kosam atanni vichaarinchi, khaidu chesi, rangoonku bahishkarinchaaru. saamrajyam yokka chivari avasheshaalanu british vaaru adhikarikamga swaadheenam chesukunnaru, mariyu british paarlamentu eest india companyni adhikarikamga jaateeyam cheyadaaniki mariyu kotta british raaj roopamlo bharatadesampai pratyaksha niyantrananu sweekarinchadaaniki veelugaa bhaarata prabhutva chattanni aamodinchindi.
aadhunika kaalam.
aadhunika yugam airopalo saanketika mariyu samsthaagata maarpulanu teesukuvacchindi, ayithe islaamik praantam munupati sataabdaala namuunaalanu konasaaginchindi. european mahaa saktulu aardhikamgaa prapancheekarana chendaayi mariyu eee praantamloo ekkuva bhaganni valasarajyaluga marchai.
ottoman saamraajya vibhajana.
19va sataabdam chivari natiki ottoman saamrajyam ksheeninchindi. modati prapancha yuddhamlo germanyki maddatu ivvaalane nirnayam antey aaa yuddhamlo kendra saktula otamini vaaru panchukunnaru. eee otami gallipoli yuddhamlo vijayam saadhinchina general netrutvamloni turkish jaateeyavaadulu ottomanlanu padagottadaaniki daariteesindihi mustafa kemal, athanu thana prajalaku "turkla tandri" ataturk anie paeru pondaadu."yuddhamlo turkey prameyaanni muginchi, aadhunika republic off turkeyni sthaapinchina sevres oppandam (1920) paie tirigi charchalu jaripina ghanata atatarch kuu dakkindi, dheenini lausan oppandam (1923) loe mitraraajyaalu gurtinchaayi. atatarch aardhika abhivruddhi mariyu loukikatanu nokkicheppe aadhuneekarana yokka pratishtaatmaka karyakramanni amalu chesindi. athanu european chattalanu pratibimbimchaelaa turkish samskrutini marchadu, arabic sankhyalanu, latin lipini sweekarinchaadu, mataparamaina samsthanu rashtram nundi vaeru chesaadu mariyu mahilalanu vimukti chesaadu-paschimaana mahilala ootu hakkuku samaantaramgaa ootu hakkunu kooda icchaadu.
modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, ottoman saamraajyaaniki vyatiraekamgaa arab pakshapaatulato mitraraajyaalu sahakarinchaayi, rendu samuuhaalu ummadi satruvuku vyatiraekamgaa aikyamgaa unnaayi. dheeniki atyanta pramukha udaaharana arab tirugubaatu samayamlo, rahasya nigha agent tii. ii. laurence off arabia" anie piluvabade laurence, ottoman dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa arab gerillaalatoe sahakarinchi, chivariki 1918 natiki eee praantam nundi ottoman dalaalannintinii upasamharinchukunnaadu. yuddham mugisina taruvaata, asea mainer velupala unna maajee ottoman bhoobhaagamlo ekkuva bhaagam rakshita praantalugaa vijayavantamaina european saktulaku appaginchabadindi. ayithe, chaalaa mandhi arabbulu balfour prakatanatho niraasaku gurayyaru, idhi oka samvatsaram kritam pracharam chesina mcmahan-hussen correspondence kuu neerugaa viruddhamgaa undhi. ottoman varasudu rashtraalalo neti albania, bosnia mariyu herzegovina, bulgaria, eejipt, grease, iraq, izrael, lebanon, romenia, soudhi arabia, serbia, siriya, jordan, turkey, balcon rashtraalu, uttara africa mariyu nalla samudram yokka uttara teeram unnaayi.
aneka muslim deshaalu european raajakeeya samsthanu sweekarinchadaaniki prayatninchaayi mariyu muslim prapanchamlo jaateeyavaadam udbhavinchadam praarambhinchindi. eejipt, siriya, turkey vanti deshaalu tama prabhutvaalanu erpaatu chesi, tama pourulalo jaateeya garvaanni pempondinchukovadaaniki prayatninchaayi. aikyata lekapovadam, muslim vargaala madhya, muslimetarulapai sataabdaala naati durabhipraayaalanu parishkarinchalekapovadam valla iraq vanti itara pradaesaalu antagaa vijayavantam kaaledu.
turkey, eejipt vanti konni muslim deshaalu islaamnu loukika prabhutvam nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki prayatninchaayi. soudhi arabia vanti itara sandarbhaallo, daani vyatiraekulaku vahabism anie piluvabade sunni islam yokka puritanical roopam tirigi aavirbhavinchadamlo prabhutvam mataparamaina vyakteekarananu teesukuvacchindi, idhi soudhi raaja kutumbamloki pravesinchindi.
arab-izrael sangharshana.
arab-izrael vivaadam daadaapu oka sataabdam raajakeeya udriktatalu mariyu bahiranga satrutvaala madhya vistarinchi undhi. indulo aadhunika izrael rashtraanni yoodu jaateeya raajyamgaa sthaapinchadam, daani paryavasanamga paalastiinaa prajala sthaanabhramsham mariyu arab mariyu muslim deshaala nundi yoodula nishkramana, alaage arab rashtraalu mariyu izrael raashtraala madhya pratikuula sambandham untaayi (sambandhita izrael-paalastiinaa sangharshana chudandi). modata izrael sarihaddulo unna arab deshaalu matrame unnappatikee, izrael mariyu itara pradhanamgaa muslim deshaala madhya kooda satrutvam abhivruddhi chendindi.
1967 juun aaru rojula yuddham izrael mariyu porugu rashtraalaina eejipt, jordan mariyu siriya madhya jarigindi. arab deshaalu suez kaaluvanu moosivesaayi, aaa taruvaata mae 1970loe soudhi arabia nundi siriya meedugaa lebanon varaku "tapline" moosiveyabadindi. eee parinaamaalu libialo petrolium yokka praamukhyatanu penche prabhavanni chupayi, idhi airopa nundi swalpa (mariyu kaaluva rahita) ravana dhooram. 1970loe, paaschaatya petrolium itara chamuru companylatho vidipoyi, dharala perugudala kosam arab demandlanu angeekarinchindi.
1973 octoberulo, chamuru companylu opec naayakulatoe samavesam praarambhinchadamtho, izrael mariyu daani muslim poruguvaari madhya yome kippur yuddham anie piluvabade kotta yuddham praarambhamaindi. sadat yokka poraataala vijayamtho opec dhairyavantamaindi mariyu yuddham vaari aikyatanu balopetam chesindi. eejiptu mariyu syrian dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa pratighatananu pradarsinchadaaniki izrael kuu veelu kalpinchina paschima deshaala atyavasara punah sarafara prayatnaaniki pratispandanagaa, arab prapancham united states mariyu paschima airopaku vyatiraekamgaa 1973 chamuru aankshalanu vidhinchindi. soudhi arabia thana chamuru sampadalo kontha bhaganni izrael sarihaddulo unna "frontline states" kuu vaari poraatamlo aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki upayogistundani faisal angeekarinchaaru. petrolium yokka kendrikarana, arab-izrael sangharshana mariyu raajakeeya mariyu aardhika asthirata mariyu anischiti eee praanta rajakeeyaalalo sthiramaina lakshanaalugaa unnaayi.
islam, arab samskruti, kraistava matam, yoodu matam, yoodu samskruti ledhaa saiddhaantika, maanava hakkulu ledhaa vyuuhaatmaka kaaranaala valla prapanchamlooni aneka deshaalu, vyaktulu mariyu prabhutvetara samsthalu eee sangharshanhalo paalgontaayani bhaavistunnaayi. kontamandi arab-izrael sangharshananu paaschaatya prapancham mariyu muslim prapancham madhya nagarikatala vistruta gharshanalo bhaagamgaa (ledhaa purvagaamigaa) bhaavinchinappatikii, marikondaru eee abhiprayanni vyatiraekistaaru. eee sangharshana nundi utpannamayye satrutvam prapanchamlooni aneka deshaalalo irupakshaala maddatudaarulapai (ledhaa bhaavinchina maddatudaarulapai) aneka daadulaku kaaranamaindi.
itara islaamik vyavaharalu.
1979loe iranian viplavam shiya muslim mataadhikaari ayatollah ruhollah khomaini paalanalo iranunu raajyaangabaddhamaina racharikam nundi prajaadarana pondina daivaparipalana islaamik republicga maarchindi. viplavam taruvaata, oka kotta rajyangam aamodinchabadindi mariyu oka prajabhipraya sekarana prabhutvaanni sthaapinchindi, ruhollah khomeni atyunnata nayakudiga ennukundi. taruvaati rendu samvatsaraalalo, udaaravaadulu, vaamapakshavaadulu mariyu islaamik samuuhaalu okadaanitoe okati poradayi, mariyu islaamiklu adhikaranni swaadheenam chesukunnaru.
rendu vyatiraeka anchula abhivruddhi, iraan nuu shiya islanga marchadam, twelver shiya version, mariyu iranian viplavam mariyu soudhi arabialo salafi dwara daani balopetam, iraan-soudhi arabia sambandhaalato paatu eee prabhutvaalu tama raajakeeya prayojanaalanu penchukoovadaaniki mataparamaina sangharshananu upayoginchaayi. soudhi arabia, kuwait vanti gulph deshaalu (iraakku satruvugaa unnappatikee) sadam hussennu iraan meeda daadi cheyamani prothsahinchaayi, dheeni phalitamgaa iraan-iraq yuddham jarigindi, endukante vaaru tama sarihaddula lopala islaamik viplavam jarugutundani bhayapaddaru. kontamandi iranian bahishkrutulu sadaamnu athanu daadi chesthe, kotta islaamik republic twaragaa koolipotundani oppinchadaaniki kooda sahayapaddaru.
suuchanalu.
muulaalu.
pustakaalu, vyasalu mariyu patrikalu
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