
scallup ockwaculture

scullop ockwaculture anedi skallaaplanu vikrayinchadagina parimaanaaniki cherukune varaku mariyu viniyogadaaru utpattigaa vikrayinchagala varaku saagu (vyavasayam) chese vaanijya karyakalapam. 1934 lone japaanlo peragadaaniki adavi baalya scullups ledhaa spot sekarinchabaddaayi. vyavasaya vaataavaranamloo skallapsnu puurtigaa saagu cheyadaaniki modati prayatnaalu 1950luu mariyu 1960la varaku namodu kaaledu. saampradayakamgaa, adavi skallapla kosam chepalu pattadam praadhaanyata pondina paddhati, endukante vyavasayam khareedainadi kaavacchu. ayithe prapanchavyaaptamgaa adavi scullop janabha taggudala phalitamgaa ockwaculture perugudala erpadindi. prapanchavyaaptamgaa scallup ockwaculture parisrama ippudu baga sthirapadindi, sumaru 12 jaatula nundi mottam 1,200,000 metrik tannulaku paiga vaarshika utpatti namodaindi. nivedinchabadina utpattilo chaina mariyu japan 90 saatam vatanu kaligi unnaayi.
samskruti chendina jaatulu.
vividha jaatula scallap kosam vividha sthaayilalo ockwaculture teevrata upayoginchabadutundi. anduvalla, samskarinchabadina jaatulanu vaanijyaparamgaa baga sthirapadina karyakalapalu, prarambha vaanijya dasallo unnavi, abhivruddhi ledhaa prayogaatmaka dasallo unnavi mariyu vaanijya vyavasaayaaniki sambhaavyata vyakteekarinchabadinavigaa vibhajinchavachhu. konni jaatulu vividha prapancha praantaalalo bahula vargalalo vastaayi.
itara jaatula gamanika.
paschima uttara americalo "clamis hustate" mariyu "clamis rubida" saagu prayatnaalu rendu jaatula chinna parimaanam mariyu nemmadigaa perugudala kaaranamgaa nilipiveyabaddaayi.
nyoojilaandlo "pectain novazlandia" saagulo chesina prarambha prayatnaalu pedda ettuna mussels dwara kalushitam kavadam mariyu ekkuvagaa vijayavantamaina sahaja chepala pempakam nundi pootii kaaranamgaa debbatinnaayi.
samskruti paddhatulu.
prastutam scullops kosam vividha rakaala ockwaculture paddhatulu upayoginchabadutunnaayi. nirdishta paddhatula prabhavam ekkuvagaa saagu cheyabadutunna scallap jaatulu mariyu sthaanika paryaavaranampai aadharapadi untundi.
spot sekarana.
atavee macchala sekarana anedi chaaritraatmakamgaa vittana jalasamvardhaka kaaryakalaapaalaku yuva skallaplanu pondadaaniki atyanta saadhaarana maargam. spotnu sekarinchadaaniki vividha margalu unnaayi. chaalaa paddhatulalo samudrapu adugubhaagaaniki langaru vesina linepy neeti niluvu varusalo velaadadeesina mesh spot byagla shreni untundi. spot sanchulu tagina cult (saadhaaranamgaa philamentus fibers) thoo nindi untaayi, daanipai scallup larva sthirapadathaayi. ikkada larvalu post-larva (spot) gaa roopaantaram chendutaayi. appudu spotnu sekarinchi, saagu kosam vyavasaya pradaesaaniki badilee cheyavachu.
spot collectorlu adhika scallup utpaadakata unna praantaalalo erpaatu cheyabadataayi, ikkada spot sankhyalu sahajamgaa ekkuvagaa untaayi. ayithe, spot sekarinchadaaniki atyanta tagina praantaalu ekkada unnayo nirdhaarinchadaaniki, trial collectorlanu tarachugaa vividha pradaesaalaloo unchutaaru. baga nidhulu samakurche polaalu sekarana pareekshalalo vaelaadi vyaktigata spot byaglanu erpaatu cheyagalavu.
podupu karmalu.
scullop pacchika bayallu, mukhyamgaa empika chesina santanotpatti mariyu janyu taarumaaru, alaage takkuva dharaku kramam tappakunda ummini sarafara cheyadam vanti jalasamvardhaka kaaryakalaapaalaku vittanaalanu sarafara cheyadaaniki saampradaaya ummi sekarana kante aneka prayojanaalanu andistaayi. podige jantuvulalo skallaplanu pempondinche prarambha prayatnaalu chaalaa takkuva puttagodugulu mariyu adhika larva maranaala retlatho nindi unnappatikee, ippudu aneka vijayavantamaina paddhatulu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
podupu pempakamlo atyanta mukhyamaina amsaalalo okati santaanam pondadam mariyu nirvahinchadam. santaanotpattiki daariteese gonad abhivruddhini prerepinchadaaniki santaanam yokka stock conditioned ayi undaali mariyu santaanam kosam uttama aaharaalu mariyu neeti naanhyata avasaralanu gurtinchadaaniki chaalaa parisoedhanalu ankitam cheyabaddaayi. santaanam yokka stock condition cheyabadina tarvaata, spaaningnu prerepinchavacchu. idhi saadhaaranamgaa neeti ushnogratanu marchadam, neeti prasarananu penchadam ledhaa serotonin (neurotransmitter) injection dwara saadhinchabadutundi. puttagodugulu vesina taruvaata, scallup gudlu phaladeekaranam tarvaata 2 nundi 4 rojullo "dii" larva (shelled) dasaloki abhivruddhi chendutaayi. larvalu perugutuunae untaayi mariyu mishrama algal aaharaalu oke jaathi aaharaala kante adhika vruddhi retunu istunnatlu nivedinchabadatamto vividha rakaala suukshma algal aaharalanu tinipinchavacchu. larva sumaru 250 micromue parimaanamlo unnappudu scullop gudlu phaladeekaranam ayina 35 nundi 45 rojula madhya saadhaaranamgaa podige jantuvulalo larva yokka sthiranivaasam jarugutundi. sthirapadina taruvaata, larvalu roopaantaraaniki lonavutaayi, akkada avi samudrapu adugubhaagamlo nivasinche baalya skallapga tama jeevitaanni praarambhinchadaaniki vaari shareera roopaanni punarvyavastheekaristaayi. larvalu velam (larva feeding structure) kolpovadam mariyu kotta filter-feeding mechanisms mariyu gills abhivruddhi vanti pravartanaa mariyu shareera nirmaana maarpula shrenini edurkontunnanduna roopaantaram samayamlo maranaala raetlu tarachugaa ekkuvagaa untaayi. perl nets vanti perugutunna vyavasthaku badilee cheyadaaniki mundu, sthiranivaasam taruvaata spotnu nursory tankullo marinta penchavacchu.
dasha perugutaayi.
scullops yokka perugudala dasaku rendu gurtimpu pondina vyavasthalu unnaayi. ivi velaadutunna samskruti mariyu diguva samskruti. kharchu, nirvahana soulabhyam mariyu puurtayina utpatti naanhyata paramgaa pratidaaniki daani swantha prayojanaalu mariyu lopaalu unnaayi. pariveshtita saamskrutika vyavasthalu inca vaanijya sandarbhamlo puurtigaa abhivruddhi chendaledu mariyu eee praantamloo abhivruddhi konasagutondi. aaharam mariyu neeti paaraamitulapai kathinamaina niyantrananu nirvahinchadam valla atuvanti vyavastha itara rakaala samskrutula kante pedda prayojanaalanu kaligi untundi.
uri samskruti.
velaadadeeyadam samskruti anedi teppa ledhaa podavaina rekha vyavastha (booylu mariyu rekhalatho) paie aadharapadi untundi, idhi samudra uparitalampai theeluthuu untundi, dheeni nundi samskruti cheyabadina skallaaplu velaadadeeyabadataayi, saadhaaranamgaa avi edho oka vidhamgaa jatacheyabadina taadulapai untaayi. teppalu langline samaana dhooram kante chaalaa khareedainavi mariyu ekkuvagaa aasrayam pondina praantaalaku parimitam cheyabaddaayi. ayithe, teppa vyavasthalaku chaalaa takkuva nirvahana samayam avasaram. ippati varaku chaalaa polaalaku langlinelu prabhaavavantamgaa niroopinchabaddaayi mariyu drushya kalushyanni tagginchadaaniki puurtigaa munigipovadam (marker booylu minaha) adanapu prayojanaanni kaligi unnaayi. teppa ledhaa podavaina rekha nundi vividha rakaala samskruti parikaraalaku maddatu ivvavacchu. yea rakamaina uri samskruti yokka pradhana prayojanam emitante, itara rakaala samskrutulalo puurtigaa upayoginchaleni madhya-neeti algal janabhanu dopidi cheyadam.
mutyaala valalu.
okasari scullop spot sekarinchina tarvaata, vaatini marinta penchadaaniki atyanta saadhaarana maargam mutyaala valalu (chinna pyramid aakarapu valalu saadhaaranamgaa 350 mimi vedalpu mariyu 2-7 mimi mesh). ikkada, avi saadhaaranamgaa adhika nilva saandratalaloo sumaru 15 mimi varaku perugutaayi. mutyaala valalu saadhaaranamgaa oka varusalo padhi velaadadeeyabadataayi mariyu teelikagaa mariyu sulabhamgaa nirvahinchadaaniki koolipoye prayojanaanni kaligi untaayi. parikaraala telikapati nirmaanam kaaranamgaa skallaaplanu saadhaaranamgaa mutyaala valallo pedda parimaanaalaku pencharu. baalintalu kaavalasina parimaanaaniki cherukunna tarvaata vaarini maroka rakamaina samskrutiki badilee cheyavachu.
laantaru valalu.
laantaru valalu modata japaanlo abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi mariyu mutyaala valala nundi baluranu tolaginchina taruvaata skallaplanu penchadaaniki atyanta saadhaarana paddhati. avi pedda parimaanam mariyu marinta dhrudamaina nirmaanam kaaranamgaa pantakota kosam peddavayassu varaku peragadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi. laantaru valalu madhya neeti niluvu varusalo idhe paddhatiloo upayoginchabadataayi mariyu saapekshamgaa adhika saandratalaloo upayoginchavacchu. neeru mariyu algay yokka pravaham raetu saripotundi mariyu skallaaplu saadhaaranamgaa vaati aaharaanni garishtamgaa teesukoovadaaniki vruttaakaara vala anchula chuttoo samavesamavutayi.
cheviki velaadadeeyadam.
laantaru valalaku choukaina pratyamnaayamgaa chevi velade paddhatulu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. tadanantaram, laantaru valala kante chevi-oopiritittula scullops perugudala kooda ekkuvagaa undavacchani parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi. chevilo velaadadeeyadam anedi scallup chevilo oka randhram (rendu shellu kalise chota sameepamlo poduchukunna shell anchu) travvadam mariyu perugudala kosam sthiramaina munigipoyina rekhaku jodinchadam. prati skaalapnu vyaktigatamgaa nirvahinchi, travvaali kabatti atuvanti prakriya saapekshamgaa sramatho kuudukunnadi kaavacchu (ayithe, aneka karyakalapalalo ippudu eee prakriya kosam yantraalu unnaayi). inca, skallaaplu chaalaa chinnaviga unte, tappugaa travvinatlayite ledhaa neeti nundi ekkuva samayam gadipinatlayite mariyu saareerakamgaa ottidiki gurainatlayite, adhika maranaala raetlu travvakam valla sambhavinchavachhu. dheeni phalitamgaa saraina drilling parimaanampai parisoedhanalu jarigaayi. eee parimaanam chinna jaatulu manchi manugada raetlu laeni jaatulu nirdishtamainavigaa choopabadindi. anduvalla, pedda scallap jaatulanu penchadaaniki chevi velaadadeeyadam oka prabhaavavantamaina paddhati. cheviki velaadadeeyadam saraina paddhati ayithe, skallaaplanu jantalugaa, jantala madhya 100 mimi kante takkuva baruvutho varusalo dattamgaa nilva cheyavachu. panta kose varaku rendu nundi moodu samvatsaraala paatu eee paddhatiloo skallaaplanu nirvahistaaru. security anie piluvabade fastenertho ippativaraku pondina uttama perugudalato vividha rakaala attachment utpattulu nirantaram pareekshinchabadutunnaayi.
taadu samskruti.
taadu samskruti suutrapraayamgaa chevi velaadadheeyadamtho chaalaa pooli untundi, oke thedaa attachment paddhati. taadu samskrutilo, cheviki velaadadeeyadam dwara skallaaplanu jodinchadaaniki badulugaa, vaatini vaati chadunaina valve dwara velaadadeeyabadina taaduku cement chestaaru. eee paddhati cheviki velaadadeeyadam vanti perugudala mariyu maranaala retuku daariteestundi, conny chinna parimaanam nundi skallaaplanu sett cheyagalagadam valla prayojanam undhi. ottidini tagginchadaaniki scallops neeti nundi gadipe samayanni tagginchadaaniki vegavantamaina setting antuvyaadhulanu utpatti chese lakshyamtho kotta cementing saanketikatalu nirantaram abhivruddhi cheyabadutunnayi.
paaket nets.
paaket nettinglo vyaktigata nikara paaketlalo skallaaplanu velaadadeeyadam untundi. paaketlanu tarachugaa kalisi velaadutunna samuhaluga amarchutaaru. pedda polaalalo vaati kharchu kaaranamgaa paaket netlanu vistrutamgaa upayogincharu. ayithe, nirvahana samayam takkuvagaa untundi, kabatti chinna karyakalapalalo pariganinchavacchu.
hugg rigging.
hogg rigging loe moodu ledhaa naalugu skallapla vala paaketlanu oka kendra rekha chuttoo kattadam untundi. eee paddhati vaegamgaa mariyu kharchutho kuudukunnadi mariyu european queen scallap ("equipecten opercularis") parisramalo chaalaa varaku upayoginchabadindi. ayithe, pedda scallap jaatulalo daani vijayam parimitam cheyabadindi.
plaastik tray.
gulla bonulu vanti suspend chesina plaastik traylaloo perugutunna skallaaplu laantaru valalu vanti parikaraalaku pratyamnaayamgaa upayogapadataayi. ayithe, ituvanti vyavasthalu khareedainavi mariyu drudamaina nirmaanaanni kaligi untaayi, kabatti upayogamlo lenappudu madata pettalemu mariyu sulabhamgaa nilva cheyalemu. saadhaaranamgaa, plaastik traylanu ekkuvagaa skallapla taatkaalika nilva kosam mariyu spot ravana kosam upayogistaaru.
diguva samskruti.
diguva samskruti paddhatulanu velaadadeese samskrutitoe kalipi ledhaa pratyamnaayamgaa upayoginchavacchu. diguva samskruti paddhatulanu upayoginchadam yokka pradhana prayojanam emitante, parikaraalaku samudragarbham maddatu istundi kabatti taggina teliade avasaraala takkuva kharchutho untundi. ayithe, madhya neeti plankton vadakam kolpovadam valla konni sandarbhaallo perugudala samayam ekkuva anie gurtinchabadindi.
plaastik diguva traylu.
gulla bonulu vanti plaastik traylanu mallee bottom culture paddhatullo upayoginchavacchu. avi saralamaina mariyu upayoginchadaaniki sulabhamaina vyavasthanu andistaayi. plaastik traylu pedda sankhyalo prabhaavavantamgaa untaayi, conny neeru mariyu aahara pravaham raetlu taggadam valla bonula madhyalo unna skallapla perugudala raetla dwara vaati parimaanam parimitam cheyabadutundi.
adavi pasugraasam.
anni rakaala scallup vyavasayalalo adavi gaddibeedu anedi atyanta choukainadi mariyu samudra mattam yokka pedda praantaalanu upayoginchinappudu chaalaa prabhaavavantamgaa untundi. ayithe, peetalu mariyu starr fish vanti maamsaahaarulato tarachugaa samasyalu undavacchu, kabatti praantaalanu tolaginchi, aapai kontavaraku kanche veyali. ayithe, clearing mariyu fencing mamsaahaarula larvalanu sthirapadataanni nirodhinchavu. kotha saadhaaranamgaa kharchulanu marinta tagginchadam dwara jarugutundi. ayithe, chinna polaalalo, diverlanu pantakota kosam niyaminchavacchu.
tinipistundi.
scullops anevi neeti niluvu varusalo velaadadeeyabadina sajeeva mariyu jada kanaalanu peelchukogala vadapotha feedarlu. samskrutilo, scallup aaharalalo pradhanamgaa phytoplankton untundi, ivi sahajamgaa oka pradaesamloe sambhavistaayi ledhaa samskrutilo krutrimamgaa utpatti cheyabadataayi. perugudalanu prerepinchadaaniki (mariyu mukhyamgaa adductor kandaraala perugudalaku) yea jaatula phytoplankton atyanta prabhaavavantamgaa untundane daanipai chaalaa parisoedhanalu jarigaayi. ituvanti parisoedhanalu saadhaaranamgaa bivalve ockwaculture loe upayoginche jaatulalo, "isocrisis aff" anie choopinchaayi. galbana "(clone tii-iso) mariyu" chitoseros neograsile "atyanta prabhaavavantamainavi. iteevala, pariveshtita vyavasaya paddhatula perugudalato, saampradaaya aaharaala kante ekkuva kharchutho koodukunna krutrima suukshma paachi pratyaamnaayaanni abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki pedda mottamlo pani cheyabadindi.
marinta kavalsina protein, lipid mariyu carbohydrate profile thoo aalgenu utpatti cheyadaaniki microalgay cultures kooda taarumaaru cheyabadavachhu mariyu eee praantamloo chaalaa pani jarugutondi. inca, scallap kalcharlo upayoginche suukshma algal jaatulu saadhaaranamgaa vitamin sii vanti adhika sthaayi vitaminlanu kaligi untaayi. jaatulu mariyu jeevita dasanu batti scallops yokka aahara avasaralu bhinnamgaa untaayi. udaaharanaku, santaanam yokka suukshma algal aahaaramlo protein content peragadam valla, idhi santanotpatti samayanni tagginchi, santanotpattini penchutundani choopabadindi. adhika protein aahaaraalato tinipinchina larvalalo perugudala mariyu manugadaku ilanti saanukuula phalitaalu gamaninchabaddaayi. ayithe, larvalanu scallup cheyadaaniki lipidlu kooda chaalaa mukhyamainavani oohagaanaalu unnaayi.
vyaadhulu, paraannajeevulu mariyu phycotoxins.
vyaadhulu.
edainaa ockwaculture jaatula maadirigaane, vyaadhula (mariyu paraannajeevula) sambhavam vyaktula saameepyata dwara vistarinchavacchu. scallup samskrutilo vyaadhula sambhavinchadam anachiveyabadinadigaa mariyu baga ardham chesukonidiga pradarsinchabadindi; ayithe, 1990laloe malakaherpeswiridae dwara furrers scallup ("clamis farreri") yokka chainees utpatti naasanam cheyabadindi. databaselanu sameekaristunnaaru mariyu parisramalu mariyu parisoedhanaa samsthalu bhavishyattulo vyaapti chendakunda merugaina prayatnam kosam sahakaristunnaayi.
paraannajeevulu.
vyaadhulatoe kanipinche vidhamgaane paraannajeevula vishayamlo kooda idhe paristhiti kanipistundihi eee dasalo scallap paraannajeevula gurinchi chaalaa takkuva telusu mariyu konni gurtinchabaddaayi. 2006 natiki, paraannajeevula valla saamuuhika maranaalu sambhavinchaledani nivedinchabadindi. skallaaplatoe anubandhinchabadinavigaa varninchabadina 17 paraannajeevulu mariyu commensals matrame unnaayi (puurti jabita kosam shumwe & parsons [2006], pp chudandi. 1187-1188).
phycotoxins.
phycotoxins sambhavinchadam saadhaaranamgaa nirdishta neeti vanarulatho mudipadi untundi mariyu vishapuurita algay nundi utpannamayye aneka phycotoxins sokina maamsam viniyogadaarulapai haanikaramaina prabhavalanu chuuputaayi kabatti polaalu erpaatu chesetappudu pariganinchaali. scallup kalcharku sambandhinchi, rendu rakaala vishapadaardhaalu nivedinchabaddaayih pakshavaata shelfish vishaprayogam (psp) mariyu amnessic shelfish vishaprayogam (asp). vaayuvya atlaantiklooni "placopectain magellanicus" loe psp aneka samvatsaraalugaa nivedinchabadindi, anduvalla samskruti karyakalapalalo, mukhyamgaa "pii" gaa pariganinchaali. magellanicus "anedi taxin yokka nemmadigaa nirvisheekarana chesediga nivedinchabadindi. eah. ess. pii. anedi konni samudra diatoms utpatti chese neurotoxin mariyu vaayuvya atlantic (burd & rait, 1989) nundi skallaaplalo kooda nivedinchabadindi. direhetic shelfish vishalu (dii. ess. pii) kooda sambhaavya samasyaga gurtinchabaddaayi, ayithe, avi scallup kalcharlo inca nivedinchabadaledu. dii. ess. pii. ess maanavulalo jeernasayaantara badhanu kaligistundi mariyu scullops dwara teesukovalasina dynophlogellatela dwara utpatti cheyabadataayi.
tudi utpatti.
okasari scullups pandinchina tarvaata, pandinchi, proses chesina tarvaata pradhana tudi utpatti maamsam, idhi saadhaaranamgaa kevalam adductor kandaraalanu (taja ledhaa stambhimpajesina) kaligi untundi. ayithe, ippatikee roow jatacheyabadina kandaraalanu vikrayinchadam mariyu mottam jantuvulanu (pradhanamgaa uttara americalo) vikrayinchadam kooda baga prachuryam pondutondi. anduvalla, parisrama ippudu moodu vibhina utpattulanu utpatti chestundi.
pratyaksha scalp yokka shelf jeevitam parimitam ayinappatikee, eee utpatti yokka marketing scallup raitulaku chinna jantuvulanu vikrayinchadaaniki anumatistundi mariyu tadwara nagadu pravahanni penchutundi. adhika naanhyata gala scallup kandaraalaku adhika market dhara avasaram kaavacchu, idhi utpatti, adavi scallup chepala pempakam vijayam mariyu aneka itara prapancha kaarakaalato hecchutaggulaku lonavutundi.
paryaavarana prabhavalu.
aneka ockwaculture paddhatula (mukhyamgaa finfishlu) pratikuula prabhaavaalaku sambandhinchina saadhaarana avagahanaku viruddhamgaa, prapanchamlooni aneka praantaalalo scallap ockwaculture (mariyu vaastavaaniki itara shelfish ockwaculture paddhatulu) saanukuula paryaavarana vyavastha prabhavalanu kaligi unde sthiramaina abhyasamga pariganhinchabadutunnaayi. neeti spashtatanu penchadaaniki neeti kaalam nundi suspend ghanapadaarthaalu, avaanchita poeshakaalu, silt, bacteria mariyu vairaslanu tolaginchadam dwara filter-feeding bivalves phalitamgaa idhi jarugutundi, idhi pelogic mariyu benthic paryaavarana vyavasthalanu meruguparustundi, mukhyamgaa seagrass vanti vrukshasampada perugudalanu prothsahinchadam dwara.
dheenini parigananaloki teesukunte, ituvanti saanukuula prabhavalu chaalaa nirdishtamaina praantaalu mariyu scallup culture konni itara praantaalalo srushtinchagala pradhana pratikuula paryaavarana prabhavalalo okati neeti eutrofication. paakshikamgaa moosivesina baelaloe scallops samskruti eutroficationku daariteesindi, tadwara jaatula kuurpu mariyu pelogic mariyu benthic communityla nirmaanaatmaka mariyu kriyaatmaka paaraamitulalo maarpulu russialo baga gamaninchabaddaayi. polaalu raddu cheyabadina taruvaata, 5-10 samvatsaraalalo paryaavarana vyavasthalu punaruddharinchabaddaayani paryaveekshanha choopinchindi. idhi jalasambandha paalanalo maarpulu, paryaavarana sanghaalu (planctonic sanghaalato sahaa), neeti jeevarasaayana kuurpu, jeeva nirgamanaalu mariyu akasheruka sthaavaraala vijayamtho sahaa vividha paryaavarana maarpulaku daariteese dvi-paksha jalasamvardhaka karyakalapalanu choopinche pedda dayta samuuhaaniki anugunamgaa untundi. antekakunda, ockwaculture polaalu drushya kaalushyaaniki muulamgaa unnaayi, anduvalla adhika janabha kaligina theera praantaalalo tarachugaa prajala vyatiraekatanu aakarshistaayi.