
samarasyam (sains yokka tatvasaastram)

saameepyata anedi vignaana shaastra tatvasaastramlo oka bhavana, dheenilo saastravettalu siddhaantaalanu charchinchagaligithe, vaatilooni bhaagaswaamya naamakaranam upayoginchi, vaatilo edhi marinta chellubaatu ayyedi ledhaa upayogakaramainadi anie nirnayinchadaaniki vaatini neerugaa poolchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. marovaipu, siddhaantaalanu neerugaa poolchadaaniki ledhaa oka siddhaantaaniki anukuulamgaa unna anubhavika sakshyalanu marokadaanipai udaharinchadaaniki saastravettalanu anumatinchadaaniki taginantagaa ativyaapti chendani bhashala gala puurtigaa viruddhamaina sambhaavita chatraalalo siddhaantaalu ponduparachabadi unte avi asamaanamainavi. 1930laloe ludwick fleck charchinchina, 1960laloe thamus kuhn prachuryam pondina, asamaanatvam samasya phalitamgaa saastravettalu okarinokaru daati matladukuntaru, ayithe siddhaantaala poolikalu nibandhanalu, sandarbhaalu mariyu parinaamaala gurinchi gandaragolalato gandaragolamgaa untaayi.
padam yokka parichayam.
1962loe thamus kuhn mariyu paal fairabend iddaroo swatantramgaa vignaana shaastra tatvasaastraaniki asamaanatvam anae aalochananu pravesapettaaru. rendu sandarbhaallo, eee bhavana ganitam nundi vachindi; daani asalu ardhamlo, idhi rendu chararaasula yokka pratyaksha mariyu khachitamaina kolatanu anumatinche kolata yokka saadhaarana unit lekapovadam gaa nirvachinchabadindi, udaaharanaku daani vaipula sambandham nundi oka chaturasram yokka vikarnam yokka anchanaa.
varusa shaastreeya siddhaantaalanu ardham chesukovadaniki prayatninchinappudu iddaru rachayitalu kanugonna samasyala shreni kaaranamgaa eee padam samatulyata anae padaanni roopondinchaaru. sweekarinchina siddhaantaala yokka anucharulu pratipaadinchina konni siddhaantaalaku pratispandanagaa kuhn mariyu fairabend rendoo chesina vimarsalaku krutagnatalu teluputuu daani amalu baga ardham chesukobadindi. veetilo prasiddha "shaastreeya ghnaanam yokka sekaranapai thesis" undhi, idhi shaastreeya ghnaanam yokka sareeram kalakramena perugutondani perkondi. kuhn mariyu fairabend iddaroo eee theesisnu tiraskarinchaaru, vignaana shaastra charitralo viplavaalu mariyu saadhaarana kaalalu rendintinee chuse namuunaaku anukuulamgaa unnaaru.
maroe samaanamaina mukhyamaina thesis rendu pootii siddhaantaala anubhavika parinaamaalanu roopondinchadaaniki upayoginchagala poolika yokka tatastha bhasha unikini pratipaadistundi. idhi anubhavapuurvakamgaa dhruveekarinchabadina goppa vishayalu ledhaa vivaranaatmaka saktulatoe siddhaantaanni enchukoovadaaniki veelu kalpistundi-ledhaa suutreekarana pappariyan ayithe tappugaa cheppabadani goppa vishayam.
eee rendava thesis yokka moolamlo unna aalochana kevalam cheppina bhasha unikiki sambandhinchinadi kaadu, kaneesam maroe rendu pratipaadanalanu kooda suuchistumdi. modata, siddhaantaala madhya eee empika vaatini parasparam anuvadinchavacchani oohistundi, udaaharanaku siddhaantam a mariyu daani varasudu b-mariyu popper vishayamlo b nii a nundi oohinchavachhu. rendavadi, empika ellappuduu hetubaddhata yokka adhe pramaanaala krinda nirvahinchabadutundani bhaavinchabadutundi.
rendu sandarbhaallo, asamaanatvam anae bhavana thesis yokka saadhyatanu asadhyam chestundi. modatidi, varusa siddhaantaala madhya konni anubhavika parinaamaalu kolpotunnayani choopinchadam dwara. rendava sandarbhamlo, siddhaantaalanu tatastha bhaashaloki anuvadinchalenappatiki vaati madhya hetubaddhamaina empika cheyadam saadhyamani dhruveekarinchadam dwara. ayithe, eee prati vaadanalanu pravesapettadaaniki kaaranaalu, mariyu avi talette vimarsalu okate ayinappatikee, saha rachayitalu vaatini upayoginche bhaavam yea vidhamgaanuu okela ledhu. eee kaaranamgaa prati saha rachayitaku asamaanatvam anae aalochana vidigaa charchinchabadutundi.
drukpathaalu.
fairabend yokka drukpathaalu.
oka siddhaantam yokka praathamika padaalaloo praamukhyatalo maarpu kotta siddhaantam yokka padaala yokka sampuurnatanu maarustundi, tadwara t mariyu t 'madhya anubhaavikamgaa saadhaarana ardhaalu undavu anae antarleena aalochana kaligina ardhashaastram rangam nundi oka suutramloe fairabend asamaanatanu gurtistundi.
fairabend aadhunika taatvika bhaavam "asamaanatvam" nuu roopondinchina ghanata pondaadu, idhi athani vignaana shaastra tatvasaastraaniki chaalaa varaku punaadi vestundi. athanu modatisaarigaa 1952loe carle popper yokka london school off economics seminarku mariyu pramukha whitzenstenianla (elizabeth unscombe, peater geach, hetch. ell. eah. haart mariyu georg henrique vaan rait) unscombe yokka oxford flat loe. moodu kaaranaala valla aalochanaa vidhanalu, anduvalla shaastreeya namuunaalu saripolavani fairabend vaadinchaaru. kluptamgaa cheppalante, fairabend yokka asamaanatvam yokka bhavana eee krindi vidhamgaa undih
fairabend prakaram, asamaanatvam anae aalochananu adhikaarika tarkamlo sangrahinchalemu, endukante idhi tarkam yokka domine velupala unna drugvishayam.
siddhaantaalu.
1989loe, fairabend popper yokka vimarsanaatmaka hetubaddhata dwara teliyajesina oka aalochananu samarpinchaaru, dheenilo "daryaaptu oka samasyatho praarambhamavutundi. samasya anedi nireekshana mariyu pariseelana madhya sangharshana phalitamgaa untundi, idhi daani vaipuga, nireekshana dwara erpadutundi."(fairabend, 1989; pp. 96). shaastreeya paddati appudu itara pratyaamnaaya parishkarala kante kaneesam ekkuva sthaayilo sambandhita mariyu tappudu siddhaantaalanu kanipettadam dwara samasyalanu parishkaristundi. oka pratyaamnaaya siddhaantaanni samarpinchina tarvaata, critical faze anedi eee krindi prasnalaku samadhanam ivvaalsina t 'kii sambandhinchi praarambhamavutundih (eah) siddhaantam ippati varaku enduku vijayavantam kaaledu mariyu (bii) adhi enduku viphalamaindi. kotta siddhaantam t 'rendu prasnalaku samadhanam isthe, appudu t vismarinchabadutundi.
antey, oka kotta siddhaantam t ', tiraskarana siddhaantam t kii tagina varasudiga undataaniki, t (taragati a) kii sambandhinchi adanapu anchanaala sekarananu, alaage paatha siddhaantam (taragati s) thoo kontha varaku samanamga unde vijayavantamaina anchanaala sekarananu kaligi undaali. eee taragati anchanaalu kotta satyaalanu kaligi unna kotta siddhaantamlooni aaa bhaagaalanu kaligi untaayi, anduvalla avi kotta siddhaantam (taragati f) yokka asatya (tappudu) vishayaalalo bhaagamaina paatha siddhaantamlooni vaiphalyaalaina t yokka parinaamaala shrenini minahaayistaayi.
eee namuunaanu batti, t nundi mariyu t nundi konni padaala madhya relational statementlanu nirminchadam saadhyamavutundi, idhi siddhaantaala madhya polikaku aadharam avutundi. idhi vaari anubhavika vishayaala drishtya rendinti madhya empikanu anumatistundi. conny, taragati s khaliga unna oka siddhaantaanni manam choosthe, appudu siddhaantaalu okadaanitoe okati saripoladam ledhu.
ayithe, t mariyu t 'madhya asamaanatvam siddhaantaalaku icchina vivaranapai aadharapadi untundani paerkontuu fairabend dheenini spashtam chestaadu. idhi sadhanam ayithe, oke pariseelana bhashanu soochinche prati siddhaantam saripolutundi. adhe vidhamgaa, vaastavika drukpathaanni korinatlayithe, rendu siddhaantaalanu vivarinchadaaniki, pariseelanaatmaka prakatanalaku oka vidhiga praamukhyata ivvadaaniki, ledhaa kaneesam avi ivvabadina alavaatu upayogam sthaanamlo, pariganinchabadutunna yea siddhaantam yokka atyanta sangrahinchabadina padaalanu upayoginche ekikruta sthaanaaniki anukuulamgaa untundi.
konni prakatanala unikini vaayidyavaadula vivarana gurtistundani gamaninchavacchu, dheeni nijam pariseelana prakatanalapai matrame kakunda, avi lobadi unna moolyaankanam pramaanaalapai kooda aadharapadi untundi, ivi siddhaantaalalo langaru veyabadi untaayi. udaaharanaku, rekhaamsam yokka sambandha swabhaavaanni dhruveekarinchadaaniki, eee asservationnu kevalam pariseelanaatmaka padaalanu upayoginchi nirnayinchalemu. daani satya viluva, kontavaraku, padaalu upayoginchina bhavanni sthaapinche siddhaantampai aadharapadi untundi. eee sandarbhamlo avi shaastreeya yantrasaastraaniki (sem. mea.) viruddhamgaa quantum yantrasaastraaniki (kyuu. emm.) sambandhinchinavi. eee konamlo, vaayidyavaada sthaanam anubhavika parinaamaalatoe matrame vyavaharistundi mariyu bhavanalu okadaanitoe okati kaligi unna sambandhaanni oka vaipuku vadilivestundi.
idhe vidhamgaa fairabend ilaa vyaakhyaaninchaaduh
vaastavika abhyantaraalu.
vaastavika abhyantaraalaku sambandhinchi, fairabend carnap dwara vivarinchabadina vaadanaku tirigi vastaadu mariyu atuvanti nairoopya bhavanala vadakam asaadhyamaina sthithiki daariteestundani vyakhyaaninchaadu...saiddhaantika padaalu pariseelanaatmaka bhaashatho anusandhaaninchabadatam dwara vaati vivarananu pondutaayi mariyu aaa sambandham lekunda aaa padaalu khaliga untaayi."(fairabend, pp. 373). munupatilage, eee pariseelanaa bhasha daani ekaika praamukhyata muulam kabatti pariseelanaa bhashaku praamukhyatanu ivvadaaniki vaatini upayoginchalemu, dheenitho anuvaadam cheyadam saadhyam kaadu, conny padam yokka punarukti matrame.
anduvalla, vignaana saastramlo ghnaanam mariyu samagravaadam yokka sekarana siddhaantaalanu upasamharinchukovadaaniki asamanjasamainadi chattabaddhamgaa parishkarinchaleni aalochana anae aalochananu samarthinchadaaniki vaaru prayatnistunnanduna, vaayidyakaarudu mariyu vaastavika vivaranalu rendoo lopabhooyishtamainavani fairabend bhaavistaaru. 
idhi eee krindi pariseelanaku daariteestundihi prati kotta siddhaantaaniki daani swantha pariseelana aadharam unte, saiddhaantika chatram yokka ardhamlo, utpatti cheyabadina pariseelanalu chivariki daanini khandinchagalavani manam elaa aasinchavachchu. antekakunda, kotta sthaanam adhi emi vivarinchaalo vivaristundani ledhaa itara praantaalaku marutondani mariyu anduvalla siddhaantaalanu khachitamgaa elaa polchavachho vivaristundani manam elaa gurtinchagalam.
modati pariseelanaku fairabend yokka samadhanam oka siddhaantam yokka prarambha padaalu siddhaantam yokka pratipaadanalu mariyu vaati anubandha vyaakarana niyamaalapai aadharapadi untaayani, adanamgaa, siddhaantam nundi pondina anchanaalu kooda vyavastha yokka antarleena paristhitulapai aadharapadi untaayani gamaninchadam. fairabend eee amsaanni marinta anveshinchadu, conny anchanaa pariseelanatoo ekibhavinchakapothe mariyu prarambha paristhitula nundi manam chesina vivaranapai manaku adhika sthaayi vishwaasam unte, lopam mana siddhaantamlo mariyu daani antarleena nibandanalalo undaali anie khachitamgaa cheppavacchu. 
rendava pariseelanatoo vyavaharinchetappudu fairabend "rendu siddhaantaalu oke prayogaanni suuchistaayani cheppadaniki veelu kalpinche padajaalam enduku avasaram? idhi oka ekikaranavadi ledhaa bahusha vaastavika occanctionu oohistundi, dheeni lakshyam nijam anie anipistundi, ayithe, eee siddhaantaanni anubhavika samardhata yokka pramaanam krinda polchavacchani bhaavinchabadutundi. atuvanti vidhanam prati siddhaantaaniki swatantramgaa roopondinchina prayogam yokka phalitaanni vivarinche pariseelana prakatana madhya sthaapinchabadina sambandhaanni nirmistundi, idhi prati siddhaantam unche anchanaalatho polchabadutundi. eee vidhamgaa oka siddhaantam anubhavapuurvakamgaa baga saripoyetappudu empika cheyabadutundi. kotta siddhaantam yokka saadhyamayye vichalanampai abhyantaraaniki samadhanam ivvakapothe, adhi asambaddham, endukante tarachugaa charitra choopinchindi, vaastavaaniki ververu drukkoonaalu vaati anuvartana rangaalanu maarustaayi ledhaa savaristaayi, udaaharanaku aristatle mariyu neuton yokka bhouthika shaastram."
siddhaanta empika.
paina perkonnavi siddhaantaala madhya enchukune prakriya saarvatrika hetubaddhataku kattubadi undadani suuchistumdi. saarvatrika hetubaddhata lekapovadam anedi ahetukamaina vaikharini kaligi undaa anae daanipai fairabend eee krindi abhiprayanni kaligi undih
popper vaadanalaloo okadaanipai velugunivvadaaniki prayatninchadaaniki fairabend eee tarkaanni upayogistaadu, idhi mana vimarsanaatmaka aalochanaku maarganirdesam chese suuchana vyavasthalanu kooda, manam ellappuduu yea prakatanaina maarchagalamani chebutundi. ayithe, iddaru aalochanaaparulu ververu nirdhaaranalaku cherukuntaaru, kotta pramaanaalu aamodinchabadina tarvaata vimarsinchadam ellappuduu saadhyamani popper bhaavistaaru, kabatti empikanu empikaku hetubaddhata "oka prushtha" phalitamgaa chudavachu. ayithe, fairabend yokka vaikhari emitante, pramaanaalu popper yokka modati prapancham, bhouthika prapancham dwara prabhaavitamainappudallaa, avi kevalam moodava prapanchamlo abhivruddhi chendakapoyina, eee parishkaram kevalam moukhika aabharanam matrame. antey, pramaanaalu vaari srushtikartala anchanaalu, vaaru soochinche vaikharulu mariyu vaaru ishtapade prapanchaanni ardham chesukune maargaala dwara prabhaavitamavutaayi, conny idhi shaastreeya viplavam yokka adhe prakriyaku khachitamgaa saaruupyata kaligi untundi, idhi eee krindi ullekhanam dwara chuupinatlugaa, asamaanata yokka theesisnu pramaanaalaku kooda vartimpajeyavachani nammadaniki daariteestundihi
pappariyan vimarsha konni spashtamgaa nirvachinchina vidhaanaalaku sambandhinchinadani ledhaa puurtigaa nairoopyamainadani, taruvaata nirdishta vishayaalatoe daanini bayataku teese pani itarulaku vadilesi, popper yokka hetubaddhatanu "kevalam moukhika aabharanam" gaa maarustundani fairabend paerkonnaadu."idhi fairabend oka ahetukavaadi anie suuchimchadu, conny shaastreeya maarpu prakriyanu kontha hetubaddhata drishtya, khachitamgaa asamaanatvam kaaranamgaa daani sampuurnataloo vivarinchalemani ayana bhaavistaaru.
kuhn yokka drukpathaalu.
asampuurnata anae thesis yokka rendava saha rachayita thamus kuhn, dheenini thana 1962 pustakam, "shaastreeya viplavaala nirmaanam" loe parichayam chesaaru, dheenilo athanu dheenini varusa namuunaala madhya sambandhaanni nirvachinche saarvatrika aastigaa varninchaadu. eee ardham kinda asamaanatvam ardhashaastra rangaaniki minchi untundi mariyu samasyala adhyayanam nundi vaati parishkaram kosam anubandha paddhatulu mariyu niyamaala varaku daani aacharanaatmaka anuvartanaaniki sambandhinchina pratidee kaligi untundi. edemaina, kuhn rachana antataa eee padam yokka ardham nirantaram meruguparachabadindi, athanu modata daanini ardhashaastra rangamlo unchi, irukaina nirvachananni vartimpajesaadu, conny taruvaata athanu daanini vargeekarana konamlo punarnirvachinchaadu, indulo saaruupyatalu mariyu vyatyaasaala madhya sambandhaalalo maarpulu kanipistaayi, nirvachinche maatrika yokka amsaalu prapanchaanni aakarshistaayi.
shaastreeya viplavaala nirmaanamloo kuhn ilaa vraasaadu, "shaastra charitrakaarudu namuunaalu marinappudu, prapanchame vaatitho paatu maarutundani prakatinchadaaniki sodinchabadavachu". kuhn prakaram, vividha shaastreeya namuunaala pratipaadakulu marokari drukkoonaanni puurtigaa ardham chesukoru ledhaa ardham chesukoleru endukante vaaru matlade maargamgaa, ververu prapanchaalalo nivasistunnaaru. eee asamarthataku kuhn moodu kaaranaalanu ichchaaru
shaastreeya viplavaala nirmaanam" anae postscript (1969) loe, kuhn, saadhaarana vignaana saastramlo saaruupyata yokka paatra yokka paryavasanamga, kaneesam kontavaraku, asamaanatvam anie taanu bhavinchanani jodinchaaru. vibhina saaruupya sambandhaalato vividha margallo samuuha bhaavanalanu pootii chese namuunaalu. kuhn prakaram, idhi vividha namuunaala pratipaadakula madhya communicationlo praathamika samasyalanu kaligistundi. okari manassulo atuvanti vargaalanu marchadam kashtam, endukante samuuhaalu nirvachanaalaku badulugaa udaaharanala dwara neerchukoobaddaayi. kuhn prakaram, sambhaashana kosam tatastha bhashanu upayoginchadam dwara eee samasyanu parishkarinchalemu, endukante bhashanu upayoginchadaaniki mundu vyatyaasam sambhavistundi.
vishwaasa vyavasthala madhya taarkika antaram undavacchani, vividha paatasaalalaku chendina saastravettalu "bhinnamgaa aalochistaaru, vaerae bhasha matladataru, vaerae prapanchamlo nivasistunnaaru" anie cheppina maikhel polani gurinchi chadivinappudu kuhn yokka asamaanata gurinchi aalochana bahusha kontavaraku prabhaavitamaindi."
dasalu.
asamaanatvam yokka maarutunna nirvachananni batti perez randanz kuhn rachanalo moodu dasalanu gurtinchaadu, ledhaa kaneesam eee bhaavanatho elaa vyavaharistundo. manam paina chuusinatlugaa modati dasha "shaastreeya viplavaala nirmaanam" loe kanipinchindi mariyu idhi namuunaalaku vartinche mottam drushti dwara vargeekarinchabadutundi. eee drukpatham 1970laloe sthaanika mariyu ardhashaastra drushti dwara bharti cheyabadindi, dheenilo asamaanata ippudu puurtigaa parasparam marchukoleni rendu bhaashalalo vyakteekarinchabadina rendu siddhaantaala madhya sambandhaanni nirvachinchabadindi, eee krindi saaraamsamlo kuhn perkonnatlugaah
paina perkonnavi oka rakamaina polikanu matrame nishedhistaayi, idhi okaritho okaru sambandhamlo eee rendu siddhaantaala prakatanala madhya nirvahinchabadutundi. eee suutreekaranaku aadhaaramaina oka aalochana emitante, anuvaadam anedi samaruupata mariyu parivartanaseelatanu suuchistumdi, tadwara siddhaantam t 'siddhaantamtoe anuvadinchadaginadi ayithe, appudu t' nii t kii anuvadinchavacchu, inca moodava siddhaantam t 'unte mariyu dheenini t' kii anuvadinchagaligithe, appudu siddhaantaalu t mariyu t 'asamaanamainavi kaavu, parivartana sambandham mariyu samaruupata sambandham vaari prakatanalanu okadaanitoe okati polchavacchani haamii icchinanta kaalam.
rendu asamaanamaina siddhaantaalaku ummadi suuchana vaataavaranam undavacchani kuhn khandinchaledu mariyu eee konamlo vaatini polchadam asadhyam anie ayana perkonaledu, athani thesis rendu siddhaantaalaku chendina prakatanalanu anuvadinchagala saamarthyaanni matrame suuchistumdi.
idhi sambandhitamainadi endukante kuhn yokka hetubaddhata ardham chesukogala saamardhyaaniki mudipadi undani, anuvaadaaniki adhe saamardhyaaniki kaadani spashtam cheyadaaniki idhi maaku anumatistundi.
kuhn rachana yokka moodava dasalo asamaanatvam yokka thesis yokka suutreekarana vargeekarana paramgaa suddhi cheyabadindi mariyu rendu siddhaantaala madhya saaruupyata mariyu vyatyaasam yokka sambandhaalalo maarpu yokka vidhiga vivarinchabadindi. eee maarpu taragati yokka bhavanalaku sambandhinchinadani kuhn prakatinchaaru, endukante bhaavanalanu soochinche vidhaanamlo maarpu undhi, conny vaati antarleena nirmaanam maarchabadutundi, antey, ardham maarutundi-daani uddesyam-conny daani suuchana kooda. eee vidhamgaa anni ardhaparamaina maarpulu asamaanataku daariteese maarpulu kaavani, avi praathamika vargalalo cheyadam dwara, samagra paddhatiloo panichesevi matrame anie, antey eee padaala madhya unna anni sambandhaalu marutayani kuhn paerkonnaadu. idhi rendu siddhaantaala vargeekarana nirmaanaalanu niroopinchadaaniki asaadhyamainadigaa asamaanatanu nirvachinchadaaniki vargeekarana padaalanu upayogistundi, idhi asaadhyamainadi, idhi padaala yokka asampoorna anuvaadamgaa vyakteekarinchabadutundi.
vargeekarana lakshanaala vargeekarana.
vargeekarana lakshanaala vargeekarana kuhn thana ativyaapti laeni suutraanni pratipaadinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi, endukante, vargeekarana vargaalu taarkika konamlo vibhajanalu ayithe, eee bhavanalaku mariyu migilina vatiki madhya sthaapinchabadina sambandhaalu tappanisarigaa kramaanugatamgaa untaayani idhi suuchistumdi. sarigga eee rakamaina sambandhaala kosam vargalalo maarpulu sampuurnamainavi, endukante oka vargam yokka savarana tappanisarigaa chuttupakkala vargaala maarpunu suuchistumdi, idhi maarpu jarigina tarvaata vargeekaranalu enduku polchalevu anie vivaristundi-avi isomorphic. 
eee paatraatmakata appatike kuhn rachanalo ardhaatmaka paatraatmakata avasheshaalatho paatu undhi, dheenini athanu 1980la chivarilo thana vargeekarana lakshanaatmakataloo puurtigaa abhivruddhi chesaadu. eee lakshanaala yokka prayojanam emitante, oka bhavananu daani suuchanalatoe gurtinchadaaniki anumatinche pramaanaalu chaalaa mariyu vaividhyamainavi, tadwara vijayavantamaina communicationku yaadruchchika pramaanaalu avasaram ledhu, aaa vargaalu tappa. kuhn bhavanala madhya sambandhaalanu bahumitiya pradaesamloe unnatlu chushadu, vargaalu eee pradaesamloe vibhajanalanu kaligi untaayi mariyu avi communicatorla madhya ekakaalamlo undaali, ayithe eee sthalam mariyu anubandha suuchana madhya sambandhaanni sthaapinche pramaanaalaku idhi vartinchadu.
ayishtata.
kuhn rachanalo nirantaram kanipinche oka mukhyamaina vivarana, anuvaadam mariyu vivarananu samanam cheyadaaniki ayana ayishtata, idhi kuhn tatvasaastram yokka vislaeshanhaatmaka sampradaayaaniki aapaadinche poolika. anuvaadam anedi daadaapu yaantrika charya, idhi quinion anuvaada maanyuvalnu utpatti chestundi, idhi padaala kramaanni vaati satya viluvalu samrakshinchabade vidhamgaa vivaristundi. ayithe, vivarana prakriya anuvaada parikalpanala abhivruddhini suuchistumdi, ivi bahya praadhaanyatalanu pondikaina mariyu ardhavantamaina reetilo ardham chesukovadaniki anumatinchinappudu vijayavantam kaavaali. appudu kuhn saarvatrika anuvaadam yokka aalochananu tiraskarinchaadu, conny saarvatrika avagahana suutram kaadu, popper mariyu davidson vanti athani vimarsakulanu kuhn tiraskarinchadaanni ardham chesukovadamlo idhi chaalaa mukhyamaina vyatyaasam.
ayithe, munupati aalochana manam modati sthaanamlo elaa ardham chesukogalugutunnamane prasnanu adagadaniki mammalni aahvaanistundi. idhi kotta bhasha neerchukoevadam laantidani dhruveekarinchadam kuhn yokka parishkaram. asamaanatvam anae bhavana dwara suuchimchabadina samagra maarpunu edurkonnappudu manam kotta bhashanu elaa neerchukoogalugutaamu? kuhn rachana eee prasnaku naalugu amsaalanu suchistundihi
mugimpu.
vividha samskaranalu unnappatikee, samaanatvam gurinchi kuhn aalochana, tatastha bhashanu koodabettukovadampai aalochananu alaage tatastha bhasha aalochananu, ahetukatalo padakunda ledhaa saadhaarana suuchana sthaayi asambaddhamani cheppakunda, teevramgaa samasyaatmakamgaa maarchagaladani nirdhaarinchavacchu. kotta siddhaantam kotta praantaalloki mallithe, idhi siddhaantam yokka samasya kaadani, tarachugaa sambhaavita purogati adrushyaaniki daariteestundi, paatha prasnala tiraskarana ledhaa parishkaaraaniki kaadu anie "anubhavavaadam yokka samasyalu" mariyu "paddhatiki vyatiraekamgaa" vanti pustakaalalo perkonna fairabend nundi atanni vaeru chese aalochana.
meta-asamarthatha.
asamaanatvam yokka marinta saadhaarana bhavana meta-sthaayi saastraalaku rendu mukhyamaina margallo vartimpajeyabadindi.
eric oberheim mariyu paal hoingen-hyune sains yokka vaastavika mariyu vaastavikavaada vyatiraeka tatvaalu kooda asamaanamainavani vaadinchaaru, anduvalla shaastreeya siddhaantaalu kooda meta-asamaanamainavi kaavacchu.
adevidhamgaa, nicolus ardham yokka taatvika siddhaantaala madhya bhinnamaina asamaanatanu uttamamgaa vivaristaadu. modati-shreni shaastreeya siddhaantam yokka ardham daani rendava-shreni ardha siddhaantampai aadharapadi unte, rendu modati-shreni siddhaantaalu gananeeyamgaa bhinnamaina ardha siddhaantaalapai aadharapadi unte avi meta-lekkinchalenivigaa untaayani ayana vaadinchaaru. kuhn mariyu fairabend yokka asamaanatvam yokka bhavanalu shaastreeya bhavanala yokka puurti asamaanatanu suuchimchavu, ayithe ardham yokka eee asamaanatvam suuchistumdi.