
kairo citadel

kairo koota ledhaa saladin koota () anedi eejiptlooni kairo loe madhyayuga islaamik yugapu koota, dheenini salah adh-dhin (saladin) nirminchaadu mariyu tadupari eejiptu paalakulu marinta abhivruddhi chesaaru. idhi 13va sataabdam nundi 19va sataabdam varaku daadaapu 700 samvatsaraala paatu egyptulo prabhutva peethamgaa mariyu daani paalakula nivasamga undedi. kairo kendraaniki sameepamlo unna mokattam kondala yokka promantarypai unna daani sthaanam nagaranni chuustuu mariyu daani skylinepy aadhipatyam chelaayinche vyuuhaatmaka sthaanaanni aadesistundi. dheenini nirminchinappudu idhi aaa kaalamlooni atyanta aakattukune mariyu pratishtaatmaka sainika koota prajectulalo okatigaa undedi. idhi ippudu maseedulu mariyu museumlatho sahaa samrakshinchabadina chaaritraka pradaesamgaa undhi.
1176loe saladin praarambhinchina prarambha ayyubid-yuga nirmaanamtho paatu, mamluk sultanet samayamlo eee koota pedda abhivruddhiki guraindi, 14va sataabdamloo sultan all-nasser mohammed nirmaana prajectulatho mugisindi. 19va sataabdam modati ardhabhaagamlo mohammed allie pasha aneka paatha bhavanalanu koolchivesi, sait antataa kotta rajabhavanalu mariyu smaaraka chihnalanu nirminchi, daani prastuta roopaanni chaalaa varaku ichindi. 20va sataabdamloo dheenini british aakramana sainika dalam vale, aapai eejiptu sainyam 1983loe prajalaku teriche varaku sainika dalam vale upayoginchindi. 1976loe unesco dheenini prapancha vaarasatva pradaesamaina "chaaritraka kairo" (islaamik kairo) loe bhaagamgaa prakatinchindi, idhi "islaamik prapanchaaniki kotta kendramgaa undhi, 14va sataabdamloo daani swarna yuganiki cherukundi."
charitra.
sameeksha.
eee koota mukattam kondala krinda oka promantarypai nirminchabadindi, idhi daadi cheyadam kashtataram chesindi. 19va sataabdam varaku eejiptu prabhutvaaniki idhi hrudayamgaa undadamtho eee koota yokka sthaanam yokka samarthatha marinta pradarsinchabadindi. eee sudeergha kaalamlo, koota yokka layowoot mariyu nirmaanam padepade maarchabadindi mariyu kotta paalakulu mariyu kotta palanala roopakalpanalaku anugunamgaa maarchabadindi, idhi daani asalu pranaalikanu ledhaa tadupari kaalamlo daani pranaalikanu kooda punarnirminchadam kashtataram chestundi. citadel prastuta roopaaniki daariteese moodu pradhana nirmaana kaalalu unnaih 12va sataabdapu ayyubid (saladin thoo praarambhamavutundi), 14va sataabdapu mamluk (all-nasser mohammed aadhvaryamlo), mariyu 19va sataabdamloo mohammed allie aadhvaryamlo. eejiptu palakudu khediv ismail 1874loe kotta diguva pattana kairo looni thana kottagaa nirminchina abdin palescu marinappudu eee koota prabhutva peethamgaa undatam aagipoyindi. daani vistrutamaina rakshana unnappatikee, kairo ledhaa eejiptu looni raajakeeya sangharshanhalalo vividha sandarbhaallo chikkukunnappatiki, eee koota eppuduu nijamaina muttadiki gurikaaledu.
saadhaarana layowoot.
saadhaaranamgaa, koota samudaayam rendu bhagaluga vibhajinchabadindih uttara aavarana (nedu jaateeya sainika museum unna chota), mariyu dakshina aavarana (nedu mohammed allie maseedu unna chota). uttara aavarana chaaritraatmakamgaa sainika rakshana kosam ketayinchabadindi, dakshina aavarana sultan nivasamga abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. chaaritraatmakamgaa mamlukla raaja aswasaalala pradaesamgaa unna diguva, paschima aavarana kooda undhi. ayithe, eee kriyaatmaka bhedaalu 19va sataabdamloo mohammed allie pasha aadhvaryamlo ekkuvagaa tolaginchabaddaayi, athanu mottam saitnu savarinchi, citadel antataa vividha vidhula bhavanalanu nirminchaadu.
citadelku paschimaana mariyu nairutilo charitrakaarulu tarachugaa "hippodrome" ledhaa "maydon" ("plaza" ledhaa "square") anie piliche podavaina bahiranga maidaanam undedi. satabdaalugaa dheenini sikshanaa maidaanamgaa (mukhyamgaa gurrapu swarry kosam) mariyu sainika kavaatu maidaanamgaa nirvahinchabadindi. daani roopurekhalu ippatikee kotaku eee vaipuna unna rahadaarula (pradhanamgaa salaa adh-dhin veedhi) leavutlo kanipistaayi.
eee hippodrome uttara chivaralo rumayla square ("maydon/midan rumayla") anie piluvabade maroka chadarapu ledhaa plaza undhi, dheenini nedu salaa all-dhin square ("midan salaa adh-dhin") ledhaa citadel square ("midan all-kala 'aaa") anie pilustaaru. dheenini gurrapu marketga (raaja aswasaalalaku prakkane unnanduna), conny raaja mariyu mataparamaina vedukalaku adhikaarika chaturasramgaa kooda upayoginchaaru. nedu idhi oka pedda roundabout dwara aakraminchabadindi, dheeni pakkana sultan husson mariyu all-refy yokka bhaarii maseedulu unnaayi.
ayyubid punaadi mariyu nirmaanam 12va-13va sataabdaalu.
saladine yokka asalu nirmaanam.
cree. sha. 1176 mariyu 1183 madhyakaalamlo, kairo nuu sambhaavya crusader daadula nundi rakshinchadaaniki mariyu athani kotta palanaku (athanu fatimida khalifa nuu koolchivesina konni samvatsaraala taruvaata) surakshitamaina prabhutva kendraanni andinchadaaniki kurdish ayyubid palakudu salaa all-dhin (saladin) eee kotanu praarambhinchaadu. idhi damascus mariyu aleppo vanti aneka syrian nagaraala lakshanaanni kooda anukarinchindi, ivi adhikara peethamgaa panichesina mariyu salaadinku telisina godala kotalu kaligi unnaayi. saladine sumaru 20 kilometres podavaina godanu nirminchadaaniki kooda bayaludaeraadu, idhi kairo mariyu fustat (sameepamloni maajee rajadhani) rendintinee chuttumudutundi, mariyu ilaa paerkonnatlu namodu cheyabadindihi "oka godatho neenu rendu [kairo mariyu fustat nagaralanu] oka pratyaekamaina mottamgaa chestaanu, tadwara oka sainyam rendintinee rakshinchagaladu; mariyu nail odduna nundi nail odduku oke godatho vaatini chuttumuttadam manchidani neenu nammutunnaanu."koota godaku kendra binduvugaa untundi. citadel praarambhamlo 1183-1184 loe puurtayinappatikii, ayana maraninchina chaalaa kaalam tarvaata, 1238loe goda saladine inca nirmaanamloo undani bhaavinchaaru. sudeergha bhagalu nirminchinappatikii, dheeni taruvaata idhi puurtigaa puurtayinatlu kanipinchadam ledhu.
saladin thana pradhana napumsakudu mariyu sannihitudaina bahaa all-dhin karakushnu kotta kotala nirmaanaanni paryavekshinche baadhyatanu appaginchaadu. nirmaanamloo ekkuva bhaagam chuttupakkala mukattam kondala nundi travvakaallo teesina sunnapuraayitho nirminchabadindi; ayithe, marinta padaarthaalanu pondadaaniki karakkush gija vadda mariyu abusir varaku aneka chinna piramidlanu kooda travvakaalu chesaadu. crusaderlaku vyatiraekamgaa saladin vijayalalo pattubadina kraistava yuddha khaideelu andinchina sramanu kooda athanu upayoginchukunnadu. saladin kaalamlo nirminchina prarambha koota mukhyamgaa neti uttara aavarananu kaligi undhi, ayithe uttara aavarana yokka prastuta godalaloni anni amsaalu asaluvi kaavu. eee godala aagneya mariyu eshaanya vibhagalu vaati asalu roopaalaku daggaragaa undavacchu. saladin kaalam nundi yousuf baavi anie pilavabadedi, idhi oka lothaina bhoogarbha baavi, idhi oka sarpila metla dwara cherukuntundi, idhi kotaku neetini andistundi. saladin yokka aavarana yokka asalu nairuti vibhagam adrusyamaindi, conny eee baavi chuttoo mariyu all-nasser mohammed maseedu yokka prastuta pradaesam chuttoo vistarinchi undavacchu (asalu aavarananu eee roeju unna uttara aavarana kante konchem peddadigaa chestundi). paschima godala gopuraala paibhagamlo (pooliisu museum sameepamlo) kanipinche rendu talala dega chekkina chitram, salaa adh-dhin palanaku prasiddhi chendina oka aasaktikaramaina lakshanam. idhi bahusha modata vaerae chota undi, mohammed allie kaalamlo godalu punarnirminchabadinappudu edho oka samayamlo ikkadaku taralinchabadindi. eegil talalu nedu kanipinchavu, conny vaati asalu roopaanni charitrakaarulu gurtinchaaru.
baab all-mudarraj" anae oke oka asalu dwaaram netikee manugadalo undhi. idhi uttara aavarana godala venta, eee rojullo antahpura rajabhavanam (jaateeya sainika museum) mariyu kotta "baab all-zadeed" dwaaram madhya undhi. idhi modata koota yokka pradhana dwaaram, conny nedu idhi "baab all-zadeed" ("kotta dwaaram") thoo sahaa mohammed allie kaalam nundi nirmaanaala dwara aspashtamgaa undhi. daani paeru chekkina raathi metla ("darraj") nundi udbhavinchindi, idhi kotanu diguva nagaraniki anusandhaaninche maargam nundi daaniki daariteesindi. ayyubid sainika nirmaanamloo itara pravesha dwaaraala maadirigaane, dheeniki vangi unna pravesha dwaaram undhi. nedu, gate yokka gopuram-walt lopali bhaagam sultan all-nasser mohammed kuu chendina paint chesina saasanaalatoe plaastartho kappabadi undhi, idhi 1310 naatidi. eee dwaaram meedhe oka punaadi saasanam kanugonabadindi, idhi citadel puurtayina teedeeni 1183-1184 kuu teliyajestundi. ayinappatikee, saladine yokka ayyubid vaarasula aadhvaryamlo edho oka rakamaina nirmaanam daadaapu khachitamgaa konasaagindi.
saladine vaarasula aadhvaryamlo nirmaanam.
saladin sodarudu, taruvaata varasudu ayina sultan all-aadil (1200-1218) aadhvaryamlo ayyubid koota nirmaanam konasaginatlu telustondi, bahusha all-kaamil (1218-1238) paalanalo puurtayi undavacchu. all-aadil appatike saladin aadhvaryamlo konni nirmaanaalanu paryaveekshinchagaa, all-aadil paalanalo all-kamil bahusha citadelpy panichesi undavacchu, appudu all-aadil 1200loe eejiptu vaisray padavini icchaadu (taruvaata sultan kaavadaaniki oka mundumaata). uttara aavarana yokka bayati godalaloni gundrani gopuraalu saladin yokka prarambha nirmaanaaniki chendinavi kaga, pedda deerghachaturasraakaara gopuraalu all-aadil palanaku chendinavi. aavarana yokka suduura eshaanya muulaloe unna rendu pedda gundrani gopuraalu, "burj all-ramla" ("isuka gopuram") mariyu "burj all-hadeed" ("inupa gopuram") saladin kaalam nundi unna gopuraalu, veetini all-kaamil 1207loe balopetam chesaaru.
marinta mukhyamgaa, all-kaamil koota yokka dakshina bhaagamlo rajabhavanalanu nirminchaadu ledhaa puurti chesaadu, mariyu 1206loe vaastavaaniki akkadiki vellina modati palakudu ayyadu. raajabhavanaalato paatu, maseedu, raaja grandhaalayamtho sahaa aneka itara nirmaanaalu nirminchabaddaayi, mariyu "nyaya mandiram". 1213loe all-kaamil rumayla square (eee roeju citadel mariyu sultan husson maseedu madhya unna chaturasram) gaa maarina daanipai gurrapu marketnu kooda sthaapinchaadu, alaage citadelku paschimaana mariyu dakshinaana "maydon", podavaina bahiranga square ledhaa "hippodrome", idhi gurrapu swarry sikshana mariyu sainika kavaatulaku upayoginchabadindi. ahmed ibn tulun 9va sataabdamloo idhe vidhamaina hippodromenu sthaapinchina pradaesamloe idhi undhi. eee pani raboye satabdaalugaa koota praantam yokka mottam pranaalikanu sthaapinchindihi koota yokka uttara bhaagam sainika kaaryakalaapaalaku ankitam cheyabadindi, dakshina bhaagam sultan yokka private nivaasam mariyu rashtra paripalanaku ankitam cheyabadindi, mariyu velupala, koota yokka nairuti adugubhaagamlo, ooregimpu maidaanam satabdaalugaa migilipoyindi. nairuti disalo saladine nagara godala paibhagamlo nadichi nail nundi citadelku neetini teesukuvacche modati neeti kaaluvanu nirminchadaaniki ledhaa puurti cheyadaaniki kooda all-kaamil baadhyata vahinchi undavacchu.
sultan all-salih (r. 1240-1249) taruvaata mallii koota nundi dhooramgaa velli, roda dveepamlo kotta balavardhakamaina aavarananu nirminchukunnadu (idhi athani taruvaata adhikaranni chepatte "bahri" mamlukla sainika sthaavaraalugaa kooda maarindi). 1250 nundi 1517 varaku paalinchina mamlukla aadhvaryamlo matrame, eee koota chivaraku sultanla shaashwata nivasamga maarindi.
mamluk kaalam 13va-16va sataabdaalu.
prarambha bahri mamluk kaalam.
prarambha bahri mamlukla aadhvaryamlo, eee koota nirantaram abhivruddhi cheyabadindi mariyu mukhyamgaa dakshina aavarana vistarinchabadindi mariyu mukhyamaina smaaraka nirmaanaala pradaesamgaa maarindi. all-jahir buybers, all-mansur kalavun, all-shroff khaleel mariyu all-nasser mohammed prati okkaroo prekshakula haall (simhasana haall), pradhana maseedu, rajabhavanalu ledhaa itara nirmaanaalanu nirminchaaru ledhaa punarnirminchaaru. munupati ayyubid bhavanala maadirigaa kakunda, mamluk bhavanalu dhooram nundi kanipinchela mariyu nagaram yokka aakaasarekhapai aadhipatyam chelayinchela roopondinchabaddaayi. konni minahaayimpulato, eee nirmaanaalalo chaalaa varaku manugada saaginchaledu.
nedu citadel yokka dakshina mariyu uttara aavaranalanu vaeru chese "baab all-kulla" anae dwaaram mariyu godanu nirminchadam dwara citadelnu rendu praantalugaa vibhajinchina modatidi bebaarlu (1260-1277). dheeniki athanu sameepamlo nirminchina oka keep tower paeru pettaru, taruvaata dheenini kalavun koolchivesaadu. eee dwaranni 1320loe all-nasser mohammed mallee punarnirminchaaru. kottagaa parimitam cheyabadina dakshina aavaranaku pravesaanni niyantrinchadaaniki eee dwaaram uddesinchabadindi, idhi taruvaata bebaarlu marinta vistrutamaina mariyu marinta pratyaekamaina raaja samudaayamgaa abhivruddhi chendaayi. dakshina aavaranalo oka bhaagam sultan mariyu athani kutumbam yokka private mariyu desheeya praantamaina antahpuraaniki ketayinchabadindi, maroka bhaagam marinta smaaraka nirmaanaala pradaesamgaa maarindi, dheeni vidhulu marinta bahirangamgaa, utsavamgaa ledhaa paripalanaparamga undevi. ayana ikkada nirminchina nirmaanaalalo "dhaar all-dhahab" ("bangaaru haall") anie piluvabadedi okati, dheenini ayana thana private reception halga upayoginchinatlu telustondi mariyu idhi prastuta pooliisu museum praantamloo undi undavacchu. eee praantamloo ayana nirminchina maroe mukhyamaina nirmaanaanni "kubba all-zahiria" ("all-jahir gopuram") anie pilustaaru, idhi prekshakula sabhaamandalam ledhaa simhaasana mandiramgaa panichese kendra gopuramtho kuudina smaaraka mariyu susampannamaina alankarinchabadina sabhamandapam. idhi kotta nirmaanam ledhaa ippatike unna ayyubid nirmaanaaniki adanamgaa undavacchu, mariyu idhi bahusha all-nasser mohammed yokka "goppa evon" kuu puurvagaami kaavacchu. bebaarlu simhaala gopuram ("burj all siba") nuu kooda nirminchaaru, idhi oka gundrani gopuram, indulo daani eguva bhagala venta simhaala (bebarla chihnam) raathi chekkina fraze undhi. taruvaata nirmaanamloo eee gopuram aspashtamgaa undhi, conny simham chekkadaalatho sahaa daani avasheshaalu 20va sataabdam chivaralo tirigi kanugonabaddayi mariyu ippudu pooliisu museum yokka vaayuvya bhaagamlo kanipistaayi.
sultan all-mansur kalavun (1279-1290) sultan yokka vais-regent yokka rajabhavanamga panichesina "dhaar all-niyaba" anie piluvabade nirmaanaanni nirminchaadu ledhaa gananeeyamgaa punaruddharinchaadu. athanu bibers yokka "kubba all-zahiria" nuu kooda koolchivesi, daani sthaanamlo thana sonta gopuram gala nirmaanam "kubba all-mansuria" nuu erpaatu chesaadu. deerghakaalamlo marinta gananeeyamgaa, kotaloni vividha gopuraalalo nivasinche mamlukla (baanisa muulaaniki chendina sainikulu) unnata regimentlanu srushtinchina modati vyakti kalavun, idhi vaariki "burji" mamlooks (tower yokka mamlooks) anae paerunu sampaadinchindi. burji mamluk kaalamlo chivariki sultanet meeda aadhipatyam chelaayinchinadi eee mamlukla samoohame.
sultan all-ashraf khaleel 1291-1292 loe "kaa" (reception haall) nuu nirminchaadu, dheenini "kaa" all-ashrafiya "anie pilustaaru."daani avasheshaalu 20va sataabdam chivaralo tavvabaddaayi mariyu prastuta pooliisu museum nundi terrusku addamgaa" "baab all-alam" "(genda dwaaram) anie piluvabade prastuta getku paschimaana netikee kanipistaayi". haall godalu diguva godala venta bahula rangula palarayi palakalatho alankarinchabadi unnayani avasheshaalu suuchistunnaayi (oka dado), dheeni paina mutyapu talli mariyu itara palarayi silpaalatoe palarayi mosaicla chinna fraze undhi, mariyu annintikante minchi idhi chetlu mariyu rajabhavanala drushyaalatho kuudina gaaju mosaicla palakalu, ivi umayyad maseedu yokka mojaayiklanu mariyu damascus looni bebarla samadhini gurtuchestayi. (tavvakaala samayamlo adhyayanam mariyu punaruddharana kosam mojaayiklanu tolaginchaaru.) eee haallo palarayi yokka kendra ashtabhujakara founten kooda undhi mariyu naela rekhaganita namoonaalalo amarchina palarayi mojaayiklato chadunu cheyabadindi. all-nasser mohammed naasanam cheyani, badulugaa vividha prayojanaala kosam tirigi upayoginchina eee praantamlooni konni nirmaanaalalo idhi okati, mariyu burji mamluk kaalamlo idhi "dhaar all-niyaba" nuu vais-regent rajabhavanamga bharti chesinatlu telustondi. all-ashraf marosari thana tandri kalavun yokka "kubba" ledhaa gopuram gala simhaasana mandiraanni koolchivesi, daani sthaanamlo thana sonta nirmaanamaina "evon all-ashrafiya" ("evon" anae padam appati nundi eee pratyeka rakamaina bhavanam kosam upayoginchinatlu telustondi) thoo bharti chesaadu. eee kotta simhaasana mandiram oka mukhyamaina vishayamlo munupati avataaraala nundi bhinnamgaa undih idhi all-ashraf yokka ameer (commanderlu) chitraalato chithrinchabadindi, prati okkati athani talapai vaari rank chekkabadi undhi.
sultan all-nasser mohammed paalana.
mamluk kaalamlo kotanu nirminchina goppa vyakti, kalwan kumarudu all-nasser mohammed, athanu 1293 mariyu 1341 madhya daadaapu yaabhai samvatsaraala kaalamlo moodusaarlu sultanga unnadu. bahusha athani palanalone athanu nirminchina kotta rajabhavanalu mariyu nirmaanaalaku anugunamgaa dakshina aavarana sarihaddulu vaati prastuta roopurekhaku vistarinchaayi. athanu kotaloni aneka pradhana panulaku baadhyata vahinchaadu, ayithe duradrushtavasaattu vaatilo chaalaa varaku ottoman kaalamlo naasanamayyaayi mariyu chivaraku 19va sataabdamloo mohammed allie chetha koolchiveyabaddaayi. dakshina aavaranalooni thana adhikaarika rajabhavanalu mariyu pakshika-praja smaaraka chihnalatho paatu, all-nasser aavarana yokka aagneya muulanu (eee roeju all-gawara rajabhavanam unna pradaesam) rajabhavanalu, private praamganam mariyu athani antahpuraaniki (bharyalu mariyu umpudugattelu) ankitam chesina thota kosam ketaayinchaaru, bahusha bayabarlu chesinatlugaa, dheenini "all-khusur all-javania" anie pilustaaru. athanu koota velupala kotta rajabhavanalanu kooda niyaminchaadu, conny ataniki ishtamaina ameerla kosam sameepamlo unnadu, mariyu athani prajectulu all-darb all-ahmer vanti koota sameepamloni praantaala abhivruddhini prothsahinchaayi.
1312loe all-nasser nail nundi citadelku neetini teesukuvacche neeti kaaluvanu punaruddharinchaalani kooda aadesinchaadu. athani puurveekudu, all-ashraf, nail odduna ashtabhujakara neeti teesukoovadaaniki towernu nirminchadaaniki baadhyata vahistaadu, dheeni nundi neetini paiki lepi kaaluva venta badilee chestaaru, conny all-nasser eee prajectunu puurti chesaadu. moulika sadupayala eee merugudala, citadel lopala marinta pratishtaatmaka prajectulanu praarambhinchadaaniki aayanaku veelu kalpinchindi.
ablock pales ("khasr all-ablock").
atyanta mukhyamaina nirmaanaalalo ablock pales ("khasr all-ablock"; konnisaarlu "chaarala rajabhavanam" gaa anuvadinchabadindi), idhi 1313-1314 loe nirminchabadindi. daani paeru daani velupali bhaganni gurtinchina erupu mariyu nalupu "ablock" raathi nundi udbhavinchindi. idhi 1264loe sultan bebarlu damascuslo nirminchina adhe paerutoe unna rajabhavanam nundi paakshikamgaa prerana pondhi undavacchu, mariyu all-nasser aaa nagaranni sandarsinchinappudu nivasinchaaru. eee rajabhavananni kramam tappakunda swaagatam palukutaku mariyu vyaktigata vedukalaku upayoginchevaaru. idhi oka private maargam ledhaa carridar dwara goppa evon (krinda chudandi) thoo anusandhaaninchabadi undhi, idhi evon venuka godalo sultan pravaesaaniki daariteesindi. rajabhavanam yokka godalu kooda koota yokka aavarana yokka kotta bayati sarihaddulo oka bhaagamgaa erpaddaayi idhi diguva nagaraniki edurugaa unna escorpment meeda undhi, mariyu escorpment, rajabhavanam yokka punaadi godalatho paatu, daani paschima muulaloe unna koota yokka samarthavanthamaina bayati godagaa panichesindi. eee kaaranamgaa, all-nasser rajabhavanam vaipuna oka lagzianu nirminchagaligaadu, daani nundi athanu aswasaalalo mariyu krinda unna citadel diguvana unna "maydon" (hippodrome) loe karyakalapalanu swechchagaa gamaninchagaladu, alaage oka private talupu mariyu metlu ataniki rajabhavanam mariyu hippodrome madhya neerugaa pravesam kalpinchaayi.
rajabhavanam lopali leavutlo rendu asamaanamaina "evon" (oka vaipu terichina khajanalu) thoo kuudina pedda "kaa" (reception haall) praamganam mariyu madhyalo oka kendra gopuram unnaayi. vaayuvya vaipuna unna pedda evon, nagaram yokka drushyaalatho bayati lagziaku pravesam kalpinchagaa, aagneya praantam goppa evon kuu private maargaaniki pravesam kalpinchindi. idhi rajabhavana samudaayamlo simhaasana gadigaa kooda panichesindi. ikkada nundi oke leavuttoo moodu "lopali rajabhavanalanu" cherukovacchu, conny vividha sthaayilalo undhi, chivari rendu metla dwara cherukovacchu. eee rajabhavana vibhagalu varusalo varusalo nilabadi, annee oke disalo edurugaa undevi, tadwara prati "kaa 'aaa" daani vaayuvya evon nundi nagaram yokka oke vidhamaina drushyaanni kaligi undhi. eee lopali rajabhavanala nundi sultan koota yokka aagneya bhaagamlo thana antahpuram (athani bharyalu mariyu umpudugattelu nivasinche pradaesam) bhavanalanu kooda cherukovacchu. chaaritraka vruttaamtaala prakaram, rajabhavana samudaayam palarayi antastulu, palarayi mariyu bangaaru palakalu (dados), cyprus nundi rangu gaaju kitikeelu, arabic saasanaalu, puula namuunaalanu kaligi unna mother-off-perl thoo rangurangula mojaayiklu mariyu lapis lajuli neelam rangulo paint chesina bangaaru paikappulatho samruddhiga alankarinchabadindi.
okappudu rajabhavanam unna pradaesam nissandehamgaa gurtinchabadaledu. mahammad allie maseeduku vaayuvya disalo godala diguvana unna bhaarii raathi stambhaala samiti okappudu rajabhavanam eguva sthaayilaku maddatu icchi undavacchani creswell suuchimchaaru. iteevala, maseedu yokka nairuti muulaku diguvana paakshikamgaa naasanamaina terrus (cherukolenidi conny nedu sandarsakulaku paakshikamgaa kanipinchedi), idhi vistaaramaina khajaanaalato kuudina mandiraalaku aasrayam istundani nasser rabbat vaadinchaaru. eee mandiraalu bahusha rajabhavanam yokka diguva sthaayilu ayi undavacchu, ivi paina unna pradhana raajabhavanaaniki maddatu ichhe uparitala nirmaanamgaa panicheestaayi. idhi sarainadi ayithe, eee roeju mohammed allie maseedulo kontha bhaagam rajabhavanam yokka munupati pradaesamtoe ativyaapti chendhe avakaasam undhi.
goppa evon ("all-evon all-kabir").
all-nasser 1311loe thana sodarudu all-ashraf yokka "evon all-ashrafiya" (simhaasana mandiram) nuu marosari koolchivesi, daani sthaanamlo goppa evon ("all-evon all-kabir") anie piluvabade thana sonta nirmaanaanni erpaatu chesaadu. idhi marinta pramukhamgaa mariyu smaaraka chihnamgaa kanipinchela cheyalane korikatho, alaage pedda vedukalaku anugunamgaa undaalane korikatho undavacchu. edemaina, athanu daanini (puurtigaa ledhaa paakshikamgaa) koolchivesi, 1333loe mallii punarnirminchaadu, mariyu idhi 19va sataabdam varaku (mohammed allie nirmaanaala samayamlo naasanam cheyabadinappudu) manugada saaginchina goppa evon yokka avataaram. daadaapu yea mamluk maseedula kante ekkuva smaaraka chihnamgaa, dheenini kairolo atyanta aakattukune nirmaanamgaa charitrakaarulu tarachugaa paerkonnaaru. idhi sultan yokka bahiranga mariyu utsava simhaasana gadigaa panichesindi mariyu athani taruvaata mamluk sultanlu dheenini (takkuva sthiramgaa unnappatikee) upayoginchadam konasaaginchaaru.
all-nasser mohammed maseedu.
chivaraga, all-nasser yokka itara atyanta mukhyamaina sahakaram, mariyu athani paalanalo ippatikee citadello samrakshinchabadina ekaika pradhana nirmaanam, dakshina aavaranalo unna all-nasser maseedu. idhi 1318loe munupati ayyubid pradhana maseedu unna pradaesamloe nirminchabadindi, dheenini athanu citadel yokka kotta goppa maseedugaa upayoginchadaaniki koolchivesaadu. all-nasser 1335loe thana maseedunu mallee punaruddharinchaadu. daani bhaarii stambhaalalo konni goppa evon stambhaala maadirigaane faroe yugapu bhavanala nundi kooda tirigi upayoginchabaddaayi. daani nirmaanam baga samrakshinchabadinappatiki, daani goppa palarayi palakala alankaranalo chaalaa varaku tolaginchi, ottoman sultan modati selim eejiptunu jayinchina taruvaata istanbulku ravana chesaaru.
taruvaata mamluk kaalam.
all-nasser mohammed maadirigaane aasayam chaalaa arudugaa unnappatikee, taruvaati sultanlu koota lopala rajabhavanalu mariyu paripalana bhavanalanu nirminchadam ledhaa jodinchadam konasaaginchaaru. sultan all-saleeh ismail (1342 nundi 1345 varaku paalinchina all-nasser kumarudu) "all-duhaisha" ("chinna adbhutam") anie piluvabade susampannamaina rajabhavanam ledhaa sabhanu nirminchaadu, idhi fibravari 1344loe praarambhinchabadindi. adevidhamgaa, sultan husson (all-nasser yokka maroka kumarudu) "kaa all-beyesariya" anie piluvabade vilaasavantamaina gopuram rajabhavananni nirminchaadu, idhi 1360loe puurtayimdi. idhi 50 meterla kante ekkuva etthu mariyu gopuramtho kappabadina pradhana halto paatu, sultan kosam oka apartmentto kuudina tower kooda undhi, idhi dantaalu mariyu ebonytho alankarinchabadindi. itara private apartmentlalo kooda gopuraalu undevi, ayithe paintings mariyu portraitlu godalanu alankarinchaayi. ismail mariyu husson iddaroo all-nasser mohammed kumaarulu. sultan husson 1350laloe mariyu 1360la praarambhamlo (mariyu netikee nilabadi) citadelku vaayuvya disalo rumayla squareku sameepamlo thana bhaarii madrasa-maseedunu kooda nirminchaadu. idhi entha peddadi mariyu podavainadi, taruvaati samvatsaraallo dheenini tirugubaatudaarulu okati kante ekkuva sandarbhaallo kotapai bambu daadi cheyadaaniki oka vaedikagaa upayoginchinatlu nivedinchabadindi.
munupati mamluk kaalamtho poliste burji mamluk kaalamlo eee kotalo chaalaa takkuva nirmaanaalu jarigaayi. dakshina aavarana yokka aagneya muulaloe unna "hosh" anie piluvabade private antahpuram praamganam, konchem ekkuva praja kaaryakramaalato kotta reception halls mariyu itara nirmaanaalanu nirminchadaaniki ekkuvagaa upayoginchabadindi. divangata burji sultanlu khaitbe mariyu all-ghuri, kotaloni eee bhaagamlo, ippudu 19va sataabdapu all-gawara rajabhavanam unna pradaesamloe rajabhavanalanu nirminchaaru. all-ghuri citadel mariyu chuttupakkala aneka itara nirmaanaalanu kooda punaruddharinchaadu, veetilo citadel yokka nail kaaluva yokka pradhana punaruddharana/punarnirmaanam kooda unnaayi. athanu koota yokka nairuti adugubhaagamlo unna mamluk hippodromenu kooda punaruddharinchaadu ledhaa punarnirminchaadu, akkada athanu punaruddharinchabadina kaaluva nundi neetini pondhe vistaaramaina kolanunu erpaatu chesaadu.
ottoman kaalam 16va-18va sataabdaalu.
eejiptunu 1517loe ottoman saamrajyam swaadheenam chesukuni satabdaalugaa ottoman paalanalo undipoyindi. sultan modati selim smaaraka mamluk bhavanala viluvaina vastuvulanu, mukhyamgaa vaati palarayi palakalu mariyu alankaranalanu teesivesi, vaatini thana sonta nirmaana prajectulalo upayoginchadaaniki istanbulku ravana chesaadu.
eee kaalamlo koota nirlakshyam cheyabadindi mariyu aneka mamluk nirmaanaalu naasanamayyaayi, ayinappatikee konni koota godalu 16va-17va sataabdaalaloo punarnirminchabaddaayi ledhaa vistarinchabaddaayi. ottoman dalaalalo vividha sainika dalaala madhya satrutvaala kaaranamgaa, ottoman rakshana dalamlooni moodu ververu bhaagaalanu unchadaaniki kotanu moodu praantalugaa vibhajinchaaruh uttara aavaranalo jaanissareela sainika sibiraalu undevi, dakshina aavarananu ottoman pasha (governor) mariyu athani swantha dalaalu upayoginchevi, mariyu maroka diguva paschima aavaranalo aswikadalaalu undevi, indulo 'azaban (ledhaa azap) dalaalu undevi. prati vibhaagaaniki daani swantha maseedu mariyu soukaryaalu unnaayi. vaati madhya vaastavamgaa manushula bhoomi laeni bhoomi undedi, ikkada konni puurvapu goppa mamluk bhavanalu vidichipettabaddayi ledhaa takkuva upayoginchabaddaayi. indulo all-nasser mohammed yokka goppa evon kooda undhi, dheeni pedda gopuram 1521loe koolipoyindi mariyu ennadoo punarnirminchabadaledu. ablock pyaalesnu makkaalooni caba kappukune susampannamaina vastram "kiswa" neyadaaniki tayari kendramgaa marinta utpaadakamgaa upayoginchaaru, idhi 20va sataabdam varaku kairo nundi konasaagindi.
eee kaalamlo konni mukhyamaina nirmaanaalu ippatikee srushtinchabaddaayi. dakshina mariyu uttara aavaranala muulaloe nilabadi unna sandarsakula pravesha dwaaraaniki sameepamlo unna bhaarii gundrani gopuraanni 1525loe ibraheem pasha (suleiman dhi grand visier) nirminchaaru, dheenini "burj all-mukattam" ("mukattam kondala gopuram") anie pilustaaru. ippudu "burj all-vastaani" ("madhya gopuram") anie piluvabade rendu aavaranala yokka maroka muulaloe (baab all-kulla mariyu baab all-vastaani madhya) unna gundrani gopuram kooda eee samayam nundi undavacchu. mamluk kaalam taruvaata kotalo nirminchina modati maseedu uttara aavaranalo unna suleiman pasha maseedu, dheenini 1528loe ottoman governor jaanissareela upayogam kosam nirminchaaru. shaastreeya ottoman nirmaana sailiki daggaragaa unna konni maseedulalo idhi okati. mohammed allie maseedu krinda nedu chudagalige diguva, paschima aavarana chaaritraatmakamgaa citadel yokka aswasaalalanu kaligi unna praantam. daani chuttoo godalu modata eppudu nirminchabaddaayi anedi spashtamgaa teliyadu, ayinappatikee avi bahusha appatike mamluk kaalamlo chuttabadi undavacchu. eee aavarananu 'azaban sainikulu aakramincharu, mariyu 1697loe ahmed katkhuda nirminchina all-ajab maseedu undhi. (ahmed katkhuda kevalam ippatike unna prarambha burji mamluk maseedunu punaruddharinchi, daaniki prastuta ottoman taraha minaarnu jodinchi undavacchu.) migilina praantamloo prastutam giddangulu mariyu paatha karmagaralato sahaa 19va sataabdapu vividha bhavanalu unnaayi. diguva aavarananu 1754loe radwan katkhuda all-zulfi nirminchina "baab all-ajab" anae smaaraka dwaaram dwara paschimam nundi cherukovacchu, bahusha "baab all-istabul" (aswasaala dwaaram) anie piluvabade munupati mamluk dwaaram unna pradaesamloe. eee dwaaram kairo uttaraana baab all-futuh yokka paatha fathemid dwaaram meeda roopondinchabadindi, conny daani lopali mukhabhagam taruvaata khediwal kaalamlo neo-gothik shaililo punarnirminchabadindi. prastuta sandarsakula pravesha dwaaram "baab all-jabal" ("parvatam yokka dwaaram") anae chinna dwaaram gundaa velutundi, dheenini 1785loe ottoman governor yacon pasha kotta rajabhavananni nirminchadaaniki eee praantaanni punarvyavastheekarinchinappu nirminchaaru. yacon ikkadaku dakshinaana prakkane unna goda yokka chinna bhaganni kooda punarnirminchaadu.
mohammed alih 19va sataabdam.
mohammed allie albanian muulaaniki chendina pasha, 1805loe eejiptunu french aakraminchina taruvaata (1798-1801) kramaanni punaruddharinchadaaniki ottoman sultan chetha niyaminchabaddaadu. ayithe, aaa taruvaata athanu deshaaniki "vaastava" swatantra palakudiga sthirapaddaadu. athanu 1811loe oka prasiddha mariyu himsaatmaka tirugubaatu dwara adhikaranni ekikrutam chesaadu, idhi ippatikee desamloni unnatavargaalanu yerparichina migilina mamluk varganni nirmoolinchindi. eee tirugubaatulo atyanta keelakamaina sanghatanalalo okati kotalo jarigindi. mahammad allie citadello vedukala vinduku mamluk nayakulanu ahvaninchadu, mariyu vaaru eguva citadel nundi baab all-ajaabku velle rahadari gundaa velutundagaa, athani albanian mushkarula regimentlu paie nundi kaalpulu jaripi vaarandarinii oochakotha konnayi.
eee kotanu konnisaarlu "mohammed allie koota" ("" ") anie pilustaaru. idhi 1828 mariyu 1848 madhya nirminchina mohammed allie maseedunu kaligi undhi, idhi koota sikharampai undhi. 1816loe maraninchina mohammed allie rendava kumarudu tusun pasha ghnaapakaartham eee ottoman taraha maseedu nirminchabadindi. ayithe, idhi athanu bharti cheyadaaniki prayatninchina mamluk vaarasatva chihnalanu cheripiveyadaaniki mohammed allie chesina prayatnaalanu kooda suuchistumdi. goppa evon, all-nasser mohammed yokka ablock palesto sahaa aneka maajee mamluk nirmaanaalu 1825loe athani kotta maseedu mariyu daani punaruddharinchina parisaraalaku maargam sugamam cheyadaaniki koolchiveyabaddaayi. mohammed allie swayamgaa chivariki maseedulo khananam cheyabaddaadu. athani maseedu sameepamloni all-nasser mohammed maseedu sthaanamlo citadel yokka adhikaarika pradhana maseedugaa kooda maarindi. pedda gopuram mariyu podavaina pensil lanty ottoman minaarlatoe kuudina mohammed allie maseedu, eee roeju varaku kairo skylinelo atyanta pramukha smaaraka chihnalalo okati.
mohammed allie citadel yokka uttara mariyu dakshina aavaranala upayogaalaku sambandhinchi chesina maroe spashtamaina maarpu mamluk kaalamlo dakshina aavarana raaja nivaasa praantam mariyu uttara aavarana ekkuvagaa sainika praantam, conny mohammed allie uttara aavaranalo thana antahpuraanni (idhi ippudu jaateeya sainika museum) nirminchaadu, idhi kotaloni rendu vibhagala madhya paatha kriyaatmaka vibajananu cheripivesindi. athanu konni godalanu kooda nirminchaadu ledhaa punarnirminchaadu. mukhyamgaa, athanu baab all-kulla dwaranni mariyu chuttupakkala godanu punarnirminchaadu, idhi uttara mariyu dakshina aavaranalanu okadaanikokati vaeru chesi, daani prastuta roopaanni ichindi. eee roeju gate yokka roopam marosari baab all-futuh roopaanni anukaristundi, conny konni turkish amsaalanu parichayam chestundi. 1825loe athanu uttaraana nundi kotta carriage road citadel loki pravesinchina chota baab all-zadeed ("kotta gate") anie piluvabade getunu kooda nirminchaadu. adhe samayamlo athanu "baab all-vastaani" (ledhaa "baab all-vastaani") ("madhya dwaaram") nuu nirminchaadu, ikkada adhe rahadari dakshina aavaranaloki (baab all-kulla kii uttaraana) konasaagutundi.
1874loe kero diguva pattanamlooni kottagaa srushtinchabadina jillaallo unna kotta 'abdin palescu' khediv ismail (mohammed allie kumarudu mariyu varasudu) aasthaanaanni marchina taruvaata eee koota chivariki eejipt palakudi nivasamga panicheyadam maanesindi.
20va sataabdam mariyu prastuta roeju.
20va sataabdam chivari varaku chaalaa samvatsaraalu, eee koota prajalaku moosiveyabadindi mariyu sainika dalam mariyu sthaavaramgaa upayoginchabadindi; modata british aakramana samayamlo british sainyam mariyu taruvaata 1946 varaku, mariyu appati nundi eejiptu sainyam. 1983loe eejiptu prabhutvam kotalo ekkuva bhaganni prajalaku terichi, daani paatha bhavanaalalo konnintini sangrahalayaluga maarchadaaniki punaruddharana kaaryakramaalanu praarambhinchindi, ayithe sainyam unikini konasaaginchindi. idhi ippudu eejiptu mariyu vidaeseeyulaku oka pradhana paryataka pradaesamgaa undhi.
neeti sarafara vyavastha.
yousuf baavi (salah adh-dhin baavi).
kotaku neetini sarafara cheyadaaniki, saladin joseph (ledhaa "bir yousuf) baavi" anie pilavabade oka bavini nirminchaadu, endukante saladin puttina paeru, usif, josephku samaanamaina arabic paeru. koota nirmaanaanni paryaveekshinchina athani pradhana napumsakudu mariyu nammakastudu karakush kooda baavi tavvadaaniki baadhyata vahinchaadu. eee baavi madhyayuga injaneering yokka kalakhandamga pariganinchabadutundi mariyu netikee unikilo undhi. daani shaft rendu vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi, veetilo daadaapu annee raathi nundi kattirinchabaddaayi. eguva bhaagam vedalpaina shaft kaligi undhi, idhi podavaina sarpila metlatho chuttabadi untundi, pradhana shaft nundi oka sannani raathi godatho matrame vaeru cheyabadutundi. eee kaaranamgaa, eee bavini sarpila baavi ("bir all-halajon") anie kooda pilustaaru. metlapai neelatoe kappabadi, eddulu daani diguvaku digadaaniki oka rampga maarchavacchu. baavi diguva bhaagamlo nail nundi pravahinche bhoogarbha neeti sthaayiki digutunna maroka shaft undhi. eguva bhaagam diguvana, rendu eddulu neeti chakranni tippi, baavi diguva nundi neetini paiki teesukuvacchaayi, ayithe baavi paibhagamlo unna maroka neeti chakram, eddulatoe kooda saktini kaligi undhi, migilina maargamlo neetini paiki teesukuvacchindi.
mamluk kaaluva.
all-nasir mohammed paalanalo, citadel yokka perugutunna janaabhaaku mariyu all-nasir yokka oohinchina nirmaana prajectulaku taginanta neetini utpatti cheyadaaniki saladin baavi saripoledu. neeti parimaanaanni penchadaaniki, all-nasser ayyubid kaaluva vyavasthanu (bahusha modata all-kaamil chetha puurtayimdi) punaruddharinchi, kotta kaaluva vyavasthatho vistarinchindi. eee vyavasthalo nailpai aneka neeti chakralu undevi, ivi shatkona gopuram (athani puurveekulu all-ashraf khaleel nirminchina) paibhaagaaniki neetini penchutaayi, dheeni nundi neetini ettaina kaaluvala varusa venta citadel adugubhaagaaniki ravana chestaaru. citadel adugu nundi, neetini maroka neeti chakraala vyavastha dwara rajabhavanala varaku teesukuvellaaru. ayithe, muttadi jariginappudu eee neeti sarafaraaku haamii ivvalekapoyinanduna, saladine baavi ippatikee oka mukhyamaina neeti vanarugaa undedi.
yakub shaa all-mihmander yokka kunda.
thoorpuna unna koota velupala unna eee chinna gopuram bhavananni sultan khayt bay aadhvaryamlo mamluk shrenulalo cherina ergincon (turkey) kuu chendina yakub shaa all-mihmander anae ameer nirminchaadu. daani gopuram kaaranamgaa, bhavanam samadhi laaga kanipistundi, conny idhi vaastavaaniki oka kundaku pravesaanni kappi unche nirmaanam. 1486loe adana vadda jarigina yuddhamlo ottoman dalaalapai sultan khayt bay sainyam saadhinchina vijayanni gurtuchese oka saasanam indulo undhi. nedu idhi citadel nundi tegipoyindi mariyu rendu rahadaarula (salaa salem road mariyu kobri all-ebagia) madhya chikkukupoyindi, ivi daani thoorpu vaipuna unna citadel pakkana velataayi.
maseedulu.
nedu eee kotalo naalugu pradhana maseedulu unnaayi, vaatilo konni sandarsakulaku terichi unnaih
mohammed allie maseedu.
eee maseedu 1830 mariyu 1848 madhya nirminchabadindi, ayithe 1857loe pasha paalana varaku puurtikaaleedu. idhi dakshina aavaranalo undhi mariyu nedu prajalaku terichi undhi. vaastusilpi istanbulku chendina yousuf bushnak mariyu daani namuunaa aaa nagaramloni sultan ahmed maseedu. mohammed allie pasha maseedu praamganamloo karara paalaraayitho chekkina samaadhilo khananam cheyabaddaadu. ayana mrutadehaanni 1857loe hosh all-basha nundi ikkadiki badilee chesaaru.
all-nasser mohammed maseedu.
1318loe, bahri mamluk kaalam praarambhamlo, kairo sultanlu tama sukravaaram praarthanalu chesina koota yokka raaja maseedugaa nirminchabadindi, eee roeju eee hypostyle maseedu 1300laloe elaa kanipinchindo ippatikee pooli undhi, ayinappatikee aneka marammatulu cheyabaddaayi mariyu daani asalu alankaranalo konni matrame punaruddharinchabaddayi. plaastar chesina godalapai aadhaarapadina bhavanam yokka bhagalu balopetam cheyabaddaayi. paikappu yokka laetha neelam rangunu punaruddharinchadaaniki kooda prayatnaalu jarigaayi. idhi dakshina aavaranalo undhi mariyu prajalaku terichi untundi.
suleiman pasha maseedu.
1528loe nirminchina idhi koota yokka ottoman-shaili maseedulalo modatidi mariyu 16va sataabdapu "shaastreeya" ottoman sailini pooli unde kairoloni konni nirmaanaalalo idhi okati. idhi harim pales (military museum) kuu eshaanyamlo uttara aavaranalo undhi. idhi fatimida yugamlo (kotaku mundu) ameer ayina abu-mansur khasta nirminchina sidhi saria maseedu sidhilaala meeda nirminchabadindi. cree. sha. 1140 naati khasta samadhi netikee maseedulo undhi.
all-ajab maseedu.
antagaa teliyani eee maseedu pradhana paschima dwaaram baab all-ajab venuka undhi. ottoman kaalamlo citadelloni eee bhaagamlo unchabadina 'azaban (ledhaa ajaps) anie piluvabade ottoman sainika regimentla paeru meeda rendintikee eee paeru pettaru. eee maseedunu 1697loe mamluk ameer ahmed katkhuda nirminchaaru, ayithe idhi munupati mamluk maseedu ledhaa mataparamaina nirmaanaanni kaligi undani ledhaa punaruddharinchindani vaadinchabadindi. idhi bahirangamgaa andubaatulo laenappatikee, daani chuupina ottoman-shaili minar dwara gurtinchavacchu.
museumlu.
eee kotalo aneka sangrahalayalu kooda unnaih
all-gavhara pales museum.
bijo pales anie kooda piluvabade eee rajabhavanam, museumnu 1814loe mohammed allie pasha niyaminchaaru. eee rajabhavananni greeku, turklu, bulgarianlu, albanianlatho sahaa vividha deshaala nundi oppandam kudurchukunna chetivruttulavaaru roopondinchi nirminchaaru. pasha atithulanu sweekarinchina mohammed allie adhikaarika diwan ledhaa prekshakula haallo, fraansku chendina luis phillip I aayanaku pampina 1,000 kilola shandlear undhi. eee rajabhavanamlo italii raaju bahumatigaa icchina mohammed allie pasha simhasana kooda undhi.
ravana museum.
1983loe praarambhamaina eee nagaramlo, kdv ismail paalana nundi raaju farooq paalana varaku, vividha chaaritraka kaalaalaku aapaadinchabadina pratyaekamaina raaja carriagela sekarana, alaage carriagelaku sambandhinchina itara pratyaekamaina puraatana vastuvula sekarana unnaayi.
eejiptu sainika museum.
eejiptu sainyam yokka adhikaarika museum. eee museum 1937loe kairo diguva pattanamlooni eejiptu yuddha mantritva saakha yokka paatha bhavanamlo sthaapinchabadindi. taruvaata dheenini kairo garden city jillaalooni taatkaalika pradaesaaniki marcharu. 1949 navambarulo eee museumnu kairo citadelloni antahpuraaniki marcharu. appati nundi 1982 mariyu 1993loe dheenini anekasaarlu punaruddharinchaaru.
pooliisu museum.
eee museum (konnisaarlu jailu museum anie kooda pilustaaru) baab all-aalam anie piluvabade getku uttaraana undhi, diguva nagaram yokka vistruta drushyaalanu aadesinche terrospy undhi. idhi koota yokka puurvapu jailulo unchabadindi mariyu prasiddha raajakeeya hatyalu mariyu upayoginchina hatya ayudham yokka pradarsanalu vanti amsaalapai pradarsanalu unnaayi.