mudrana

printing anedi master roopam ledhaa templetnu upayoginchi text mariyu chitraalanu saamuhikamgaa punarutpatti chese prakriya. mudranaku sambandhinchina mottamodati kaagitam kaani utpattulalo cylinder seals mariyu sairas cylinder mariyu nabonidus cylinderlu vanti vastuvulu unnaayi. kaagitaaniki vartimpajesina mottamodati mudrana roopam kalapa mudrana, idhi chainaalo cree. sha. 220 kii mundu vastram mudrana kosam kanipinchindi. ayithe, idhi edava sataabdam varaku kaagitampai vartinchabadaledu. mudrana saanketikatalo taruvaata parinamalalo cree. sha. 1040 loe bii sheng kanugonna kadile rakam mariyu 15 va sataabdamloo johannes gutenberg kanugonna mudranaalayam unnaayi. mudrana saanketikata punarujjeevanam mariyu shaastreeya viplavam abhivruddhilo keelaka paatra pooshinchindi mariyu aadhunika ghnaana aadhaarita aardhika vyavasthaku mariyu prajalaku abhyasanni vyaapti cheyadaaniki bhouthika punaadi vesindi.
charitra.
chekka block printing.
wood block printing anedi thoorpu asea antataa vistrutamgaa upayoginchina vachanam, chitraalu ledhaa namuunaalanu mudrinchadaaniki oka saanketikata. idhi puraatana kaalamlo chainaalo vastraalapai, taruvaata kaagitampai mudrinche paddhatigaa udbhavinchindi. vastrampai mudrinche paddhatigaa, chaina nundi migili unna mottamodati udaaharanalu 220 a kii mundu nativi.dii.
thoorpu asealo.
manugadalo unna mottamodati chekka mukkalu chaina nundi mudrinchabaddaayi. avi hohn raajavamsam nundi (cree. sha. 220 kii mundu) moodu rangulalo puulatoe mudrinchabadina pattutho untaayi.dii.). kaagitampai chekka chekka mudranaku toli udaaharanalu chainaalo edava sataabdam madhyalo kanipistaayi.
tommidava sataabdam natiki, kaagitampai mudrana praarambhamaindi, mariyu daani teedeeni kaligi unna modati puurti mudrita pustakam 868 naati diamond suutram (british library). padava sataabdam natiki, konni suutraalu mariyu chitraala yokka 400,000 kaapeelu mudrinchabaddaayi, mariyu confucian classiclu mudranalo unnaayi. naipunhyam kaligina printer rojuku 2,000 double-paejee sheetlanu mudrinchagaladu.
mudrana praarambhamlo korea mariyu japaanlaku vyaapinchindi, ivi chainees logogramsnu kooda upayoginchaayi, ayithe eee saanketikata aneka itara lipulanu upayoginchi turpan mariyu viyatnaamlo kooda upayoginchabadindi. eee saanketikata taruvaata pertia mariyu russiaku vyaapinchindi. eee saanketikata 1400 natiki airopaku prasaram cheyabadindi mariyu paatha master printlu mariyu kaardulu aadataaniki kaagitampai upayoginchabadindi.
madhyapraachyamlo.
arabic bhaashalo "tarsh" anie piluvabade block printing, tommidava mariyu padava sataabdaalaloo arabic egyptulo ekkuvagaa praarthanalu mariyu taayettula kosam abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. eee mudrana blaakulu kalapa kaani padaarthaalatho, bahusha tinn, seesam ledhaa bankamatti nundi tayaaru cheyabaddaayani suuchimchadaaniki konni aadharalu unnaayi. upayoginchina saanketikatalu anischitamgaa unnaayi. block printing taruvaata taimurid punarujjeevana samayamlo upayogamlo ledhu. egyptulo mudrana saanketikatanu kaagitapu mukkalapai grandhaalanu punarutpatti cheyadam dwara sweekarinchaaru mariyu demandnu teerchadaaniki vaatini vividha kaapeelalo sarafara chesaaru.
airopalo.
block printing modata airopaku vastrampai mudrinche paddhatigaa vachindi, ikkada 1300 natiki idhi saadhaaranam. mataparamaina prayojanaala kosam vastrampai mudrinchina chitraalu chaalaa peddavigaa mariyu vistrutamgaa undavacchu. 1400 loe kaagitam saapekshamgaa sulabhamgaa andubaatuloki vachinappudu, eee saanketikata chaalaa twaragaa chekkatho chesina chinna mataparamaina chitraalu mariyu kaagitampai mudrinchina kaardulaku badilee cheyabadindi. eee mudranalu sumaru 1425 nundi chaalaa pedda sankhyalo utpatti cheyabaddaayi.
padihenava sataabdam madhyakaalamlo, saadhaaranamgaa oke blacklo chekkabadina vachanam mariyu chitraalu rendintitho chekkabadina chekka pustakaalu, "block-books", manuscripts mariyu kadile rakamtho mudrinchina pustakaalaku choukaina pratyamnaayamgaa udbhavinchaayi. ivanni chinna bhaarii sachitra rachanalu, aaa roeju atyadhikamgaa ammudainavi, aneka vibhina block-book versionlalo punaraavrutamayyaayi ars moriyendi mariyu biblia paperum atyanta saadhaaranamainavi. vaari parichayam mundu ledhaa, majority abhiprayam, kadile rakam parichayam taruvaata jariginda anae daanipai panditulalo ippatikee kontha vivaadam undhi, anchanaa teedeela paridhi sumaru 1440 mariyu 1460 madhya undhi.
kadile-rakam mudrana.
kadile rakam anedi letter panchlatho kottabadina maatrikala nundi casting dwara tayaaru cheyabadina kadile lohapu rakanni upayoginchi printing mariyu typography vyavastha. chethitho coppy cheyadam ledhaa block printing kante chaalaa saralamaina prakriyalaku kadile rakam anumatinchabadindi.
1040 loe, chainaalo pingaanii nundi bii sheng dwara mottamodati kadile rakam vyavastha srushtinchabadindi. bii sheng bankamatti rakanni upayoginchaadu, idhi sulabhamgaa virigipotundi, conny 1298 natiki wang zen chekkatho marinta mannikaina rakanni chekkaru. athanu raiting chainees aksharaalato tirige pattikalu mariyu sankhya-anubandham yokka sanklishta vyavasthanu kooda abhivruddhi chesaadu, idhi type setting mariyu mudrananu marinta samarthavantamgaa chesindi. ayinappatikee, akkada upayogamlo unna pradhana paddhati wood block printing (jailography), idhi "vaelaadi aksharaalato chainees mudrinchadaaniki choukainadi mariyu marinta samarthavantamainadigaa niroopinchabadindi".
raagi kadile rakam mudrana 12va sataabdam praarambhamlo chainaalo udbhavinchindi. idhi kaagitapu dabbunu pedda ettuna mudrinchadaaniki upayoginchabadindi.
uttara paatala raajavamsam vidudala chesindi. goreo raajavamsam samayamlo kadile rakam koreaku vyaapinchindi.
1230 loe koreanlu kamsyanni upayoginchi loha rakam kadile mudrananu kanugonnaru. kanugonnaru prachurinchabadina jikji, mottamodati loha mudrinchina pustakam. naanheelanu vese paddhati nundi sweekarinchabadina rakam-casting upayoginchabadindi. paatranu beach kalapatho kattirinchaaru, taruvaata acchunu roopondinchadaaniki mruduvaina bankamatti loki nokkaru, mariyu achuloki kaamsyam poesaaru, chivaraku aaa rakanni meruguparacharu. thoorpu loha chara rakam 14va sataabdam chivara mariyu 15va sataabdam praarambhamlo airopaku vyaapinchindi. loha chara rakam yokka corian roopaanni french panditudu henry-zeane martin "gutenberg thoo chaalaa pooli untundi" anie abhivarninchaaru. adhikaarika charitrakaarulu frances gees mariyu joseph gees "aavishkarana chara rakam yokka asea praadhaanyata ippudu gattiga sthaapinchabadindi, mariyu chainees-corian technic ledhaa daani gurinchi paschimam vaipu prayaaninchina nivedika daadaapu khachitamgaa undhi." 
printing press.
1450 loe, johannes gutenberg airopalo mottamodati kadile mudrana vyavasthanu pravesapettaadu. athanu oka maatrika mariyu chethi acchula aadhaaramgaa casting rakam, screw-pressku anugunamgaa, chamuru aadhaarita siraanu upayoginchadam mariyu mruduvaina mariyu marinta shoshaka kaagitam srushtilo aavishkaranalanu abhivruddhi chesaadu. seesam, tinn, antimony, raagi mariyu bismat misramam nundi thana rakam mukkalanu srushtinchina modati vyakti gutenberg-netikee upayoginche adhe bhagalu. johannes gutenberg 1436 loe thana printing presslo panini praarambhinchaadu, andreas dritzen-athanu gatamlo ratnaala kothalo bodhinchaadu-mariyu oka kaagitapu millu yajamani andreas healman bhaagaswaamyamto.
kalapa block mudranatho poliste, kadile rakam paejee amarika mariyu mudrana yantraanni upayoginchi mudrana vegavantamainadi mariyu marinta mannikainadi. alaage, lohapu rakam mukkalu drudhamgaa undevi mariyu aksharalu marinta ekareetigaa undevi, idhi typography mariyu faantlaku daariteesindi. gutenberg baibil (1455) yokka adhika naanhyata mariyu saapekshamgaa takkuva dhara paaschaatya bhashalaku kadile rakam yokka aadhipatyaanni sthaapinchindi. mudranaalayam vaegamgaa airopa antataa vyaapinchindi, idhi punarujjeevanaaniki daariteesindi, taruvaata prapanchavyaaptamgaa vyaapinchindi.
time life magazine rendava sahasraabdi yokka atyanta mukhyamaina aavishkaranagaa gootenberg yokka kadile mudranalo aavishkaranalanu perkondi.
rotary printing press.
rotary printing presnu presnu richard march hoow kanugonnaru. idhi oka cylinder chuttoo vakramgaa unna mudralanu upayoginchi kaagitam ledhaa itara uparitalaala podavaina nirantara rolls meeda mudristundi. rotary drum printing taruvaata vilium eddulache gananeeyamgaa meruguparachabadindi. aneka rakaala rotary printing press saanketikatalu netikee upayoginchabadutunnaayih sheetfed offset, rotograver mariyu flexographic printing.
mudrana saamarthyam.
vividha patrika namuunaalu "gantaku" mudrinchagala garishta sankhyalo paejeelanu pattika jabita chestundi.
sampradaaya mudrana saanketikata.
anni mudrana prakriyalu tudi avutputpai rendu rakaala praantaalaku sambandhinchinavih
utpatti kosam samacharam siddham cheyabadina tarvaata (prepress dasha), prati mudrana prakriyaloo chitraanni chitram kaani praantaala nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki khachitamaina margalu untaayi.
sampradaaya mudranalo naalugu rakaala prakriyalu unnaih
panta gurtulu.
chitram chuttoo khaalii praantam lekunda chitraanni mudrinchadaaniki, printing kaani praantaalanu printing tarvaata kattirinchaali. printing praantam ekkada mugustundo, printing kaani praantam ekkada praarambhamavutundo printarku choopinchadaaniki panta gurtulanu upayoginchavacchu. chithramloni kattirinchina bhaganni bleed antaaru.
letter press.
letter press printing anedi upasamana mudrana yokka saanketikata. oka karmikudu kadile rakanni oka mudranaalayam yokka manchamloki compose chesi, lock chesi, daaniki sira vestaadu mariyu kaagitampai mudranu srushtinche rakam nundi siraanu badilee cheyadaaniki daaniki vyatiraekamgaa kaagitaanni nokkataadu. 
ververu panulaku ververu kaagitam untundi, kaagitam yokka naanhyata upayoginchadaaniki ververu siraanu chooputundi.
letter press printing anedi 15va sataabdam madhyalo johannes gutenberg kanipettina daani nundi mudrana paatham yokka saadhaarana roopam mariyu 20va sataabdam rendava sagam varaku, offset printing abhivruddhi cheyabade varaku pustakaalu mariyu itara upayogaala kosam vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadindi. iteevala, letter press printing oka hastakalaakaara roopamlo punaruddharananu chusindi.
off-sett cheyandi.
offset printing anedi vistrutamgaa upayoginche aadhunika printing prakriya. printing plate meeda saanukuula (kudi-patanam) chitraanni sira chesi, plate nundi rabbaru duppati varaku (ledhaa "offset") badilee chesinappudu eee saanketikata uttamamgaa varninchabadindi. duppati chitram plate chitram yokka addam chitram avutundi. offset badilee chitraanni printing uparitalaaniki (saadhaaranamgaa kaagitam) taralistundi, tadwara chitram mallee kudi-chadavabadutundi. offset printing anedi chamuru mariyu neeti vikarshanhapai aadhaarapadina lithographic prakriyanu upayogistundi. offset prakriya oka flat (planographic) image carrier (plate) nuu upayogistundi, idhi oka press cylinderpy amarchabadi untundi. mudrinchavalasina chitram sira rollerla nundi siraanu pondutundi, ayithe mudrinchani praantam neeti (aamla) poranu aakarshistundi, idhi chitram kaani praantaalanu sira rahitamgaa unchutundi. chaalaa offset presslu moodu cylinderlu upayogistaayih plate, blankett, impression. prastutam, chaalaa pustakaalu mariyu vaartaapatrikalu offset lithographyni upayoginchi mudrinchabadutunnaayi.
graver.
graver printing anedi oka intaglio printing technic, ikkada mudrinchabadutunna chitram printing plate uparitalampai chinna depressionlatho roopondinchabadindi. kanaalu siraatho nindi untaayi, mariyu adanapu doctor bladetho uparitalam nundi tolaginchabadutundi. appudu rabbarutho kappabadina roller kaagitaanni plate uparitalampai nokkutundi mariyu kanaalalo siraatho taakutundi. printing cylinderlu saadhaaranamgaa raagi puuta ukkutho tayaaru cheyabadataayi, taruvaata idhi crome cheyabadutundi mariyu vajraala chekkadam dwara utpatti cheyabadavachhu; chekkadam ledhaa lazer ablation.
khachitamaina rangu punarutpattito adhika-naanhyata, adhika-resolution chitraalanu utpatti cheyagala saamardhyaaniki mariyu utpatti samayamlo snigdhata niyantrana parikaraalanu upayoginchagala saamardhyaaniki gurutvakarshana mudrana prasiddhi chendindi.
sira aaviri niyantrana anedi mudrinchina chitram yokka rangulo maarpunu prabhaavitam chestundi.
myagajainlu, mail-arder ketalaglu, packaging mariyu fabric mariyu valpeparpai printing vanti podavaina, adhika-naanhyata mudrana kosam graver printing upayoginchabadutundi. dheenini tapala billalu mariyu vantagadi panimantalu vanti alankaara plaastik laminetlanu mudrinchadaaniki kooda upayogistaaru.
flexography.
flexography anedi oka rakamaina upasamana mudrana. upasamana palakalu saadhaaranamgaa photopalimarlatho tayaaru cheyabadataayi.
eee prakriya anuvaina packaging, mudatalu padina boardu, labels, vaartaapatrikalu mariyu marinninti kosam upayoginchabadutundi. eee marketlo idhi americalo 80 saatam, airopalo 50 saatam, conny asealo kevalam 20 saatam matrame kaligi undatam dwara graver printingtho pootii padutondi.
itara mudrana paddhatulu.
itara mukhyamaina mudrana paddhatulu
german kadile mudranaalayam yokka prabhavam.
parimaanaatmaka amsaalu.
gutenberg yokka printing press aavishkarana taruvaata, naalugu sataabdaala kante takkuva vyavadhilo european pustaka utpatti konni millionla nundi sumaru oka billion kaapeelaku perigindani anchanaa.
mataparamaina prabhavam.
britainlo bahishkarinchabadi, saamaajika, saamskrutika samskaranala patla utsaahamgaa unna shamyul hartlib hartlib ilaa vraasaaru, "mudrana kala gnaanaanni enthagaa vyaapti chestundo, saamaanya prajalu tama hakkulu, swechchalanu telusukuni anachiveta dwara paalinchabadaru".
muslim prapanchamlo, mudrana, mukhyamgaa arabic lipilo, prarambha aadhunika kaalam antataa teevramgaa vyatirekinchabadindi, paakshikamgaa saampradaaya chetivraata kalaku adhika kalaatmaka keerti kaaranamgaa. ayithe, hebru ledhaa armenian lipilo mudrinchadam tarachugaa anumatinchabadindi. aaa vidhamgaa, ottoman saamrajyamlo mottamodati kadile mudrana mudrana hebrulo jarigindi, aaa taruvaata mataparamaina mariyu matetara grandhaalu rendintinee hebrulo mudrinchagaligaayi. padahaarava sataabdam madhyalo istanbul looni saamraajya rayabari prakaram, mataparamaina pustakaalanu mudrinchadam turklaku, mukhyamgaa turkish muslimlaku paapam. paapam sultan modati selim oka uttarvu jaarii chesaadu, dheeni prakaram mudrana paddhati maranasiksha vidhinchabadutundi. padahaarava sataabdam chivaralo, sultan murad III arabic aksharaalalo matha-rahita mudrinchina pustakaala ammakaniki anumatinchaadu, ayinappatikee ekkuva bhaagam italii nundi digumati cheyabaddaayi. ibraheem ibraheem ottoman saamrajyamlo arabic bhaashalo mudrinchadaaniki modati mudranaalayaanni sthaapinchaadu, sulekhanakaarulu mariyu ulamaa yokka konni praantaala nundi vyatiraekataku vyatiraekamgaa. idhi 1742 varaku panichesindi, mottam padihedu rachanalanu utpatti chesindi, ivanni mataparamaina, upayogakaramaina vishayaalaku sambandhinchinavi. 19va sataabdam varaku islaamik prapanchamlo mudrana saadhaaranam kaaledu.
konni germany rashtraalalo hebru bhasha printerlu gildlanu mudrinchakundaa nishedhinchabaddaayi; phalitamgaa, italeelo hebru mudrana abhivruddhi chendindi, chendindi romlo praarambhamai, taruvaata baari, pisa, livorno mariyu maantuvaato sahaa itara nagaralaku vyaapinchindi. sthaanika paalakulu hebru pustakaalanu prachurinchadaaniki licensulanu manjuru chese ledhaa upasamharinchukune adhikaram kaligi unnaaru, mariyu eee kaalamlo mudrinchina vaatilo chaalaa varaku vaari sheershika pageelalo 'cohn lysenza dii superiori' (vaari mudrana adhikarikamga licenses cheyabadindani suuchistumdi) anae padaalanu kaligi untaayi.
mudrananu pravesapettadam mataanni balopetam chestundani, chakravartula saktini penchutundani bhaavinchaaru.'ekkuva pustakaalu mataparamaina swabhaavaaniki chendinavi, charchi mariyu kireetam vishayalanu niyantristaayi. tappu' padaarthaanni mudrinchadam valla kalige parinaamaalu teevramgaa undevi. undevi protestant aadhipatyam kaligina inglandlo catholic anukuula karapatraanni mudrinchina vilium carter udaaharananu meyrovitz upayoginchaaru. athani charya phalitamgaa uri teesaaru.
saamaajika prabhavam.
mudrana paatakulaku vistruta shreni gnaanaanni andinchindi mariyu moukhika sampradayalalo talette maarpulu lekunda munupati vaati medho vijayalapai neerugaa nirminchadaaniki taruvaati taraalaku veelu kalpinchindi. kalpinchindi "charitra adhyayanampai" "thana upanyaasamlo, print," "punarujjeevana pani konasaagutundani, vraayabadinadi andarikee andubaatulo untundani, madhya yugalanu niraasaparichina ghnaanam mariyu aalochanala yokka atuvanti niguudata eppatikee punaraavrutam kaadani, yea aalochana kooda kolpodani haamii ichindi".
chadavadam yokka saamaajika swabhaavaanni maarchadamlo mudrana keelaka paatra pooshinchindi.
elizabeth instein mudrana aavishkarana yokka rendu deerghakaalika prabhavalanu gurtinchindi. mudrana ghnaanam kosam sthiramaina mariyu ekareeti suuchananu srushtinchindani mariyu ananukoola abhipraayaala polikalanu anumatinchindani aame perkondi.
aasaa briggs mariyu peater burk mudrana parichayaniki sambandhinchi abhivruddhi chendina aidu rakaala pathanaalanu gurtinchaaruh
mudrana aavishkarana european nagaraala vruttiparamaina nirmaanaanni kooda maarchindi. aksharaasyata avasaram unna kotta chetivruttulavaari samuuhamgaa printerlu udbhavinchaayi, ayithe lekhakudi yokka sramatho kuudina vrutti sahajamgaane ksheeninchindi. rujuvu-diddubaatu oka kotta vruttigaa udbhavinchindi, ayithe pustaka vikretalu mariyu librarianla sankhya perugudala sahajamgaane pustakaala sankhyalo paeludu taruvaata vachindi.
vidya prabhavam.
gutenberg mudranaalayam vishwavidyaalayaalapai kooda teevra prabhavanni choopindi. vishwavidyaalayaalu vaari "scholarship bhasha, grandhaalayaalu, paatyaamsaala [mariyu] bodhana" loe prabhaavitamayyaayi."
panditya bhasha.
printing press aavishkaranaku mundu, chaalaa varaku vraatapuurvaka amsaalu laatinlo undevi. ayithe, mudrana aavishkarana taruvaata mudrinchina pustakaala sankhyatho paatu sthaanika bhasha kooda vistarinchindi. latin puurtigaa bharti cheyabadaledu, conny paddenimidava sataabdam varaku antarjaateeya bhashaga undipoyindi.
vishwavidyaalaya grandhaalayaalu.
eee samayamlo, vishwavidyaalayaalu daanitoe paatu grandhaalayaalanu erpaatu cheyadam praarambhinchaayi. "cambridge padihenava sataabdamloo libraryki baadhyata vahinche mataguruvuni chesindi, conny eee sthaanam sthaanam raddu cheyabadindi mariyu mariyu cambridge vishwavidyaalaya librarian yokka kotta karyalayanni sthaapinchindi. ayithe, professor library anae aalochana aadhaaramgaa vishwavidyaalaya library avasaranni luven vishwavidyaalayam chudaledu. bahumatulu mariyu konugolla nundi grandhaalayaalu kooda chaalaa pustakaalanu andukovadam praarambhinchaayi, vatiki sthalam ayipovadam praarambhinchindi. ayithe, ayithe merton anae vyakti eee samasyanu parishkarinchaadu, athanu pustakaalanu lecternlaku badulugaa kshitija samaantara almarallo nilva cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnadu.
paatyapranaalika.
printed press vishwavidyaalaya grandhaalayaalanu aneka vidhaluga maarchindi. professorlu chivaraku okati ledhaa iddaru nirdishta rachayitalanu matrame chudamani balavantam kakunda ververu rachayitala abhipraayaalanu poolchagaligaaru. paatyapustakaalu kooda kevalam oka parichaya paataanni andubaatulo unchadam kante vividha sthaayilalo kashtaallo mudrinchabadutunnaayi.
digital printing.
2005 natiki, prapanchavyaaptamgaa etaa mudrinche 45 trillion pageelalo digital printing vataa sumaru 9 saatam.
intlo, karyalayamlo ledhaa injaneering vaataavaranamloo mudrana ilaa upavibhajana cheyabadindihi
konni saadhaarana mudrana saanketikataluh
vikretalu saadhaaranamgaa parikaraalanu nirvahinchadaaniki mottam kharchunu nokki chebutaaru, indulo operationlo palgonna anni vyaya karakalu, alaage muuladhana parikaraala kharchulu, runa vimochana modalainavi unde sanklishta gananalu untaayi. prarambha konugolu dharalo ink jetlu takkuva khareedainavi ayinappatikee, chaalaa varaku, toner vyavasthalu deerghakaalamlo ink jett kante ekkuva podupugaa untaayi.
professional digital printing (tonernu upayoginchi) pradhanamgaa toner ledhaa drava siraanu mudrinchina uparitalaaniki badilee cheyadaaniki vidyut chaarjnu upayogistundi. digital mudrana naanhyata prarambha rangu mariyu nalupu mariyu telupu kaapeela nundi gerax merugupadindi, kodak nexpress, hechpi indigo digital press syries mariyu infoprint 5000 vanti adhunaatana rangu digital preslaku kramamga merugupadindi. merugupadindi mariyu nexpress toner kanaalanu upayogistaayi mariyu indigo drava siraanu upayogistundi. infoprint 5000 anedi puurti-rangu, nirantara roopaala inkjet drop-aann-demand printing system. annee chararaasula daetaanu nirvahistaayi, mariyu naanhyathalo pratyarthi offset. digital offset preslanu direct imaging presslu anie kooda pilustaaru, ayithe eee presslu computer faillanu sweekarinchi, vaatini svayamchaalakamgaa print-siddhamgaa unna plaetlugaa marchagalavu, avi variable daetaanu choppinchalevu.
chinna mudranaalayaalu mariyu fanginlu saadhaaranamgaa digital printingnu upayogistaayi. choukaina photocopyni pravesapettadaaniki mundu, spirit duplicator, hectograph mariyu mymograph vanti yantraala vadakam saadhaaranam.
anedi printing.
anedi printing anedi anedi printerlanu upayoginchi trimiteeya digital namuunaala nundi bhouthika vastuvulanu srushtinche tayari saanketikata yokka oka roopam. varusaga aneka sannani poralu veyadam ledhaa nirminchadam dwara vastuvulu srushtinchabadataayi. eee saanketikatanu sankalana tayari, vegavantamaina namuunaa ledhaa kalpana anie kooda pilustaaru.
muthaa printingnu naduputundi.
mudrana kharchulu mariyu kaagitam vyardhaalanu tagginche prayatnamlo bahula mudrana prajectulanu oka saadhaarana kaagitapu sheet meeda unche paddhatini gyang runn printing antaaru. muthaa parugulu saadhaaranamgaa sheet-feed printing preslatho mariyu proses colour jaablatho upayoginchabadataayi, dheeniki naalugu ledhaa enimidi ververu plaetlu avasaram, ivi press yokka plate cylinderlo velaadadeeyabadataayi. printerlu oke pedda parimaanamlo aneka print prajectulanu unche paddhatini vivarinchadaaniki "gyang runn" ledhaa "gyang" anae padaanni upayogistaaru. praathamikamgaa, 4 x 6 anae oka postcardnu vyaktigata panigaa amalu cheyadaaniki badulugaa printer 20 x 18 sheet meeda 15 ververu postcardulanu unchutundi, anduvalla adhe mottam press samayanni upayoginchi printer daadaapu adhe samayamlo 15 panulanu pondutundi.
printed electronics.
printed electronics antey praamaanika mudrana prakriyalanu upayoginchi electronic parikaraala tayari. printed electronics technologyni kaagitam ledhaa flexible film vanti choukaina padaarthaalapai utpatti cheyavachu, idhi chaalaa kharchutho koodukunna utpatti paddhatigaa chestundi. 2010 prarambham nundi, mudrinchadagina electronics parisrama oopandukuntondi mariyu bemis company mariyu illinais tool works thoo sahaa aneka pedda companylu printed electronics mariyu parisrama sanghaalalo pettubadulu pettayi, veetilo oeeo-yea mariyu flex tech alayans vantivi printed electronics parisrama purogatiki bhaareega dohadam chestunnayi.
mudrana padajaalaalu.
mudrana padajaalaalu mudrana parisramalo upayoginche nirdishta padaalu.
marinta chadavandi.
gutenberg mudrana yokka prabhavalapai
prarambha printers manyuvallu.
prarambha chethi-press saanketikata yokka classic manueval

