
agrobacterium tumaphasians

agrobacterium radiobacter (saadhaaranamgaa agrobacterium tumephasians anie pilustaaru) anedi 140 kii paiga jaatula yoodikatlalo crown gall vyaadhi (kanitula erpadatam) kuu kaaranamayye agent. idhi raad aakaaramlo, gram-negative matti bacteria. plasmid nundi mokkala kanamloki, idhi pakshika yaadruchchika pradaesamloe mokkala janyuvulo cherchabadina, DNA yokka oka chinna bhaganni choppinchadam valla lakshanaalu sambhavistaayi (tii-DNA anie pilustaaru, 'badilee DNA' kosam, protein samslaeshanha samayamlo amaino aamlaalanu badilee chese tranatho ayomayam chendakudadu). tii-dna binary vectorlalo host cheyabadina sequencela pampinhee kosam "agrobacterium" nuu upayoginchadam dwara mokkala janyuvulanu roopondinchavacchu.
"agrobacterium tumephasians" anedi risobiaceae kutumbaaniki chendina alphaproteobacterium, indulo natrajani-sthireekarana chikkullu untaayi. natrajani-sthireekarana chihnala maadirigaa kakunda, kanitini utpatti chese "agrobacterium" jaatulu vyadhikaarakamainavi mariyu mokkaku prayojanam kaliginchavu. agrobacterium" dwara prabhaavitamaina aneka rakaala mokkalu vyavasaya parisramaku chaalaa aandolana kaligistunnaayi.
aardhikamgaa, "a. tumephasians "anedi valnuts, draksha teegalu, raathi pandlu, ginja chetlu, chakkera dumpalu, gurrapu mullangi mariyu rubberb yokka teevramaina vyadhikaarakam, mariyu vyaadhi valla kalige kanitulu ledhaa gulls yokka nirantara swabhaavam dheenini shaashwata pantalaku mukhyamgaa hanikaram chestundi.
"agrobacterium tumephasians" garishtamgaa perugutundi. media, samskruti aakruti mariyu vayuvu sthaayini batti rettimpu samayam 2.5-4h varaku untundi. paina unna ushnogratala vadda, "a. tumephasians "ushna shacknu anubhavinchadam praarambhistundi, idhi kana vibhajanalo lopalaku daariteestundi.
samyogam.
virus gaa undalante, bacterium 200 keey. bii. pii podavaina kanitini prerepinche plasmid (tii. ii. plasmid ledhaa pti) nuu kaligi untundi, indulo tii-dna mariyu mokkala kanaaniki badilee cheyadaaniki avasaramaina anni janyuvulu untaayi. a" yokka aneka jaatulu. tumaphasians loe pti undadu.
vyaadhini kaliginchadaaniki tii plasmid avasaram kabatti, bacteria samyogaanni prothsahinchadaaniki-bacteria madhya plaasmidla maarpidini prothsahinchadaaniki rhizospherelo mundastu pravesha sanghatanalu jarugutaayi. abhipraayaala samakshamlo, "a. tumephasians "30c8hsl ledhaa" agrobacterium "autoinducer anie piluvabade vistarinchagala samyoga sanketaanni utpatti chestundi. idhi transcription phyaaktar trarnu sakriyam chestundi, samyogaaniki avasaramaina janyuvula transcription sanukoolamgaa niyantristundi.
sankramana paddhatulu.
"agrobacterium tumephasians" daani tii plasmid dwara mokkaku sokutundi. tii plasmid daani dnloni oka vibhaganni, tii-dna anie pilustaaru, daani host mokkala kanaala chromosome dnalo anusandhaanistundi. "aaa. tumephasians "flazellanu kaligi untundi, idhi naela gundaa photoasymilates vaipu eetha kottadaniki veelu kalpistundi, ivi muulaala chuttoo prakampanamlo perukupotayi. konni jaatulu rasaayanasaastraparamgaa acetosyringone mariyu chakkera vanti mokkala nundi rasayana exudatela vaipu kadulutaayi, ivi mokkalo gaayam unnatlu suuchistaayi, dheeni dwara bacteria pravesinchavacchu. phenolic sammelanaalanu tii plaasmidlooni veeraa janyuvulo encode cheyabadina transmembrane protein ayina veeraa protein gurtistundi. periplasmic pradaesamloe unna chromosome janyu-encode cheyabadina protein ayina chwe protein dwara chakkeralu gurtinchabadataayi.
kaniti preranaku tii plasmidpy kaneesam 25 "vir" janyuvulu avasaram. vaari avagahana paathratho paatu, "veeraa" mariyu "chwe" itara "vir" janyuvulanu prerepistaayi. veeraa protein autokiness charyanu kaligi untundih idhi hystidine avasheshaalapai phosphorylate avutundi. appudu veeraa protein phosphorylate daani aspertate avasheshaalapai varg proteinnu chestundi. varg protein anedi "varg" tii plasmid janyuvu nundi utpatti cheyabadina cytoplasmic protein. idhi "vir" aperanla transcription prerepinche transcription karakam. chwe protein "vir" janyuvula kriyaaseelata yokka rendava yantraamgaanni niyantristundi. idhi phenolic sammelanaalaku veeraa protein sunnitatvaanni penchutundi.
attachment anedi rendu dasala prakriya. prarambha balaheenamaina mariyu tirigi marchagala anubandham taruvaata, bacteria cellulose fibrilsnu samslaeshanha chestundi, ivi vaatini gayapadina mokkala kanaaniki langaru vestaayi, daaniki avi aakarshinchabadataayi. eee prakriyaloo naalugu pradhana janyuvulu palgontayi "chwa", "chwibi", "psca" mariyu "aut". modati moodu janyuvula utpattulu cellulose fibrills yokka vaastava samshlaeshanhaloo palgontayi. eee fibrills kooda okadaanikokati bacterianu langaru vestaayi, idhi microkalooneeni roopondinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi.
atyanta mukhyamaina vishapuurita protein ayina virk, chattaviruddhamaina punarvyavastheekarana yokka punahsamyogamlo avasaramaina dasha. idhi host plant looni dna vibhaganni enchukuntundi, adhi bharti cheyabadutundi mariyu idhi dna yokka eee strand loki kattiristundi.
cellulose fibrills utpatti ayina taruvaata, raikadesin anae calcium-aadhaarita bayati pora protein utpatti avutundi, idhi bacterianu kana godaku antinchadamlo kooda sahaayapadutundi. eee protein yokka homolaglanu itara rhizobialo chudavachu. prastutam, "agrobacterium"-madhyavartitva parivartana kosam protocol praamaaneekaranapai aneka nivedikalu unnaayi. sankramana samayam, acetosyringone, dtt mariyu systeine vanti vividha paaraamitula prabhavam soyabean ("glycine maaks") loe adhyayanam cheyabadindi.
mokkala kanaalaku sokadaniki "agrobacterium" nuu praarambhinchae sambhaavya mokkala sammelanaalu
tii-pilus erpadatam.
tii-dnnu mokkala kanamloki badilee cheyadaaniki, "eah. tumephasians "tii-pilus utpattitoe kuudina rakam IV sraavam yantraamgaanni upayogistundi. acetosyringone mariyu itara padaarthaalu kanugonabadinappudu, oka signal transduction eevent tii-pilus erpadataaniki kaaranamayye verb operon lopala 11 janyuvula vyakteekarananu sakriyam chestundi.
proo-pilin modata erpadutundi. idhi 121 amaino aamlaala polypeptide, dheeniki tii-pilus upabhaagaanni roopondinchadaaniki 47 avasheshaalanu tolaginchadam dwara prosessing avasaram. polypeptide yokka rendu chivarala madhya peptide bandham erpadatam dwara upaghatakam vruttaakaaramlo undalsi undhi. ayithe, tii-pilus yokka adhika-resolution nirmaanam, pillin yokka cyclisation velladinchaledu, pillin upa unitla mottam vyavastha eff-pilus vanti itara samyoga pililatho chaalaa pooli untundi.
itara verb janyuvula utpattulu plasma pora antataa upa unitlanu badilee cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi. eest too-hybrid adhyayanalu verb 6, verb 7, verb 8, verb 9 mariyu verb 10 annee transporter yokka bhaagaalanu encode cheyavachani aadhaaraalanu andistaayi. upa unitla churukaina ravana kosam oka adugu kooda avasaram.
mokkala kanamloki tii-dna badilee.
tii-dna nii vruttaakaara plasmid nundi kattirinchaali. idhi saadhaaranamgaa sahayaka plasmid looni vir janyuvula dwara jarugutundi. oka vard1/dii2 complexes edama mariyu kudi sarihaddu shrenula vadda dna nix chestundi. wird2 protein 5 'chivarana samayojaneeyamgaa jatacheyabadi untundi. wird2లoouu nucleoprotein complexes type IV sraavam vyavastha (tii4ss) lakshyamgaa undataaniki daariteese oka muulaamsam untundi. tii-pilus yokka nirmaanam, madata pettina wird2 badileeni anumatinchadaaniki pilas yokka kendra chaanal chaalaa irukainadani choopinchindi, idhi samyoga prakriya samayamlo wird2 paakshikamgaa vippabadaalani suuchistumdi.
graheeta kanam yokka cytoplasmlo, tii-dna complexes wire 2 proteinlatho puuta pooyabadutundi, ivi tii-dna complexes nundi swatantramgaa tii4ss dwara egumati cheyabadataayi.
wire2 mariyu wird2పaii unna nuclear localization signals ledhaa nls lanu import alfa protein gurtistundi, idhi appudu import beata mariyu nuclear pore complexto anubandhinchi tii-dnnu kendrakamloki badilee chestundi. eee prakriyaloo vip1 kooda oka mukhyamaina proteinga kanipistundi, bahusha wire2 nuu digumati chesukovadaniki adapterga panichestundi. nucleus lopaliki okasari, vip2 tii-dnnu churukuga lipyantareekarinchabadutunna chromatin praantaalanu lakshyamgaa chesukovacchu, tadwara tii-dna host janyuvulo kalisipotundi.
tii-dnalo janyuvulu.
harmonelu.
pittam erpadataaniki, tii-dna, ayam maargam dwara axine ledhaa indol-3-acetic aamlam utpatti kosam janyuvulanu encode chestundi. eee biosynthetic marganni aneka mokkalalo axine utpatti kosam upayogincharu, kabatti dheeni ardham mokkaku daanini niyantrinchadaaniki paramaanu margalu levani mariyu axine rajyangaparamga utpatti cheyabadutundi. cytokinins utpatti kosam janyuvulu kooda vyakteekarinchabadataayi. idhi kanaala vistarana mariyu pittam erpadataanni prerepistundi.
abhiprayalu vyaktam chestunnaru.
tii-dnalo enjaimlanu encoding cheyadaaniki janyuvulu untaayi, ivi mokka pratyeka amaino assid utpannaalanu srushtinchadaaniki kaaranamavutaayi, veetini bacteria jeevakriya cheyagaladu, dheenini opines anie pilustaaru. opainlu anevi "a" kii natrajani vanarugaa panichese rasaayanaala taragati. tumephasians, "conny chaalaa itara jeevulaku kaadu. a" dwara utpatti cheyabadina nirdishta rakam abhiprayam. tumephasians yokka sii58 sokina mokkalu nopaline (escobar "mariyu itarulu.", 2003).
rendu nopaline rakam tii plaasmidlu, pti-sakura mariyu pitic58, puurtigaa kramabaddheekarinchabaddayi. "aaa. fabrum "c58, modati puurtigaa kramabaddheekarinchabadina pathover, modata cherry chettu crown gall nundi vaeru cheyabadindi. janyuvunu okesari goodner mariyu itarulu kramabaddheekarinchaaru."mariyu kalapa" mariyu itarulu."2001loe." "a" "yokka janyuvu". tumephasians sii58loe vruttaakaara chromosome, rendu plaasmidlu mariyu oka sarala chromosome untaayi. konni minahaayimpulato, samayojaneeyamgaa bandhinchabadina vruttaakaara chromosome undatam bacteriaku saadhaaranam. ayithe, oke vruttaakaara chromosome mariyu oke sarala chromosome rendinti uniki eee jaatilooni oka samuuhaaniki pratyekamainadi. rendu plaasmidlu ptic58, ivi viralencelo palgone prakriyalaku baadhyata vahistaayi, mariyu okasari "guudha lipi" plasmid anie piluvabade patc58.
patsy58 plasmid opainla gvakriyalo paalgontunnatlu mariyu pitic58 plasmid lenappudu itara bacteriatho samyogam chendutundani choopabadindi. tii plaasmidnu tolaginchinatlayithe, eee jaatula bacterianu vargeekarinche maargamaina kaniti perugudala jaragadu.
biotechnology upayogaalu.
asylomer samavesam (berg mariyu itarulu. 1975) recombinant paddhatulanu taginantagaa ardham chesukoledani, kathinamgaa niyantrinchaalsina avasaram undani vistrutamaina oppandaanni yerparachukundi. agrobacterium" yokka dna prasaara saamarthyaalu mokkalalo videshee janyuvulanu choppinche maargamgaa biotechnologylo vistrutamgaa anveshinchabaddaayi. asylomer taruvaata koddikaalaanike, maark vaan montagu mariyu jeff skill (university off ghent und plant genetic systems, belgium) "agrobacterium" mariyu mokkala madhya janyu badilee yantraamgaanni kanugonnaru, dheeni phalitamgaa bacterianu mokkalalo janyu injaneering kosam samarthavanthamaina pampinhee vyavasthagaa maarchadaaniki paddhatulu abhivruddhi chendaayi. mokkaku badilee cheyabadina plasmid tii-dna janyu injaneeringku anuvaina vahanam. eucariotic kanaalaloki aasaktini andinche kramamlo upayoginche tii-dna binary vektarlugaa kaavalasina janyu kramaanni cloning cheyadam dwara idhi jarugutundi. mokkala saanketika parignaanamlo kooda asylomer vanti rakshanalu avasaramani tvaralo vistrutamgaa angeekarinchabadindi. merustunna mokkalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki firefly luciferase janyuvunu upayoginchi eee prakriya nirvahinchabadindi. mokkala chloroplast paniteeru adhyayanamlo mariyu reporter janyuvugaa eee prakaasavantamaina kaanti oka upayogakaramaina parikaramgaa undhi. puvvulanu "agrobacterium" rasamgaa munchiveyadam dwara "arabidopsis thaliana" nuu marchadam kooda saadhyamavutundihi utpatti ayye vittanam janyuparamgaa untundi. prayogasaala paristhitulalo, tii-dna kooda maanava kanaalaku badilee cheyabadindi, idhi choppimpu anuvartanam yokka vaividhyaanni pradarsistundi.
agrobacterium" atitheya kanamloki padaarthaalanu choppinche vidhanam rakam IV sraavam vyavastha dwara untundi, idhi rakam III sraavam dwara maanava kanaalalo padaarthaalanu (saadhaaranamgaa proteins) choppinchadaaniki vyadhikaaraka kaarakaalache upayoginche vidhaanaalatho chaalaa pooli untundi. idhi koram sensing anie piluvabade aneka gram-negative bacterialo samrakshinchabadina oka rakamaina signalingnu kooda upayogistundi. idhi "agrobacterium" nuu vaidya parisoedhanaloo kooda oka mukhyamaina amsamgaa chestundi.
sahaja janyu parivartana.
bacterialo sahaja janyu parivartana anedi madhyavartitva madhyamam dwara oka kanam nundi maroka kanaaniki DNA badilee mariyu homolagus recombination dwara graheeta janyuvulo daata kramaanni ekikrutam chese laingika prakriya. "aaa. tumephasians "yea nirdishta bhouthika ledhaa rasayana chikitsa lekunda mattiloo sahaja parivartanaku lonavutaayi.
vyaadhi chakram.
"agrobacterium tumephasians" vyaadhi sokina neelalaloo athi siitaakaalaalu. "agrobacterium" jaatulu pradhanamgaa saprophytic jeevanasailini jeevistaayi, kabatti eee jaatiki chendina mokkala-paraannajeevi jaatulu kooda atidheya mokkala uniki lekunda kooda ekkuva kaalam mattiloo jeevinchadam saadhaaranam. ayithe, atidheya mokka unnappudu, bacteria iteevali gayalu ledhaa neelaku sameepamlo muulaalu ledhaa kaandam yokka sahaja dwaaraala dwara mokkala kanajaalamloki pravesistundi. eee gayalu saamskrutika paddhatulu, antukattuta, keetakaalu modalaina vaati valla sambhavinchavachhu. bacteria mokkaloki pravesinchina tarvaata, avi kanaala madhya sambhavistaayi mariyu kana parivartana kaaranamgaa chuttupakkala kanajaalam vistarinchadaaniki prerepistaayi. "agrobacterium" mokka yokka janyuvuloki plasmid tii-dnnu choppinchadam dwara eee niyantrananu nirvahistundi. host janyuvulo plasmid dna choppinche prakriya gurinchi marinni vivaraala kosam paina chudandi. mokkala kanajaalam yokka adanapu perugudala kaandam mariyu muulaalapai pittam erpadataaniki daariteestundi. eee kanitulu chuttupakkala unna mokkala kanajaalampai gananeeyamaina ottidini kaligistaayi, idhi eee kanajaalam chuurnam mariyu/ledhaa vakreekarinchadaaniki kaaranamavutundi. pindichesina naalaalu jailemlo neeti pravahanni tagginchadaaniki daariteestaayi. yuva kanitulu mruduvainavi mariyu anduvalla keetakaalu mariyu saprophytic suukshmajeevula dviteeya dandayaatraku gurayye avakaasam undhi. eee dviteeya dandayaatra paridheeya kana porala vichchinnaaniki, alaage kshayam kaaranamgaa kaniti rangu maaradaaniki kaaranamavutundi. mruduvaina kanajaalam vichchinnam "agrobacterium tumephasians" mattiloki vidudalaku daariteestundi, idhi kotta host mokkatho vyaadhi prakriyanu tirigi praarambhinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
vyaadhi nirvahana.
agrobacterium tumephasians" valla kalige crown gall vyaadhini vividha paddhatulanu upayoginchadam dwara niyantrinchavacchu. eee vyaadhini niyantrinchadaaniki uttama maargam emitante, kotta mokkalaku sokakunda undataaniki sterilising kattirimpu sadhanalu vanti nivaarana charyalu teesukovadam. nursory stacknu tappanisarigaa tanikhi cheyadam mariyu sokina mokkalanu tiraskarinchadam alaage sokina polaallo haani kaliginche mokkalanu natakapovadam kooda viluvaina paddhatulu. saagu samayamlo mokkala kireetaalu/vaerlu gayapadakunda undatam vyaadhini nivaarinchadaaniki chaalaa mukhyam. aneka mokkalu kalisi oka mokkaga peragadaaniki, molakettadam mariyu antukattadam vanti udyaanavana paddhatulalo eee paddhatulu mokkala gayalaku daariteestaayi. gayalu atitheya mokkaloki bacteria pravaesaaniki praathamika sthaanam. anduvalla, "agrobacteria" churukuga laeni samayamlo eee paddhatulanu nirvahinchadam manchidi. eee keetakaalu mokkala moolaalalo gayalanu (bacteria pravesha margalu) kaligistaayi kabatti, vaerlu namaladam keetakaala niyantrana kooda sankramana sthaayilanu tagginchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. bacteria chaalaa samvatsaraalu mattiloo jeevinchagala saamarthyam kaaranamgaa vyaadhi sokina mokkala padaarthaanni compost kuppalo unchakunda kaalchaalani sifaarsu cheyabadindi.
eee vyaadhini nirvahinchadaaniki jeeva niyantrana paddhatulu kooda upayoginchabadataayi. 1970luu mariyu 1980laloe, molakettina vittanaalu, molakalu mariyu vaerla nilvalanu keey84 suspensionlo nanabettadam oka saadhaarana paddhati. keey84 anedi "eah" thoo koodi untundi. radiobacter, "idhi" a "kii sambandhinchina oka jaathi. tumaphasians "conny vyadhikaaraka kaadu. k84 oka bacteriacin (agrassin 84) nuu utpatti chestundi, idhi "a" thoo sahaa sambandhita bacteriaku vyatiraekamgaa pratyaekamaina antibiatic. tumourphosians ". vaanijya sthaayilo vyaadhini niyantrinchadamlo vijayavantamaina eee paddhati, k84 daani nirodhakata janyuvunu vyadhikaaraka "agrobacteriaku" badilee chese pramaadaanni kaligi undhi."aaa vidhamgaa, 1990laloe, keey-1026 anie piluvabade keey84 yokka janyuparamgaa injaneering jaatini upayoginchadam srushtinchabadindi. eee jaathi nirodhakata janyu badilee yokka heccharika lekunda k84 vale crown gaalnu niyantrinchadamlo vijayavantamaindi.
paryaavaranam.
mokkala pathologyki sambandhinchi atidheya, paryaavaranam mariyu vyadhikaarakaalu chaalaa mukhyamaina bhavanalu. "agrobacteria" edainaa mokkala vyadhikaaraka kante vistrutamaina atitheya shrenini kaligi untundi, kabatti crown gall vishayamlo parigananaloki teesukovalasina pradhana amsam paryaavaranam. eah" kii anukuulamaina vaataavaranaanni kalpinche vividha paristhitulu mariyu karakalu unnaayi. tumephasians "daani vividha atidheyulaku sokinappudu. gaayam vanti pravesha sthaanam lekunda bacteria atitheya mokkaloki chochukupodu. mokkala gayalaku daariteese karakalalo saamskrutika paddhatulu, antukattuta, gaddakatte gaayam, perugudala pagullu, matti keetakaalu mariyu paryaavaranamloo mokkaku nashtam kaliginche itara jantuvulu unnaayi. tatphalitamgaa, anoohyamgaa kathinamaina sheethaakaalamlo, vaataavarana sambandhita nashtam kaaranamgaa crown gall sambhavam peragadam sarvasaadhaaranam. dheenitho paatu, host plant yokka infection madhyavartitvam chese paddhatulu unnaayi. udaaharanaku, nematodlu mokkala moolaalalo "agrobacterium" nuu pravesapettadaaniki vahakamga panicheestaayi. marinta pratyaekamgaa, muula paraannajeevi nematodlu mokkala kanaanni debbateestaayi, bacteria lopaliki pravesinchadaaniki gayanni srushtistaayi. chivaraga, "a" nuu parigananaloki teesukunnappudu ushnograta oka amsam. tumaphasians infection. eee bacteria kaaranamgaa crown gall erpadataaniki saraina ushnograta tii-dna badilee yokka thermosensitivity kaaranamgaa untundi. adhika ushnograta paristhitulalo kaniti erpadatam gananeeyamgaa taggutundi.

