
antarjaateeya redd cross mariyu redd cressent udyamam yokka chihnalu

geniva conventionla prakaram antarjaateeya erra siluva mariyu erra ardhachandra kadalika chihnalanu manavata mariyu vaidya vahanalu mariyu bhavanaalapai unchaali mariyu yuddhabhoomipai sainika daadi nundi vaarini rakshinchadaaniki manavata panulanu nirvahistunna vaidya sibbandi mariyu itarulu dharinchaali. atuvanti naalugu chihnalu unnaayi, vaatilo moodu upayogamlo unnaih erra siluva, erra ardhachandram mariyu erra sphatikam. erra simham mariyu suuryudu kooda gurtinchabadina chihnam, conny ikapai upayogamlo ledhu.
izrael pradhama chikitsa sangham ayina magen david aadam (mda) dwara david yokka erra nakshatraanni upayoginchadampai kooda munupati vivaadaalu unnaayi; eee vivaadaalaku pratispandanagaa erra sphatikam srushtinchabadindi, tadwara mda udyamaaniki pravaesaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
prajaadarana pondina samskrutilo, erra siluva chihnam aushadham kosam gurtinchadagina saadhaarana chihnamgaa maarindi, saadhaaranamgaa pradhama chikitsa, vaidya sevalu, utpattulu ledhaa nipunulatoe mudipadi untundi; idhi bommalu, chalanachitraalu mariyu veediyo gamelalo daani nirvachinchina sandarbhaaniki velupala chattaviruddhamgaa upayoginchabadindi. antarjaateeya redd cross mariyu redd cressent udyamam nundi abhyantaraala taruvaata, daaniki badulugaa utpannaalu mariyu pratyaamnaayaalu upayoginchabadutunnaayi. adanamgaa, johnson & johnson tama aushadha utpattulaku chihnanni namodu chesaaru. united stateslo aasupatrulu, pradhama chikitsa brundaalu mariyu skii gasteelu gurtunu erupu nepathyamlo tellani siluvagaa marchadam valla chihnanni ketayinchadam marinta chikaku kaliginchindi-kabatti erra siluva chihnam yokka asalu aalochananu raddu cheyadam, antey swiss jendaanu tippadam-tadwara switzerlandto anubandhaanni anuchitamgaa suuchistumdi.
udyamam yokka chihnalu.
rakshana chihnalu verses. samsthaagata chihnalu.
krinda vivarinchina chihnalu rendu vibhina ardhaalanu kaligi unnaayi. oka vaipu, erra siluva, erra ardhachandram, suuryuditoe erra simham mariyu erra sphatikam yokka drushya chihnalu saayudha gharshanalalo rakshana gurtulugaa panicheestaayi, idhi geniva samavesala nundi udbhavinchi nirvachinchabadina suuchika. dheenini chihnala "rakshana upayogam" antaaru. marovaipu, eee chihnalanu antarjaateeya erra siluva mariyu erra ardhachandra udyamam loe bhaagamaina samsthalu vilakshanhamaina logoluga upayogistaayi. idhi chihnala "suuchika upayogam", idhi antarjaateeya udyamam yokka saasanaalalo mariyu paakshikamgaa moodava adanapu protocallo nirvachinchabadina ardham.
rakshana chihnamgaa, vyaktulu mariyu vastuvulanu (bhavanalu, vahanalu modalainavi) gurtinchadaaniki saayudha gharshanalalo veetini upayogistaaru.) ivi geniva conventionla niyamaalaku anugunamgaa panicheestunnaayi. eee functionlo, vaatini antarjaateeya redd cross mariyu redd cressent udyamamlo bhaagam kaani samsthalu mariyu vastuvulu kooda upayoginchavacchu, udaaharanaku saayudha dalaalu, poura aasupatrulu mariyu poura rakshana vibhagala vaidya sevalu. rakshana chihnaluga, eee chihnalanu etuvanti adanapu vivarana (vachana ledhaa itara) lekunda mariyu veelainanta varaku kanipinche mariyu gamaninchadagina vidhamgaa pramukha paddhatiloo upayoginchaali, udaaharanaku chihnanni kaligi unna pedda tella jendaalanu upayoginchadam dwara. veetilo naalugu chihnalu, avi erra siluva, erra ardhachandra, suuryuditoe erra simham mariyu erra sphatikam, geniva sampradayalalo mariyu vaati adanapu protokaallalo rakshana upayogam kosam chihnaluga nirvachinchabaddaayi.
samsthaagata chihnamgaa upayoginchinappudu, eee chihnalu vyaktulu, vahanalu, bhavanalu modalaina vaatini matrame suuchistaayi. chihnalanu kaligi unnavi antarjaateeya redd cross mariyu redd cressent udyamamlo bhaagamaina (icrc, antarjaateeya samakhya ledhaa jaateeya redd cross mariyu redd cressent societylu vantivi) oka nirdishta samsthaku chendinavi. eee sandarbhamlo, vaatini adanapu vivaranhatho (udaaharanaku "american redd cross") upayoginchaali mariyu rakshana chihnaluga upayoginchinappudu pramukhamgaa pradarsinchakudadu. veetilo moodu chihnalu, erra siluva, erra ardhachandram mariyu erra sphatikam, jaateeya samajalu tama swadesamlo ledhaa videshaalalo upayoginchadaaniki suuchika prayojanaala kosam upayoginchavacchu. daaniki adanamgaa, david yokka erra kavachanni izrael society magen david adom izrael lopala soochinche prayojanaala kosam upayoginchavacchu, mariyu, videshaalalo pani chesetappudu sambandhita host desham aamodam pendinglo unnappudu, erra sphatikamtho kalipi upayoginchavacchu.
redd cross.
tellani nepathyam meeda unna erra siluva 1864 geniva conventionlo prakatinchabadina asalu rakshana chihnam. ekareeti mariyu tatastha rakshana chihnanni alaage daani nirdishta roopakalpananu pravesapettaalane aalochanalu modata daa. luis appiah, oka swiss shastravaidyudu, mariyu antarjaateeya kamitee vyavasthaapaka sabhyulu ayina swiss general henry dufour.
erra siluva yuddha samayamlo vaidya sibbandiki gurtimpugaa suuchistumdi. 1864 geniva conventionloni artical 7, chapter VII ("vilakshanhamaina chihnam") mariyu 1949 geniva conventionloni artical 38 ("saayudha dalaalalo gayapadina mariyu anaarogyamtho unnavaari paristhitini meruguparachadaaniki") loe erra siluvanu rakshana chihnamgaa nirvachinchaaru. erra siluva mariyu erra ardhachandra kadalikalo siluva aakaram aidu chaturasraalato kuudina siluvagaa undaalani anadhikaarika oppandam undhi. ayithe, aakaaramtho sambandham lekunda, tellati nepathyamlo edainaa erra siluva chellubaatu ayyedigaa undaali mariyu sangharshanhalo rakshana chihnamgaa gurtinchabadaali. prastutam icrc gurtinchina 190 jaateeya sanghaalalo, 154 erra siluvanu tama adhikaarika samstha chihnamgaa upayogistunnaayi.
switzerland jendaatho sambandham.
icrc prakaram, sweeden genda yokka rangulanu tippadam dwara sweekarinchina chihnam erpadindi. idhi 1906loe samavesam yokka punarvimarsalo adhikarikamga namodu cheyabadindi. edemaina, nyaayavetta mariyu redd cross charitrakaarudu pierry boisier prakaram, eee muulaaniki spashtamaina aadharalu kanugonabadaledu; eee roopakalpananu sweekarinchina samavesam jarigina deshaaniki puurti cheyadaaniki enchukunna bhavana, genda kraistava chihnamani turkey abhyantaraalanu edurkovadaniki kooda taruvaata pracharam cheyabadindi.
erra chandrudu.
1876 nundi 1878 varaku jarigina russia-turkish yuddha samayamlo, ottoman saamrajyam erra siluvaku badulugaa erra ardhachandraanni upayoginchindi, endukante siluva daani muslim sainikulanu dhooram chestundani daani prabhutvam viswasinchindi. 1877loe icrc adiginappudu, russia erra chandragrahanam chihnanni kaligi unna vyaktulandari pavitratanu mariyu soukaryaalanu puurtigaa gowravinchadaaniki kattubadi undhi, taruvaata redd kraasnu gowravinchadaaniki ottoman prabhutvam nundi idhe vidhamaina nibaddhata undhi. rendu chihnalaku samaana chellubaatu gurinchi eee vaastava anchanaa taruvaata, kraistavetara deshaalaku adanapu adhikaarika rakshana chihnanni sweekarinchadam suutrapraayamgaa saadhyamani 1878loe icrc prakatinchindi. 1929loe geniva conventionlanu savarinchinappudu erra ardhachandram adhikarikamga gurtinchabadindi (artical 19). ottoman saamrajyam patanam taruvaata, erra ardhachandraanni modata daani varasudu desham turkey, taruvaata eejipt upayoginchindi. daani adhikaarika gurtimpu nundi neti varaku, indonesia minaha majority muslim janabha unna deshaalalo, alaage senegal, niger, maali modalaina aneka paschima african deshaalalo daadaapu prati jaateeya samaajaaniki erra ardhachandram samsthaagata chihnamgaa maarindi. pakistan (1974), malaysia (1975) ledhaa bangladesh (1989) vanti konni deshaala jaateeya sanghaalu tama paeru mariyu chihnanni redd cross nundi redd cresentga adhikarikamga marchukunnayi. prapanchavyaaptamgaa gurtimpu pondina 190 sanghaalalo 33 samsthalu erra ardhachandraanni upayogistunnaayi.
erra sphatikam.
adanapu tatastha rakshana chihnanni pravesapettadam chaalaa samvatsaraalugaa charchalo undhi, erra sphatikam (gatamlo erra lazenz ledhaa erra vajram anie piluvabadedi) atyanta prajaadarana pondina pratipaadana. ayithe, kotta rakshana chihnanni jodinchadaaniki geniva samavesalanu savarinchadaaniki samavesalaku santakam chesina mottam 192 raashtraala dautya samavesam avasaram. erra siluva ledhaa erra ardhachandraakaaraaniki samaana hodaato erra spatikaanni adanapu chihnamgaa parichayam chese geniva samavesalaku moodava adanapu protokaalnu sweekarinchadaaniki swiss prabhutvam 2005 december 5-6 tedeello ituvanti samavesanni nirvahinchindi. december 7 varaku samavesanni pranaalika laeni podigimpu taruvaata, ootu vijayavantamgaa avasaramaina moodinta rendu vantula majorityni saadhinchina taruvaata protocol aamodinchabadindi. sadassuku haajaraina deshaala nundi 98 mandhi anukuulamgaa, 27 mandhi vyatiraekamgaa ootu veyagaa, 10 deshaalu otingku dhooramgaa unnaayi.
moodava protocallo kotta chihnanni "moodava protocol chihnam" gaa suuchistaaru. geniva sampradaayaalaku moodava adanapu protocol aadhaaramgaa eee chihnanni upayoginchadaaniki niyamaalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
antarjaateeya erra siluva mariyu erra ardhachandra udyamam jaateeya samaajaala upayogam kosam erra spatikaanni adanapu chihnamgaa sweekarinchinatlu 2006 juun 22naa icrc prakatinchindi. paalastiinaa redd cressent society (prcs) mariyu izrael national society, magen david aadam (mda) gurtimpunu kooda icrc prakatinchindi. 14 janavari 2007naa, moodava adanapu protocol amaluloki vachindi.
suuryuditoe erra simham.
1924 nundi 1980 varaku, iraan thana jaateeya samajam, erra simham mariyu suurya samajam kosam erra simhaanni upayoginchindi, idhi iraan genda mariyu chihnam aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi. suuryunitoe unna erra simham 1929loe erra ardhachandramtho paatu rakshana chihnamgaa adhikarikamga gurtinchabadindi. eee chihnanni 1964loe geniva vadda pravesapettaaru. 1980loe desham erra ardhachandraaniki marinappatiki, iraan eee chihnanni upayoginche hakkunu spashtamgaa nirvahistundi.
david yokka erra kavacham.
izrael jaateeya samajam magen david aadam, daani sthaapana nundi david yokka erra kavachanni daani samstha chihnamgaa upayoginchindi. 1931loe erra siluva, erra ardhachandram, suuryuditoe erra simhaaniki adanamgaa david erra kavachanni pratipaadinchaaru. naalugu samvatsaraala taruvaata afghanistan jaateeya sahaya sangham yokka "mehrab-eah-ahmer" (erra vampu maargam) chihnam vale, alaage chihna vistarana gurinchi aandolanala kaaranamgaa aneka itara pratipaadanalu vanti pratipaadananu icrc tiraskarinchindi. geniva samavesala sandarbhamlo izrael mallii eee chihnanni moodava rakshana chihnamgaa sthaapinchadaaniki prayatninchindi, conny 1949loe prabhutvaalu geniva samavesalanu aamodinchinappudu sambandhita pratipaadana swalpamgaa odipoyindi. geniva samavesala prakaram david yokka erra kavacham gurtimpu pondina rakshana chihnamgaa lenanduna, icrc dwara jaateeya samajamga magen david aadam gurtimpu chaalaa alasyam ayindi.
2006 varaku icrc adhikarikamga magen david aadamnu gurtinchaledu. moodava protocol chihnanni sweekarinchadam antarjaateeya samakhyalo puurti sabhyudiga magen david aadam gurtimpu mariyu pravaesaaniki maargam sugamam chesindi, endukante moodava protocol niyamaalu izrael lopala panichestunnappudu david yokka erra kavachanni upayoginchadam konasaaginchadaaniki anumatistaayi mariyu videshaalalo daani missionlaku parishkaranni andistaayi. eee samstha iteevala adhikaarika gurtimpunu pondinappatikee, daani adhikaarika gurtimpuku mundu, icrc mariyu federation rendinti sahakaaramtho aneka antarjaateeya karyakalapalalo paalgondi.
itara pratipaadita chihnalu.
vividha itara deshaalu kooda pratyaamnaaya chihnala kosam lobbying chesaayi, ivi praadaesikata yokka aandolanala kaaranamgaa tiraskarinchabaddaayi.
1922loe, yuddha nayakudi kaalamlo chainaalo erra swastika samajam erpadindi. bhaarata upakhandam, thoorpu mariyu agneyasialo saadhaaranamgaa dharmam ledhaa hinduu matam, bouddhamatam mariyu jainamataanni suuchimchadaaniki swastikanu chihnamgaa upayogistaaru. eee samstha daatrutva sahaya prajectulanu (desheeya mariyu antarjaateeya) nirvahinchagaa, oka mataparamaina matha samsthagaa idhi antarjaateeya kamitee nundi gurtimpuku anarhamainadi. dheeni pradhana karyalayam ippudu taivaanlo undhi.
dhyeyavaakyaalu mariyu mission statementlu.
redd cross yokka antarjaateeya kamitee yokka asalu ninaadam "inter arma caritas" ("yuddhamlo, daatrutvam"). eee kraistava-sphuurti ninaadam 1961loe "prati maanaveeya sthithi prakatana vegam" ledhaa "maanavatvamto, shanti vaipu" anae tatastha ninaadam thoo savarinchabadindi. inter arma caritas" ippatikee icrc yokka praadhamika ninaadam ayinappatikee (icrc saasanaala artical 3 prakaram), "purr humanitatum yaad paysm" anedi samakhya yokka praadhamika ninaadam (samakhya raajyaangamlooni artical 1). rendu samsthalu pratyaamnaaya ninaadamnu gurtinchaayi, mariyu rendu ninaadaalu kalisi antarjaateeya udyamam yokka ummadi ninaadam vale panicheestaayi.
samakhya yokka "vyuuham 2010" patramlo roopondinchina antarjaateeya udyamam yokka mission statement "maanavatvam yokka saktini sameekarinchadam dwara balaheena prajala jeevitaalanu meruguparachadam". 1999 nundi 2004 varaku, antarjaateeya udyamam yokka anni kaaryakalaapaalaku ummadi ninaadam "maanavatvam yokka shakti". 2003 decemberlo geneevaalo jarigina 28va antarjaateeya samavesam "maanava gowravaanni parirakshinchadam" anae samavesa ninaadamnu kotta udyama ninaadam vale sweekarinchindi.
vaarshika ghnaapakaartham.
1938loe londonlo jarigina 16va antarjaateeya samavesam henry dunant puttinaroju ayina mae 8nii udyamam yokka adhikaarika vaarshika ghnaapakaartham mariyu vedukala dinamgaa cheyaalani adhikarikamga nirnayinchindi. 1984 nundi, vedukala dinotsavam yokka adhikaarika paeru "prapancha erra siluva mariyu erra ardhachandra dinam".
museumlu.
solferinolo, oka chinna museum solferino yuddham mariyu resourgemento, swaatantryam mariyu aikyata kosam sudeerghamaina mariyu raktapaata italian poraatam yokka charitranu vivaristundi. museumku sameepamlo unna osario dii solferino (solferino asthipanjaram) loe, kadile pradarsana yuddham yokka bhayanakatanu chooputundi. chappel lopala, yuddhamlo maraninchina vaelaadi mandhi french mariyu austrian dalaala nundi 1,413 purrelu mariyu aneka emukalu chuupimchabaddaayi. solferino 1959loe solferino yuddham shatabdi utsavaala sandarbhamgaa praarambhinchina antarjaateeya redd cross smaaraka chihnaniki kooda solferino aatidhyam istundi. eee smaaraka chihnamlo prati gurtimpu pondina jaateeya samajanni gurtinche raathi falakaalu unnaayi. solferino sameepamloni chinna pattanam castiglione delle stevierlo, 1959loe redd cross yokka antarjaateeya museum kooda praarambhinchabadindi. antekakunda, antarjaateeya redd cross mariyu redd cressent museum anae maroka museum icrc pradhana kaaryaalayaaniki sameepamlo geneevaalo undhi. chivaraku, swiss graamamaina hydenlo, dunant yokka ghnaapakasaktini mariyu vaarasatvaanni kaapaadataaniki henry dunant museum praarambhinchabadindi.
chihnala upayogam.
geniva sampradaayaalu paerkonnatlugaa, gurtinchabadina naalugu chihnalanu eee krindi vaatini suuchimchadaaniki matrame upayoginchaalih
chihnalaku saarvatrika gowravaanni nirdhaarinchadaaniki, geniva samavesalu yuddhakaalamlo mariyu saantikaalamlo paerlu mariyu chihnala itara upayogaanni nishedhinchaalani tama santakaalu chesinavaarini nirbandhinchaayi.
ayinappatikee, eee chihnam yokka chattaviruddha upayogam vistrutamgaa undhi mariyu idhi tarachugaa pradhama chikitsa, vaidya samagri mariyu poura vaidya sevalanu suuchimchadaaniki, mukhyamgaa vaak-inn cliniclalo, saadhaarana chihnamgaa upayoginchabadutundi. ituvanti upayogaalu chalanachitraalalo (oka mukhyamaina udaaharana "sajeeva pagati deepaalu", indulo maadakadravyaalu redd cross cair packageluga, plaat parikaramgaa maaruveshamlo undevi), televisionlo mariyu computer software mariyu aatalalo kanipistaayi. kaaru marammattu ledhaa pacchika bayalla nirvahana vanti seva samsthalu tamanu taamu "vaidyulu" gaa prakatinchukuntaayi mariyu tamanu taamu prothsahinchukovadaaniki vaidya chihnalanu cherchukuntaayi.
1973 kii mundu, united states mariyu paschima ardhagolamloni itara praantaalalo ambulancelu saadhaaranamgaa erra siluvaku bhinnamgaa, daani rangulo matrame bhinnamgaa, bhadrata narinja siluvatoe gurtinchabaddaayi. bommalu mariyu ambulancela chitraalu saadhaaranamgaa aaa suukshmabeedhaanni kooda nirlakshyam chestaayi, badulugaa erra siluvanu upayogistaayi. rakshita erra siluva chihnam, yuu nundi bhadrata narinja siluvanu taginantagaa vaeru cheyalemani american redd cross nundi nirasanalu taruvaata.ess. ravana vibhagam bhadrata narinja siluvaku pratyamnaayamgaa blue starr off lifenu abhivruddhi chesindi. appati nundi blue starr off life ambulancelu mariyu itara sambandhita anuvartanaallo prapanchavyaaptamgaa chaalaa varaku sweekarinchabadindi. conny soviet union nundi vaarasatvamgaa vacchina chaalaa soviet anantara deshaalalo, erra siluva ippatikee pradhama chikitsa vastu samagri mariyu ambulenslalo upayoginche aushadha chihnamgaa migilipoyindi.
2006loe, kenadian redd cross veediyo game tayaareedaarulanu tama aatalalo redd kraasnu upayoginchadam maaneyamani koorutuu oka patrika prakatana vidudala chesindi; redd cross thoo gurtinchabadina aatagadi paatra yokka aarogyaanni punaruddharinche pradhama chikitsa vastu samagri mariyu itara vastuvulanu chudatam chaalaa saadhaaranam. eee sangharshananu nivaarinchadaaniki, aakupaccha siluvanu tarachugaa saadhaarana pratyamnaayamgaa upayogistaaru.
australia, newzealand, united kingdom mariyu daani dependencylatho sahaa itara deshaala amalu chattaalalo mundugaa unna trademarklu rakshinchabadataayi. aneka deshaalalo, abhyantarakaramaina ledhaa pramaadakaramaina upayogaalaku parimita minahaayimpulato, pramukha domine dwara daani yajamaniki pariharam chellinchakundaa nishedhaaniki mundu chattabaddhamgaa srushtinchabadina medho sampattini swaadheenam chesukovadam chatta niyamaala ullanghana. (udaaharanaku, oka bhavanampai erra siluva aaa praantamloo sainika uniki gurinchi satruvu vimaanaalaku tappudu mariyu pramaadakaramaina abhiprayanni teliyajestundi, ayithe aaa bhavanampai daadi jaragadu; anduvalla yuu.ess. krinda paerkonnatlugaa, 1949 geniva samavesalaku reservationlu, aaa viniyogaanni samarthavantamgaa nishedhinchaayi.) eee vaastavaanni gurtistuu, protocol III erra spatikaanni kaligi unna 2005 kii mundu chaalaa trademarklanu spashtamgaa samrakshistundi, vaatini sainika upayogaalato ayomayam chendaninta varaku. 2005 taruvaata chihnanni kaligi unna trademarklu ikapai puurvagaami chattam yokka samasya lenanduna nishedhinchabaddaayi.
1862loe roopondinchina tonga genda tellani maidaanamlo erra siluvagaa undindi; 1866loe, erra siluva jendaatho saaruupyata gurtinchabadinappudu, erra siluvanu cantonlo unchadaaniki tonga jendaanu marcharu.
chitraala antarjaateeya rakshana.
eee chitraala rakshita sthithi modati geniva conventionlo sthaapinchabadindi, idhi ilaa perkondih
kenadaalo chihnala upayogam.
redd cross, redd cressent, redd christal, mariyu redd layan mariyu sunn chihnalu varusaga "trade marks act", section 9 (1), paeraalu f, g, g1, mariyu h kinda rakshinchabaddaayih
hankanglo chihnala upayogam.
section 3 (sii) loe "byaadjlu mariyu utpattula anadhikara pampinhee" ilaa perkondih
eee chihnanni upayoginchadampai eee parimitini 1995loe jodinchaaru.
singapurlo chihnala upayogam.
singapurlo chihnala vadakam geniva conventionla chattam (cap 117) dwara nirvahinchabadutundi.
united kingdamlo chihnala upayogam.
united kingdamlo chihnala vadakam geniva conventionla chattam 1957 dwara niyantrinchabadutundi, geniva conventionla (savarana) chattam 1995 dwara savarinchabadindi mariyu aneka aadesaalu chattabaddhamaina saadhanalugaa unnaayi. geniva samavesalu mariyu aikyaraajyasamiti sibbandi (protocols) chattam 2009 erra sphatikaaniki rakshananu vistarinchaayi.
2011loe glassgolo pantomime dustulapai redd kraasnu anadhikarikamga upayoginchadam phalitamgaa daanini tolaginchamani abhyardhana vachindi.
united stateslo chihnala upayogam.
dheeniki oka mukhyamaina minahaayimpu united states, ikkada united states 1882loe geniva conventionnu modatisaari aamodinchinappatiki, 18 samvatsaraala paatu erra siluva chihnam rakshanaku sambandhinchi oppanda baadhyatalanu amalu cheyadaaniki etuvanti chattam aamodinchabadaledu.
6 juun 1900naa, american national redd cross (aark) charter billu chattamgaa santakam cheyabadindi. vibhagam 4, idhi chivariki 18 yuu gaa krodikarinchabadindi.ess.sii. §706, greeku erra siluva chihnanni rakshinchindi, yea vyakti ledhaa sangham ayina samstha anumati lekunda erra siluva paeru ledhaa chihnanni upayoginchadam oka dushpravartanagaa chesindi. jarimanalalo oka samvatsaraaniki minchani jailu siksha mariyu $1 mariyu $500 madhya jarimana, arkku chellinchavalasi untundi. aark vileenam cheyabadina samayamlo redd cross kuu sambandham laeni samsthalachae greeku redd cross kosam edu trademark registrations jarigaayi. eee chattam gurinchi congress charchalo eee viniyogadaarula uniki gurtinchabadindi. ayithe, eee munupati viniyogadaarula hakkulanu nishedhinchadaaniki chattasabha sabhyulu etuvanti charya teesukoledu.
1905loe, congress aark chaartarnu savaristunnappudu, chihnanni upayoginchadaaniki mundugaa unna hakkula samasya mallee levanettabadindi. erra siluva paeru mariyu chihnanni upayoginchadampai nishedhaalu sthaapinchabadina hakkulu unnavaaru greeku erra siluvanu upayoginchadaanni chattaviruddham cheyaledani chattasabha sabhyulu congress uddesaanni punarudghaatinchaaru. ayithe, eee bhavalu mallee redd cross charter savaranalo pratibimbimchalaedu. 1905 punarvimarsha samayamlo, greeku redd cross thoo trademark registrationla sankhya 61kii perigindi, veetilo johnson & johnson chesinavi kooda unnaayi. sambhaavya mundastu-minahaayimpupai aandolana chendina vaanijya viniyogadaarulu tama prastuta trademark hakkula krodeekarana kosam lobbying chesaaru.
1905 janavari 5 kii mundu praarambhamaina erra siluva paeru mariyu chihnanni chattabaddhamgaa upayoginchadam konasagavachani 1910 loe congress adhikarikamga sthaapinchindi, conny aaa upayogam "adhe prayojanam kosam mariyu adhe taragati vastuvula kosam" ayithe matrame."taruvaata, yuu.ess. erra siluvanu "vimanam, noukalu, vahanalu, bhavanalu ledhaa itara nirmaanaalapai ledhaa neelapai" upayoginchananta kaalam erra siluva trademarklu bhangam kaliginchavani oka nirdishta rejarveshantho 1949 geniva samavesalaku chesina savaranalanu aamodinchindi, ivanni sainika upayogaalato ayomayam chendhe avakaasam undhi.
2007 varaku, yuu.ess. chattam erra siluvanu matrame rakshinchindi, mariyu daani upayogaanni aark mariyu yuu dwara matrame anumatinchindi.ess. saayudha dalaalu; ayithe dheenini yuu-kaani vaaru upayogistunnaru.ess. samsthalu saadhaaranamgaa ifrclo aark sabhyatvam mariyu sainyam yokka praamaanika protocols mariyu redd cross & redd cressent udyamam dwara suuchimchabadataayi, magen david aadam (mda) samasyapai 2000 nundi 2006 varaku ifrc bakayilanu aark nilipiveyadam aandolanalanu rekettinchindi. rendoo protocol III (idhi 2006loe united states senate nundi salaha mariyu sammatini pondindi; yuu.ess. marchi 2007loe daani dhruvikarananu lanchanaprayamga chesindi) mariyu eee aandolanalanu parishkarinchadaaniki, 2006 naati geniva vilakshanhamaina chihnala rakshana chattam (public laa 109-481), protocol III amaluloki raavadaaniki rendu rojula mundu, janavari 12,2007naa chattamgaa santakam cheyabadindi. chattam, 18 yuu gaa krodikarinchabadindi.ess.sii. §706a, U looni erra ardhachandrakara mariyu erra sphatikaaniki (conny erra simham mariyu suuryudiki kaadu) puurti chattaparamaina rakshananu vistarinchindi.ess., sainika upayogaalato gandaragolam chendaleni protocol III santakam cheyadaaniki mundu vyaktigata upayogaalaku lobadi; ICRC, IFRC, anni jaateeya redd cross & redd cressent societylu (eee samayaniki mda thoo sahaa), mariyu "(t) geniva conventionlaku rashtra paarteela saayudha dalaala sanitary mariyu hospital adhikarulu" dwara conventionla prakaram tagina anni chihnalanu upayoginchadaaniki anumatinchaaru; mariyu U loe redd cross, redd cressent mariyu redd christal yokka akrama viniyogaaniki vyatiraekamgaa aadesaalu pondadaaniki united states attarney generalnu anumatinchaaru.ess.
yuu.ess. geneva conventionla prakaram chihnalanu upayoginche sainika guruvula hakkunu chattam ippatikee pratyaekamgaa rakshinchadu; ayithe, vaari saayudha dalaala "sanitary mariyu hospital adhikarulu" loe bhaagamaina sainika guruvulaku yuu. ess looni chihnalanu upayoginche hakku untundi.ess. aark mariyu itara redd cross & redd cressent entiteelu kooda chapleyinlanu niyamistaayi; vaaru tama upaadhi dwara chihnalanu upayoginchukune hakku kaligi untaaru.
"johnson & johnson vii. american redd cross.
9 augustu 2007naa, newyork dakshina jilla kosam united states jilla kortulo, johnson & johnson (J & J) trademark ullanghananu aaropistuu american redd crospie daavaa vaesaaru. johnson & johnson pratyaekamgaa licenses laeni anni pradhama chikitsa, bhadrata mariyu vipattu samsiddhata utpattulapai erra siluva chihnanni unchadaanni nilipiveyaalani daavaa korindi. prastutam unna eee rakamaina zhe & zhe redd cross laanchanam-mose utpattulannintini naasanam cheyaalani kooda daavaa korindi mariyu american redd cross sikshaatmaka nashtapariharalu mariyu zhe & zhe yokka chattaparamaina rusumulanu chellinchaalani demand chesindi.
zhe & zhe 8 augustu 2007naa prajalaku oka prakatnanu vidudala chesindi, idhi daavaanu daakhalu cheyalane daani nirnayaanni vivaristundi, chihnaniki mundastu hakkulanu perkondi. adhe teedeena, american redd cross thana sonta patrika prakatnanu vidudala chesindi, pradhama chikitsa mariyu vipattu samsiddhata utpatti tayaareedaarulaku redd cross chihnanni licenses ivvaalane daani nirnayam venuka konni kaaranaalanu perkondi. rendu rojula taruvaata idhi maroe patrika prakatnanu vidudala chesindi, J & J yokka aneka vaadanalanu vivaadam chesindi mariyu "(t) athanu redd cross 1903 nundi united stateslo vaanijyaparamgaa pradhama chikitsa vastu saamagrini vikrayistunnadu" anie nokki cheppindi."
redd cross chihnanni kaligi unna pradhama chikitsa, samsiddhata mariyu sambandhita utpattulanu roopondinchadaaniki 2004 nundi aneka licensing bhaagaswaamulato kalisi panicheesaamani american redd cross oka prakatanalo telipindi. eee utpattulanu viniyogadaarulaku vikrayinchadam dwara andukunna mottam dabbunu daani manavata karyakramalu mariyu sevalalo tirigi pettubadi pettinatlu swachchanda samstha telipindi. "redd cross yokka manavata missionu rakshinchadaaniki roopondinchina naera chattanni redd cross ullanghinchindani oka bahula-billion dollarla aushadha samstha perkonadam-kevalam J & J marinta dabbu sampaadinchagalagadaaniki-asleelam" anie maark everson annaru. johnson & johnson pratispandistuu, american redd cross yokka vaanijya samsthalu chaaritraatmakamgaa baga angeekarinchabadina viniyoga paridhiki velupala unnayani, samakhya saasanaalanu neerugaa ullanghistunnayani paerkonnaaru.
federal kortu johnson & johnson yokka sthaanaanni tiraskarinchindi mariyu american redd cross kosam teerpu ichindi, federal chattam pradhama chikitsa mariyu vipattu samsiddhata vastu samagri vanti mission-sambandhita vastuvula ammakamlo redd cross chihnanni upayoginchadaaniki american redd kraasnu adhikaram istundani mariyu itara samsthalaku licenses ivvadaaniki atuvanti utpattulanu vikrayinchadaaniki daani paeru mariyu chihnanni upayoginchadaaniki. american redd cross oka sataabdaaniki paiga alaa chestondani, johnson & johnson okappudu american redd cross licenses pondaalani prayatninchaarani kortu pratyaekamgaa perkondi. johnson & johnson firyadu yokka saraamsaanni kortu tiraskarinchina taruvaata, paarteelu chivariki tama vibhedaalanu parishkarinchukunnaayi, mariyu american redd cross daani chihnanni vaanijyaparamgaa upayoginchadaaniki swechchagaa undhi.

