dendrite

dendrite (greeku δένδρον "dendron", "tree" nundi) ledhaa dendron anedi naraala kanam yokka saakhala protoplasmic podigimpu, idhi itara naadii kanaala nundi andukunna electrochemical uddeepananu kana sariiraaniki ledhaa somaku pracharam chestundi, dheeni nundi dendrites project chestundi. dendritic chettu antataa vividha paayintla vadda unna synapses dwara eguva bhaagamlo neuronla dwara (saadhaaranamgaa vaati oxanla dwara) vidyut prerana dendraitlapaiki vyaapistundi.
eee synaptic inputlanu ekikrutam cheyadamlo mariyu neuron dwara entha varaku charya saamarthyaalu utpatti avtayo nirnayinchadamlo dendritelu keelaka paatra poeshistaayi. 
nirmaanam.
neuron yokka kana sareeram nundi bayataku vachhe rendu rakaala protoplasmic protressionlalo dendritelu okati, maroka rakam oxon. aakaram, podavu mariyu panitiirutoe sahaa aneka lakshanaala dwara akshatantuvulanu dendritela nundi vaeru cheyavachu. dendritelu tarachugaa aakaaramlo taggutaayi mariyu chinnaviga untaayi, ayithe akshatantuvulu sthiramaina vyaasaarthaanni nirvahistaayi mariyu saapekshamgaa podavugaa untaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, oxanlu electrochemical sankethaalanu prasaram chestaayi mariyu dendritelu electrochemical sankethaalanu andukuntaayi, ayithe konni jaatulaloni konni rakaala neuronlalo oxanlu undavu mariyu vaati dendritela dwara sankethaalanu prasaram chestaayi. dendritelu itara oxanla terminal batanla nundi sankethaalanu sweekarinchadaaniki vistarinchina uparitala vaisaalyaanni andistaayi, mariyu oxon kooda saadhaaranamgaa daani suduura chivaralo aneka saakhalugaa (telodendria) vibhajistundi, veetilo prati okkati naraala terminallo mugustundi, idhi oka rasayana sanketaanni ekakaalamlo aneka lakshya kanaalaku velladaaniki anumatistundi.
saadhaaranamgaa, oka electrochemical signal oka neuronnu prerepinchinappudu, idhi dendrite vadda sambhavistundi mariyu neuron yokka plasma pora antataa vidyut saamardhyamlo maarpulaku kaaranamavutundi. pora saamardhyamlo eee maarpu nishkriyaatmakamgaa dendrite antataa vyaapistundi, conny charya sambhaavyata lekunda dhooramtho balaheenapadutundi. oka charya sambhaavyata neuron yokka dendritela pora venta vidyut karyakalapalanu kana sariiraaniki vyaapti chestundi, aapai oxon yokka podavunu oxon terminalku taggistundi, akkada idhi synaptic cheelikaloki neurotransmitterlanu vidudala chestundi. ayithe, dendraitlatho kuudina synapses kooda oxodendritic kaavacchu, indulo dendriteku axon signalling ledhaa dendrodendritic untundi, indulo dendritela madhya signalling untundi. autops anedi oka synaps, dheenilo oka neuron yokka oxon daani swantha dendraitlaku sankethaalanu prasaram chestundi.
moodu pradhana rakaala neuronlu unnaayi; bahuladhruva, dvidhruva mariyu ekadhruva. bahuladhruva neuronlu oka oxon mariyu aneka dendritic chetlatho koodi untaayi. pyramid kanaalu anevi pyramid aakarapu kana sariiraalatoe kuudina bahula dhruva cartical neuronlu mariyu cartex uparitalam varaku vistarinche apical dendrites anie piluvabade pedda dendritelu. bipolar neuronlu kana sariiraaniki vyatiraeka chivarlalo oka oxon mariyu oka dendritic chettunu kaligi untaayi. ekadhruva neuronlu kana sareeram nundi vistarinchi unna kommanu kaligi untaayi, idhi rendu saakhalugaa vidipotundi, okati dendraitlanu kaligi untundi mariyu marokati terminal batanlatho untundi. sparsha ledhaa ushnograta vanti indriya uddeepanalanu gurtinchadaaniki unipolar dendraitlanu upayogistaaru.
dendritela yokka konni taragatulu dendritic vennemukalu anie piluvabade chinna anchanaalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi signal nirdishtatanu vaeru cheyadaaniki dendritela grahana lakshanaalanu penchutaayi. perigina naadii karyakalapalu mariyu dendritic vennemukala vadda deerghakaalika saktini sthaapinchadam parimaanaalu, aakaram mariyu prasarananu maarustundi. dendritic perugudalaku eee saamarthyam neerchukoevadamloo mariyu ghnaapakasakti erpadatamlo paatra pooshistundani bhaavistunnaaru. prati kanaaniki 15,000 vennemukalu undavacchu, veetilo prati okkati vyaktigata precinaptic oxanlaku postsynaptic prakriyagaa panichestundi. dendritic branching vistrutamgaa undavacchu mariyu konni sandarbhaallo oke neuronku 100,000 inputlanu andukovadaniki saripotundi.
charitra.
dendrites" anae padaanni mottamodata mottamodata wilhelm thana chetha naraala kanaaniki anusandhaaninchabadina chinna "protoplasmic prakriyala" sankhyanu vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchaaru. german shareera nirmaana shaastravetta oto friedrich carle deters saadhaaranamgaa axannu dendritela nundi vaeru cheyadam dwara kanugonna ghanatanu pondaaru.
naadii vyavasthalo modati kanaantara recordinglalo konni 1930la chivaralo kenneth ess chetha cheyabaddaayi. cole mariyu howard zhe. kurtis. swiss rudolph albert vaan kolikar mariyu german robbert remac akshatantu prarambha vibhaganni gurtinchi, vargeekarinchina modativaaru. alan hodgkin mariyu andrew huxley kooda squid diggajam oxon (1939) nuu upayoginchaaru mariyu 1952 natiki vaaru charya sambhaavyata yokka ionic aadharam yokka puurti parimaanaatmaka vivarananu pondaaru, idhi hodgkin-huxley namuunaa suutreekaranaku daariteesindi. daariteesindi eee paniki hodgkin mariyu haxleaki samyuktamgaa nobel bahumati labhinchindi. akshatantu vaahakatvaanni vivarinche suutraalu frankenhuser-huxley sameekaranaalalo sakasherukaalaku vistarinchabaddaayi. akshatantuvulapai kanipinche antaraalu ledhaa kanupulanu vivarinchina modati vyakti luis-antoin ramvier mariyu eee sahakaram kosam eee akshatantu lakshanaalanu ippudu saadhaaranamgaa ramvier kanupulugaa suuchistaaru. spanish shareera nirmaana shaastravetta ayina santiago ramon vai kajal, akshatantuvulu neuronla avtput bhagalu anie pratipaadinchaaru. neuronlu anevi pratyaekamaina koodali ledhaa kanaala madhya khaaliilu dwara okadaanitoe okati sambhashinche vivikta kanaalu anie kooda ayana pratipaadinchaaru, veetini ippudu synaps anie pilustaaru. ramon vai kajal golgi paddhati anie piluvabade vendi maraka prakriyanu meruguparichadu, dheenini athani pratyarthi kaamillo golgi abhivruddhi chesaaru.
dendrite abhivruddhi.
dendritela abhivruddhi samayamlo, aneka amsaalu bhedaanni prabhaavitam chestaayi. veetilo indriya input, paryaavarana kalushya kaarakaala modulation, shareera ushnograta mariyu maadakadravyaala vadakam unnaayi. udaaharanaku, cheekati vaataavaranamloo perigina elukalu praadhamika drushya valkalam loe unna pyramid kanaalalo vennemukala sankhyanu tagginchaayani mariyu pora 4 stellet kanaalalo dendrite saakhala pampinheelo gananeeyamaina maarpunu kaligi unnayani kanugonabadindi. vitrolo mariyu vivolo chesina prayogaalu afferentla uniki mariyu input kaaryaacharana dendritelu veruchese namuunaalanu savarinchagalavani choopinchaayi.
dendritelu tamanu taamu vivolo kendrikarinchukune prakriya gurinchi chaalaa takkuva telusu mariyu prati nirdishta neuronal taragatiki pratyaekamaina klishtamaina branching namuunaanu srushtinchavalasi vastundi. dendritic arber abhivruddhi yokka yantraamgampai oka siddhaantam synaptotropic parikalpana. synaptotropic parikalpana oka precinaptic nundi postsynaptic kanaaniki input (mariyu uttejakaramaina synaptic inputla paripakvata) chivariki dendritic mariyu oxonal arbers vadda synaps erpade marganni maarchagaladani pratipaadinchindi.
panichese medadulo neuronal nirmaanam abhivruddhiki eee synaps erpadatam avasaram. dendritic vistarana yokka jeevakriya kharchulu mariyu grahana kshetraanni cover cheyavalasina avasaram madhya samatulyata bahusha dendritela parimaanam mariyu aakaraanni nirnayistundi. transcription karakalu, grahaka-ligand paraspara charyalu, vividha signalling margalu, sthaanika anuvaada yantraangam, cytoskelital muulakaalu, golgi avutpostulu mariyu endosomlatho sahaa dendrite abhivruddhini extracellular mariyu intracellular sankethaala sanklishta shreni modulate chestundi. ivi vyaktigata kana sariiraalapai dendritela vyavastheekaranaku mariyu neuronal circutrylo eee dendraitlanu unchadaaniki dohadam chestaayi. udaaharanaku, β-actin zipcode binding protein 1 (zbp1) saraina dendritic branchingku dohadam chestundani choopabadindi.
dendritela padanirmaanamlo palgone itara mukhyamaina transcription karakalalo cutt, aakasmika, callier, vennemuka laenivi, laenivi, crest, crest, creb, creb modalainavi unnaayi. sravinche proteins mariyu kana uparitala grahakaalalo neurotrophenelu mariyu tyrosine kines grahakaalu, bii. emm. pii. 7, doubleu. enn. tii/disheveld, efb 1-3, semaphorine/plexin-neuropylene, slit-robo, netrin-frazild, relin untaayi. rock, rock mariyu rova cytoskelital regulatorluga panicheestaayi mariyu motaru proteinlo proteinlo, dainin, dainin untaayi. dendritic abhivruddhini niyantrinche mukhyamaina sraavam mariyu endocytic margalalo margalalo, daar3/saar1, daar2/sec23 modalainavi unnaayi. eee anuvulannee dendritic marphogenesisnu niyantrinchadamlo okadaanitoe okati sankarshana chendutaayi, veetilo rakam nirdishta dendritic arborization, dendrite parimaanam yokka niyantrana mariyu vividha neuronla nundi veluvade dendritela vyavastheekarana vantivi unnaayi.
dendritic namuunaala rakalu.
dendritic saakhalu anie kooda piluvabade dendritic arborization anedi bahula-dasala jeeva prakriya, dheeni dwara neuronlu kotta dendritic chetlu mariyu saakhalanu yerparustaayi, kotta synapsesnu srushtistaayi. aneka jeevulalo dendritelu saakhala yokka vividha padanirmaana namuunaalanu oohistaayi. saakha saandrata mariyu samuuha namuunaalu vanti dendritela padanirmaana shaastram neuron panitiirutoe chaalaa paraspara sambandham kaligi untundi. dendritela vaikalyam kooda balaheenamaina naadii vyavastha panitiirutoe gattiga sambandham kaligi untundi. 
saakhala padanirmaanaalu "adendritic" nirmaanaanni (saakhala nirmaanam laenivi, ledhaa chettu lantivi kaavu) ledhaa chettu lanty vikirana nirmaanaanni oohinchavachhu. chettu lanty arborization namuunaalu "spindled" (konni shaakhalatho kana sareeram yokka vyatiraeka dhruwala nundi rendu dendritelu prasarinche chota, "bipolar neuronlanu chudandi"), "golaakaara" (ikkada dendritelu oka bhaagamlo ledhaa kana sareeram nundi anni disalalo prasaristaayi, "cerebellar granuel kanaalanu chudandi"), "laminar" (ikkada dendritelu samathattamgaa prasarimpajeyagalavu, kana sareeram nundi okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva kaandam dwara bharti cheyagalavu, ledhaa bahula-samatalamgaa, retina kshitija samaantara kanaalu, retina ganglian kanaalu, retina amacrine kanaalu varusaga), "sthuupaakaara" (ikkada dendritelu cylinder, disk lanty paddhatiloo anni disalalo prasaristaayi, polydal neuronlanu chudandi), "sankuvu (oka sankuvu vanti vikiranam, shareera kanaala nundi prasarinche), fyaan kanaalu, flatinal kanaalu, flatinal kanaalu vanti vikiranam).
vidyut lakshanaalu.
neuron yokka dendritela nirmaanam mariyu saakhalu, alaage voltage-gated ayan conductains yokka labhyata mariyu vaividhyam, neuron itara neuronla nundi inputnu elaa anusandhaanistundo balamgaa prabhaavitam chestundi. eee samaikyata rendoo taatkaalikamainavi, indulo vegavantamaina varusalo vachhe uddeepanala sankalanam, alaage praadesikamgaa, pratyeka saakhala nundi uttejakaramaina mariyu nirodhaka inputla samaikyata untundi.
dendritelu okappudu kevalam vidyut uddeepananu nishkriyaatmakamgaa teliyajestaayani bhaavinchaaru. eee nishkriyaatmaka prasaram antey sell boddy vadda koliche voltage maarpulu voltage-gated ayan chaanella sahayam lekunda sell boddy vaipu vidyut signalnu vyaapti chese distal synapses yokka kriyaaseelata phalitamgaa untaayi. dendrite meeda oka nirdishta pradaesamloe voltage maarpulu vividha vyasalu, podavulu mariyu vidyut lakshanaala dendrite vibhaagaalanu kalipe vyavastha dwara eee vidyut sanketaanni elaa prasaram chestayo nishkriyaatmaka cable siddhaantam vivaristundi. nishkriyaatmaka cable siddhaantam aadhaaramgaa neuron yokka dendritic padanirmaana saastramlo maarpulu kana sareeram vadda pora voltagenu elaa prabhaavitam chestayo track cheyavachu, tadwara dendrite nirmaanaalalo vaividhyam neuron yokka mottam avtput lakshanaalanu elaa prabhaavitam chestundi.
sodiyam ayanlu, calcium ayanlu mariyu potassium ayaanlanu ravana cheyadaaniki intermembrane voltage-gated ayan chaanellanu upayoginche charya sambhaavyata dwara electrochemical signals pracharam cheyabadataayi. prati ayan jaatiki daani swantha sambandhita protein chhaanel untundi, idhi kana pora yokka lipid dvipadaramlo untundi. neuronla kana pora akshatantuvulu, kana sareeram, dendritelu modalaina vaatini kappi unchutundi. protein chaanallu rasayana jaatula madhya avasaramaina activation voltage mariyu activation vyavadhilo bhinnamgaa untaayi.
janthu kanaalalo charya sambhaavyata plasma poralooni sodiyam-gated ledhaa calcium-gated ayan chaanalla dwara utpatti avutundi. pora sambhaavyata kanam yokka vishraanti sambhaavyataku daggaragaa ledhaa vadda unnappudu eee chaanellu muusivaeyabadataayi. pora sambhaavyata perigithe kaaluvalu teravadam praarambhistaayi, sodiyam ledhaa calcium ayanlu kanamloki pravahinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. ekkuva ayanlu kanamloki pravesinchinappudu, pora sambhaavyata perugutuunae untundi. anni ayan chaanallu teriche varaku eee prakriya konasaagutundi, deenivalla pora sambhaavyata vaegamgaa perugutundi, idhi pora sambhaavyatalo taggudalanu prerepistundi. sodiyam ayanlu neuranloki pravesinchakundaa nirodhinche ayan chaanellanu moosiveyadam valla depolarising sambhavistundi, aapai avi sell nundi churukuga ravana cheyabadataayi. potassium chaanallu appudu sakriyam cheyabadataayi, potassium ayanla bahya pravaham untundi, idhi electrochemical pravanatanu vishraanti sambhaavyataku tirigi istundi. charya sambhaavyata sambhavinchina tarvaata, adanapu potassium pravaahaala kaaranamgaa, afterhyperpolarisation ledhaa vakreebhavana kaalam anie piluvabade taatkaalika pratikuula maarpu untundi. idhi oka charya sambhaavyata adhi ippude vacchina vidhamgaa tirigi prayaninchakunda nirodhinche yantraangam.
dendritela yokka maroka mukhyamaina lakshanam, vaati kriyaaseela voltage gated conductains dwara ivvabadindi, dendritic aarbarloki charya saamardhyaalanu tirigi pampagala saamarthyam. byaak-propagating action potentials anie piluvabade eee sankethaalu dendritic aarbarnu vidhvamsam chestaayi mariyu synaps modulation mariyu deerghakaalika potentiation vaipu keelakamaina bhaganni andistaayi. antekakunda, soma vadda krutrimamgaa utpatti cheyabadina byaak-propagating action potentials yokka train konni rakaala neuronlalo dendritic initiation john vadda calcium action potential (dendritic spike) nuu prerepinchagaladu.
plasticity.
dendritelu akasherukaalatho sahaa jantuvula vayojana jeevitamlo plaastik maarpulanu cheyagala saamarthyaanni kaligi unnatlu kanipistaayi. neuronal dendritelu functional unitlu anie piluvabade vividha compartmentlanu kaligi untaayi, ivi incoming stimulylanu lekkinchagalavu. eee kriyaatmaka unitlu inputnu proses cheyadamlo palgontayi mariyu vennemukalu, saakhalu ledhaa saakhala samuuhaalu vanti dendritela upa domainlatho koodi untaayi. anduvalla, dendrite nirmaanamloo maarpulaku daariteese plasticity kanamlo communication mariyu prosessingnu prabhaavitam chestundi. abhivruddhi samayamlo, dendrite padanirmaana shaastram anedi kanam yokka janyuvulooni antargata karyakramalu mariyu itara kanaala nundi vachhe sankethaalu vanti bahya kaarakaala dwara roopondinchabadutundi. conny vayojana jeevitamlo, bahya sankethaalu marinta prabhaavavantamgaa maarataayi mariyu abhivruddhi samayamlo antargata sanketaalato poliste dendrite nirmaanamloo marinta mukhyamaina maarpulaku kaaranamavutaayi. mahilallo, garbham, chanubalivvadam mariyu eestras saikil taruvaata vanti kalalalo harmonela dwara prerepinchabadina saareeraka paristhitula phalitamgaa dendritic nirmaanam maaravacchu. idhi mukhyamgaa hippocompus yokka yokka praantamlooni pyramid kanaalalo kanipistundi, ikkada dendritela saandrata 30 saatam varaku maaravacchu. 
iteevali prayogaatmaka pariseelanalu neuronal dendritic chetlalo anusarana nirvahinchabadutundani suuchistunnaayi, ikkada anusarana yokka kaalaparimiti aneka sekanla kante takkuvagaa matrame gamaninchabadindi. dendritic chetla aadhaaramgaa konni yantra abhyasa nirmaanaalu paniteerunu prabhaavitam cheyakunda abhyasa algorithamnu saralikrutam chestayani choopinchaayi.

