
saaraa trimmer

saaraa trimmer (nee kirbi; 6 janavari 1741-15 december 1810) 18va sataabdapu british baalala saahityam yokka rachayita mariyu vimarsakudu, alaage vidya samskarta. aame patrika, "vidyaku samrakshakudu", modatisaarigaa baalala saahityaanni teevramgaa sameekshinchadam dwara abhivruddhi chendutunna sailini nirvachinchadaaniki sahaayapadindi; idhi pillala saahityam yokka modati charitranu kooda andinchindi, panditulu netikee upayoginche kalaa prakriya yokka prarambha mailuraalla yokka pramaanaanni sthaapinchindi. trimmer yokka atyanta prajaadarana pondina pillala pustakam, "adbhutamaina charitralu", aneka pillala janthu kathalaku sphuurtinichi, oka sataabdaaniki paiga mudranalo undipoyindi.
trimmer kooda churukaina paropakari. aame thana paarishlo aneka aadivaaram paatasaalalu mariyu swachchanda samsthalanu sthaapinchindi. eee vidya prajectulanu marinta munduku teesukelladaaniki, aame tama sonta paatasaalalanu praarambhinchaalanukune mahilala kosam paatyapustakaalu mariyu maanyuvallanu raasaaru. trimmer yokka prayatnaalu hannah vanti itara mahilalanu aadivaaram paatasaala kaaryakramaalanu erpaatu cheyadaaniki mariyu pillalu mariyu paedala kosam vraayadaaniki prerepinchaayi.
trimmer rachanalu saamaajika mariyu raajakeeya sthithigathula yokka aneka amsaalanu konasaaginchadaaniki ankitam cheyabaddaayi. unnata charchi angleyuraaligaa, aame ingland yokka sthaapinchabadina charchini prothsahinchadam mariyu chinna pillalaku mariyu paedalaku kraistava matam yokka siddhaantaalanu bodhinchadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. aame rachanalu saamaajika sopanakramam yokka prayojanaalanu vivarinchaayi, prati taragati daani devuni icchina sthithilo undaalani vaadinchaayi. ayinappatikee, thana kaalamlooni aneka saampradaaya raajakeeya mariyu saamaajika siddhaantaalaku maddatu istuu, trimmer lingam mariyu kutumbam chuttoo unna vaatini itarulanu prasninchaadu.
prarambha jeevitam.
saaraa trimmer 6 janavari 1741naa inglaandlooni ipswitchlo joshuva kirbi mariyu saaraa (nee bull) dampatulaku janminchaaru; aame tandri pramukha kalakarudu mariyu grate britton kalaakaarula sanghaaniki adhyakshudiga panicheesaaru. trimmerku vilium anae oka tammudu unnadu; aame konnisaarlu athani paatasaala vyasalanu vraasaedi kabatti aame spashtamgaa manchi rachayitri. chinnatanamlo, trimmer srimati kii hajarayyadu. ipeswitch looni justiner boarding school, aame eppuduu premagaa gurthunchukune anubhavam. 1755loe, drukpathampai aneka mukhyamaina rachanalu raasina aame tandri, wales yuvarajuku drukpatham yokka bodhakudu ayinappudu kutumbam londonku vellindi. kalaatmaka samaajamlo aame tandriki unna sambandhaala kaaranamgaa, trimmer chitrakaarulu vilium hogarth mariyu thamus gainsbarotho paatu appati puraana rachayita mariyu vimarsakudu shamyul jaansannu kalusukogaligaaru. oka nirdishta bhagampai thana tandri mariyu johnson madhya vivaadaanni parishkarinchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki zaan milton yokka "paradise laast" (1667) yokka paaket kaapeeni ventane samarpinchinappudu aame johnsonpy anukuulamaina mudra vesindi. milton thana rachanalanu anni samayaallo thanatho teesukellagaligentagaa aame mecchukunnanduku santoshinchina johnson, "taruvaata aamenu thana intiki aahvaaninchi, thana prasiddha patrika" dhi rambler "yokka vaalyuumnu aameku andinchaadu. 1759loe, athani maajee vidyaarthi prins off wales (tvaralo georg III) yokka vignapti meraku, aame tandrini kyuu paleslo raaja kutumbaaniki panula gumastaagaa niyaminchaaru mariyu kutumbam kyuuki maarindi. akkada aame james trimmernu kalusukunnaru, aamenu aame 20 september 1762naa seyint maerii, eelinglo vivaham chesukundi; vaari vivaham taruvaata, eee janta paatha brentfordku vellaaru.
maatrutvam mariyu daatrutvam.
trimmer thana tallidandrulaku sannihitamgaa undedi; aame vivaham taruvaata, aame pratiroojuu thana tandrini kalavadaniki nadichedi, taruvaata aame pedda pillalatho kalisi. aameku, aame bhartaku mottam 12 mandhi pillalu unnaaru-aruguru abbayilu, aruguru ammayilu. trimmer thana pillala vidyaku baadhyata vahinchindi mariyu talligaa mariyu upadhyayuraliga aame vidhula kalayika modatlo vidyapai aame aasaktini rekettinchindi. 
robbert raikla nundi prerana pondina trimmer aadivaaram paatasaala udyamamlo kooda churukuga palgonnadu, 1786loe old brentfordlo paedha pillala kosam modati aadivaaram paatasaalanu sthaapinchaadu. aame mariyu aame paarishlooni iddaru mantrulu, charless sturges mariyu charless coats, oka nidhi drivenu nirvahinchi, poruguna unna paedha pillala kosam aneka paatasaalalanu sthaapinchaaru. praarambhamlo, aidu vandala mandhi baluru mariyu baalikalu trimmers aadivaaram paatasaalaku haajaru kavalanukunnaru; atuvanti sankhyalaku anugunamgaa undalekapovadamto, aame aidu samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unnavaarini minahaayinchaalani nirnayinchukundi mariyu prati kutumbaanni oka vidyaarthiki parimitam chesindi. eee parish moodu paatasaalalanu erpaatu chesindi, okkokkati muppai mandhi vidyaarthulatho-pedda abbayilaku okati, chinna abbayilaku okati mariyu baalikalaku okati. maerii wollstonecraft vanti aaa kaalamlooni kontamandi itara vidya samskartalu saha-vidya bodhana kosam vaadinchagaa, trimmer atuvanti bodhanaa maarpulanu vyatiraekimchaaru; aame lingaalaku vidigaa vidyanu andinchaalani viswasinchindi. baibil chadavadam neerpinchee lakshyamtho vidyaarthulaku chadavadam neerpinchaaru. vidyaarthulanu subhramgaa unchukoovaalani kooda prothsahinchaaru-"korukunna vaarandarikee brush mariyu duvvena bahumati ivvabadindi". trimmer paatasaalalu enthagaa prasiddhi chendaayi mariyu prasamsimchabaddaayi antey trimmer yokka prarambha prerana ayina raiklu, trimmer vaipu tiragadaaniki aadivaaram paatasaalanu nirvahinchadamlo sahayam avasaramaina vaarini sifaarsu chesaayi; queen charlot kooda windser vadda aadivaaram paatasaalanu sthaapinchadampai trimmer salahanu adigaru.
raanini sandarsinchina taruvaata, trimmer "daatrutva aardhika vyavastha" anie vraayadaaniki prerana pondaadu, idhi paatakulu, mukhyamgaa mahilalu, vaari swantha samajalalo aadivaaram paatasaalalanu elaa sthaapinchavachho vivaristundi. ayithe, aame pustakam inthakante chaalaa ekkuva saadhinchindi. raiklu, trimmer vanti aadivaaram paatasaalala pratipaadakulu eee paatasaalalu paedalaloe perugutunna saamaajika asaantini niyantrinchadamlo sahaayapadataayani perkonnappatiki, eee paatasaalalu taamu anachiveyadaaniki prayatnistunna saamaajika tirugubaatunu matrame prothsahistaayani vimarsakulu paerkonnaaru. dhi hohn. udaaharanaku, zaan baing, "vidya vaariki 'kraistava mataaniki vyatiraekamgaa desadroha karapatraalu, pustakaalu mariyu prachuranalanu chadavadam nerpinchadame kakunda' anie teevramaina heccharikanu jaarii chesaaru... conny adhi vaarini 'samaajamlo vaari hodha vaarini nirdesinchina sramatho kuudina udyogaaniki' anarhudigaa chestundi. saamaajika sopanakramam daivikamgaa nirdesinchabadindani trimmer angeekarinchindi, conny aame aadivaaram paatasaalalu daanini balopetam chestayani nammadu. aadivaaram paatasaala charchilu, paarlamentulo mariyu mudranalo charchinchaaru; "daatrutva aardhika vyavastha" prachuranalo, trimmer eee teevramaina charchaloki pravesinchaaru.
panditudu deborah wills vaadinchinatlugaah "[daatrutvam yokka aardhika vyavastha] vaastavaaniki atyanta rajakeeyaparamgaa roopondinchabadina upasheershika dwara teliyajeyabadutundi, idhi aadivaaram paatasaala vyatiraeka vaadanalanu anchanaa vestundi, naasanam chestundi mariyu pratighatistundi. [trimmer] oka karyakramanni vivaristundi, dheeni dwara aadivaaram paatasaala, sarigga nirvahinchabadithe, saamaajika niyantrananu sthaapinchadaaniki mariyu sopaanakramaanni teevrataram cheyadaaniki oka maargamgaa upayogapadutundi. ...trimmer yokka jagrattagaa niraadambaramaina mariyu niraadambaramaina vachanam naitika bodhana paerita saamaajika, raajakeeya mariyu mataparamaina adhikaranni viniyoginchukovadaaniki madhyataragati manifestoga velladaindi."
udaaharanaku, aadivaaram paatasaalalu tama vidyaarthulaku baibil chadavadam matrame kakunda, daani nundi saraina vedaanta mariyu raajakeeya teermaanaalanu elaa teesukovalo neerputaayani trimmer vaadinchaaru. antekakunda, paedalaku vidyanu andinche baadhyata madhyataragati bhujaalapai matrame undani trimmer vaadinchaaru. thana daatrutva karyakramalalo churukaina paatra nundi kuleenulanu tolaginchadam dwara, "aadivaaram paatasaala paatyaamsaalanu vaastavaaniki niyantrinche vaaru burjuwa dharmalanu sakaram chesi, saasvatam chese vaaru anie trimmer nirdhaaristundi". veelunama etthi chuupinatlugaa, idhi aamenu hannah vanti itara paropakari nundi vaeru chestundi.
trimmer thana parisaraallo swachchanda samsthalanu sthaapinchi paryaveekshinchindi. vaaraaniki okasari matrame samavesamayye thana aadivaaram paatasaalala nundi vaaraaniki chalasarlu samavesamayye eee swachchanda paatasaalalaku aame aasaajanaka vidyaarthulanu aadesinchaaru. aame thana patrikalo vrasinatluga, eee paatasaalalu "chaalaa mandhi paedha pillalanu duraachaaram mariyu duraachaaram nundi rakshinche santoshakaramaina avakaasaanni kalpistaayi" anie aameku anipinchindi. aadivaaram paatasaalalaku chandha dwara, antey paarishlooni prajala nundi viraalaala dwara nidhulu samakuurustunnappatikii, swachchanda paatasaalalaku ekkuvagaa kraistava ghnaanam (espec) pracharam kosam society nidhulu samakuurchindi, idhi oka sataabdam kritam modati swachchanda paatasaalalaku nidhulu samakuurchindi. saampradaaya swachchanda paatasaalallo jarugutunna raayi neerchukoevadaanni trimmer vimarsinchaaru mariyu vidyaarthulanu prasnalu adagadaniki prerepinche marinta dynamic cathestical paddhatini thana sonta paatasaalallo sthaapinchadaaniki prayatninchaaru. aame thana patrikalo ilaa rasindi, "dharmasastralalo bodhinchinatlugaa kraistava matam yokka suutraalanu raayi dwara kakunda pillalu vaastavaaniki neerchukunee vidhamgaa swachchanda paatasaalala kosam bodhana korsunu rachinchaalanedi naa hridayapurvaka korika". trimmer parisrama paatasaalalanu kooda sthaapinchindi, daaniki aame thana takkuva aasaajanakamaina vidyaarthulanu nirdesinchindi. eee paatasaalalu baalikalaku, udaaharanaku, elaa allinatlu mariyu tippali anae vishayalanu neerputaayi. modatlo, baalikalu rojanta tirugutuu, allinanduna paatasaalalu laabhaalanu aarjistaayani trimmer nammadu; ayithe, baalikalu naipunhyam laenivaaru mariyu vikrayinchaleni paelavamaina utpattulanu tayaaru chesaaru. trimmer eee prajectunu vaiphalyamgaa chushadu.
18va sataabdaaniki chendina aadhunika panditudu wilfried ketch, trimmer prajectulanu amaayakamainavi mariyu naitikamainavigaa vimarsinchaaruh
trimmer dwara sthaapinchabadina aadivaaram paatasaalalu tarachugaa aadhunika panditulache diguva taragatulapai tama naitikatanu vidhinchadaaniki madhyataragati upayoginche anachiveta saadhanamgaa vargeekarinchabadinappatiki, paedalu aksharaasyatanu pondadaaniki eee avakaasaanni sweekarinchaarani mariyu vaaripai balavantam chesina aneka naitika paataalanu vismarinchaarani thamus locure vaadinchaaru.
saahitya vrutti.
paavu sataabdaaniki paiga vistarinchi unna saahitya vruttiloo, trimmer 33 nundi 44 grandhaala madhya ekkado raasaaru. aame vistruta shreni sailulalo rasaru paatyapustakaalu, bodhanaa manyuvallu, pillala saahityam, raajakeeya karapatraalu mariyu vimarsanaatmaka patrikalu. aame raasina aneka grandhaalu pillala kosam undagaa, "daatrutvam yokka aardhika vyavastha" vanti aame rachanalalo konni nirdishta vayojana prekshakula kosam kooda unnaayi. inca konni pillalu mariyu peddala kosam vrayabaddayi, "sevakudi snehitudu" (1786-87), idhi anni vayasula sevakulaku bodhinchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi.
thana kereer mottamlo, trimmer naluguru ververu prachuranakarthalatho kalisi panicheesaaru-zaan marshal, tii.enn. longman, zii. robinson, mariyu joseph johnson-mariyu, 1800 natiki, newbury ketalaglo yea rachayita kante ekkuva rachanalu aame vadda unnaayi, idhi pillala saahityaanni atyadhikamgaa vikrayinchina ketalog. chivariki, trimmer joseph jaansantho prachurananu nilipivesindi, endukante aame athani raajakeeyaalato ekibhavinchaledu-athanu french viplavaniki maddatudaarudu mariyu aame vidhvamsakamgaa bhaavinche rachanalanu prachuristunnaadu.
"prakruti parignaanaaniki sulabhamaina parichayam".
trimmer yokka modati pustakam "prakruti parignaanam mariyu pillala saamardhyaalaku anugunamgaa pavitra grandhaalanu chadavadam" (1780), idhi annah latitia barbould praarambhinchina pillala saahityamlo viplavam aadhaaramgaa nirminchabadindi. mundumaata" loe, trimmer isak wats yokka "vidyapai grandham" eee rachanaku prerana anie, "prakruti rachanala yokka oka rakamaina saadhaarana sarvenu kaligi unna pustakam chaalaa upayogakaramgaa untundi, idhi aatmanu kramamga teravadaaniki oka maargamgaa untundi, paramaatma yokka ghnaanaaniki dasala vaareegaa, vaaru pavitra grandhaalanu chadavadaaniki sannahakamgaa" anie raasaaru. paathamlo, paatakudu oka talli mariyu aame iddaru pillalu, charlot mariyu henry (bahusha trimmer yokka iddaru sonta pillala paeru pettabadindi) nuu anusaristaadu, prakruti nadakala shrenilo talli devuni srushti yokka adbhutaalanu vivaristundi. 1793loe, kraistava ghnaanam pracharam kosam eee pustakam yokka oka samskarananu society ketalaglo chaerchaaru; 77 samvatsaraala taruvaata, idhi 750,000 kaapeelaku paiga ammudaindi.
shaastram mariyu matam madhya sambandhampai aasakti unna charitrakaarudu aileen fife, barbould pustakaala nundi prerana pondinappatikee, trimmer yokka vachanam daani mataparamaina dhoranilo barbould nundi natakeeyamgaa bhinnamgaa undani vaadinchaaru. fife prakaram, "utsukata, pariseelana mariyu tarkaanni prothsahinchadaaniki" barbould oka bhinnabhiprayam mariyu marinta moggu chuupaadu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, trimmer, unnata charchi anglikanga, prakrutini "vismayaanni kaliginchedi" gaa mariyu devuni daivatvaaniki matrame kakunda athani manchitanaaniki kooda pratibimbamgaa chitreekarinchaaru. eee nammakalu vachanam yokka nirmaanamloo kooda pratibimbistaayi; trimmer yokka lakshyam aaa vismaya bhavanni teliyajeyadam, anduvalla aame vachanam sahaja prapanchaanni adhyayanam cheyadam dwara kramabaddhamaina paddhatiloo purogaminchadu. ayithe, barbould grandhaalu gnaanaanni nemmadigaa koodabettukovadaanni alaage taarkika aalochananu nokki chebutunnayi. anduvalla aame thana sodarudu zaan aikinto kalisi raasina "saayantram intlo", "kramabaddhamaina nirmaanam" kaligi undhi. iddaru rachayitala madhya maroka vyatyaasam adhikara paatralo undih ayithe barbould yokka grandhaalu mariyu aame thana sodarudito kalisi rasinavi, upadhyayudu mariyu vidyaarthi madhya sambhaashanhalanu nokki chebutaayi, trimmer yokka vachana sambhaashanhalu, fife notes, "tallidandrulache niyantrinchabaddaayi".
ayithe, 18va sataabdapu baalala saahitya panditudu donnelle roove, "sulabhamaina parichayam" anedi puurtigaa sampradaayavaada grandham kaadani etthi chuupaaru-idhi 18va sataabdapu mahilala saraina paatrala gurinchi zaan gregori mariyu james fordies raasina pravartanaa maanyuvallanu savaalu chestundi. trimmer yokka vachanamlo talli "aadhyaatmika nayakudiga" panichestundi mariyu oka mahila "vedaantaparamaina tarkam" cheyagaladani pradarsistundi. mahilalu mataparamaina siddhaantaanni matrame gurthunchukogalaru, adhunaatanamaina tarkam kaadu anae zeane-jackwess ruso vaadanalanu ituvanti chitranalu savaalu chestaayi. inca, trimmer talli ruso yokka "manipulative" upaayaalanu upayoginche badulu thana pillalaku suutigaa vidyaavantulanu cheyadaaniki prayatnistundi.
konni samvatsaraala taruvaata, maydom dii genlis yokka "adel ett theodor" (1782) nundi prerana pondhi, trimmer baibil yokka drushtaamtaala setlanu niyaminchindi, dheeni kosam aame vyakhyaanaanni andinchindi; aame puraatana charitra mariyu british charitra yokka mudrana/vyakhyaana setlanu kooda prachurinchindi. eee vividha setlu chaalaa prachuryam pondaayi mariyu kalisi (vyakhyanam mariyu mudranalu) ledhaa vyaktigatamgaa konugolu cheyavachu. mudranalu saadhaaranamgaa godalapai velaadadeeyabadataayi ledhaa pustakaalato kattabadataayi.
zaan maarshaltho sambandhaalu.
pillala prachuranakarta zaan marshal & koo. srimati adugujada" nii utpatti chesindi. trimmer yokka pavitra charitrah 1785loe chinna pillala bodhana mariyu vinodam kosam. trimmer ellappuduu pillala pustakaalalo chitra saamagrini upayoginchaalani vaadinchaaru, choukaina prajaadarana pondina mudranalanu tayaaru cheyadamlo anubhavam unna prachuranakarta, vaatini aame kosam prachurinchadaaniki manchi sthithilo unnaaru. 1786 maeloe marshal "grandha charitra yokka mudranala shrenini" prachurinchaadu, idhi pillalu vaari vidya yokka modati praathamika amsaalanu pondhe apartmentla kosam aabharanalugaa roopondinchabadindi."printlu" "bordulapai atikinchabaddaayi, narsareello velaadadeeyadaaniki" "1s 6d vadda, 8d kosam sheetlalo, 'jebu kosam' palarayi kaagitamlo kuttabadi, 10d kosam vikrayinchabaddaayi". ledhaa 1s 2d vadda chadavabadina tholutho chakkaga kattabadi untundi. avi "grandha charitra yokka mudranala samiti yokka vivarana" anae paerutoe oka chinna pustakamtho paatu prachurinchabaddaayi, idhi vividha bandhaalalo kooda andubaatulo undhi. eee venture vijayavantamaindi mariyu eee rendu rachanala taruvaata twaragaa puraatana charitra (1786), roman charitra (1789), aangla charitra (1789), kotta nibandhana (1790) mariyu paatha nibandhana (1797) vishayaalapai srimati trimmer sankalanam chesina 'vivaranalu' thoo paatu aidu saaruupya 'varusa mudranalu' prachurinchabaddaayi. ivi baga prachuryam pondaayi mariyu marshels mariyu vaari vaarasulu taruvaati muppai samvatsaraalalo kramam tappakunda punarmudrinchaaru.
janavari (1788) loe srimati trimmer mariyu zaan marshal oka kotta joint venture, "dhi family magazine; ledhaa matha bodhana mariyu hetubaddhamaina vinodam yokka repository" nuu prakatinchaaru."anaitika pustakaala yokka haanikaramaina dhoranini edurkovataniki roopondinchina "idhi nelawari patrika". ivi gatha konni samvatsaraalugaa diguva taragatula prajalalo vyaapinchayi, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa oka chekkina falakaanni kaligi untaayi. eee kathanamlo 'aadivaaram saayantram mataparamaina kathalu' mariyu 'varapu rojula naitika kathalu' unnaayi; 'inglaandlooni paedalu hakkulanu kaligi unnaarani, aneka soukaryaalanu pondutunnaarani, vaari sthaayi vyaktulu pondaarani niroopinchadaaniki itara deshaala tulanaatmaka drukpathamtho paatu sisuvula nirvahana mariyu pillala pempakampai salahalu ivvabaddaayi... itara deshaalalo anandinchalemu.'krooramaina srushtiki krooratvam yokka abhyasanni tanikhi cheyadaaniki 'jantuvula vivaranalu kooda cherchabaddaayi'.'patrika yokka chivari vibhaagamlo empika chesina gaathalu, paatalu & sii unnaayi., puraatana mariyu aadhunika, naitika dhorani.'aaa vidhamgaa, daani vastuvulu mariyu vishayaala rendintiloonuu, eee prachurana aneka aalochanalanu pravesapettindi, ivi taruvaata 1795 naati choukaina repository tractla kosam hannah yokka marinta pratishtaatmakamaina mariyu prasiddha pathakamlo falinchaayi.
swachchanda samsthala kosam pustakaalu.
endukante, trimmer abhiprayam prakaram, swachchanda paatasaalallo upayoginchadaaniki manchi vidya samagri korata undhi, aame thana sontamgaa raayaalani nirnayinchukundi. 1786 mariyu 1798 madhya aame nirminchina pustakaala shrenini britton mariyu daani kaalaneelalo 19va sataabdam varaku upayoginchaaru. trimmer thana vastuvulanu samarthavantamgaa prothsahinchedi; swachchanda paatasaalalloni pedda sankhyalo paedha pillalaku thana pustakaalu spuck dwara nidhulu samakuurchabadi pracharam cheyakapothe cheravani aameku telusu. aame thana patrikalo "naa pathakam daani sahayam lekunda neelameeda padipotundi" anie rasindi. aaa vidhamgaa, aame 1787loe societylo cherindi. 1793loe, aame thana grandham "swachchanda paatasaalallo vidyapai pratibimbaalu" yokka 12 kaapeelanu, paedha pillala kosam tagina suuchanala pranaalika yokka roopurekhalatho, samsthachae nidhulu samakuurchabadina pustakaalanu enchukunna upasamitiki pampindi. prastuta swachchanda paatasaala paatyaamsaallo paatadi (idhi 100 samvatsaraalaku paiga paatadi) mariyu daanini bharti cheyalsina avasaram undani aame aaa grandhamlo vaadinchaaru. aame swayamgaa vraase edu pustakaala jaabitaanu suchinchindihi
aame pratipaadananu kamitee ekkuvagaa aamodinchindi. swachchanda paatasaala spelling book" modata mudrinchabadindi mariyu atyanta vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadindi. idhi paedala kosam modati pillala pustakaalalo okati, idhi chinnadi, conny ippatikee pedda rakam mariyu pedda anchulanu kaligi undhi (lakshanaalu tarachugaa marinta visaesha paatakulaku matrame pustakaalaku taginavigaa pariganinchabadataayi). kathalu kooda vinootnamainavih vaaru saadhaarana pillala saadhaarana jeevitaalanu nokki chepparu-"eee pillalu chetlapaiki ekki, agnitho aadukunnaru, gorrelapai cricket gabbilalanu visiri, veedhullo vaedukunnaaru". eee pustakaanni andrew bell 1800 loe thana madrasu vidya vyavastha kosam mariyu britton mariyu daani kaalaneela antataa vividha vidya sanghaalu sweekarinchaayi; idhi antigua mariyu jamaikaaloni baanisalaku avagahana kalpinchadaaniki kooda upayoginchabadindi.
pratipaadita "grandha paataalu" trimmer yokka "grandha charitra yokka sankshipta roopam, paatha nibandhana nundi enchukunna paataalato, paatasaalalu mariyu kutumbaala upayogam kosam" gaa maarindi, idhi baibil nundi empikala sankalanam. chaaritii school spelling book" laaga, idhi british vidya vyavastha antataa sweekarinchabadindi mariyu 19va sataabdam madhyakaalam varaku paatasaala jeevitamlo bhaagamgaa undedi. 1798loe spuck "scripture catechisms, paart I mariyu II" nuu prachurinchindi; eee rachanalu guruvuku sahayam cheyadaaniki uddesinchabaddaayi, ayithe "sankshiptaalu" (trimmer chivariki prachurinchina paatha mariyu kotta nibandhana yokka "scripture charitralaku" sankshipta paeru) vidyaarthiki sahayam cheyadaaniki uddesinchabaddaayi. aadarsapraayamaina kathalu" sarigga pranaalika prakaram vraayabadaledani anipistundi, conny trimmer yokka "sevakudi snehitudu" mariyu "iddaru raitulu" aame santoshakaramaina naitika kathalanu prachurinche pranaalikaloo vivarinchina uddesyaanni neraverchaaru. eee rendu pustakaalu aadivaaram paatasaala bahumatulugaa kooda panicheesaayi. "upaadhyaayuni sahayakudu" oka bodhanaa sahayakudu mariyu british paatasaalallo kooda vistrutamgaa sweekarinchabadindi. spuck prachurinchani grandhaalu trimmer yokka anusaranalu mariyu aame vaerae chota mudrinchina "book off common prardhana" paie vyakhyaanaalu matrame.
"adbhutamaina charitralu".
"trimmer yokka atyanta prajaadarana pondina rachana "adbhutamaina charitralu" (taruvaata "dhi story off dhi robbins" anie piluvabadindi) 1786loe modatisaari prachurinchabadindi mariyu 20va sataabdam prarambham varaku mudranalo undipoyindi. idhi rendu kutumbaala kathanu chebutundi, oka rabin kutumbam mariyu oka maanava kutumbam, vaaru anukuulamgaa kalisi jeevinchadam neerchukuntaaru. murry mukhyamgaa, maanava pillalu mariyu baby robbins dharmanni avalambinchadam mariyu duraachaaraanni vidichipettadam neerchukoevaali. trimmer kosam, chinnatanamlo jantuvula patla daya chuupadam anedi vayojanulugaa "saarvatrika daya" kii daari teestundani aasistunnaamu. shamyul pickering, juuniyar prakaram.18va sataabdapu baalala saahityam yokka panditudu, "jantuvula patla 18va sataabdapu vaikharini varnistuu, srimati. trimmer yokka "adbhutamaina charitralu" aaa kaalamlo atyanta praatinidhya pillala pustakam ". eee grandham trimmer yokka taruvaati rachanalalo aadhipatyam chelaayinche chaalaa itivruttaalanu vyaktam chestundi, saamaajika kramaanugataalanu konasaginchadampai aame nokkicheppadam vantivi; pillala saahityam yokka panditudu tess caslet vivarinchinatlugaa, "adbhutamaina charitralanu" balapariche sopanakramam yokka bhavana saapekshamgaa sthiramgaa mariyu sthiramgaa untundi. paalakulu adhikara paramgaa pillala kante, mariyu maanavulu jantuvula kante, aadhipatyam mariyu karuna rendinti paramgaah aakalitho unna jantuvula mundu paedha prajalaku aaharam ivvali... [conny] purushulu mariyu mahilala kramaanugata sambandham antha spashtamgaa amalu cheyabadaledu."18va mariyu 19va sataabdaalaku chendina panditudu ayina moira fergusson, eee itivruttaalanu oka pedda chaaritraka sandarbhamlo unchaaru," "adhirohanalo unna paarisraamika viplavam gurinchi rachayita mariyu aame taragati bhayalu mariyu daani parinaamaalu spashtamgaa unnaayi". anduvalla, [eee] vachanam videshaalalo british durakramananu dhruveekaristuu pakshulu mariyu jantuvulapai krooratvaanni daadi chestundi. ...eee vachanam suukshmamgaa sampradaayavaada parishkaralanu enchukuntundih kramam mariyu sthirapadina viluvalanu nirvahinchadam, intlooni paedala nundi rajinama mariyu sammati, sulabhamgaa kalisiponi vidaeseeyulaku bahishkarana."vachanamlooni rendava vistrutamaina amsam hetubaddhata; trimmer thana mundumaatalo kalpana yokka shakti gurinchi saadhaarana bhayanni vyaktam chestundi, thana baala katha nijamani mariyu jantuvulu" "nijamgaa" "matladalevani thana baala paatakulaku vivaristundi". 18va sataabdamloo aneka saamaajika vimarsakula maadirigaane, trimmer yuva paatakulapai kalpana yokka haanikaramaina prabhavam gurinchi aandolana chendaadu. navala yokka perugudala mariyu daani anubandha vyaktigata pathanamtho, yuvakulu mariyu mukhyamgaa mahilalu tama tallidandrulaku teliyakunda ullaasabharitamaina mariyu saahasopetamaina kathalanu chaduvutarani mariyu bahusha marinta aandolanakaramgaa, pustakaalanu vaaru korukunna vidhamgaa ardham chesukuntaarani chaalaa bhayam undedi. anduvalla trimmer ellappuduu thana vachananni "adbhutamaina charitralu" gaa paerkonnaadu, daani vaastavikatanu nokki cheppadaniki eppuduu "robbins katha" gaa perkonaledu; antekakunda, aame thana jeevitakaalamlo pustakaanni chithreekarinchadaaniki anumatinchaledu-matlade pakshula chitraalu pustakam yokka vairudhyaanni matrame balopetam chesi undevi (idhi charitragaa kalpita kavaatu). eee vachanamlooni chaalaa paatralu trimmer yokka sonta parichayastulu mariyu kutumbam nundi teesukobaddaayani kooda yard oohinchaaru.
"vidyaku samrakshakudu".
aame jeevitamlo taruvaata, trimmer prabhaavavantamaina "vidya yokka samrakshakudu" (juun 1802-september 1806) nuu prachurinchindi, indulo pillalaku bodhana kosam aalochanalu mariyu samakaaleena pillala pustakaala sameekshalu unnaayi. britainlo pillala pustakaalanu kramam tappakunda sameekshinchadaaniki intakumundu oka prayatnam chesinappatiki, mathue grenby prakaram, "idhi trimmerla kante chaalaa takkuva gananeeyamaina mariyu sthiramaina samstha". guardian" loe pillala pustakaala sameekshalu matrame kakunda, aame vayojana paatakulanu meruguparustundani bhaavinche trimmer grandhaala nundi saaraamsaalu kooda unnaayi. aame "britainlo prastuta vidya vidhanam mariyu aacharana sthithini anchanaa veyadam mariyu daani bhavishyat disanu roopondinchadam" lakshyamgaa pettukundi. alaa cheyadaaniki, aame zeane-jackwess ruso, zaan loke, maerii wollstonecraft, hannah more, maydom dii genlis, joseph lancaster mariyu andrew bell vanti vaari vidya siddhaantaalanu moolyaankanam chesindi. taruvaata vidigaa prachurinchabadina thana "kraistava vidyapai vyaasam" loe, aame thana swantha samagra vidya karyakramanni pratipaadinchindi.
trimmer aame sameekshanu chaalaa teevramgaa teesukunnadu mariyu aame 400 kii paiga sameekshalu vibhina viluvala samitini kaligi unnaayi. grenby cheppinatlugaa, "aame mundu vacchina pillala pustakaala gurinchi aame adigina modati prasnalu ellappuduu modativi, adhi mataaniki hanikarama, rendavadi, idhi raajakeeya vidheyataku, sthirapadina saamaajika sopaanakramaaniki hanikarama". matam ellappuduu trimmer yokka modati praadhaanyata mariyu baibil yokka asthirathapai aame nokkicheppadam aame moulikavaadaanni vivaristundi. aame marana drushyaalu, picchi paatralu, laingikata yokka praatinidhyaalu, alaage pillalanu bhayapette pustakaalanu kaligi unna pustakaalanu vimarsinchindi.
trimmer yokka fundamentalism, grenby vaadistuu, aamenu chaalaa mandhi vimarsakulu oohinchina kathinamaina alochanaparuduga gurtinchavalasina avasaram ledhu. ruso maadirigaane trimmer kooda pillalu sahajamgaa manchivaarani viswasinchaadani grenby etthi chuupaaru; indulo, aame sataabdaala sampradaayaaniki, mukhyamgaa pillalanu penchadam patla puritanical vaikhariki vyatiraekamgaa vaadinchindi. pillalu chaalaa twaragaa peddavaaravvamani balavantam cheyakudadani, [ruso rachanalapai vyangyamgaa daadi chestunnappudu] ruso yokka mukhya aalochananu, taruvaata romantics sweekarinchaaru, aame angeekarinchindi. maria edjworth mariyu thamus day vanti aneka mandhi ruso-prerepita rachayitala rachanalanu trimmer prasamsimchaaru. 
"vidyaku samrakshakudu" thana sameekshalato baalala saahityaanni oka kalaa prakriyagaa sthaapinchaaru. antekakunda, "pillalu mariyu yuvakula pustakaalalo jarigina maarpulapai pariseelanalu" anae thana prarambha vyasalalo okadaanilo, trimmer baalala saahityam yokka modati charitranu rachinchi, pillala saahityam yokka modati siddhaantaanni roopondinchaaru. daani mylurayi pustakaalu netikee eee kalaa prakriya abhivruddhilo mukhyamainaviga panditulache udaharinchabaddaayi.
adbhuta kathalu.
charless perault yokka "histoyers oo contess du temps paas" (modata 1697loe prachurinchabadindi) yokka vividha anuvaadaalu vanti adbhuta kathalanu khandinchinanduku trimmer ippudu bahusha chaalaa prasiddhi chendindi, endukante avi prapancham gurinchi ahetukamaina drukpathaanni aamodinchaayi mariyu pillalu chaalaa sulabhamgaa vijayavantam kaagalarani suuchimchaayi (maroe maatalo cheppalante, vaaru pani cheyavalasina avasaram ledhu). chaapbuklu paedala saahityam, mariyu trimmer pillala saahityaanni diguva taragatulato anubandhinchina grandhaala nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki prayatnistunnaaru; pillalu tama tallidandrulaku teliyakunda eee choukaina saahityaanni pondavachani kooda aame bhayapadindi. adbhuta kathalatho mudipadi unna viluvalanu trimmer vimarsinchaaru, avi andhavishwaasaanni mariyu savati tallidandrula ananukoola chitraalanu saasvatam chestunnayani aaropinchaaru. trimmernu adbhuta kathala sensorga chuudataaniki badulu, nicolus takkar vaadinchaaru, "adbhuta kathalanu aalochinchani aaradhana kante vimarsalaku nyaayamaina aataga pariganinchadam dwara, srimati trimmer eee roeju panditulatoe ekibhavincharu, vaaru konni vyaktigata kathalalo kanipinche siddhaantaala gurinchi kooda vimarsanaatmakamgaa raasaaru".
adbhuta kathalu pramaadakaramainavani trimmer vishwasinchadaaniki oka kaaranam emitante, avi pillala paatakulanu fontasy prapanchamloki nadipinchaayi, ikkada peddalu haanikaramaina anubhavaalaku gurikavadanni anusarinchaleru mariyu niyantrinchaleru. konni adbhuta kathala sekaranalato sahaa graphic drushtaamtaalatoo aame bhayapadindi, "prati abhipraayaaniki gurayye manassu unna chinna pillalu; mariyu vaari oohala yokka chaitanyam nundi balavantamgaa vaari faanseeni taakina vaatini vaastavikatagaa maarchadaaniki evaru anukuulamgaa untaaru" anie firyadu chestu, thana bhaarya talapai neelam gaddam kottadam vanti drushyaalanu chuudataaniki anumatinchakudadu.
french viplavam mariyu matam.
vidyaku samrakshakudu" pageelalo, trimmer french viplavanni mariyu daani rachanalu, mukhyamgaa zeane-jackwess ruso, daaniki aadhaaramani aame vishwasinche tatvavettalanu khandinchaaru. airopaloni chattabaddhamaina prabhutvaalanu padagottadaaniki france yokka naastika mariyu prajaasvaamya viplavakaarulu nirvahinchina vistaaramaina kutra undani aame vaadinchaaru. eee kutradaarulu "vidya pustakaalu" mariyu "pillala pustakaalu" (praadhaanyata trimmers) dwara perugutunna taram manassulaku sokadaniki prayatninchadam dwara saampradaaya samajanni kuuladooyadaaniki prayatnistunnaaru. aame abhiprayalu abbe baryul yokka "jacobinism charitranu vivarinche ghnaapakaalu" (1797-98) (aame eee vachanam nundi pedda vibhaagaalanu "samrakshaka" loki teesindi), conny 1790laloe france mariyu britton madhya konasagutunna yuddhaala gurinchi aame bhayalu kooda aame abhipraayaalanu roopondinchaayi. trimmer thana rachanalalo kraistavatvaanni annintikante ekkuvagaa nokkichepparu mariyu vichaarana samayaallo okaru devuni vaipu tiragaalani chepparu. emm. nancy cutt thana pustakamlo pillala saahityam, trimmer mariyu aame vanti rachayithalalo vaadinchaaru "maanava aanandam yokka sthaayi daivika sankalpaaniki longipoye sthaayiki pratyaksha nishpattilo undani gattiga paerkonnaaru. anduvalla vaaru abhyasam tarkaanni penchaali mariyu samajam yokka uttama prayojanaala dwara palinchabade vyakti yokka loukika aanandaaniki pani cheyali anae naitikavaadula abhiprayanni tiraskarinchaaru. french bodhanaa siddhaantaalu anaitika deshaaniki daariteesaayani, mukhyamgaa "daivavaadam, aviswaasam mariyu viplavam" anie trimmer mariyu aame mitrulu vaadinchaaru.
bell verses. lancasterian paatasaala vyavastha charcha.
1789loe, andrew bell bhaaratadesamlo british subjectlaku bodhana cheyadaaniki madrasu vidya vyavasthanu kanugonnadu; idhi vidyaarthi paryaveekshakula shrenini mariyu chaalaa takkuva mandhi upaadhyaayulanu niyaminchina kramasikshanaa vyavastha (kaalaneelaku aardhikamgaa) anie bell vaadinchaaru. athanu thana vyavasthanu vivarinchadaaniki "experiment inn education" (1797) anae pustakaanni prachurinchaadu, idhi inglaandlooni paedala kosam sweekarinchavacchani athanu bhaavinchaadu (andulo athanu trimmer yokka aneka sonta pustakaalanu aamodinchaadu). prayogam" chadivina oka samvatsaram taruvaata, aangla quaker ayina joseph lancaster, landanlooni thana paatasaala kosam daani aneka suutraalanu sweekarinchi, aapai thana sonta pustakam "vidyalo merugudalalu" (1803) nuu prachurinchaadu, idhi bell yokka aneka aalochanalanu punaraavrutam chesindi. thana prerepita saanubhooti kaaranamgaa, lancaster sthaapinchabadina charchi yokka siddhaantaala bodhananu prothsahinchaledu. british pillalanu sthaapinchabadina charchilo penchaalsina avasaram ledani chesina suuchanatoe digbhraantiki guraina trimmer, 1805loe rendu vyavasthala gurinchi thana "tulanaatmaka drukpathaanni" vraasi prachurinchindi, idhi rendu saaruupya vyavasthala madhya vibhedaanni srushtinchindi. prakaram eff. zhe. pillala saahityam yokka prarambha panditudu ayina harway darton, "aangla vidyapai aame prabhavam... idhi chaalaa gananeeyamainadi, asaadhaaranamainadi kooda. bells mariyu lancasters anae rendu pratyarthi vyavasthalu desavyaaptamgaa teevramgaa charchinchabaddaayi, mariyu bells mariyu dragon madhya yuddham, oka cartoonist daanini label chesinatlugaa, anni patrikalalo, "edinberg sameeksha" loe kooda chelaregindi."eee charcha nundi rendu goppa samajalu udbhavinchaayi-sthaapinchabadina charchi suutraalaloo paedala pillala vidyanu prothsahinchadaaniki jaateeya samajam, mariyu british mariyu videshee paatasaala samajam-dheeni pani, praathamikamgaa, mottam [britton] yokka taruvaati praathamika paatasaala vyavastha aadhaaramgaa undedi".
maranam.
trimmer bhartha 1792loe maraninchaadu; idhi aame meeda chaalaa lothugaa prabhavam choopindi, aame patrikalo rujuvu cheyabadindi. 1800loe, aame mariyu aame kumartelalo kondaru brentfordloni maroka intiki vellavalasi vachindi. idhi trimmerku badhakaramga undhi, aame thana diarylo ilaa rasindi
aame 1810 december 15naa brentfordlo maraninchindi, mariyu seyint maries, eeling vadda khananam cheyabadindi. seyint vadda aame ghnaapakaartham oka phalakam undhi. georg, brentford
sweekarana mariyu vaarasatvam.
trimmer yokka atyanta prajaadarana pondina pustakam, "adbhutamaina charitralu", kaneesam 133 samvatsaraalu punarmudrinchabadindi mariyu taraala paatakulu mariyu rachayitalapai teevra prabhavanni choopindi. 1877loe, griffith mariyu farran samstha dheenini tama "asalu baalya grandhaalayamlo" bhaagamgaa prachurinchinappudu, vaaru dheenini "dixie, flapsy mariyu pexi yokka ruchikaramaina katha, daanini evaru marachipovachhu?" anie pracharam chesaaru. idhi ardha sataabdam kritam unnanta tajaga undhi."beatricks patter pillala pustakaalalo trimmer pakshula paerlu-dixie, pexi, flapsy mariyu rabin-kundellatho-flapsy, mopsy, cottontail mariyu peater-adbhutamaina polikanu kaligi unnayani tess coaslet suuchimchaaru.
trimmer thana vayassu pillala rachayitalanu kooda prabhaavitam chesindi; udaaharanaku, vilium gadwin yokka "puraatana mariyu aadhunika kathalu" (1805), trimmer yokka "neerchukoevadaaniki nicchena" nuu anukaristundi. aame samakaaleena abhimaanulalo frances burney kooda unnaaru, aame thana sodari esthar yokka 10 yella kumarte vidya gurinchi lekhalo vyaakhyaaninchindi. trimmer neenu oka ammayiki prasamsaneeyamainadani anukovali "(lekhanaalaku parichayamgaa).
trimmer thana jeevitakaalamlo thana daatrutva panulaku mariyu aame maraninchina chaalaa kaalam tarvaata aame pustakaalaku entho gowravinchabaddaaru, 19va sataabdam chivarilo aame keerti ksheeninchadam praarambhinchindi mariyu 20va sataabdamloo padipoyindi. dheeniki oka kaaranam emitante, sataabdam modati ardhabhaagamlo vistrutamgaa upayoginchina aame paatyapustakaalu sataabdam rendava ardhabhaagamlo loukika pustakaalato bharti cheyabaddaayi. aame pustakaala swaram ikapai british samaajaaniki anugunamgaa kanipinchaledu. pillala saahityam yokka prarambha panditudu geophrey summerfield aamenu eee vidhamgaa vivarinchaaduh "18va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo churukuga unna naitikamgaa churukaina mahilalandarilo, aame bahusha atyanta churukainadi. asamatulya, unmaada, unmaadam, aame ayi undavacchu, conny deyyam daadula nundi ingland pillala aatmalanu rakshinchadamlo aame saktini, pattudalanu evaruu tiraskarinchaleru."ayithe, 1980la nundi, baalala saahitya panditulu 18va sataabdapu baalala saahityaanni aadhunika abhiruchulaku vyatiraekamgaa teerpu cheppakunda daani chaaritraka sandarbhamlo chuudataaniki prayatninchaaru; myers, grenby, ruuvae, fergusson, fife mariyu caslet vanti panditulu trimmer rachanalanu tirigi anchanaa vaesaaru. endukante trimmer 20va sataabdapu streevaadam yokka acchuku saripodu-antey, maerii wollstonecraft vale aame thana samaajamlooni saamaajika aachaaraalaku vyatiraekamgaa tirugubaatu cheyananduna-aame prarambha streevaada panditula drushtini aakarshinchaledu. edemaina, roove etthi chuupinatlugaa, "sataabdam praarambhamlo raajakeeya, chaaritraka mariyu bodhanaa sanghatanala sangamam dwara, trimmer vanti mahila mundu ledhaa taruvaata saadhaaranam kante praja lekhala rangamlo ekkuva drushyamaanatanu pondagaligindi."
trimmer pillalu.
trimmer mariyu aame bhartaku pannendu mandhi pillalu unnaaru.
panula jabita.
eee rachanala jabita "saahitya jeevita charitra nighantuvu" loe deborah wills 'trimmer' yokka namodu nundi teesukobadindi. itara pravaesaalu trimmer paerutoe itara vidya vyasalu ledhaa database sekaranalalo kanipiste avi jodinchabaddaayi.

