
ekaswamya

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guttadhipatyam (greeku nundi mariyu), irring fisher varninchinatlugaa, "pootii lekapovadam" thoo kuudina market, idhi oka nirdishta vyakti ledhaa samstha oka nirdishta vastuvuku ekaika sarafaradaruga unde paristhitini srushtistundi. idhi oka vastuvu ledhaa sevanu konugolu cheyadaaniki oka samstha yokka market niyantranaku sambandhinchina ekasvaamyamtho mariyu kontamandi ammakandaarulu marketlo aadhipatyam chelaayinche alpaswamya mariyu dvandvasvaamyamtho viruddhamgaa untundi. aaa vidhamgaa guttaadhipatyaalu vastuvu ledhaa sevanu utpatti cheyadaaniki aardhika pootii lekapovadam, aacharaneeyamaina pratyaamnaaya vastuvula lekapovadam mariyu vikreta yokka upanta dhara kante adhika guttadhipatya dhara unde avakaasam, adhika guttadhipatya laabhaaniki daariteestundi. guttadhipatyam" ledhaa "guttadhipatyam" anae kriya anedi oka samstha dharalanu penche ledhaa pootiidaarulanu minahaayinche saamarthyaanni pondhe "prakriya" nii suuchistumdi. aardhika saastramlo, guttadhipatyam anedi oke vikreta. chattamlo, guttadhipatyam anedi gananeeyamaina market saktini kaligi unna vyapara samstha, antey, saamaajika migulu taggudalatoe mudipadi unna adhika dharalanu vasoolu chese adhikaram. guttaadhipatyaalu pedda vyaparalu ayinappatikee, parimaanam anedi guttadhipatyam yokka lakshanam kaadu. oka chinna parisramalo (ledhaa market) dharalanu penche adhikaram ippatikee oka chinna vyaapaaraaniki undavacchu.
guttadhipatyam anedi oka market rangampai ekaswamya niyantrananu kooda kaligi undavacchu. adevidhamgaa, guttadhipatyanni oka kootami (alpaswamya roopam) nundi vaeru cheyali, dheenilo aneka providerlu sevalu, dharalu ledhaa vastuvula ammakalanu samanvayam cheyadaaniki kalisi panicheestaaru. guttaadhipatyaalu, ekaswaamyaalu mariyu alpaswamyalu anevi okati ledhaa konni samsthalaku market shakti unna paristhitulu, anduvalla vaari viniyogadaarulato (guttadhipatyam ledhaa alpaswamya) ledhaa sarafaraadaarulatoo (ekaswamya) marketnu vakreekarinche margallo sankarshana chendutaayi.
guttaadhipatyaalanu prabhutvam dwara, sahajamgaa ledhaa ekikarana dwara erpaatu cheyavachu. aneka adhikara paridhulalo, pootii chattalu sambhaavya pratikuula prabhavalapai prabhutva aandolanala kaaranamgaa guttadhipatyanni parimitam chestaayi. marketlo aadhipatya sthaanam ledhaa guttadhipatyanni kaligi undatam tarachugaa chattaviruddham kaadu; ayithe, konni vargaala pravartananu durviniyogamgaa pariganinchavacchu, anduvalla vyaparam aadhipatyam kaligi unnappudu chattaparamaina aankshalanu vidhinchavachhu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, prabhutvam manjuru chesina guttadhipatyam ledhaa "chattaparamaina guttadhipatyam", tarachugaa pramaadakara venturelo pettubadi pettadaniki ledhaa desheeya aasakti samuuhaanni susampannam cheyadaaniki prothsaaham andinchadaaniki rashtram manjuru chestundi. petentlu, kaapeeraitlu mariyu trademarklu konnisaarlu prabhutvam manjuru chesina guttaadhipatyaalaku udaaharanalugaa upayoginchabadataayi. prabhutvam kooda venturenu tanakosam ketayinchukovacchu, tadwara prabhutva guttadhipatyanni yerparustundi, udaaharanaku prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni companytho.
parimita pootii kaaranamgaa guttaadhipatyaalu sahajamgaa sambhavinchavachhu, endukante parisrama vanarulatho nindi untundi mariyu nirvahinchadaaniki gananeeyamaina kharchulu avasaram (udhaa.zii., konni railroad vyavasthalu).
market nirmaanaalu.
market nirmaanam eee krindi kaarakaala dwara nirnayinchabadutundih
aardhika saastramlo, nirvahana nirmaanaala adhyayanamlo guttadhipatyam yokka aalochana mukhyamainadi, idhi neerugaa aardhika pootii yokka pramaanaatmaka amsaalaku sambandhinchinadi, mariyu paarisraamika samstha mariyu niyantrana yokka aardhika shaastram vanti amsaalaku aadharaanni andistundi. saampradaaya aardhika vislaeshanhaloo naalugu praathamika rakaala market nirmaanaalu unnaih paripuurna pootii, guttadhipatya pootii, alpadhikaram mariyu guttadhipatyam. guttadhipatyam anedi oka sarafaraadaaru icchina utpatti ledhaa sevanu utpatti chesi vikrayinche nirmaanam. oka nirdishta marketlo oke vikreta unte, utpattiki daggari pratyaamnaayaalu lekapothe, appudu market nirmaanam "swachchamaina guttadhipatyam". konnisaarlu, oka parisramalo chaalaa mandhi vikretalu untaaru ledhaa utpatti cheyabadutunna vastuvulaku aneka daggari pratyaamnaayaalu unnaayi, ayithe, companylu kontha market saktini kaligi untaayi. dheenini "guttadhipatya pootii" anie pilustaaru, ayithe alpadhikaramlo, companylu vyuuhaatmakamgaa sankarshana chendutaayi.
saadhaaranamgaa, eee siddhaantam nundi pradhana phalitaalu market nirmaanaalalo dhara-nirdhaarana paddhatulanu polchi, sankshemampai oka nirdishta nirmaanam yokka prabhavanni vislaeshistaayi mariyu samajam yokka nairoopya namuunaa yokka parinaamaalanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki saanketika ledhaa demand oohalanu maarustaayi. chaalaa aardhika paatyapustakaalu "paripuurna pootii" namuunaanu jagrattagaa vivarinche abhyasanni anusaristaayi, endukante idhi daani nundi nishkramanalanu ("asampoorna pootii" namuunaalu anie pilavabadevi) ardham chesukovadaniki sahaayapadutundi.
aardhika vislaeshanhaloo marketnu yerparachukune vaati sarihaddulu mariyu edhi kaadu anevi sambandhita thedaalu. saadhaarana samathoulya sandarbhamlo, oka manchi anedi bhougolika mariyu samaya sambandhita lakshanaalatoo sahaa oka nirdishta bhavana. market nirmaanam gurinchi chaalaa adhyayanalu manchi gurinchi vaari nirvachananni konchem sadalistaayi, pratyaamnaaya vastuvula gurtimpulo marinta vasyatanu anumatistaayi.
lakshanaalu.
guttadhipatyam eee aidu lakshanaalalo kaneesam okadaanni kaligi untundih
ekaswamya shakti yokka muulaalu.
guttadhipatya samsthalu tama market saktini pravaesaaniki addankula nundi pondutaayi-marketlo potipade sambhaavya pootiidaaru saamarthyaanni nirodhinche ledhaa baga addukune paristhitulu. pravaesaaniki moodu pradhana rakaala addamkulu unnaih aardhika, chattaparamaina mariyu uddesapurvaka.
pravesam mariyu pooteeki addamkulatho paatu, nishkramanaku addamkulu market saktiki muulam kaavacchu. nishkramanaku addamkulu antey oka companyki marketto thana prameyaanni muginchadam kashtataram ledhaa khareedainadigaa chese market paristhitulu. adhika parisamaapti kharchulu nishkramanaku praathamika avarodham. market nishkramana mariyu moosiveta konnisaarlu ververu sanghatanalu. musiveyala ledhaa panicheyala anae nirnayam nishkramana addankula dwara prabhaavitam kaadu. dhara kaneesa sagatu chararaasula kharchula kante takkuvagaa padipothe company moosiveyabadutundi.
ekaswamya verses pootii marketlu.
guttadhipatyam mariyu paripuurna pootii market nirmaanaala teevratalanu gurtistundagaa, kontha saaruupyata undhi. kharchu vidhulu okate. guttadhipatya samsthalu mariyu sampoorna pootii (pisi) companylu rendoo kharchunu taggistaayi mariyu labhanni penchutaayi. moosiveta nirnayaalu okate. rendoo sampoorna pootii kaarakaalanu kaligi unnayani bhaavistaaru. thedaalu unnaayi, konni atyanta mukhyamaina thedaalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
computer companyki mariyu guttaadhipatyaaniki madhya atyanta mukhyamaina vyatyaasam emitante, guttadhipatyam computer company yokka "grahinchina" sampoorna saage vakrarekha kante diguva-vaalu demand vakratanu kaligi untundi. paina perkonna anni vaividhyaalu aacharanatmakamgaa eee vaastavaaniki sambandhinchinavi. diguva-vaalu demand vakrata unte, appudu avasaram prakaram oka pratyaekamaina upanta aadaaya vakrata untundi. eee vaastavam yokka chikkulu sarala demand vakrarekhatho uttamamgaa vyaktamavutaayi. inverse demand karv suutram _ 3 roopamlo undani anukundam. appudu mottam aadaaya vakrarekha suutram _ 4 mariyu upanta aadaaya vakrarekha suutram _ 5. dheeni nundi aneka vishayalu spashtamgaa kanipistaayi. modata, upanta aadaaya vakrarekha viloma demand vakrarekha maadirigaane suutram _ 6-antaraayaanni kaligi untundi. rendavadi, upanta aadaaya vakrarekha yokka vaalu viloma demand vakrarekha kante rettimpu. antha spashtamgaa laeni vishayam emitante, upanta aadaaya vakrarekha anni paayintla vadda viloma demand vakrarekha kante takkuvagaa untundi (suutram _ 7). anni companylu formula _ 8 mariyu formula _ 9nii samanam cheyadam dwara laabhaalanu penchutaayi kabatti, laabhaalanu garishtamgaa penche parimaanamlo mr mariyu emsi dhara kante takkuvagaa undaali, idhi guttadhipatyam market sampuurnamgaa poteegaa unte kante ekkuva dhara vadda takkuva parimaanaanni utpatti chestundani suuchistumdi.
guttadhipatyam diguva-vaalu demand vakratanu kaligi undatam antey guttadhipatyam kosam mottam aadaayam mariyu utpatti madhya sambandham pootii companyla kante chaalaa bhinnamgaa untundi. mottam aadaayam dhara retlu parimaanaaniki samanam. pootii samstha sampoorna sthithisthaapaka demand vakratanu kaligi untundi, antey mottam aadaayam utpattiki anulomaanupaatamlo untundi. anduvalla pootii samsthaku mottam aadaaya vakrarekha market dharaku samaanamaina vaalu kaligina oka kiranamgaa untundi. oka pootii samstha taanu korukunna mottam utpattini market dharaku vikrayinchavacchu. ekaswamya ammakalanu penchalante adhi dharanu tagginchaali. anduvalla guttaadhipatyaaniki mottam aadaaya vakrata anedi oka parabola, idhi muulam nundi praarambhamai garishta viluvaku cherukuntundi, aapai mottam aadaayam mallee sunna ayye varaku nirantaram taggutundi. mottam aadaaya paniteeru yokka vaalu sunna ayinappudu mottam aadaayaaniki garishta viluva untundi. mottam aadaaya paniteeru yokka vaalu upanta aadaayam. kabatti formula _ 10 ayinappudu garishta aadaaya parimaanam mariyu dhara sambhavistundi. udaaharanaku, guttadhipatyam yokka demand function formula _ 11 anie anukundam. mottam revenue function formula _ 12 mariyu upanta aadaayam formula _ 13 avutundi. manaku sunnaki samaanamaina upanta aadaayaanni sett cheyadam.
kabatti guttaadhipatyaaniki garishta aadaaya parimaanam 12.5 unitlu mariyu aadaaya-garishta dhara 25 unitlu.
guttadhipatyam unna company pootiidaarula nundi dharala ottidini anubhavinchadu, ayinappatikee idhi sambhaavya pootii nundi dharala ottidini anubhavinchavacchu. oka company dharalanu ekkuvagaa penchinatlayithe, itarulu adhe vastuvunu ledhaa pratyaamnaayaanni takkuva dharaku andinchagaligithe marketloki pravesinchavacchu. sulabhamgaa pravesinche marketlalo guttaadhipatyaalanu niyantrinchaalsina avasaram ledhu anae aalochananu "guttadhipatya siddhaantamlo viplavam" anie pilustaaru.
guttadhipatyavetta oka premiyamnu matrame pondagaladu, mariyu paripuurakaramaina marketlaloki pravesinchadam chellinchadu. antey, oka guttadhipatya samstha oka paripuurakaramaina marketnu guttadhipatyam cheyadam dwara oka marketlo thana guttadhipatyanni penchukoovadaaniki prayatniste sampaadinchagala mottam labhalu, guttadhipatya utpatti kosam ekkuva vasoolu cheyadam dwara emainappatiki sampaadinchagala adanapu laabhaalaku samanam. ayithe, guttadhipatya vastuvulo unna viniyogadaarulu chikkukupoyinatlayite ledhaa sarigaa teliyakapothe ledhaa mudipadi unna vastuvuku adhika sthira kharchulu unte, oka guttadhipatya labha siddhaantam nijam kaadu.
swachchamaina guttadhipatyam sampoorna pootiidaarulaina companyla aardhika hetubaddhatanu kaligi untundi, antey.ii. konni parimitulanu batti laabhaala paniteerunu anukuulaparachadam. perugutunna upanta kharchulu, bahya inputla dharalu, mariyu oke agent ledhaa vyavasthaapakudipai kendreekrutamaina niyantrana vanti anchanaala dwara, utpatti yokka upanta vyayam mariyu upanta aadaayaanni samanam cheyadam saraina nirnayam. edemaina, swachchamaina guttadhipatyam-oka pootii samstha vale kakunda-daani swantha soulabhyam kosam market dharanu marchagaladu utpatti taggadam valla adhika dharaku daariteestundi. aardhika shaastram paribhaashalo, swachchamaina guttaadhipatyaalu "diguva-vaalu demand" kaligi unnayani chebutaaru. atuvanti pravartana yokka mukhyamaina paryavasanamga, saadhaaranamgaa oka guttadhipatyam dhara teesukune company kante ekkuva dhara mariyu takkuva parimaanamlo utpattini enchukuntundi; mallii, takkuva dharaku takkuva labhistundi.
viloma sthitisthaapakata niyamam.
guttadhipatyam mottam aadaayam mariyu mottam vyayam madhya vyatyaasaanni penche dharanu enchukuntundi. praathamika markup niyamanni (learner suuchika dwara kolichinatlugaa) ilaa vyakteekarinchavachhu
suutram _ 17,
ikkada formula _ 18 anedi samstha edurkontunna demand yokka dhara sthitisthaapakata. markup niyamaalu laabhaala margine mariyu dhara madhya nishpatti demand dhara sthithisthaapakathaku vilomaanupaatamlo untundani suuchistaayi. eee niyamam yokka ardham emitante, utpattiki demand entha ekkuva saagedi, guttaadhipatyaaniki takkuva dharala shakti untundi.
market shakti.
market shakti antey viniyogadaarulandarinii kolpokunda utpatti dharanu upanta dhara kante ekkuvagaa penche saamarthyam. dharalanu nirnayinchetappudu sampoorna pootii (pisi) companylaku sunna market shakti untundi. computer marketloni anni companylu dharalanu teesukunevi. market ledhaa mottam sthaayilo demand mariyu sarafara paraspara charya dwara dhara nirnayinchabadutundi. vyaktigata companylu kevalam market nirnayinche dharanu teesukoni, company laabhaalanu garishtamgaa penche utpattini utpatti chestaayi. oka computer company market sthaayi kante dharalanu penchadaaniki prayatninchinatlayite, daani viniyogadaarulandaruu companyni vidichipetti, itara companyla nundi market dharaku konugolu chestaaru. guttaadhipatyaaniki aparimitamaina market shakti laenappatikee gananeeyamaina shakti untundi. ekaswaamyaaniki dharalu ledhaa parimaanaalanu nirnayinche adhikaram untundi, ayithe rendoo kaadu. guttadhipatyam anedi dharala tayaareedaaru. guttadhipatyam anedi market mariyu dharalanu guttadhipatyavetta vaari paristhitula aadhaaramgaa nirnayistaaru, demand mariyu sarafara paraspara charya aadhaaramgaa kaadu. guttadhipatya market saktini nirnayinche rendu praathamika amsaalu samstha yokka demand vakrata mariyu daani vyaya nirmaanam.
market shakti anedi marakam yokka nibandhanalu mariyu sharatulanu prabhaavitam chese saamarthyam, tadwara oka utpatti dharanu oke company nirnayistundi (dharanu khachitamaina pootiiloo market vidhinchadu). guttadhipatya market shakti goppaga unnappatikee, idhi ippatikee market yokka demand vaipu dwara parimitam cheyabadindi. guttadhipatyam pratikuulamgaa valuga unna demand vakratanu kaligi untundi, sampuurnamgaa asthira vakrarekhanu kaligi undadu. tatphalitamgaa, edainaa dharala perugudala kontamandi viniyogadaarula nashtaniki daariteestundi.
dharala vivaksha.
dharala vivaksha anedi oka guttadhipatya samstha ekkuva chellinchadaaniki ishtapade ledhaa cheyagala vaariki oke vastuvulaku adhika dharalanu vasoolu cheyadam dwara daani labhanni penchadaaniki anumatistundi. udaaharanaku, chaalaa aardhika paatyapustakaalaku ethiopia vanti abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaala kante united stateslo ekkuva kharchu avutundi. eee sandarbhamlo, prachuranakarta saadhaaranamgaa dhanavanthulaina american economics vidyaarthulu mariyu saadhaaranamgaa paedha ethiopian economics vidyaarthula madhya dhara vivaksha chuupadaaniki prabhutvam manjuru chesina copyrite guttadhipatyanni upayogistunnaru. adevidhamgaa, chaalaa patent pondina mandulu yuu. ess loe ekkuva kharchu avtayi.ess. (oohinchina) paedha viniyogadaarula sankhya unna itara deshaala kante. saadhaaranamgaa, adhika saadhaarana dhara jabita cheyabadutundi, mariyu vividha market vibhagalu vividha taggimpulanu pondutaayi. kontamandiki adhika dharalanu vasoolu chese prakriyanu samajikamga marinta aamodayogyamgaa cheyadaaniki framing cheyadaaniki idhi oka udaaharana. khachitamaina dhara vivaksha anedi guttadhipatyavetta prati customer nundi vaaru chellinchadaaniki siddhamgaa unna khachitamaina garishta mottaanni vasoolu cheyadaaniki anumatistundi. idhi guttadhipatya samsthaku market yokka mottam viniyogadaarula migulu mottaanni sekarinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. oka desheeya udaaharana emitante, vimanalu takeoff ayye samayaniki sambandhinchi vaati kharchu; avi egaradaaniki entha daggaragaa unnayo, vimaana tikketla kharchu antha ekkuvagaa untundi, aalasyamgaa pranaalikalu vesevaaru mariyu tarachugaa vyapara prayaanikulatoe vivaksha chuuputaaru. atuvanti khachitamaina dhara vivaksha anedi saiddhaantika nirmaanam ayinappatikee, samachara saanketikata mariyu suukshma marketinglo purogati daanini saadhyaasaadhyaalaku daggaragaa teesukuraavacchu.
pakshika dharala vivaksha kaaranamgaa adhika dharala viniyogadaarulato anuchitamgaa koodi unna kontamandi viniyogadaarulu market nundi minahaayinchabadavachchu. udaaharanaku, yuu. ess loe oka paedha vidyaarthi.ess. yuu. ess loe economics paatyapustakaanni konugolu cheyakunda minahaayinchabadavachchu.ess. dhara, dheenini vidyaarthi ethiopian dharaku konugolu cheyagaligi undavacchu. adevidhamgaa, ethiopialo unna oka dhanavanthudaina vidyaarthi yuu vadda konugolu cheyagaladu ledhaa konugolu cheyadaaniki siddhamgaa undavacchu.ess. dhara, sahajamgaane guttadhipatya nundi atuvanti vaastavaanni daachipedutundi, tadwara taggina moodava prapancha dhara chellinchabadutundi. ivi nirjeevamaina nashtalu mariyu guttadhipatya laabhaalanu taggistaayi. nirjeeva baruvu taggadam anedi samaajaaniki mariyu market bhaagaswaamyaaniki haanikaramgaa pariganinchabadutundi. anduvalla, guttaadhipatyavaadulu tama market samacharanni mariyu "market vibhajana" nuu meruguparachadamlo gananeeyamaina aardhika aasaktini kaligi unnaaru.
ikkada pradarsinchabade guttadhipatya namuunaa rekhaachitraanni (mariyu daani anubandha teermaanaalu) parigananaloki teesukunetappudu gurthunchukovalasina mukhyamaina samacharam undhi. phalitamgaa, ekaswamya dharalu ekkuvagaa untaayi, mariyu utpatti utpatti takkuvagaa untundi, pootii samstha kante, ekaswamya vividha viniyogadaarulaku ververu dharalanu vasoolu cheyakudadane avasaram nundi anusaristundi. antey, guttadhipatyam dharala vivakshalo palgonakunda parimitam cheyabadindi (dheenini modati sthaayi dhara vivaksha anie pilustaaru, antey viniyogadaarulandariki oke mottaanni vasoolu chestaaru). vyaktigata dharalanu vasoolu cheyadaaniki guttadhipatyanni anumatinchinatlayithe (dheenini third degree dhara vivaksha anie pilustaaru), utpatti cheyabadina parimaanam mariyu "upanta" viniyogadaaruniki vasoolu cheyabadina dhara, pootii samsthatho samanamga untundi, tadwara deadwite nashtanni tolagistundi; ayithe, vaanijyam (saamaajika sankshemam) nundi vachhe anni labhalu guttaadhipatyaaniki chaerutaayi mariyu viniyogadaaruniki aemee kaadu. saaraamsamlo, prati viniyogadaarudu utpatti ledhaa seva lekunda puurtigaa velladam mariyu guttadhipatya samstha nundi konugolu cheyagalagadam madhya udaaseenata kaligi untaaru.
chaalaa mandhi viniyogadaarulaku demand yokka dhara sthitisthaapakata sampoorna viluvalo okati kante takkuvagaa unnanta varaku, oka company thana dharalanu penchadam prayojanakaramgaa untundih takkuva vastuvulaku ekkuva dabbu pondutundi. dhara perugudalato, dhara sthitisthaapakata perugutundi, mariyu paina unna vaanchaneeya sandarbhamlo chaalaa mandhi viniyogadaarulaku okati kante ekkuva untundi.
upanta aadaayam upanta kharchuku samanamga unna chota vikrayinchadam dwara company labhanni penchutundi. dharala vivakshalo paalgonani company thana viniyogadaarulandariki garishta dhara ayina formula _ 19 nuu vasoolu chestundi. atuvanti paristhitulalo formula _ 19 kante ekkuva dhara chellinchadaaniki siddhamgaa unna viniyogadaarulu mariyu formula _ 19 chellinchani vaaru conny takkuva dharaku konugolu chese vaaru unnaaru. dharala vivaksha vyuuham emitante, takkuva dhara sunnitamaina konugoludaarulaku adhika dharanu mariyu ekkuva dhara sunnitamaina konugoludaarulaku takkuva dharanu vasoolu cheyadam. tadwara rendu vanarula nundi adanapu aadaayam vastundi. chellinchadaaniki vaari sumukhata dwara viniyogadaarulanu gurtinchadam praathamika samasya.
dharala vivaksha yokka uddesyam viniyogadaarula migulu mottaanni utpattidaaruku badilee cheyadam. viniyogadaaru migulu anedi viniyogadaaruniki oka vastuvu viluva mariyu daanini konugolu cheyadaaniki viniyogadaarudu marketlo chellinchaalsina dhara madhya vyatyaasam. dharala vivaksha anedi guttadhipatya samsthalaku matrame parimitam kaadu.
market shakti anedi thana viniyogadaarulandarinii kolpokunda dharalanu penche company saamarthyam. market shakti unna yea company ayina dharala vivakshalo paalgonavacchu. dharala vivaksha asadhyam ayye ekaika market roopam paripuurna pootii (sampoorna pootii samstha sampoorna sthithisthaapaka demand vakratanu kaligi untundi mariyu market saktini kaligi undadu).
dharala vivakshalo moodu rakalu unnaayi. modati sthaayi dhara vivaksha prati viniyogadaaruniki viniyogadaarudu chellinchadaaniki siddhamgaa unna garishta dharanu vasoolu chestundi. rendava sthaayi dharala vivakshalo parimaana taggimpulu untaayi. moodava sthaayi dhara vivakshalo viniyogadaarulanu vaari dhara sthitisthaapakata dwara koliche vidhamgaa chellinchadaaniki sumukhata prakaram samuuham cheyadam mariyu prati samuuhaaniki ververu dharanu vasoolu cheyadam untaayi. third degree dharala vivaksha atyanta prabalamaina rakam.
oka company vijayavantamaina dharala vivakshalo paalgonadaaniki moodu sharatulu undaali. modata, companyki market shakti undaali. rendavadi, company manchi kosam chellinchadaaniki vaari sumukhata prakaram viniyogadaarulanu kramabaddheekarinchagalagaali. moodavadi, samstha punavikrayanni nirodhinchagalagaali.
dharala vivakshanu aacharinchadaaniki oka companyki kontha market shakti undaali. market shakti lekunda oka company market dhara kante ekkuva vasoolu cheyadu. diguva vaalu demand vakrarekha kaligi unna edainaa market nirmaanam market saktini kaligi untundi-guttadhipatyam, guttadhipatya pootii mariyu alpadhikaram. market shakti laeni ekaika market nirmaanam paripuurna pootii.
dharala vivakshanu aacharinchaalanukune company madhyavartulu ledhaa brokerlu tama kosam viniyogadaarula migulu pondakunda nirodhinchagalagaali. punahvikrayaanni nirodhinchadam ledhaa parimitam cheyadam dwara company dheenini saadhistundi. punahvikrayaanni nivaarinchadaaniki aneka paddhatulu upayoginchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, vyaktulu vimaanamlo ekkadaaniki mundu photographic gurtimpu mariyu boarding paas chupinchalsi untundi. chaalaa mandhi prayaanikulu eee abhyasam khachitamgaa bhadrataku sambandhinchina vishayam anie bhaavistaaru. ayithe, photographic gurtimpunu abhyardhinchadamlo praathamika uddesyam emitante, ticket konugoludaarudu vimaanamlo ekkaboye vyakti anie nirdhaarinchadam, taggimpu konugoludaaru nundi tiketnu tirigi konugolu chesina vyakti kaadani nirdhaarinchadam.
punahvikrayaanni nirodhinchalekapovadam anedi vijayavantamaina dharala vivakshaku atipedda addanki. ayithe, companylu punahvikrayaanni nivaarinchadaaniki aneka paddhatulanu abhivruddhi chesaayi. udaaharanaku, vishwavidyaalayaalu creeda karyakramalloki pravesinche mundu vidyaarthulu gurtimpu chuupimchaalani korutunnayi. tikketlu ledhaa utpattulanu tirigi vikrayinchadam prabhutvaalu chattaviruddham cheyavachu. bostonlo, redd sokes baseball tikketlanu chattabaddhamgaa jattuku matrame tirigi vikrayinchavacchu.
dharala vivaksha yokka moodu praathamika roopaalu modati, rendava mariyu moodava sthaayi dharala vivaksha. modati sthaayi dhara vivaksha" loe prati customer chellinchadaaniki siddhamgaa unna garishta dharanu company vasoolu chestundi. oka viniyogadaarudu oka vastuvu yokka oka unitku chellinchadaaniki siddhamgaa unna garishta dhara reservation dhara. anduvalla prati unitku vikreta viniyogadaarudi reservation dharaku samaanamaina dharanu nirnayinchadaaniki prayatnistaadu. chellinchadaaniki viniyogadaaru sumukhata gurinchi pratyaksha samacharam arudugaa andubaatulo untundi. vikretalu oka vyakti nivasinche pradaesam (postal kodlu) vanti dviteeya samacharampai aadhaarapadataaru; udaaharanaku, ketalog retailarlu adhika-aadaaya postal kodlaku adhika-dhara gala mail ketalaaglanu upayoginchavacchu. vruttiparamaina sevalaku sambandhinchi ledhaa pratyaksha konugoludaaru-vikreta charchalaku sambandhinchina lavadevilalo modati sthaayi dhara vivaksha chaalaa tarachugaa sambhavistundi. udaaharanaku, viniyogadaarula pannu return siddham chesina accountant vadda viniyogadaarula chellimpu saamarthyam anchanaa aadhaaramgaa vasoolu cheyadaaniki upayoginche samacharam untundi.
rendava sthaayi dhara vivaksha" ledhaa parimaana vivakshalo viniyogadaarulu entha konugolu chestunnarane daani aadhaaramgaa ververu dharalanu vasoolu chestaaru. viniyogadaarulandariki oke dhara schedule untundi, conny konugolu chesina vastuvula parimaanaanni batti dharalu maarutuu untaayi. rendava sthaayi dhara vivaksha siddhaantam emitante, viniyogadaarudu icchina dharaku oka nirdishta parimaanamlo vastuvunu matrame konugolu cheyadaaniki siddhamgaa untaadu. ekkuva unitlu konugolu cheyabadinanduna konugolu cheyadaaniki viniyogadaarula sumukhata taggutundani companylaku telusu. vikreta yokka pani eee dharalanu gurtinchadam mariyu taggina dhara viniyogadaaru nundi adanapu konugollanu prerepistundane aasatoe oka dharanu cherukunna tarvaata dharanu tagginchadam. udaaharanaku, vyaktigata unitla kante unit blacklalo vikrayinchandi.
third degree dhara vivaksha" ledhaa bahula-market dhara vivakshalo vikreta viniyogadaarulanu vaari dhara sthitisthaapakata dwara koliche vidhamgaa chellinchadaaniki vaari sumukhata prakaram vividha samuhaluga vibhajistaadu. viniyogadaarula prati samuuham samarthavantamgaa daani swantha demand vakrarekha mariyu upanta aadaaya vakrarekhatho pratyeka marketga maarutundi. aaa samstha appudu mr mariyu emsini samanam cheyadam dwara prati vibhaagamlo laabhaalanu penchadaaniki prayatnistundi, saadhaaranamgaa company ekkuva dhara asthiramaina demand mariyu marinta sthithisthaapakamaina demand unna samuuhaaniki saapekshamgaa takkuva dharatho samuuhaaniki ekkuva dharanu vasoolu chestundi. third degree dharala vivakshaku udaaharanalu pushkalamgaa unnaayi. vimanayana samsthalu vihaarayaatrikula kante vyapara prayaanikulaku ekkuva dharalanu vasoolu chestaayi. dheeniki kaaranam emitante, vihara yaatrikulaku demand vakrata saapekshamgaa saagedigaa untundi, ayithe vyapara yaatrikulaku demand vakrata saapekshamgaa saagedigaa undadu. demand yokka dhara sthithisthaapakathanu nirnayinche edainaa amsaanni segment marketlaku upayoginchavacchu. udaaharanaku, saadhaaranamgaa ekkuva khaalii samayam unnanduna, yuvakula kante seeniyarlaku sinimaalaku ekkuva saage demand untundi. anduvalla theatres seeniyarlaku taggimpu tikketlanu andistaayi.
udaaharana.
ekareeti dharala vyavastha dwara guttadhipatya samstha aidu unitlanu unitku $10 dharaku vikrayistundani anukundam. athani upanta kharchu unitku $5 anie anukundam. mottam aadaayam $50 avutundi, mottam kharchulu $25 mariyu labhalu $25 avtayi. guttadhipatyavetta dharala vivakshanu aacharisthe athanu modati unitnu $17kii, rendava unitnu $14kii, modalainavi diguva pattikalo jabita cheyabadindi. mottam aadaayam $55 avutundi, athani mottam kharchu $25 avutundi mariyu athani labham $30 avutundi. aneka vishayalu gamaninchadaggavi. guttadhipatyavetta mottam viniyogadaarula migulu mottaanni sampaadinchi, aacharanatmakamgaa anni deadwaite laasnu tolagistaadu endukante athanu kaneesam upanta dharanu chellinchadaaniki siddhamgaa unna evarikainaa vikrayinchadaaniki siddhamgaa untaadu. anduvalla dharala vivaksha saamarthyaanni prothsahistundi. rendavadi, dharala pathakam prakaram dhara = sagatu aadaayam mariyu upanta aadaayaaniki samanam. antey sampoorna pootii samsthagaa pravartinche guttadhipatyam. moodavadi, vivaksha choopinche guttadhipatyam oka ekareeti dharala pathakam dwara panichese guttadhipatyam kante ekkuva parimaanamlo utpatti chestundi.
viniyogadaarulanu vargeekarinchadam.
vijayavantamaina dharala vivakshaku companylu konugolu cheyadaaniki vaari sumukhataku anugunamgaa viniyogadaarulanu vaeru cheyalsina avasaram undhi. oka vastuvunu konugolu cheyadaaniki viniyogadaarula sumukhatanu nirnayinchadam kashtam. viniyogadaarulanu neerugaa adagadam phalinchaduh viniyogadaarulaku teliyadu, mariyu vaaru entha varaku aaa samacharanni vikrayadaarulato panchukoovadaaniki ishtapadaru. konugolu cheyadaaniki sumukhatanu nirnayinchadaaniki rendu pradhana paddhatulu vyaktigata lakshanaalu mariyu viniyogadaarula charyalanu pariseelinchadam. oka vyakti ekkada nivasistunnado (postal kodlu), aaa vyakti elaa dustulu dharistunnado, athanu ledhaa aame yea rakamaina kaarunu naduputunnado, vrutti, aadaayam mariyu kharchu namuunaalu anevi vargeekarinchadamlo sahaayapadataayi. 
ekaswamya mariyu saamarthyam.
praamaanika namuunaa prakaram, indulo oka guttadhipatyavetta viniyogadaarulandariki oke dharanu nirnayistaadu, guttadhipatyavetta khachitamaina pootii dwara companyla kante takkuva parimaanamlo vastuvulanu adhika dharaku vikrayistaadu. guttadhipatyam chivariki utpatti ledhaa sevanu daani dhara kante takkuva viluva ichhe viniyogadaarulato laavaadaeveelanu vidichipettinanduna, guttadhipatya dhara anedi guttaadhipatyaaniki ledhaa viniyogadaarulaku vellani sambhaavya laabhaalanu suuchistuu nirjeeva nashtanni srushtistundi. market samatulyatalo lenanduna, adhi asamarthamgaa unnanduna, nirjeeva baruvu taggadam anedi samaajaaniki ayye kharchu. eee nirjeeva baruvu nashtam unnanduna, guttadhipatya mariyu viniyogadaarulaku kalipi migulu (ledhaa sampada) khachitamgaa khachitamaina pootii dwara viniyogadaarulu pondina mottam migulu kante takkuvagaa untundi. vaanijyam nundi vachhe mottam laabhaala dwara saamarthyam nirvachinchabadina chota, guttadhipatya amarika khachitamaina pootii kante takkuva samarthavantamgaa untundi.
guttaadhipatyaalu kalakramena takkuva samarthavantamgaa mariyu takkuva vinuutnamgaa marutayani, "aatmasantrupti" gaa marutayani tarachugaa vaadistaaru, endukante avi marketlo pootii padataniki samarthavantamgaa ledhaa vinuutnamgaa undavalasina avasaram ledhu. konnisaarlu manasika saamarthyam yokka eee nashtam market pravesha addamkulanu adhigaminchadaaniki taginanta sambhaavya pootiidaaru viluvanu penchutundi ledhaa kotta pratyaamnaayaalo parisoedhana mariyu pettubadulaku prothsaahaanni andistundi. potipade marketla siddhaantam konni paristhitulalo (private) guttaadhipatyaalu kotta pravesakulaku tama guttadhipatyanni kolpoye pramaadam kaaranamgaa pootii unnatlu pravartinchavalasi vastundi anie vaadistundi. market pravaesaaniki addamkulu takkuvagaa unnappudu idhi jarige avakaasam undhi. itara marketlalo pratyaamnaayaala deerghakaala labhyata kooda dheeniki kaaranam kaavacchu. udaaharanaku, 18va sataabdam chivaralo united kingdamlo kaaluva guttadhipatyam chaalaa viluvainadi ayinappatikee, 19va sataabdam chivaralo pratyamnaayamgaa railvelanu pravesapettinanduna daani viluva chaalaa takkuvagaa undedi.
saadhaarana durabhipraayaaniki viruddhamgaa, guttaadhipatyavaadulu vastuvulanu saadhyamainanta ekkuva dharaku vikrayinchadaaniki prayatnincharu, ledhaa vaaru unitku labhanni penchadaaniki prayatnincharu, conny vaaru mottam labhanni penchadaaniki prayatnistaaru.
sahajamaina ekaswamya.
sahaja guttadhipatyam anedi sambandhita utpatti paridhi mariyu saapekshamgaa adhika sthira kharchula kante ekkuva raabadini anubhavinche samstha. utpatti yokka sagatu vyayam "sambandhita shreni utpatti demand antataa tagginappudu" sahaja guttadhipatyam erpadutundi. utpatti demand yokka sambandhita paridhi antey sagatu vyaya vakrarekha demand vakrarekha kante takkuvagaa untundi. eee paristhiti erpadinappudu, bahula chinna companyla kante oka pedda company marketku sarafara cheyadam ellappuduu marinta samarthavantamgaa untundi; vaastavaaniki, atuvanti marketlalo prabhutva jokyam lekapovadam sahajamgaane guttaadhipatyamgaa abhivruddhi chendutundi. tarachugaa, sahajamaina guttadhipatyam anedi aneka mandhi pootiidaarula madhya prarambha satrutvam yokka phalitam. vyaya nirmaanaanni sadviniyogam chesukuni, vaegamgaa vistarinchagala prarambha market pravesakulu chinna companylanu pravesinchakundaa minahaayinchavacchu mariyu itara companylanu nadapavacchu ledhaa konugolu cheyavachu. sahajamaina guttadhipatyam itara guttadhipatyam maadirigaane asamarthathatho baadhapadutondi. laabhaalanu korukune sahaja guttadhipatyam daani swantha parikaraalaku vadili, upanta aadaayam upanta kharchulaku samanamga unna chota utpatti chestundi. sahaja guttadhipatyala niyantrana samasyaatmakamainadi. atuvanti guttaadhipatyaalanu mukkalu cheyadam nirvachanam prakaram asamarthamainadi. sahaja guttaadhipatyaalatho vyavaharinchae atyanta tarachugaa upayoginche paddhatulu prabhutva nibandhanalu mariyu praja yajamanyam. prabhutva niyantranalo saadhaaranamgaa dharalanu nirnayinche pradhana baadhyata kaligina niyantrana kamishanlu untaayi. sahaja guttaadhipatyaalu "single-unit entreprise" anie piluvabade vatiki paryaayapadaalu, eee padaanni friedrich vaan vicer raasina 1914 pustakam "soshal economics" loe upayoginchaaru. paerkonnatlugaa, dharalanu niyantrinchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki prabhutva nibandhanalu tarachugaa sahaja guttaadhipatyaalatho upayoginchabadataayi. mail rakaalapai guttadhipatyam unna united states postal sarveesnu chusinappudu dheenini vivarinchagala oka udaaharana kanugonavacchu. vicer prakaram, tapala parisramalo pootii market aalochana teevramaina dharalu mariyu anavasaramaina kharchulaku daariteestundi, mariyu samarthavanthamaina marketku sahaayapadinanduna dharala niyantrana roopamlo prabhutva niyantrana enduku avasaramo idhi highlight chesindi.
dharalanu tagginchadaaniki mariyu utpattini penchadaaniki, niyantrakaalu tarachugaa sagatu dharala dharanu upayogistaayi. sagatu vyaya dharala dwara, dhara mariyu parimaanam sagatu vyaya vakrarekha mariyu demand vakrarekha yokka vibhajana dwara nirnayinchabadataayi. dhara sagatu kharchuku samanam kabatti eee dharala pathakam edainaa saanukuula aardhika laabhaalanu tolagistundi. sagatu dhara sarainadi kaadu. niyantrakaalu sagatu kharchulanu anchanaa veyali. kharchulanu tagginchadaaniki companylaku takkuva prothsaaham untundi. eee rakamaina niyantrana sahaja guttaadhipatyaalaku matrame parimitam kaaledu. sagatu dhara dharalo konni pratikuulatalu kooda unnaayi. demand vakrarekha mariyu sagatu mottam vyaya vakrarekha yokka vibhajanaku samanamga dharanu nirnayinchadam dwara, samstha yokka utpatti ketayimpu asamarthamgaa untundi, endukante dhara upanta vyayam kante takkuvagaa untundi (idhi sampoorna potitatva mariyu ketayimpu samarthavanthamaina marketku avtput parimaanam).
1848loe, zhe.ess. sahaja" anae visaeshanhamtoe guttadhipatyanni vivarinchina modati vyakti millu. athanu daanini "aacharanaatmaka" thoo parasparam marchukunnadu. aaa samayamlo, millu sahaja ledhaa aacharanaatmaka guttaadhipatyaaniki eee krindi udaaharanalu ichindih gyaas sarafara, neeti sarafara, roadlu, kaaluvalu mariyu railvelu. thana "saamaajika aardhika shaastram" loe, friedrich vaan vicer tapala sevanu sahaja guttaadhipatyamgaa thana drukpathaanni pradarsinchaaduh "[atuvanti] yeka-unit paripalana nepathyamlo, pootii suutram puurtigaa viphalamavutundi. ippatike panichestunna postal samsthatho paatu maroka postal samstha yokka samaantara network aardhikamgaa asambaddhamainadi; plant mariyu nirvahana kosam apaaramaina mottamlo dabbunu yea prayojanam kosam kharchu cheyavalasi untundi."
mottammeeda, chaalaa guttaadhipatyaalu maanava nirmita guttaadhipatyaalu ledhaa asahaja guttaadhipatyaalu, sahajamainavi kaavu.
prabhutvam manjuru chesina guttadhipatyam.
prabhutvam manjuru chesina guttadhipatyam ("dii jyoor" guttadhipatyam "anie kooda pilustaaru) anedi" balavantapu guttadhipatyam "yokka oka roopam, dheenilo prabhutvam oka private vyakti ledhaa companyki oka vastuvunu ekaika providerga undataaniki pratyeka hakkunu manjuru chestundi. guttadhipatyam spashtamgaa manjuru cheyabadavachhu, sambhaavya pootiidaarulu oka nirdishta chattam dwara market nundi minahayinchabadinappudu, ledhaa parokshamgaa, paripalana niyantrana yokka avasaralanu oke market player dwara matrame neraverchagaliginappudu, ledhaa petentlu, trademarklu mariyu copyrite vanti itara chattaparamaina ledhaa vidhaanaparamaina yantraangam dwara. eee guttaadhipatyaalu "adde korukune" pravartana phalitamgaa kooda undavacchu, ikkada samsthalu guttadhipatyam kaligi unna bahumatini pondadaaniki prayatnistaayi mariyu vaari rangamlo pootii market nundi okadaanni pondadamlo laabhaala perugudala.
ekaswamya shutdown niyamam.
prati avtput sthaayiki sagatu chararashi vyayam kante dhara takkuvagaa unnappudu guttadhipatyavetta moosiveyaali-maroe maatalo cheppalante, demand vakrata sagatu chararashi vyayam vakrarekha kante puurtigaa takkuvagaa unnappudu. eee paristhitulalo garishta utpatti laabhaala sthaayilo (mr = emsi) sagatu aadaayam sagatu chara vyayaala kante takkuvagaa untundi mariyu guttadhipatyulu swalpakaalikamgaa moosiveyadam manchidi.
guttaadhipatyaalanu vichchinnam cheyandi.
aniyantrita marketlo, kotta pootii, vidipoyina vyaparalu ledhaa pratyaamnaayaalanu korukune viniyogadaarula dwara guttaadhipatyaalu antam kaavacchu. niyantrita marketlo, prabhutvam tarachugaa guttadhipatyanni niyantristundi, daanini prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni guttadhipatya vatavaranamga maarustundi ledhaa balavantamgaa mukkalu chestundi (antitrust laa mariyu trust busting chudandi). praja viniyogaalu, tarachugaa oke aaparetartho sahajamgaa samarthavantamgaa untaayi, anduvalla samarthavanthamaina vidipovadaaniki takkuva avakaasam untundi, ivi tarachugaa balamgaa niyantrinchabadataayi ledhaa prabhutva yajamanyamlo untaayi. american telephone & telegraph (ett & tii) mariyu praamaanika chamuru tarachugaa prabhutvam private guttadhipatyanni vichchinnam cheyadaaniki udaaharanalugaa perkonabaddaayi. bell vyavastha, taruvaata & tii, modata kingsbury nibaddhata dwara, taruvaata & tii mariyu federal prabhutvam madhya varusa oppandaala dwara pootii nundi rakshinchabadindi. 1984loe, chattam dwara guttadhipatya adhikaram manjuru cheyabadina dasaabdaala taruvaata, eah. tii. & tii. vividha bhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi, emm. sii. ii., sprint, ivi suduura phone marketlo samarthavantamgaa potipaddayi. eee vidipovadaaniki kaaranam ekaswamya marketlo nirjeeva baruvu taggadam mariyu asamarthatha, deenivalla pootiini prerepinchadaaniki viniyogadaarulu mariyu samajam tarapuna prabhutvam jokyam chesukovadaniki kaaranamavutundi. niyantrakaalu mariyu nyaayamuurtula madhya unna bhaavam saadhaaranamgaa vidipovadam anedi antitrust amaluku parishkaramga kaadani sifaarsu chesinappatiki, iteevali scholarship nirvaahakula vidipovadampai eee satrutvam chaalaa varaku anavasaramani kanugondi.'vaastavaaniki, kontamandi panditulu vidipovadam, tappugaa lakshyamgaa pettukunnappatiki, sahakaram, aavishkarana mariyu saamarthyaanni prothsahinchavacchani vaadinchaaru.'
chattam.
european unionlo aadhipatyaanni niyantrinche chattam "european union paniteerupai oppandam" looni artical 102 dwara nirvahinchabadutundi, idhi viniyogadaarula sankshemaanni penchadam mariyu diguva marketlo pootiini rakshinchadam dwara vanarula ketayimpu saamarthyaanni kooda lakshyamgaa pettukundi. chaalaa ekkuva market vataa undatam antey viniyogadaarulu adhika dharalanu chellistunnarani ellappuduu ardham kaadu, endukante marketloki kottagaa pravesinche vaari muppu adhika-market-share company dharala perugudalanu nirodhinchagaladu. pootii chattam kevalam guttadhipatyanni kaligi undatam chattaviruddham kaadu, conny guttadhipatyam ichhe adhikaranni durviniyogam chestundi, udaaharanaku minahaayimpu paddhatula dwara (i.ii. idhi chuttoo unna ekaika dhara kabatti adhika dhara.) pootiini konugolu chese paddhatulu ledhaa samaana paddhatula dwara guttadhipatyanni pondadaaniki prayatninchadam chattaviruddham anie kooda gamaninchavacchu. oka pootiidaarudu vyaparam nundi bayataku velladam ledhaa pootii lekapovadam vanti sahajamgaa sambhavinchinatlayithe, guttadhipatya holder adhikaranni durviniyogam chese varaku adhi chattaviruddham kaadu.
aadhipatyaanni sthaapinchadam.
modata oka company aadhipatyam kaligi undaa ledhaa anedi "daani pootiidaarulu, viniyogadaarulu mariyu chivariki daani viniyogadaarula nundi gananeeyamaina sthaayilo swatantramgaa" pravartistundaa anie nirnayinchadam avasaram. aadhipatyaanni sthaapinchadam anedi rendu dasala pareeksha. pariganinchavalasina modati vishayam market nirvachanam, idhi pareeksha yokka keelakamaina karakallo okati. indulo sambandhita utpatti market mariyu sambandhita bhougolika market untaayi.
sambandhita utpatti market.
market yokka nirvachanam parasparam marpidi cheyagala vishayam kabatti, vastuvulu ledhaa sevalanu parasparam maarchukogaliginavigaa pariganinchinatlayithe avi oke utpatti marketlo untaayi. udaaharanaku, "united brandlu vii commission" vishayamlo, aratipandlu mariyu itara taja pandlu oke utpatti marketlo unnayani, taruvaata aadhipatyam kanugonabadindani eee sandarbhamlo vaadinchabadindi, endukante aratipandla pratyeka lakshanaalu itara taja pandlatho parimita sthaayilo mariyu itara vaatitho matrame maaravacchu mariyu vaati pooteeki arudugaa kanipinchani vidhamgaa matrame bahirgatamavutundi. vastuvulu mariyu sevala demand pratyaamnaayam utpatti marketnu nirvachinchadamlo sahaayapadutundi mariyu dheenini 'oohaatmaka guttadhipatya' pareeksha ledhaa 'snip' pareeksha dwara pondavacchu.
sambandhita bhougolika market.
saanketika, aacharanaatmaka ledhaa chattaparamaina kaaranaala valla konni vastuvulanu irukaina praantamloo matrame sarafara cheyagalagatam valla dheenini nirvachinchadam avasaram, mariyu yea samsthalu itara samsthalapai pootii parimitini vidhistaayo suuchimchadaaniki idhi sahaayapadavachhu. konni vastuvulu vaati viluvaku sambandhinchi suduura marketlaku vikrayinchadam aardhikamgaa laabhadaayakam kaani chota ravana cheyadaaniki chaalaa khareedainavi kabatti, ravana kharchu ikkada oka keelaka amsam. itara amsaalu chattaparamaina niyantranalu kaavacchu, ivi sabhya deshaalalo oka samsthanu maroka deshaaniki vastuvulu ledhaa sevalanu egumati cheyakunda parimitam chestaayi.
market nirvachananni kolavadam kashtam kaavacchu, conny idhi mukhyamainadi endukante idhi chaalaa irukainadigaa nirvachinchabadithe, aaa samstha aadhipatyam chelaayinche avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi mariyu idhi chaalaa vistrutamgaa nirvachinchabadithe, adhi aadhipatyam chelaayinche avakaasam takkuvagaa untundi.
market sherlu.
guudaachaara pravartana maadirigaane, market sherlu company mariyu sambandhita utpatti vikrayinchabade nirdishta marketnu suuchistuu nirnayinchabadataayi. idhi oka samstha aadhipatyam chelaayistundo ledho nirnayinchadu, conny marketlo prastuta pootii yokka sthithula suuchikagaa panichestundi. herfindall-hirshmann suuchika (hetchie) konnisaarlu oka parisrama entha poteegaa undho anchanaa vaeyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. idhi marketloni potidarulandari vyaktigata market vaataala vargaalanu sameekaristundi. mottam entha takkuvagaa unte, market antha takkuvagaa kendrikrutamai untundi mariyu mottam entha ekkuvagaa unte, market antha ekkuvagaa kendrikrutamai untundi. samyukta rashtraallo, vileenam taruvaata 1000 kante takkuva unna hetchie kendreekrutam kaadani, ayithe paina unna hetchie marinta sameekshanu rekettistundani vileenam maargadarsakaalu paerkontunnaayi.
european union chattam prakaram, chaalaa pedda market sherlu oka company aadhipatyam kaligi undane oohanu penchutaayi, idhi khandinchadaginadi kaavacchu. 100% yokka market vataa chaalaa arudugaa undavacchu, conny idhi ippatikee kanugonabadavacchu mariyu vaastavaaniki idhi konni sandarbhaallo gurtinchabadindi, udaaharanaku "ams vii commission" kesu. 100% kante takkuva market vatanu kaligi unna samsthalu, conny 90 saataaniki paiga kooda aadhipatyam chelayinchayi, udaaharanaku, microsoft vii commission kesu. akjo vii commission" kesulo, 50 saatam market vatanu kaligi unte, aaa samstha aadhipatyam chelaayistundani bhaavistaaru. 50 saatam market vataa kante takkuva aadhipatyam unnatlu kooda kanugonabadindi, udaaharanaku, "united brandlu verses commission", idhi 40 saatam nundi 45 saatam market vatanu matrame kaligi undhi mariyu itara kaarakaalato aadhipatyam kaligi unnatlu inca kanugonabadaledu. european unionlo "aadhipatyam" gaa pariganinchabade companylo athi takkuva inca market vataa 39.7%. oka companyki aadhipatya sthaanam unte, appudu daani pravartana saadhaarana marketlo pootiini debbateeyakundaa undataaniki pratyeka baadhyata untundi; ayithe, adhi aadhipatyam kaligi undakapothe ivanni padipothayi.
oka samstha aadhipatyam kaligi undaa anie pariseelincheetappudu, adhi aneka kaarakaala kalayikanu kaligi untundi. vaatilo prati okkati vidigaa teesukoleru, avi kalipinappudu unnanta nirnayaatmakamainavi kaavu. alaage, oka samstha gatamlo aadhipatyam chelaayinchina sandarbhaallo, marketnu punarnirvachinchadam mariyu tagina samayamlo andubaatulo unna saakshyaala aadhaaramgaa pootii paristhitula gurinchi puurtigaa kotta vislaeshanha cheyadam avasaram.
itara sambandhita karakalu.
maargadarsakaala prakaram, pariseelinchaalsina maroe moodu samasyalu unnaayi. vaaru aadhipatya samstha mariyu daani pootiidaarula market sthaanaaniki sambandhinchina nijamaina pootiidaarulu, vistarana mariyu pravaesaaniki sambandhinchina sambhaavya pootiidaarulu mariyu chivaraga prativaadi konugolu shakti.
market vataa anedi market nirmaanam mariyu market sthaanaaniki sambandhinchina samaachaaraaniki viluvaina vanaru kaavacchu. market yokka gatiseelata mariyu vastuvulu mariyu sevalalo entha varaku vyatyaasam undho eee praantamloo sambandhitamgaa untaayi.
idhi inca marketlo panicheyani, conny bhavishyattulo pravesinchaboye itara samsthala nundi vachhe pootiitoe sambandham kaligi untundi. kabatti, eee praantamloo oka samsthapai padee pootii ottidini pondadamlo market sherlu upayogakaramgaa undakapovachhu. kotta samsthala sambhaavya pravesam mariyu oka samstha dwara vistaranalanu parigananaloki teesukoovaali, anduvalla pravaesaaniki addamkulu mariyu vistaranaku addamkulu ikkada oka mukhyamaina amsam.
pootii parimitulu ellappuduu vaastava ledhaa sambhaavya pootiidaarula nundi rakapovachhu. konnisaarlu, idhi daani parimaanam ledhaa aadhipatya samsthaku daani vaanijya praamukhyata nundi vachhe taginanta berasaaraala balam unna saktivantamaina viniyogadaarula nundi kooda raavacchu.
durviniyogaalu rakalu.
dopidi durviniyogam, minahaayimpu durviniyogam mariyu oke market durviniyogam anae moodu pradhana rakaala durviniyogaalu unnaayi.
oka guttadhipatya samsthaku entha gananeeyamaina market shakti unnappudu adhi viniyogadaarulanu kolpokunda pootii sthaayi kante ekkuva dharanu penchutuu daani utpattini parimitam cheyagaladu. eee rakaniki itara rakaalato poliste commission takkuva shraddha vahistundi.
idhi deerghakaalika viniyogadaarula nashtanni kaliginchagala saamarthyam kaligi untundi mariyu pootii abhivruddhini nirodhinche avakaasam ekkuvagaa unnanduna commissionla dwara idhi chaalaa aandolana chendutundi. dheeniki oka udaaharana pratyaekamaina lavadevila oppandaalu.
idhi oka aadhipatya samstha adanapu dharalanu amalu chesinappudu talettutundi, idhi dopidi prabhavanni kaligi undatame kakunda samaantara digumatulanu nirodhistundi mariyu intra-brand pootiini parimitam chestundi.
durviniyogaaniki udaaharanalu.
paina perkonnavi durviniyoga paddhatulu anie vistrutamgaa angeekarinchinappatiki, oka samstha yokka aadhipatya sthaanam mariyu daani vaastava durviniyoga pravartana madhya kaarana sambandham undaalsina avasaram undaa anae daanipai kontha charcha jarugutondi. antekakunda, oka company kevalam thana aadhipatya sthaanaanni durviniyogam cheyadaaniki prayatninchinappudu emi jarugutundane daanipai kontha pariseelana jarigindi.
marinta nirdishtamaina udaaharananu andinchadaaniki, aardhika mariyu taatvika panditudu aadam smith eest india companyki vaanijyam, chaalaa varaku, inglish ledhaa dutch vanti pratyeka companyki lobadi undani paerkonnaadu. ilanti guttaadhipatyaalu saadhaaranamgaa avi udbhavinchina deshaaniki vyatiraekamgaa sthaapinchabadataayi. rendu rakaala guttaadhipatyaalu elaa unnayo lothaina aardhikavetta paerkonnaadu. guttadhipatyam yokka modati rakam anedi guttadhipatyam bhaavinchina nirdishta vaanijyaaniki ellappuduu aakarshinchedi, idhi samaajamlooni stacklo ekkuva nishpatti, modata aaa vaanijyaaniki velle daanikante ekkuva. rendava rakam guttadhipatyam appudappudu stock nuu adhi udbhavinchina nirdishta vaanijyam vaipu aakarshistundi, mariyu konnisaarlu vividha paristhitulanu batti aaa vaanijyam nundi tippikodutundi. dhanika deshaalu tippikottadaaniki moggu chuupagaa, paedha deshaalu dheeni vaipu aakarshinchabaddayi. udaaharanaku, dutch company tama guttadhipatyanni kaapaadukoovadaaniki marketloki teesukuvellani adanapu vastuvulanu paaravestundi, ayithe aangleyulu merugaina dharalaku ekkuva vastuvulanu vikrayistaaru. aadam smith rachanalalo kanipinche vidhamgaa eee rendu dhoranulu chaalaa vidhvamsakamainavi.
chaaritraka guttaadhipatyaalu.
muulam.
guttadhipatyam" anae padam modata aristatle yokka "rajakeeyaalalo" kanipistundi. olive presslalo miletus yokka marketnu muulaloe pettadanni aristatle guttaadhipatyamgaa ("micropoplione") varninchaadu. vaanijya konamlo "guttadhipatyam" anae bhavanaku sambandhinchina maroe prarambha prastaavana, utpattulapai guttadhipatyam unna vyapari nundi vyavasaya vastuvula konugoluku sambandhinchi, mishna (cree. sha. 2va sataabdam) yokka sankshipta vivaranalo kanipistundi (adhyayam 5; 4). aangla padam 'guttadhipatyam' yokka ardham mariyu avagahana samvatsaraalugaa maarindi.
vanarula guttadhipatyam.
uppu.
saadhaarana uppu (sodiyam chloride) ammakam chaaritraatmakamgaa sahaja guttaadhipatyamgaa undedi. iteevali kaalam varaku, atyanta samruddhiga unde samudram nundi uppunu utpatti cheyadaaniki balamaina suuryarashmi mariyu takkuva thema kalayika ledhaa peat chittadi neelala podigimpu avasaram. samudra mattalu maaradam valla kramaanugatamgaa uppu "karuvulu" sambhavinchaayi mariyu samajalu tarachugaa shatru praantaalalo unde arudaina lothattu ganulu mariyu uppu neeti buggalanu niyantrinche vaaripai aadhaarapadavalasi vachindi (udhaa.zii. sahaara) ravana, nilva mariyu pampinhee kosam vyavastheekruta bhadrata avasaram.
uppu commission chainaalo chattaparamaina guttaadhipatyamgaa undedi. 758loe erpadina commission, tong raajavamsaaniki pannu aadaayaanni penchadaaniki uppu utpatti mariyu ammakalanu niyantrinchindi.
gabel" anedi france raajyamlo uppupai vidhinche apakhyaati paalaina adhika pannu. french viplavam praarambhamlo uppunu vikrayinchadaaniki mariyu pampinhee cheyadaaniki evariki anumati undani kathinamaina chattaparamaina niyantranalu perkonnappudu, chaalaa dveshinche sunkam paatranu kaligi undhi. 1286loe modatisaarigaa sthaapinchabadina eee gabelle 1945 varaku saasvatamgaa raddu cheyabadaledu.
boggu.
rabin golan "dhi boggu ganula kaarmikulu nyuu south wales" loe australia yokka nyuu kazil yokka boggu parisramalo vyapara chakram phalitamgaa pootii vyatiraeka paddhatulu abhivruddhi chendaayani vaadinchaaru. revulo ammakaniki kaneesa dharanu nirnayinchadaaniki angeekarinchina boggu companyla sthaanika nirvahana adhikaarika samavesala dwara guttadhipatyam erpadindi. eee kutranu "dhi vend" anie pilicheevaaru. 19va sataabdam chivaralo vyapara chakramlo maandyamtho mugisina eee vyaparam mugisi, padepade samskarinchabadindi. "kaarmika sanghaala sahayam mariyu bhouthika prayojanaala (pradhanamgaa boggu bhougolikam) kaaranamgaa "vikraya samstha" thana guttadhipatyanni konasaginchagaligindi. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo, australia teerapraanta shipping vyaparamlo polchadagina guttadhipatya paddhatula phalitamgaa, eee vikrayalu aaviri ooda yajamaanulu mariyu boggu parisrama madhya anadhikaarika mariyu chattaviruddhamaina kutragaa abhivruddhi chendaayi, phalitamgaa chivariki haikortu kesu "adelide steam ship koo" erpadindi. ltd vii. aarr. & eah. zii. ".
pertian philocelle (mudi pattu).
17va sataabdamloo, shaah abbas iraanlo armenian aardhika rajadhaanini kendreekarinchadaaniki kotta zulfa (isfahan rajadhanilo oka shivaaru praantam) nuu sthaapinchaadu. tadanugunamgaa, athanu pertian philocelle (mudi pattu) vaanijyaaniki guttadhipatyamtho sahaa armeniyanlaku vividha adhikaaraalanu icchaadu. armeniyanlu dheenini asea, eurup mariyu americatho sahaa prapanchavyaaptamgaa egumati chesaaru. 1750la natiki, aaa praantamlooni mottam pattu vaanijyamlo 75 saatam ippatike armeniyaalo undedi. dheeni phalitamgaa armenian vaanijyam oopandukundi, idhi tadupari 150 samvatsaraala paatu konasaagindi. prastutam, adhi jariginatlugaa, armeniyaaku chendina sonta aardhika vyavastha chaalaa guttadhipatyam kaligi undhi; vaastavaaniki, daani aardhika vyavasthalo 19 saatam guttadhipatyamtho, 2009loe thoorpu airopa mariyu madhya asealo atyanta guttadhipatya desham armeniyaga undhi. 
petrolium.
praamaanika chamuru anedi oka american chamuru utpatti, ravana, suddhi mariyu marketing samstha. 1870loe sthaapinchabadina idhi prapanchamlone atipedda chamuru suddhi karmagaramga maarindi. zaan dii. rockfeller vyavasthaapakudu, chairman mariyu pradhana vaataadaaru. vyapara trust abhivruddhilo company oka aavishkarta. praamaanika chamuru trust utpatti mariyu logisticsnu kramabaddheekarinchindi, kharchulanu tagginchindi mariyu pootiidaarulanu tagginchindi. "nammakanni debbatise" vimarsakulu praamaanika chamurunu pootiidaarulanu naasanam cheyadaaniki mariyu viniyogadaarulanu bedirinche guttadhipatyanni yerparachadaaniki dookudu dharalanu upayogistunnarani aaropinchaaru. prapanchamlooni mottamodati mariyu atipedda bahulajaati samsthalalo okatigaa daani vivaadaaspada charitra 1911loe mugisindi, united states supreenkortu pramaanaanni chattaviruddhamaina guttadhipatyam anie teerpu ichindi. praamaanika chamuru trust 33 chinna companylugaa raddu cheyabadindi; daani manugadalo unna rendu "chiled" companylu exanmobil mariyu chevron corporation.
ukku.
yuu.ess. ukku guttadhipatya samsthagaa aaropinchabadindi. zhe. pii. morgaon mariyu elbert hetch. gyaarii yuu nii sthaapinchaadu.ess. 1901loe andrew carnegie yokka carnegie ukku samsthanu gyaarii yokka federal ukku samstha mariyu vilium henry moor yokka jaateeya ukku samsthatho kalapadam dwara ukku. oka samayamlo, yuu.ess. ukku prapanchamlone atipedda ukku utpattidaaru mariyu atipedda samstha. daani modati puurti samvatsaram operationlo, yuu.ess. samyukta rashtraalalo utpatti ayye mottam ukkulo 67 saatam ukku utpatti chestundi. ayithe, yuu.ess. vistaristunna marketlo ukku vataa 1911 natiki 50 saataaniki padipoyindi, aaa samvatsaram antitrust prosecution viphalamaindi.
vajraalu.
2000laloe vajraala vyaparamlo dharala nirnaya aaropanalanu dii beerlu parishkarinchaayi. 20va sataabdam antataa dii beerlu guttadhipatya paddhatulaku prasiddhi chendaayi, dheenilo antarjaateeya vajraala marketnu taarumaaru cheyadaaniki daani aadhipatya sthaanaanni upayoginchindi. market meeda eee niyantrananu amalu cheyadaaniki company aneka paddhatulanu upayoginchindi. modata, idhi swatantra utpattidaarulanu thana single chaanal guttadhipatyamlo cheramani oppinchindi, idhi cartello chaeradaaniki niraakarinchina utpattidaarula maadirigaane vajraalato marketnu munchettindi, chivaraga, sarafaraanu parimitam cheyadam dwara dharalanu niyantrinchadaaniki itara tayaareedaarulu utpatti chesina vajraalanu konugolu chesi nilva chesindi.
2000loe, russia, kenada mariyu australialoni utpattidaarulu dii beers chaanal velupala vajraalanu pampinhee cheyaalani teesukunna nirnayam, alaage dii beerlanu daani sonta tavvakaala utpattulaku ammakalanu parimitam cheyadam dwara "chedu pracharam pramaadaanni nivaarinchadaaniki" balavantam chesina rakta vajraala gurinchi perugutunna avagahana vanti kaaranaala valla dii beers vyapara namuunaa maarindi. viluva prakaram dii beers market vataa 1980laloe 90 saatam kante ekkuvagaa unnappati nundi 2012loe 40 saatam kante takkuvagaa padipoyindi, dheeni phalitamgaa marinta paaradarsakata mariyu ekkuva dravyatato marinta vicchinnamaina vajraala market erpadindi.
november 2011loe, oppenheimer kutumbam dii beerlalo thana 40 saatam vatanu mottam aanglo american plc kii vikrayinchaalane uddesaanni prakatinchindi, tadwara companylo aanglo american yajamanyanni 85 saataaniki penchindi.[30] eee lavadevi viluva £3.3 billion ($5.1 billion) nagadu mariyu oppenheimer raajavamsam yokka 80 samvatsaraala dii beerla yajamanyanni antam chesindi.
upayogaalu.
praja prayojanam (ledhaa kevalam "utility") anedi praja seva kosam moulika sadupaayaalanu nirvahinche ledhaa praja viniyogam kosam sevala samitini andinche samstha ledhaa samstha. vidyut, sahaja vayuvu, neeru, muruguneeru, cable television mariyu telephone vanti viniyogaalu saadhaarana udaaharanalu. united stateslo, praja viniyogaalu tarachugaa sahaja guttaadhipatyaalu, endukante vidyut ledhaa neeru vanti utpattini utpatti cheyadaaniki mariyu pampinhee cheyadaaniki avasaramaina moulika sadupayalu nirminchadaaniki mariyu nirvahinchadaaniki chaalaa khareedainavi.
19va sataabdam chivaralo westran union "dharala perugudala" guttaadhipatyamgaa vimarsinchabadindi. american telephone & telegraph oka telecommunication diggajam. 1984loe eah. tii. & tii. vibhajinchabadindi. newzealand telecom vishayamlo, sthaanika loop unbundlingnu kendra prabhutvam amalu chesindi.
telcom anedi paakshikamgaa private cheyabadina, kontha bhaagam prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni dakshinaafrikaa telecommunications company. duesh telecom anedi maajee prabhutva guttadhipatyam, ippatikee paakshikamgaa prabhutva yajamanyamlo undhi. duesh telecom prastutam hye-speed vii. dii. ess. ell broadband netvarknu guttadhipatyam chestondi. long iland power authority (lipa) newyorkloni nassou mariyu safolk counteelalo mariyu queensloni rockaway dveepakalpamlo 11 laksala mandiki paiga viniyogadaarulaku vidyut sevalanu andinchindi.
comcast corporation anedi aadaayam paramgaa prapanchamlone atipedda maas media mariyu communications samstha. idhi united stateslo atipedda cable company mariyu home internet servies provider, mariyu desamlo moodava atipedda home telephone servies provider. comcastku boston, philadelphia mariyu us antataa aneka chinna pattanaalalo guttadhipatyam undhi.
ravana.
united aircraft und transport corporation anedi vimaana tayaareedaarula holding company, idhi 1934loe vimanayana samsthalanu vidichipettavalasi vachindi.
airish railway authority ayina irenroad iren prastuta guttadhipatya samstha, endukante irelandlo marinni companyla parimaanam ledhu.
long iland railu rahadari (lir) 1834loe sthaapinchabadindi, 1800la madhya nundi long iland mariyu newyork nagaram madhya railu sevalanu andistondi. 1870laloe, varusa samuparjanalu mariyu ekikaranala dwara aaa praantamloo lir ekaika railrodga maarindi. 2013loe, lir yokka prayaanikula railu vyavastha uttara americalo atyanta raddiigaa unde prayaanikula railroad, idhi pratiroojuu daadaapu 335,000 mandhi prayaanikulaku sevalu andistundi.
videshee vaanijyam.
dutch eest india company 1602loe chattabaddhamaina vaanijya guttaadhipatyamgaa srushtinchabadindi. vereenigde ost-indische company 17va sataabdamloo ekkuva bhaagam daani masala guttadhipatyam nundi bhaarii laabhaalanu pondindi.
british eest india company 1600loe chattabaddhamaina vaanijya guttaadhipatyamgaa srushtinchabadindi. eest indiatho vaanijyam konasaaginchadaaniki eest india company erpadindi, conny pradhanamgaa bhaarata upakhandam, vaayuvya sarihaddu provins mariyu baluuchistaanlatoe vaanijyam chesindi. company patthi, pattu, neelam rangu, uppu, uppu, tii mariyu nallamandu vanti praathamika vastuvulalo vyaparam chesindi.
vruttiparamaina kreedalu.
baseball.
1922loe, yuu. ess. supreme court federal baseball club v. loe teerpu ichindi. bays baall samakhya aviswaasam dwara prabhaavitam cheyabade vaanijya rakam kaadani jaateeya leag, tadwara bays baalnu aviswaasa chattaala nundi minahaayinchindi. 1953 mariyu 1972 rendintiloonuu eee samasyanu kortulo levanettinappudu supreenkortu tama asalu teerpunu konasaaginchindi. chattaparamaina guttaadhipatyamgaa, 1960la prarambham nundi, panicheyani continental leag nundi emm. ell. bii. kii american marketlo etuvanti pootii ledhu.
american football.
1949loe aafcto mariyu 1970loe aaflto vileenam ayina taruvaata, 1983loe vaari vijayavantamaina modati season taruvaata jaateeya football leag usfl pootiini edurkondi. usfl praarambhamlo spring leaga panichesindi, nfl season mugisina sumaru 1 nela tarvaata vaari seejannu praarambhinchindi mariyu nfl prii season atalu praarambhaaniki sumaru 1 nela mundu season mugistundi. perugutunna prajaadarana mariyu hesman trophy vijaetalu hershell walker, mike rossier mariyu dugg fluity vanti pedda paerlatoe santakam cheyagala saamardhyamtho, newjersey generals yajamani donald trump season nuu taralinchamani itara yajamaanulanu oppinchaaru, tadwara idhi neerugaa nfl thoo pootii padindi. adhe samayamlo nfl paie antitrust daavaa veyabadindi, endukante idhi 3 pradhana american television chaanellanu edainaa usfl atalanu prasaram cheyakunda oppinchindi. eee trial 42 rojula paatu konasaagindi mariyu nfl nijamgaa guttaadhipatyamgaa vyavaharinchindani mariyu antitrust chattalanu ullanghinchindani jurie kanugondi, ayithe leag yokka aardhika ibbandulaku nfl neerugaa baadhyata vahinchananduna, usflku $1 nashtapariharam labhinchindi, idhi antitrust kesu kaaranamgaa $3kii moodu retlu perigindi. eee nirnayaanni appeal cheyadaaniki 1986nuu puurtigaa vadulukuntamani usfl prakatinchindi; ayithe, vichaarana mugisina oka vaaramlopu leag madatapedutundi. naalugu samvatsaraala taruvaata, yuu. ess. supreme court, asalu teerpunu nilabadataaniki mariyu nashtapariharam chellinchadaaniki mariyu vaddeeni chaerchadaaniki nflnu aadesinchadaaniki anumatistundi, mottam $3.76 kuu teesukuvastundi. nfl gatamlo 1960laloe oka aviswaasa daavaa nundi bayatapadindi.

