
excelarich

paartheeyulu, sasanianlu mariyu abbasid califate yugamlo cree. sha. 1258loe baghdad meeda mangol dandayaatra varaku pertian mesopotamia (aadhunika iraq) looni yoodu samaajaaniki excellark nayakudu, konasagutunna raajakeeya parinaamaala kaaranamgaa antaraayaalu unnaayi. yoodu samajam eee bahishkarananu david intiki raaja varasudiga bhaavinchindi mariyu rabbi adhikaram mariyu pertian aasthaanamlo oka goppa vyaktigaa praamukhyata kaligina sthaanaanni kaligi undhi. sasanian saamrajyamlo, eee excellark thoorpu kraistava charchi yokka "kaathalikkulaku" raajakeeya samaanamainadi, anduvalla rabbi nyaayasthaanaalanu nadapadam, yoodula nundi pannulu vasoolu cheyadam, babylonialoni talmudic akaadameelaku paryaveekshanha mariyu aardhika sahayam andinchadam mariyu bahishkarana samaajamlooni avasaramaina sabhyulaku swachchanda punarviniyogam mariyu aardhika sahayam vanti samaja-nirdishta samsthaagata panulaku baadhyata vahinchindi. bahishkarana sthaanam vamsapaaramparyamgaa undedi, idhi raaju david nundi udbhavinchina puraatana kaalam nundi daani pitruswamya santatini gurtinchina oka kutumbam konasagimputo undedi.
dheenini soochinche modati chaaritraka patraalu babylonia chivari parthian saamrajyamlo bhagamainappati nundi unnaayi. eee karyalayam modata 2va sataabdamloo kanipinchindi mariyu 6va sataabdam madhyakaalam varaku, vividha pertian raajavamsaala (paarthiyanlu mariyu sussanids) aadhvaryamlo konasaagindi. 5va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu cree. sha. 6va sataabdam praarambhamlo, rendava maar-jutra kluptamgaa rajakeeyamgaa swatantra rajyaanni erpaatu chesaadu, akkada athanu mahoja nundi sumaru edu samvatsaraalu paalinchaadu. athanu chivariki pertia raaju modati kawadh chetilo odipoyaadu mariyu aaa taruvaata kontakaalam paatu excelerch padavi taggipoyindi. arab khalifa paalanalo 7va sataabdamloo eee sthaanam praamukhyataku punaruddharinchabadindi, mariyu 11va sataabdam varaku arab adhikarulu excelerch karyalayanni niyaminchadam konasaaginchaaru.
cree. sha. 825loe all-mamun paalanalo bahishkarana adhikaram gananeeyamaina savaaluku guraindi, athanu yea matha samaajaaniki chendina padhi mandhi vyaktula brundaanni vidigaa nirvahinchadaaniki anumatinche oka decreeni jaarii chesaadu, idhi suraa mariyu pambedithaaloni talmudic akaadameela gaannu adhikaram mariyu prabhavam kosam pootii padataniki anumatinchindi, taruvaata kaaraitlu mariyu rabbinik jurie madhya vistruta vibhedaalaku dohadapadindi.
sheershika.
excellark" anae padam hebru () yokka greco-latin calc, dheeni ardham aksharala "bahishkaranaku adhipati". eee sthaanaanni adevidhamgaa aramic (ledhaa) mariyu arabic (arabic) bhaashalalo pilicheevaaru. idhi parshiyanloki ilaa anuvadinchabadindi. pravaasamlo unna yoodu prajalanu (,) ledhaa () anie pilicheevaaru. upayoginchina samakaaleena greeku padam (), aksharala 'bandheela nayakudu' anie ardham. kalakramena eee padaviloe maarpulu unnappatikee, eee greeku padam kaaryaalayaaniki vartinchadam konasaagindi, ivi ekkuvagaa namamatramga undevi.
abhivruddhi mariyu samstha.
2va sataabdaaniki mundu eee karyalayam gurinchi prastaavinchabadanappatiki, cree. puu. 597loe jerusalem modati patanam taruvaata jaconia raaju mariyu athani aasthaanaanni babylone bahishkarinchina taruvaata excelerch karyalayam sthaapinchabadindani, cree. puu. 587loe yoodaa rajyam naasanam ayina taruvaata marinta bahishkaranala taruvaata idhi perigindani sedder olam jutta aaropinchaadu. babylonian excellarchate charitra babylonialo arabic paalana praarambhaaniki mundu mariyu taruvaata rendu ververu gurtinchadagina kalaluga untundi. 2va sataabdaaniki mundu, eee karyalayam gurinchi aemee teliyadu, idhi modata talmudlo prastaavinchabadindi, daani muulaala gurinchi edainaa vivaraalatoe sahaa. babilonloni vividha praantaalalo sanklishtamaina samoohaalalo nivasistunna yoodulu, "golaa" (hebrulo pravaasulu), kramamga ekam ayyi oka samsthanu srushtinche dhoranini kaligi unnaarani, eee dhorani, babylonelo nivasistunna david inti vaarasulu adhika gowravamtho, eee inti sabhyudini "golaa adhipati" gaa gurtinchinatlu teesukuvacchindani saadhaaranamgaa cheppavacchu."eee intlo gowravam vamsapaaramparyamgaa maarindi, chivaraku rashtram gurtinchindi, anduvalla modata arsacid mariyu taruvaata sussanid saamrajyam yokka sthirapadina raajakeeya samsthagaa maarindi.
siee
modati kaalamlo daani charitraku pradhana vanarugaa, mariyu excelerchate yokka hakkulu mariyu vidhulaku sambandhinchi mana ekaika samacharanni andinche, talmudic saahityamlo kanipinche vidhamgaa excelerchate atuvantidi. rendava ledhaa arabic kaalaaniki, excelerchate samstha gurinchi chaalaa mukhyamaina mariyu nammadagina vivarana undhi ("vibhagala sthaapana vedukalu mariyu aadaayam mariyu adhikaaraalanu chudandi"); eee vivarana modati kaalaaniki kooda mukhyamainadi, endukante chaalaa vivaralu daani nundi konasaginatlu pariganhinchabadavacchu.
baghdadlo mudralanu upayoginche hakku excellark mariyu geonymlaku matrame parimitam cheyabadindi. khalifa adhikaaramlo panicheestuu, vaaru khalifa looni yoodu prajalaku atyunnata adhikaramga atyanta saktivantamgaa undevaaru. mudrala vadakam antargata vishayaalaku matrame parimitam kaaledu; vaari adhikaranni muslimlu kooda gurtinchaaru. tudelaaku chendina benzin vruttaantam aadharamgaah 
"vaarandarikee (baghdad khalifa krinda unna yoodulu) adhipatigaa hizday kumarudu daniel unnadu, itanu 'maa prabhuvu izrael antati cheralo unnavaariki adhipati' anie mudra veyabaddaadu.'anie paerkonnaaru... islam prabhuvu ameer all muminim chetilo izrael yokka anni sanghaalapai adhikaram ataniki ketayinchabadindi."
karyalaya yajamaanulu.
baibil udaaharanalu.
sedder olam juttaalo perkonna eee krindi udaaharanalu, chaalaa varaku puraana vyaktulu mariyu "1 chronicles 3" vachanamlo samaantaraalanu kaligi untayih
sussanids kinda rubbinical excellarks.
bahusha sedder olam juttaalo jabita cheyabadina ledhaa talmudic adhikarulu gurtinchina chaaritraka udaaharanalu
kairat excelors.
8va sataabdamloo praarambhamaina, modati david padaveekaalam mugisina taruvaata, eee krindi vidhamgaa kairat excelerch jabita undih
charitra.
puraana muulaalu.
kristupurvam 597loe babylonialo cheraloki teesukuvellabadina yoodaa raaju jehoyakin modati bahishkarana anie sedder olam juta paerkonnaadu, andulo athanu babylonialoni nehardia nagaramlo thana nivasanni sthaapinchaadu. cree. sha. 800 samvatsaramlo vraayabadina eee charitra, babylonian excelerch inti prarambha charitraku oka puraana muulaanni andistundi. dushta-merodock aasthaanamlo bandee raaju purogati-dheenitho raajula rendava pustakam yokka kathanam mugustundi ()-"sedder 'olam juta" rachayita karyalayam yokka muulam mariyu excelerch yokka adhikaaraaniki aadhaaramgaa bhaavinchaaru. raaju vaarasula taraala jabita grandhamlo ivvabadindi, idhi I chronicles 3:17 "mariyu sec loe kanipinche paerlatoe chaalaa daggaragaa untundi."
sadia gaav paatasaala nundi vacchina vruttaamtaalaku sambandhinchina vyakhyanam yoodaa ibn kuraish nuu udaharinchindi, rendava aalaya kaalam chivarilo david vaarasula vamsavali jabita pustakaaniki jodinchabadindi, eee abhiprayanni sedder 'olam juta looni babylonian excellarks jabita rachayita panchukunnaru. eee jabita jehoyakin mariyu vraatapuurvaka moolaalalo perkonna modati excelerch, nahum madhya eduvandala samvatsaraala antaraanni tagginchadaaniki prayatnistundi. idhi rendava aalaya charithratho vyaktulanu kalakramanusaranga anusandhaaninche konni nirdishta lakshanaalanu andistundi, aalaya vidhvamsam samayamlo jeevinchinatlu paerkonabadina shechanya vantivaaru. ayana puurveekulugaa eee krindi vaaru padaviloe unnaru salateel, zerubbabel, meshullam, hananiah, sorikya, hasadya, yeshaya, obadya, shemaiah, shekaniah, hizkia. eee paerlannee ii cran loe kooda kanipistaayi. 3., ayithe oka gandaragola kramamlo. parimita sankhyalo taraalu pradarsinchabadutunnanduna eee jabita chaaritrakamainadi kaadu. sedder olam juta looni david jabita chivaralo akbub anae paeru kooda kanipistundi, dheeni taruvaata nahum, vaaritho jaabitaalo chaaritraka bhaagam praarambhamavutundi, mariyu bahusha jerusalem naasanam (135) samayaniki ketayinchabadi undavacchu. eee kaalamlone rabbi saahityamlo excelerch kaaryaalayaaniki modati suuchanalu kanipistaayi.
jerusalem talmudlo modati suuchanalu.
izrael deshaaniki chendina nyaya guruvu, joshuva benn hananiah menalludu hananiah, babylonian yoodulanu samhedrin nundi swatantramgaa, eudia desamlo nivasinche mataparamaina mariyu raajakeeya adhikaram nundi vidipinchadaaniki chesina prayatnaanni suuchistuu, 'ahiya' anae vyakti babylonian yoodula taatkaalika adhipatigaa perkonabaddadu, bahusha modati chaaritraka bahishkrutulalo okadu. maroka rubbinical muulam "ahija" kuu "nehunion" anae paerunu bharti chestundi. eee 'nehunian' jaabitaalo perkonna nahumnu pooli unde avakaasam undhi. samhedrin kuu muppu kaliginche raajakeeya pramaadam chivariki mugisindi. daadaapu idhe samayamlo, house off excelerch sabhyudaina rabbi nathan galilayaku vacchaadu, akkada mahasabha samavesamaindi, jerusalem nundi yoodulu bahishkarinchabadina taruvaata naasi nivasinchaaru. athani rubbinical scholarship kaaranamgaa, athanu tvaralo post-hadrianic yugamlo agragami taanaimlalo okarigaa vargeekarinchabaddaadu. athani david vamsapaaramparya muulaalu rabbi meerku hillelite saiman benn gamaleel sthaanamlo babylonian panditudini "naasi" (yuvaraju) gaa chese pranaalikanu suuchimchaayi. ayithe, adhikaaramlo unna naseeki vyatiraekamgaa kutra viphalamaindi. rabbi nathan taruvaata hillelite pitruswamya gruhaniki nammakamainavaarilo okaru, mariyu saiman benn gamaliel kumarudu yoodaa I (yoodaa hanasi anie kooda pilustaaru) yokka guruvu.
ayithe, rabbi meer prayatnam, babylonian bahishkrutudu pedda varasudu hillel nundi padavini pondadaaniki yoodaaku ravachane bhayanni yoodaa I kuu kaliginchinatlu telustondi. athanu thana paatasaalalooni pramukha sabhyudaina babylonian panditudu hiato eee vishayanni charchinchaadu, athanu vachinatlayithe aaa bahishkrutulaku tagina gowravam istanani, conny tanaku anukuulamgaa "naasi" padavini vadulukonani cheppadu. modati yoodaa kaalamlo, talmudic saahityamlo spashtamgaa perkonna aaa padavi yokka modati adhikari ayina excellark huunaa yokka sareeram judiaku teesukuvacchinappudu, "huunaa ikkada undhi" anae padaalatoe eee vaastavaanni prakatinchadam dwara yoodaa yokka teevra agrahanni hiah thana meeda taanu aakarshinchukunnadu. babulonian excellarchlanu, balavantamgaa paalinche, hillel vaarasulatoe, bahirangamgaa bodhinche, modatidaanipai pratikuula pratibimbam chuupaalani uddesinchina, puttuka 49:10 yokka tannitic vivarana. ayithe, yoodaa neenu paina perkonna hiah yokka yuva kumaarula prakatnanu thana sonta table vadda vinavalasi vachindi, adhe tanitic vivaranaku sambandhinchi, "babylone vadda excelershate mariyu jerusalemlo pitruswaamyamu aagipoye varaku messiah kanipinchadu".
asaadhaaranaala vaarasatvam.
sedder 'oom prakaram, juta nahum taruvaata athani sodarudu johann, vaariddarinii vachanamlo akbub kumaarulu anie pilustaaru. aaa taruvaata johann kumarudu shafat, ayana taruvaata ayana kumarudu aanan vacchaadu. kalakramanusara saaruupyatalanu batti, talmud vruttaantam yokka hoonatho excellark aanan gurtinchabadatam chaalaa avakaasam undhi. sedder olam juta prakaram, aanan varasudu modati nathan ukban samayamlo, paartheeya saamrajyam patanam mariyu saa. sha. 226loe sussanid raajavamsam sthaapana jarigindi, idhi sedder olam juta loe eee krindi vidhamgaa perkonabadindihi "aalaya vidhvamsam taruvaata 166va samvatsaramlo (c. cree. sha. 234) pertian saamrajyam romanla meeda munduku saagindi (eee prakatana yokka chaaritraka viluva aadhaaramgaa. maar 'ukban anie kooda piluvabade nathan' ukban, raav mariyu shamyul yokka samakaaleenudu, athanu babylone panditulalo kooda pramukha sthaanaanni aakraminchaadu mariyu sherira gavan prakaram, kooda asaadhaaranamainavaadu. uqban varasudiga athani kumarudu (huna II) jaabitaalo prastaavinchabaddaadu, athani pradhana salahaadaarulu raav (247 mandhi maraninchaaru) mariyu shamyul (254 mandhi maraninchaaru), mariyu athani kaalamlo papa benn nazore nehardianu naasanam chesaaru. huna kumarudu mariyu varasudu, nathan, athani pradhana salahaadaarulu yoodaa benn ejekil (maranam 299) mariyu sheshet, athani taata maadirigaane "maar 'ukban" anie piluvabaddaru, mariyu eee paerulooni rendava vilakshanudu, elazar benn pedaatto athani aasaktikaramaina sambandham talmudlo prastaavinchabadindi. ayana taruvaata ayana sodarudu (sedder 'olam juta loe paerkonnatlugaa ayana kumarudu kaadu), ayana pradhana salahaadaaru shezbi. excellark nehemia" kooda talmudlo prastaavinchabadindi; athanu "rabbanu nehemia" adhe vyakti, mariyu athanu mariyu athani sodarudu "rabbinu ukban" (maar ukban II) raav kumarte kumaruluga (anduvalla huna II raav alludu) mariyu accelers inti sabhyuluga talmudlo chalasarlu prastaavinchabaddaaru.
maar ukbans.
sedder 'olam juta prakaram, nehemiah kaalamlo, alayanni dhvamsam chesina 245va samvatsaram (cree. sha. 313), parshiyanlache goppa mataparamaina himsa jarigindi, ayithe, vivaralu teliyavu. nehemiah taruvaata athani kumarudu maar 'ukban III vacchaadu, athani pradhana salahaadaarulu rabba benn nahamani (maranam 323) mariyu adda. athanu talmudlo 'ukban benn nehemia, resh galuta' gaa perkonabaddadu. eee maar 'ukban, aaa paeruku moodava udaaharana, modati rendinti maadirigaane "nathan" anie kooda piluvabadindi, mariyu "nathan dii-jugita" paerutoe oka puraanaaniki nayakudiga cheyabadindi. shahpur (sapore) II dwara armenia (337) paie vijayam saadhinchadam nathan ukban III kaalamlo jarigina chaaritraka sanghatanagaa charitralo perkonabadindi.
ayana taruvaata ayana sodarudu huna maar (huna III), ayana pradhana salahaadaarulu abaye (maranam 338) mariyu raba; taruvaata maar ukban kumarudu abba, ayana pradhana salahaadaarulu raba (maranam 352) mariyu rabina vacchaaru. abba kaalamlo raajaina sapore nisibisnu jayinchadu. abaye mariyu raba kaalamlo oka nirdishta isak nuu "resh galuta" gaa perkonadam anedi oka mataadhikaari lopam [brull yokka "zaharbach", vii. 115], anduvalla jabita nundi tolaginchabadindi. abba taruvaata modata athani kumarudu nathan, taruvaata maroka kumarudu modati kahana adhikaaramloki vacchaaru. taruvaati kumarudu huna aaa paeruku nalgava vilakshana vyaktigaa varasudiga perkonabaddadu; athanu 441loe maraninchaadu, oka nammadagina muulam prakaram, sedder tannaim vaa-amorime."anduvalla athanu 427loe maraninchina suuraaku goppa guruvu ayina ravv aashi samakaaleenudu. ayithe, talmudlo, huna benn nathan aashi samakalinudiga perkonabaddadu, mariyu sherira prakaram athanu maar kahana varasudu, eee prakatnanu talmud kooda dhruveekarinchaaru. sedder olam juta yokka prakatnanu bahusha chaerchaali, endukante huunaa bahusha maar kahana kumarudu kaadu, conny athani anna nathan kumarudu.
peroz mariyu kobad kinda himsa.
huna taruvaata athani sodarudu maar jutra, athani pradhana salahaadaaru diptiki chendina ahoy, athanu 455loe aashi kumarudu tabyomi (maar) chetilo suura paatasaala director ennikaloo odipoyaadu. maar jutra taruvaata athani kumarudu kahana (kahana II), athani pradhana salahaadaaru babylonian talmud sampadakudu rabina (maranam 499). taruvaata adhe paerutoe iddaru vyaktulanu anusarinchaaruh maar jutra yokka maroka kumarudu, huna vii, mariyu maar jutra manavadu, huna vii, kahana kumarudu.
470loe sherira prakaram, pertia raaju peroz (firuz) aadhvaryamlo jarigina himsaku huna V baadhituraalaindi; kontakaalam taruvaata varaku huna vii padaviloe sthaapinchabadaledu, peroz kinda himsa samayamlo accelerate khaliga undhi; athanu 508loe [sherira] maraninchaadu. sedder 'olam juta athani kumarudu maar jutra puttukatho anusandhaanistundi, bostanai puttukaku sambandhinchi marekkadaina cheppabadina puraanam.
padihenu samvatsaraala vayassulo adhikaaramloki vacchina rendava maar jutra, mazdak yokka communistu prayatnaalu parshiyanu yea gandaragolamlo padesayo, kontakaalam aayudhaala dwara babylone yoodulaku oka vidhamaina raajakeeya swaatantryaanni pondadaaniki, sadviniyogam chesukunnadu. ayithe, kobad raaju, mahuja vantenapai (c. 502). ayana maraninchina rojuna aayanaku oka kumarudu janminchaadu, aayanaku "maar jutra" anie kooda paeru pettaru."taruvaati vyakti excelerch kaaryaalayaaniki cherukoledu, conny izrael deshaaniki vellaadu, akkada athanu tiberias akaadameeki adhipati ayyadu," "resh pirka" "('archifica) anae birudutho, athani vaarasulu aneka taraalu eee karyalayamlo athani taruvaata vacchaaru".
maar jutra maranam taruvaata babylone yokka ullaasabharitamaina praantam kontakaalam khaliga undipoyindi. maar ahunai rendava maar jutra taruvaata kaalamlo jeevinchaadu, conny vipattu taruvaata daadaapu yaabhai samvatsaraalu athanu bahirangamgaa kanipinche dhairyam cheyaledu, mariyu appatiki kooda teliyadu (c. 550) athanu nijamgaa asadhaaranamgaa natinchaadu. edemaina, padavini vaarasatvamgaa pondina vaari vaarasatva golusu vichchinnam kaaledu. 6va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo asaadhaaranamaina kaafanai mariyu athani kumarudu honeynai paerlu bhadraparachabaddayi.
honeynai maranaanantara kumarudu bostanayi arabic paalanalo unna modati vyakti. 642loe pertian saamrajyaanni arabbulu jayinchinappati nundi 11va sataabdam varaku padaviloe unna bahishkrutulaku bostanai puurveekudu. ayana dwara, karyalayam yokka vaibhavam punaruddharinchabadindi mariyu daani raajakeeya sthaanam surakshitam cheyabadindi. tudelaaku chendina benzin prakaram, pambeditaaloni athani samadhi 12va sataabdam chivari varaku praarthanaa sthalamgaa undedi.
sadda kaalam varaku bostanayi vaarasula gurinchi vaari paerlu tappa peddagaa teliyadu; bostanayi kumarudi paeru kooda teliyadu. 9va sataabdam chivari varaku unna asaadhaaranamaina vaati jabita oka paatha patramlo eee krindi vidhamgaa ivvabadindi "bostanai, haneena benn adoy, hasday I, solaman, isak iskavi I, juda jakkay (babavoy), moses, isak iskavi II, david benn juda, hasday II."
modati hasdai bahusha bostanayi manavadu ayi undavacchu. 733 mariyu 759 [sherira] samvatsaraalalo suuraaku chendina gonate niyamakalalo solaman kumarudu nirnayaatmaka swaraanni kaligi unnadu. modati isak iskavi solaman tarvaata chaalaa twaragaa maraninchaadu. david kumaarulu aanan mariyu hananiah madhya vaarasatvaaniki sambandhinchi jarigina vivaadamloo aanan vijaetagaa nilichaadu; aanan appudu tananu taanu vyatiraekamani prakatinchukunnadu, khaidu cheyabaddaadu mariyu modalaina vaatini sthaapinchaadu. kaaraayitla nundi. 1906 naati "yoodula encyclopedia" ilaa chebutondi; kaaraitla muulam vivadaspadamga ledhu. athani vaarasulanu caroitlu nijamaina bahishkrutulugaa bhaavinchevaaru. eee "caroit yuvarajulalo" okari vamsaavaliloo eee krindi caroit excelarcla jabita ivvabadindi aanan, soul, josia, bovaj, jehoshapat, david, solaman, hizkia, hasdai, solaman II. eee jaabitaalo aanan sodarudu hananiah prastaavana ledhu.
sherira chetha "jakkai benn ahunai" anie piluvabade juda jakkai, pratyarthi abhyardhi natronai benn habibai, ayithe, odipoyi, bahishkaranalo paschimaaniki pampabaddaadu; eee natronai oka goppa panditudu, mariyu sampradaayam prakaram, speyinlo unnappudu, ghnaapakam nundi talmud raasaaru. david benn yoodaa kooda daniel anae vyatiraeka vyaktitoe poradavalasi vachindi. eee vivaadamloo nirnayam california all-mamun (825) vadda undindi anae vaastavam excelerchate yokka shakti ksheeninchadaanni suuchistumdi. vijayanni andinchina david benn juda, 833loe pambeditaalo isak benn hiyanu gaav gaa niyaminchaadu. athani tandri natronai paerunu cherchaalsina jaabitaalo rendava hasdai paeruku mundu. rendoo bhougolika pratispandanalo excellarksga perkonabaddaayi.
uqba' nikshepana.
rendava hasdai maranam taruvaata ventane ukaban IV bahishkaranagaa perkonabadindi; athanu pambedita yokka gamv ayina kohen-jdec prerepanato tolaginchabaddaadu, conny 918loe konni arabic shlokaala kaaranamgaa tirigi niyaminchabaddaadu, dheenitho athanu khaleef all-muktaadirnu palakarinchaadu. ventane athanu mallee tolaginchabaddaadu, kairwanku paaripoyaadu, akkada yoodu samajam atanni goppa gowravamtho chusindi.
'uqba menalludu, david II, asaadhaaranamainavaadu ayyadu; conny athanu chivaraku thana adhikaaramlo nirdhaarinchabadataaniki mundu daadaapu rendu samvatsaraalu kohen-jdecto poradavalasi vachindi (921). suuraalooni gavonate kuu sadia pilupu mariyu davidto athani vivaadam phalitamgaa, david yoodula charitralo atyanta prasiddha vyaktulalo okarigaa maaradu. 930loe david sodarudu josia (all-husson) nuu vyatiraekulugaa sadia ennukunnadu, kaani rendovadu odipoyi chorasanku bahishkarinchabaddaadu. charitralo mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchina chivari vyakti david benn jakkai. athanu saadiyaaku konni samvatsaraala mundu maraninchaadu; athani kumarudu yoodaa edu nelala taruvaata maraninchaadu.
yoodaa pannendu samvatsaraala vayassu gala oka kumarudini (paeru prastaavinchabadaledu) vadili vellaadu, atanni sadia thana intiki teesukelli chaduvukunnadu. thana maajee virodhi manavadu patla ayana udaaramgaa vyavaharinchadam 942loe sadia maranam varaku konasaagindi.
babylonian excellarchate yokka shakti taggipoyindi.
sadia maraninchina daadaapu oka sataabdam taruvaata, 1038loe gaav hye maraninchinappudu, athani academy sabhyulu david benn jakkay manavadu hizkia kante ekkuva viluvaina vaarasudini kanugonalekapoyaru, aaa taruvaata athanu rendu karyalayalanu bharti chesaadu. conny rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata, 1040loe, chivari bahishkarudu mariyu chivari gavon ayina hizkia, oka thoti vyakti chesina apakeerti baadhitudayyaadu. atanni khaidu chesi, himsimchi champesaru. athani iddaru kumaarulu speyinku paaripoyaaru, akkada vaaru shamyul haa-nagid kumarudu mariyu varasudu ayina joseph vadda aasrayam pondaaru. pratyamnaayamgaa, "yoodula traimaasika sameeksha" hizkia jailu nundi vimukti pondhi, akaadameeki adhipati ayyadani, 1046loe oka samakaaleena vyakti dheenini prastaavinchaadani paerkonnaadu.
taruvaata jaadalu.
babylonian excellarchate mugisina tarvaata kooda appudappudu excellark anae birudu kanipistundi. abraham ibn ezra baghdad (1140 kii mundu) looni "david house" gurinchi matladutu, daani sabhyulanu "bahishkaranaku nayakula" gaa paerkonnaadu."1170loe tudelaku chendina benzin excellark hasday gurinchi prastaavinchaadu, athani shishyulalo tadupari nakilee-messiah david alroy mariyu hasday kumarudu excellark daniel unnaaru. regensburgku chendina pethahia kooda taruvaatidini suuchistaadu, conny "daniel benn solaman" paerutoe; anduvalla hasdayni "solaman" anie kooda pilicheevaarani bhaavinchaali. yehuda alhariji (1216 taruvaata) david inti vaarasudini mosul vadda kalusukunnadu, aayananu athanu "david, bahishkaranaku adhipati" anie pilustaadu."
chaalaa kaalam kritam puraatana gruhaala varasudu babylonelo antarinchipoyina excelerch yokka gowravaanni punaruddharinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu. athanu david benn daniel; athanu iravai samvatsaraala vayassulo, 1081loe eejiptuku vacchaadu, mariyu aaa desamloni vidvaamsulaina yoodu adhikarulu atanni utsaahamgaa prakatinchaaru, vaaru gatamlo babylone anubhavinchina naayakatvaanni eejiptuku mallinchaalani korukunnaru. izrael deshaaniki chendina "gavon" abyatar yokka megilla anae samakaaleena patram, eejiptu excelerchate yokka eee episode gurinchi praamaanikamaina kathanaanni istundi, idhi 1094loe david benn daniel pathanamtho mugisindi.
karyalayam antarinchipoyina chaalaa kaalam tarvaata, eee inti vaarasulu vividha pradaesaalaloo nivasinchaaru. hizkia varasudu, andalushiaku chendina gaan ayina hiah all-daudi, abraham ibn davood prakaram 1154loe castile loe maraninchaadu. 14va sataabdam chivari natiki aneka kutumbaalu, vaari santatini david benn jakkay sodarudu joshiya nundi kanugonnaru, athanu chorasanku bahishkarinchabaddaadu (vamsaavalini chudandi. kyroit jaatula vaarasulu paina perkonabaddaaru.
arab vistaranaku mundu excelerchate yokka paatra.
akaadameelatoo sambandhaalu.
talmudic sampradaayam yokka swabhaavaaniki anugunamgaa, paatasaalala adhipatulu mariyu sabhyulatho unna vivakshata yokka sambandham mukhyamgaa talmudic saahityamlo prastaavinchabadindi. sedder 'oom juta", atyanta mukhyamaina mariyu aneka sandarbhaallo vaari vaarasatvaaniki sambandhinchina samaachaaraaniki ekaika muulam ayina excelerchs yokka charitra, pradhanamgaa sambandhita excelertho konni adhikaarika sambandhaalanu kaligi unna panditula paerlanu kooda samrakshinchindi. eee vishayamlo upayoginchina padabandham ("hakamim debaruhu", "panditulu aayanaku darsakatvam vahinchaaru") rendava aalayamloni sataabdapu kalpita udaaharanalaku sambandhinchi kooda upayoginchina moosa padabandham; ayithe, taruvaati sandarbhamlo, idhi paerla nirdishta prastaavana lekunda jarugutundi-idhi taruvaati sataabdaalaku ivvabadina aaa paerla chaaritrakataku anukuulamgaa undhi.
aneka bhinnamaina vishayalanu "maarganirdesam chese" panditulugaa paerkonabadina "amorime" paerla praamaanikata, vachanam vivaadaaniki ateetamaina aaa bhagala vishayamlo, antargata kalakramanusaram aadharalu kooda maddatu istayi. babylonian "amorime" loe konni, udaaharanaku, rabba benn abuha, david santatiki chendinavaarani paerkontuu gavan sherira, athani puurveekulugaa paeru pettabadina, excelerchs intiki daggari sambandham kaligi unnaayi. nahaman benn jacob (maraninchina 320) kooda rabba benn abuha kumarte, garvamgaa unna yaalthaatho vivaham dwara bahishkrutula gruhamtho sannihitamgaa sambandham kaligi unnadu; mariyu athanu bahusha babylonian yoodula pradhana nyaayamuurti kaaryaalayaaniki eee sambandhaaniki runapadi unnadu. suura paatasaala adhipati ayina huunaa, nahaman benn jacob yokka chattam yokka unnata gnaanaanni gurtinchaadu, nahaman "excelerch yokka dwaaram" ("baba dhi resh galuta") kii chaalaa daggaragaa unnaadani, akkada aneka kesulu nirnayinchabaddaayi.
dayanee dhi baba" ("dwaaram yokka nyaayamuurtulu") anae padam, idhi talmudic anantara kaalamlo excelerch yokka kortu sabhyulaku vartinchabadindi, idhi kevalam coat chesina padabandham nundi udbhavinchindi. nahaman benn jacob jeevitaaniki sambandhinchina rendu vivaralu, nyaayasthaanamlo athani sthaanaanni etthi chupai athanu iddaru panditulu raav chisda mariyu rabba bii. lanu andukunnadu. aaa vyaktiki nivaalulu arpinchadaaniki vacchina huunaa, mariyu aaa vyaktiki kotta illu kattutunnappudu, chattam prakaram mejuja unchadaaniki baadhyata vahinchamani athanu nahmannu koraadu.
pravartana.
excelerch yokka anucharulalo bhaagamaina panditulanu "excelerch house yokka panditulu" ("rabbanan dhi-bii resh galuta") anie pilicheevaaru. nehardia paatasaala adhipati ayina shamyul chesina vyakhya, vaaru tama sthaanaanni suuchimchadaaniki tama dustulapai konni byaadjeelanu dharinchaarani choopistundi. okasari oka mahila nahaman benn jacob vaddaku vacchi, athani aasthaanamlooni panditulu mariyu bahishkrutulu dongilinchabadina boothlo pandugalo kuurchunnaarani, daani kosam padaarthaalu thana nundi teesukobaddaayani firyadu chesindi. amram pavitrudu, parvakudaina hiah, abba benn martha vanti vaari sevakula chetullo panditulu anubhavinchaalsina chiraaku, avamaanaala gurinchi aneka kathalu unnaayi. konni khachitamaina sandarbhaallo bahishkrutulaku mariyu vaari kutumbaalaku manjuru chesina aachaaraparamaina avasaralanu savarinchadam mataparamaina chattamtho vaari sambandhaaniki lakshanam. sabbat chattam yokka kathinatanu tagginchadaaniki thana paarkulo aaa utsaaham chestunna konni sannaahaalaku raba mariyu athani shishyulu antaraayam kaliginchinappudu, "vaaru chedu cheyadam telivaina vaaru, conny manchi cheyadam vaariki teliyadu" anie ayana aascharyapoyaadu. paakshikamgaa halakhik mariyu vivaranaatmaka swabhaavam gala prasnalaku tarachugaa suuchanalu unnaayi, veetini ayana panditula mundu unchaaru. konnisaarlu "excelerch house pravesadvaaram vadda" ivvabadina upanyaasaala vivaralu ivvabadataayi, eee upanyaasaalu bahusha samavesala samayamlo ivvabaddaayi, ivi saradrutuvu pandugala tarvaata babylonian judaism yokka aneka mandhi pratinidhulanu excelerch aasthaanaaniki teesukuvacchaayi.
resh galoota aasthaanapu maryaada.
excelerch aasthaanamlo vilaasavantamaina vindulu baga prasiddhi chendaayi. oka adbhutamaina vindu gurinchi izrael desamlo oka paatha katha punaraavrutamaindi, idhi okasari tisha beave sandarbhamgaa nisibis vadda tannah juda benn battiraaku ichindi. ayithe marinta khachitamaina s. buber edition, eee vindunu yoodula pradhaanoopaadhyaayudu icchaadu. izrael desamlo cheppabadina maroka katha prakaram, oka ullaasabharitamaina vyakti thana intlo udayam mariyu saayantram sangeetam kaligi unnaadani, aaa taruvaata ullaasabharitudaina maar 'uqba, hosheya nundi eee padyaanni heccharistuu pampinatlu "oo izrael, itara prajala maadirigaa aanandinchavaddu."
bahishkruta nehemiah puurtigaa pattu dustulu dharinchinatlu chebutaaru. raajasabhato bahishkrutula vyaktigata sambandhaala gurinchi talmud daadaapu aemee cheppadu. oka bhaagam kevalam modati azdeggard mundu hannah benn nathan kanipinchaadani, athanu thana chetulato atanni beltho kattukunnadani, idhi excelerch kaaryaalayaaniki sanketam. munupati kaalam nundi rendu suuchanalu kooda unnaayi, okati izrael desamlo nivasistunna babylonian ayina hiah, mariyu marokati raa yokka munupati vidyaarthulaloo okaraina adda benn ahaba, dheeni nundi athanu modata arsasidlalo, taruvaata sassanidlalo aasthaanamlo kanipinchinappudu raashtramloni unnata pramukhulalo eee asaadhaarana vyakti agrasthanaanni aakraminchinatlu telustondi.
9va sataabdaaniki chendina oka arabic rachayita, pertian vindu nauruz sandarbhamgaa eee excelerch 4,000 dirhemla bahumatini andinchaadane vaastavaanni namodu chesaaru. yoodula janaabhaaku pradhana pannu vasoolu chese vyaktigaa excelerch yokka vidhulaku sambandhinchi, jerusalem talmudlo matrame bhadraparachabadina aasaktikaramaina prakatana undhi, okasari, huunaa samayamlo, suuraa paatasaala adhipati, 40 chadarapu kanaala gadini nimpentha dhanyanni andinchaalani excelerch aadesinchabaddaadu.
nyaayaparamaina vidhulu.
nyaayamuurtula niyamakam eee excelerch yokka atyanta mukhyamaina pani. teerpu lopam vishayamlo vyaktigatamgaa baadhyata vahinchaalani korukoni nyaayamuurti, athani niyamakanni house off dhi excelerch nundi angeekarinchaalsi untundani raa mariyu shamyul iddaroo chepparu. raav ishraayelu desham nundi nehardiaku vellinappudu, athanu excelerch dwara market paryaveekshakudigaa niyaminchabaddaadu. naera kesulalo kooda bahishkaranaku adhikara paridhi undedi. aahaa bii. raav samakaaleenudaina jaakabnu oka hatya kesuku baadhyata vahinchadaaniki excelerch niyaminchaadu. bawa kamma 59eah" loe kanipinche katha, shamyul kaalamlo bahishkarana anucharulu upayoginchina pooliisu adhikara paridhiki oka aasaktikaramaina udaaharana. adhe samayam nundi, aaa ullasanni palakarinche panditulalo praadhaanyata yokka maryaadaku sambandhinchi oka aasaktikaramaina vivaadam undhi. bahishkaranaku real estate vishayamlo konni adhikaralu undevi. konni sandarbhaallo excellark pertian chattam prakaram teerpu istundanedi pratyaekamgaa gurtinchadagina vaastavam; mariyu adhi excellark 'uqba bii. pambedita paatasaala adhipati rabba benn nahmaiki teliyajesina nehemiah, moodu pertian saasanaalu, veetini shamyul kattubadi unnatlu gurtinchaadu.
izrael desamlo excelerch yokka sinagogal pratyeka hakku oka aasaktigaa prastaavinchabadindih thoraa roll excelerku teesukuvellabadindi, migilina prati okkaroo daani nundi chadavadaaniki thoraa vellavalasi vachindi. eee pratyeka hakku arabic kaalamlo excelerch sthaapana khaataalo kooda soochinchabadindi, mariyu eee patramlo vivarinchinatlugaa, vedukalu, pertian samayam nundi teesukunna upayogaalapai kontavaraku aadharapadi undevani oohaku idhi rangu istundi. excellark yokka samsthaapana yokka vruttaamtamloo goppa chaaritraka viluva kaligina excellarchateku sambandhinchi marinni vivaralu untaayi; "eee krindi vibhaganni chudandi".
arabic yugamlo excelerchate yokka paatra.
iraaknu vaaru jayinchina taruvaata, khalifa haninayi kumarudu bustanaipai bahishkarana adhikaranni mariyu yoodu samajampai athani paalana konasaagimpunu dhruveekarinchindi. islaamik vijayala samayamlo arab adhikaarulaku ayana chesina raajakeeya sevalaku, aayanaku maajee sussanid chakravarthy kumarte banisaga ivvabadindi. muslim adhikarulu praacheena pravakta david yokka pratyaksha varasudiga daani adhikaranni chusinanduna excelerch karyalayanni teevra gowravamtho bhaavinchaaru. taruvaata abbasidla adhikaram vichchinnam kavadam valla maajee abbasid raajyaaniki minchina bahishkarana adhikaram ksheeninchindi. adanamgaa, rubbinical academylu mariyu excelerch la geonymla madhya naayakatvam kosam jarigina poraatam kendrikruta adhikaram nemmadigaa taggadaanni chusindi. rubbinical vikendrikarana geonymlaku anukuulamgaa undedi, conny muslim adhikarulu gowravinche gourava karyalayamga undipoyindi.
sthaapana vedukalu.
10va sataabdam praarambhamlo nathan haa-babley raasina arabic kaalamlo asaadhaaranata yokka vruttaamtamloo kontha bhaagam yokka anuvaadam krinda ivvabadindi, mariyu abraham jacuto yokka "yuhasin" mariyu newbaur yokka "madhyayuga yoodu charitralalo" cherchabadindihi
rendu akaadameela sabhyulu [suraa mariyu pambedita], iddaru adhipatulu [geonym] alaage samaja nayakula netrutvamlo, sabbat mundu oka pramukha vyakti intlo samavesamavutaru, aaa rojuna excelerch erpaatu jaragalsi untundi. modati nivaalulu guruvaram naadu yoodula mandiramlo arpistaaru, eee karyakramanni buurala dwara prakatistaaru, mariyu prati okkaroo tama saadhanaala prakaram utsaaham vyaktam chesevaariki bahumatulu pamputaaru. samaja nayakulu mariyu dhanavanthulu andamaina dustulu, aabharanaalu mariyu bangaaram mariyu vendi paatralanu pamputaaru. guruvaram mariyu sukravaaram naadu utsaaham goppa vindulanu andistundi. sabbat udayam samaajamlooni kuleenulu atanni pilichi, athanitho paatu samaajamandiraaniki velataaru. ikkada puurtigaa khareedaina vastramtho kappabadina oka chekka vedikanu nirminchaaru, dheeni kinda praardhanalo praaveenyam unna madhuramaina swaram gala yuvakula empika chesina gayaka brundaanni unchaaru. eee gayaka brundam praarthanalo nayakudiki pratispandistundi, athanu 'baruk shee-amarto' sevanu praarambhistaadu.'udayam praarthana taruvaata, ippati varaku kappabadina pradaesamloe nilabadi unna utsaaham kanipistundi; mottam samajam lechi nilabadi, athanu vedikapai thana sthaanaanni teesukune varaku untundi, mariyu rendu geonymlu, mundu suuraaku chendinadi, athani kudi mariyu edama vaipuku kuurchuni, prati okkaroo namaskaristaaru.
excelerch seatu meeda khareedaina pandirini erpaatu chesaaru. appudu praarthanalo unna nayakudu vedika mundu adugu pettadu mariyu, daggari vaariki matrame vinipinche takkuva swaramlo, mariyu gayaka brundam yokka 'aamen' thoo paatu, chaalaa mundugaane tayaaru chesina aasiirvaadamtoe ullasanni prasangistaadu. appudu excelerch vaaram paatampai upanyaasam istaadu ledhaa alaa cheyadaaniki suuraalooni "gavan" nuu niyamistaadu. prasangam taruvaata praarthanalo nayakudu kadish pathistaadu, mariyu athanu 'mea jeevitamlo mariyu mea rojullo' anae padaalanu cherukunnappudu, athanu 'padaalanu jodistaadu' mariyu maa yuvaraju jeevitamlo, ullasamga untaadu.'kadish taruvaata athanu vidyaardhulanu, paatasaalala iddaru adhipatulanu, akaadameela maddatuku dohadapade aneka praavinsulanu, alaage eee disalo pratyeka seva chesina vyaktulanu aasiirvadistaadu. appudu thoraa chadavabadutundi. kohen' mariyu 'levi' chadavadam puurti chesinappudu, praarthanalo unna nayakudu thoraa rolnu excellarchku teesukuvelataadu, mottam samajam paiki lestundi; excellarch thana chetullo rolnu teesukoni nilabadi daani nundi chaduvutundi. paatasaalala yokka rendu adhipatulu kooda paiki lestaru, mariyu suuraalooni "gaav" excelerch chadivina bhaagaaniki targamnu pathistundi. thoraa patanam puurtayinappudu, aaa ullasampai oka aasiirvaadam uchcharinchabadutundi. musaf' praarthana taruvaata, aaa utsaaham samajamandiram nundi bayaludaerutumdi, mariyu andaruu paadutuu, athani intiki velataaru. aaa taruvaata, athani inti dwaaram daati vellae utsaaham arudugaa untundi, ikkada samaajaaniki sevalu sabbaatlu mariyu vindu rojulalo jarugutaayi. athanu thana intini vidichipettadam avasaramainappudu, athanu oka pedda anucharuditho paatu rashtra vahanamlo matrame alaa chestaadu. bahishkrutudu rajuku thana gowravaanni arpinchaalanukunte, athanu modata alaa cheyadaaniki anumati adugutaadu. athanu rajabhavanamloki pravesinchinappudu raaju sevakulu atanni kalavadaniki tondarapadataru, veerilo athanu swechchagaa bangaaru naanem pampinhee chestaadu, dheeni kosam mundugaane erpaatu cheyabadindi. raaju mundu nadipinchinappudu athani seatu ataniki ketayinchabadutundi. appudu raaju tanaku emi kavalo adugutaadu. athanu jagrattagaa tayaaruchesina prasamsalu mariyu aasiirvaada padaalatoe praarambhistaadu, rajuku thana pitarula aacharalanu gurthu chestaadu, tagina padaalatoe raaju anugrahanni pondutaadu mariyu athani demandlaku vraatapuurvaka sammatini pondutaadu; aaa taruvaata, santoshinchi, raaju nundi selavu teesukuntaadu."
aadaayam mariyu adhikaralu.
bahishkarana yokka aadaayam mariyu vidhulaku sambandhinchi nathan haa-babley yokka adanapu khaataaku sambandhinchi (ayithe, idhi kathakudu samayanni matrame suuchistumdi), athanu samvatsaraaniki mottam 700 bangaaru dinaareela pannulanu andukunnadani gamaninchavacchu, pradhanamgaa nahrawan, farsistan mariyu holwan praavinsula nundi. paina perkonna 9va sataabdaaniki chendina muslim rachayita, all-jahij, excelerch ("raas all-jalut") edainaa bahishkarinchinappudu upayoginchina gaali-vaayidyam ayina shofer gurinchi pratyaekamgaa prastaavinchaaru. bahishkarana siksha anedi yoodulu mariyu kraistavula kaathalikkulu uchcharinchagala ekaika mataparamaina shakti, endukante vaaru jailu siksha ledhaa koradaalato shikshinche hakkunu kolpotaru.
maroe muslim rachayita 8va sataabdamloo islam anucarudu mariyu anyamatam yokka anucharudi madhya jarigina sambhaashanhanu nivedinchaaru, dheenilo daaveedu goppaga cheppukunnaduh "naaku mariyu raaju david madhya debbai taraalu gadichipoyayi, ayinappatikee yoodulu ippatikee naa raaja santatiki chendina pratyeka hakkulanu gurtistunnaru, nannu rakshinchadam vaari kartavyamgaa bhaavistaaru; conny meeru mea pravakta manavadu hussennu oke taram tarvaata champaru". munupati bahishkruthudi kumarudu maroka muslim rachayithatho ilaa annadu "neenu gatamlo eppuduu hussen amaraveerudu ayina pradaesam ayina karbalalo, naa gurrampai egarakunda, oka paatha sampradaayam prakaram, eee pradaesamloe oka pravakta varasudu champabadatadani, hussen akkada champabaddadani, aaa pravachanam neraverindani, neenu aaa pradaesamloe nemmadigaa prayaanistaanu". arab kaalam natiki eee udvegam muslim puraanaaniki amsamgaa maarindani eee chivari katha suuchistumdi. aaa vyaktiki muslim vargaalaku suparichitamainadani, rabbi yoodulanu "jaluti" anie, antey, kaaraitlaku viruddhamgaa, excelerku chendina vaarini anie piliche vaastavam kooda choopistundi. 11va sataabdam modati traimaasikamlo, excelerchate antarinchipovadaaniki kontakaalam mundu, ibn hazam gowravaaniki sambandhinchi eee krindi vyakhya chesaru "raas all-jalut" kuu yoodulapai ledhaa itara vyaktulapai etuvanti adhikaram ledhu; ataniki kevalam oka birudu undhi, dheeniki etuvanti adhikaram ledhaa pratyeka hakkulu jodinchabadaledu ".
eee roeju varaku, ashkenazi aacharam yokka sabbat sevalalo eee asaadhaaranamainavi ippatikee prastaavinchabaddaayi. babylonelo okappudu akkada nayakulanu aasiirvadimchadaaniki upayoginchina aramic praarthana "yekum purkan", "reshe galwata" (excellarks) thoo sahaa, ippatikee chaalaa yoodulalo pathinchabadutundi. sephardic aachaaraaniki chendina yoodulu eee kaalaanugunatanu samrakshinchaledu, ledhaa chaalaa samskaranala yoodulalo kooda idhi konasagaledu.

