
prakruti hakkulu

prakruti ledhaa bhuu hakkula hakkulu anedi praathamika maanava hakkula bhavana maadirigaane paryaavarana vyavasthalu mariyu jaatulato anubandhinchabadina antarleena hakkulanu vivarinche chattaparamaina mariyu nyaayasaastra siddhaantam. prakruti bhavana yokka hakkulu iravayyava sataabdapu chattalanu savaalu chestaayi, saadhaaranamgaa swabhaavam yokka lopabhuishta chatramlo "vanaru" gaa yajamanyam, upayogam mariyu adhokaranam chendaali. prakruti hakkulapai aadhaarapadina chattalu maanavajaatini aadhunika, vyavastha aadhaarita vignaana saastraaniki anugunamgaa tagina vidhamgaa vyavaharinchadaaniki nirdesistaayani pratipaadakulu vaadinchaaru, idhi maanavulu mariyu sahaja prapancham praathamikamgaa parasparam anusandhaaninchabadi unnayani choopistundi.
eee aalochanaa vidhanam rendu praathamika tarkaala dwara aadhaarapadindi. modatidi, maanava hakkula gurtimpu kontavaraku maanavatvam yokka sonta uniki nundi aaa hakkulu udbhavistaayane taatvika nammakampai aadharapadi unnanduna, taarkikamgaa, sahaja prapancham yokka swaabhaavika hakkulu kooda sahaja prapancham yokka swantha uniki nundi utpannamavutaayi. rendava mariyu marinta aacharanaatmaka vaadana maanavula manugada aarogyakaramaina paryaavarana vyavasthalapai aadharapadi untundani, anduvalla prakruti hakkula rakshana maanava hakkulu mariyu sreyassunu munduku teesukuvelutundani nokki chebutundi.
prakruti hakkula drukpatham nundi, iravayyava sataabdapu chaalaa paryaavarana chattalu prakrutini pedda mottam yokka bhagala kante pratyaekamaina mariyu swatantra bhaagaalato koodi undani bhaavinche paatha chatrampai aadharapadi unnaayi. marinta mukhyamaina vimarsha emitante, aaa chattalu aardhika prayojanaalaku lobadi untaayi, mariyu aaa chattaala yokka praadhamika lakshyamgaa abhivruddhi chendadaaniki prakruti hakkunu unchadam kante, aardhika vyavastha-aadhaarita ksheenataku pratispandinchadam mariyu paakshikamgaa tagginchadam lakshyamgaa pettukuntaayi. vaataavarana maarpulanu tagginchadaaniki saamaajika charyalanu balavantam cheyadaaniki prayatninche vaataavarana maarpula vyaajyam vanti viewhalalo prastuta paryaavarana chattalapai eee vimarsha oka mukhyamaina bhaagam.
juun 2021 natiki, prakruti chattaala hakkulu kaneesam 39 deshaalalo sthaanika nundi jaateeya sthaayilo unnaayi, veetilo united states antataa dozenla koddi nagaralu mariyu counteelu unnaayi. avi rajyanga nibandhanalu, oppanda oppandaalu, saasanaalu, sthaanika ordinancelu mariyu kortu nirnayaala roopaanni teesukuntaayi. floridalo rashtra rajyanga nibandhana korutunnaru.
praathamika siddhaantaalu.
maanava hakkulu chattamlo ekkuvagaa gurtinchabadinatle, prakruti hakkulanu kooda gurtinchi, maanava naitikata mariyu chattaalalo chaerchaalani prakruti hakkula pratipaadakulu vaadistunnaaru. eee vaadana rendu kaaranaala dwara aadhaarapadutundih maanava hakkulanu samarthinche adhe neethi, prakruti hakkulanu kooda samarthistundi mariyu maanavula swantha manugada aarogyakaramaina paryaavarana vyavasthalapai aadharapadi untundi.
modata, maanava uniki nundi swaabhaavika maanava hakkulu udbhaviste, sahaja prapancham yokka swaabhaavika hakkulu kooda sahaja prapancham yokka swantha uniki nundi udbhavistaayani vaadinchabadindi. maanava hakkulu, aaa hakkulanu parirakshinchadaaniki anubandha vidhulu kalakramena vistarinchaayi. mukhyamgaa, 1948loe aikyaraajyasamiti maanava hakkula saarvatrika prakatana (udhar) nuu sweekarinchindi, idhi vidadeeyaraani maanava hakkula yokka vistruta vargaalaku adhikaarika gurtimpuni ichindi. praathamika maanava hakkula bhavana "praapanchika shakti nirnayam nundi udbhavinchaledani, conny unikilo unna vaastavam nundi udbhavinchindani udhar yokka musaida rachayitalu tama nammakanni paerkonnaaru."
kontamandi panditulu aaa taruvaata, praathamika maanava hakkulu maanavula swantha uniki nundi udbhavistaayane kaaranamtho, prakruti hakkulu adevidhamgaa prakruti yokka saaruupya uniki nundi udbhavistaayani, anduvalla prakruti hakkulanu gurtinchadaaniki maanavula nyaya vyavasthalu vistarinchadam konasaaginchaalani vaadinchaaru.
eee vidhaanaaniki konni mukhyamaina pratipaadakulu yuu.ess. saamskrutika charitrakaarudu thamus berry, dakshinaafrikaa attarney carmac kalinan, bharatiya bhouthika shaastravetta mariyu paryaavarana-saamaajika nyaayavaadi vandanaa shiva mariyu kenadian nyaya professor mariyu yuu.enn. maanava hakkulu mariyu paryaavaranam kosam pratyeka pratinidhi david aarr. baaludu.
thamus berry bhoomi nyaayasaastram anae chatta bhavana yokka tatvasaastram mariyu naitikatanu pravesapettaadu, idhi bhoomi yokka chattalanu pradhamikamgaa gurtistundi mariyu daani uniki yokka vaastavam dwara pratidee undataaniki mariyu abhivruddhi chendadaaniki antargata hakku kaligi undataaniki kaaranaalanu suuchistumdi. prakruti yokka praathamika hakkulanu parirakshinche chattalu mariyu aardhika vyavasthalatho sahaa bhoomi-kendrikruta palanaku punaadigaa nyaya panditulu, aikyaraajyasamiti, chattasabha sabhyulu, tatvavettalu, paryaavarana aardhikavettalu mariyu itara nipunulache bhuu nyaayasaastram prapanchavyaaptamgaa ekkuvagaa gurtinchabadindi mariyu prothsahinchabadindi.
rendavadi, prakruti prapanchamtho maanavula samagra sahajeevanaanni angeekarinchadam dwara matrame maanavatvam deerghakaalikamgaa abhivruddhi chendagaladane upayogakaramaina vaadana dwara prakruti hakkulaku maddatu kooda maddatu istundi. unikilo undataaniki praathamika hakku laeni sahaja vyavasthala nundi udbhavinchina maanava sreyassu anae bhavana swabhavikamga tarkabaddhamainadi kaadani, prakruti hakkulanu parirakshinchadam dwara, maanavulu tama sonta prayojanaalanu munduku teesukuvelataarani berry paerkonnaaru.
prakruti hakkula yokka chattaparamaina mariyu taatvika bhavana prakruti yokka oka chatram nundi aasti ledhaa vanarugaa, parasparam anusandhaaninchabadina bhoomi samaja bhagaswamiga prakrutiki maarpunu andistundi. eee aalochanaa vidhanam maanava hakkula udyamaalu anusarinchina adhe marganni anusarinchadaanni lakshyamgaa pettukundi, ikkada modata hakku laenivaariloo hakkula gurtimpu "oohinchalenidi" gaa kanipinchindi, conny taruvaata vistrutamgaa-prerepinchabadina prapancha drukpathamgaa parinati chendindi.
dakshina california vishwavidhyaalayamlo nyaya professor ayina christopher stone, eee amsampai thana praathamika vyaasamlo vistrutamgaa raasaaru, "chetlu nilabadi undala" anie oka yuu udaharinchaaru.ess. sierra club v loe supreenkortu asammati. paryaavarana samasyalanu [prakruti] swayamgaa andinchaali anae sthaanam kosam morton."raathi mariyu itarulu vivarinchinatlugaa, maanava hakkulu kalakramena ekkuvagaa kanugonabaddayi mariyu yuu. ess loe vale" "sweeya-spashtamainavi" "gaa prakatinchabaddaayi".ess. chattamlo tappanisarigaa lenappudu kooda, swaatantryam yokka prakatana. gatha mariyu prastuta maanava hakkula udyamaala vijayalu sahaja vyavasthalu mariyu jaatula janabhanu hakkulanu kaligi unna samsthalugaa chaerchadaaniki bhoomi samajam yokka vruttaanni vistarinchadaaniki prastuta udyamaaniki paataalanu andistaayi.
aadharalu mariyu abhivruddhi.
maanava kendrikruta nyaya vyavasthalapai vimarsha.
paryaavarana rakshana vyavasthaku maradanni samarthinchevaaru prastuta chattaparamaina mariyu aardhika vyavasthalu viphalamavutaayani vaadinchaaru, endukante vaaru prakrutini praathamikamgaa aastigaa bhaavistaaru, idhi labham mariyu maanava korika kosam adhokaranam chendavacchu. praathamikamgaa aardhika vanarugaa prakruti drukpatham ippatike konni paryaavarana vyavasthalu mariyu jaatulanu entha gananeeyamgaa digajarchindo vaaru etthi chuupaaru, ippudu, pramukha vidhana nipunulu ksheenatanu nadipinche aardhika vyavasthanu tirigi pariseelinchae badulu, yea jaatulanu vadilivestaaro nirnayinchadaaniki "antarinchipothunna jaatula triage" vyuuhaalanu pariseelistunnaaru. iravayyava mariyu iravai okatava sataabdapu paryaavarana chattalu paryaavarana vyavasthalu mariyu jaatulaku kontha sthaayi rakshananu andistundagaa, atuvanti rakshanalu aapadamlo viphalamavutaayani, mottam paryaavarana ksheenatanu tippikottadamlo viphalamavutaayani vaadinchabadindi, endukante prakruti nirvachanam prakaram jeeva kendrikruta sreyassu kante maanavajanya mariyu aardhika prayojanaalaku lobadi untundi.
prakruti hakkula pratipaadakulu prastuta paryaavarana chattalanu prakruti hakkula chatram nundi tirigi oohinchadam prastuta nyaya vyavasthala parimitulanu pradarsistundani vaadinchaaru. udaaharanaku, yuu.ess. antarinchipothunna jaatula chattam jaatula janabha antarinchipoye disagaa unnappudu matrame sakriyam cheyadam dwara ippatike unna aardhika prayojanaala rakshanaku praadhaanyata istundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, "aarogyakaramaina jaatula chattam" abhivruddhi chendutunna jaatula janabhanu saadhinchadaaniki praadhaanyata istundi mariyu jaatula parirakshananu nadipinche aardhika vyavasthalanu sulabhataram chestundi.
maroka udaaharanagaa, european union yokka 2000 naati neeti framework aadesam, "ippati varaku european paryaavarana chattam yokka atyanta gananeeyamaina mariyu pratishtaatmaka bhaagamgaa vistrutamgaa aamodinchabadindi", anni EU jalaala "manchi hodha" lakshyampai aadharapadi untundi, indulo avasaramaina "paryaavarana pravaahaala" pariseelana untundi. ayithe, eee aadesam sweekarinchina dasaabdaala taruvaata, pravaaha-paryaavarana sambandhaalanu gurtinchadamlo shaastreeya purogatulu unnappatikee, "paryaavarana pravaham" kii EU nirvachanam ledhaa daanini elaa lekkinchaalo saadhaarana avagahana ledhu. prakruti hakkula chatram praathamika avasaraala kosam neetipai prastutam unna maanava hakkunu gurtinchadame kakunda, taginanta, sakalamlo, swachchamaina neeti pravaahaalaku jalamargala hakkulanu kooda gurtistundi mariyu tadanugunamgaa atuvanti praathamika paryaavarana pravaaha avasaralanu nirvachistundi.
antarleena shaastram mariyu naitikata.
1960laloe aadhunika paryaavarana chattalu paryaavaranam yokka punaadi drukpatham nundi udbhavinchadam praarambhinchaayi, ivi vivikta mukkaluga uttamamgaa nirvahinchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, swachchamaina neeti chattam, swachchamaina gaali chattam, antarinchipothunna jaatula chattam, samudra ksheeradaala rakshana chattam mariyu aneka itara united states chattalu 1970 la praarambhamlo sahaja prapanchamlooni vividha amsaalanu itara amsaala nundi vaerugaa parishkarinchadaaniki sweekarinchadam praarambhinchaayi. yuu vanti konni chattalu.ess. pratipaadita moulika sadupayala prajectula gurinchi marinta samagra vislaeshanhaku pilupunicchina jaateeya paryaavarana vidhana chattam, aasinchina pratikuula paryaavarana prabhavalanu bahirgatam cheyalsina avasaram undhi. ayithe, paryaavarana vyavastha mariyu jaatula aarogyaanni nirdhaarinchadaaniki aaa prabhavalanu parishkarinchadaaniki charyalu teesukoovaalsina avasaram ledhu.
eee chattalu aaa kaalapu vignaana saastraanni pratibimbimchaayi, idhi sahaja prapancham yokka taggimpu vislaeshanhapai aadhaarapadindi; sahaja prapancham gurinchi aadhunika, vyavastha aadhaarita avagahana mariyu daanitoe maanavula samagra sthaanam inca abhivruddhilo unnaayi. paryaavarana saastrampai mottamodati pradhana paatyapustakam, sahaja prapanchaanni vividha bhagala sekarana kakunda oka vyavasthagaa varninchindi, 1983 varaku vraayabadaledu. prapanchaanni sweeya-niyantrana, sanklishta vyavasthagaa shaastreeya drushtini andinchina gayaa parikalpana, 1970laloe modata udbhavinchindi. adevidhamgaa 1970la nundi praarambhamaina saamaajika aardhika mariyu sahaja vyavasthalanu chaerchadaaniki vyapara drushti nundi vyavasthala gatiseelata abhivruddhi chendadam praarambhinchindi. appati nundi, maanavulu "ontarigaa unde avakaasaanni" soochinche dynamic, sambandha-aadhaarita prapanchamlo nivasistunnaaru anae bhaavanapai shaastreeya vibhagalu kalustuu munduku saagutunnaayi.
iravayyava sataabdam chivaralo vignaana shaastram vyavasthala aadhaarita drukpathaaniki marinappatiki, sahaja vyavasthalu mariyu maanava janabhanu bhaagaswaamya graham meeda praathamikamgaa parasparam anusandhaaninchabadi unnayani varnistuu, paryaavarana chattalu saadhaaranamgaa eee maarputho abhivruddhi chendaledu. taggimpu nipunudu yuu.ess. 1970la praarambhamlo aamodinchabadina paryaavarana chattalu chaalaa varaku maaraledu, mariyu itara jaateeya mariyu antarjaateeya paryaavarana chatta paalanalu adevidhamgaa aadhunika vyavasthala saastraanni sweekarinchalekapoyaayi.
pantommidava sataabdapu bhasha shaastravetta mariyu panditudu edward payson evans, prakruti siddhaantakarta yokka prarambha hakkulu mariyu modati vistrutamaina american statement off (...) paryaavarana neethi, prati manavudu "nijamgaa itara jantuvula maadirigaane prakruti yokka oka bhaagam mariyu utpatti, mariyu [daanini] daani velupala oka vivikta binduvulo unchadaaniki chesina prayatnam taatvikamgaa abaddham mariyu naitikamgaa hanikaram" anie raasaaru.
thamus berry samaja niyamaalu prakruti niyamaala nundi udbhavinchaalani pratipaadinchaaru, "viswam anedi vishayaala samuuham, vastuvula sekarana kaadu" anie vivarinchaaru. viswam yokka sandarbham nundi anni jeevulu udbhavinchaayane shaastreeya drukpatham nundi, berry maanavulanu viswam yokka ekaika amsaalugaa chudatam lopabhooyishtamaina naitika drukpathaanni andinchindi, anni itara jeevulu kevalam yaajamaanyamloni mariyu upayoginchavalasina vastuvula sekarana matrame. badulugaa, jeevitaanni ummadi puurveekula varaku vistarinchina sambandhaala valayam vale pariganinchadam anedi aaa hodaaku sambandhinchina swaabhaavika hakkulatho sahaa andarikee vishaya hodaanu andistundi. sahaja prapancham yokka antargata naitika viluvanu gurtinchadam aadhaaramgaa chattalu, sahaja prapanchamtho samajam yokka paraspara charyalanu andarikee sreyassu vaipu marinta samarthavantamgaa nirdesinche kotta saamaajika naitika diksuuchini srushtistaayi.
vistarinchina maanava naitika abhivruddhi mariyu naitika baadhyataku maddatugaa idevidhamgaa raasina saastravettalalo prakruti shaastravetta zaan muir mariyu shaastravetta mariyu forrester aldo leopold unnaaru. manaku chendina vastuvu" kakunda, "bhoomini manam oka samajamga chusinappudu, daanini prema mariyu gowravamtho upayoginchadam praarambhinchavacchu" anie leopold vyaktam chesaaru. leopold thana sthaanaaniki amalu maargadarsakatvaanni andinchaadu, "jeeva samajam yokka samagrata, sthirathvam mariyu andaanni kaapaadataaniki oka vishayam sarainadi. adhi vaerae vidhamgaa marinappudu adhi tappu."berry adevidhamgaa" eee pacchika bayallanu daani parivartana yokka sahaja chakraalalo samrakshinche mariyu penchedi manchidi; eee pacchika bayallaku vyatiraekamainadi ledhaa vyatirekinchedi manchidi kaadu."vaidyudu mariyu tatwavetta albert schweiser saraina charyalanu jeevitam patla gowravam mariyu" "jeevinchaalane sankalpaanni" "gurtinchevigaa nirvachinchaaru".
sahaja vyavasthalu mariyu jaatula chuttoo shaastreeya mariyu naitika purogatula perugudala anedi chattaparamaina mariyu paripalana vyavasthala kosam pratipaadita kotta chatram, idhi maanava-prakruti paraspara sambandhaalanu vismarinche ledhaa tagginche paryaavarana mariyu saamaajika paddhatula nundi pravartananu maarganirdesam chese neethi mariyu bhashapai aadhaarapadindi. kevalam "sthiramaina abhivruddhi" anae drukpatham kakunda, idhi aardhika poeshanhagaa nirvahinchabadutunna prakruti chatraanni pratibimbistumdi, prakruti hakkulaku maddatu ichhe panditulu samajam "abhivruddhi chendutunna sanghaalu" vanti darsanaalanu pariganinchadam praarambhinchindani suuchistunnaaru, ikkada "sanghaalu" prakrutini upayoginchavalasina vastuvugaa kakunda, puurti amsamgaa kaligi untaayi.
charitra.
sthaanika prapancha drukpathaalatho saadhaarana muulaalu.
prakruti yokka hakkula yokka naitika mariyu taatvika punaadi, chattaparamaina siddhaantam mariyu udyamam anedi prakruti patla gowravam yokka prapancha drukpatham, idhi "prakruti aadhipatyam" prapancha drukpathaaniki viruddhamgaa untundi, idhi prakrutini vastuvugaa mariyu aastigaa anae bhavanaku aadharam. swadeshi nyaya professor zaan erros "[va] swadeshi nyaya sampradayalalo, srushti kathalu" anie gamaninchaaru... prapanchamtho vibhedistuu jeevinchadam kante, "prapanchamtho elaa jeevinchaalo maargadarsakatvam ivvandi. 2012loe swadeshi prajala antarjaateeya prakatana prakaram, aadhunika chattalu "srushti yokka sahaja kramaanni" gowravinchananduna bhoomini naasanam chestaayi. manavulaku "srushti yokka pavitra kramamlo mana sthaanam mariyu mana baadhyatalu unnaayi" mariyu "bhoomiki mariyu adhi srushtinche mariyu nilabette anni jeevulaku anugunamgaa vishayalu jarugutunnappudu aanandaanni konasaginchadam" nundi prayojanam pondutaarani prakatana gamaninchindi.
sthaanika prapancha drukpathaalu ekuvador mariyu boliviatho sahaa prakruti chattam yokka hakkula abhivruddhiki anugunamgaa mariyu vegavantam chesaayi. sahaja prapancham yokka bhouthika mariyu aadhyaatmika amsaalanu rendintinee kaligi unna pachamama anae padaanni baga rakshinchaalsina mariyu gowravinchaalsina avasaram undani grahinchina nepathyamlo prakruti hakkulanu gurtinchadaaniki 2008loe ekuvador thana raajyaamgaanni savarinchindi. bolivia adevidhamgaa daani raajyaamgaanni savarinchindi mariyu pachamama patla saampradaaya swadeshi gowravaanni pratibimbimchaelaa prakruti hakkula saasanaalanu amalu chesindi, alaage sahaja vyavasthalu mariyu maanavula gurinchi prapancha drukpathaanni oke kutumbamlo bhaagamgaa pratibimbimchimdi.
newzealand nyaya professor catherine iorns magallance, saampradaaya swadeshi prapancha drukpathaalu prakrutitoe sambandhaanni kaligi unnayani, prakrutini sajeeva puurveekulugaa pariganinche vidhamgaa entha lotainadani gamaninchaaru. eee prapancha drukpatham nundi kutumba sabhyudiga prakrutini rakshinche baadhyatalu mariyu bandhuvugaa sahaja prapanchaaniki praathamika baadhyatalanu pratibimbimchae chattaparamaina nirmaanam avasaram talettutundi.
prapancha mathaalatho ummadi muulaalu.
prapanchamlooni aneka itara mataparamaina mariyu aadhyaatmika sampradaayaalu prakruti hakkula prapancha drukpathaaniki anugunamgaa antardrushtulanu andistaayi. thoorpu mataparamaina mariyu taatvika sampradaayaalu bhoomini kaligi unna aadhyaatmikata yokka samagra bhavananu kaligi untaayi. chainees davoism mariyu neo-confucianism, alaage japanese bouddhamatam, prapancham busho (buddha prakruti ledhaa kii) anie piluvabade saktula dynamic shakti kshetram, maanavulu, prakruti mariyu viswam gundaa pravahinche bhouthika shakti anie bodhistundi. padakondava sataabdapu maargadarsaka nava-confucianist tatwavetta jhang jaii vivarinchinatlugaa, "viswam antataa vistarinchi unnadaanni neenu naa sareeramgaa bhaavistaanu mariyu viswaanni nirdesinchedaanni neenu naa swabhaavamgaa bhaavistaanu".
hinduu matam mariyu bouddhamatam rendintiloonuu, karma (samskrutamlo "charya" ledhaa "prakatana") bhoomi mariyu vishwamtho manavjati yokka network paraspara sambandhaala vaastavikatanu pratibimbistumdi. saha-aadhaarita udbhavinchadam" anae bouddha bhavanalu adevidhamgaa anni drugvishayaalu sannihitamgaa mudipadi unnayani nammutaayi. mahayana bouddhamatam yokka "indra vala" anedi edhee aadhipatyam chelaayinchani, anantamaina punaraavruta paraspara sambandhaala viswaanni suuchistumdi.
paaschaatya mataparamaina mariyu taatvika sampradaayaalu aadhyaatmika maargadarsakatvaanni andinchadamlo bhoomi mariyu viswam yokka sandarbhaanni kooda gurtinchaayi. noothana silaayuga kaalam nundi kaamsya yugaala varaku, "paatha airopa" samajalu aneka stree devatalanu bhoomi maata avataraluga gowravinchaayi. grease praarambhamlo, bhoomi devata gayanu atyunnata deevatagaa poojinchevaaru. philabus mariyu timayas loe, plato "prapancham nijamgaa aatma mariyu thelivithetalatho (jeevam unna jeevi)" anie nokki cheppadu...) anni itara jeevulanu kaligi unna oke kanipinche jeevi, ivanni vaati swabhaavam dwara sambandham kaligi untaayi. madhyayuga vedanti St. thamus aquinas taruvaata maanavula sthaanam gurinchi, uniki madhyalo kakunda, vishwamtho samagramaina mottamlo oka bhaagamgaa praathamikamgaa vrasadu, "viswam yokka kramam vishayaalalo antima mariyu goppa paripuurnata."
iteevala, catholic charchi adhipati ayina pope benedict XVI, "mana bhavishyat aanandaaniki bhoomi yokka swaraaniki vidheyata chaalaa mukhyam" anie pratibimbimchaadu... prastuta korikala kante. mana bhoomi manatho matladutondi, manam manugada saaginchaalanukunte daani maata vinali, daani sandesaanni ardham chesukovali."athani varasudu, pope frances, bhoomitho maanavatvam yokka sambandhampai pratyaekamgaa swaraparichaaru," "nijamaina 'paryaavarana hakku' unikilo unnanduna maanavulu tama prastuta charyalanu elaa marchukovali anae vishayanni vivarinchaaru". mana prastuta vaiphalyaalaku lothaina muulaalu" aardhika vruddhi yokka dhisha mariyu ardhamlo, mariyu "daiva vipani" yokka vistrutamaina paalanalo unnayani paerkontuu, maanavatvam yokka prastuta maargaaniki vyatiraekamgaa ayana heccharinchaaru.
vyaktigata mariyu mataparamaina jeevitamlooni anni vishayaalalo islam yokka praathamika adhikaram ayina khurran, "mottam srushti thana uniki dwara devunni stutistundi" anie pratibimbistumdi. panditulu "sharia yokka antima uddesyam" nuu "saarvatrika ummadi manchi, mottam srushti yokka sankshemam" gaa varninchaaru mariyu "prastuta ledhaa bhavishyattu anae okka jeevini kooda charya yokka marganni nirnayinchadamlo pariganana nundi minahayinchalemani gamaninchaaru."
paaschaatya mariyu swadeshi sampradaayaalanu okachota cherchi, arch bishop desmond tutu "ubuntu" gurinchi matladaru, idhi african naitika bhavana, idhi sumaruga "neenu endukante meeru" anie anuvadistundi, ilaa gamaninchinappuduh "ubuntu pratyaekamgaa meeru ontarigaa unna manavudiga undaleru anae vaastavam gurinchi maatlaadutundi. idhi mana paraspara anusandhanam gurinchi maatlaadutundi... meeru anusandhaaninchabadi undagaa, meeru chesedi mottam prapanchaanni prabhaavitam chestunnappudu, manalni manam chaalaa tarachugaa kevalam vyaktulugaa, okarikokaru vaerugaa bhaavistaamu."
maanava hakkulatho ummadi muulaalu.
maanava hakkulu satabdaalugaa abhivruddhi chendutunnayi, atyanta mukhyamaina perugudala 1948loe aikyaraajyasamiti maanava hakkula saarvatrika prakatana (udhar) nuu aamodinchadam. aaa hakkula abhivruddhiki keelakam sahaja hakkula bhavanalu mariyu maanavatvam uniki nundi udbhavinche maanava hakkulu.
santa barbara looni california vishwavidhyaalayamlo charitra mariyu paryaavarana adhyayanala professor ayina rhoderick fraser naash, padamuudava sataabdamloo magna carta "sahaja hakkula" bhavananu praarambhinchadam nundi jaatulu mariyu sahaja prapancha hakkula charitranu kanugonnaru, idhi aadhunika hakkula charchaku aadharam.
university off adelide laa schoollo professor mariyu erth nyaayasaastra panditudu ayina peater burdon, naash vislaeshanhanu vistarinchaaru, padihedava sataabdapu aangla tatwavetta mariyu vaidyudu zaan loke yokka parivartana sahaja hakkula thesis american viplavaniki daariteesindani, british racharikam valasavaadula sahaja hakkulanu niraakaristunnadane bhavana dwara. aaa bhaavanapai nirminchadam, yuu.ess. adhyakshudu, nyaayavaadi, tatwavetta thamus jefferson "prakruti mariyu prakruti devuni niyamaalu" "maanavulandaruu samanamga srushtinchabaddaarani" "" konni vidadeeyaraani hakkulu ", mukhyamgaa" jeevitam, swechcha, mariyu aanandam kosam vetakadam "anae" sweeya-spashtamaina "satyaalanu velladistaayani vaadinchaaru. 1789loe french declaration off dhi raits off myaan und dhi citizen taruvaata "sahajamaina, vidadeeyaraani mariyu pavitramaina maanava hakkulu" gaa gurtinchabadindi, "prati raajakeeya samstha yokka tudi mugimpu maanava sahaja mariyu aspashtamaina hakkula parirakshana" anie jodinchindi."
hakkula vistarana jantuvulaku konasaagindi, paddenimidava-pantommidava sataabdapu aangla tatwavetta mariyu nyaya siddhaantakarta jeremi bentham "migilina janthu srushti vaari nundi ennadoo nilipiveyabadani hakkulanu pondagala roeju raavacchu, conny daurjanyam chethitho" anie paerkonnaaru. pantommidava sataabdapu bhasha shaastravetta mariyu panditudu edward payson evans ilaa perkonnaduh
"[i] naitika parinaama charitranu velikiteesetappudu, modata oke gumpu ledhaa tega sabhyulaku parimitam cheyabadina paraspara hakkulu mariyu vidhula gurtimpunu, taruvaata oke devulla aaraadhakulaku vistarinchabadi, kramamga prati nagarika deshaanni chaerchadaaniki vistarinchadaanni manam kanugonnamu, anni jaatula purushulu kaneesam siddhaantaparamgaa sodarabhavam mariyu dayagala saanubhooti yokka ummadi bandhamlo aikyamgaa bhavinchabade varaku, idhi ippudu nemmadigaa vistaristondi, idhi unnata jaatula jantuvulanu matrame kakunda, sendriya jeevitam yokka prati sunnitamaina swaroopaanni kooda kaligi untundi."
1948loe aikyaraajyasamiti maanava hakkula saarvatrika prakatana (udhar) nuu aamodinchadam maroka mylurayi, idhi praathamika maanava hakkulu "unikilo unna vaastavam" nundi udbhavistaayane nammakaniki aadharam. eee nammakam meeda nirminchina prakruti hakkula udyamam, "uniki" anedi praathamika hakkulaku nirvachinche sharatu ayithe, eee nirvachinche sharatu kevalam oka rakamaina uniki hakkulaku matrame parimitam kakudadani, anni rakaala uniki praathamika hakkulanu pondaalani vaadinchindi. udaaharanaku, aldo leopold yokka bhuu neethi prakruti yokka "konasagimpu uniki hakkunu" spashtamgaa gurtinchindi mariyu "homo sapiens" paatranu bhuu-samajanni jayinchina vyakti nundi saadaa sabhyudiga mariyu daani pourudigaa maarchadaaniki prayatninchindi.
baanisatvaanni raddu cheyadam nundi, mahilalaku ootu hakku manjuru cheyadam varaku, poura hakkula udyamam varaku, itara praathamika hakkula gurtimpu varaku, sambhaavya kotta hakkulanu kaligi unnavaari swaabhaavika naitika viluvanu angeekarinchadam peragadaaniki samaantaramgaa samajalu hakkulanu vistarinchadam konasaaginchaayani prakruti hakkula pratipaadakulu vaadistunnaaru. mariyu, iravayyava sataabdam chivaralo mariyu iravai okatava praarambhamlo perugutunna aamodaanni chusina eee sthaanam, samaja vruttam yokka eee vistarana sahaja prapanchaanni chuttumutte vidhamgaa peragali.
prakrutilo uniki nundi pondina hakkulu anni jeevulaku maanava hakkulanu andinchavani, vividha rakaala jeevulaku pratyaekamaina hakkulanu andistaayani pratipaadakulu suuchistunnaaru. thamus berry hakkulu "jaatula nirdishtamainavi mariyu parimitamainavi"; antey, "nadulaku nadhee hakkulu unnaayi", "pakshulaku pakshi hakkulu unnaayi" mariyu "manavulaku maanava hakkulu unnaayi" anae siddhaantaanni munduku tecchaaru. ayana drushtilo, vyatyaasam "gunaatmakamainadi, parimaanaatmakamainadi kaadu".
eee amsaanni vistaristuu, maanava hakkulu mariyu prakruti hakkula yokka ummadi naitika mariyu naitika punaadi hakkula "saha-himsalu" anae bhavanaku daariteestundi, dheenini "prabhutvaalu, parisramalu ledhaa itarulu prakruti hakkulanu ullanghinche paristhiti mariyu maanava hakkulu, swadeshi hakkulatho sahaa, oke charyatho" gaa nirvachinchaaru. udaaharanaku, ekuvadorian amazonlo, 1967 nundi 1992 varaku texaco (ippudu chevron) chamuru travvakam karyakalapala nundi kalushyam puttukatho vachhe lopaalu, garbhasravalu mariyu 1,400 cancer maranaalaku daariteesindi, ivi mukhyamgaa sthaanika samaajaalaku vinaasakaramainavi. eee karyakalapalu oka million ekaraalaku paiga atavee nirmuulanaku mariyu 18 billion gallenla vishapuurita muruguneeru mariyu kalushitaalato sthaanika jalamaargaalanu kalushitam cheyadaaniki kaaranamayyaayi, gatamlo asaadhaarana jeevavaividhyamtho kuudina praacheena varshaaranyaanni teevramgaa debbateesaayi. ituvanti prabhavalanu srushtinchina adhe maanava charyalu prajala praathamika hakkulanu mariyu sahaja vyavasthalanu ullanghinchaayani nokkicheppina, rendu hakkulanu gurtinche naitika mariyu chattaparamaina siddhaantaalu maanavula paraspara sambandhaalanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu gowravinchadaaniki maanava pravartanaku baga maarganirdesam chestayani vaadinchabadindi.
maanava hakkula gurtimpu maadirigaane, prakruti hakkula gurtimpu maanava chattalu mariyu abhyasala chatraanni maarustundani nyaya panditulu kanugonnaru. haarvard laa professor laurence tega marintagaa "prakrutini dopidi paatra kakunda sodarabhava paatragaa enchukovadam" anie siddhaantam chesindi... manam maare pramaadam unna maanipyulaetarlu mariyu subjugatorlaku bhinnamgaa manalni tayaaru cheyavachu ".
20va mariyu 21va sataabdapu parinaamaalu.
1948loe udhar nuu sweekarinchadam prapanchavyaaptamgaa vidadeeyaraani maanava hakkula yokka vistruta vargaalaku adhikaarika gurtimpunu ichindi. veetilo "anni maanavulu swechchagaa mariyu gowravam mariyu hakkulalo samanamga janminchaaru", "[ii] okariki jeevinche hakku, swechcha mariyu vyakti bhadrata hakku undhi", mariyu "manjuru chesina praathamika hakkulanu ullanghinche charyalaku samartha jaateeya tribunals dwara samarthavanthamaina parishkaaraaniki hakku undhi" anae gurtimpulu unnaayi. mruduvaina chattam" sadhanalalo praathamika hakkulanu gurtinchadam, udaaharanaku, prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna deshaalaku maargadarsakatvam andinchindi, appati nundi vaaru rajyanga nibandhanalu, saasanaalu, nyaayasthaana nirnayaalu, nibandhanalu mariyu itara chattaparamaina samsthalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru, idhi yuddha mariyu maanava hakkula aadhaaramgaa abhivruddhi chesindi.
dasaabdaala taruvaata, yuu. ess. sii. laa professor christopher stone, nyaya charitra antataa "hakkula varusa vistarana" kuu anugunamgaa, sahaja prapancham yokka chattaparamaina sthithi mariyu anubandha hakkulanu kooda gurtinchaalani pilupunicchaaru. udrlo chesinatlugaa, maanava nyaya vyavasthalalo prakruti bhaagaswaamyaaniki avasaramaina amsaalanu raayi vivarinchindi, atuvanti nyaya vyavasthanu tappanisarigaa vivarinchindihi prabhutva samstha dwara parishkaaraaniki lobadi gayalanu gurtinchadam, chattaparamaina charyalanu (sahaja samstha tarapuna panichese samrakshakulato) erpaatu cheyadaaniki nilabadatam, sahaja samstha yokka sonta nashtaala kosam lekkinchina parishkaram, mariyu gayapadina sahaja samstha yokka prayojanam kosam upasamanam.
raathi yokka chattaparamaina panitho paatu, iravayyava chivara mariyu iravai okatava sataabdam praarambhamlo prakruti hakkula udyamam yokka itara chodakulu desheeya drukpathaalu mariyu swadeshi hakkula udyamam yokka pani; arne naas yokka rachanalu mariyu lothaina paryaavarana udyamam; prakruti chattalanu "praadhamika vachanam" gaa gurtinchadaaniki thamus berry yokka 2001 nyaayasaastra pilupu; 2003loe carmac kalinan yokka wild laa book prachurana, taruvaata UKloe oka perunna nyaya sangham erpaatu; corporationla kosam chattaparamaina vyaktitvaanni vistarinchadam dwara corporate shakti gurinchi perugutunna aandolana; U.ess. prakruti hakkulanu uddesinchi sthaanika chattaala sanghaalu; 2010loe prakruti hakkula prapancha kuutamini erpaatu cheyadam (prapanchavyaaptamgaa prakrutipai laabhaapekshaleni hakkulanu munduku teesukelladam); mariyu jaatula nashtalu, paryaavarana vyavastha vidhvamsam mariyu vaataavarana maarpula uniki mupputho prapanchavyaaptamgaa aandolanalu perugutunnaayi.
ivi mariyu itara amsaalu 2010loe bhoomi maata hakkula saarvatrika prakatana (udrem) abhivruddhiki maddatu icchaayi. 2009 copenhagen vaataavarana charchala niraasaparichina phalitaala gurinchi chaalaa mandhi aandolanalanu anusarinchi bolivialo samavesamaina vaataavarana maarpu mariyu bhoomi maata hakkulapai jarigina prapancha prajala samavesamlo 130 deshaala pratinidhulu udremnu sweekarinchaaru. yuu vale.enn. maanava hakkulu uniki nundi udbhavinchaayani gurtinchina udrem, "bhoomi talli yokka swaabhaavika hakkulu uniki yokka adhe muulam nundi udbhavinchaayane kaaranamtho avi vidadeeyalenivi" anie kanugonnaru. udhar maadirigaane, udarme adhikara adhikaarula mitimeerina charyala nundi hakkulanu kaligi unna samsthanu (prakruti mariyu aame amsaalu) rakshistundi. eee hakkulalo, itarulatoe paatu, "bhoomi maata mariyu aame rachinchabadina anni jeevulaku gurtimpu undhi... jeevinche hakku mariyu unikilo undataaniki "alaage" samagra aarogya hakku ". [ii] aach jeevi oka pradaesaaniki hakku kaligi undhi mariyu aame saamarasyapoorvakamaina paniteeru kosam bhoomi maatalo daani paatranu poeshistumdi" anie udrem jatachestundi.
samarthavanthamaina jaateeya tribunals dwara samarthavanthamaina parishkara hakku" dwara udhar rakshinchabadina hakkulu amalu cheyadaginatle, alaage udarm pratyaekamgaa maanavulu mariyu vaari samsthalanu "eee prakatanalo gurtinchabadina hakkulu mariyu baadhyatala puurti amalu mariyu amalunu gurtinchi prothsahinchaalani" korutundi. antargata hakkula maanava ullanghanala valla kalige nashtalanu" "sarididdaalani", baadhyulaina vaarini "" javaabudaareegaa "unchaalani koorutuu udrem amalunu parishkaristundi".[88] antekakunda, "bhoomi talli mariyu anni jeevula hakkulanu kaapaadataaniki maanavulu mariyu samsthalaku saadhikaarata kalpinchaalani" idhi raashtraalaku pilupunistundi.
bolivia adhyakshudu eevo morals appati-yuu nii koraru.enn. secretory general mimmalni tayaaru cheyadaaniki kii-moone nuu nishedhinchandi.enn. udremnu sweekarinchadam praadhaanyata. aaa sifaarsunu parishkarinchaalsi undagaa, appati nundi prakruti hakkula saarvatrika prakatnanu pratipaadinchina prakruti parirakshana kosam antarjaateeya union (iucn) 2012 teermaanam vanti itara antarjaateeya mariyu jaateeya prayatnaalanu teliyajeyadaaniki udrem upayogapadindi. hawai (2016) loe jarigina iucn prapancha parirakshana congress loe prakruti hakkula vileenam aamodinchabadindi.
2021 natiki prakruti hakkulu prabhutvamloni anni sthaayilalo oppandaalu, raajyaamgaalu, nyaayasthaana nirnayaalu mariyu chattabaddhamaina mariyu paripalana chattaalalo pratibimbimchaayi. oregon vishwavidhyaalayamlo raajakeeya shaastra professor, prakruti hakkulu mariyu prapancha paalana yokka panditudu ayina kraig coffman, prakruti karyakramalu mariyu networkla yokka abhivruddhi chendutunna hakkulu "anadhikaarika prapancha paalana vyavastha" nundi utpannamayye "mukhyamaina kotta prapancha udyamaanni" suuchistaayani vaadinchaaru... vaataavarana maarpu mariyu jeevavaividhya nashtam anae dwandwa sankshobhaalanu parishkarinchadaaniki prabhutvaalu balamaina charyalu teesukovadamlo viphalamainanduku niraasa chendina pourulu dheenini nirmistunnaaru ".
prakruti chattam yokka hakkulu.
2000la praarambhamlo rajyanga nibandhanalu, oppanda oppandaalu, jaateeya mariyu upa-jaateeya saasanaalu, sthaanika chattalu mariyu nyaayasthaana nirnayaala roopamlo prakruti chattam yokka hakkula gananeeyamaina vistarana jarigindi. 2022 natiki, prakruti hakkula chattalu 24 deshaalalo unnaayi, (2021 loe 17 nundi) kenadaatho sahaa, kaneesam edu girijana deshaalu.ess. mariyu kenada, mariyu united states antataa 60 kii paiga nagaralu mariyu counteelu. 2022 natiki prakruti chattaparamaina nibandhanala yokka prastuta ledhaa pendinglo unna hakkulu unna deshaala mottam sankhya 29.
sambandhita karyakramalu.
2000la praarambhamlo prakruti networkla yokka balamaina mariyu marinta churukaina antarjaateeya hakkula abhivruddhi, aaa samarthavanthamaina suutraalanu chattamgaa ekkuvagaa sweekarinchadaaniki kaaranam kaavacchu. maanava hakkulu mariyu prakruti hakkulanu baga pratibimbimchae kotta aardhika mariyu aardhika namuunaala abhivruddhi mariyu amalu; swadeshi prajala hakkulu mariyu prakruti hakkulu rendintinee munduku teesukelladaaniki swadeshi naayakatvam; neeti hakku vanti antarjaateeya saamaajika udyamaalu; prakruti hakkula chatraniki anugunamgaa aacharanaatmaka parishkarala purogati, punaruddharana vantivi; mariyu prakruti kadalika saamarthyaanni pempondinche hakkulu, prapanchavyaaptamgaa prakruti hakkula udyama kendraala abhivruddhi dwara sahaa, vanti itara vyavastha-maarutunna karyakramalu mariyu hakkula udyamaalato sannihita ekikaranalo idhi jarigindi.
prakruti hakkula chattaala amalunu vivarinchadaaniki, prakruti hakkula kosam laabhaapekshaleni prapancha kootami "prakruti tribunals yokka antarjaateeya hakkulu" nuu sthaapinchindi. ivi poura samajam yokka karyakramalu mariyu avi kattubadi laeni sifaarsulanu jaarii chestaayi. tribunals prakruti hakkulu, maanava hakkulu mariyu sthaanika prajala hakkula nyaayavaadulanu shaashwata prajala tribunals maadirigaane oka prakriyaloki teesukuvastaayi. praathamika hakkula ullanghanalu mariyu prastuta chattamlo attaduguna unnatlugaa aaropanalu edurkontunna prajalaku mariyu sahaja vyavasthalaku adhikaarika praja gurtimpu, drushyamaanata mariyu swaraanni andinchadam mariyu atuvanti gaayaala parishkaaraaniki oka namuunaanu andinchadam tribunals yokka lakshyam.
prakruti chattam mariyu nyaayasaastram yokka hakkula gurinchi avagahana vyaapti chendadamtho, vidya parisoedhana yokka kotta rangam abhivruddhi chendutondi, ikkada nyaya panditulu mariyu itara panditulu atuvanti chattaala vistruta anuvartanaanni nadapadaniki vyuuhaalu mariyu vislaeshanhalanu andinchadam praarambhinchaaru, mukhyamgaa prarambha amalu vijayalu mariyu savaallanu edurkontunnappudu.
prajaadarana pondina samskrutilo.
isak goekaritz, haall crimmel mariyu valeria berros darsakatvam vahinchina 2018 documentary "prakruti hakkulu oka prapancha udyamam" prakruti hakkulaku sambandhinchi kotta chattaparamaina nirmaanaalanu srushtinchadamlo unna savaallanu anveshistundi.
prakruti udyamam yokka hakkula gurinchi "adrushya chethi" anae documentary chitram, joshuva bowaz prebonic mariyu public herold yokka melissa troutman darsakatvam vahinchaaru, 2020 loe vidudalaindi, dheenini executive-nirminchaaru mariyu natudu maark rafalo varninchaaru. idhi naalugu uttama documentary avaardulanu geluchukundi.
"dhi overstory", idhi kalpana kosam 2019 pulitzer bahumatini geluchukundi mariyu "newyork times" best sellar jaabitaalo oka samvatsaraaniki paiga gadipindi, chetlatho sambandhaalu mariyu hakkulanu pariseelinchindi.
podcast "nashtalu" vividha sandarbhaallo prakruti hakkula bhavananu anveshistundi.
"dhi dialy show" oka episodelo prakruti hakkula bhavananu cover chesindi.

