
tomm ell. johnson

tomm laftin johnson (juulai 18,1854-april 10,1911) oka american paarisraamikavetta, georgist raajakeeyavetta, mariyu pragatiseela yugamlo mukhyamaina vyakti mariyu pattana raajakeeya mariyu saamaajika samskaranalalo maargadarsakudu. athanu yuu.ess. 1891 nundi 1895 varaku pratinidhigaa, 1901 nundi 1909 varaku naalugu paryayalu cleveland meyargaa panicheesaaru. raajakeeya aardhika vyavastha mariyu guttadhipatya vyatiraeka samskaranalapai henry georg abhipraayaalaku atyanta prasiddha, swaram, ankitabhaavamtho kuudina abhimaanulalo johnson okaru. 1993loe 69 mandhi panditula brundam aayanaku america charitralo padhi uttama meyarlalo rendava sthaanam ichindi.
prarambha jeevitam mariyu vyapara vrutti.
tomm johnson juulai 18,1854naa kentakeelooni georgetownlo janminchaaru. johnson tandri, kentucky mariyu arkansaslo bhoomulu kaligina sampanna patthi saagudaaru, poura yuddhamlo samakhya sainyamlo panicheesaaru. yuddham aaa kutumbaanni aardhikamgaa naasanam chesindi, vaaru pani kosam dakshinaana aneka pradaesaalaku vellalsi vachindi. 11 samvatsaraala vayassulo, johnson varjeeniyaaloni stantonloni railroadlaloo vaartaapatrikalanu vikrayistuu, kutumbam yokka maddatulo gananeeyamaina bhaganni andinchaadu. ayana thana yavvanamlo panicheesaaru, mariyu eppuduu oka samvatsaram kante ekkuva puurti adhikaarika vidyanu pondaledu.
johnson yokka viramam paarisraamika du paant raajavamsamto paatha kutumba sambandham dwara vachindi. 1869loe, sodarulu a.vii. mariyu biderman du paant ataniki louisville vaaru sampaadinchina veedhi railway vyaparamlo gumasta udyogam icchaaru. johnson vyaparamlo vaegamgaa edigi, daani yaantrika vaipu ruchini kanugonnadu. merugaina rakam streat kaar rail, mariyu gaaju-vaipu fairbox thoo sahaa aneka aavishkaranalaku patent pondaadu, eenaatikee aneka bassulalo upayogistunnaru.
1876 natiki, paakshikamgaa thana fairbox nundi raayalteelaku dhanyavaadaalu, johnson indianapolis veedhi railvelalo niyantrana vatanu konugolu chesi, tanantata taanugaa kottagaligadu. 1880luu mariyu 90laloe athanu thana aasaktulanu cleveland, seyint loe linelaku vistarinchaadu. luis, brooklin mariyu detroit, mariyu veedhi kaaru tracklaku pattalanu andinchadaaniki lorain, ohiyo mariyu pensylvanialoni johnstownelo millulanu nirmistuu ukku vyaapaaramloki pravesinchaaru. athanu 1883loe clevelandku velli, ventane euclid avenueloni "millionaire varusa" loe oka bhavananni konugolu chesaadu.
rajakeeyaalu mariyu tatvasaastram.
rendu aakasmika sanghatanalu johnson rajakeeyaalapai, saamaajika prasnalapai aasaktini rekettinchadaaniki, atanni sampradaaya vyaapaaravaetta nundi viplavaatmaka samskartagaa maarchadaaniki sahayapaddayi. modatidi, railu conductor, henry georg yokka "saamaajika samasyalu" suuchanapai chadavadam, dheenilo raajakeeya tatwavetta pedarikam mariyu dukkham anedi samajam yokka kottagaa srushtinchina sampada perugutunna bhuu viluvalalo chikkukunna phalitamgaa undani, mariyu muuladhanam mariyu shrama yokka utpaadaka karyakalapalapai vrudhaa pannu vidhinche badulu bhoomipai oke pannunu samardhinchadam anae thana nammakanni vivarinchaaru.
purogati mariyu pedarikam" loe georg chesina vaadanalatoe johnson munigipoyaadu; athanu daanini chadivi tirigi chadivaadu, chivaraku georg yokka tarkamlo lopaalanu kanugonadaaniki thana vyapara sahacharula nundi sahayam koraadu. johnson aaa pustakaanni thana nyaayavaadi vaddaku teesukelli, "neenu vyaparam nundi bayatapadali, ledhaa eee pustakam tappu anie niroopinchaali. ikkada, russell, aidu vandala dollarla [2015loe $13,000] nilupudaladaaru. meeru eee pustakaanni chadivi, chattaparamaina prasnapai mea nijayiti abhiprayanni naaku teliyajeyaalani neenu korukuntunnanu. meeru rusumu vidhinchinatle eee nilupudaaruni pariganinchandi."johnson appudu saadhyamaina modati avakaasamloonae newyorklo georgenu vetikaaru, mariyu iddaroo sannihita snehitulu mariyu raajakeeya sahakarulu ayyaru. johnson thana railu guttadhipatya vyapaaraanni vidichipetti, henry georg aalochanalanu prothsahinchadaaniki thana sampadalo ekkuva bhaganni kharchu chesaadu.
rendava karyakramam 1889 naati bhayankaramaina johnstowne varadalanu chuudataaniki haajarayyindi. johnson mariyu athani vyapara bhagaswamy orther moxum debbatinna, naayakatvam laeni nagaramlo takshana sahaya karyakalapalanu nirvahinchaaru. oka georgist lens dwara sanghatanalanu vivaristuu, aaa anubhavam ataniki 'pratyeka hakku' anie piliche daani patla teevra agrahanni migilchindi. henry clay frick mariyu itara pitsburg paarisraamikavettala yaajamaanyamloni oka private vinoda sarasunu kaligi unna aanakattanu sarigaa nirvahinchadam valla eee vipattu sambhavinchindi, vaaru dheeniki anni baadhyatala nundi tappinchukunnaaru. daanikante ekkuvagaa, johnson kuu, varada anedi daatrutvam yokka asamarthatha mariyu samaja samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki balaheenamaina "parishkara charyalu" udaaharanagaa nilichindi.
johnson raajakeeyaalloki vachinappudu, "athanu henry georg yokka spashtamaina salaha meraku vellaadu."johnson yuu kosam viphalamaina pracharanni praarambhinchaadu.ess. 1888loe pratinidhula sabha, aapai 1890loe rendu paryayalu panicheestuu eee sthaanaanni geluchukundi. athanu swechhaa vaanijyam mariyu oke pannu aalochananu prothsahinchaadu mariyu vibhajana currency prasnapai upayogakaramaina mitavaadudu.
hakkula samasya kramamga johnson thana sonta vyapara vruttini punahpariseelinchelaa chesindi. "traction" (streat kaar) companylu nagara mandalulu manjuru chesina ruut fraanchaijeelapai aadharapaddaayi; raajakeeya sambandhaalu mariyu chellimpulu abhimaana companylaku paicheyi icchaayi. chaalaa mandhi kaarlanu nadipe yugamlo, pandem ekkuvagaa undedi, fraanchaijeela kosam yuddhalu tarachugaa nagaraala varga kalahalu venuka daachina samasyaga undevi.
johnson aatanu sannihitamgaa telusu; streat kaar baranla chedulaku vyatiraekamgaa prakatinche thana prasamgaalalo, taanu adhikaaramtho maatlaadagalanani ellappuduu etthi chuupaadu, endukante taanu vaarilo okadini. clevelandlo, athanu saktivantamaina sthaanika vyaapaaravaetta maark hannatho praarambhamlo vivaadamloki vacchaadu, athanu 1894 natiki republican paarteeki pramukha adhikara madhyavartigaa untaadu, thoti oheon vilium mckinlyni white houselo unchina ghanata kaligina vyakti.
johnson yokka streat kaar hannah mariyu athani mitradeshaalatho poradatam anedi cleveland raajakeeya jaanapada kathalalo oka rangurangula bhaagamgaa undhi. oka maargamlo ravaanaapai guttadhipatyam unna companylu oka prayaanaaniki aidu sentlu vasoolu cheyagaligina samayamlo, athanu 'moodu sentla chaarjee' nuu thana prajaadarana pondina tatvasaastraaniki muulastambhamgaa marchadu, taruvaata athanu puurti praja yaajamaanyaaniki anukuulamgaa munduku vacchaadu. 1890la natiki johnson kramamga thana ravana mariyu ukku aastulalo chaalaa varaku upasamharinchukunnaadu, tananu taanu puurtigaa samskarana raajakeeyaalaku ankitam chesukunnadu. 1901loe, prabhaavavantamaina pourulu mariyu oka praja petition ottidi chesina ayana, cleveland mayer kosam pootii cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru.
ayana pracharam nagaranni vidyudeekarinchindi. johnson pedda circus gudaaraalanu addeku teesukoni vaatini porugu pradaesaalaloo erpaatu cheyadaaniki ishtapaddadu, pedda janasamuuhaanni aakarshinchadu, vaari kosam athanu saktivantamaina prasangam chestaadu, hecklerlatho santoshamgaa saradaagaa matladutadu mariyu raajakeeya naitikatatoe stereopticon shonu mugistaadu. 1901 april 1naa ayana 54 saatam otlatho ennikayyaaru.
cleveland mayer.
johnson kaaryaalayamloki pravesinchadam athani pracharam vale natakeeyamgaa niroopinchabadindi. prachara samasyalalo okati nagara yaajamaanyamloni down town lake front aasti yokka viluvaina bhaagam, idhi avtgoing mayer zaan hetch. farley mariyu council pariharam lekunda railumaargaalaku appaginchadaaniki angeekarinchaaru. johnson eee bahumatini nilipiveyadaaniki kortu uttarvu pondaadu, conny adhi ennikala tarvaata moodu rojula tarvaata gaduvu mugiyalsi undhi. kotta meyarnu mundugaane pramaana sweekaaram cheyinchadaaniki chattaparamaina saanketikatanu sadviniyogam chesukuni, johnson manushulu city haalnu aascharyakaramgaa swaadheenam chesukuni, nagaram kosam bhoomini rakshinchaaru (nedu eee bhoomi, taruvaata pallapu cherpulatho, cleveland braun stadium, rock und roll haall off fame mariyu grate lakes sains centarnu kaligi undhi).
johnson naalugu padaveekaalaalu clevelandnu marchai. nagara mandalilo dwaipaakshika samskaranala majorityni pondadam valla nagara prabhutvamloni prati vibhaagamlo pedda maarpulanu cheyadaaniki aayanaku veelu kaligindi. ayana vidhanalalo konni nijamaina aavishkaranalu kaga, marikonni aaa yugamloni maroe iddaru pramukha pragatiseela madhya paaschaatya meyarlu, hazen ess. detroit yokka pingri mariyu toledo yokka johns yokka shamyul 'golden ruul'.
oka pattana charitrakaarudi teerpulo, "johnson oka adbhutamaina purapalaka saanketika nipunudu. ayana kevalam naitikatanu matrame kakunda prabhutva ganitaanni kooda grahinchaaru."kotta paripalana vandala mailla veedhulanu sugamam chesindi mariyu nagaram yokka udyaanavana vyavasthanu vistarinchindi, pedda sankhyalo aata sthalaalu, baall fields mariyu itara soukaryaalanu nirminchindi. prajaadarana pondina prasamsalu, mayer nagara udyanavanalalo 'gaddi nundi dhooramgaa undandi' sanketalannintini cheelchivesaaru, idhi udyaanavanaala paatranu nishkriyaatmaka nundi churukaina vinodamgaa maarchadamlo thana nammakaniki chihnamgaa undhi.
chettha sekarana, appudu vyaktigata chetullo, oka pedda prachara samasyaga undedi. johnson hallers fraanchaijeelanu tolaginchi, vaati sthaanamlo munisipal vibhaganni niyaminchaadu; athanu tama udyogaalanu kolpoyina vaarandarinii tirigi niyaminchukunnaadu mariyu takkuva kharchutho merugaina paniteerunu elaa andinchagalado praja seva pradarsinchindi. prajaarogyampai paripalana drushti saarinchi, veedhi subhrapariche dalam praarambhinchabadindi, mariyu nagaramloni neeti vibhagam raajakeeyam cheyabadi, chaalaa meruguparachabadindi. paedha parisaraallo prabhutva snaanapu gadulu nirminchabaddaayi; eee aakattukune bhavanaalalo konni netikee manugadalo unnaayi. johnson cleveland yokka atyanta prasiddha mailuraallalo okataina smaaraka paschima vaipu marketlo kooda pani praarambhinchaadu.
gruha paristhitulanu meruguparachadaaniki, paripalana 1904loe desham yokka mottamodati samagra aadhunika bhavana kodnu sthaapinchindi; code chaalaa mandiki oka namoonaga maarindi.ess. nagaralu. swachchanda samsthalu mariyu diddubaatu directorga, johnson thana sonta paster ayina haaris aarr. cooley. cooley aadhvaryamlo, nagaram warrensville pattanamlo bhaarii vyavasaya bhoomini konugolu chesindi, ikkada manavata suutraalapai kotta nagara panigadini erpaatu chesaaru, dheenitho paatu nirupeda vruddhula kosam kuteeraalu mariyu aarogya kendram erpaatu chesaaru.
johnson thana paripaalanalo sibbandigaa undataaniki pratibhaavantulaina vyaktulanu kanugonadam adrushtam. mondi pattudalagala, chedipoleni martinet ayina pooliisu cheef fred kohler, balagalanu subhraparachadam mariyu vruttiparamgaa cheyadam mariyu pratikuula paristhitulanu arikattadam dwara jaateeya khyaatini pondaadu. chattalu khachitamgaa amalu cheyabadinappatiki, kohler thana manushulu yuva modati nerasthulu mariyu ibbandullo unna nijaayiteegala pourulapai sulabhamgaa vyavaharinchaelaa chushadu. city solicitor neuton dii. baker 'home ruul' kosam vijayavantamaina pooraataaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu, clevelandku rashtra paryaveekshanha nundi ekkuva swaatantryam kalpinche chaartarnu ivvadaaniki krushi chesaadu; baker chesina prayatnaalu 1912loe ohiyo nagaralannintiki puurti home palananu teesukuvacchina rashtra raajyaamgaaniki savarananu vraasinappudu falinchaayi. baker mariyu kohler iddaroo tama sonta hakkulo meyarlu ayyaru, johnson vidhaanaalanu konasaaginchaaru, taruvaata baker vudro willson aadhvaryamlo yuddha kaaryadarsigaa panicheesaaru.
prabhutvamlo johnson viplavaniki bhouthika chihnam cleveland poura kendram, idhi kevalam 'dhi maall' anie piluvabade praja bhavanaalatho chuttumuttabadina visaalamaina udyaanavanam. samuuha pranaalika' yokka muulaalu 1895loe cleveland architectural club nirvahinchina pooteeki tirigi vellaayi, conny nidhula ketaayimpulanu munduku netti, daanini roopondinchadaaniki desamloni pramukha pranaalikakarta daniel burnham netrutvamloni brundaanni teesukuvacchinadi johnson. aadarsavaada yugamlo, ilanti poura kendraalu prajaasvaamya aadarsaala nirmaana vyakteekaranagaa uddesinchabaddaayi. chikagoloni prapancha columbian pradarsanalo gourava sabhanu srushtinchina burnham, washington, dii. loe jaateeya maall punaruddharananu roopondinchaaru.sii., aaa yugamloni nagara andamaina udyamaanni clevelandku teesukuvacchindi; maall mariyu daani praja bhavanala samishti pani 1930la varaku baga konasaagindi.
dasaabdam antataa, ravana yuddhalu nirantaraayamgaa konasagayi. 1903 natiki, hannah aasaktulu, gatamlo johnson naduputunna linelu mariyu itarulu cleveland electric railway companyga ekikrutam cheyabaddaayi, johnson maddatugala munisipal traction company matrame vyatirekinchina private daadaapu ekaswamya samstha, moodu saatam chaarjeelanu andinchindi. edu samvatsaraala sangharshana rendu samsthalanu alasipoyi, vaatini sweekarinchamani balavantam chesindi. 1910loe otarlu 'taylor grant' anae raajee pranaalikanu aamodinchaaru, dheeni kinda cleveland electric railway nagaram nundi linelanu leejuku teesukuntundi mariyu 6 saatam rabadi haamii ivvabadutundi. kotta erpaatu dasabdaluga baga panichesinappatiki, idhi jaansanku otamini suuchimchimdi.
ekaswamya private viniyogaaniki pootiini andinchadam dwara retlanu tagginchadaaniki, johnson streat kaarlalo matrame kakunda, vidyut saktilo kooda munisipal yajamanyanni teesukunnadu. athanu munisipal light und power companyni sthaapinchaadu, raajakeeya vyatiraekata daanini vistarinchakundaa addukunnappatiki, tadupari pragatiseela mayer, neuton dii. baker, oka kotta karmagaranni nirminchaadu, idhi 1914loe yuu. ess loe atipedda praja viniyogamgaa praarambhinchabadindi.ess. "manee light" (ippudu cleveland public power) nagaram yokka sonta vidyut billulapai mukhyamaina podupulanu teesukuvacchindi, mariyu eee sevanu pondagalige adrushtavantulaina nivaasitula billulapai, idhi private pootiidaaruni daani swantha retlanu takkuvagaa unchamani balavantam chesindi.
dasabdaluga pradhanamgaa ganatantra, aardhikamgaa podupugaa mariyu vyapara-aadhaaritamgaa unna abhivruddhi chendutunna nagaramlo, johnson vidhanalu atanni atyanta vibhajana vyaktigaa marchai. athani sahacharudu frederic sii. elaa cheppalante, idhi "padeella yuddham", mariyu prajalu meyarku gattiga anukuulamgaa ledhaa ataniki vyatiraekamgaa unnaaru. thana naalugu padaveekaalaalanu geluchukovadamlo, johnson thana moodu saatam chaarjeela veedhi kaarlu panichese paschima vaipuna unna jaathi parisaraala nundi vacchina otupai ekkuvagaa aadharapaddadu. thoorpu vaipuna unna madhyataragati mariyu unnata taragati vibhagalalo, pratyarthulu khareedainavi mariyu "soshalistu" anie piliche vidhaanaalanu vyatiraekimchaaru, kevalam aidu samvatsaraala taruvaata johnson nagaram yokka runaanni daadaapu rettimpu chesaarani etthi chuupaaru.
republicanla drudamaina vyatiraekata mariyu vyapara prayojanaala kaaranamgaa johnson yokka pedda pranaalikalu chaalaavaraku chattaparamaina yuddhaalalo mudipadi unnaayi. 1909 natiki, clevelanderlu samskaranalu mariyu antuleni raajakeeya pooraataalatoo alasipoyaru, mariyu johnson tirigi ennika kosam saapekshamgaa aspashtamaina republican, herman sii chetilo odipoyaadu. bahra. thana aarogyaanni naasanam chesi, samskaranala vishayamlo thana gananeeyamaina sampadanu vrudhaa chesina johnson, thana aatmakatha "naa katha" nuu nirdesinchenta kaalam jeevinchaadu. athanu 1911loe clevelandlo maraninchaadu, brooklin yokka green-wood smasaanavaatikalo henry georg pakkana khananam cheyabaddaadu.
vaarasatvam.
clevelandlo prabhutvamlo johnson viplavam aayananu jaateeya vyaktigaa chesindi. pramukha murikiwada vilekhari linkan stephens aayananu "united stateslo atyuttamamgaa paalinche nagaraniki uttama mayer" anie pilicharu."
marinta nijayiti, samarthavanthamaina mariyu maanaveeya nagara prabhutvam gurinchi johnson yokka drushti raboye dasabdaluga cleveland rajakeeyaalanu prerepinchindi. ayana maranam taruvaata vacchina samvatsaraalu bahusha nagara charitralo atyanta srujanaatmakamaina kaalam, dheenilo idhi adbhutamaina library mariyu paatasaala vyavasthalanu paripuurnam chesindi, adhe samayamlo maallooni group plaan yokka prabhutva bhavanalu mariyu vishwavidyaalaya vruttamlooni vidya mariyu saamskrutika samsthala samishtini puurti chesindi. prabhutva saamarthyam mariyu saamaajika samskaranala aneka rangaalalo eee nagaram tarachugaa oka namoonaga perkonabadindi.
cleveland yokka unnatavargaalu johnson yokka raajakeeya aalochanalanu panchukoovadaaniki ennadoo munduku rakapoyinappatiki, athani udaaharana vaarilo poura kartavyam mariyu sahakaara sphuurtini pempondinchadaaniki chaalaa chesindi. veetilo vilakshanamainadi frederic sii. nagaramloni atipedda byaanku adhyakshudu goff okasari ilaa annaru, "stock holderlaku dabbu sampaadinchadam kante cleveland trust company samaajaaniki thana baadhyatalanu neraverustundani neenu ekkuvagaa aandolana chendutunnanu". america yokka mottamodati community foundation ayina cleveland foundationnu sthaapinchadamlo goff keelaka paatra pooshinchaaru.
1993loe melvin zii nirvahinchina charitrakaarulu, raajakeeya saastravettalu mariyu pattana nipunula survey. chikagoloni illinais vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chendina holey 1820 mariyu 1993 samvatsaraala madhya panichesina rendava uttama american bigg-city meyargaa johnson sthaanam pondaadu. newyork nagaraniki chendina fiorello laa guardia matrame unnata sthaanamlo nilichindi.
kutumbam.
johnson sodarudu albert kooda streat kaar vyaparamlo pramukhudu. 1889loe, athanu labhalalo sarasamaina vatanu pondadaaniki aatagaallu swayamgaa praarambhinchina baseball pradhana leag ayina players leagku aardhika maddatudaaru mariyu nirvahakudu ayyadu.
oka bandhuvu, henry vii. johnson, denver mayer, mariyu henry kumarudu, tomm laftin johnson anae paeru gala, pramukha kalakarudu.