simba tirugubaatu

oriental tirugubaatu anie kooda piluvabade simba tirugubaatu, kango sankshobham mariyu pracchanna yuddham yokka vistruta sandarbhamlo 1963 mariyu 1965 madhya kango prajaasvaamya ganatantramlo jarigina praantiiya tirugubaatu. deshaaniki thoorpuna unna tirugubaatuku patrice lumumba anucharulu naayakatvam vahinchaaru, veeru veeru joseph casa-vubu mariyu joseph-desire mobutu chetha adhikaram nundi bahishkarinchabaddaaru, tadanantaram 1961 janavarilo katamgaalo champabaddaru. eee tirugubaatu central kangoloni thoti lumumbist pierry mueley netrutvamloni kvilu tirugubaatuku samakaaleenamainadi.
simba tirugubaatudaarulu praarambhamlo vijayavantamayyaaru mariyu thoorpu kangolo chaalaa bhaganni swaadheenam chesukuni, stanliville vadda "peeples republic" gaa prakatinchaaru. ayithe, eee tirugubaatu samstha mariyu samaikyata lekapovadam, alaage tirugubaatu naayakatvam mariyu thoorpu kootami yokka daani antarjaateeya mitraraajyaala madhya udriktatalato baadhapadindi. 1964 chivari nundi kango prabhutvam aneka pradhana prati-daadulanu praarambhinchinappudu, yuddhamlo gattipadina kirai sainikula naayakatvamlo mariyu paaschaatya saktula maddatutoe, tirugubaatudaarulu aneka pedda otamulanu edurkoni vichchinnamayyaru. tirugubaatudaarula pattudala 1990la varaku tama tirugubaatunu konasaginchinappatiki, november 1965 natiki, simba tirugubaatu samarthavantamgaa odipoyindi.
nepathyam.
simba tirugubaatuku gala kaaranaalanu 1960 juun 30naa belgium nundi swaatantryam vacchina taruvaata kango ganatantramlo adhikaram kosam jarigina vistruta poraatamlo bhaagamgaa alaage aafrikaalo paschima mariyu soviet union itara pracchanna yuddha jokyala sandarbhamlo chuudaali. eee tirugubaatunu ventane 1961 janavarilo kango modati pradhana mantri patrice lumumba hatyaku sambandhinchinadigaa gurtinchavacchu. raajakeeya antargata kalahalu mariyu kutralu jarigaayi, phalitamgaa antoin gijengaa, christophe gbeny mariyu gaston soumiyalat vanti lumumbaaku maddatu icchina raajakeeya nayakula vyayamtho kinshasalo joseph casa-vubu mariyu joseph-desire mobutu aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru.
chelaayinchaaru, adhikaaramlo eee maarpu stanlyville tirugubaatu prabhutvaanni erpaatu chesinatlu prakatinchadaaniki antoin gijengaa daariteesindi. kango yokka swechhaa ganatantram anie piluvabade eee pratyarthi prabhutvam, soviet union mariyu chaina nundi maddatunu pondindi, endukante vaaru kangolo american jokyaniki mariyu lumumba maranamlo prameyaaniki vyatiraekamgaa tamanu taamu "soshalistulu" gaa nilabettukunnaru, ayithe lumumba maadirigaane, lumumbistula nijamaina raajakeeya vampulapai kontha vivaadam undhi.
ayithe, 1961 augustulo, lovenium vishwavidhyaalayamlo aikyaraajyasamiti praayojita charchalalo palgone uddesyamto gijengaa stanlyville prabhutvaanni raddu chesindi. eee charchalu chivariki uddesinchina lumumbist prabhutvaanni andinchaledu. gijengaanu arrestu chesi, bulambembalo khaidu chesaaru, chaalaa mandhi lumumbistulu bahishkarinchabaddaaru.
bahishkaranalone tirugubaatu roopudiddukovadam praarambhinchindi. 1963 aktobaru 3naa, poruguna unna kango republic rajadhani brezzaville jibeni mariyu soumiyalat dwara concil national dii liberation (cnl) sthaapinchabadindi. cnlku lumumba anukuula nayakulu, oriental provincelo unna "abhivruddhi chendutunna sthaanika yuddhaveerulu" alaage thoorpu kangoloni kivu maddatu icchaaru. ayithe, tirugubaatu kosam eee pranaalikalu bahishkaranalo abhivruddhi cheyabadutunnappudu, pierry mulle mulle thana swasthalamaina kviluloo viplavanni praarambhinchadaaniki chainaalo sikshana nundi tirigi vacchaadu.
mueley samarthudaina nayakudiga niroopinchabaddaadu mariyu aneka prarambha vijayalu saadhinchaadu, ayinappatikee ivi kviluku sthaanikamgaa undipoyaayi. desham mallii kinshasalo prabhutva bahiranga tirugubaatulo unnatlu kanipinchadamtho, cnl vaari raajakeeya kendramaina thoorpu kangolo thana tirugubaatunu praarambhinchindi.
simba saktulu mariyu bhaavajaalam.
christophe gbeny dalaalu "armi populaire dii liberation" (eah. pii. ell) gaa vyavastheekarinchabaddaayi, ayithe saadhaaranamgaa "simbas" anae maaruperuto piluvabadevi, antey swaahileeloo simham ledhaa pedda simham anie ardham. vaarini aanka tirugubaatudaarulu, girijanulu mariyu yuva teevravaadula ("genesse") nundi niyaminchaaru. saadhaaranamgaa, "armi populaire dii liberation" nuu saadhaarana vibhagaluga vibhajinchaaru, ivi anc (avi "unitase dii operations" mariyu "unitase dii garnison") vanti vyavastheekrutamainavi, mariyu kramarahita sainika dalaalatoe ("barriers") marinta poolina unitlu. vaaru sagatuna baga prerepinchabadinappatiki, simbaalaku kramasikshana ledhu mariyu vaari aadesam mariyu niyantrana tarachugaa astavyastamgaa undevi. vaaru paelavamaina aayudhalu kaligi unnaaru, chaalaa mandhi tirugubaatudaarulu tupaakulu lekapovadam valla kattulu mariyu eetelapai aadharapaddaru.
simbaalalo ekkuva mandhi yuvakulu mariyu yuktavayaskulu unnaaru, ayithe eee sangharshanhalo pillalu vinabadaledu. tirugubaatudaarulaku gijengaa yokka party solidire africain (psa) sabhyuluga unna gaston soumiyalat mariyu gibeni naayakatvam vahinchaaru, mariyu laurent-desire kabila, lumumba samalekhanam chesina "association generale dess baluba du katamgaa" (balubakat) loe sabhyudiga unnaaru.
simba tirugubaatudaarulalo raajakeeya nammakaala paridhi kaaranamgaa, tirugubaatuku oka bhavajaalaanni aapaadinchadam chaalaa sanklishtamainadi. nayakulu chaina mavovada aalochanalache prabhaavitamayyaarani cheppukunnappatiki, cuba sainika salahaadaaru chey guvera, ekkuva mandhi yodhulu eee abhipraayaalanu kaligi laerani raasaaru. saraina pravartana mariyu "daavaa" (vaidyudu aacharabaddhamgaa vese neeru) nuu kramam tappakunda tirigi upayoginchadam valla yodhulu bulletlaku lonukakapovacchani bhaavinche saampradaaya nammakaala vyavasthanu kooda yodhulu abhyasinchaaru. parisoedhakudu atoe kwamena onoma simba tirugubaatunu "lumumbist" gaa abhivarninchaaru. eee tirugubaatuku emm. enn. sii-ell party maddatu ichindi.
sthaanika kangolisto paatu, simba tirugubaatudaarulalo ravandan bahishkrutulu kooda unnaaru. ravandalo "iniengy" anie piluvabade eee bahishkrutulu tama swadeshaanni tirigi swaadheenam chesukovadaniki padepade prayatninchaaru, mukhyamgaa 1963 december bugesera dandayaatra samayamlo. kango adhikarulu vaari kaaryakalaapaalaku aatamkam kaliginchadam mariyu vaari padepade vaiphalyala valla teevrataram kavadam valla niraasaku gurayyaru, kango aadhaarita iniengy simba tirugubaatulo cheraaru, endukante ravandalo simba netrutvamloni prabhutvam vaari swantha prayatnaalaku maddatu istundani vaaru aasinchaaru. ravandan bahishkrutulu tirugubaatu shrenilo pramukha padavulanu nirvahinchaaru, iniengy nayakulu luis bidalira mariyu gerom katareb varusaga cheef off staff mariyu "cheff dii cabinet" gaa panicheesaaru. ravandan bahishkrutulu tirugubaatudaarulalo manchi, kramasikshana kaligina yodhulugaa paeru tecchukunnaaru.
prarambha tirugubaatu vistarana, 1963 chivarilo-juulai 1964.
kvilu tirugubaatu vyaapti chendhi, teevrataram kaavadamtho, burundian-kongol sarihaddu vembadi vaelaadi mandhi sainikulanu niyaminchadamlo soumiyalat burundi prabhutvam maddatunu pondaadu. eee dalaalatoe, athanu 1963 chivaralo dakshina kivu meeda daadi chesaadu. chaalaa praavinsnu swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata, soumiyalat sainyam 1964 mae 15naa uviraalooni chivari sthaanika prabhutva sthaavaraalanu aakraminchindi, aaa taruvaata kontakaalam tarvaata physini aakraminchindi. mae chivaralo simba anukuula dalaalu mukhyamaina naukashraya pattanam albertville vijayavantamgaa tirugubaatu chesi, uttara katamgaa provins adhyakshudu jasson sendvenu swaadheenam chesukunnayi. 1964 mae 30naa, luis bobozo netrutvamloni oka chinna aank dalaalu aaa pattanaanni tirigi swaadheenam chesukuni, pampuvunu rakshinchi, 250 mandhi tirugubaatudaarulanu champai. prabhutva dalaalu ventane vaari krooramaina pravartana kaaranamgaa sthaanikulanu dhooram chesaayi. 1964 juun 19naa pattanamlo maroe tirugubaatu chelareginappudu, somiyalat dalaalu phalitamgaa erpadina gandaragolaanni dopidi chesi albertvillenu swaadheenam chesukunnayi. prabhutva dalaalu paaripoyi, mammalni vidichipettayi; paristhitulu aspashtamgaa mariyu vivadaspadamga unnappatikee, athanu taruvaata simba tirugubaatudaarulache ledhaa, takkuva avakaasam unna, anc sainikulache hatya cheyabaddaadu.
intalo, christophe gbeny mariyu nicolus olengaa eshaanya kangolo tirugubaatu chesi, tama sainyanni mariyu bhuubhaagaalanu vaegamgaa vistarinchaaru. juun 1964 natiki, vaaru uttara kivu mariyu dakshina oriental praavinsnu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. vaaru tama karyakalapalanu jibeni viswasinchani soumiyalotto samanvayam cheyaledu. somiyalat, gbeny mariyu olengaa nundi swatantramgaa moodava tirugubaatu dalam juun praarambhamlo uttara katamgaalo tirugubaatu chesindi. eee tirugubaatudaarulu tamanu taamu "nijamaina" communistulugaa bhaavinchukunnaaru, laurent-desire kabila mariyu ildefones masengo naayakatvam vahinchaaru. vaariki itara simba vargaalato nijamaina sambandhaalu laevu. kabila mariyu masengo dalaalu juun chivari natiki mobaso sahaa tanganyika sarassu yokka mottam paschima tiiraanni jayinchayi. aaa taruvaata vaaru manima praavinsloki pravesinchi, juulai 22naa daani vyuuhaatmakamgaa mukhyamaina rajadhani kindunu swaadheenam chesukunnaru.
sthaanika "armi national congolize" (anc) rakshana dalaalu simbasnu oodinchadamloo viphalamaina krooramaina tirugubaatu-nirodhaka charyalatho pratispandinchaayi, conny thoorpu praavinsula janabhanu dhooram chesaayi. inca, simba tirugubaatudaarulu tarachugaa baga sannaddhamaina anc unitlanu poraatam lekunda tirogamananiki ledhaa vaidolagadaaniki bedirinchagaligaaru, tadwara tirugubaatuku chaalaa avasaramaina aayudhalanu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. thoorpu kangolo simba tirugubaatu vyaapti chendadamtho, thoorpu kootami rashtraalu aasaktini penchukunnaayi. soviet union tirugubaatudaarulaku sahayam cheyamani porugu jaateeyavaada paalanalanu vaedukunnaaru. icchina samayamlo simbasku icchina anni aayudhalanu bharti chestamani soviet naayakatvam vaagdaanam chesindi, conny arudugaa alaa chesindi. tirugubaatudaarulaku sarafara cheyadaaniki, soviet union cargo vimaanaala dwara parikaraalanu mitraraajyaala sudan looni jubaku ravana chesindi. akkada nundi, eee operationku vyatiraekamgaa sudanese aayudhalanu teesukuvacchaaru, ayithe, dakshina sudaanlo daani swantha antaryuddham kaaranamgaa edurudebba tagilindi. sudanese ananya tirugubaatudaarulu tatphalitamgaa soviet-sudanese sarafara kanvaylapai merupudaadi chesi aayudhalanu swaadheenam chesukunnaru.
eee daadula gurinchi siyaku telisinappudu, adhi anyanyatho pottu pettukundi. paryavasanamga, simba tirugubaatu sibiraalanu gurtinchadaaniki, sarafara maargaalanu kanugoni vaatini naasanam cheyadaaniki paschima/kango vaimanika dalaalaku ananya sahayam chesindi. badulugaa, sudanese tirugubaatudaarulaku vaari sonta yuddham kosam aayudhalu ivvabaddaayi. tirugubaatudaarulaku soviet maddatutoe aagrahinchina kango prabhutvam 1964 joolailo soviet rayabara karyalaya sibbandini desham nundi bahishkarinchindi; soviet naayakatvam simbasku thana sahayanni penchadam dwara pratispandinchindi. intalo, simbaalu munduku saagadam konasaaginchaaru. 1964 juulai chivari natiki, tirugubaatudaarulu kangolo sagam bhaganni niyantrinchaaru. padepade otamula valla puurtigaa nirutsaahapadina chaalaa mandhi puraatana sainikulu, tirugubaatudaarulaina shamanlu nirvahinchina maantrika acharala kaaranamgaa simba tirugubaatudaarulu ajeyamgaa maaraarani vishwasinchaaru. eee tirugubaatu vijayala madhya, united states prabhutvam pradhana mantri siril adoulanu tolaginchi, moise shombe netrutvamlo kotta prabhutvaanni erpaatu cheyamani adhyakshudu casa-vubupai ottidi tecchindi. yuu.ess. mariyu belgium naayakatvam shombe vaari prayojanaalaku maddatugaa alaage marinta prabhaavavantamaina nayakudani, tadwara simba tirugubaatudaarulaku vyatiraekamgaa jarigina sangharshanhalo kangoku naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki aadarsavantamaina vyakti anie nammadu. konni empikalu migili undagaa, casa-vubu angeekarinchi, shombe 1964 juulai 30naa kotta pradhana mantrigaa bahishkarana nundi tirigi vacchaadu.
moise shombe adhikaranni chejikkinchukunnadu mariyu prabhutva dalaalu 1964 juulai-augustu loe choravanu tirigi pondaayi.
casa-vubu, mobutu vanti itara raajakeeya, sainika nayakulanu tappinchukoni shombe kango yuddha prayatnaalanu punarvyavastheekarinchaaru. athanu paaschaatya deshaalanu sainika sahayam kosam koraadu, tella kirai sainikulanu niyaminchaadu mariyu bahishkarinchabadina thana vidheya dalaalanu (katanjis gendermery) tirigi desamloki teesukuvacchaadu. kirai sainikula netrutvamloni dalaalu 1964 juulai nundi kramamga mundanjalo vachayi. shombe adhikaaramloki ravadam kango mariyu itara african deshaalalo gananeeyamaina asantruptini kaliginchindi. kottagaa sthaapinchabadina shombe prabhutvam paaschaatya prayojanaalaku kattubadi undani bhaavinchina uganda prabhutvam ventane jibeneeki rahasya sahayanni andinchindi. indulo tirugubaatudaarulaku sikshana ivvadaaniki prabhutva dalaalanu upayoginchadamto paatu uganda bhoobhaganni tirigi sarafara maargamgaa upayoginchadaaniki bhatyam kooda undhi. kontamandi uganda dalaalu tirugubaatudaarulato kalisi yuddhamlo panicheesaayi, mariyu mariyu edho oka samayamlo congolese aank mariyu uganda sainyam yokka 1va betalian rendu deshaala sarihaddu vembadi neerugaa gharshanaku digaayi. aayudhaala ravana mariyu sikshana dwara rahasya sainika maddatunu pampina itara deshaalalo gamal abdel nasser aadhvaryamlo eejipt, ahmed benn bella aadhvaryamlo algerialu unnaayi. kango, burundi, tanzanialo unna chaina nipunulu simba tirugubaatudaarulaku sikshana istunnaarani anumaaninchadamtho chaina kooda tirugubaatudaarulaku parimita sahayanni andinchindi.
aagashtu 1964 natiki, vaaru stanlivillenu swaadheenam chesukunnaru, akkada simba tirugubaatudaarulu swaadheenam chesukunna aayudhalu mariyu vahanalanu vadili 1,500 mandhi sabhyula anc dalam paaripoyindi. eee daadiloo nalabhai mandhi simba yodhulatho kuudina shamanlu netrutvamloni daadi jarigindi. simba tirugubaatudaarulu etuvanti kaalpulu jarapaledu. stanlivillenu jayinchina taruvaata, tirugubaatudaarulu prastuta kango prabhutvaanni paaschaatya tolubomma palanaga chithreekaristuu "peeples republic off dhi kango" ("republic populaire du kango") gaa prakatinchaaru.
tirugubaatu udyamam vyaapti chendadamtho, himsa, ugravaada charyalu perigayi. prabhutva adhikarulu, pratipaksha paarteela raajakeeya nayakulu, praantiiya mariyu sthaanika pooliisulu, paatasaala upaadhyaayulu mariyu paaschaatyeekarinchabaddaarani nammutunna itarulatoe sahaa vaelaadi mandhi congolesenu simbaalu kramabaddhamaina prakshaalanalo uriteesaaru. stanlivilleloni patrice lumumbaaku smaaraka chihnam mundu chaalaa maranasikshalu teevramaina krooratvamtho jarigaayi. okka stanlivillelone 1,000 nundi 2,000 mandhi paaschaatya congolese hatyaku gurayyaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, tirugubaatudaarulu modatlo swethajaatheeyulanu, vidaeseeyulanu ekkuvagaa ontarigaa vadilesaaru. stanliville patanam taruvaata, kango prabhutvam simba tirugubaatulo ravandan bahishkrutula pramukha prameyampai spandinchi, ravandan saranaarthulandarinii kango nundi bahishkarinchaalani aadesinchindi. kangoloni ravandanlalo adhika sankhyaakulu tirugubaatulo palgonakapoyina, saantiyutamgaa jeevistunnappatiki, vaaru tatphalitamgaa jaathi himsaku lakshyamgaa maararu mariyu kango adhikarulu "anni rakaala chedulaku" nindinchaaru.
uttara kango mariyu kango yokka adhika bhuubhaagam vaari niyantranalo undatamtho, simba tirugubaatudaarulu dakshinaana kaasai provinsku vyatiraekamgaa vellaaru. kasaiki goppa ganula tavvakam samasyalu unnaayi, conny kangopai marinta shaashwata niyantranaku idhi vyuuhaatmaka kii kooda. tirugubaatudaarulu angola sarihaddu varaku kasay praavinsnu swaadheenam chesukogaligite, vaaru prabhutva dalaalanu sagaaniki tagginchi, katamgaa praavinsnu veruchesi, teevramgaa aank sarihaddulanu vistarinchavacchu. 1964 augustulo vaelaadi mandhi simbas kondala nundi digivacchi kaasaini jayinchadam praarambhinchaaru. munupatilage, anc dalaalu puurtigaa aayudhalanu padagottadam dwara ledhaa tirugubaatudaarula vaipu malladam dwara takkuva pooraatamtoe venakki taggai.
kottagaa niyamitulaina pradhana mantri shombe kotta muppuku vyatiraekamgaa nirnayaatmakamgaa vyavaharinchaaru. speyinlo bahishkarinchabadinappudu taanu chesina parichayaalanu upayoginchi, shombe prastutam graameena angolaalo bahishkarinchabadina thana maajee sainikula vimananni erpaatu cheyagaligadu. africa madhyalo soviet prabhaavita soshalistu rajyam erpadutundani iddaroo bhayapadinanduna, eee airliftnu united states amalu chesindi mariyu portugeesu vaaru sulabhataram chesaaru. shombe dalaalu pradhanamgaa belgian valasavaada adhikaaraaniki gatamlo sevalandinchina belgian sikshana pondina katanjis gendarmlatho koodi undevi. vaaru atyanta kramasikshanhatho kuudina, susampannamaina shakti, vaaru munupati sangharshanhalo swaatantryam kosam chesina prayatnaanni kevalam kolpoyevaaru. adanamgaa eee dalamtho paatu jerrie puern mariyu meshin ganlatho amarchina rendava prapancha yuddham migulu sikshanaa vimanalanu eguravese kirai pailatlu unnaaru. samyukta dalam kasay provinspy kavaatu chesi lulaborg sameepamlo simba dalaalanu edurkondi. daani kirai pailatlu sameepamloni simba stambhaalanu etuvanti vimaana vidhvamsaka parikaraalu laenivigaa kattaru. shamanlatho paatu vacchina aadesaala meraku, chaalaa mandhi simba yodhulu "paaschaatya" avineeti nundi tamanu taamu suddhi chesukune maargamgaa tama thupaakeelanu kooda visiraru. simba dalaalu padaatidalam mariyu motaru dalaala kramarahita mishramtho daadi cheyadamtho nissara, podavaina loyalo eee poraatam praarambhamaindi, ivi neerugaa anc dalampai daadi chesaayi. dheeniki pratispandanagaa, anc dalaalu kooda jeepulu, truckula netrutvamlo neerugaa munduku sagai. anc meshin-gunn kaalpula kaaranamgaa simba tirugubaatudaarulu bhaarii nashtalanu edurkonnaru. idhi nirnayaatmaka otami, simba tirugubaatudaarulu kasaaylo tama daadulanu vidichipettavalasi vachindi.
kasaaylo vijayam baga sikshana pondina katanjis nirmaanaalanu penchadaaniki paaschaatya kirai sainikulanu teesukuraavaalane shombe nirnayaanni samarthinchindi. france, dakshinaafrikaa, paschima germany, united kingdom, ireland, speyin mariyu angola nundi rendu vandala mandhi kirai sainikulu taruvaati nelaloo katamgaa provinsku vacchaaru. ekkuvagaa tella kirai sainikulu aankiki atyanta sikshana pondina mariyu anubhavagnulaina balaganni andinchaaru, idhi aankilooni kramasikshana mariyu saamaajika udriktatala valla prabhaavitam kaaledu. vaaru saripolani naipunyaanni andinchaaru. hasyaspadamga, vaari uniki simba tirugubaatudaarula niyamaka prayatnaalanu kooda balopetam chesindi, vaaru aankunu paaschaatya tholubommagaa chitreekarinchagaligaaru. kirai sainikulu kendreekrutamaina tarvaata vaaru albertvillepy samyukta daadiki naayakatvam vahinchaaru. swaadheenam chesukunna tarvaata, albertville tanganyika sarassuku pravesaanni istundi mariyu uttaraana prabhutva enclavela nundi upasamanam pondadaaniki bhavishyat daadulaku staging besga upayogapadutundi. albertville chuttoo aneka pedda gumpulalo simba dalaalanu moharinchaaru, idhi anc padaatidalam mariyu motaru cheyabadina gendorms daadi cheyagalarani aasinchaaru.
tella kirai commander ayina mike hoar, simba tirugubaatu paarsvam chuttoo moodu padavala kirai sainikulanu nadipinchi, raatri daadiloo albertvillepy venuka nundi daadi chesaadu. eee charya manchi purogati saadhinchindi, conny simba dalaalu pattukunna 60 mandhi mataadhikaarulanu rakshinchamani kirai sainikulanu oppinchina oka catholic poojaarini chusinappudu adhi mallinchabadindi. kirai sainikulu poojaarulanu rakshinchadamlo ledhaa albertville vimaanaasrayaanni swaadheenam chesukovadamlo viphalamayyaru. marusati roeju anc padaatidalam mariyu motaru cheyabadina gendorms nagaranni tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnayi, paelavamaina saayudha simba pratighatananu kaligi unnaayi. kasaayilo vijayamtho paatu albertville vadda vijayam prabhutva dakshina paarsvaanni sthireekarinchindi. mataadhikaarula durviniyogam kooda shombe prabhutvaaniki paaschaatya maddatunu penchindi.
bandeelanu.
tirugubaatudaarulu tama niyantranalo unna praantaalalo sthaanika tellajati prajala nundi bandeelanu teesukovadam praarambhinchaaru. aneka vandala mandhi bandeelanu stanlivilleku teesukelli victoria hotels kapalaga unchaaru. belgian mariyu italian sanyaasinula brundaanni tirugubaatu nayakudu gaston somaliot bandeegaa teesukunnadu. sanyaasinulu kashtapadi panicheyavalasi vachindi mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa vaartaa samsthalu aneka duraagataalanu nivedinchaayi. burundi sarihadduku sameepamlo unna yuvira tirugubaatlaku sarafara maargamgaa undedi. aktobaru 7,1964naa, sanyaasinulu vimukti pondaaru. yuvira nundi vaaru roddu maargam dwara bukavuku tappinchukunnaaru, akkada nundi vaaru vimaanamlo belgianiki tirigi vacchaaru.
1964 aktobaru chivaralo, daadaapu 1,000 mandhi europeanlu mariyu yuu.ess. stanlyville tirugubaatu dalaalu pourulanu bandeelugaa chesukunnayi. dheeniki pratispandanagaa, belgium mariyu united states 1964 november 24naa sainika jokyanni praarambhinchaayi.
tirugubaatudaarula patanam, aagashtu 1964-november 1965.
soviet union nundi simba sainika samstha sahayam andukovadamto, simba dalam prabhutva rajadhani leopoldvillepy oka tudi prayatnam chesindi. munduku saagadam kontha purogati saadhinchindi, conny aneka vandala mandhi kirai sainikulanu uttaraana vimaanamlo taralinchi simba pinsar paarshwampai daadi chesinappudu challaga aagipoyindi. appudu kirai sainikulu keelaka pattanam boendeenu swaadheenam chesukogaligaru. eee vijayam taruvaata, marinta mandhi kirai sainikulanu niyaminchi, kangoloni prati provinsku pampaaru.
chivari simba daadulanu tanikhi chesina tarvaata, aank anni vaipula nundi simba-niyantrita bhoobhaganni pindi veyadam praarambhinchindi. anc commanderlu tirugubaatu praantaala chuttoo vadulugaa unde chuttukolatanu yerparuchukuni, vividha rakaala nissara mariyu lothaina pinsarlatho munduku sagaru. kirai sainikulu anc dalaalaku shock contigentga vyavaharinchadamtho, kango prabhutvam kirai sainikulanu hotspotlaku ledhaa tirugubaatu balamaina praantaalaku ravana cheyadaaniki vimanalanu upayoginchindi. kirai dalaalu velupaliki velladamlo naipunhyam kaligi, aapai enfilade fairto simba sthaanaalanu tagginchaayi.
prabhutva vyatiraeka daadulu.
yuddham aankiki anukuulamgaa marinappatiki, kango prabhutvaaniki samasyalu migili unnaayi. mukhyamgaa, tirugubaatudaarulu ippatikee thoorpu kangoloni aneka bandeelanu mariyu mukhyamaina pattanaalanu kaligi unnaaru. dheeniki pratispandanagaa, kango prabhutvam sahayam kosam belgium mariyu united states vaipu moggu choopindi. belgian sainyam yuu dwara vimaanamlo ravana cheyabadina oka task forsenu leopoldvilleku pampindi.ess. pampindi.ess airlift division. belgium mariyu american prabhutvaalu rakshana pranaalikanu roopondinchadaaniki prayatninchaayi. simba dalamtho charchalu jaripe prayatnaalu viphalamainappatiki, aneka aalochanalu pariganinchabaddaayi mariyu vismarinchabaddaayi.
kango prabhutvam mariyu daani paaschaatya mitraraajyaalu chivaraku bahumukha pracharanni praarambhinchaalani nirnayinchukunnaayi. kirai dalaala netrutvamloni anc dalaalu paschima, nairuti, aagneya (albertville) mariyu thoorpu (bukavu) nundi munduku saagutaayi. kirai sainikulu eee pooraataaniki baga sannaddhamayyaru, jeeplu, truckulu, mortarlu mariyu saayudha poraata vaahanaalaku praapyata kalpinchaaru. adanamgaa, aanseeki videshee salahaadaarulanu andinchaaru, veerilo sumaru 200 cuban siah agentlu unnaaru, veeru neelapai panicheesaaru mariyu kango vaayusena kosam kooda prayaaninchaaru. paschimam nundi vacchi, baas-eulepai daadi chestunna bhuu dalaalaku kooda saayudha railla maddatu labhinchindi. eee bhuu daadulu jarugutunnappudu, tirugubaatudaarula pattana kendraalapai vaimanika daadulaku antarjaateeya task fores siddham cheyabadindi.
prarambha bhuu daadulu kontha vijayanni saadhinchinappatikii, simbas ippatikee gananeeyamaina pratighatananu andinchagaligaaru, mariyu pracharam praarambhamaina ventane prati-daadula madhya konni praantaalanu kooda tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnaru. modati vaimanika daadi november 24naa jarigindi. belgian kalnal charless laurent nirvahinchina eee daadiki "dragon roose" anae sanketha naamakaranam chesi, stanlivillenu lakshyamgaa chesukunnaru. aidu yuu. ess. vaimanika dalam sii-130 ravaanaalu paaraa-commando regimentku chendina 350 mandhi belgian paaraatrooparlanu stanliville paschima shivaarlalooni simi-simi vimaanaasrayamloo padesai. paaraatrooparlu air feeldnu bhadraparichi, ranvenu clear chesina tarvaata vaaru victoria hotelku vellaaru, simba tirugubaatudaarulu 60 mandhi bandeelanu champakunda nirodhinchaaru, vaarini air feeled dwara khaalii cheyinchaaru. taruvaati rendu rojullo 1,800 mandhi americanlu mariyu europeanlatho paatu 400 mandhi congolese prajalanu khaalii cheyinchaaru. ayithe, daadaapu 200 mandhi vidaeseeyulu mariyu vaelaadi mandhi congolese simbas chetha uriteeyabaddaaru. vaarilo american doctor vanti aneka mandhi missionarylu unnaaru. paal carlson ledhaa belgian doxes sodarulu. belgianlu stanlivillenu bhadraparustunnappudu, ons yokka niluvu varusalu "lima ii" mariyu "lima II" simba rakshanalanu ullanghinchi adhe rojuna stanlivilleku cherukunnayi. november 26naa, rendava mission ("dragon noir") nuu belgianlu eguravesi aisironu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. dragon roose" mariyu "dragon noir" vijayavantamgaa mugisina taruvaata belgianlu tama dalaalalo chaalaa varaku kango nundi upasamharinchukunnaaru. stanliville mariyu isiro patanam thoorpu tirugubaatu venuka bhaganni vichchinnam chesindi, adhi ennadoo kolukoledu."gandaragolam mariyu teevramaina vibhedaalaku digutuu simba naayakatvam bahishkaranaku paaripoyindi; gbenini tolaginchina taruvaata athani sainikaadhikaarulalo okaru athani bhujaniki kalchi champaru. ayithe, belgian karyakalapala taruvaata aneka african rashtraalu simbas kaaranaaniki maddatu telipayi.
tirugubaatudaarula chivari balamaina sthaavaraalu.
pradhana tirugubaatu dalaalu chedaragottabadinappatiki, thoorpu kangoloni pedda praantaalu simba niyantranalo undipoyaayi. nijaaniki, stanliville mariyu isiro tirigi swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata prabhutva daadulu nilichipooyaayi. simba tirugubaatudaarulu 1965 fibravari praarambhamlo bafwasende sameepamlo ancpy pedda otamini kaliginchadam dwara ippatikee samarthavanthamaina poraata dalamgaa niroopinchabaddaaru, aaa taruvaata aaa nela chivarilo bamba sameepamlo maroe chinna tirugubaatu vijayam saadhinchaaru. sambandham lekunda, tirugubaatudaarulu tama daadulanu tirigi praarambhinchadaaniki chaalaa balaheenamgaa maararu mariyu vaari rakshanaatmaka vijayaalanu sadviniyogam chesukolekapoyaru, phalitamgaa taatkaalika pratishtambhana erpadindi. intalo, vaari antarjaateeya maddatudaarulu tirugubaatudaarulaku aayudhalu mariyu sikshana ivvadam konasaaginchaaru, ayithe fibravari praarambhamlo tirugubaatuku sahayapadina sthaanika chainees nipunulanu burundi bahishkarinchindi. 1965 janavarilo uganda pradhana mantri milton obot, kenya adhyakshudu jomo kenyatta, tanzania adhyakshudu juuliyas nairerlanu embelelo kalavadaniki beneeni erpaatu chesaaru. gibeni vaari saanubhootini pondaadu, tirugubaatu yokka bhougolika sthaavaraaniki sameepamlo unnanduna rahasya sahayam pradhanamgaa uganda dwara ataniki andinchaalani nirnayinchaaru. sahaya prayatnaaniki naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki empika chesina kalnal idi ameennu niyaminchandi. uganda tirugubaatudaarulaku maddatu ivvadam konasaginchadamto, kango prabhutvam 1965 fibravari 13naa uganda paschima nail jillaalooni paida mariyu goalie anae rendu gramalapai bambu daadi chesi prateekaaram teerchukundi. bambu paelullu kaneesa nashtanni kaliginchaayi, conny phalitamgaa ugaandaalo prajala agraham chelaregindi, dheeni prabhutvam ventane thana sarihaddulanu rakshinchadaaniki sainyanni vistarinchindi. kango vaimanika daadulaku prateekaaramgaa uganda dalaalu mahagi, buniyalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni sarihaddu daatinatlu kooda nivedikalu vachayi.
marchi nundi juun 1965 varaku, hoar mariyu jackwess noel aadhvaryamlo unna ensi dalaalu mariyu kirai sainikulu "white jaint" mariyu "violets imperials" karyakalapalanu nirvahinchaaru, uganda, sudan mariyu central african republic sarihaddulo unna praantaalanu tirigi swaadheenam chesukovadanni lakshyamgaa chesukuni sainika daadulu jarigaayi. eee karyakalapalu mukhyamaina tirugubaatu sarafara maargaalanu nilipivesi, uttara oriental provinceloni vyuuhaatmakamgaa mukhyamaina aneka pattanaalanu tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnayi mariyu sthaanika bangaaru ganula nundi tirugubaatudaarulanu kolpoyayi. idhi simba tirugubaatunu baga balaheenaparichindi. intalo, chey guvera aadhvaryamlo sumaru 100 mandhi afro-cuban volunteerlu thoorpu kangolo migilina simba dalaalaku sikshana ivvadaaniki vacchaaru. itara communistu deshaala nundi kooda sikshakulanu kangoku pampadaaniki pranaalikalu kooda unnaayi. ayithe, badulugaa, simbas kuu antarjaateeya maddatu taggindi. idhi soshalistu raashtraala lopala mariyu vaati madhya perugutunna sangharshanhala phalitamgaa erpadindi, mukhyamgaa 1965 algerian tirugubaatu mariyu sino-soviet cheelika. inca, simbas yokka mavovada naayakatvam bhaavajaalampai cubanlatho vibhedinchindi, phalitamgaa udriktatalu erpadi sainika sahakaranni balaheenaparichaayi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, ravandan bahishkrutulu simba tirugubaatudaarulaku maddatu ivvadam konasaaginchaaru, itara videshee maddatu kramamga mugiyadam valla simba dalaalaku marinta mukhyamainadigaa maarindi. ravanda prajaadarana udyamam mariyu ravanda pravaasa nayakudu francois rukeba kumarudu zeane kaiter netrutvamloni ravanda yooth national union, prati okkati ibbandullo unna simbasku sahayam cheyadaaniki oka betaliannu sameekarinchaayi. simba tirugubaatudaarulaku vaari nirantara maddatu ekkuvagaa vaaru burundi vanti itara deshaala nundi bahishkarinchabadatam valla prerepinchabadindani, idhi "maaku unna ekaika empika" anie oka ravandan bahishkarana taruvaata vivarinchindi. ayinappatikee, kango tirugubaatudaarulato vaari pani sambandhaalu marinta debbatinnaayi. simba tirugubaatudaarulu eee samayamlo dakshina kivulo nivasinchina marri aavulanu kooda dhooram chesaaru, endukante tirogamana tirugubaatudaarulu aaharam kosam marri aavulanu champaru. vaaru jaathi ravaandanlaku sambandhinchinavaaru ayinappatikee, banyamulenge gatamlo tatasthamgaa undataaniki prayatninchaaru, ippudu kango prabhutvaaniki pakshana nilabadataaniki enchukunnaaru. vaaru sainika dalaalanu erpaatu chesi tirugubaatudaarula kosam vetakadam praarambhinchaaru. 1965 april natiki, aneka vaela mandhi simba anukuula ravandan ugravaadulu thoorpu kangolo panicheesaaru, conny vaari maddatu aankula purogatini nirodhinchadamlo peddagaa upayogapadaledu. 
1965 mae natiki, eshaanya kangolo simbaalu tama bhoobhaagamlo ekkuva bhaganni kolpoyaru. ayinappatikee, cubanlu kango mariyu ravandan tirugubaatudaarula sikshana mariyu vyavastheekarananu meruguparachadaaniki prayatninchaaru. juun chivaralo, kabila bendera yokka aank rakshana dalaanni lakshyamgaa chesukuni modati cuban-simba-ruwanda daadini aadesinchaadu. eee operation (dheenini chey guvera vyatiraekimchaaru) puurtigaa viphalamaindi, mukhyamgaa ravaandanlu paelavamgaa prerepinchabaddaaru mariyu modati poraata sanketam meeda paaripoyaaru. edemaina, cubanlu tama sikshananu konasaaginchaaru mariyu tirugubaatudaarula paniteeru merugupadatam praarambhinchindi, phalitamgaa anc lakshyalapai chakkati vyavastheekruta aakasmika daadulaku daariteesindi. ayithe, eee vijayalu gananeeyamaina vyayamtho vachayi. oka ravandan tirugubaatu nayakudu chey guveraatho matladutu, taanu thana yodhulalo chaalaa mandini kolpotunnanani, bhavishyattulo ravandapai daadi cheyalane bahishkrutula pranaalikalu daadaapu asadhyam aipoyayani cheppadu.
1965 septembarulo dakshina kivulooni physi-barakalo unna chivari pradhana simba balamaina sthaavaraaniki vyatiraekamgaa "operation south" anae maroe poraataanni aank praarambhinchaaru. appudappudu tirugubaatudaarulu vijayam saadhinchinappatikii, aankulu mariyu kirai sainikulu tama purogatini konasaaginchaaru, mariyu tanganyika sarassu meedugaa tirugubaatudaarulanu vaari sarafara maargaala nundi tolaginchadam praarambhinchaaru. idhi tirugubaatudaarulu nilabadataaniki mariyu vaaru venukabadina yuddhaalalo prabhutva dalaalanu talapadataaniki balavantam chesindi. bukavu sameepamloni chivari simba balamaina koota oka nela paatu konasaagindi. simba dalam aneka vaela mandhi pourulanu champina tarwate dheenini swaadheenam chesukunnaru. tirugubaatudaarulalo manosthairyam ksheeninchindi, chaalaa mandhi ravaandanlu eee sangharshananu vidichipettaalani korukunnaru. sthaanika raitulu kooda simbasku vyatiraekamgaa tiragadamto, prabhutva dalaalaku tirugubaatu sibiraalanu choopinchadamtho, kangolo etuvanti viplavam jaragadani cubanlu grahinchaaru. 1965 navambarulo communistu cubanlu ratriputa taralimpu kosam kango nundi bayaludaeraaru. eee samayamlo, simba tirugubaatu samarthavantamgaa odipoyindi. charitrakaarudu gerard prunier prakaram, migilina simba tirugubaatudaarulalo chaalaa mandhi anc, kirai sainikulu mariyu banyamulenge milicialache "vadhinchabaddaaru". chaalaa mandhi simbaalu mariyu vaari kutumbaalu bahishkarana nundi tappinchukogaligaaru; kondaru chivariki cubacu makaam marcharu.
paryavasanalu.
kango meeda prabhavam.
simba tirugubaatu anachiveyabadinappatiki, tirugubaatu avasheshaalu churukuga konasagayi. balaheenamaina mariyu kango prabhutvaaniki nijamaina muppu laeni vaaru maarumuula sarihaddu praantaalalo sthaavaraala nundi takkuva sthaayi gerilla yuddhanni nirvahinchaaru. tirugubaatu naayakatvam nundi, kabila mariyu soumiyalat tanzanialo bahishkarinchabadina migilina tirugubaatudaarulaku maddatu ivvadam konasaaginchaaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, gibeni mariyu olengaa modatlo sudan mariyu ugaandaalo vyapaaravettalugaa maararu. vaaru mobututo shanti oppandam kudurchukuni aaropinchaaru kangoku tirigi vacchaaru. 1960la chivaralo kangoloni fiji-baraaka praantamloo tirugubaatu chestunnappudu soumiyalat bahusha thana sonta dalaala chetilone champabaddadu. paschima virungaa parvathaalalo (eee dalaalu chivariki party dii liberation kangolaisga marai) mariyu dakshina kivu (kabila yokka peeples revolution party) loe mukhyamaina simba holdoutlu unnaayi. ravandan bahishkrutulu simba holdoutlalo ikapai mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaleedu. bahishkarinchabadina kontamandi simbaalu 1980luu ledhaa ledhaa tama tirugubaatunu tirigi praarambhinchaaru. kango vimukti kosam mundanja-patrice lumumba (flc-ell) mariyu andrey kisase nangandu dalaalu mukhyamaina udaaharanalu.
kabila kango adhyakshudayye varaku, 1996/97 loe modati kango yuddham varaku konni simba holdoutlu churukuga konasagayi. konasagayi kabila hatya jarige varaku maajee simbas kabila prabhutvamlo pradhana paatra pooshinchaaru.
eee praantamloo simba tirugubaatudaarulu ekkuvagaa bembe prajalaku chendinavaaru kabatti, eee sangharshanhalo banyamulenge prameyam dakshina kivulo shaashwata jaathi aagrahaaniki daariteestundi. tadanugunamgaa, banyamuleng-simba poraatam yokka ghnaapakasakti jatiparamga charge cheyabadindi, tirugubaatu taruvaata dakshina kivulo tama swaadheenaalanu vistarinchadam dwara tirugubaatudaarulapai tama vijayanni upayoginchukovadam dwara banyamuleng marinta oopandukundi. sthaanika jaathi satrutvaalu modati mariyu rendava kango yuddhampai pedda prabhavanni chuuputaayi.
praantiiya prabhavam.
simbas kuu sahayam cheyalane nirnayam uganda prabhutvaanni vibhajinchindi, endukante idhi kango prabhutvamtho mariyu united statesto sambandhaalanu debbateesindi. idhi uganda jaateeya prabhutvaaniki, upa-jaateeya buganda prabhutvaaniki madhya vibhedaalanu kooda srushtinchindi. uganda paarlamentu sabhyudu kalnal ameen paristhitini sadviniyogam chesukuni, gbeniki sahayam kosam ketaayinchina nidhulanu dochukunnarani, kango nundi bangaaram, coffey, dantaalanu akramamga ravana chesaarani, idhi bangaaru kumbhakoonaaniki daariteesindani taruvaata aaropinchaaru. aaropinchaaru idhee ameen ugaandaalo adhikaranni swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata aneka mandhi maajee simba tirugubaatudaarulu chivariki uganda sainyamlo cherchabaddaaru.
vaelaadi mandhi simba tirugubaatudaarulu burundiki paaripoyaaru. vaarilo chaalaa mandhi mandhi adhyakshudu michel micromberoku vyatiraekamgaa jarigina tirugubaatulo hutu ugravaadulatoe kalisi palgonnaru.
cuban-kongolis samajam.
tirugubaatu taruvaata sumaru 500 mandhi maajee-simbaalu cubacu valasa velladam, alaage jaathi cubanlu mariyu maajee-simbas madhya tadupari antar vivaham, phalitamgaa cuban-kango samajam udbhavinchindi. cuban mariyu kango samskrutula pratyaekamaina mishramtho gurtinchabadina eee samajam cubacu minchi vyaapinchindi, endukante kontamandi cuban-kango prajalu chivariki africaku tirigi vacchaaru ledhaa prapanchamlooni itara praantaalaku makaam marcharu. chaalaa mandhi maajee-simbaalu cubalo merugaina vidya avakaasaala nundi baga labhapaddaru mariyu vaari aatithya desham yokka samaajamlo baga kalisipooyaaru. saapekshamgaa chinnadi ayinappatikee, kango yokka modati mobutu anantara prabhutvampai cuba aadhaarita maajee-simbas prabhavam kaaranamgaa eee samajam aadhunika kango rajakeeyaalalo pradhana paatra pooshinchindi.

