
uppu yaatra

uppu satyagraham, dandi yaatra mariyu dandi satyagraham anie kooda piluvabade uppu yaatra, mahatma gandhi netrutvamloni valasavaada bhaaratadesamlo ahimsaatmaka sasanollanghana charya. iravai naalugu rojula march 1930 marchi 12 nundi april 5 varaku pannu pratighatana mariyu british uppu guttaadhipatyaaniki vyatiraekamgaa ahimsaatmaka nirasana yokka pratyaksha charya pracharamga konasaagindi. eee kavaatuku maroe kaaranam emitante, sasanollanghana udyamaaniki balamaina praarambhotsavam avasaram, idhi gandhi udaaharananu anusarinchadaaniki ekkuva mandini prerepistundi. gandhi thana 78 mandhi viswasaneeya swachchanda sevakulato eee yaatranu praarambhinchaaru. eee yaatra sabarmati aasramam nundi dandi varaku vistarinchi undhi, dheenini aaa samayamlo navsari anie pilicheevaaru (ippudu gujarat raashtramlo). daarilo perugutunna bhaaratheeyulu vaaritho cheraaru. 1930 april 6va teedeena udayam 8:30 gantalaku gandhi british raaj uppu chattalanu ullanghinchinappudu, adhi lakshalaadi mandhi bhaaratheeyula uppu chattalaku vyatiraekamgaa pedda ettuna sasanollanghana charyalaku daariteesindi.
dandi vadda aaviri dwara uppunu tayaaru chesina taruvaata, gandhi uppu tayaaru chesi, daarilo samavesalanu uddesinchi prasangistuu, teeram vembadi dakshinam vaipu konasaagindi. dandiki dakshinaana unna dharmasana uppu panulalo satyagraham nirvahinchaalani congress party yochinchindi. ayithe, dharmasana pranaalikaabaddhamaina charyaku konni rojula mundu, 1930 mae 4-5 ardharaatri gaandheeni arrestu chesaaru. dandi yaatra, aaa taruvaata jarigina dharmasana satyagraham vistrutamaina vaartaapatrikalu, nyuus reel coverage dwara bhaarata swaatantrya udyamampai prapancha drushtini aakarshinchayi. uppu pannuku vyatiraekamgaa satyagraham daadaapu oka samvatsaram paatu konasaagindi, gandhi jailu nundi vidudalatoe mariyu rendava round table samavesamlo vaisray lard irvin thoo charchalatho mugisindi. uppu satyagraham phalitamgaa 60,000 mandiki paiga bhaaratheeyulu jailuku vellinappatikee, british vaaru takshaname pedda raayiteelu ivvaledu.
uppu satyagraha pracharam gandhi yokka "satyagraham" anie piluvabade ahimsaatmaka nirasana suutraalapai aadharapadi undhi, dheenini ayana "satya-shakti" gaa anuvadinchaaru. aksharala, idhi "satya", "satyam" mariyu "agraha", "pattubattadam" anae samskruta padaala nundi erpadindi. 1920 praarambhamlo bhaarata jaateeya congress british paalana nundi bhaarata saarvabhoumaadhikaaram mariyu swayam palananu geluchukovadaaniki satyaagrahaanni tama pradhana vyuuhamgaa enchukundi mariyu eee pracharanni nirvahinchadaaniki gaandheeni niyaminchindi. gandhi 1882 british uppu chattanni satyagraham yokka modati lakshyamgaa enchukunnaaru. dandiki uppu ooregimpu, mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa vaartala kavarejeeni andukunna dharmasana vandalaadi mandhi ahimsaatmaka nirasanakaarulanu valasarajyala pooliisulu kottadam, saamaajika mariyu raajakeeya anyaayaaniki vyatiraekamgaa pooraadataaniki sasanollanghananu samarthavantamgaa upayoginchadaanni pradarsinchaayi. gandhi yokka satyagraha bodhanalu mariyu dandiki march american kaaryakarta martin luther king juniyarpai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chupayi.1960laloe african americanlu mariyu itara minority samuuhaala kosam poura hakkula udyamam samayamlo james bevel mariyu itarulu. 1920-22 yokka sahaya niraakarana udyamam taruvaata british adhikaaraaniki eee kavaatu atyanta mukhyamaina vyavastheekruta savaalu, mariyu 1930 janavari 26naa bhaarata jaateeya congress swaatantra dinotsavaanni jarupukovadam dwara saarvabhoumaadhikaaram mariyu sweeya paalana yokka puurna swaraj prakatnanu neerugaa anusarinchindi. idhi prapanchavyaaptamgaa drushtini aakarshinchindi, idhi bhaarata swaatantrya udyamaaniki prerananichindi mariyu desavyaaptamgaa sasanollanghana udyamaanni praarambhinchindi, idhi 1934 varaku gujaraatlo konasaagindi.
sasanollanghana udyamam.
1929 december 31 ardharaatri, inc (bhaarata jaateeya congress) odduna bhaarata trivarna jendaanu, lahore ravini eguravesindi. gandhi, jawaharlal nehru netrutvamloni bhaarata jaateeya congress 1930 janavari 26naa saarvabhoumaadhikaaram, swayam paalana ledhaa puurna swaraj prakatnanu bahirangamgaa jaarii chesindi. (samskrutamlo aksharala, "puurna", "puurti", "swa", "sweeya", "raaj", "paalana", anduvalla "puurti sweeya paalana") eee prakatanalo pannulanu nilipiveyadaaniki samsiddhata, prakatana unnaih
itara prajala maadirigaane, bharatiya prajalaku kooda swechcha kaligi undatam, vaari shrama falaalanu aasvaadinchadam, jeevita avasaralanu pondadam, tadwara vaariki vruddhiki puurti avakaasaalu labhistaayani memu nammutunnamu. edainaa prabhutvam prajalaku eee hakkulanu kolpothu, vaarini anachivesthe, daanini maarchadaaniki ledhaa raddu cheyadaaniki prajalaku marinta hakku undani kooda memu nammutunnamu. bharatadesamloni british prabhutvam bharatiya prajalaku vaari swechhanu harinchadame kakunda, prajala dopideepai aadhaarapadindi, bharatadesanni aardhikamgaa, rajakeeyamgaa, saamskrutikamgaa, aadhyaatmikamgaa naasanam chesindi. anduvalla, bharatadesam british sambandhaanni tenchukuni, "puurna swaraj" ledhaa puurti saarvabhoumaadhikaaram mariyu swayam palananu saadhinchaalani memu nammutunnamu.
gaandheeni arrestu cheyavachani bhaavinchina taruvaata congress party swayamgaa baadhyatalu sweekarinchadaaniki siddhamgaa undadamtho, congress working kamitee modati sasanollanghana charyanu nirvahinche baadhyatanu gaandheeki ichindi. british uppu pannunu lakshyamgaa chesukuni satyagrahamto sasanollanghananu praarambhinchadamae gandhi pranaalika. 1882 uppu chattam british vaariki uppu sekarana mariyu tayaareepai guttadhipatyanni ichindi, daani nirvahananu prabhutva uppu depolaku parimitam chesindi mariyu uppu pannu vidhinchindi. uppu chattanni ullanghinchadam neeramgaa pariganinchabadindi. teeramlo nivasinche vaariki uppu uchitamgaa andubaatulo unnappatikee (samudrapu neeti aaviri dwara), bhaaratheeyulu daanini valasa prabhutvam nundi konugolu cheyavalasi vachindi.
nirasana kendramgaa uppunu enchukovadam.
modatlo, gandhi uppu pannunu ennukovadampai congress working kamitee aviswaasaanni vyaktam chesindi, jawaharlal nehru mariyu divyalokan saahu sandigdhatato unnaaru; badulugaa bhuu aadaaya bahishkarananu sardar patel suuchimchaaru. "dhi statesman" anae pramukha vaartaapatrika eee empika gurinchi ilaa rasindi "navvakunda undatam kashtam, mariyu chaalaa mandhi aalochanaaparulu bhaaratheeyula manasika sthithi alaa untundani memu oohinchaamu."
uppu pannuku vyatiraekamgaa pratighatana yokka eee pranaalikalatoe british valasa paripalana kooda kalavarapadaledu. vaisray, lard irvin, uppu nirasana bedirimpunu teevramgaa pariganinchaka, londonku vraasaru, "prastutam, uppu pracharam yokka avakaasam nannu raatri melakuvagaa unchadu."
ayithe, gandhi thana nirnayaaniki balamaina kaaranaalu unnaayi. ekkuva raajakeeya hakkula kosam oka nairoopya demand kante rojuvaaree upayogam yokka oka vastuvu anni vargaala pourulatho ekkuva pratidhvanistundi. uppu pannu british raaj pannu aadaayamlo 8.2% praatinidhyam vahinchindi, mariyu atyanta paedha bhaaratheeyulanu teevramgaa baadhinchindi.
thana empikanu vivaristuu, gandhi, "gaali mariyu neeti pakkana, uppu bahusha jeevitamlo athi pedda avasaram."itara nayakulaku bhinnamgaa, pramukha congress raajaneetignudu mariyu bharatadesa bhavishyat governor general, sii. rajagopalachari gandhi drukpathaanni ardham chesukunnaru. tuticorinlo jarigina bahiranga sabhalo ayana ilaa annaru
oka prajalu tirugubaatulo lestarani anukundam. vaaru nairoopya rajyangampai daadi cheyaleru ledhaa prakatanalu mariyu saasanaalaku vyatiraekamgaa sainyanni nadipinchaleru... poura avidheyata anedi uppu pannu ledhaa bhuu pannu ledhaa maredainaa nirdishta amsaaniki vyatiraekamgaa nirdesinchabadaali-adhi kaadu; adhi mana tudi lakshyam, conny prastutaaniki adhi mana lakshyam, mariyu manam neerugaa shoot cheyali.
eee nirasana prati bhaaratheeyudiki ardhavantamaina vidhamgaa puurna swaraajnu natakeeyamgaa maarustundani gandhi bhaavinchaaru. hinduvulu, muslimlanu samanamga prabhaavitam chese tapputho poradatam dwara idhi vaari madhya aikyatanu pempondistundani kooda ayana abhiprayapaddaru.
nirasana oopandukunna taruvaata, nayakulu uppu yokka saktini chihnamgaa grahinchaaru. apuurvamaina prajaadarana pondina pratispandana gurinchi nehru ilaa vyakhyaaninchaadu, "akasmaattugaa oka vasantam vidudala ayinatlu anipinchindi."
satyagraham.
gaandheeki ahimsaatmaka sasanollanghana patla sudeerghakaalam nibaddhata undhi, dheenini ayana "satyagraham" anie pilicharu, idhi bhaarata saarvabhoumatvaanni mariyu swayam palananu saadhinchadaaniki aadharam. satyagraham" mariyu "puurna swaraj" madhya sambandhaanni suuchistuu, gandhi "vittanaaniki, chettuku madhya unnatlugaa saadhanaalaku, mugimpuku madhya oka ullanghinchaleni sambandham" undani bhaavinchaaru. ayana ilaa vraasaaru, "upayoginchina margalu apavitramgaa unte, maarpu purogati disalo undadu, conny dheeniki viruddhamgaa untundi. swachchamaina maargaala dwara mana raajakeeya paristhitiloo teesukuvacchina maarpu matrame nijamaina purogatiki daariteestundi."
satyagraham anedi "satya" (satyam) mariyu "agraha" (pattubattadam) anae samskruta padaala samslaeshanha. gaandheeki, satyagraham kevalam "nishkriyaatmaka pratighatana" kii minchi, ahimsaatmaka paddhatulanu abhyasinchadamlo balam ayyindi. ayana maatallo
satyam (satya) premanu suuchistumdi, drudhatvam (agraha) anedi saktini prerepistundi, anduvalla saktiki paryaayapadamgaa panichestundi. aaa vidhamgaa neenu bharatiya udyamaanni satyagraham anie pilavadam praarambhinchaanu, antey, satyam mariyu prema ledhaa ahimsa nundi puttina shakti, daaniki sambandhinchi "nishkriyaatmaka pratighatana" anae padabandhaanni upayoginchadam maanesaanu, enthagaa antey aangla rachanalo kooda manam tarachugaa daanini nivaarinchi, badulugaa "satyagraham" anae padaanni upayoginchaamu...
1920 nundi 1922 varaku jarigina sahaya niraakarana udyamam bhaaratadesamlo saamuuhika satyaagrahaaniki naayakatvam vahinchadamlo ayana chesina modati mukhyamaina prayatnam. british vaaru srushtinchina roulet chattaniki vyatiraekamgaa lakshalaadi mandhi bhaaratheeyulanu levanettadamlo idhi vijayavantamainappatiki, chauri chaura vadda himsa chelaregindi, akkada oka gumpu 22 mandhi nirayudha pooliisulanu champindi. itara congress sabhyula vyatiraekataku vyatiraekamgaa gandhi nirasana nilipivesaaru. vijayavantamaina ahimsaatmaka pratighatanaku bhaaratheeyulu inca siddhamgaa laerani ayana nirnayinchaaru. 1928loe jarigina bardoli satyagraham marinta vijayavantamaindi. idhi british prabhutvaanni stambhimpajeyadamlo mariyu gananeeyamaina raayiteelanu pondadamlo vijayam saadhinchindi. murry mukhyamgaa, vistrutamaina patrika coverage kaaranamgaa, idhi daani parimaanaaniki anni nishpattulalo prachara vijayanni saadhinchindi. bardoli vijayam satyagraham mariyu swaraj paie thana nammakanni dhruveekarinchindani gandhi taruvaata perkonnaruhu "bardoli vadda saadhinchina vijayam yokka praamukhyatanu kramamga matrame manam telusukuntamu... bardoli maargam choopinchi daanini clear chesindi. aaa maargamlo swaraj unnadu, daaniki nivaarana okkate..."gandhi, bardoli satyagrahamlo paalgonevaarini pedda sankhyalo dandi yaatraku niyaminchaaru, idhi bardoli nirasanallo palgonna aneka graamaala gundaa saagindi. eee tirugubaatu oopandukundi mariyu bharatadesamloni anni praantaala nundi maddatu pondindi.
march cheyadaaniki siddhamoutundi.
fibravari 5naa, gandhi uppu chattalanu dhikkarinchadam dwara sasanollanghana praarambhistaarani vaartaapatrikalu nivedinchaayi. uppu satyagraham marchi 12naa praarambhamai, april 6naa gandhi uppu chattanni ullanghinchadamtho dandiloo mugustundi. gandhi oka sanketha kaaranam kosam uppu chattalanu saamuhikamgaa ullanghinchadaanni praarambhinchadaaniki april 6nii enchukunnaaru-idhi 1919loe gandhi roulet chattaniki vyatiraekamgaa jaateeya hartal (samme) gurinchi aalochinchinappudu praarambhamaina "jaateeya vaaram" modati roeju.
gandhi aasramam nundi, thana kramam tappakunda jarige praarthana samavesalalo, mariyu pathrikalatho pratyakshamgaa sampradinchadam dwara kramam tappakunda prakatanalu jaarii cheyadam dwara prapanchavyaapta medianu eee kavaatu kosam siddham chesaaru. arrestunu oohistuu ayana padepade chesina prakatanalu, samayam sameepistunna koddi ayana naatakeeya bhashah "manam oka jeevita-marana pooraatamlooki, oka pavitra yuddhamloki pravesistunnamu; manam oka naivedyamgaa manalni manam arpinchukovalanukune sampuurnamaina tyaagam chestunnamu."dozenla koddi bharatiya, european, american vaartaapatrikalaku chendina vilekharulu, chalanachitra samsthalatho kalisi eee naatakaaniki pratispandinchi, eee sanghatananu cover cheyadam praarambhinchaaru.
eee yaatralo gandhi atyanta kathinamaina kramasikshana, satyagraham, ahimsalaku kattubadi undaalani korukunnaru. aaa kaaranamgaa, ayana congress party sabhyula nundi kakunda, gandhi yokka kathinamaina kramasikshana pramaanaalalo sikshana pondina thana sonta aasrama nivaasitula nundi kavaatudaarulanu niyaminchaaru. 24 rojula paatu saage eee yaatra 4 jillaalu, 48 graamaala gundaa velutundi. prati saayantram aagipoye sthalamtho paatu, march maargam, niyamaka saamarthyam, gatha parichayalu mariyu samayam aadhaaramgaa pranaalika cheyabadindi. gandhi prati graamaaniki scoutlanu march kii mundu pampaaru, tadwara athanu sthaanika nivaasitula avasaraala aadhaaramgaa prati vishraanti sthalamlo thana prasamgaalanu plaan chesukovacchu. prati graamamlo kaaryakramaalanu schedule chesi bharatiya mariyu videshee patrikalalo pracharam chesaaru.
1930 marchi 2naa gandhi vaisray lard irvinku lekha raasaaru, irvin bhuu aadaaya madimpulanu tagginchadam, sainika kharchulanu tagginchadam, videshee vastraalapai sunkam vidhinchadam mariyu uppu pannunu raddu cheyadam vanti padakondu demandlanu neraverchinatlayithe kavaatuni nilipivestaanani pratipaadinchaaru. irvin patla ayana chesina balamaina vignapti uppu pannunu pariganinchindihi
naa lekha mea hrudayaaniki nachakapothe, eee nela padakondava rojuna neenu aasramamlooni atuvanti sahodyogulato uppu chattaala nibandhanalanu vismarinchadaaniki munduku veltaanu. paedha vyakti drukkonam nundi eee pannunu andarikante anyaayamainadigaa neenu bhaavistaanu. saarvabhoumaadhikaaram mariyu swayam paalana udyamam tappanisarigaa desamloni paedavaari kosam unnanduna, eee chedutho prarambham avutundi.
mundu cheppinatlugaa, vaisray "uppu nirasana" yokka yea avakaasaanni ayina agouravamtho kaligi unnadu. ayana aaa lekhanu vismarinchi, gaandheeni kalavadaniki niraakarinchina taruvaata, kavaatu praarambhinchabadindi. gandhi ilaa vyakhyaaninchaadu, "mokaalu vanchi, neenu rotte adiganu, daaniki badulugaa naaku raayi vachindi."saadhaarana saayantram praarthanalo gandhi prasangam vinadaniki march sandarbhamgaa vaelaadi mandhi bhaaratheeyulanu sabarmatiki teesukuvacchaaru. desham kosam american academic raiting nivedinchindi, "60,000 mandhi vyaktulu gandhi aayudhaala pilupunu vinadaniki nadhi odduna gumigudaru. aayudhaalaku eee pilupu bahusha ippativaraku chesina yuddhaaniki atyanta visaeshamaina pilupu."
dandiki vellandi.
1930 marchi 12naa, gandhi mariyu 78 mandhi satyaagraheelu, veerilo bharatadesamloni daadaapu prati praantam, kulam, matam mariyu mataaniki chendina purushulu, gujaraatlooni navsari jillaalooni teerapraanta graamam daandeeki kaalinadakana bayaludaeraaru, idhi vaari prarambha sthaanam nundi 385 kii. mea. dhooramlo unna sabarmati aasramam vadda undhi. prajalandaruu tella khaadii dharinchi ooregimpulo paalgontunnanduna uppu kavaatuni tellani pravahinche nadhi anie kooda pilicheevaaru.
gandhi karyakramalalo janasamuuhaanni saadhaaranamgaa takkuvagaa pradarsinche adhikaarika prabhutva vaartaapatrika "dhi statesman" prakaram, sabarmatini ahmedabad nundi vaeru chese rahadaaripai 100,000 mandhi prajalu gumigudaru. modati roeju 21 kilometres yaatra aslali graamamlo mugisindi, akkada gandhi sumaru 4,000 mandhi janasamuuhamtoe matladaru. aslali vadda, mariyu kavaatu gundaa vellina itara gramalalo, swachchanda sevakulu viraalaalanu sekarinchaaru, kotta satyagrahulanu namodu chesaaru, mariyu british paalanatho sahakaranni muginchaalani enchukunna graama adhikaarula nundi raajeenaamaalanu andukunnaru.
vaaru prati graamamloki pravesinchinappudu, janam ooregimpudaarulaku swaagatam palukutuu, drums, taalaalu moginchaaru. uppu pannunu amaanaveeyamainadigaa, uppu satyaagrahaanni "paedavaari poraatam" gaa gandhi prasamgaalu chesaaru. prati raatri vaaru bahiranga pradaesamloe nidrinchevaaru. graamastulanu adiginadi aaharam, snanam cheyadaaniki neeru matrame. idhi chivaraku vijayaniki avasaramaina saarvabhoumaadhikaaram mariyu swayam paalana kosam paedalanu pooraatamlooki teesukuvastundani gandhi bhaavinchaaru.
vaelaadi mandhi satyaagraheelu, sarojini nayudu vanti nayakulu aayanatho cheraaru. prati roeju, ekkuva mandhi prajalu kavaatulo palgonnaru, kavaatudaarula ooregimpu kaneesam 3 kilometres podavu ayye varaku. tama utsahanni konasaaginchadaaniki, kavaatulu nadustunnappudu hinduu bhajan raghupati raghava raaja raam paadataaru. suurat vadda, vaariki 30,000 mandhi swaagatam palikaru. vaaru dandi vadda railway station cherukunnappudu, 50,000 mandiki paiga gumigudaru. gandhi interviewlu icchaaru, vyasalu raasaaru. videshee paatrikeyulu mariyu moodu bambe cinema companylu nyuus reel footageni chithreekarinchadam valla gaandheeni airopa mariyu americalo intinti paerugaa marcharu (1930 chivarilo, "time" patrika aayananu "myaan off dhi iyar" gaa chesindi). april 6 mariyu 7 tedeello rendu modati paejee vyaasaalatoe sahaa "newyork times" daadaapu pratiroojuu uppu yaatra gurinchi vraasindi. march mugimpulo, gandhi ilaa prakatinchaaru, "saktiki vyatiraekamgaa hakkula poraatamlo naaku prapancha saanubhooti kaavaali."
april 5naa samudra tiiraaniki cherukunna gaandheeni oka anubandha patrika vilekhari interview chesaaru. ayana ilaa annaru
kavaatu antataa vaaru anusarinchina puurtigaa jokyam chesukokapovadam anae vidhaanaaniki prabhutvam nundi naa prasamsalanu neenu dachaleru... eee jokyam chesukonidi nijamaina hrudayam ledhaa vidhaanamlo edainaa maarpu vallane anie neenu nammagalanani korukuntunnanu. saasanasabhalo prajalalo vyaktamaina bhavalanu vaaru choopinchina nirlaksyamu, vaari kathinamaina charya bharatadesanni hrudayapuurvakamgaa dopidi chese vidhananni yea dharakaina konasaginchalane sandeham lekunda chestundi, anduvalla neenu eee jokyam chesukokapovadampai unchagala ekaika vivarana emitante, british prabhutvam, saktivantamainadi ayinappatikee, prapancha abhipraayaaniki sunnitamgaa untundi, idhi sasanollanghana pouramgaa unnanta varaku, anduvalla tappanisarigaa ahimsaatmakamainadigaa unnanta varaku, nissandehamgaa teevramaina raajakeeya aandolana yokka anachivetanu sahinchadu... repati nundi lekkalenanni mandhi uppu chattalanu ullanghinchina eee kavaatuni prabhutvam sahinchindaa ledhaa anedi chuudaali.
marusati roeju udayam, praarthana tarvaata, gandhi uppu matti muddanu lepi, "dheenitho, neenu british saamrajyam yokka punaadulanu kadilistunnanu" anie prakatinchaaru."athanu daanini samudrapu neetilo udikinchi, akrama uppunu utpatti chesaadu. adevidhamgaa samudra teeram vembadi "soukaryavantamgaa unna chota" uppunu tayaaru cheyadam praarambhinchaalani, chattaviruddhamaina, conny avasaramaina uppunu tayaaru cheyamani graamastulaku suuchimchaalani ayana thana vaelaadi mandhi anucharulanu abhyardhinchaaru. itarulu aayananu anusarinchaaru, sarojini nayudu gaandheeni uddesinchi "vadagallu, chattanni ullanghinchevaaru" anie aricharu. thana kumarteku raasina lekhalo, nayudu ilaa vyaakhyaaninchindih "chinna nyaya ullanghanakarta 'moun' [nissabdam] sthithilo kuurchuni yuva bharatadesam kosam thana vijaya vyaasam raastunnaaru mariyu neenu samudra gaaliki terichi unna 6 kitikeelu unna oka pedda gadhi yokka terichina kitikee vadda oka kathinamaina bench meeda vistarinchi unnaanu. kallu chudagaliginantavaraku oka chinna sainyam undhi-ninnati nundi vaelaadi mandhi yaatrikulu eee nirjanamaina mariyu atyanta praacheena matsyakaarula graamaaniki vastunnaaru."gandhi uppu chattalanu ullanghinchina taruvaata, jalalpoorloni dandi sameepamloni tapala karyalayam nundi sumaru 700 teegalanu pampaaru. vaarilo ekkuva mandhi eee vaartanu teliyajeyadaaniki akkada unna paatrikeyulu.
modati 78 mandhi kavaatulu.
gaandheetho kalisi 78 mandhi kavaatulu nirvahinchaaru. vaarilo ekkuva mandhi 20 nundi 30 samvatsaraala madhya vayassu galavaaru. eee purushulu desamloni daadaapu anni praantaalaku chendinavaaru. eee yaatra oopandukunna koddi ekkuva mandhi prajalanu sameekarinchindi, conny eee krindi paerla jaabitaalo gandhi swayamgaa mariyu dandi yaatra prarambham nundi chivari varaku gaandheetho unna modati 78 mandhi kavaatulu unnaaru. vaarilo chaalaa mandhi march mugisina tarvaata chedaragottaaru.
prasiddha dandi kavaatulo palgonna eee satyagrahulanu gouravistuu iit bombai praamganam lopala oka smaaraka chihnam nirminchabadindi.
saamuuhika sasanollanghana.
lakshalaadi mandhi uppu tayaaru cheyadam ledhaa akrama uppunu konugolu cheyadam dwara uppu chattalanu ullanghinchadamtho saamuuhika sasanollanghana bharatadesam antataa vyaapinchindi. uppu bharatadesa teeram antataa chattaviruddhamgaa vikrayinchabadindi. gandhi swayamgaa tayaaru chesina oka chitikedu uppu 1,600 roopaayalaku (aaa samayamlo $750kii samanam) vikrayinchabadindi. dheeniki pratispandanagaa, british prabhutvam nela chivari natiki aravai vaela mandiki paiga prajalanu arrestu chesindi.
uppu satyaagrahamgaa praarambhamainadi twaragaa saamuuhika satyaagrahamgaa maarindi. british vastraalu, vastuvulanu bahishkarinchaaru. bambe, mysur mariyu madhya provinceulalo janaadarana laeni atavee chattalu dhikkarinchabaddaayi. tama pantalu, bhoomini kolpotamane mupputho gujaraatii raitulu pannu chellinchadaaniki niraakarinchaaru. midnapurlo bengaaleelu chaukidar pannu chellinchadaaniki niraakarinchaaru. british vaaru correspondence sensorship mariyu congress mariyu daani anubandha samsthalanu chattaviruddhamgaa prakatinchadamtho sahaa marinni chattaalatho pratispandinchaaru. aaa charyalu aevee sasanollanghana udyamaanni mandaginchaledu.
kalakatta (ippudu kolkata anie pilustaaru), karachi mariyu gujaraatlalo himsa chelaregindi. sahaya niraakarana udyamamlo himsa chelaregina taruvaata ayana satyaagrahaanni nilipivesinatlugaa kakunda, esaari gandhi "kadalaledu". himsanu antam cheyaalani vignapti chestu, adhe samayamlo gandhi chittaganglo maraninchina vaarini gowravinchaaru mariyu vaari kumaarula tyaagaalaku vaari tallidandrulanu abhinandinchaaru... yodhudi maranam eppuduu baadha kaliginche vishayam kaadu."
1929 nundi 1931 varaku bhaarata sasanollanghana udyamam modati dasalo, britainlo ramse mcdonald netrutvamloni rendava mcdonald mantritva saakha adhikaaramlo undhi. udyamaanni anachivese prayatnaaniki mcdonald mariyu athani mantrivargam (bhaarata videsanga karyadarshi vilium wedgewood bentho sahaa) adhyakshata vahinchaaru. eee kaalamlo, bhaaratadesamlo kottagaa praarambhamaina kaarmika sanghaala udyamaanni anachiveyadaanni kooda mcdonald mantritva saakha paryaveekshinchindi, dheenini charitrakaarudu sumit sarkar kaarmikula hakkulaku vyatiraekamgaa "bhaarii pettubadidaarii mariyu prabhutva pratidaadi" gaa abhivarninchaaru.
kissa khwani bazar oochakotha.
peshaavarlo, satyaagrahaaniki gaandheeki chendina muslim pashtun sishyudu guffer khaan naayakatvam vahinchaadu, athanu khuday khidmatgarh anie piluvabade 50,000 mandhi ahimsaatmaka kaaryakartalaku sikshana icchaadu. 1930 april 23naa guffer khaannu arrestu chesaaru. peshawar yokka kissa kahani (kathakulu) marketlo khuday khidmatgarh gumpu gumigudaru. raaja garhwal raifils yokka 2/18 betalian nirayudha janasamuuhampai meshin ganlatho kaalpulu jarapalani aadesinchabadindi, dheenilo anchanaa prakaram 200-250 prajalu maraninchaaru. pashtun satyagrahulu ahimsaloo vaari sikshanaku anugunamgaa vyavaharinchaaru, dalaalu vaaripai kaalpulu jaruputunnappudu ishtapuurvakamgaa bulletlanu edurkonnaru. oka british indian armi sainikudu, chandra singh garhwali mariyu prasiddha raayal garhwal raifils regimentku chendina kontamandi itara dalaalu janasamuuhampai kaalpulu jarapadaniki niraakarinchaaru. mottam platoon arrestu cheyabadindi mariyu chaalaa mandiki jeevita khaiduto sahaa bhaarii sikshalu vidhinchabaddaayi.
vaedaaranyam uppu yaatra.
gandhi bharatadesa paschima teeram vembadi kavaatu chestunnappudu, athani sannihita sahacharudu sii. taruvaata bharatadesapu modati bhaarata governor general ayina rajagopalachari thoorpu teeramlo samaantaramgaa vedaaranya uppu yaatranu nirvahinchaaru. ayana brundam madrasu presidencyloni tiruchirapalli (ippudu tamilanadulo bhaagam) nundi teerapraanta graamam vaedaaranyam varaku praarambhamaindi. akkada akramamga uppu tayaaru chesina taruvaata, atanni kooda british vaaru arrestu chesaaru.
sasanollanghanalo mahilalu.
1930loe jarigina sasanollanghana modatisaarigaa mahilalu swaatantyra poraatamlo saamuhikamgaa palgonnaru. pedda nagaraala nundi chinna graamaala varaku vaelaadi mandhi mahilalu satyagrahamlo churukuga palgonnaru. uppu yaatralo purushulu matrame paalgonaalani gandhi koraru, conny chivariki mahilalu bharatadesam antataa uppunu tayaaru cheyadam mariyu vikrayinchadam praarambhinchaaru. eee kavaatulo purushulanu matrame anumatinchinappatikii, uppu chattalanu raddu cheyadaaniki sahayapade panini purushulu mariyu mahilalu iddaroo munduku teesukellaalani bhaavistunnatlu spashtamaindi. prarambha gandhi kaaryakarta usha mehta ilaa vyakhyaaninchaaru, "mana paatha attalu, pedda amammalu, amammalu kooda tama illaku uppuneeti goddalini teesukuvacchi akrama uppunu tayaaru chesevaaru. aapai vaaru tama gonthu paibhagamlo ilaa arustaaruh 'memu uppu chattanni ullanghinchaamu!'saarvabhoumaadhikaaram mariyu swayam paalana kosam poraatamlo mahilala sankhya peragadam anedi lard irvin prakaram oka" "kotta mariyu teevramaina lakshanam". " mahilala prameyampai prabhutva nivedika "vaarilo vaelaadi mandhi udbhavinchaaru" anie perkondi... vaari illalo ekaantam nundi... congress pradarsanalalo chaeradaaniki mariyu picketinglo sahayapadatanikihi mariyu eee sandarbhaalalo vaari uniki pooliisulu mukhyamgaa asahyakaramaina panini cheyavalasi vachindi."mahilalu eee kavaatulo palgonnappatiki, udyamamlo mahilalu ippatikee dviteeya paatra pooshistunnaarani gandhi bhaavinchaarani, conny bhavishyattulo mahilalu marintagaa palgonela cheyadaaniki oka prerananu srushtinchaarani spashtamaindi.
"sarojini nayudu swaatantyraaniki mundu bharatadesamloni atyanta kanipinche naayakulalo (purushudu ledhaa stree) okaru. bhaarata jaateeya congress adhyakshuraligaa, swatantra bharatadesaniki modati mahilaa governorga, aame bharatadesaniki teevramaina nyaayavaadi, bhaarata swaatantrya udyamaaniki utsaahamgaa maddatunu sameekarinchaaru. uppu kavaatulo arestaina modati mahila kooda aame."
prabhavam.
british prabhutvam satyagrahamto kadilipoyindani british patraalu chuupistunnaayi. ahimsaatmaka nirasana gaandheeni jailuku pampala vadda anae daanipai british vaariki gandaragolam kaliginchindi. inglaandku chendina bharatiya saamraajya pooliisu adhikari ayina zaan court currie thana ghnaapakaalalo 1930loe congress pradarsanalanu edurkonna pratisaaree tanaku vikaram anipinchindani raasaaru. kuura mariyu british prabhutvamloni itarulu, bhaarata videsanga karyadarshi wedgewood bentho sahaa, ahimsaatmaka pratyarthula kante himsaatmaka pooraataaniki praadhaanyata icchaaru.
dharmasana satyagraham mariyu paryavasanalu.
gandhi swayamgaa march tarvaata marinta churukaina prameyaanni nivaarinchaaru, ayinappatikee ayana bharatadesam antataa jarigina parinaamaalatoe sannihitamgaa unnaaru. ayana dandi sameepamlo taatkaalika aasramaanni srushtinchaadu. akkadi nundi, bambe (ippudu mumbai) looni mahilaa anucharulanu madyam dukaanaalu mariyu videshee vastraala dukaanaalanu muttadinchaalani ayana koraru. videshee vastramtho bhogi mantanu tayaaru cheyali" anie ayana annaru. paatasaalalu, kalaasaalalu khaliga undaali."
thana tadupari pradhana charya kosam, gandhi dandiki dakshinaana 40 kilometres dhooramlo unna gujaraatlooni dharasana uppu panulapai daadi cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. athanu lard irvinku thana pranaalikalanu marosari teliyajestuu lekha raasaadu. mae 4 ardharaatri gandhi mamidi thotalo mancham meeda nidristunnappudu, suurat jilla magistrate iddaru bharatiya adhikarulu mariyu muppai mandhi bhaarii aayudhaalatho kuudina conistabullatho kaarulo vacchaaru. chattaviruddha karyakalapallo nimagnamaina vyaktulanu jailuku pampinchaalani pilupunicche 1827 nibandhana prakaram atanni arrestu chesi, poona (ippudu puunhae) sameepamlo vichaarana lekunda unchaaru.
debbai aaru samvatsaraala padavee viramana chesina nyaayamuurti abbas tyabji gandhi bhaarya kasturba thana pakshana unna kavaatuni nadipistuu, pranaalika prakaram dharmasana satyagraham munduku saagindi. dharmaasanaaniki cherukune mundu iddarinee arrestu chesi moodu nelala jailu siksha vidhinchaaru. vaari arrestla taruvaata, mahilaa kavi mariyu swaatantrya samarayodhudu ayina sarojini nayudu naayakatvamlo eee kavaatu konasaagindi, aame satyagrahulanu heccharistuu, "meeru etti paristhitulloonuu himsanu upayoginchakudadu. meeru kottabadataru, conny meeru pratighatinchakudaduh debbalanu nivaarinchadaaniki meeru oka chetini kooda paiki ettakudadu."sainikulu satyagrahulanu ukku kona gala laatheelatho kalapadam praarambhinchaaru, idhi antarjaateeya drushtini aakarshinchina oka sanghatana. united press correspondent web miller ilaa nivedinchaaruh
kavaatu chesevaarilo evaruu debbalanu nivaarinchadaaniki oka chetini kooda paiki ettaledu. vaaru padhi-pinla laaga kindaku vellaaru. neenu nilabadi unna chota nundi asurakshita purrelapai clubbula anaarogyakaramaina sabdaalu vinnanu. vechi unna veekshakula gumpu prati debbaku saanubhootigala noppitho muulugutuu, vaari swaasalalo peelchukundi. debbatinna vaaru virigina purrelu ledhaa virigina bhujaalato noppitho virigipoyi, apasmaraka sthithilo ledhaa tadisi padipoyaru. rendu ledhaa moodu nimishaallo naela mrutadehaalato mettabadi poyindi. vaari tellati dustulapai pedda pedda raktapu macchalu vyaapinchayi. praanaalatoe bayatapadina vaaru shrenulanu vichchinnam cheyakunda nissabdamgaa mariyu gattiga kottabade varaku munduku sagaru... chivaraku pooliisulu pratighatanaku palpadakapovadam patla aagrahaaniki lonayyaru... vaaru kuurchunna vyaktulanu kadupu mariyu vrushanhaalalo krooramgaa tannadam praarambhinchaaru. gayapadina vyaktulu kanneeru pettukuni, vedanatho kekalu vaesaaru, idhi pooliisula agrahanni rekettinchinatlu anipinchindi... appudu pooliisulu kuurchunna vyaktulanu chetulu ledhaa kaallatho, konnisaarlu vanda gajaala varaku lagadam, vaarini guntallo padeyadam praarambhinchaaru.
assembly maajee speaker vittalbhai patel eee daadulanu chuusi, "bharatadesanni british saamraajyamtho rajipade aasha anthaa saasvatamgaa poyindi" anie vyakhyaaninchaaru."inglaandlooni thana prachuranakartaku kathanu telegraph cheyadaaniki miller chesina modati prayatnaalanu bharatadesamloni british telegraph operatorlu sensor chesaaru. british sensorshipnu bahirgatam chestamani bedirinchina tarwate athani kathanu prasaram cheyadaaniki anumatinchaaru. eee katha prapanchavyaaptamgaa 1,350 vaartaapatrikalalo prachurinchabadindi mariyu senator zaan zhe. chetha united states senate yokka adhikaarika recordulo chadavabadindi. blain.
uppu satyagraham prapancha drushtini aakarshinchadamlo vijayam saadhinchindi. lakshalaadi mandhi eee kavaatu choopinche nyuus reelsnu chuusaaru. "kontamandi kotta inglaandarlu okappudu british tii pannunu dhikkarinchinanduna britton uppu pannunu dhikkarinchadaaniki gandhi samudramloki velladaanni polchi" "time" "gaandheeni 1930 samvatsarapu samvatsarapu vyaktigaa prakatinchindi". 1931 praarambhamlo irvin thoo charchalu jarapadaniki gandhi chivaraku jailu nundi vidudalayye varaku sasanollanghana konasaagindi. iddaroo samaana nibandhanalapai charchalu jarapadam idhe modatisaari, phalitamgaa gandhi-irvin oppandam kudirindi. eee charchalu 1931 chivarilo rendava round table samavesaniki daariteesaayi.
deerghakaalika prabhavam.
uppu satyagraham bharatadesaniki aadhipatya hodha ledhaa swayam paalana vaipu takshana purogatini andinchaledu, british vaari nundi pradhana vidhana raayiteelanu pondaledu ledhaa ekkuva muslim maddatunu aakarshinchaledu. congress nayakulu 1934loe satyaagrahaanni adhikaarika vidhanamgaa muginchaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru, nehru mariyu itara congress sabhyulu gandhi nundi marinta vaerugaa maararu, ayana thana nirmaanaatmaka kaaryakramampai drushti pettadaniki congress nundi vaidoligaaru, indulo harijana udyamamlo antaraanitanaanni antam cheyadaaniki ayana chesina prayatnaalu kooda unnaayi. ayithe, 1930la madhya natiki british adhikarulu mallee niyantranalo unnappatikee, bhaarata, british mariyu prapancha abhiprayam gandhi mariyu congress party saarvabhoumaadhikaaram mariyu swayam paalana kosam chesina vaadanala chattabaddhatanu ekkuvagaa gurtinchadam praarambhinchindi. 1930la satyagraha pracharam kooda british vaaru bharatadesampai tama niyantrana puurtigaa bhaaratheeyula sammatipai aadharapadi undani gurtinchamani balavantam chesindi-uppu satyagraham anedi british vaari sammatini kolpovadamlo oka mukhyamaina adugu.
nehru uppu satyaagrahaanni gaandheetho thana anubandhaaniki adhika neeti chihnamgaa bhaavinchi, bhaaratheeyula vaikharini maarchadamlo daani shaashwata praamukhyata undani bhavincharu
vaastavaaniki eee udyamaalu british prabhutvampai vipareetamaina ottidini kaliginchi prabhutva yantraamgaanni kadilinchaayi. conny, naa drushtilo, nijamaina praamukhyata, mana swantha prajalapai, mukhyamgaa graama prajalapai vaaru chuupina prabhaavampai undhi... asahakaaramto vaarini burada nundi bayataku lagaru, vaariki aatmagouravam, swaavalambana icchaaru... vaaru dhairyamgaa vyavaharinchaaru mariyu anyaayamaina anachivetaku antha sulabhamgaa longaledu; vaari drukpatham vistarinchindi mariyu vaaru mottam bharatadesam paramgaa konchem aalochinchadam praarambhinchaaru... idhi oka adbhutamaina parivartana, gandhi naayakatvamlo congress daaniki ghanatanu kaligi undaali.
muppai samvatsaraala taruvaata, satyagraham mariyu dandiki march american poura hakkula kaaryakarta martin luther king juniyarpai balamaina prabhavanni chupayi., mariyu 1960laloe nallajaateeyula kosam poura hakkula kosam ayana chesina poratam
chaalaa mandhi prajala maadirigaane, neenu gandhi gurinchi vinnanu, conny neenu aayananu eppuduu teevramgaa adhyayanam cheyaledu. neenu chadivetappudu ayana ahimsaatmaka pratighatana prachaaraalato neenu chaalaa aakarshituraalinayyaanu. samudramloki ayana chesina uppu yaatra, ayana chesina aneka upavaasaalu nannu mukhyamgaa kadilinchaayi. satyagraham" ("satya" anedi premaku samaanamaina satyam, mariyu "agraha" anedi shakti; "satyagraham" antey, satya shakti ledhaa prema shakti) anae mottam bhavana naaku chaalaa mukhyamainadi. neenu gandhi tatvasaastraanni lothugaa pariseelinchinappudu, prema shakti gurinchi naa sandehavaadam kramamga taggindi, mariyu neenu modatisaarigaa saamaajika samskarana rangamlo daani saktini chuudataaniki vacchaanu.
2005loe tirigi amalu.
goppa uppu kavaatu ghnaapakaartham, mahatma gandhi foundation daani 75va vaarshikotsavam sandarbhamgaa uppu kavaatuni daani khachitamaina chaaritraka schedule mariyu maargamlo mahatma mariyu athani 78 mandhi kavaatudaarula brundam anusarinchi tirigi amalu chesindi. eee karyakramanni "nyayam mariyu swechcha kosam antarjaateeya nadaka" anie pilicheevaaru. mahatma gandhi muni manavadu tushar gandhi vyaktigata teerthayaatragaa praarambhamaina eee yaatra tommidi deshaala nundi 900 mandhi namodaina paalgonevaaritho antarjaateeya karyakramamga maarindi mariyu rojuvaareegaa eee sankhya rendu vaelaku perigindi. antarjaateeya medialo vistrutamaina nivedikalu vachayi.
april 5 raatri dundy vadda paalgonevaaru aagaru, april 7naa smaaraka vedukalu mugisai. dandiloo jarigina mugimpulo, bhaarata pradhani doctor manmohan singh, kavaatuku vacchina vaariki swaagatam palikaru mariyu kavaatuku vellina vaari ghnaapakaartham mariyu chaaritraka sanghatana kosam dandiloo tagina smaaraka chihnanni nirmistaamani haamii icchaaru. sabarmati aasramam nundi dandi varaku unna marganni ippudu dandi maargam anie paeru pettaru mariyu chaaritraka vaarasatva maargamgaa prakatinchaaru.
1980 mariyu 2005loe, dandi yaatra 50va mariyu 75va vaarshikotsavaala sandarbhamgaa bharatadesam varusa smaaraka stampulanu vidudala chesindi.
smaaraka chihnam.
eee kaaryakramaaniki ankitam chesina jaateeya uppu satyagraha smaaraka chihnam, smaaraka museum, 2019 janavari 30naa dandiloo praarambhinchabadindi.

