
eah. tii. pii. synthase

eah. tii. pii synthase anedi adenosine diphosphate (eah. dii. pii) mariyu akarbana fasfate (pii. ii) nuu upayoginchi shakti nilva anuvu adenosine trifasphate (eah. tii. pii) erpadataaniki utprerakam chese protein. eah. tii. pii. synthase anedi oka paramaanu yantram. eah. tii. pii. synthase dwara utprerakam cheyabadina mottam praticharyah
eah. tii. pii. synthase oka cellular porapai untundi mariyu protaanlu adhika saandrata unna praantaala nundi takkuva saandrata unna praantaalaku daatagala oka eparcharunu yerparustundi, idhi eah. tii. pii. samshlaeshanhaku saktini andistundi. eee electrochemical pravanata electron ravana golusu dwara utpatti cheyabadutundi mariyu kanaalu taruvaata upayogam kosam eah. tii. pii loe saktini nilva cheyadaaniki anumatistundi. procaryotic kanaalalo eah. tii. pii synthase plasma pora antataa untundi, eucariotic kanaalalo idhi lopali mitochondrial pora antataa untundi. kiranajanya samyogakriya cheyagala jeevulu thylacoid pora antataa eah. tii. pii synthesnu kooda kaligi untaayi, idhi mokkalalo chloroplastlo untundi mariyu sinobacterialo cytoplasmlo untundi.
eucariotic eah. tii. pii. syntheslu eff-atfacelu, ivi aut pays kosam "riverse loe" nadustaayi. eee vyaasam pradhanamgaa eee rakaniki sambandhinchinadi. eff-atpage rendu pradhana upabhaagaalanu kaligi untundi, efo mariyu eff1, ivi etipi utpattini anumatinche bhramana motaru yantraamgaanni kaligi untaayi. 
naamakaranam.
eff1 bhinnam daani paerunu "bhinnam 1" anae padam nundi pondindi mariyu phoe (subscript aksharam "oo" gaa vraayabadindi, "sunna" kaadu) daani paerunu oligomycinku binding bhinnam nundi pondindi, idhi sahajamgaa utpannamaina antibiatic rakam, idhi eah. tii. pii synthase yokka eff. oo. unitnu nirodhinchagaladu. eee kriyaatmaka praantaalu vividha protein upabhaagaalanu kaligi untaayi-pattikalu chudandi. eee enjaim aerobic respiration dwara eah. tii. pii samshlaeshanhaloo upayoginchabadutundi.
nirmaanam mariyu paniteeru.
thylacoid pora mariyu lopali mitochondrial poralo unna, eah. tii. pii synthase rendu praantaalanu kaligi untundi, eff. oo. mariyu eff. oo. eff1 yokka bhramanaaniki kaaranamavutundi mariyu sii-ring mariyu upabhaagaalu a, rendu b, f6 thoo tayaaru cheyabadindi. eff1 anedi α, β, γ mariyu δ upabhaagaalato tayaaru cheyabadindi. eff1 neetilo karige bhaganni kaligi undhi, idhi eah. tii. pii. nii hydrolyse cheyagaladu. marovaipu, phoe pradhanamgaa hydrophobic praantaalanu kaligi undhi. fo f1 pora antataa protanla kadalikaku oka marganni srushtistundi.
eff1 praantam.
eah. tii. pii. synthase yokka eff1 bhaagam hydrophilic mariyu eah. tii. pii. nii hydrolyse cheyadaaniki baadhyata vahistundi. f1 unit mitochondrial matricks pradaesamlooki poduchukuntundi. upabhaagaalu α mariyu β 6 binding saitlatho hexamernu tayaaru chestaayi. vaatilo moodu utprerakamgaa kriyaarahitamgaa untaayi mariyu avi ADP nii bandhistaayi.
maroe moodu upabhaagaalu eah. tii. pii samshlaeshanhanu utprerakam chestaayi. itara f1 upabhaagaalu γ, δ, mariyu ε anedi bhramana motaru yantraamgamlo (rotter/axil) oka bhaagam. γ upaghatakam nini conformational maarpula dwara velladaaniki anumatistundi (i.ii., closed, haaph open, open states) ivi samslaeshanha tarvaata eah. tii. pii. nii bandhinchi vidudala cheyadaaniki anumatistaayi. f1 kanam peddadi mariyu transmission electron microscopelo pratikuula maraka dwara chudavachu. ivi 9 nm vyaasam gala kanaalu, ivi lopali mitochondrial poranu pepper chestaayi.
praantam.
phoe anedi enimidi upabhaagaalu mariyu transmembrane valayamtho neetilo karagani protein. ring helix-loop-helix proteintho tetrameric aakaraanni kaligi untundi, idhi protonet mariyu deprotonate chesinappudu conformational maarpula dwara velutundi, porugu sub unitlanu tippadaaniki nettivestundi, deenivalla phoe yokka spinning kooda prabhaavitamavutundi, idhi appudu eff1 yokka conformation kooda prabhaavitam chestundi, phalitamgaa alfa mariyu beata sub unitla sthithulanu maarustundi. eah. tii. pii synthase yokka phoe praantam anedi mitochondrial poralo ponduparachabadina protan randhram. idhi a, b mariyu c anae moodu pradhana upabhaagaalanu kaligi untundi. aaru sii upabhaagaalu rotter valayanni tayaaru chestaayi, mariyu upabhaagaalu bii anedi eff1 oespiki anusandhaaninche kommanu tayaaru chestundi, idhi αβ hexamer tirigipokunda nirodhistundi. upaghatakam a anedi b nii c valayaniki kaluputundi. manavulaku aaru adanapu upabhaagaalu unnaayi, d, e, f, g, f6, mariyu 8 (ledhaa a6l). enjaim yokka eee bhaagam mitochondrial lopali poralo untundi mariyu protaannu f1 praantamloo ATP samshlaeshanhaku kaaranamayye bhramanaaniki badilee chestundi.
eucariotslo, mitochondrial phoe pora-vampu diamerlanu yerparustundi. eee diamerlu christe chivarilo podavaina varusalo sweeya-amarikanu kaligi untaayi, bahusha christe erpadataaniki modati dasha. diameric eest phoe praantaaniki oka anhu namuunaanu cryo-emm dwara mottam resolution 3.6 Â vadda nirnayinchabadindi.
binding modal.
1960la nundi 1970la varaku, ucla professor ayina paal boer, binding change ledhaa flip-flap, mechanism siddhaantaanni abhivruddhi chesaaru, idhi etipi samslaeshanha anedi gaama sub unit yokka bhramanam dwara utpatti cheyabadina etipi syntheslo conformational maarpupai aadharapadi untundani pratipaadinchindi. zaan ii yokka parisoedhanaa brundam. walker, appudu cambridgeloni mrc laboratory off molecular biologylo, eah. tii. pii synthase yokka eff1 utpreraka-domaine sphatikeekarinchaadu. aaa samayamlo telisina atipedda asymmetric protein nirmaanam, boer yokka rotary-utprerakam namuunaa saaraamsamlo sarainadani suuchimchimdi. dheenini spashtam chesinanduku, boer mariyu walker 1997 rasayana saastramlo nobel bahumatini sagam panchukunnaru.
f1 yokka sphatika nirmaanam pratyaamnaaya alfa mariyu beata upabhaagaalanu (okkokkati 3) choopinchindi, ivi tirige asamaana gaama upabhaagaala chuttoo narinja rangulo bhagaluga amarchabadi untaayi. prastuta etipi samslaeshanha namuunaa (pratyaamnaaya utpreraka namuunaa anie pilustaaru) prakaram, electron ravana golusu sarafara chesina (hetch +) protan catayans dwara srushtinchabadina transmembrane sambhaavyata, (hetch +) protan kaatayaansnu intermembrane space nundi pora gundaa etipi synthase yokka phoe praantam dwara naduputundi. protaanlu pora gundaa velutunnappudu phoe (sii-upa unitla ring) looni oka bhaagam tirugutundi. sii-ring asymmetric central stanku (pradhanamgaa gaama sub unitto koodi untundi) gattiga jatacheyabadi untundi, idhi eff1 yokka alfa3beata3 lopala tirugutundi, deenivalla 3 utpreraka nucleotide binding saitlu etipi samshlaeshanhaku daariteese varusa conformational maarpula dwara vellutaayi. pradhana eff1 upabhaagaalu alfa3beata3 thoo kalisi phoe yokka tirige kaani bhaagamlo kalise paridheeya komma dwara kendra komma rotartho saanubhootito tiragakunda nirodhinchabadataayi. chekkuchedarani eah. tii. pii. synthase yokka nirmaanam prastutam complexes yokka electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-emm) adhyayanala nundi takkuva resolution vadda telusu. eah. tii. pii. synthase yokka cryo-emm namuunaa paridheeya komma anedi f1 nundi fo loe kalisinappudu complexes chuttoo chuttukune oka anuvaina nirmaanam anie suuchistumdi. saraina paristhitulalo, enjaim praticharyanu riverslo kooda nirvahinchavacchu, eah. tii. pii. jalavisleshana protaannu pora antataa pumping chestundi.
binding maarpu yantraangam moodu raashtraala madhya β upaghatakam yokka saikling yokka kriyaaseela pradaesaanni kaligi untundi. vadulugaa" unna sthithilo, ADP mariyu fasfate kriyaaseela pradaesamlooki pravesistaayi; prakkane unna rekhaachitramlo, idhi gulabi rangulo choopabadindi. enjaim appudu aakaaramlo maarpuku lonavutundi mariyu eee anuvulanu kalisi balavantam chestundi, phalitamgaa kriyaaseela pradaesam "bigutu" sthithilo (erupu rangulo choopabadindi) kottagaa utpatti cheyabadina eah. tii. pii anuvunu chaalaa ekkuva anubandhaanni kaligi untundi. chivaraku, kriyaaseela sait tirigi open state (narinja) kuu chakralu, eah. tii. pii vidudala mariyu marinta eah. dii. pii mariyu fasfate binding, eah. tii. pii utpatti tadupari chakram kosam siddhamgaa.
saareeraka paatra.
itara enjaimla maadirigaane, f1fo atp synthase yokka kaaryaacharana tirigi maarchadaginadi. pedda mottamlo eah. tii. pii. adhi transmembrane protan pravanatanu srushtinchadaaniki kaaranamavutundi, idhi electron ravana golusu laeni bacterianu puliyabettadam dwara upayoginchabadutundi, conny protan pravanatanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki eah. tii. pii. nii hydrolyse cheyadam dwara upayoginchabadutundi, veetini avi flazellanu nadapadaniki mariyu kanamloki poeshakaalanu ravana cheyadaaniki upayogistaayi.
saareeraka paristhitulalo bacterianu oopiri peelchukovadamlo, eah. tii. pii synthase, saadhaaranamgaa, vyatiraeka disalo nadustundi, electron ravana golusu srushtinchina protan prerana saktini shakti vanarugaa upayogistunnappudu eah. tii. pii. nii srushtistundi. eee paddhatiloo saktini srushtinche mottam prakriyanu aakseekarana phosphorylation antaaru.
idhe prakriya mitochondrialo jarugutundi, ikkada eah. tii. pii synthase lopali mitochondrial poralo untundi mariyu mitochondrial maatrukalo eff1-paart prajectulu untaayi. protan katayan lanu maatrukaloki pump cheyadam dwara, eah. tii. pii-synthase eah. dii. pii nii eah. tii. pii gaa maarustundi.
parinaamam.
eah. tii. pii. synthase yokka parinaamam modular gaa bhaavinchabadutundi, dheeni dwara rendu kriyaatmaka swatantra upabhaagaalu anubandhinchabadi kotta kaaryaacharananu pondaayi. eee anubandham parinaamaatmaka charitra praarambhamlo sambhavinchinatlu telustondi, endukante mukhyamgaa anni jeevana rajyalalo eah. tii. pii synthase enjaimla yokka oke nirmaanam mariyu kaaryaacharana unnaayi. eff-etipi synthase vii-atpesto adhika kriyaatmaka mariyu yaantrika saaruupyatanu pradarsistundi. ayithe, eff-etipi synthase protan pravanatanu upayoginchadam dwara etipini utpatti chestundi, vii-atpace etipi vyayamtho protan pravanatanu utpatti chestundi, idhi 1 kante takkuva ph viluvalanu utpatti chestundi.
eff1 praantam hexameric dna helikeslatho (mukhyamgaa roow karakam) gananeeyamaina saaruupyatanu chooputundi, mariyu mottam enjaim praantam saktitoe panichese tii3ss ledhaa flazellar motor complexelatho kontha saaruupyatanu chooputundi. f1 praantam yokka α3β3 hexamer hexameric DNA helikeslatho gananeeyamaina nirmaana saaruupyatanu chooputundi; rendoo kendra randhramtho 3-retlu bhramana samaruupatatoe oka valayanni yerparustaayi. rendoo randhram lopala oka sthuula anuvu yokka saapeksha bhramanampai aadharapadi paatralu kaligi untaayi; DNA helikeslu DNA anuvu venta vaati kadalikanu nadapadaniki mariyu suupar coilingnu gurtinchadaaniki DNA yokka helical aakaraanni upayogistaayi, ayithe α3β3 hexamer enzymatic praticharyanu nadapadaniki γ sub unit yokka bhramanam dwara conformational maarpulanu upayogistundi.
phoe kanamu yokka motaru flazellanu nadipe motarlatho goppa kriyaatmaka saaruupyatanu chooputundi. rendoo aneka chinna alfa-helical proteinla valayanni kaligi untaayi, ivi sameepamloni sthira proteinlaku sambandhinchi tirugutaayi, shakti vanarugaa sambhaavya pravanatanu upayogistaayi. ayithe, flazellar motorla mottam nirmaanam phoe kanaala kante chaalaa sanklishtamgaa untundi mariyu sumaru 30 tirige proteinlatho kuudina ring phoe complexeloni 10,11 ledhaa 14 helical proteinla kante chaalaa peddadigaa untundi. ayithe iteevali nirmaanaatmaka dayta ring mariyu komma nirmanatmakamga f1 kanaanni pooli unnayani choopistundi.
eah. tii. pii. synthase yokka muulam kosam modular parinaama siddhaantam, swatantra function kaligina rendu upabhaagaalu, aut pays activitytho kuudina dna helicase mariyu oka motaru, bandhinchagaligaayani, mariyu motaru yokka bhramanam helicase yokka aut pays activityni riverslo nadipinchindani suuchistumdi. eee samudaayam appudu ekkuva saamarthyaanni abhivruddhi chesi, chivariki neti klishtamaina eah. tii. pii. sindhaslagaa abhivruddhi chendindi. pratyamnaayamgaa, dna helicase/motaru complexes injinnu riverslo nadipe helicase yokka aut pays activitytho pump activityni kaligi undavacchu. idhi riverse reaction nirvahinchadaaniki mariyu eah. tii. pii synthesga panicheyadaaniki abhivruddhi chendhi undavacchu.
nirodhakaalu.
eah. tii. pii synthase yokka vividha rakaala sahaja mariyu synthetic inhibitors kanugonabaddayi. ivi eah. tii. pii synthase yokka nirmaanam mariyu yantraamgaanni parisoedhinchadaaniki upayoginchabaddaayi. konni chikitsalo upayogapadavachhu. peptide inhibitorlu, polyphenolic phytochemicals, polycatides, organotin sammelanaalu, polynic α-pyrone utpannaalu, catanic inhibitorlu, uparitala analogues, amaino assid modifierlu mariyu itara vividha rasaayanaalato sahaa aneka taragatula eah. tii. pii synthase inhibitorlu unnaayi. saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche konni etipi synthase inhibitorlu oligomycin mariyu dccd.
vividha jeevulalo.
bacteria.
"" etipi synthase anedi 8 ververu upa-vibhaga rakaalato etipi synthase yokka atyanta saralamaina roopam.
bacteria eff-atops appudappudu riverslo panichesi, vaatini atapsga maarustaayi. konni bacterialaku eff-atpace undadu, eah/vii-rakam atpesnu rendu disalalo upayogistaayi.
eest.
eest eah. tii. pii. synthase anedi uttamamgaa adhyayanam chesina eucariotic eah. tii. pii. syntheslalo okati; mariyu aidu eff1, enimidi eff. oo. upabhaagaalu mariyu edu anubandha proteins gurtinchabaddaayi. eee proteinlalo chaalaa varaku itara eukariotlalo homolaglanu kaligi untaayi.
mokka.
mokkalalo, chloroplastlalo (cf1fo-atp synthase) kooda etipi synthase untundi. enjaim thylacoid poralo vileenam cheyabadutundi; cf1-bhaagam stromalo antukuntundi, ikkada kiranajanya samyogakriya yokka cheekati praticharyalu (kaanti-swatantra praticharyalu ledhaa calvin chakram anie kooda pilustaaru) mariyu eah. tii. pii samslaeshanha jarugutundi. chloroplast eah. tii. pii. synthase yokka mottam nirmaanam mariyu utpreraka yantraangam daadaapu bacteria enjaim maadirigaane untaayi. ayithe, chloroplastlalo, protan prerana shakti swaasakosha electron ravana golusu dwara kakunda praadhamika kiranajanya proteinla dwara utpatti avutundi. cheekatigaa unnappudu vyardha karyakalapalanu nirodhinchadaaniki synthase gaama-subunitlo 40-aaa insert kaligi untundi.
ksheeradam.
bovin ("boses tarrus") haart mitochondria nundi verucheyabadina eah. tii. pii synthase, jeevarasaayana shaastram mariyu nirmaanam paramgaa, uttama-lakshanaalunna eah. tii. pii synthase. cardiac kandaraalalo mitochondria adhika saandrata kaaranamgaa goddu maamsam gunde enjaimku muulamgaa upayoginchabadutundi. vaati janyuvulu maanava etipi synthaseslaku daggaragaa untaayi.
eah. tii. pii. synthesla bhaagaalanu encode chese maanava janyuvulu
itara eucariotes.
konni vibhina vamsaalaku chendina eukariotlu eah. tii. pii synthase yokka chaalaa pratyeka samsthalanu kaligi untaayi. yuglenojova eah. tii. pii. synthase itara mitochondrial eah. tii. pii. synthesla maadirigaane boomerang aakaaramlo unna eff1 thalatho diamernu yerparustundi, ayithe phoe upa samudaayam aneka pratyaekamaina upabhaagaalanu kaligi untundi. idhi cardiolipine nuu upayogistundi. nirodhakam if1 kooda trypanosomatidatho panchukune vidhamgaa bhinnamgaa bandhistundi.
archia.
archaeaku saadhaaranamgaa eff-aut pays undadu. badulugaa, avi a-attes/synthesnu upayoginchi ATPnii samslaeshanha chestaayi, idhi nirmaanaparamgaa v-attesnu pooli unde rotary yantram, conny pradhanamgaa ATP synthesga panichestundi. eff-atpace bacteria maadirigaane, idhi kooda atpesga panichestundani nammutaaru.
luca mariyu antakumundu.
eff-atpace janyu anusandhanam mariyu janyu kramam puraatana procariot vamsaalaloo vistrutamgaa samrakshinchabaddaayi, idhi eee vyavastha chivari saarvatrika saadhaarana puurveekudu ayina lukaaku mundu oka teedeeloo ippatike unikilo undani suuchistumdi.

