chaad

chaad (), adhikarikamga republic off chaad, uttara mariyu madhya africa koodali vadda unna bhuubandhita desham. dheeniki uttaraana libia, thoorpuna sudan, dakshinaana madhya african republic, nairuti disalo cameroon, nairuti disalo nigeria (lake chaad vadda), paschimaana niger sarihaddulugaa unnaayi. chaad janabha 16 millionlu, veerilo 16 millionlu rajadhani mariyu atipedda nagaramaina enn 'jamenaalo nivasistunnaaru.
chaad aneka praantaalanu kaligi undih uttaraana edaari praantam, madhyalo shushka sahelian belt mariyu dakshinaana marinta saaravantamaina sudanian savannah john. eee deshaaniki paeru pettabadina chaad sarassu, aafrikaalo rendava atipedda chittadi naela. chaad yokka adhikaarika bhashalu arabic mariyu french. idhi 200 kii paiga vividha jaathi mariyu bhasha samuuhaalaku nilayam. islam (55.1%) mariyu kraistava matam (41.1%) chaad loe aacharinche pradhana mataalu.
kristupurvam 7va sahasraabdi nundi, maanava janabha pedda sankhyalo chadian pareevaahaka praantamloki maarindi. cree. sha. 1va sahasraabdi chivari natiki, chaad yokka sahelian striplo varusa rashtraalu mariyu saamrajyaalu udbhavinchaayi mariyu padipoyayi, prati okkati eee praantam gundaa vellae trans-sahara vaanijya maargaalanu niyantrinchadampai drushti saarinchaayi. 1920 natiki france eee bhoobhaganni jayinchi, daanini french bhoomadhyarekha aafrikaalo bhaagamgaa cherchindi. unnaayi, chaad francois tombalbe naayakatvamlo swaatantryam pondaadu. uttara muslimlo ayana vidhaanaala patla unna agraham chesaayi sudeerghakaalam konasagina antaryuddham praarambhamayyelaa chesindi. konasaagindi tirugubaatudaarulu rajadhaanini jayinchi dakshinaadi aadhipatyaanni antam chesaaru. tirugubaatu commanderlu appudu thana pratyarthulanu odinche varaku tamalo taamu poraadaaru. poraadaaru libia dandayaatra dwara chadian-libia vivaadam chelaregindi, idhi nilipivesindi; french sainika jokyam (operation eperviour) thoo aagipoyindi. debby athani general idris debby atanini padagottadu. french maddatutoe, maddatutoe chaad jaateeya sainyam aadhuneekarana praarambhinchabadindi. 2003 nundi, sudan loe darfar sankshobham sarihaddu meedugaa vyaapinchi deshaanni asthiraparichindi. appatike paedalu, thoorpu chaad looni shibiraalalo mariyu chuttupakkala nivasistunna lakshalaadi mandhi sudanese saranaarthulaku vasati kalpinchadaaniki desham mariyu prajalu chaalaa kashtapaddaru.
aneka raajakeeya paarteelu chaad saasanasabha, jaateeya assemblylo palgonnappatiki, adhikaranni idris debby adhyakshatana deshabhakti moksha udyamam chetullo gattiga unchaaru, dheeni palananu nirankusamgaa abhivarninchaaru. april undhi; adhyakshudu debeeni vaastava tirugubaatudaarulu champina taruvaata, athani kumarudu mahamat debby netrutvamloni parivartana sainika mandali prabhutva niyantrananu sweekarinchi, assembleeni raddu chesindi. chaad raajakeeya himsa mariyu punaraavruta prayatnaala tirugubaatlatho baadhapadutunnaadu.
maanava abhivruddhi soochikalo chaad 2va atyalpa sthaanamlo unnadu, undhi; 0.394 190va sthaanamlo unnadu, mariyu prapanchamlooni atyanta paedha mariyu atyanta avineeti deshaalalo okatigaa undatam valla athi takkuva abhivruddhi chendina desham edurkontondi. ikkadi nivaasitulaloo ekkuva mandhi jeevanaadhaara pasuvula kaaparulu, raitulugaa pedarikamlo jeevistunnaru. 2003 nundi mudi chamuru desham yokka egumati aadaayaaniki praathamika vanarugaa maarindi, idhi saampradaaya patthi parisramanu adhigaminchindi. ekapakshamgaa khaidu cheyadam, chattavyatireka hatyalu, bhadrata dalaalu, saayudha sainika dalaalu poura swechchalapai parimitulu vanti tarachugaa durviniyogaalu chestu, chaad paelavamaina maanava hakkula rikaardunu kaligi unnaaru.
charitra.
prarambha charitra.
kristupurvam 7va sahasraabdiloo, chadian bhuubhaagam uttara bhaagamlo paryaavarana paristhitulu maanava sthaavaraalaku anukuulamgaa undevi, daani janabha gananeeyamgaa perigindi. konni mukhyamaina african puraavastu pradaesaalu chaad loe kanipistaayi, pradhanamgaa borcou-ennedi-tibesty praantamloo; konni cree puu 2000 kante mundu nativi.
2, 000 samvatsaraalaku paiga, chadian pareevaahaka praantamloo vyavasaya mariyu nischala prajalu nivasistunnaaru. eee praantam nagarikatala kuudaligaa maarindi. veetilo mottamodatidi kalakhandalu mariyu moukhika charitrala nundi telisina puraana saavo. saavo kaanem saamrajyam chetilo padipoyindi, idhi cree. sha. 1 va sahasraabdi chivari natiki chaad yokka sahelian striplo abhivruddhi chendina modati mariyu ekkuva kaalam konasagina saamrajyaalu. eee praantamlooni maroe rendu rashtraalu, bagirmi sultanet mariyu vaday saamrajyam, 16va mariyu 17va sataabdaalaloo udbhavinchaayi. kaanem mariyu daani vaarasula adhikaram eee praantam gundaa vellae trans-sahara vaanijya maargaala niyantranapai aadharapadi undedi. eee rashtraalu, kaneesam nissabdamgaa muslimlu, baanisalapai daadi cheyadam tappa dakshina gaddi bhoomulaku tama niyantrananu eppuduu vistarinchaledu. kaanemlo, janabhalo moodinta oka vanthu mandhi banisaluga undevaaru.
french valasa kaalam (1900-1960).
french valasarajyala vistarana vistarana valasarajyala erpaatuku daariteesindi. 1920 natiki, france eee kaalaneepai puurti niyantrananu pondhi, daanini french bhoomadhyarekha aafrikaalo bhaagamgaa cherchindi. chaad loe french paalana bhoobhaganni ekikrutam cheyadaaniki vidhanalu lekapovadam mariyu itara french kaalaneelatoo poliste nidaanamaina aadhuneekarana dwara vargeekarinchabadindi.
french vaaru pradhanamgaa eee kaalaneeni sikshana laeni kaarmikulaku mariyu mudi patthi kii mukhyamaina vanarugaa chuusaaru; france france pedda ettuna patthi utpattini pravesapettindi. chaad looni valasa paripaalanalo sibbandi takkuvagaa undevaaru mariyu french poura seva yokka murikivaadalapai aadhaarapadavalasi vachindi. dakshinaadi saara matrame samarthavantamgaa paalinchabadindi; islaamik uttara mariyu thoorpuna french uniki namamatramga undedi. eee nirlakshyam valla vidya vyavastha prabhaavitamaindi.
rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata, france chaad kuu videshee bhuubhaagam mariyu daani nivaasulaku jaateeya assembly mariyu chadian assembleaki pratinidhulanu ennukune hakkunu manjuru chesindi. atipedda raajakeeya party kaalanee dakshina bhaagamlo unna chadian pragatiseela party (pipiti). 1960 augustu 11naa chaad kuu swaatantryam labhinchindi, pitipi nayakudu francois tombalbe, oka jaathi saara, daani modati adhyakshudiga unnaaru.
tombalbe niyamam (1960-1979).
rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata, tombalbe pratipaksha paarteelanu nishedhinchi, yeka party vyavasthanu sthaapinchaaru. tombalbe nirankusa paalana, sunnitatvam laeni durviniyogam jaatyaantara udriktatalanu teevrataram chesaayi. chesaayi, uttaraana unna muslimlu, national liberation front off chaad (fronilat) netrutvamlo, antaryuddham praarambhinchaaru. praarambhinchaaru tombalbe padagotti champabaddadu, conny tirugubaatu konasaagindi. konasaagindi hissen habrey netrutvamloni tirugubaatu vargaalu rajadhaanini swaadheenam chesukunnayi, desamloni anni kendra adhikaralu kuppakulipoyayi. uttaraadi tirugubaatuku chendina aneka saayudha vargaalu adhikaram kosam poradayi.
chaad yokka modati antaryuddham (1979-1987).
chaad vichchinnam desamlo france sthaanam kuppakuuladaaniki kaaranamaindi. libya adhikara shoonyatanu puurimchadaaniki velli, chaad yokka antaryuddhamlo paalgondi. libya yokka sahasam nilipivesindi; vipattulo mugisindi; french maddatugala adhyakshudu hissen habrey, intaku mundennadoo chuudani vidhamgaa chaadiyanla nundi aikya pratispandananu rekettinchaadu mariyu libia sainyanni chadian naela nundi balavantamgaa tarimikottaaru.
habrey niyantrutvam (1987-1990).
rabrey thana paalanalo vaelaadi mandhi prajalu champabaddaarani anchanaa veyabadina avineeti mariyu himsapai aadhaarapadina adhikara vyavastha dwara thana niyantrutvaanni ekikrutam chesaadu. adhyakshudu thana sonta tubou jaathi samuuhaaniki anukuulamgaa undi, thana maajee mitrapakshaalaina jaghavato vivaksha chuupaaru. athani general, idris debby, debby atanni padagottadu. habrenu vichaarinche prayatnaalu jaragaledu senegal loe gruha nirbandhamlo unchadaaniki daariteesaayi; chaad, habrepai athani paalanalo jarigina yuddha neeraalaku adhikarikamga abhiyogaalu mopabaddaayi. 2016 maeloe, atyaachaaram, laingika baanisatvam, 40,000 mandini champadaaniki aadesinchadam vanti maanava hakkula ullanghanalaku paalpadinanduku athanu doshigaa nirdhaarinchabaddaadu mariyu jeevita khaidu vidhinchabaddaadu.
rendava antaryuddhamtho (1990-prastutam) debi vamsam & prajaswamyam.
debby tirugubaatu samuuhaalanu punaruddarinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu mariyu bahula party rajakeeyaalanu tirigi pravesapettaadu. chaadiyanlu prajabhipraya sekarana dwara kotta raajyaamgaanni aamodinchaaru, mariyu mariyu, debby sulabhamgaa pootii adhyaksha ennikalaloo vijayam saadhinchaaru. aidella tarvaata ayana rendosari gelichaaru. unnaaru chaad loe chamuru dopidi praarambhamaindi, daanitoe paatu chaad chivaraku shanti mariyu sreyassuku kontha avakaasaalu kaligi untaadane aasalanu tecchindi. badulugaa, antargata asammati marinta digajaarindi, kotta antaryuddham chelaregindi. adhyaksha padavipai rendu padaveekaala parimitini tolaginchadaaniki debby ekapakshamgaa raajyaamgaanni savarinchaaru; idhi poura samajam mariyu pratipaksha paarteelalo gandaragolaniki kaaranamaindi.
heccharinchaaru jarigina ennikalaloo debby moodava majorityni geluchukuni pratipakshaalu bahishkarinchaayi. thoorpu chaad loe jaathi himsa perigindi; saranaarthula kosam aikyaraajyasamiti hicommissioner, dorfer loe ilanti maranahomam inca chaad loe jaragavacchani heccharinchaaru. heccharinchaaru mariyu fibravari tirugubaatu dalaalu rajadhaanini balavantamgaa swaadheenam chesukovadaniki prayatninchaayi, conny rendu sandarbhaalloonuu viphalamayyayi. 2010 janavari 15naa santakam chesina chaad mariyu sudan madhya samarasyanni punaruddharinchadaaniki oka oppandam, aidella yuddhaaniki mugimpu palikindi. sambandhaalalo maarpu sudan nundi chadian tirugubaatudaarulu intiki tirigi raavadaaniki, edu samvatsaraala moosiveta taruvaata rendu deshaala madhya sarihaddunu teravadaaniki mariyu sarihaddunu bhadraparachadaaniki ummadi dalaanni moharinchadaaniki daariteesindi. 2013 maeloe, chaad looni bhadrata dalaalu aneka nelalugaa siddhamavutunna adhyakshudu idris debeeki vyatiraekamgaa jarigina tirugubaatunu viphalamayyayi.
boko haram mariyu itara islaamik ugravaadulaku vyatiraekamgaa poraatamlo paschima africa sankeernamlo chaad prastutam pramukha bhagaswamulalo okaru. phaakt group uttara praantamloo chorabaatlu chesina taruvaata, 2021 april 20naa chaad sainyam debby maraninchinatlu prakatinchindi, eee samayamlo adhyakshudu mundu varusalo poraatamlo champabaddadu. debby kumarudu general mahamat idris debeeni sainika adhikaarula parivartana mandali taatkaalika adhyakshudiga niyaminchindi. aaa parivartana mandali rajyangam sthaanamlo kotta saasanapatramnu pravesapettindi, mahamat debeeki adhyaksha padavi adhikaaraalanu manjuru chesindi mariyu saayudha dalaalaku adhipatigaa niyaminchindi.
bhougolikam.
chaad anedi uttara-madhya aafrikaalo vistarinchi unna oka pedda bhuubandhita desham. idhi 7° mariyu 24° n akshaamsaala madhya, mariyu 13° mariyu 24° e madhya unna vistiirnamloo vistarinchi undhi, mariyu idhi prapanchamlooni iravayyava atipedda desham. chaad, parimaanam prakaram, peru kante konchem chinnadi mariyu dakshinaafrikaa kante konchem peddadi.
chaad uttaraana libia, thoorpuna sudan, paschimaana niger, nigeria mariyu cameroon mariyu dakshinaana central african republic sarihaddulugaa unnaayi. dhesha rajadhani sameepa naukaasrayam, daula, cameroon nundi undhi. samudram nundi eee dhooram mariyu desham yokka ekkuvagaa edaari vaataavaranam kaaranamgaa, chaadnu konnisaarlu "africa yokka mrutha hrudayam" gaa suuchistaaru.
aadhipatya bhouthika nirmaanam uttara, thoorpu sarihaddulalo ennedi peethabhoomi, tibesty parvathaalatho kuudina vistruta pareevaahaka praantam, indulo samudra mattaniki paina unna nidraanamaina agniparvatam emi kausi undhi. eee deshaaniki paeru pettabadina lake chaad (mariyu idhi "sarassu" anae kaanuuri padam nundi daani paerunu teesukuntundi), 7,000 samvatsaraala kritam chaad pareevaahaka praantamloo unna apaaramaina sarassu avasheshaalu. 21va sataabdamloo idhi kevalam vistarinchi unnappatikee, daani uparitala vaisaalyam bhaarii kaalaanuguna hecchutaggulaku lobadi unnappatikee, eee sarassu aafrikaalo rendava atipedda chittadi naela.
chaad aaru bhoogola paryaavarana praantaalaku nilayam thoorpu sudanian savannah, sahelian akeshia savannah, lake chaad fluded savannah, thoorpu saharan montaine geric adavulu, dakshina saharan gaddi neelalu mariyu adavulu, mariyu tibesty-jabel yuvenat montaine geric adavulu. eee praantamlooni podavaina gaddi mariyu vistrutamaina chittadi neelalu pakshulu, sareesrupaalu mariyu pedda ksheeradaalaku anukuulamgaa untaayi. chaad yokka pradhana nadulu-chaari, logon mariyu vaati upanadulu-aagneya nundi dakshina savannas gundaa chaad sarassuloki pravahistaayi.
prati samvatsaram intertropical front anie piluvabade ushnamandala vaataavarana vyavastha dakshinam nundi uttaraaniki chaadnu daatutundi, idhi dakshinaana mae nundi october varaku mariyu sahello juun nundi september varaku unde tadi kaalanni testundi. sthaanika varshapaatamlo vaividhyaalu moodu pradhana bhougolika mandalaalanu srushtistaayi. sahaara desham yokka uttara moodava bhaagamlo undhi. eee belt antataa vaarshika avakshepaalu takkuvagaa untaayi; appudappudu aakasmika thaati thotala matrame manugada saagistaayi, avanni cancer rekhaku dakshinaana untaayi.
sahada madhyalo sahelian beltku maargam chooputundi; akkada varshapaatam samvatsaraaniki maarutuu untundi. sahel loe, mulla podalu (ekkuvagaa acasias) unna gaddi maidaanam kramamga chaad yokka sudanese jonelo dakshinam nundi thoorpu sudanian savannaku daari teestundi. eee praantamloo vaarshika varshapaatam mugisindi.
vanyapraanulu.
chaad yokka janthu mariyu vruksha jeevitam moodu vaataavarana mandalaalaku anugunamgaa untundi. saharan praantamloo, oyasis yokka kharjura-thaati thotala matrame vrukshajaalam. sahelian praantamloo aracheti mariyu akesiya chetlu perugutaayi. dakshina ledhaa sudaneek jonelo metaku anuvaina vistruta gaddi bhoomulu ledhaa pacchika bayallu untaayi. 2002 natiki, desavyaaptamgaa kaneesam 134 jaatula ksheeradaalu, 509 jaatula pakshulu (354 jaatula nivaasitulu mariyu 155 valasadaarulu) mariyu 1,600 jaatula mokkalu unnaayi.
enugulu, simhaalu, gedelu, hippopotamus, khadgamrugalu, jiraafeelu, jinkalu, chirutapululu, chirutapululu, hainalu mariyu aneka jaatula pamulu ikkada kanipistaayi, ayithe 20va sataabdam prarambham nundi chaalaa pedda mamsaahaarula sankhya gananeeyamgaa taggindi. mukhyamgaa desamloni dakshinaana jakauma jaateeya udyaanavanam vanti praantaallo enugulanu vetaadatam teevramaina samasya. ennedi peethabhoomilo manugadalo unna paschima african mosalla chinna samuuham nedu saharalo telisina chivari kaalaneelalo okadaanni suuchistumdi.
chaad 2018 atavee prakruti drushya samagrata suuchika sagatu skoru 6.18/10 kaligi undhi, idhi 172 deshaalalo prapanchavyaaptamgaa 83va sthaanamlo undhi. vistrutamaina atavee nirmuulana phalitamgaa akesiyaalu, babab, kharjuralu, thaati chetlu vanti chetlu nashtapoyayi. idhi adavi jantuvulaku sahaja aavasalanu kooda kolpovadaniki kaaranamaindi; dheeniki pradhana kaaranaalalo okati maanava sthaavaraalanu penchadam dwara vaeta mariyu pasuvula pempakam kooda. simhaalu, chirutapululu, khadgamrugalu vanti jantuvula sankhya gananeeyamgaa taggindi.
susthira abhivruddhini prothsahinchadaaniki aagneya chaad looni jakauma national park (jdnp), ciniaca-minia mariyu ouk reserve looni raitulu, vyavasaya-pasuvula pempakandaarulu mariyu pasuvula pempakandaarula madhya sambandhaalanu meruguparachadaaniki aahara mariyu vyavasaya samstha prayatnaalu chesindi. jaateeya parirakshana prayatnamlo bhaagamgaa, edaari purogatini tanikhi cheyadaaniki 12 laksalaku paiga chetlanu tirigi nataru, idhi yaadrucchikamgaa arabic gamnu utpatti chese akesiya chetla nundi mariyu pandla chetla nundi kooda aardhika rabadi dwara sthaanika aardhika vyavasthaku sahaayapadutundi.
desamlo, mukhyamgaa laabhadaayakamaina dantaala parisrama kosam enugulanu vetaadatam teevramaina samasya, jakauma vanti jaateeya udyanavanalalo kooda rangerlaku muppuga undhi. enugulanu tarachugaa paarkulu mariyu chuttupakkala mandalugaa vyavastheekruta vaeta dwara oochakotha kostaru. paarkulalo sibbandi takkuvagaa undatam, aneka mandhi wardenlanu vetagallu hatya cheyadam valla samasya marinta digajaarindi.
janabha.
chaad yokka jaateeya ganaanka samstha 2015 janabha 13,630,252 mariyu 13,679,203 madhya anchanaa vesindi, daani madhyastha anchanaga 13,670,084 thoo; madhyastha anchanaa aadhaaramgaa, 3,212,470 prajalu pattana praantaallo nivasinchaaru mariyu 10,457,614 prajalu graameena praantaallo nivasinchaaru. dhesha janabha chinnadih anchanaa prakaram 47 saatam mandhi 15 ellalopu vaaru. janana raetu 1,000 mandiki 42.35 jananaalu, mariyu maranaala raetu 16.69 gaa anchanaa veyabadindi. ayurdayam 52 samvatsaraalu.
chaad janabha asamanamga pampinhee cheyabadindi. saandrata saharan borcou-ennedi-tibesty praantamloo undhi, conny logon paschima praantamloo undhi. rajadhanilo, idhi marinta ekkuvagaa untundi. dhesha janabhalo sagam mandhi daani bhoobhaagamlo dakshina aidava bhaagamlo nivasistunnaaru, idhi atyanta janasaandrata kaligina praantamgaa maarindi.
pattana jeevitam rajadhanilo kendrikrutamai undhi, dheeni janabha ekkuvagaa vaanijyamlo nimagnamai undhi. itara pradhana pattanaalu saarh, moundou, abeche mariyu doba, ivi gananeeyamgaa chinnavi conny janabha mariyu aardhika karyakalapalalo vaegamgaa perugutunnaayi. 2003 nundi, 230,000 mandhi sudanese saranaarthulu yuddhamlo chikkukunna darfur nundi thoorpu chaadku paaripoyaaru. thoorpuna antaryuddham kaaranamgaa 172,600 mandhi chaadiyanlu sthaanabhramsham chendadamtho, idhi eee praantamlooni samajalalo udriktatalanu penchindi.
bahupatnam anedi saadhaaranam, 39 saatam mandhi mahilalu ituvanti sanghaalalo nivasistunnaaru. idhi chattam dwara manjuru cheyabadindi, idhi vivaahaanantaram idhi aamodayogyam kaadani jeevita bhaagaswaamulu perkonakapothe bahubharyatvanni svayamchaalakamgaa anumatistundi. mahilalapai himsa nishedhinchabadinappatiki, gruha himsa sarvasaadhaaranam. stree jananendri vichhedanam kooda nishedhinchabadindi, conny eee abhyasam vistrutamgaa mariyu sampradaayamlo lothugaa paatukupoyindi; 45 saatam chadian mahilalu eee prakriyaku lonavutaru, arabbulu, hajjarai mariyu ouddaayiyanlalo atyadhika raetlu (90 saatam ledhaa anthakante ekkuva). saaraa (38 saatam) mariyu tubou (2 saatam) loe takkuva saatam namodaindi. mahilalu vidya mariyu sikshanalo samaana avakaasaalu lekapovadam valla, saapekshamgaa takkuva adhikaarika ranga udyogaala kosam pootii padatam vaariki kashtamavutundi. french code aadhaaramgaa aasti mariyu vaarasatva chattalu mahilalapai vivaksha choopakapoyinappatiki, saampradaaya aacharam prakaram, sthaanika nayakulu chaalaa vaarasatva kesulanu purushulaku anukuulamgaa teerpu istaaru.
jaathi samuuhaalu.
chaad prajalu thoorpu, madhya, paschima mariyu uttara africa nundi gananeeyamaina puurveekulanu kaligi unnaaru.
chaad 200 kante ekkuva vibhina jaathi samuuhaalanu kaligi undhi, ivi vibhina saamaajika nirmaanaalanu srushtistaayi. valasarajyala paripalana mariyu swatantra prabhutvaalu jaateeya samajanni vidhinchadaaniki prayatninchaayi, conny chaalaa mandhi chaadiyanlaku sthaanika ledhaa praantiiya samajam sameepa kutumbam velupala atyanta mukhyamaina prabhaavamgaa undhi. ayinappatikee, chaad prajalanu vaaru nivasinche bhougolika praantam prakaram vargeekarinchavachhu.
dakshinaana desham yokka pradhana jaathi samuuham saaraa vanti nischala prajalu nivasistunnaaru, vaari mukhyamaina saamaajika vibhagam vamsam. sahel loe nischala prajalu desamloni rendava pradhana jaathi samuuham ayina arabbulu vanti sanchaarulato kalisi nivasistunnaaru. uttaraana sanchaarulu nivasistunnaaru, ekkuvagaa dushtule.
bhashalu.
chaad yokka adhikaarika bhashalu arabic mariyu french, conny 100 kii paiga bhashalu mariyu maandalikaalu matladataru. sthaanika samajalalo prayaaninchae arab vyaapaarulu mariyu sthirapadina vyaapaarulu pooshinchina mukhyamaina paatra kaaranamgaa, chadian arabic bhasha oka bhasha bhashaga maarindi.
matam.
chaad mataparamgaa vaividhyamaina desham. samuuham pyuu parisoedhanaa kendram nundi vacchina vividha anchanaala prakaram janabhalo 52-58% muslimlu kaga, 39-44% kraistavulu, 22 saatam kaathalikkulu, inca 17 saatam protestantlu. 2012 pyuu parisoedhana survey prakaram, muslim chaadiyanlalo 48 saatam mandhi sunni, 21 saatam shiya, 4 saatam ahmadi mariyu 23 saatam mataparamaina muslimetarulu. islam vividha margallo vyakteekarinchabadindi; udaaharanaku, muslim chaadiyanlalo 55 saatam mandhi suufii shrenulaku chendinavaaru. dheeni atyanta saadhaarana vyakteekarana tijania, dheenini 35 saatam chadian muslimlu anusaristaaru, indulo konni sthaanika african matha amsaalu unnaayi. unnaayi, muslimlu chaadiyanlalo adhika sankhyaakulu suufii sodarabhavam tijaniaku chendina sunneelugaa arda anchanaa vesindi. desamloni muslimlalo oka chinna minority (5-10%) marinta fundamentalist paddhatulanu kaligi unnaaru, ivi konni sandarbhaallo soudhi-aadhaarita salafi udyamaalato mudipadi undavacchu.
roman kaathalikkulu desamlone atipedda kraistava vargaaniki praatinidhyam vahistunnaaru. nigeriaku chendina "vijaetala praarthanaa mandiram" thoo sahaa chaalaa mandhi protestantlu vividha suvaarta kraistava samuuhaalatoe anubandhamgaa unnaaru. bahai sabhyulu mariyu yehovasakshula mataparamaina sanghaalu kooda desamlo unnaayi. unnaayi swaatantryam vacchina taruvaata rendu mataalu pravesapettabaddaayi, anduvalla ivi desamlo "kotta" mataalugaa pariganhinchabadutunnaayi.
janabhalo koddi saatam mandhi sthaanika mataalanu aacharistuune unnaaru. jeevavaadamlo vividha rakaala puurveekulu mariyu sthala-aadhaarita mataalu unnaayi, veeti vyakteekarana chaalaa nirdishtamainadi. kraistava matam french mariyu american missionarylatho kalisi vachindi; chadian islam maadirigaane, idhi kraistava puurva matha vishwaasaala amsaalanu samakaaleekaristundi.
muslimlu ekkuvagaa uttara mariyu thoorpu chaad laloe kendrikrutamai unnaaru, mariyu jeevavaadulu mariyu kraistavulu pradhanamgaa dakshina chaad mariyu gurraalo nivasistunnaaru. chaalaa mandhi muslimlu dakshina chaad loe kooda nivasistunnaaru, ayithe uttaraana kraistavula uniki chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi. rajyangam loukika rajyaanni andistundi mariyu matha swechchaku haamii istundi; vividha matha sanghaalu saadhaaranamgaa samasyalu lekunda sahajeevanam chestaayi.
kraistava mariyu islaamik samuuhaalaku praatinidhyam vahistunna videshee missionarylaku chaad nilayam. pradhanamgaa sudan, soudhi arabia mariyu pakistan nundi vacchina muslim bodhakulu kooda sandarsistaaru. soudhi arabia nidhulu saadhaaranamgaa saamaajika mariyu vidya prajectulaku mariyu vistrutamaina maseedu nirmaanaaniki maddatu istayi.
vidya.
desham yokka chellacheduruga unna janabha mariyu tama pillalanu paatasaalaku pampadaaniki tallidandrula kontavaraku ayishtata kaaranamgaa vidyaavaettalu gananeeyamaina savaallanu edurkontunnaru. haajaru tappanisari ayinappatikee, 68 saatam mandhi baluru matrame praathamika paatasaalaku haajaravutaaru, janabhalo sagaaniki paiga niraksharaasyulu. unnata vidyanu enn 'disamena vishwavidhyaalayamlo andistaaru. 33 saatamtoe, sub-sahara aafrikaalo atyanta takkuva aksharaasyata raetlu unna deshaalalo chaad okati.
chaad, yuu.ess. chaad loe baala kaarmikula yokka chettha roopaalapai kaarmika vibhagam yokka parisoedhanalu 5 nundi 14 samvatsaraala vayassu gala pillala paatasaala haajaru 39 saatam varaku takkuvagaa undani nivedinchindi. 5 nundi 14 samvatsaraala vayassu gala pillalalo 53 saatam mandhi pani chestunnarani, 7 nundi 14 samvatsaraala vayassu gala pillalalo 30 saatam mandhi pani mariyu paatasaalanu kalipi panicheestunnaarani nivedika perkonnanduna idhi baala kaarmika samasyaku kooda sambandhinchinadi kaavacchu. iteevali doll nivedika pasuvula pempakaanni takkuva vayassu unna pillalaku upaadhi kalpinche pradhana vyavasaya karyakalapamga perkondi.
prabhutvam mariyu rajakeeyaalu.
chaad rajyangam raajakeeya vyavasthapai aadhipatyam chelaayinche adhyakshudi netrutvamlo balamaina karyanirvahaka saakhanu andistundi. pradhana mantrini, mantrivargaanni niyaminche adhikaram raashtrapatiki undhi, nyaayamuurtulu, generals, praantiiya adhikarulu, chaad yokka paaraa-statle samsthala adhipatula niyamakalapai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chooputundi. teevramaina mariyu takshana muppu unna sandarbhaallo, adhyakshudu, jaateeya assembleetho sampradinchi, atyavasara paristhitini prakatinchavacchu. adhyakshudini aidu samvatsaraala kaalaaniki prajaadarana pondina ootu dwara neerugaa ennukuntaaru; jaragaledu rajyanga kaala parimitulu tolaginchabaddaayi, idhi adhyakshudini munupati rendu-kaala parimitiki minchi adhikaaramlo undataaniki veelu kalpinchindi. debby yokka mukhya salahaadaarulalo ekkuva mandhi jaghawa jaathi samuuhaaniki chendinavaaru, ayithe dakshinaadi mariyu pratipaksha vyaktulaku prabhutvamlo praatinidhyam undhi.
chaad yokka nyaya vyavastha french poura chattam mariyu chadian aachara chattam meeda aadharapadi untundi, ikkada rendavadi praja kramam ledhaa samaanatvam yokka rajyanga haameelalo jokyam chesukodu. nyaya swaatantryaaniki rajyangam haamii ichinappatikii, rashtrapati chaalaa mandhi keelaka nyaya adhikaarulanu pilustaaru. nyaya vyavastha yokka atyunnata adhikara paridhi, supreenkortu mariyu rajyanga mandali, 2000 nundi puurtigaa amaluloki vachayi. supreme court loe adhyakshudu paeru pettabadina pradhana nyaayamuurti mariyu adhyakshudu mariyu jaateeya assembly jeevitaantam niyaminchina 15 mandhi councillarlu untaaru. rajyanga nyaayasthaanaaniki tommidella padaveekaalaaniki ennikaina tommidi mandhi nyaayamuurtulu naayakatvam vahistaaru. chattalu, oppandaalu mariyu antarjaateeya oppandaalanu vaatini sweekarinche mundu sameekshinche adhikaram dheeniki undhi.
jaateeya assembly chattam chestundi. eee samsthalo samvatsaraaniki moodusaarlu samavesamayye naalugu samvatsaraala kaalaaniki ennikaina 155 mandhi sabhyulu untaaru. assembly samvatsaraaniki rendusaarlu marchi mariyu octoberlo praarambhamayye kramam tappakunda samavesalanu nirvahistundi mariyu pradhaanamantri pilichinappudu pratyeka samavesalanu nirvahinchavacchu. prati rendu samvatsaraalaku okasari jaateeya assembly adhyakshudini pratinidhulu ennukuntaaru. kottagaa aamodinchina chattalapai rashtrapati 15 rojulloga santakam cheyali ledhaa tiraskarinchaali. jaateeya assembly pradhana mantri prabhutva pranaalikanu aamodinchaali mariyu aviswaasam yokka majority ootu dwara pradhanini rajinama cheyamani balavantam cheyavachu. ayithe, jaateeya assembly oka samvatsaraaniki rendusaarlu karyanirvahaka saakha karyakramanni tiraskariste, adhyakshudu assembleeni raddu chesi kotta saasanasabha ennikalaku pilupunivvacchu. aacharanalo, adhyakshudu thana party, deshabhakti moksha udyamam (mps) dwara jaateeya assemblypy gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chuuputaaru, idhi pedda majorityni kaligi undhi.
undhi pratipaksha paarteelu chattabaddham ayye varaku, debby yokka mps matrame chaad loe chattabaddhamaina partyga undedi. appati nundi 78 namodaina raajakeeya paarteelu churukuga marai. jaragaledu, ennikala prachara samayamlo otaru namodulo vistrutamaina akramalu mariyu swatantra media samsthala prabhutva sensorship nivedikala madhya debby moodava saari tirigi ennika kosam nilabadataaniki anumatinchina rajyanga prajabhipraya sekarananu bahishkarinchadaaniki pratipaksha paarteelu mariyu maanava hakkula samsthalu maddatu icchaayi. pratipakshaalu ennikalanu prahasanamgaa bhaavinchi, bahishkarinchadamtho, vilekharulu 2006 adhyaksha ennikalanu kevalam lanchanaprayamga teerpu icchaaru.
shanti nidhi (ffp) chae chaad viphalamaina rashtramgaa jabita cheyabadindi. undhi; pelusugaa unna raashtraala soochikalo chaad edava atyadhika ranknu kaligi unnaaru. anni sthaayilalo avineeti prabalamgaa undhi; undhi; paaradarsakata antarjaateeya avineeti avagahana suuchika 180 deshaalalo 164va sthaanamlo undhi. maajee adhyakshudu debby vimarsakulu aayanapai chroniism, girijanavaadam aaropanalu chesaaru.
dakshina chaad loe, bhoomi meeda teevramaina gharshanalu marinta saadhaaranam avtunnayi. vaaru tarachugaa himsaatmakamgaa maarutaaru. deerghakaalamgaa konasagutunna saamaajika samskruti ksheenistoondi-alaage chaalaa mandhi raitula jeevanopaadhi kooda ksheenistoondi.
deerghakaala adhyakshudu idris debby 2021 april 20naa maraninchadamtho, dhesha jaateeya assembly mariyu prabhutvam rendoo raddu cheyabaddaayi mariyu jaateeya naayakatvam sainika adhikaarulatho kuudina mariyu athani kumarudu mahamat caca netrutvamloni parivartana sainika mandalitho bharti cheyabadindi. rajyangam prastutam suspend cheyabadindi, poura jaateeya parivartana mandali roopondinchina daanitoe bharti cheyabadutondi, inca niyaminchabadaledu. 18 nelala parivartana kaalam mugimpulo ennikalu jarugutaayani sainika mandali perkondi.
antargata vyatiraekata mariyu videshee sambandhaalu.
nayakatva gharshanala valla teevramgaa vibhajinchabadina, conny atanini padagotte uddesyamto aikyamaina samuuhaala nundi debby saayudha vyatiraekatanu edurkonnadu. eee dalaalu 2006 april 13naa rajadhaanipai daadi chesaayi, conny chivariki tippikottabaddaayi. chaad yokka goppa videshee prabhavam france, idhi desamlo 1,000 mandhi sainikulanu nirvahistundi. tirugubaatudaarulanu tippikottadaaniki debby frenchpy aadharapaddadu, praantiiya sthirathvam puurtigaa koolipotundane bhayamtho france chadian sainyaniki logistical mariyu intelligence maddatunu andistundi. ayinappatikee, ayinappatikee american exon companyki chamuru travvakam hakkulanu manjuru cheyadam dwara franco-chadian sambandhaalu debbatinnaayi.
gatha konni dasabdaluga chaad loe aneka tirugubaatu samuuhaalu unnaayi. unnaayi, prajaasvaamya maarpu sainikula kosam united frontnu chadian sainyamlo vileenam chese shanti oppandam kudirindi. chaad loe nyayam mariyu prajaswamyam kosam udyamam kooda unnaaru adhyakshudu idris debeeni padagotte prayatnamlo prabhutva dalaalatoe gharshanaku digindi. adanamgaa, thoorpu chaad looni khartoom yokka janjaveed tirugubaatudaarulato vividha gharshanalu jarigaayi, vaaru helicopter gunn shiplanu upayoginchi pourulanu champaru. prastutam, union off resistance forces (ufr) anedi chaad prabhutvamtho pooraadutuu unna oka tirugubaatu samuuham. samuuham, ufr 6,000 mandhi purushulu mariyu 300 vahanalanu kaligi unnatlu anchanaa veyabadindi.
sainyam.
2006 natiki chaad yokka sainika budget gdplo 4.2% gaa untundani cia varald phaakt book anchanaa vesindi. appati gdplo ($7.095 bln), sainika vyayam sumaru $300 miliyanlugaa anchanaa veyabadindi. ayithe 2011 samvatsaraaniki prapancha byaanku anchanaa vesinatlugaa, poura yuddham mugisina taruvaata eee anchanaa 2 saataaniki padipoyindi.
paripalana vibhagalu.
2012 nundi chaad 23 praantalugaa vibhajinchabadindi. vikendrikarana prakriyaloo bhaagamgaa unnaaru gatha 14 prefecturelu prabhutvam raddu chesinappudu praantaalalo chaad upavibhaagam erpadindi. prati praantaaniki rashtrapati niyaminchina governor naayakatvam vahistaaru. eee praantaalalo 61 vibhaagaalanu prefectulu nirvahistaaru. eee vibhagalu 200 upa-prefectureluga vibhajinchabaddaayi, ivi 446 khandaalato koodi unnaayi.
cantonlanu "communats rurals" dwara bharti cheyaalani nirnayinchaaru, conny chattaparamaina mariyu niyantrana framework inca puurti kaaledu. sthaanika prajalu tama sonta abhivruddhilo churukaina paatra pooshinchamani balavantam cheyadaaniki vikendrikruta prabhutvaaniki rajyangam andistundi. eee disagaa, prati paripalana upavibhaagaanni ennukoobadina sthaanika saasanasabhalu paripaalinchaalani rajyangam prakatinchindi, conny sthaanika ennikalu jaragaledu, jaragaledu jaragaalsina mataparamaina ennikalu padepade vaida veyabaddaayi.
aardhika vyavastha.
aikyaraajyasamiti maanava abhivruddhi suuchika prakaram 80 saatam janabha daaridyra rekhaku diguvana nivasistunnanduna prapanchamlooni edava paedha desamgaa undhi. undhi talasari zii. dii. pii (konugolu shakti samaanatvam) yuu. ess ess anchanaa veyabadindi. chaad anedi central african states byaank, central africa customs und economic union (eudiac) mariyu aafrikaalo vyapara chattam (ohada) samanvaya samsthalo bhaagam.
chaad yokka currency cfa fraank. praarambhinchindi, chaad yokka ganula tavvakam parisrama sodiyam carbonate ledhaa natronnu utpatti chesindi. builtain prefecturelo bangaaram mose quartz gurinchi kooda nivedikalu vachayi. edemaina, samvatsaraala tarabadi konasagina antaryuddham videshee pettubadidaarulanu bhayapettindi; 1979 mariyu 1982 madhya kaalam nundi nishkraminchina vaaru iteevala dhesha bhavishyattupai vishwaasaanni tirigi pondadam praarambhinchaaru. khareedainadi chamuru rangamlo pradhana pratyaksha videshee pettubadulu prarambhamayyayi, idhi dhesha aardhika avakaasaalanu penchindi.
prapancha raajakeeya aardhika vyavasthalo valasarajyala vanarula velikiteeta (pradhanamgaa patthi mariyu mudi chamuru) kosam oka pradaesamgaa asamaanamaina cherika, chadian paarisraamikeekarana abhivruddhini prothsahinchani ledhaa prothsahinchani prapancha aardhika vyavastha, mariyu sthaanika vyavasaya utpattiki maddatu ivvadamlo vaiphalyam antey ekkuva mandhi chaadiyanlu rojuvaaree anischiti mariyu aakali thoo jeevistunnaru. chaad janabhalo 80 saataaniki paiga jeevanopaadhi kosam jeevanaadhaara vyavasayam mariyu pasuvula pempakampai aadhaarapadataaru. pandinchina pantalu mariyu mandala sthaanaalu sthaanika vaataavaranam dwara nirnayinchabadataayi. eee bhoobhaagamlo dakshinaana 10 saatam jonna mariyu chirudhanyala goppa digubadini kaligi unna desham yokka atyanta saaravantamaina panta bhoomi. sahel loe matrame balamaina chirudhanyala rakalu perugutaayi, mariyu dakshinaana kante chaalaa takkuva digubadini kaligi untaayi. marovaipu, sahel pedda vaanijya pasuvula mandalaku mariyu mekalu, gorrelu, gaadidalu mariyu gurralaku anuvaina pacchika bayallu. sahara yokka chellacheduruga unna oyasis konni kharjuralu mariyu chikkullu matrame kaligi untaayi. chaad nagaralu purapalaka moulika sadupayala valla teevramaina ibbandulanu edurkontunnaayi; pattana nivaasitulaloo kevalam 48 saatam mandiki matrame traaguneeru andubaatulo undhi mariyu kevalam 2 saatam mandiki matrame praathamika paarisuddhyam andubaatulo undhi.
chamuru parisrama abhivruddhiki mundu, patthi parisrama aadhipatyam, kaarmika market egumati aadaayamlo sumaru 80 saatam vatanu kaligi unnaayi. khachitamaina ganaamkaalu andubaatulo laenappatikee, patthi praathamika egumatigaa migilipoyindi. prapancha patthi dharala ksheenatatoo balaheenapadina pradhana patthi samstha kotonchad yokka punaraavaasaaniki france, netherlands, european union mariyu international byaank pharr reconstruction und development (ibrd) nidhulu samakuurchaayi. parastatal ippudu praiveteekarinchabadutundi bhaavistunnaaru. patthi kakunda, pasuvulu mariyu arabic gamlu prabalamgaa unnaayi.
aikyaraajyasamiti prakaram, kaneesam 2001 nundi chaad manavata sankshobhamto prabhaavitamaindi., chaad desham sudan yokka darfar praantam nundi 280,000 mandiki paiga saranaarthulaku, central african republic nundi 55,000 mandiki paiga, alaage 170,000 mandiki paiga antargatamgaa sthaanabhramsham chendina vyaktulaku aatidhyam istundi. fibravari fibravari enn 'jamena yuddham taruvaata, un manavata vyavahaaraala under secretory general zaan homes eee sankshobham maanavataavaadula saamardhyampai pratikuula prabhavanni chooputundani "teevra aandolana" vyaktam chesaaru. aikyaraajyasamiti pratinidhi marizio giuliano "dhi washington post" thoo ilaa annaru "manam taginanta sthaayilo sahayam andinchalekapothe, manavata sankshobham manavata vipattugaa maaravacchu". adanamgaa, sahayaka kaarmikula hatyala kaaranamgaa save dhi childron vanti samsthalu karyakalapalanu nilipivesaayi.
2003 mariyu 2011 madhya jaateeya pedarikam raetu 55 saatam nundi 47 saataaniki taggindi. ayithe, paedha prajala sankhya 47 laksala (2011) nundi 6.5 laksalaku (2019) sampoorna mottamlo perigindi. 2018 natiki, 10 mandiloo 4.2 mandhi ippatikee daaridyra rekhaku diguvana jeevistunnaru.
moulika sadupayalu.
ravana.
antaryuddham ravana moulika sadupayala abhivruddhini nilipivesindi; nilipivesindi;, chaad loe chadunu cheyabadina roadlu matrame undevi. varusa rahadari punaravasa prajectulu 2004 natiki netvarknu meruguparichayi. ayinappatikee, rahadari network parimitam; samvatsaramlo aneka nelalu roadlu tarachugaa nirupayogamgaa untaayi. sonta railway lenanduna, chaad daula naukaasrayaaniki mariyu daani nundi chadian egumatulu mariyu digumatula ravana kosam camera railu vyavasthapai ekkuvagaa aadharapadi untundi.
 chaad loe 59 vimaanaasrayaalu unnayani anchanaa veyabadindi, veetilo kevalam 9 ranvelu matrame chadunu cheyabaddaayi. oka antarjaateeya vimaanaasrayam raajadhaaniki sevalu andistundi mariyu paris mariyu aneka african nagaralaku nirantaraayamgaa vimanalanu andistundi.
shakti.
rajadhani pourulalo 15 saatam mandiki vidyutnu andinche mariyu jaateeya janabhalo kevalam 1.5 saatam mandiki matrame vidyutnu andinche parastatal chaad water und electric society (stee) dwara chaad yokka indhana rangam aneka samvatsaraala durviniyogaanni edurkondi. chaalaa mandhi chaadiyanlu vidyut kosam kalapa mariyu janthu eruvulu vanti jeeva dravyarashi indhanaalanu kaalchestaaru.
dakshina chaad loe oka billion barrells chamuru nilvalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki $3.7 biliyanlu pettubadi pettina chevron mariyu petronas consortienku exon mobil naayakatvam vahistundi. dakshina chamuru kshetraalanu atlantic teeramloni terminals ayina cameroontho anusandhaaninche pipeline (prapancha byaanku kontha bhaagaaniki nidhulu samakuurchindi) puurtavadamtoe unnaaru chamuru utpatti praarambhamaindi. thana sahaayaaniki sharatuga, prapancha byaanku chamuru aadaayamlo 80 saatam abhivruddhi prajectula kosam kharchu cheyaalani pattubattindi. 2006 janavarilo chadian prabhutvam eee mottaanni tagginche chattalanu aamodinchinappudu prapancha byaanku thana runa karyakramanni nilipivesindi. 2006 juulai 14naa prapancha byaanku mariyu chaad oka avagahana oppandampai santakam chesaayi, dheeni kinda chaad prabhutvam thana kharchulo 70 saatam praadhaanyata pedarika taggimpu kaaryakramaalaku kattubadi undhi.
telecommunications.
rashtra telephone company sotel chaad andinche sthira telephone sevalatho telecommunication vyavastha praadhamikamainadi mariyu khareedainadi. khareedainadi, desamlo prati 10,000 mandhi nivaasitulaku 14 sthira telephone linelu matrame undevi, idhi prapanchamlone athi takkuva telephone saandratalaloo okati.
gate vae communications, paan-african holsale connectivity mariyu telecommunications provider kooda chaad loe unikini kaligi undhi. september chaad, chaad yokka tapala mariyu samachara mariyu communication technologyla mantritva saakha (pii. enn. tii. sii) desham fiber optic technology kosam bhaagaswaamini korutundani prakatinchindi.
prapancha aardhika vedika yokka network samsiddhata suuchika (nri) loe chaad chivari sthaanamlo undhi-idhi oka desham yokka samachara mariyu communication saanketika parignaanam yokka abhivruddhi sthaayini nirnayinchadaaniki suuchika. 2014 nri rankinglo mottam 148va sthaanamlo unna chaad, chaad 142va sthaanamlo undagaa, 148va sthaanamlo undhi. 2010 septembarulo mobile phone vyaapti raetu 10.7 millionla janabha anchanaa kante 24.3% gaa anchanaa veyabadindi.
samskruti.
prajalu mariyu bhashala yokka goppa vaividhyam kaaranamgaa, chaad goppa saamskrutika vaarasatvaanni kaligi undhi. chadian prabhutvam chaad national museum mariyu chaad saamskrutika kendraanni praarambhinchadam dwara chadian samskruti mariyu jaateeya sampradaayaalanu churukuga prothsahinchindi. edaadi podavunaa aaru jaateeya selavulu jarupukuntaaru, mariyu kadile selavulalo eestar somavaaram kraistava selavudinam mariyu eedh ull-fither, eedh ull-adhaa mariyu eedh milad naabii muslim selavulu unnaayi.
vantakaalu.
chirudhanyalu chadian vantakaalalo pradhana aaharam. saas laloe munchina payst bantulanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki dheenini upayogistaaru. uttaraana eee vantakaanni "alish" anie pilustaaru; dakshinaana, "biah" anie pilustaaru. chepalu prachuryam pondaayi, veetini saadhaaranamgaa "salamgaa" (endalo endabettina mariyu teelikagaa pogabettina "alastes" mariyu "hydrosinus") ledhaa "bandaa" (pogabettina pedda chepa) gaa tayaaru chesi vikrayistaaru. "karkaje" anedi mandaara aakula nundi sekarinchina prasiddha teepi erra tii. uttaraana madya paaneeyaalu laenappatikee, dakshinaana prajaadarana pondaayi, ikkada prajalu chirudhanyala biir taagutaaru, dheenini erra chirudhanyala nundi tayaaru chesinappudu "billie-billie" anie pilustaaru, mariyu tella chirudhanyala nundi tayaaru chesinappudu "koshet" anie pilustaaru.
sangeetam.
chaad sangeetamlo "kinde", oka rakamaina villu harp; "kakaki", podavaina tinn horn; mariyu "huu huu", kaalabaashlanu loud speakerlugaa upayoginche theega vaayidyam vanti aneka vaayidyaalu unnaayi. itara vaayidyaalu mariyu vaati kalayikalu nirdishta jaathi samuuhaalatoe marinta mudipadi unnaih saaraa eelalu, balaphonelu, harps mariyu "kodjo" drumlanu ishtapadataaru; mariyu canemboo venuvu lanty vaayidyaalatoe drums sabdaalanu militam chestundi.
chaari jaz anae sangeeta brundam brundam erpadindi mariyu chaad yokka aadhunika sangeeta drushyaanni praarambhinchindi. taruvaata, african sraavyata mariyu antarjaateeya chalal vanti marinta prasiddha samuuhaalu aadhunikata mariyu sampradaayaanni militam cheyadaaniki prayatninchaayi. tibesty vanti pramukha samuuhaalu dakshina chaad nundi vacchina saampradaaya sangeeta shaili ayina "saay" nuu geeyadam dwara tama vaarasatvaaniki vaegamgaa atukkupooyaayi. chaad prajalu saampradayakamgaa aadhunika sangeetaanni tiraskarinchaaru. ayithe, ayithe chadian kalaakaarulanu kaligi unna sidi mariyu audeo cassetla pampineepai ekkuva aasakti perigindi mariyu prothsahinchindi. dongatanam mariyu kalaakaarula hakkula kosam chattaparamaina rakshana lekapovadam chadian sangeeta parisrama marinta abhivruddhiki samasyaga migilipoyindi.
saahityam.
itara sahelian deshaalalo maadirigaane, chaad looni saahityam daani prasiddha rachayitalanu prabhaavitam chesina aardhika, raajakeeya mariyu aadhyaatmika karuvunu chusindi. chadian rachayitalu bahishkarana ledhaa pravaasa hodha nundi vrayavalasi vachindi mariyu raajakeeya anachiveta mariyu chaaritraka upanyaasam yokka itivruttaalato aadhipatyam kaligina saahityaanni srushtinchaaru. 1962 nundi, 20 chadian rachayitalu sumaru 60 kalpita rachanalu raasaaru. atyanta antarjaateeyamgaa prasiddhi chendina rachayithalalo joseph brahim seed, baba mustafa, antoin bangui mariyu coulsey lamco unnaaru. unnaaru chaad yokka ekaika saahitya vimarsakudu ahmat taboy, antarjaateeyamgaa mariyu yuvatalo chaad saahityam gurinchi marinta parignaanam kosam mariyu chaad yokka prachurana samsthalu mariyu prachara nirmaanam lekapovadaanni bharti cheyadaaniki atanini prachurinchaadu.
media mariyu cinema.
chaad yokka television prekshakulu enn 'disamenaku matrame parimitam. prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni television station matrame television station. 13 private radeo staeshanlatoe radeo chaalaa ekkuva paridhini kaligi undhi. vaartaapatrikalu parimaanam mariyu pampinheelo parimitam, mariyu ravana kharchulu, takkuva aksharaasyata raetlu mariyu pedarikam kaaranamgaa prasarana ganaamkaalu takkuvagaa unnaayi. rajyangam bhaava prakatana swechhanu samarthistunnappatiki, prabhutvam kramam tappakunda eee hakkunu parimitam chesindi, 2006 chivarilo mediapai mundastu sensorship vyavasthanu amalu cheyadam praarambhinchindi.
praarambhinchindi edward seyili laghu chitraalato praarambhamaina chadian chitra parisrama abhivruddhi, antaryuddhaala vinaasanam mariyu cinema haalla korata kaaranamgaa debbatindi, veetilo prastutam mottam desamlo okati matrame undhi (normandy inn enn 'dzamena). 'dzamena) mahamat-saleh haroon, isaa serge koyelo mariyu abakar chene massar darsakula krushitho chadian chalana chitra parisrama mallee peragadam praarambhinchindi. haroon chitram "abouna" vimarsakula prasamsalu andukundi, mariyu athani "darat" 63va venis antarjaateeya chalana chitrotsavamlo grand special jurie bahumatini geluchukundi. 2010 chalana chitram "eah crying myaan" 2010 cons film festivallo jurie bahumatini geluchukundi, dheenitho haroun pradhana cons pootiiloo pravesinchina modati chadian darsakudigaa, alaage avaardunu geluchukunnadu. isha serge koyelo 'daaresalam "mariyu' daaresalam" chitraalaku darsakatvam vahinchaaru.
kreedalu.
football anedi chaad yokka atyanta prajaadarana pondina creeda. antarjaateeya pootiila samayamlo dhesha jaateeya jattunu daggaragaa anusaristaaru mariyu chadian football kreedaakaarulu french jatla kosam aadaru. basketball mariyu freestyle kusti vistrutamgaa abhyasinchabadutunnaayi, rejlarlu saampradaaya jantuvula charmalanu dharinchi, tamanu taamu dhoolitho kappukune roopamlo rendodi.

