mesopotamia yokka vaastusilpam

mesopotamia yokka vaastusilpam tigris-euphrates nadhee vyavastha (mesopotamia anie kooda pilustaaru) praantam yokka puraatana vaastusilpam, idhi aneka vibhina samskrutulanu kaligi undhi mariyu kristupurvam 10va sahasraabdi (modati shaashwata nirmaanaalu nirminchinappudu) nundi kristupurvam 6va sataabdam varaku vistarinchi undhi. mesopotamia nirmaana vijayalalo pattana pranaalika abhivruddhi, praamganam illu mariyu jigguraatlu unnaayi. mesopotamialo nirmaana vrutti ledhu; ayithe, rachayitalu prabhutvam, prabhuvulu ledhaa rajakutumbam kosam nirmaanaanni roopondinchi, nirvahinchevaaru.
puraatana mesopotamia vaastusilpam yokka adhyayanam andubaatulo unna puraavastu aadharalu, bhavanala chitra praatinidhyam mariyu nirmaana paddhatulapai grandhaalapai aadharapadi untundi. archibald says prakaram, uruk kaalam naati aadima chitralekhanaalu "raayi koratagaa undedi, conny appatike blocks mariyu sealsga kattirinchabadindi" anie suuchistunnaayi. itukalu saadhaarana nirmaana samagri, daanitoe paatu nagaralu, kotalu, devalayalu mariyu illu nirminchabaddaayi. nagaraniki gopuraalu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi mariyu oka krutrima vedikapai nilabadi unnaayi; illu kooda gopuram lanty roopaanni kaligi undhi. dheeniki oka keelu aann chesina talupu andinchabadindi, mariyu oka vidhamaina keetho teravavacchu; city gate pedda sthaayilo undhi, mariyu rettimpugaa unnatlu anipistundi. ... pakshi vanti rekkalu unna rakshasulu bhayapadevaaru, mariyu inti punaadi raallu-ledhaa itukalu-vaati kinda nikshiptam cheyabadina konni vastuvula dwara pavitram cheyabaddaayi."
panditula saahityam saadhaaranamgaa devalayalu, rajabhavanalu, nagara godalu mariyu dwaaraalu mariyu itara smaaraka bhavanala nirmaanampai drushti pedutundi, conny appudappudu nivaasa nirmaanampai kooda rachanalu kanipistaayi. puraavastu uparitala sarvelu prarambha mesopotamia nagarallo pattana roopaanni adhyayanam cheyadaaniki kooda anumatinchaayi.
nirmaana samagri.
sumerian raathi saadhaaranamgaa gaare laenidi ayinappatikee bitumen konnisaarlu upayoginchabadindi. kalakramena chaalaa vaividhyamgaa unde ituka sailulu kaalanni batti vargeekarinchabadataayi.
ishtamaina design gundrani itukalu, ivi kontavaraku asthiramgaa untaayi, kabatti mesopotamia ituka poralu prati konni varusalaku migilina vatiki lambamgaa itukala varusanu vestaayi. plano-convex itukala yokka prayojanaalu tayari vegam alaage itara ituka rakaala nundi mruduvaina uparitalam kante finishing plaastar kotnu merugga unche kramarahita uparitalam.
itukalanu gattipadataaniki suuryarashmiloo kaalchabadevaaru. eee rakamaina itukalu ovenlo kaalchina itukala kante chaalaa takkuva mannikainavi kabatti bhavanalu chivariki ksheeninchaayi. avi kramaanugatamgaa naasanam cheyabaddaayi, samam cheyabaddaayi mariyu adhe pradaesamloe punarnirminchabaddaayi. eee pranaalikaabaddhamaina nirmaanaatmaka jeevita chakram kramamga nagaraala sthaayini penchindi, tadwara avi chuttupakkala maidaanaaniki paina paiki edigaayi. phalitamgaa vacchina dibbalanu chells anie pilustaaru, ivi puraatana sameepa thoorpu antataa kanipistaayi. rangurangula raathi sankuvulu, terrakota panellu mariyu bankamatti gollanu adob-itukaloki nadapadam dwara poura bhavanalu ksheenatanu tagginchaayi, idhi mukhabhaganni alankarinche rakshana kavachamnu srushtinchindi. lebanon nundi deevadaaru, arabia nundi diorite mariyu bharatadesam nundi lapis lajuli vanti nirmaana saamagrini digumati chesukovadam pratyaekamgaa viluvainadi.
babylonian devalayalu mudi itukalatho kuudina bhaarii nirmaanaalu, ivi batreslatho maddatu istayi, varshapaatam kaaluvala dwara teesukuvelutundi. urr vadda atuvanti oka kaaluva seesam thoo tayaaru cheyabadindi. itukala vadakam pilaster mariyu kaalam, mariyu kudyachitraalu mariyu enameled tails yokka prarambha abhivruddhiki daariteesindi. godalu adbhutamaina rangulatho, konnisaarlu jink ledhaa bangaaramtho, alaage palakalatho pooyabadi undevi. tarchla kosam paint chesina terrakota sankuvulu kooda plaastarlo ponduparachabaddaayi. babylonian nirmaanaanni anukaristuu, assyria, daani rajabhavanalu mariyu itukatho kuudina devaalayaalanu kooda nirminchindi, raathi desamloni sahaja nirmaana samagri ayinappatikee-ituka vedikanu nammakamgaa samrakshinchadam, babylonia chittadi neelaloo avasaram, conny uttaraana takkuva avasaram.
alankarana.
ayithe, samayam gadichekoddi, taruvaata assyrian vaastusilpulu babylonian prabhavam lekunda tamanu taamu kadilinchukovadam praarambhinchaaru, alaage raatitoe paatu itukalanu kooda upayoginchadam praarambhinchaaru. assyrian rajabhavanala godalu kaldeeyaalo chithrinchinatlugaa kakunda chekkabadina mariyu rangula raathi palakalatho kappabadi undevi. eee "bays-releafs" kalalo moodu dasalanu gurtinchavachhuh idhi rendava ashurnasirpal aadhvaryamlo saktivantamainadi conny saralamainadi, rendava sargon aadhvaryamlo jagrattagaa mariyu vaastavikamainadi, mariyu ashurbanipal aadhvaryamlo dhairyamgaa undaalani korukunedi.
babylonialo, bays releaf sthaanamlo, roundloo trimiteeya bommala upayogam ekkuvagaa undhi-prarambha udaaharanalu girsu nundi vacchina vigrahalu, ivi kontha vikrutamainavi ayithe vaastavikamainavi. babylonialo raathi korata prati gulakaraallanu viluvainadigaa chesi, ratnaala kotha kalalo adhika paripuurnataku daariteesindi. akkad sargon yuganiki chendina rendu seal cylinderlu eee rakamaina uttama udaaharanalalo okati. puraavastu saastravettalu kanugonna prarambha lohasaastraaniki modati visaeshamaina namoonaalalo okati entemina vendi kundii. taruvaati yugamlo, chevipogulu mariyu bangaaru kankanaalu vanti aabharanaala tayaareeloo goppa shreshtata saadhinchabadindi. raagi kooda naipunhyamtho pani cheyabadindi; vaastavaaniki, babylonia raagi paniki asalu nivasamga unde avakaasam undhi.
prajalu tama embroiderylaki, raggulaku prarambha kaalamlone prasiddhi chendaaru. assyrian kundala roopaalu manoharamgaa untaayi; pingaanii, nineway rajabhavanalalo kanugonna gaaju laaga, eejiptu namuunaala nundi teesukobadindi. paaradarsaka gaajunu modatisaarigaa sargon paalanalo pravesapettinatlu telustondi. kundeelapai raallu, bankamatti mariyu gaajunu tayaaru cheyadaaniki upayoginchaaru, mariyu eejiptu prarambha rajavamsa kaalam maadirigaane girsu vadda gatti raathi kundeelapai tavvakaalu jarigaayi.
pattana pranaalika.
nagaranni nirminchina mariyu adhunaatana roopamgaa nirminchina modati samajam sumerianlu. uruk-daani godalu, veedhulu, marketlu, devalayalu mariyu thotala vivaranhatho praarambhamayye "gilgamesh itihaasam" loe dhruvikarinchinatlugaa vaaru eee vijayam gurinchi garvamgaa unnaaru. uruk kooda paschima asealo valasarajyalu mariyu pattaneekarana rendintinee kaligi unna pattana samskrutiki kendramgaa mukhyamainadi.
nagaraala nirmaanam anedi noothana silaayugam viplavamlo praarambhamaina dhoranula tudi utpatti. nagaram yokka abhivruddhi paakshikamgaa pranalikaabaddhamgaa mariyu paakshikamgaa sendreeyamgaa jarigindi. godalu, ettaina aalaya jilla, naukaasrayamthoo kuudina pradhana kaaluva mariyu pradhana veedhiloo pranaalika spashtamgaa kanipistundi. nivaasa mariyu vaanijya pradaesaala yokka suukshmamaina nirmaanam antey pranaalikaabaddhamaina praantaalu vidhinchina praadaesika parimitulaku aardhika saktula pratispandana, phalitamgaa kramam tappani lakshanaalatoo kramarahitamaina roopakalpana erpadutundi. sumerianlu real estate laavaadaeveelanu namodu chesinanduna, pattana vruddhi namuunaa, saandrata, aasti viluva mariyu itara kolamanalanu cuniform text muulaala nundi punarnirminchadam saadhyamavutundi.
saadhaarana nagaram sthalaanni nivaasa, mishrama upayogam, vaanijya mariyu poura pradaesaalugaa vibhajinchindi. nivaasa praantaalu vruttula vaareegaa vargeekarinchabaddaayi. nagaram nadibodduna ellappuduu bhougolika kendraaniki koddigaa dhooramgaa unna ettaina aalaya samudaayam undedi. eee ettaina aalayam saadhaaranamgaa nagaram sthaapanaku mundhe undedi mariyu pattana roopam perige kendramgaa undedi. dwaaraala prakkane unna jillaalu pratyeka mataparamaina mariyu aardhika kaaryakramaalanu kaligi undevi.
eee nagaramlo ellappuduu chinna chinna graamaalato sahaa neetipaarudala vyavasaya bhoomi undedi. rahadaarulu mariyu kaaluvala network nagaranni eee bhoomitho anusandhaaninchindi. ravana vyavastha moodu sthaayilalo nirvahinchabadindih vistruta ooregimpu veedhulu (acadian "suuk ilani yuu сarri"), veedhula dwara bahirangamgaa (acadian "suuk nishi"), mariyu private blind veedhulu (acadian "moosu"). blacknu nirvachinche praja veedhulu kalakramena koddigaa maarutuu undagaa, blind-alleelu chaalaa dravamgaa undevi. prastuta anchanaa prakaram nagara vistiirnamloo 10 saatam veedhulu mariyu 90 saatam bhavanalu unnaayi. ayithe, manchi ravaanaaku rahadaarula kante kaaluvalu chaalaa mukhyamainavi.
illu.
mesopotamian intini nirminchadaaniki upayoginche padaarthaalu eee roeju upayoginchina vaatitho samanamga undevi conny khachitamainavi kavuh naanhelu, raayi, kalapa, ashler, matti ituka, matti plaastar mariyu chekka talupulu, ivanni nagaram chuttoo sahajamgaa labhinchevi, ayithe konni nagarallo kalapa saadhaaranam kaadu. ayithe chaalaa illu burada ituka, burada plaastar mariyu paplartho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. illu traipaakshikamgaa, gundramgaa ledhaa deerghachaturasraakaaramgaa undavacchu. illaku podavaina paikappulu gala kendra hallways, praamganaalu mariyu antastulu undevi. chaalaa illalo itara gadulatho kuudina chadarapu madhya gadhi undedi, conny illanu nirminchadaaniki upayoginche parimaanam mariyu saamagrilo goppa vaividhyam vaatini nivaasitulu swayamgaa nirminchaarani suuchistumdi. athi chinna gadulu paedha prajalatho samanamga undakapovachhu; vaastavaaniki, paedha prajalu nagaram velupala rellu vanti padaipoye padaarthaalatho illanu nirminchi undavacchu, conny dheeniki chaalaa takkuva pratyaksha aadharalu unnaayi. illalo dukaanaalu, varkshaaplu, nilva gadulu mariyu pasuvulu undavacchu.
nivaasa roopakalpana anedi ubaid gruhaala nundi pratyaksha abhivruddhi. sumerian cylinder seals eedlu illanu varninchinappatikii, praamganam illu pradhaanamaina typology, idhi netikee mesopotamialo upayoginchabadutondi. é" (cuniform,; sumerian e2;) anie piluvabade eee illu oka bahiranga praamganam vaipu lopali vaipu undhi, idhi ushnaprasarana pravahalanu srushtinchadam dwara sheetaleekarana prabhavanni andinchindi. tarbashu" (akkadiyan) anie piluvabade eee praamganam inti praathamika vyavastheekarana lakshanam, anni gadulu daanilo terichi undevi. bahya godalu lakshanaalu laenivi, intini veedhiki anusandhaaninche oke okka dwaaram matrame undhi, illu mariyu veedhi madhya kadalikaku oka chinna antechamber dwara 90° tiragadam avasaram. veedhi nundi antechamber venuka goda matrame terichina talupu dwara kanipistundi, adevidhamgaa praamganam nundi veedhi yokka drushyam ledhu; dheeniki kaaranam sumerianlu prabhutva mariyu private sthalaalanu kathinamgaa vibhajinchaaru. sumerian inti saadhaarana parimaanam 90 chadarapu meterlu.
nirmaanam.
saralamaina illanu rekkala kattalatho nirminchavacchu, veetini okadaanitoe okati katti, aapai neelalooki choppinchavacchu. raathi punaadulapai marinta sanklishtamaina illu nirminchabaddaayi, illu burada itukatho tayaaru cheyabadindi. kalapa, ashlar blaakulu mariyu sidhilaalu kooda illa tayaareeki upayoginche prasiddha padaarthaalu. matti itukanu matti mariyu tarigina gadditho tayaaru chesaaru. eee misramaanni acchulalo pyaak chesi, endalo endabettadaaniki vadiliveyabadindi. vaaru godalaku matti plaastar, paikappuku matti mariyu popplerlanu upayoginchaaru. ubaid kaalamlo illu godalalo kalchabade agni mattiga undevi. godalapai kalaakrutulu kooda chithrinchabadi untaayi. paikappulanu thaati chettu chekkatho palakalugaa kooda tayaaru cheyavachu, veetini rellatho kappavacchu. paikappu paibhagam ituka ledhaa chekka metla dwara intiki anusandhaaninchabadutundi. kaalchina itukalu chaalaa khareedainavi, anduvalla vaatini vilaasavantamaina bhavanala tayaareeki matrame upayoginchevaaru. talupulu mariyu talupula framelu chekkatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. konnisaarlu talupulu eddula charmamtho tayaaru cheyabadevi. illa madhya talupulu tarachugaa chaalaa takkuvagaa undevi, prajalu vaati venta nadavadaniki padukovalsi vachedi. illaku saadhaaranamgaa kitikeelu undavu, avi unte adhi bankamatti ledhaa chekka grillesto tayaaru cheyabadutundi. neelalu saadhaaranamgaa muriki thoo tayaaru cheyabadataayi. mesopotamia illu tarachugaa kuppakuulipoetaayi. illanu tarachugaa marammatu cheyalsi vachedi.
design.
ubaid kaalamlo illu traipaakshika gruhaluga untaayi. vaariki podavaina paikappu gala kendra hallway undedi, idhi daani iruvaipula chinnadigaa anusandhaaninchabadi undedi. bhojananiki, mataparamaina kaaryakalaapaalaku kendra halvenu upayoginche avakaasam undhi. ubaid gruhaalalo vaividhyam undedi. konni illalo itara illa kante goppa kalakhandala kuurpu undedi. ubaid illu itara illatho kooda anusandhaaninchabadi undavacchu. ubaid gruhaala nirmaanam ubaid devalayala nundi vaeru cheyalenidi. uruk kaalamlo illu vividha aakaralanu kaligi undevi. konni illu deerghachaturasraakaaramlo undagaa, marikonni gundramgaa unnaayi. mesopotamialoni konni illalo oke gadhi undagaa, marikonni illalo chaalaa gadulu unnaayi. appudappudu eee gadulalo konni neelamaaligalugaa panicheestaayi. cree. puu. 3000 loe, praamganaalu mesopotamiaku parichayam cheyabaddaayi. praamganaalu mesopotamia nirmaanaaniki aadharam avtayi. eee kortu yardulu chuttoo dattamaina godala mandiraalu untaayi. eee mandiraalu bahusha atithulaku reception gadulu. chaalaa illu paie antastulo unde avakaasam undhi. aaa antastulo bhojanam, nidra mariyu vinodaatmakamgaa upayoginchi undavacchu. antastulo inti padaka gadulu kooda undavacchu. prajalu tama paikappulapai kuuragaayalu naatutaaru ledhaa mataparamaina acharalu chestaaru. dukaanaalu, varkshaaplu, nilva mariyu pasuvula kosam ground floorlanu upayogistaaru. oka gadhi saadhaaranamgaa oka abhayaaranyam.
furniture.
puraatana sumar gruhaalalo vistrutamgaa alankarinchabadina ballalu, kurcheelu, jaadeelu mariyu snaanapu tottelu undevi. sampanna pourulaku marugudodlu, saraina paarudala vyavasthalu undevi. konni illa madhyalo balipeetaalu unde avakaasam undhi. eee balipeetaalu devatalaku ankitam cheyabadi undavacchu, conny avi mukhyamaina vyaktulaku ankitam cheyabadi undavacchu.
rajabhavanalu.
modati rajavamsa kaalam praarambhamlo eee rajabhavanam unikiloki vachindi. shakti kendreekrutam kaavadamtho, chaalaa niraadambaramaina prarambham nundi rajabhavanam parimaanam mariyu sanklishtatalo perugutundi. eee rajabhavananni 'pedda illu' (cuniform e2.gal sumerian e2-gal Akkdian: "Ekallu") anie pilustaaru, ikkada lugal ledhaa ency nivasinchaaru mariyu panicheesaaru.
prarambha mesopotamia unnatavargaala rajabhavanalu pedda ettuna undevi, tarachugaa vilaasavantamgaa alankarinchabadevi. khafaza mariyu tell asmar vanti diala nadhi loya pradaesaala nundi mottamodati udaaharanalu unnaayi. cree puu moodava sahasraabdi eee rajabhavanalu pedda ettuna saamaajika-aardhika samsthalugaa panicheesaayi, anduvalla, nivaasa mariyu private kaaryakramaalato paatu, avi hastakalaakaarula varkshaaplu, aahara giddangulu, utsava praamganaalu mariyu tarachugaa punhyakshetraalatho anubandhinchabadi unnaayi. udaaharanaku, chandra devata nanna yokka poojaarulu nivasinchina urr vadda "jipaaru" (sumerian e2gi6-Par4-ku3) anie pilavabadedi bahula praamganaalu, aneka abhayaaranyaalu, chanipoyina poojaareela kosam khananam gadulu mariyu utsava vindu halto kuudina pradhana samudaayam. paatha babylonian kaalam naati syrialoni maari vadda mesopotamia rajabhavanam yokka idhe vidhamaina sanklishtamaina udaaharana tavvabadindi.
inupa yuganiki chendina assyrian rajabhavanalu, mukhyamgaa kalhu/nimrud, durr shahrukin/khorsabad mariyu ninuva/ninveh vadda, assyrian rajabhavanam silpaalu, vaati godalapai vistrutamaina chitraatmaka mariyu vachana kathana kaaryakramaala kaaranamgaa prasiddhi chendaayi, ivanni orthostatlu anie piluvabade raathi palakalapai chekkabaddayi. eee chitra karyakramalalo saamskrutika drushyaalu ledhaa raajula sainika, poura vijayala kathana kathanaalu unnaayi. dwaaraalu mariyu mukhyamaina margalu apotropic pouraanika bommalu, "lamassu" mariyu rekkalunna janyuvula bhaarii raathi silpaalatoe chuttumuttabaddayi. eee inupa yugapu rajabhavanala nirmaana erpaatlu kooda pedda mariyu chinna praamganaala chuttoo nirvahinchabaddaayi. saadhaaranamgaa raaju simhasana gadhi oka bhaarii utsava praamganaaniki teravabadutundi, ikkada mukhyamaina rashtra mandalulu samavesamai rashtra vedukalu nirvahinchabadataayi.
konni assyrian rajabhavanalalo bhaarii mottamlo dantaala furniture mukkalu kanugonabaddayi, aaa samayamlo uttara syrian neo-hittite raashtraalato teevramaina vaanijya sambandhaanni suuchistunnaayi. pradhana bhavanala chekka dwaaraalanu kaamsya repouse byaandlu alankarinchaayi, conny saamrajyam patanam samayamlo ekkuvagaa dochukobaddayi; balawat dwaaraalu pradhana praanaalatoe bayatapaddayi.
devalayalu.
devalayalu tarachugaa pattana sthaavaram erpadataaniki mundhe undevi mariyu 2,500 samvatsaraala sumerian charitralo chinna oka gadhi nirmaanaala nundi vistrutamaina bahula ekaraala samudaayaalaku perigayi. sumerian devalayalu, kotalu mariyu rajabhavanalu buttress, viramalu mariyu sagam niluvu varusala vanti marinta adhunaatana padaarthaalu mariyu paddhatulanu upayoginchaayi. kalakramanusaranga, sumerian devalayalu munupati ubaid devalayala nundi udbhavinchaayi. aalayam ksheeninchadamto adhi aacharabaddhamgaa naasanam cheyabadindi mariyu daani punaadulapai kotta alayanni nirminchaaru. varasudu aalayam daani puurvapu aalayam kante peddadigaa mariyu marinta spashtamainadigaa undedi. eridu vadda unna e2.abzu aalayam yokka parinaamam eee prakriya yokka tarachugaa udaharinchabadina cases-studdy. aneka devalayalalo tell ukeir vanti saasanaalu chekkabaddayi. prarambha rajavamsa kaalamlo devalayala taruvaata rajabhavanalu mariyu nagara godalu chaalaa taruvaata vachayi.
sumerian aalayam yokka roopam sameepa thoorpu vishwodbhava shaastram yokka abhivyakti, idhi prapanchaanni uppuneeti mahasamudramtho chuttumuttabadina bhoomi yokka diskga varninchindi, rendoo apsu anie piluvabade maroka manchineeti samudramlo theeluthuu undevi, vaati paina samayanni niyantrinche ardhagola aakaasam undedi. oka prapancha parvatam moodu poralanu kalipe oka aksham mundini yerparustundi. devatalu mariyu maanavula madhya samavesamayye pradaesamaina aaa aksham mundigaa panicheyadam eee aalaya paatra. raajyaala madhya kalise pradaesamgaa 'unnata pradaesaala' pavitrata anedi neolithic yugam naati thoorpuna baga dhruveekarinchabadina mundastu chellimpu nammakam. eee aalayam yokka pranaalika deerghachaturasraakaaramlo undhi, muulalu parvatam nundi naalugu prapancha praantaalaku pravahinche naalugu nadulanu suuchimchadaaniki pradhana disalalo chuuputaayi. sumerian samayapalana kosam aalaya paikappunu observatoryga upayoginchadam anedi marinta aacharanaatmaka prayojanam kooda. eee alayanni srushtinchinappudu 'dukug' anie piluvabade 'swachchamaina dibba' (sumerian (sumerian cuniform) neeti nundi udbhavinchina aadima bhoomi yokka pavitra dibbanu suuchimchadaaniki uddesinchina naela yokka diguva terrospy nirminchaaru.
podavaina aksham yokka talupulu devatalaku pravesha dwaaram, mariyu chinna aksham yokka talupulu purushulaku pravesha dwaaram. eee aakruteekarananu vampu aksham vidhanam anie pilicheevaaru, endukante pravesinche evarainaa central haall chivara unna aaradhana vigrahaniki edurugaa tombhai degreela malupu tirugutaaru. 
vangi unna aksha vidhanam anedi raikhika aksham vidhananni kaligi unna ubaid devalayala nundi vacchina oka aavishkarana, idhi sumerian gruhaala yokka oka lakshanam kooda. 
aalaya madhyalo goddali koodalilo oka naivedyam ichhe table undedi.
uruk kaalamlooni devalayalu aalaya deerghachaturasraanni traipaakshika, tii-aakaaramlo ledhaa samyukta pranaalikalagaa vibhajinchaayi. ubaid nundi vaarasatvamgaa vacchina traipaakshika pranaalikaloo iruvaipula rendu chinna parshwa mandiraalatoe kuudina pedda kendra sabhamandapam undedi. pravesam chinna aksham venta undhi mariyu aalayam podavaina aksham chivaralo undhi. pradhana haaluku lambamgaa unna deerghachaturasram yokka oka chivaralo oka haall minaha, ubaid kaalam nundi kooda tii-aakarapu pranaalika traipaakshika pranaalikanu pooli untundi. uruk looni eennaa jillaaku chendina temple sii anedi shaastreeya aalaya roopaaniki sambandhinchina cases studdy.
taruvaati prarambha rajavamsa kaalamlo aalaya roopakalpanalo vaividhyam visphotanam chendindi. devalayalu ippatikee pradhana dhorani, deerghachaturasraakaara pranaalikalu mariyu buttress vanti lakshanaalanu konasaginchayi. ayithe ippudu vaaru praamganaalu, godalu, pareevaahaka praantaalu mariyu sainika sthaavaraalatho sahaa vividha rakaala kotta nirmaanaalanu chepattaru. khafajaloni paapa aalayam eee yuganiki vilakshanamainadi, endukante idhi oka sellaaku daariteese praamganaala shreni chuttoo roopondinchabadindi.
ettaina aalayam oka pratyeka rakam aalayam, idhi nagaraniki poeshaka devataku nilayam. kaaryaacharana paramgaa, idhi nilva mariyu pampinhee kendramgaa alaage archakatvaaniki nivasamga panichesindi. uruk looni anu tellani aalayam oka ettaina aalayaaniki vilakshanamainadi, idhi adob-ituka vedikapai chaalaa ettulo nirminchabadindi. prarambha rajavamsa kaalamlo unnata devalayalalo jiggurat, oka metla pyramidnu srushtinche vedikalu unnaayi. atuvanti jigguraatlu baibil gopuram babelku preranagaa undi undavacchu.
jiggurats.
jigguraatlu pedda pyramid aalaya gopuraalu, veetini modata sumerian nagara-rashtraalalo nirminchaaru, taruvaata babylonia mariyu assyrian nagarallo kooda abhivruddhi chesaaru. mesopotamia vadda ledhaa sameepamlo 32 jigguraatlu unnaayi-iraaklo 28 mariyu iraanlo 4. iraaklooni nasseria sameepamloni urr yokka goppa jiggurat, baghdad sameepamloni akar cufe yokka jiggurat, iraq, khurestanloni chogha janbil, iraan (iteevala kanugonabadinadi), mariyu iraanlooni kashan sameepamlo unna siyalkulu mukhyamaina jigguraatlalo unnaayi. jigguraatlanu sumerianlu, babylonianlu, elamaitlu mariyu assyrianlu sthaanika mataalaku smaaraka chihnaluga nirminchaaru. jiggurat yokka mottamodati udaaharanalu cree puu naalugo sahasraabdi samayamlo ubaid kaalam nundi mariyu cree puu 6 va sataabdam nundi taja thedhee varaku unna ettabadina vedikalu. aneka pyramidla maadirigaa kakunda jiggurat paibhagam chadunainadi. step pyramid shaili prarambha rajavamsa kaalam mugimpulo praarambhamaindi.
deerghachaturasraakaara, andaakaara ledhaa chadarapu vedikapai taggutunna shrenulalo nirminchina jiggurat oka pyramid nirmaanam. suuryarashmiloo kaalchina itukalu jiggurat yokka pradhana bhaganni tayaaru chesaayi, bayati vaipu kaalchina itukala mukhalu unnaayi. mukhalu tarachugaa vividha rangulalo merustuu undevi mariyu jyotishashaastra praamukhyatanu kaligi undavacchu. raajulu konnisaarlu eee merustunna itukalapai tama paerlanu chekkaru. sikharam vadda oka aalayam ledhaa devalayamtho rendu nundi edu sthaayila sankhya undedi. jiggurat kuu oka vaipu varusa ramplu ledhaa bays nundi sikharam varaku oka sarpila ramp dwara aalayaaniki pravesam kalpinchabadindi. jigguraatlu parvataalanu pooli undela nirminchabaddaayani soochinchabadindi, ayithe aaa parikalpanaku maddatu ivvadaaniki chaalaa takkuva vachana ledhaa puraavastu aadharalu unnaayi.
shaastreeya jigguraatlu neo-sumerian kaalamlo uchcharinchabadina buttress, vitrius itukala kavacham mariyu ettulo entassis thoo udbhavinchaayi. urr yokka jiggurat eee sailiki uttama udaaharana. eee kaalamlo aalaya roopakalpanalo maroka maarpu aalayaaniki vangi-aksham vidhaanaaniki viruddhamgaa neerugaa undhi.
urr vadda unna urr-nammu jiggurat moodu-dasala nirmaanamgaa roopondinchabadindi, conny nedu veetilo rendu matrame manugadalo unnaayi. eee mottam mudbrick core nirmaanaaniki modata bitumenlo kaalchina ituka kavaru, modati atyalpa dasalo 2.5 mea mariyu rendava dasalo 1.5 mea. eee kaalchina itukalalo pratidaanipai raaju paerutoe mudra veyabadindi. dasala vaalu godalu buttress cheyabaddaayi. paibhaagaaniki moodu smaaraka metla dwara pravesam undedi, ivanni modati mariyu rendava dasala madhya landinglo terichina portal vadda kalustaayi. modati dasha etthu sumaru 11 meterlu kaga, rendava dasha sumaru 5.7 meterlu perigindi. saadhaaranamgaa, moodava dasanu jiggurat (leonard unni) tavvakam chesevaaru punarnirmistaaru, mariyu oka aalayamtho pattabhishekam chestaaru. chogha janbil jiggurat vadda, puraavastu saastravettalu jiggurat nirmaanam yokka core antataa nadiche bhaarii rellu taadulanu kanugonnaru mariyu matti ituka dravyaraasini kattaru. 
prarambha mesopotamia nundi atyanta mukhyamaina nirmaana avasheshaalu kristupurvam 4va sahasraabdi nundi uruk vadda unna aalaya samudaayaalu, khafaza mariyu asmara vanti diala nadhi loyaloni prarambha rajavamsa kaala pradaesaala nundi devalayalu mariyu rajabhavanalu, urr yokka moodava raajavamsam nippur (enlil abhayaaranyam) mariyu urr (nanna abhayaaranyam) vadda migili undhi, madhya kaamsya yugam ebla, maari, alalakh, aleppo mariyu cultep syrian-turkish pradaesaalaloo migili undhi, hattusa, ugarit, ashur mariyu nuji vadda chivari kaamsya yugam rajabhavanalu, ashirian (kalhu/nimrud, khorasabad, nainveh), babylonian (babylonian), urrtian (urbia), vantia (urbia), harbia, curris, curris, (harbia), curris, (harbia), curris, (harbia), (hatria), (hatria), (hatria), (hatria), (haha illu ekkuvagaa nippur mariyu urr vadda unna paatha babylonian avasheshaala nundi telisinavi. bhavana nirmaanam mariyu sambandhita acharalapai vachana moolaalalo 3va sahasraabdi chivari nundi gudia yokka cylinderlu, alaage inupa yuganiki chendina assyrian mariyu babylonian raaja saasanaalu gurtinchadaginavi.
assyrian bhavanalu, kotalu mariyu devalayala roopakalpana.
assyrian bhavanaalannii deerghachaturasraakaaramlo unnayani, chaalaa kaalam kritam, ippudu, thoorpu vaastusilpulu eee roopurekhalanu daadaapu sthiramgaa upayoginchaarani, daanipai ippativaraku roopondinchina atyanta manoharamaina mariyu vaividhyamaina roopaalanu penchaarani maaku telusu. avi andamaina vakratala dwara koonaalapai sekaristaayi, mariyu oka saadhaarana chadarapu haall aadhaaramgaa oka minar ledhaa gopuram, ashtabhuji ledhaa vruttam kaligi untaayi. idhi konnisaarlu assyrialo cheyabadindani silpaalu chuupistunnaayi. coungic nundi vacchina palakalu vividha roopaalloni gopuraalanu mariyu gopuram lanty nirmaanaalanu chuuputaayi, prati okkati chadarapu adugu nundi paiki lestaayi. gopuram yokka puraatana roopam mariyu ippatikee assyrian gramalalo upayoginche vaati madhya poolika chaalaa adbhutamainadi. valuga unde paikappulanu upayoginchara anedi anischitamgaa undhi. mister. bonomi avi unnayani nammutaaru, mariyu konni silpaalu athani abhipraayaaniki maddatu istunnatlu anipistundi. private illalo aemee migili ledhu; conny avi palakalapai aneka antastula ettulo unnatlu suuchimchabadataayi, eppatilaage ground floorloo talupu matrame untundi mariyu kitikeelu undavu. annintikee chadunaina paikappulu unnaayi, mariyu memu oka bays-releaf nundi sekaristaamu, idhi mantallo unna pattanaanni suuchistumdi, eee paikappulu ippudu unnatle, balamaina kiranaalapai matti yokka mandapati poralatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. eee paikappulu daadaapu agni nirodhakata kaligi untaayi, mariyu mantalu avi aapivesi, kitikeelu nundi bayataku vastunnatlu suuchimchabadataayi. kitikee avasheshaalu, ledhaa, manaku telisinanta varaku, antargata metla avasheshaalu kanugonabadaledu.
kotala gurinchi manaku chaalaa ekkuva telusu. nimroud yokka uttara godalo yaabhai enimidi gopuraalu kanugonabaddayi, mariyu coungic vadda moodu godala pedda avasheshaalu unnaayi, diguva bhaagam raatitoe mariyu eguva bhaagam endalo endina itukalatho unnaayi. khorsabad vadda 3 nundi mandapati raathi blaakulatoe nirminchina inca ettaina goda avasheshaalu unnaayi, veetini puurti cheyalanukune aadharalu puurtigaa shilpaala dwara andinchabadataayi, ivi adhe taragatiki chendina madhyayuga rachanalatho asaadhaaranamaina polikanu chuuputaayi. godala shrenula paie varusalu suuchimchabadataayi, oka goppa gopuraanni chuttumudataayi ledhaa madhyalo unchabadataayi. pravesha dwaaraalu chadarapu gopuraalato chuttumuttabadina goppa vampu dwaaraalu. ivi mariyu itara towerlu madhyayuga yantraala maadirigaane velaadutunna paaraapetlanu kaligi unnaayi, mariyu yuddhabhoomulatho paina puurti cheyabaddaayi, veetilo avasheshaalu nimrud mariyu ninve vadda mariyu ninveh mundu assyria rajadhani assur vadda kanugonabaddayi.
raajabhavanaaniki bhinnamaina devalayalalo konni avasheshaalu unnaayi, conny vaati saadhaarana roopam gurinchi chaalaa takkuva telusu.
conny kaldeeyaalo konni apaaramaina shidhilaalu unnaayi, spashtamgaa vaati devalayala uparitala nirmaanaanni roopondinchina vistaaramaina dibbala avasheshaalu unnaayi. veetannintilo atyanta goppadi mariyu atyanta aasaktikaramainadi babylone sameepamloni borsippa (ippudu birs nimrod) vadda unna naabu aalayam, idhi edu golaala aalayamgaa gurtinchabadindi. dheenini nebuchadnezzar punarnirminchaadu, idhi oka prasiddha saasanam dwara kanipistundi. maroka udaaharana mughair vadda undhi, idhi bays vadda undhi, inca ippudu kooda ettulo undhi, mariyu idhi mariyu birlu rendoo ksheenistunna dasalato nirminchabaddaayi, varusa goppa platformlanu pradarsistaayi, avi ekketappudu podavu taggutaayi, mariyu aalaya gadhi paina tulanaatmakamgaa chinnadaanni vadilivestaayi. idhi puraatana ovenlalo tayaaru chesina vitrified itukatho birs nimroud vadda kanugonabadindi, idhi bhaavinchabadutundi.
prakruti drushyam nirmaanam.
bahiranga sthala pranaalika anedi praacheena kaalam nundi nagaramlo oka bhaagamgaa undani vachana muulaalu suuchistunnaayi. gilgamesh puraanam" looni uruk yokka vivarana aaa nagaramlo moodinta oka vanthu pandla thotalu kosam ketayinchinatlu chebutundi. nippur yokka aidava aavaranalo ilanti pranaalikaabaddhamaina bahiranga sthalam kanipistundi. maroe mukhyamaina prakruti drushyam amsam khaalii sthalam (acadian "kisubu").
nagaraniki velupala, sumerian neetipaarudala vyavasayam charitralo konni modati udyaanavana roopaalanu srushtinchindi. udyaanavanam (saar) 144 chadarapu muuralu, chuttukolata kaaluvato undhi. pariveshtita chatushkonapu eee roopam pertia yokka taruvaati swarga udyaanavanaalaku aadharam.
mesopotamialo, fountainla vadakam cree puu 3 va sahasraabdi naatidi. oka prarambha udaaharana cree. sha. naati chekkina babylonian pareevaahaka praantamloo bhadraparachabadindi. 3000 bii.sii., girsu, lagash vadda kanugonabadindi. camel nadhi loyalo kanugonabadina oka puraatana assyrian fountainlo ghana raatitoe kattirinchina mariyu pravaahaaniki metlalo digutunna pareevaahaka praantaalu unnaayi."chinna kaaluvala nundi neetini teesukuvellaaru.

