
stecock

stecock (,) ledhaa bahuvachanam roopamlo stecky (,) anedi bosnia mariyu herzegovina antataa chellacheduruga unna smaaraka madhyayuga samadhi raallaku paeru, mariyu croatia, montenegro mariyu serbia sarihaddu praantaalu. aadhunika bosnia mariyu herzegovina sarihaddulalo 60,000 unnatlu anchanaa veyabadindi mariyu migilina 10,000 nedu croatia (4,400), montenegro (3,500) mariyu serbia (2,100) loe kanipistaayi, 3,300 kante ekkuva besi saitlalo 90 saataaniki paiga paelavamaina sthithilo unnaayi.
12va sataabdam madhyalo, 13va sataabdamloo modati dasalo, stecky samadhi raallanu kattirinchadam mariyu upayoginchadam anae aacharam 14va mariyu 15va sataabdaalaloo garishta sthaayiki cherukundi, 16va sataabdam praarambhamlo bosnia mariyu herzegovina meeda ottoman vijayam samayamlo nilipiveyabadindi. avi bosnian, catholic mariyu orthodox charchi anucharulalo oka saadhaarana sampradaayamgaa undevi, mariyu slavic mariyu vlaak janabha rendinti dwara upayoginchabaddaayi.
2016 nundi unesco prapancha vaarasatva jaabitaalo steschini namodu chesindi, 28 pradaesaalaloo necropolisesga vargeekarinchabadina sumaru 4,000 vyaktigata ekasilala empikatho, veetilo 22 bosnia mariyu herjegovinalo, rendu croatialoo, moodu montenegrolo mariyu moodu cerbialo unnaayi. bosnia mariyu herjegovinaloni stollacku paschimaana unna radimalja eee samadhi raalla yokka uttamamgaa samrakshinchabadina sekaranalalo okati.
vyutpatti.
eee padam kooda dakshina slavic kriya "stajati" (aanglam) nundi udbhavinchina paatha padam * "stojecock" yokka anubandha roopam. "nilabadandi"). dheeni ardham aksharala "podavaina, nilabadi unna vastuvu". herjegovinalo vaatini "maaseti"/"masete" (italian "masseto" antey "pedda raathi", ledhaa turkish "meshet"/"meshed" antey "padipoyina heero samadhi raayi") anie kooda pilustaaru, madhya mariyu paschima bosnialo "marmori"/"mermorge"/"marmorovi" (palarayi) anie, serbia mariyu montenegrolo "eusadenic" (implantation) anie pilustaaru. stecky saasanaalapai vaatini "billieg" (maark), "camen billieg" (stone maark), "com"/"kaami"/"camen" (stone), "hram" (mandiram), "zlamen" (saine), "kucha" (house), "raca" (pitt), "greb/grobe" (samadhi) anie pilustaaru. 1495loe vaatini "kaami" (raayi) gaa namodu chesaaru.
ayithe "stecock" anae paerutoe adhika ekasila nilabadi unna raallu anie ardham (i.ii. "shanduk" mariyu "slegemenzac" roopam), 20va sataabdamloo "stecock" anae padaanni vignaana saastramlo saadhaarana padamgaa aamodinchaaru, indulo plate samadhi raallu (i.ii. "plue"). stecock" anae padaaniki asalu suuchana anischitamgaa undhi mariyu idhi aadhunika aavishkaranagaa anipistundi, endukante dheenini 1851 nundi evon kukuljevik sakinsky raasina note nundi, 1852 nundi wook caradgic raasina nighantuvu nundi matrame gurtinchavacchu (1812 nundi modati sanchikalo eee padam unikilo ledhu), ayithe jagvojd nundi saamaanyulu vaatini "starovirsko" ("paatha vishwaasam yokka"), 1860 nundi bogoslav schlake raasina nighantuvu mariyu modalaina vaatini pilichinanduna athanu tananu taanu vyatirekinchaadu, ayithe vidya nighantuvulu dheenini 1956/58 nundi matrame prastaavinchaayi. eee padaanni saadhaaranamgaa thoorpu herzegovina mariyu cerbialoni starry vlaa praantamloo upayoginchinatlu pariganinchabadutundi. 20va sataabdam prarambham varaku padajaalamlo alajadi undedi, kontamandi panditulu "nadgrobni biljeji" (samadhi chihnam) mariyu "mermorge" (palarayi) vanti saadhaarana padaalanu marinta samuchitamgaa pratipaadinchaaru.
stecock" anae padam praantiiya mandalikalalo asaadhaaranamainadi mariyu kaaranaatmaka viluva lekunda, mariyu ardhaparamgaa tappu mariyu viruddhamgaa undhi, endukante idhi "nilabadataaniki" anae kriya nundi udbhavinchindi, ayithe idhi pradhanamgaa soochinche chaatii-rakam veyabadindi, maroka upa-rakam stambhaalu mariyu siluvalu pradhanamgaa nitaruga untaayi; eee nitaruga ledhaa nilabadi unna upa-rakam mottam stetchy sankhyalo 5 saatam kooda undadu; asalu stecky saasanaalalo vaatini tarachugaa "kaami" (antey "raayi" anie ardham) anie pilustaaru, anduvalla kontamandi panditulu "comic" (pla. "kaamisi") anni rakaala thala raallaku, ayithe "stecock" antey nitaruga unde upa-rakam matrame. comic" anae padam asalu ardhaaniki chaalaa daggaragaa untundi mariyu konnisaarlu vruttiparamaina saahityamlo "stecock" kuu badulugaa upayoginchabadutundi.
stetchy praantam ledhaa smasaanavaatika jaanapada paerlu vaati kolatalu, vayassu ledhaa praatinidhyaalaku gowravam mariyu prasamsalanu chuputai divsco grobley (giants smasaanavaatika), masset (pedda raallu), marmori/mermorge (palarayi blaakulu), grasco grobalage (sampradaaya smasaanavaatika), tursco grobley (muslim smasaanavaatika), coursco grobley (giaur smasaanavaatika).
lakshanaalu.
nirvachanam.
avi prastuta herzegovina bhuubhaagam, bosnia mariyu herjegovinaloni central bosnia mariyu podrinje, mariyu croatialooni dalmatia, mariyu montenegro, kosovo mariyu paschima cerbialoni konni chinna praantaalu, vaayuvya bosnia mariyu croatia (lyca mariyu slavonia) laku vilakshanhamainavi.
stecheeni addamgaa mariyu niluvugaa unde samadhi raallugaa varnistaaru, ivi raatitoe tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, chadunaina ledhaa gable-paie uparitalamtho, peethamtho ledhaa lekunda untaayi. saadhaarana vargeekarananu 1952loe demetridge sergezevsky sthaapinchaaru, vaaru vaatini recumbent stecky mariyu standing steckiga vibhajinchaaru. stecky yokka kramabaddheekarana prastutam puurti kaaledu. sephic beslogic prakaram, edu pradhana akaaraalu unnaih slab, chaatii, peethamtho kuudina chaatii, ridge/gable, peetham, stambham mariyu siluvatoe kuudina ridge/gable; ayithe dubravco lavrenovic prakaram, radimljalo tommidi rakalu unnaih slab, peethamtho kuudina slab, chaatii, peethamtho kuudina chaatii, podavaina chaatii, peethamtho kuudina podavaina chaatii, savapetika (i.ii. ridge/gable), peethamtho kuudina savapetika, siluva.
udaaharanaku, bosnia mariyu herjegovinalo, unesco prakaram, "sumaru 40,000 chaatiilu, 13,000 palakalu, 5,500 goddali samadhi raallu, 2,500 stambhaalu/sthambhaalu, 300 siluva samadhi raallu mariyu anischita aakaaramlo unna sumaru 300 samadhi raallu gurtinchabaddaayi. veetilo 5,000 kante ekkuva chekkina alankaranalu unnaayi.
marian vengel sthaapinchina kalakramam vaaru plate headustonela nundi abhivruddhi chendaarani bhaavistundi, idhi 1220 naati puraatanamainadi (modatidi bahusha 12va sataabdam madhyalo nirminchabadindi), smaaraka chihnalu 1360 chuttoo ekkado udbhavinchaayi, avi 1435-1477 chuttoo drushya praatinidhyaalu kaligi unnaayi, mariyu mottam utpatti 1505 loe mugisindi. ayithe, idhi 16va sataabdam chivari varaku konasagindani, arudaina udaaharanalatoo 18va sataabdam varaku konasagindani kondaru bhaavistaaru. chaatii ("shanduk") mariyu sikharam/jeenu-paikappu ("slegemenzac") roopamlo stechi 14va sataabdam madhya ledhaa mugimpuku mundu (1353-1477) kanipinchaledu, migilina rendu praathamika roopaalu-nitaruga unna stambham ("stup") mariyu cross ("christaca"/"crizina"), 15va sataabdam madhyakaalaaniki mundu kaadu. taruvaati vishayamlo, nitaruga ledhaa nilabadi unna roopaalu "nisson" dwara prabhaavitamavutaayi-muslim (turkish) samaadhula paina nitaruga unna ekasila raallu, ivi 14 va sataabdam chivari natiki macedonia mariyu cerbialoni swaadheenam chesukunna praantaalalo udbhavinchaayi. eee roopam pradhanamgaa serbia mariyu thoorpu bosnialo kanipistundi.
vaati abhivruddhi yokka prarambha dasha, indulo saadhaarana recumbent plaetlu ledhaa slablu unnaayi, eee praantaaniki nirdishtamainadi kaadu, conny idhi vistruta paschima madhyadhara muulaaniki chendinadi, mariyu "stecock" anae padam (chaatii mariyu sikharam roopaanni suuchistumdi) anni samadhi raathi roopaalaku tappudova pattinchedi. 14va mariyu 15va sataabdaala paschima madhyadhara prapanchamlo oka rakamaina khananam kosam slablu vilakshanhamainavi, ivi balkanlalo utpatti mariyu alankarana yokka pratyeka paddhatini kaligi unnaayi, ivi raathi raathi naipunyaalu mariyu suukshma paryaavaranam prakaram anukuuleekarinchabaddaayi. vaaru modatlo vyakti yokka pratishtanu mariyu saktini dhruveekarinchaalanukunna bhuswamya prabhuvulachae tayaaru cheyabaddaaru, konnisaarlu vaari kotu off arms thoo kooda alankarinchabaddaaru, taruvaata eee sampradaayaanni saamaajika-aardhika vruddhini anubhavinchina vlatchs vanti itara saamaajika vargaalu sweekarinchi, sweekarinchaayi mariyu 15 va sataabdam madhya nundi daadaapu pratyaekamgaa vaatini nirminchaayi.
alankaranalu.
stechi (384) loe kontha bhaagam saasanaalanu kaligi undhi, ekkuvagaa syrillic bhaashalo, konni glagolitic mariyu latin lipilo unnaayi. serbo-croatian yokka gamaninchina shtokavian maandalikamlo konni puraatana padabandhaalu unnaayi, pradhanamgaa ikavian, chivarilo ikavian-ijekavian yaat reflexes kaligi untaayi. saasanaalanu sthuulamgaa mataparamaina padabandham, veerochita maranam yokka vivarana, maraninchinavaari samacharam, maraninchina vaari bandhuvula samacharam mariyu marana paristhitula samacharam, vyaktigata paeru matrame unna samacharam (konnisaarlu smith-vidyaarthi paerutoe), mariyu naitika (ledhaa mataparamaina) paatham anie vibhajinchavachhu. chivarivi ekkuvagaa ghnaanam mariyu maranaaniki sambandhinchina nirlajjamaina ghnaapakaalu, maranam yokka bhayanni, shanti kante ekkuva aandolananu teliyajestaayi.
atyanta visaeshamaina lakshanam emitante, vaati alankaara muulaamsaalu okadaanikokati puurti chese aaru samuhaluga vibhajinchabaddaayih saamaajika chihnalu, matha chihnalu, maranaanantaram unna kolo chitraalu, alankaara chitraalu, spashtamaina aabharanaalu mariyu vargeekarinchani muulaamsaalu (ekkuvagaa sanketha, rekhaganita ledhaa debbatinna). vaatilo chaalaa varaku eee roeju varaku rahasyamgaa unnaayi; sarpilalu, aarkedlu, gulakaraallu, wine aakulu mariyu draksha, lilium, nakshatraalu (tarachugaa aaru koonaalu) mariyu ardha chandrulu kanipinche chitraalalo unnaayi. bommala chitraalalo jinkalu, gurram, kolo nrutyam, vaeta, saahasopetamaina tornamentlu, mariyu, atyanta pramukhamgaa, kudi chetini paiki lepi, bahusha vidheyata yokka sangnalo unna vyakti yokka chitram unnaayi.
samadhi raallapai drushya praatinidhyaala shrenini jeevitam nundi nijamaina drushyaalugaa saralamgaa ardham chesukolemu, mariyu prateekaatmaka vivarana ippatikee scholarship dwara pariganinchabadutundi. samadhi raallapai unna kavacham, saadhaaranamgaa cross baar, ardhachandrakara mariyu nakshatramtho, chetula kotugaa undakudadu, saileekrutamaina lilium kooda vamsapaaramparya konamlo upayoginchabadadu. oka stickock meeda kattina simham mariyu athani paina rekkalugala dragon pradarsinchabadutundi. appatike 1979loe, charitrakaarudu hajijahik gurrapu swaareedaarulu paggaalatho prayaaninchadam ledani, ayinappatikee (vetadakapothe) vaari chetulu swechchagaa mariyu aakaasam vaipu chuupabadi unnayani, idhi saadhyamayye aaradhana praamukhyatanu suuchistumdani paerkonnaadu. 1985loe, maaja miltic stecock drushyaala sanketha mariyu mataparamaina paatranu gurtinchaaru. anni "jeevita drushyaalu" utsavamlo bhaagamgaa pariganinchabadataayi. aneka mandhi panditulu muulaamsaalu, alaage maranaanantara aaradhana yokka sampradaayam, romaneekarinchabadina illriyanlu mariyu prarambha slaves sampradaayaanni kraistava mathamtho militam cheyadaanni chooputundani nirdhaarinchaaru. paamu unna ekaika gurram, alaage pakshitho unna ekaika jinka, maraninchina vyakti yokka aatmanu vaerae prapanchaaniki velladaanni suuchistumdani aloj benak paerkonnaadu, ivi praatinidhyaalu iapides kalakhandalapai kanipinche vaatini pooli untaayi. ilrian devudu "medarus" gurrampai swarry chesi eete mosukeltunnatlu varninchabadindi.
anni jantuvulalo, jinka atyanta praatinidhyam vahistundi, mariyu ekkuvagaa herjegovinaloni stesilo kanipistundi. dragoslav srejovic prakaram, kraistava matam vyaapti paatha aaradhana mariyu pavitra jinkapai nammakam adrushyam kaavadaaniki kaaranam kaaledu. idhi maraninchina vyaktini paataala prapanchaaniki daariteesindani vengel bhaavinchaadu. charitrakaarudu sephic beslogic jinka yokka praatinidhyaalanu samslaeshanha chesaru konnisaarlu oka pakshi (tarachugaa venuka ledhaa kommulapai), siluva ledhaa lilium, tarachugaa jinka ledhaa doow varusa, alaage villu mariyu baanam, kukka mariyu vaetagaadu (luu) eete ledhaa kattitoe (tarachugaa gurrampai) chuupabadataayi. idhi vaeta drushyaalalo pradarsinchabadutundi, alaage jinkapai swarry chestunna vyakti netrutvamloni konni kolo ooregimpulu kooda pradarsinchabadataayi. akkada jinkalu prasaantamgaa vaetagaadu daggaraku vachhe drushyaalu, ledhaa apaaramaina parimaanam mariyu chinna kommulatho jinkalu. jinka vaeta" yokka chaalaa chitranalu paschimam vaipu mukhamgaa unnaayi, ivi maranam mariyu itara prapanchaaniki sanketha ardhaanni kaligi unnaayi. aneka vaeta drushyaalalo, oka jinka matrame gaayapadutundi (stickock konni kramaraahityaalanu kaligi untundi), idhi avaastavika ardhaanni suuchistumdi. roman mariyu parthian-sassanian kalalo, vetade jantuvulu pranantakamga gaayapadataayi, mariyu aneka jantuvulalo jinka okati matrame, ayithe stetchy matrame vetade jantuvu.
jinkatho paatu "kolo" (mottam 132) ooregimpu yokka muulaamsaalu, mariyu daani nirdishta nrutya dhisha, ellappuduu sulabhamgaa gurtinchalenappatiki, santoshakaramaina nrutyamtho poliste idhi oka martya nrutyam anie choopistundi. ipides kalasaalu nundi, bosnia mariyu herzegovina mariyu montenegroloni prastuta mahilala varaku, paschaattaapa nrutyaalu suuryaastamayam vaipu paschima disalo vaayinchabadataayi. thoorpu bosnia mariyu herjegovinalo "gelenovo kolo" anie pilavabade "gelenovo kolo", "gelenovo kolo" anie soochinche "gelenovo kolo" kosam "jelen" anae sthaanika paerutoe, ettabadina chethi dwaaram mariyu eee getla ringleadernu tayaaru cheyadam dwara nrutyam cheyabadutundi, kolo chikkukune varaku anni kolo nrutyakaarulanu vaati gundaa laagadaaniki prayatnistundi, aaa taruvaata, kolo vippabade varaku, vyatiraeka disalo aadutundi. daani muulam aatmanu maroka prapanchaaniki mariyu jeevita punaruddharana yokka ardhaaniki maarganirdesam chese savapetika aacharamlo undhi.
vistaaramaina praantiiya, conny arudaina (saadhaaranamgaa okati matrame) smasaanavaatikalo pampinhee ekkuvagaa madhyalo ledhaa cross-type stecky ("crizin") yokka konni mukhyamaina sthaanam, mariyu daadaapu pratyaekamgaa chandrudu mariyu nakshatraala yokka aabharanam, nirdishta (anyamata) mataparamaina anubandham kosam smasaanavaatika lebulnu suuchimchavachchu. chandrudu mariyu nakshatraala (suuryudu) yokka prateekavaadam, tarachugaa vaatipai kanipinchevi, anyamata mariyu kraistava nammakaala kalayikatho gurtinchavacchu, aaru koonaala nakshatram veenasnu suuchistumdi (danica anie piluvabade slavic puraanaalaloo) mariyu chandrudu "austral marage" nuu suuchimchavachchu, ledhaa paatha mazdakism nammakam unna mithraism kooda mrutadehaalu chandrudiki mariyu aatmalu suuryuniki veltaayani, ayithe kondaru mrutula maranam samayamlo khagola vastuvula sthaanamtho austral chihnala madhya sambandhaanni bhaavinchaaru.
chekkadam.
vaatini "covac"/"clesser" (smith, mayson; latin "faber", "master" anae ardhamlo) chekkaru, ayithe saasanaalu, bahusha oka templetga, "dijak"/"pisar" (vidyaarthi, lekhakudu) sankalanam chesaaru. ippati varaku 33 vyaktigata mayson paerlu telisinavi, veetilo naanhyata mariyu mayson mariyu scrib rendinti kaaranamgaa atyanta mukhyamainadi. athanu boljunilo naalugu stecheelu mariyu stolac sameepamlo oplisisiloo naalugu stecheelu chesaadu. atyanta pramukha lekhakudu semorad, athanu stolac chuttoo kooda panicheesaadu. rajamouthulu eee naipunyaanni dalmatia mariyu ragusalo mariyu vaari nundi lothattu praantaalalo adhyayanam chesaarani bhaavistaaru.
steckielu ekkuvagaa bhaarii blaakulatoe chekkabaddayi, ekkuvagaa sunnapuraayitho chekkabaddayi. oka kwari sameepamlo unna pradaesam smasaanavaatikaku atyanta mukhyamainadi. konni stecheelu 29 tannula kante ekkuva baruvu kaligi undevi, vaatini gurram ledhaa eddula bandi dwara ravana chesinatlu mariyu sledgeelu mariyu chadunaina billetla kalayikatho atyanta baruvainaviga bhaavistaaru. vaatini neerugaa goyyi paina, tarachugaa cardinal disalo paschima-thoorpu disalo unchaaru, anduvalla maraninchinavaaru kooda alaage unnaaru. idhi suurya maargaaniki sambandhinchinadigaa anipistundi mariyu chanipoyinavaaru udayistunna suuryudini chudatam chaalaa mukhyam.
bosnia mariyu herjegovinaloni stecheeni herzegovinian (aarkedlu, alankaara drushyaalu, muulaamsaala sampadatho kuudina savapetika) mariyu thoorpu bosnian (salets, puula uddeshyaala roopamlo savapetika) anae rendu raathi raathi paatasaalalugaa vibhajinchavachhu. herzegovina bhoobhaagamlo trebinje mariyu bileka, gaco mariyu nevesinje praantaalalo stolac chuttoo kendramgaa unna paatasaalalu pradhana sthaanaaniki cherukunnayi. nalgava workshop konjik praantamloo undagaa, aidavadi lystica chuttoo undhi. paschima bosnialo stonemassons kendram cupress mariyu duvnola madhya, travanic chuttoo central bosnialo, thoorpu bosnialo naalugu varkshaaplu unnaayi, okati kladanj, olovo mariyu ilijas madhya, rendavadi jwornik chuttoo, moodavadi ludmerlo mariyu naalgavadi rogatika chuttoo.
croatialoo rendu varkshaaplu undevi, okati sista velikaalo, rendavadi sepikuslo. croatialooni setina nadhi chuttoo unna bhoobhaagamlo stetchy yokka sthaanika lakshanam vaati arudaina alankarana, veetilo 8-10% matrame saadhaarana alankarananu kaligi untundi. eguva setina nundi vachinavi chinnaviga untaayi mariyu rakam mariyu shaili prakaram mokali mariyu livno nundi vacchina vatiki sambandhinchinavi, ayithe madhya setina nundi vachinavi marinta smaaraka chihnalu. dalmatialo ledhaa bosnia mariyu herjegovinalo kanipinchani, okelanti rekhaganita aabharanaalato alankarinchabadina nirdishta plate stetchy graama biteliklo kanugonabaddayi, ayithe aabharanaala swabhaavam mariyu uparitala chikitsa dwara seyint charchi sameepamloni aneka smaaraka chihnalatho sambandham unnatlu pariganinchabadutundi. montenegroloni nixiclo peater.
montenegrolo nixic chuttoo undi undavacchu, ayithe plejevelja munisipaalitiilooni glysnica mariyu vaskovolo undavacchu. beslogic prakaram, cerbialo nirdishta kendraalu laenappatikee, mesanlu bosnia mariyu herzegovina nundi vacchaaru.
muulam.
vaari saamskrutika-kalaatmaka, mataparamaina mariyu jaathi anubandhaaniki sambandhinchi vibhinnamaina inca asampoornamaina siddhaantaalu unnaayi. saadhaarana thesis prakaram, mukhyamgaa beslogic dwara suuchimchabadina, stechi anedi asalu bosnian-herzegovina saamskrutika-kalaatmaka madhyayuga drugvishayam. milovan gawaji (1978) vanti kontamandi panditulu chaalaa vistrutamaina sandarbhaanni pariseelinchaaru, mariyu charitrapurva mariyu samakaaleena kaalam nundi eee praantam mariyu eurasia yokka peddaraatula sampradaayamtho vaari sambandhaanni pariganinchaaru. kontamandi panditulu "chaatii" roopam teerapraanta nagaralaku chendina romanesk mariyu gothik gruhaala nundi prerana pondhi undavacchani, ayithe madhyayuga kraistava savapetika ledhaa sthaanika bosnian chekka inti "ridge" roopam anie bhaavinchaaru. lavrenovic samslaeshanha prakaram idhi vistruta paschima madhyadhara muulam mariyu anubandhamlo bhaagam. kotta saamaajika sanghatanalu mariyu ottoman vrutti kaaranamgaa valasala kaaranamgaa kontakaalamgaa nirjanamaina parvata praantaalaku ivi pradhanamgaa sambandhinchinavani nirdhaarinchabadindi. 
matam.
19va sataabdam madhyakaalam nundi, mukhyamgaa orther evans 1875loe raasina thesis nundi, alegzander soloviev, costa horman mariyu chiro truhelkatho sahaa chaalaa mandhi panditulu vaaru bosnian charchi yokka muulaaniki sambandhinchinavaarani modatlo vaadinchaaru.ii. bogomils ledhaa itara dvandvavaada samuuhaalu. itarulu eee charchini vaastavaaniki catholic charchiki chendina franciscan sanyaasulu sthaapinchaarani nokki chepparu. edemaina, steckielu modati bulgarian saamrajyamlo nirminchabadaledani, central bosnialo bosnia rajyam mariyu bosnian charchi kendraalugaa unna takkuva saandrata, alaage paelavamaina design yokka adhika sankhyalo stecheelu, conny paatha thedhee kooda unnayani benak paerkonnaadu. beni kaale mariyu austria-hangerian adhikarulu vanti raajakeeya mariyu saiddhaantika kaaranaala valla 19va sataabdam chivari nundi stecky mariyu bogomil la madhya pratyeka sambandham pracharam cheyabadindi, veeru 1878 nundi eee bhuubhaagam shaastreeya kaaranaala kante austria-hangerian paripaalanalo bhaagamgaa unnanduna post-ottoman mariyu paan-bosnian gurtimpunu prothsahinchaaru. bosnia mariyu herzegovina jaateeya museum modati director ayina costa horman dheenini 1899loe ippatike prashninchinappatikii, daadaapu oka sataabdam paatu idhi antarjaateeya charitra rachanalo pradhana siddhaantamgaa undhi.
20va sataabdam madhyakaalam nundi, okappudu madhyayuga bosnia mariyu herzegovina kalalu mariyu kalakhandalapai prapanchamlooni pramukha adhikaram kaligina marian vengel vanti aneka mandhi panditulu, catholic, sanaatana mariyu bosnian charchi anucharulalo stecky samadhi raallu oka saadhaarana sampradaayam anie nirdhaarinchaaru. vengel yokka teermaanam itara charitrakaarula vaadanalaku maddatu ichindi, avi oka nirdishta matha vishwaasaaniki chendinavi kakunda praantiiya saamskrutika drugvishayaanni pratibimbistaayi. konnisaarlu saasanaalu/muulaamsaalu madhyayuga bosnia mariyu jacquemialoni moodu charchi samsthalalo okadaaniki savapetika/maraninchina vaari angeekaara anubandhaanni velladistaayi. stetchy yokka eee paraspara angeekaaryata vaari atyanta visaeshamaina lakshanaalalo okati, mariyu madhyayuga bosnian samajam yokka adhika sthaayi kraistavatvaanni suuchistumdi. ayithe, pratyaekamgaa kraistavudigaa bhaavinchadaaniki tagina aadharam ledani bhaavistaaru.
christian gottlob vilke paatha madhyadhara aadhyaatmika mariyu mataparamaina bhaavanalalo sanketha muulaamsaala muulaalanu anveshinchaaru. kalaatmaka vyakteekaranalo duro basler chivari roman kalalo konni samaantaraalanu chuusaaru, ayithe sanketha muulaamsaalaloo moodu bhagalu unnaayi; puurva-kraistava, kraistava mariyu manichian (i.ii. bogomil). vaatini penchi alankarinchina vaaru puurtigaa kraistaveekarinchabadaledani beslogic nokkichepparu, endukante vaaru mrutulato anubandham pettukune paatha aacharaanni aacharinchevaaru, mariyu lohaalu, vastraalu, seramics mariyu charmam, naanhelu, vendi chevipogulu, bangaaru bangaaru mariyu ghana bangaaramtho chesina aneka kalakhandalu stechi kinda samaadhulalo kanugonabaddayi. notilo naanem (charon yokka obol) unchadam, samadhulu mariyu talala sameepamlo taguneeti paatranu unchadam vanti acharalu puraatana kaalam nundi unnaayi. samadhi guntalanu ekkuvagaa oka khananam kosam upayoginchevaaru, conny konnisaarlu rendu mariyu anthakante ekkuva kosam upayoginchevaaru. montenegroloni oka stecock saasanam aadhaaramgaa, beslogic kraistava puurvapu punar-khananam aacharam undani vaadinchaaru, dheenilo emukalanu kadigi goyyiki tirigi pampaaru.
jaathi muulam.
stetchy jaathi gurtimpu inca puurtigaa spashtam kaaledu. ippati varaku atyanta prabalamaina, conny ippatikee puurtigaa aamodinchabadani, siddhaantam vaatini bosnia mariyu herjegovinaloni vlatch communitylatho anusandhaanistundi. eee siddhaantampai vimarsalu, asalu roopamlo unna smaaraka chihnalu bosnia mariyu herjegovinalaku pratyekamainavi kaavu, praarambhamlo mariyu taruvaata bhuswamya prabhuvulachae tayaaru cheyabaddaayi mariyu chivari dasalalo matrame vlaachlu sweekarinchaaru, vlatch janabha sankhya chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi, apavitramgaa mariyu viviktamgaa undhi, madhya yugam chivaralo vlaachlu ekkuvagaa jaathi taragati kakunda saamaajika-vruttiparamainavi, mariyu pouraanika chihnalu "vlatch" anyamata vishwaasaalaku badulugaa paatha slavic nammakalaku sambandhinchinavi anie vaadinchaaru.
beslogic mariyu itarulu vaatini bosnian rajyam mariyu mukhyamgaa bogomils erpaatuku sambandhinchinavigaa paerkonnaaru; ayithe, eee siddhaantam yokka korata emitante, bosnian rajyam yokka uniki jaanapada sampradaayamlo maarpuku chaalaa chinnadi kaavacchu, bosnian charchi taruvaata unikilo undhi mariyu stecky kante mundhe mugisindi, bosnian charchi prabhavam unna praantam vaatini samudrateera mariyu cerbian bhoomulalo vivarinchalekapoyindi, itara bogomils vaatini nirminchaledu, aneka samadhulu samakaaleena charchi sidhilaala chuttoo unnaayi, alaage konni steckylu charchilu mariyu maseedulalo rendavagaa ponduparachabaddaayi, mariyu bogomils siluva chihnanni gowravinchaledu, ayinappatikee steckypy idhi chaalaa saadhaaranam. kramamga adhi "koolchiveyabadindi mariyu paaraveyabadindi".
kontamandi itara panditulu nammasakyam kaani siddhaantaalanu pratipaadinchaaru; ivo pilar (1918) madhyayuga bosnia yokka croatian muulaanni saiddhaantikamgaa vaadinchaaru, taruvaata dominic mandik vaatini erra crotia nundi anyamata croats khananam chese aacharamlo bhaagamgaa bhaavinchaaru, adevidhamgaa aante scobalz croatian siddhaantaanni vaadinchaaru. setina chuttoo unna ekakam kaanivi crotsga gurtinchabaddaayi, ayithe valasa vellae vlaachstho smaaraka chihnamgaa gurtinchabaddaayi. vaso glusac saiddhaantikamgaa bosnian charchi mariyu stechi rendinti cerbian-saampradaayaka muulaanni vaadinchagaa, vladislav scaric vaaru paatha slavic "saasvatamaina illu" nuu suuchimchaarani, praarambhamlo chekkatho nirminchabaddaarani bhaavinchaaru. vladimir corovic "paatha slaavlu tama apaartmentlanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki ekasilalu ledhaa pedda raathi blaakulanu upayoginchaledu, samadhi sankethaala kosam matrame vadileyandi. vaari rachana ledhaa alankaranala kosam kooda takkuva ".
vlaas.
autocthonous" vlatch siddhaantaanni bogumil hrabak (1956) mariyu marian vengel (1962) pratipaadinchaaru. ayithe, eee siddhaantam chaalaa paatadi mariyu orther evans thana rachana "anticarian researchs inn illricum" (1883) loe modata pratipaadinchaaru. konawal chuttoo unna stecock samaadhulapai felix vaan luschanto kalisi parisoedhana chestunnappudu pedda sankhyalo purrelu slavic muulaaniki chendinavi kaavani, paatha "illrian" prajala maadirigaane unnayani bhaavinchaaru, alaage 15va sataabdam varaku vlaachlu nivasinchina aaa bhaagaalanu dubrovnic smaaraka chihnalu namodu chesayani kooda paerkonnaaru. samadhi raallapai saasanaala adhyayanam prakaram vlatch tegalaku chendina vyaktulu (vlahovichi, plisisichi, preedojevichi, bobani mariyu drobenzachi vantivi) kooda stecock samaadhula kinda khananam cheyabaddaarani telindi.
chaaritraka patraalanu mariyu stecheepai arudaina saasanaalapai perkonna vyaktulatoe vaari sambandhaanni anusandhaaninchina modati panditudu hrabak. 1953loe stolac sameepamloni boljun necropolisku chendina smith-stonemasson gruback 1477 kante mundugaane bogowak yokka steckocknu nirminchaadani, herzegovina yokka chaalaa smaaraka chihnalu, herzegovina matrame kakunda, vlatchs matrame kaadu, 15va sataabdam rendava bhaagaaniki chendinavani ayana nirdhaarinchaaru. vengel thana adhyayanaalalo okadaanilo padahaaru mandhi vyaktulanu saaruupya dating mariyu chaaritraatmakamgaa telisina vyaktulatoe parisoedhimchimdi. praarambhamlo raathi smaaraka chihnalanu 14va sataabdam madhyalo bhuswamya prabhuvulu pravesapettina avakaasam undani, eee sampradaayaanni vigraha alankarananu pravesapettina vlatch tegalu sweekarinchaayani aame paerkonnaaru. ottoman dandayaatra mariyu kotta saamaajika paristhitulaku sambandhinchina stecky utpatti vengel yokka mugimpu, vlaachlu mariyu baanisalanu islam matamloki maarchadamtho girijana samstha mariyu nirdishta jaathi gurtimpu yokka lakshanaalanu kolpoyindi.
sima chirkovic (1964) mariyu marco vego (1973) vaadinchaaru, vlatch laloe stecky aavirbhavam vaari saamaajika-aardhika perugudalato samanamga undani, idhi jacquemia praantamloo nirdhaarinchabadindi, ikkada vlatch kutumbaaniki sambandhinchina radimalja yokka atyanta prasiddha necropolis undhi, idhi harrabreeni jaatiki chendina miloradovic-stjepanovic. vlaakla madhya ituvanti khareedaina khananam maargaalanu arder chese aardhika avakaasaalu chaaritraka patraalalo maddatu istayi mariyu dhruvikarinchabaddayi, setina nundi vlatch yokka udaaharanhatho, ostoja bogovic, 1377loe vlatch priboja papalic khananam kharchunu 40 tulaalaku chellinchaadu. aaa samayamlo vibhajanalo khananam cheyadaaniki 4-8 tula kharchu avutundi, ayithe 40 tulaku sibenicloni franciscon arder charchilo kutumba samadhini konugolu cheyavachu.
dalmatian jagora praantaalalo kudi setina nadhi odduna unna bhoomulalo stetchy pampinhee, nadiki migilina bhoomulalo avi lenappudu (madhyayuga charchila venta smasaanavaatikalu), aaa praantaalalo eee samadhi raallu vlatch samaajaalaku chendinavani benak nirdhaarinchaaru. sybenic, troggir mariyu mokali madhya tribhujaalu, alaage vlaachsku pradhana kendraalugaa unna verlica mariyu trilz parisaraalu, dalmatialo atyadhika sankhyalo stecheelanu kaligi unnaayi. 1982loe, benak dakshina herzegovina (trebinje, bileka, lubinz mariyu stolac bhuubhaagam) loe atyadhika saandrata kaligi undani, ikkada vlatch janabha adhika saandrata kaligi undani perkondi. konni stecky saasanaalu (maanava naamaala dwara) vaatini kontamandi vlatch adhipatulatho spashtamgaa anusandhaninchayi; boljun-stolac nundi tarah boljunovic, vlahovichi-lubinje nundi vukosav vlasevic, radimalja-stolac nundi hrabreni mariyu miloradovic, alaage bobani, plisisi, preedojevichi, drobnjasi vanti vlatch samuuhaala nundi itara vilakshanhamaina sabhyulu mariyu atuvanti adhipatulu atyuttama smaaraka chihnalaku chendinavaaru.
setina counteeloo stetchy sambhavinchadam anedi nelipic kuleena kutumba prayatnaalaku sambandhinchinadi, aardhika mariyu raajakeeya adhikaranni tirigi ivvadaaniki, veeriki 1345loe sinz mariyu setina kounteeki badulugaa hangari raaju luis I chetha mudi swaadheenam chesukunnaru. vaaru vlaakla maddatutoe abhivruddhi chendaaru, vaariki seva kosam prayojanaalu mariyu saadhaarana vlaak chattamtho bahumati labhinchindi. aneka sangharshanhalu mariyu chivari kuleena nelipic maranam taruvaata, appudu evon francopan, vlatchs stjepan vukchik kosakaku maddatu icchaaru. dalmatian rakam" yokka ridge stecheeni dalmatia mariyu nairuti bosnia praantaalalo matrame chudavachu, ivi kosaka kuleena kutumbam paalinche praantaalu. setinaalooni talovac dalaala nundi, polgica mariyu teeramloni venis dalaala nundi rakshinchadaaniki, thana raajyamlooni atyanta pramaadakaramaina bhaagamlo teevravaadulu mariyu vyavastheekruta vlaaklanu sthiraparachadam athani aasakti. anduvalla dalmatian rakam kosaka rajadhani imotskiki paschima mariyu dakshinaana matrame kanipistundi, taruvaata bosnia patanam taruvaata uttaraana kooda kanipistundi. puravastusastraparanga, setina kounteeki chendina konni madhyayuga samadhulu sthaanika pratyaekatalanu kaligi unnaayi, dheeni dwara setina county dalmatialoni itara praantaala nundi bhinnamgaa untundi. counteeloo, adanapu raathi nirmaanam lekunda neelapai khananam cheyabadaledu. kontamandi panditulu eee drugvishayaanni nirdishta jaathi gurtimputoe mudipettaru; ayithe, ippatikee sanchalanaatmaka parisoedhana kaaranamgaa, prastutaaniki, idhi praantiiya mariyu irukaina sthaanika sanghatanagaa matrame pariganinchabadutundi.
1982loe moster sameepamloni raska goraa nundi 108 stecock samaadhula (13-14 va sataabdam) nundi asthipanjaraalapai maanavasaastra parisoedhana, alaage livno sameepamloni graboregy nundi konni, itara misramaalu lekunda, swachchamaina dinarik maanavasaastra rakamtho serials yokka sajaateeyatanu choopinchaayi, idhi bahusha baanisa kaani muulam yokka autochthonus vlatch janabhanu suuchistumdi. tarachugaa pavlovic kuleena kutumbaaniki aapaadinchabadina pracha sameepamloni pavlovac vadda unna samadhi nundi 11 asthipanjaraala parisoedhana, kooda swachchamaina dinarik rakanni choopinchindi, idhi vlatch muulaanni suuchistumdi, ayithe chaaritraka aadharalu paavlovichini vlatchs anie pilavalevu. 1991loe bisco graamaaniki sameepamlo unna peethabhoomi poljanese vadda stetchy kinda unna 28 samaadhula (thedhee 1440-1450 luu) nundi 40 asthipanjaraalapai maanavasaastra parisoedhana janabhalo ekkuva mandhi bahusha autochthonus dinarik rakam mariyu baanisa kaani muulaaniki chendinavaarani choopinchindi. 21 asthipanjaraalu pillala khanananku chendinavi kaga, 19 vayojana khananam chesina vaatilo 13 asthipanjaraalu magavaariki chendinavi. peethabhoomi yokka vaayuvya bhaagamlo stecky kosam kwari kanugonabadindi, oka sikharam yea aabharanaalu lekunda paakshikamgaa puurtayina panigaa undhi. ilrian kaalam nundi vaaru autochthonus vlatch muulaanni vaadinchinappatikii, idhi baanisala dinaraijeshan mariyu sammilana prakriya konasaagimpunu chooputundi, idhi jaathi kakunda saadhaaranamainadi kaavacchu. airopaloni itara praantaalalo, mukhyamgaa ukreyinlo kooda dinarik jaathi rakam saadhaaranam mariyu kontamandi dheenini slavic rakamgaa bhaavinchaaru, antekakunda jaathi maanava shaastra paribhasha mariyu paddati nedu saastriiyamgaa atyanta sandehaaspadamaina khachitatvam mariyu auchityam kaligi unnaayi. puraavastu kalakhandalu marinta asampuurnamgaa unnaayi, endukante avi samadhi raallu laeni samaadhula nundi bhinnamgaa laevu. 2019 mariyu 2021 adhyayanaalalo madhyayuga stecock puraavastu samadhulu koposisisi, ilijas mariyu dije sameepamlo divisani, aaru namuunaalu vai-dna haplogroup ii2eah1bii3 kii chendinavi mariyu okati nundi aarr1eah varaku, madhyayuga mariyu aadhunika bosnian mariyu herzegovina janabha madhya konasaagimpunu chuuputaayi. alankarinchabadina asthipanjara avasheshaalalo rendu bosnian kuleenulaina mirco radojevic mariyu bosnian raaju modati twartkoku seva chesina athani kumarudu batik mirkovic gurtimpunu suuchistaayi.
vaarasatvam.
sthaanika mariyu videshee madhyayuga patraalalo vaati gurinchi prastavinchakapovadam vaari rahasyaalalo okati. turkish smasaanavaatika vanti aneka asaadhaarana vishayalanu namodu chesina franciscon charitralu vaatini prastaavinchaledu. jaanapada sampradaayam andhavishwaasaalu mariyu kalpita kathalatho nindina pouraanika avagahananu samrakshinchindi. ottoman aakramana samayamlo jaathi valasalu mariyu matha marpidi kaaranamgaa moodu jaathi samoohaalalo chaaritraka ghnaapakasakti antarinchipovadam jarigindani idhi suuchistumdi. 1530 nundi benedict kuripesic stechi gurinchi modati prayaana pranaalika prastaavana chesinatlu pariganinchabadutundi. 1626loe evlia selebi vaatini kontamandi teliyani veerula samadhi raathi smaaraka chihnaluga abhivarninchaaru. 18va sataabdam madhyalo andriza cassic meosic vaatini prastaavinchina atyanta puraatana sthaanika rachayita. alberto fortis thana rachana "travels intoo dalmatia" (1774) loe setinaalooni samadhi raallanu rakshasula yodhula samadhuluga varninchinatlugaa vaatini aaa kaalapu srungaara sphuurtitoe namodu chesaaru. vaaru alexander antoni sapiha, ami bow, oto blou, zaan gardner wilkinson mariyu heinrich sterneck drushtini kooda aakarshincharu.
19va sataabdam rendava sagam nundi, stecheeni bosnia mariyu herzegovina chihnamgaa chuustaaru, ivi dakshina slavic saiddhaantika jaathi-jaateeya nirmaana puraanaalu mariyu yajamanyam, alaage vaati puraavastu, kalaatmaka mariyu chaaritraka vivaranapai vibhina abhipraayaalaku sambandhinchinavi. yugoslavia mariyu bosnian yuddham (1992-1995) vidipovadam bosnian, croatian mariyu cerbian jaateeyavaadam punarujjeevanaaniki kaaranamaindi, dheenilo moodu jaathi samuuhaalu vaatini tama sonta samskrutilo bhaagamgaa pratyaekamgaa upayoginchukovadaaniki prayatninchaayi. viruddhamgaa, bosnia mariyu herjegovinaloni eee samuuhaalu aevee (bosniaclu, bosnian serbs mariyu bosnian croats), modata vaari saamuuhika spruhalo vaarini gurthunchukoledu, tadwara vaaru swabhaavamlo ksheeninchadaaniki ledhaa maanava ajaagratta mariyu vidhvamsamku gurai, kaneesam sankhyanu sagaaniki tagginchaaru. eee vaikhari matrame atuvanti ketayimpu saiddhaantika nirmaanampai elaa aadharapadi untundo suuchistumdi. marian vengel prakaram, moodu vistrutamaina jaathi-jaateeya saiddhaantika nirmaanaalalo okati, mukhyamgaa stecky yokka bogomil muulam gurinchi thesis, 19va sataabdam chivari dasaabdam naatidi, austria-hangerian bureaucracy, antey hangerian paarlamentu sabhyudu janos vaan asboth, bosnia mariyu herzegovina muslim nivaasula moolampai bogomils varasuluga idhe vidhamaina theesistho sambandham kaligi undhi. charitranu vakreekarinchadam taruvaata vengel vanti panditula vimarsalanu aakarshistundi, eee pratyeka udaaharana dwara austria-hangerian adhikaram aacharanatmakamgaa "muslimlaku bahumatigaa" stecheeni andinchindani, bhoomipai vaari vaarasatva hakkulanu nokki chebutuu, taruvaati kraistavulu, tulanaatmakamgaa, 'kottavaaru' anie suuchistumdani paerkonnaaru. 1990la yuddha samayamlo eee siddhaantam media mariyu praja charchalalo mallii punarujjeevanam chendutundi, chaaritraka-raajakeeya chattabaddhatanu koorutuu, dheenilo sthaanika bosnia mariyu herzegovina janabhanu islaameekarinchadam ottoman aakramana valla matrame kakunda, bogomilmlo pratibimbimchina antarleena mataparamaina vilakshanhata dwara kooda sambhavinchindi, tadwara bogomil janabha mariyu catholic mariyu orthodox oppukolu janabha madhya jaathi mariyu oppukolu vyatyaasaanni dhruveekaristundi. ayithe, idhi bosnia mariyu herjegovinalo ledhaa marekkada shaastreeya aalochana ledhaa paandityamu mariyu tulanaatmaka parisoedhanapai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chuupaleedu.
airopalo mottamodati bahiranga pradarsanagaa polish-janminchina russian valasa mariyu yugoslav doutyavetta alegzander soloviev (1890-1971) samadhi raallanu pradarsinchaaru. paris exhibition "yugoslavia prajala madhyayuga kala" (1950) thoo paatu prospectuslo ayana vaari gurinchi spashtamgaa raasaaru. modati praantiiya bahiranga pradarsana 2008loe klovichevi dwori gallerylo jarigindi, idhi naalugu deshaala madhya praja sambhaashanhanu prothsahinchadaaniki oka udaaharanagaa nilichindi. avi vividha kalaa roopaalanu prabhaavitam chesaayi mariyu shilpulu, chitrakaarulu, kavulu, chitranirmaatalu, rachayitalu mariyu photographerlaku sphuurtidaayakamaina itivruttamgaa unnaayi.
gurtinchadagina stecky.
stecheelu saadhaaranamgaa samuhaluga kendrikrutamai untayih konni namuunaalatoe kuudina vyaktigata kutumbaala samaadhulalo, sumaru 30 nundi 50 namuunaalatoe kuudina mottam kutumbaala samaadhulalo, appudappudu aneka vandala namuunaalatoe kuudina graameena jillaala pedda samaadhulalo. konjik sameepamloni graama biscuplo unna sankovic kuleena kutumbam, stolac sameepamloni radimljalo miloradovic-stjepanovic (hrabreni), sarajevo sameepamloni pavlovic kuleena kutumbam, mariyu kakanj sameepamloni donza jgoschaalo teliyani kutumbam dwara kutumba samaadhulaku udaaharanalu. nedu aneka stecheelu saaraajevoloni bosnia mariyu herzegovina jaateeya museum thotalo kooda pradarsinchabaddaayi. cerbialoni madhyayuga mermorge samadhi asaadhaaranamaina praamukhyata kaligina samskruti smaaraka chihnamlo bhaagam mariyu pedda sankhyalo stecock samaadhulanu kaligi undhi. konni itara mukhyamaina ledhaa adhyayanam chesina vyaktigata adhyayanalu