
anuvak prajalu

enuevac, enueva mariyu enueva anie kooda pilustaaru, thoorpu aafrikaaloni praantaalalo nivasinche luvo nilotic jaathi samuuham. anuvak pedda luvo kutumba samuuhaaniki chendinadi. vaari bhashanu dha-anya anie pilustaaru. ivi pradhanamgaa paschima ethiopialoni gambela praantamloo mariyu dakshina soodaanlo kanipistaayi. prapanchavyaaptamgaa 200,000 nundi 300,000 mandhi madhya samuuha sabhyula sankhya undhi. chaalaa mandhi annuac prajalu ippudu kraistava mataanni anusaristunnaru. shillook prajalanu anusarinchi daadaapu puurtigaa kraistavulugaa maarina nilotic samoohaalalo idhi modatidi.
charitra.
american laabhaapekshaleni samstha saamskrutika manugada prakaram, anuvak vaastavaaniki pibor nadhi mariyu sobat nadhi sameepamlo unna bhoomipai nivasinchaaru, prastuta thoorpu dakshina soodaanlo ethiopia sameepamlo. itara samuuhaala nundi sthaanabhramsham kaaranamgaa, chaalaa mandhi anuvaakulu ippudu baaro nadhi mariyu acobo nadhi venta nivasistunnaaru. 
anuvak oka nilotic prajalu. vaaru vandalaadi samvatsaraalugaa eguva nail praantamloo nivasinchaaru mariyu vaari bhoomini tama girijana bhoomiga bhaavistaaru. 
eguva naillooni itara nilotic prajala maadirigaa kakunda, vaari aardhika vyavasthalu pasuvulanu penchadampai aadharapadi untaayi, anuvaklu pasuvula kaaparulu mariyu raitulu. vaaru tama uttara porugu deshaalatho, luo mariyu shillaklatho oka saadhaarana muulaanni kaligi unnaarani nammutaaru. alaage, vaaru dakshinaana unna vaari poruguvaaritho, acholitho idhe vidhamaina bhashanu panchukuntaaru.luo prajalu thoorpu africa antataa chellacheduruga unnaaru, veetilo sudan mariyu ethiopia unnaayi; vaaru ekkada nivasinchinaa vaari saamskrutika vaarasatvaanni parirakshinchina prajalugaa gurtistaaru. thoorpu aafrikaaloni luo matlade prajalu sudan mariyu ethiopiaku minchi uganda, kenya, tanzania mariyu kangolalo kanipistaaru. vaari bhasha (luu) mariyu maandalikaalu visaalamaina neelo-saharan bhashala samuuhaaniki chendinavi.
abisnian saamrajyam samayamlo, chaalaa mandhi anuvak prajalanu banisaluga teesukunnaru, tarachugaa dhanika mariyu saamraajya kutumbaalu. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo pradhanamgaa anuvak praantaalalo baanisatvam raddu cheyabadindi, conny rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata kontakaalam punaruddharinchabadindi.
maanava hakkula pariseelana samstha, oka pramukha prabhutvetara samstha prakaram, 1980la varaku ethiopia yokka paschima gambela praantamloo anuvak prajalu pradhana jaathi samuuhamgaa unnaaru. ayithe, 1984loe praarambhamaina derg paalana oka punaravasa karyakramanni praarambhinchindi, dheeni dwara central ethiopian highlands nundi 60,000 mandhi prajalanu gambela praantamlooni anuvak bhoomulaku marcharu. adhe samayamlo, rendava sudanese antaryuddham gambela praantaaniki paschimaana praarambhamaindi, phalitamgaa pedda sankhyalo saranaarthulu adhe praantaaniki paaripoyaaru. 20va sataabdam antataa jarugutunna eee praantaaniki thoorpuvaipu kramamga valasa velladam dwara eee maarpulu marinta perigayi.
1991loe swayam prakatita saamyavaada prajala prajaasvaamya ganatantram patanam taruvaata, gambela praantamloo jaathi udriktatalu mariyu jaathi himsaakaandalu chelaregaayi. aneka anuvaakulu tama chaaritraka bhoomulloki anuvaakulu kaani nivaasitula olasalanu bahirangamgaa vyatiraekimchaaru, mariyu vaari jaathi bhuubhaagam kunchinchukupotundani grahinchaaru. 1991 nundi 2000la madhya varaku, vandalaadi mandhi maraninchina mariyu vaelaadi mandhi sthaanabhramsham chendina jaathi gharshanalu gambela praantamlooni anuvak mariyu itara prajala madhya jarigaayi.
2000laloe, ethiopian sainyam eee praantamloo saayudha anuvak samuuhaalanu thatastheekarinchadaaniki karyakalapalu nirvahinchadam praarambhinchindi. yea okka samstha ledhaa raajakeeya kaaranaala krinda ekikrutam kaani eee samoohaalalo, itara jaathi samuuhaalu mariyu ethiopian sainikulanu lakshyamgaa chesukune samuuhaalu unnaayi. eee praantamloo iteevala petrolium mariyu bangaaram kanugonabadinanduna ethiopian prabhutvam gambela praantamloo sthirathvaanni andinchadamlo aasaktini penchindi.
jaathi-bhedaala himsa phalitamgaa, mariyu ethiopian prabhutvam nundi vivaksha choopabadinatlu aaropinchina phalitamgaa, 1990luu mariyu 2000laloe gananeeyamaina sankhyalo anuvak pravaasulu erpadatam praarambhinchaaru. chaalaa mandhi united statesloni minnesotaalo sthirapaddaaru.
bhougolika pampinhee.
anuvak prajalu pradhanamgaa paschima ethiopia mariyu dakshina soodaanlo nivasistunnaaru. chaalaa mandhi baaro nadhi mariyu acobo nadhi venta mariyu ethiopia yokka gambela praantamloo nivasistunnaaru. sudan yokka anuvak oka gaddi praantamloo nivasistunnaaru, idhi chadunainadi mariyu daadaapu chetlu laenidi. varshakalamlo, eee praantam varadalu, tadwara daanilo ekkuva bhaagam daani gundaa pravahinche lothaina neeti vividha kaaluvalato chittadi neelagaa maarutundi.
pravaasulu.
1991loe prajala prajaasvaamya ganatantramaina ethiopia patanam taruvaata, ethiopialoni anuvak prajalu mariyu itara jaathi samuuhaala madhya pedda ettuna antara-jaathi himsa chelaregindi. ethiopialoni anuvak prajalu 1990luu mariyu 2000laloe antara-jaathi himsanu edurkonnaru mariyu prabhutvam nundi vaedhimpulanu edurkonnaru, phalitamgaa anuvak prajalu pedda ettuna sthaanabhramsham chendaaru. phalitamgaa, chaalaa mandhi anuvak prajalu united statesku valasa vacchaaru, mukhyamgaa minnesota. kondaru valasa kosam antarjaateeya samstha nundi punaravasa sahayam pondaaru. minnesotaku valasa vacchina chaalaa mandhi anuvak prajalu maamsam packing parisramalo panicheestunnaaru, harmon aaharaalu mariyu smithfield aaharaalu vanti companyla kosam panicheestunnaaru.
aardhika vyavastha.
ethiopia mariyu sudan yokka anuvak prajalu ekkuvagaa jeevanaadhaara aardhika vyavasthalo nivasistunnaaru, nadulu mukhyamaina paatranu poeshistunnaayi. anuvak prajalu ekkuvagaa vyavasaayadaarulu, mariyu pasusamvardhakaalu saadhaaranam. jonna anuvaku oka saadhaarana panta, mariyu saadhaarana pasuvulalo pasuvulu, gorrelu mariyu mekalu unnaayi. vaaru tama pantalanu nadhi oddulalo pandistaaru, idhi vaariki sthiramaina mariyu samarthavanthamaina aahara sarafaraanu andistundi. podi season sambhavinchinappudu, anuvak prajalu jalamargala kosam vetukutunna jantuvulanu vetaadutaaru. chaalaa mandhi anuvaakulu mukhyamgaa podi season velupala chepala vaetaloe kooda palgontaru mariyu manchi matsyakaara praantaalalo taatkaalika gramalanu erpaatu chestaaru. chaalaa mandhi tama aahaaramlo bhaagamgaa adavi pakshulanu kooda vetaadutaaru.
yea seasonlo sambhavistundo (podi seasonlo valasa velladam) aadhaaramgaa anuvaaklu tama pasuvulanu eppudu valasa vellaalo kooda enchukuntaaru. pempudu jantuvula valasalu itara samskrutulaku vale vaariki mukhyamainavi kaavu endukante anuvak prajalaku vyavasaayampai ekkuva drushti saarinchinanta pasuvulu laevu. anuvaakulu tama aardhika avasaralanu teerchukoovadaaniki vyavasayam, vaeta, chepalu pattadam, pasuvula pempakam mariyu sekaranalo nimagnamai untaaru.
samskruti mariyu matam.
anuvak prajalu pradhanamgaa sweeya-niyantrana kaligina, mariyu tarachugaa bayati prapanchamtho takkuva communication kaligi unna bigutugaa allina communitylalo nivasistunnaaru. ethiopialo chaalaa mandhi anuvak prajalu nivasinche gambela praantam lothattu praantaalalo undhi, mariyu vaedi mariyu ushnamandalamgaa untundi, nadula nundi vachhe goppa, saaravantamaina, baga neeru pose matti. challani, podi vaataavaranam kaligina ettaina praantaala parvataala nundi chaalaa varaku teesukuvelataaru. idhi bhougolikamgaa ettiopian ettaina praantaala aadhipatyam kaligina chaalaa ethiopiaku puurti viruddhamgaa undhi. 1980laloe ethiopian prabhutvam amalu chesina punaravasa karyakramam taruvaata, ethiopian ettaina praantaala nundi chaalaa mandhi prajalanu pradhanamgaa anuvak praantaalaku punaravasam kalpinchaaru. eee valasadaarulalo tigrayans, oromo, kambata, amhara prajalu unnaaru, vaarini samishtiga aneka anuvak prajalu "highlanders" anie pilustaaru. 1990luu mariyu 2000laloe anuvak mariyu eee "highlanders" anie pilavabade vaari madhya antara-jaathi himsa sarvasaadhaaranam. anuvak yokka ekkuvagaa dveepakalpa saamaajika nirmaanam, chaaritraka mariyu aadhunika antar-jaathi sangharshanhalatho kalipi, saamskrutika manugada vanti bayati pariseelakulaku daariteesindi, vaatini "bayati vyaktula patla chaalaa anumanaspadamga" varninchadaaniki daariteesindi.
anuvak gramalanu adhipatulu anie piluvabade prajalu naduputaaru, prajalu asantruptikaramgaa bhaavisthe vaari saktini sulabhamgaa tolaginchavacchu. 
anuvak tatvasaastram "devudu-purushulu" laerani nirdesistundi, mariyu niyantagaa bhaavinche vidhamgaa pravartinchinanduku nayakulanu tolaginchavacchu.
eee rojullo, chaalaa mandhi anuvak prajalu suvaarta kraistavulu. saampradaaya anuvak matam chetlaku pratyeka praadhaanyata ichindi, konni gramalalo "pavitra" chetlu unnaayi. saampradaaya anuvak matam gwoke anie piluvabade sarvasaktimantudaina aatmapai nammakanni unchindi.
maanava hakkula samasyalu.
ethiopialoni jaathi anuvaakulu desamlo panichestunna vividha itara minority miliciala nundi, alaage ethiopian prabhutvam nundi himsa, vichakshanaarahita hatyalu, dopidi mariyu vivakshaku gurainatlu anuvak kaaryakartalu paerkonnaaru. 2000laloe, ituvanti himsa teevrataram ayinappudu, genocide watch mariyu praanaalatoe bayatapadina vaari hakkula antarjaateeya nivedika anuvak prajala sakshyalanu sekarinchindi, idhi anuvak pourulapai vistrutamgaa atyaachaaram mariyu hatya, alaage ethiopian prabhutvam mariyu anubandha milicia vaari aastini naasanam chesina chitraanni chitrinchindi. eee samuuhaala 32 paejeela nivedikalo ethiopian prabhutvam mariyu anubandha milisialu maaranahomaanni konasaagistunnaayani aaropinchindi. 2004loe, genocide watch adhyakshudu gregori stanton, paristhitini "1993loe ravaandaatho poolchaaru, anni mundastu heccharika sankethaalu spashtamgaa kanipinchaayi conny evaruu shraddha chuupaleedu", mariyu himsanu prapanchamlo konasagutunna jatyahankarala atyavasara jaabitaalo unchaaru. anni rakaala jaathi vivakshanu nirmoolinchadampai aikyaraajyasamiti kamiteeki samarpinchina washington college off laa looni antarjaateeya maanava hakkula nyaya clinic 2007 nivedika 2003loe himsaatmaka saamuuhika hatyalaku ethiopian prabhutvam pratispandana anni rakaala jaathi vivakshanu nirmoolinchadampai antarjaateeya samavesanni ullanghinchindani teelchindi. maanava hakkula watch 2005 nivedika kooda ethiopian sainyam anuvak silivianlaku vyatiraekamgaa "vistrutamaina hatya, atyaachaaram mariyu himsaku paalpadindani" kanugondi. eee nivedika maanavatvaaniki vyatiraekamgaa neeraalaku ethiopian sainyam yokka charyalanu suuchistumdi. gambela praanta maajee governor okello akuye kooda anuvak pourulapai daadi cheyadamlo sthaanika sainika dalaalaku prabhutvam sahayam chestondani aaropinchaaru. anuvak ugravaadula prakaram, anuvak purushulu (mariyu kontamandi mahilalu) ekapakshamgaa arrestu, kottadam, nirbandhinchadam mariyu ethiopialo chattavyatireka hatyalaku lobadi unnaaru.
gambela praantamlooni lothattu praantaalalo nivasinche anuvak mariyu itarulu edurkontunna maanava hakkula samasyalu anuvaklaku neeru, aaharam, vidya, aarogya samrakshana mariyu itara praathamika sevalaku praapyatanu prabhaavitam chesaayi, alaage eee praanta abhivruddhiki avakaasaalanu parimitam chesaayi.
ethiopian prabhutvam thana sainyam anuvaklapai daadulaloo paalgonnatlu khandinchindi, badulugaa eee praantamloo himsaku sthaanika jaathi sainika dalaalu kaaranamani perkondi. itara pourasatvaalanu champadam vanti itara samuuhaalaku vyatiraekamgaa anuvak sainika dalaalu maanava hakkula ullanghanalaku palpaddayani itarulu aaropinchaaru. bbc nyuus 2006loe raasina oka vyaasam sthaanika himsanu anuvak mariyu noor madhya "gambella praantamloo pacchika bayallu, neeru mariyu saaravantamaina bhoomiki praapyatapai" vivaadam anie varninchindi.
1983 maarchilo derg paalana anni ethiopian purushula sameekarananu amalu chesinappudu, chaalaa mandhi anuvaakulu saamskrutika praatipadikana nirbandha sainika niyamakanni vyatiraekimchaaru. prabhutvam eee nirbandha sainika niyamakanni kramabaddhamaina amalunu nirvahinchindi, dheeni phalitamgaa aneka mandhi yuva seva-vayassu anuvaaklu nirbandha sainika niyamakanni nivaarinchadaaniki sudanku ledhaa ethiopialoni maarumuula praantaalaku paaripoyaaru.
pravaasula pratispandana.
2000laloe paaschaatya ethiopialo himsa peragadaaniki pratispandanagaa, united states mariyu kenadaalo nivasistunna anuvaks samuuham anuvaks maanava hakkulanu prothsahinchadaaniki oka samstha ayina anuvaks justice kounsilnu erpaatu chesindi. eee brundam itara prabhutvetara samsthalatho kalisi himsaku sambandhinchina sanghatanalanu namodu cheyadaaniki mariyu ethiopian prabhutva paddhatulanu khandinchadaaniki vividha deshaalanu prothsahinchadaaniki sahakarinchindi.

