
prarambha mainframe atalu

mainframe computerlu pradhanamgaa vyaparalu mariyu vidya samsthalu pedda ettuna prakriyala kosam upayoginche computerlu. 1970laloe microcomputerlu anie piluvabade vyaktigata computerlu saadhaarana prajalaku vistrutamgaa andubaatulo undataaniki mundu, computing parisrama mainframe computerlu mariyu saapekshamgaa chinna mariyu choukaina minee computer vaeriyanttoe koodi undedi. 1960la madhya nundi chivari varaku, aneka prarambha veediyo games eee computerlalo programme cheyabaddaayi. 1970la praarambhamlo vaanijya veediyo game parisrama perugudalaku mundu abhivruddhi cheyabadina eee prarambha mainframe games saadhaaranamgaa pedda kaarporeshanlaloni vidyaarthulu ledhaa udyogulu yantram ledhaa assembly bhaashalo vraasaru, veetini nirdishta yantram ledhaa computer rakam dwara matrame ardham chesukovacchu. paatha computerlu nilipiveyabadinanduna eee aatalalo chaalaa varaku poinappatiki, vaatilo konni praathamika vanti unnata-sthaayi computer bhashalaku port cheyabaddaayi, taruvaata vyaktigata computerla kosam vidudala chesina samskaranalanu vistarinchaayi ledhaa bulletin boardu vyavasthala kosam samvatsaraala taruvaata punahsrushti cheyabaddaayi, tadwara bhavishyat games mariyu devalaparlanu prabhaavitam chesaayi.
1950laloe prarambha computer games srushtinchabadatam praarambhinchaayi, kalakramena computerla sankhya mariyu saamardhyalalo sthiramaina perugudala 1960la nundi vidya mariyu corporate samsthalalo mainframe computerlaku praapyatapai parimitulanu kramamga sadalinchadaaniki daariteesindi. idhi dasaabdam chivarilo sanklishtata peragadamtho mainframe computerlalo saadhaaranamgaa chinna, vachana-aadhaarita aatala swalpa vistaranaku daariteesindi. 1970la varaku mainframelu mariyu minee computerlalo games abhivruddhi cheyabadatam konasaginappatiki, vyaktigata computerla perugudala mariyu unnata sthaayi prograaming bhashala vyaapti antey taruvaati games saadhaaranamgaa mainframelo abhivruddhi cheyabadinappatiki, vyaktigata computerlalo amalu cheyagala saamarthyam kaligi undevi. eee prarambha aatalalo vyuuham mariyu nagara nirmaana sailulaku puurvagaami ayina "hamurabi"; 1970luu mariyu 1980laloe aneka vinodaalanu prerepinchina "lunar lander"; prarambha yuddha anukarana aata "sivil waar"; vistrutamgaa port cheyabadina, vistarinchina mariyu dasaabdaala taruvaata vyaapinchina "starr trekk"; unix operating system srushtilo paatra pooshinchina "space travel"; mariyu prarambha creeda aata "bays baall" mariyu aata samayamlo aatagallanu niyantrinchadaaniki anumatinchina modati baseball game unnaayi.
nepathyam.
mainframe computerlu pradhanamgaa ganana pani kosam, mukhyamgaa pedda-sthaayi, bahula-viniyogadaaru prakriyala kosam pedda samsthalu upayoginche saktivantamaina computerlu. eee padam modata "pradhana framelu" anie piluvabade pedda cabinetlanu suuchistumdi, ivi prarambha computerla kendra prosessing unit mariyu pradhana memarini kaligi untaayi. 1970laloe microcomputerlu anie piluvabade vyaktigata computerlu peragadaaniki mundu, avi praathamika rakam computerga upayogamlo undevi, 1960la praarambhamlo avi matrame prajala konugoluku andubaatulo unde computerlu. 1960luu mariyu 1970laloe minicomputerlu saapekshamgaa chinnavi mariyu choukaina mainframe computerlu prabalamgaa undevi, ayinappatikee avi ippatikee vyaktigata upayogam kosam uddesinchabadaledu. 1970 nundi oka nirvachanam prakaram oka chinna computer dhara US $25,000 kante takkuvagaa undaali. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, saadhaarana mainframela dhara US $1,000,000 kante ekkuvagaa undavacchu.
1960la chivari natiki, aneka vidya parisoedhanaa samsthalu mariyu bell lyablu vanti pedda companylalo mainframe computerlu mariyu minee computerlu undevi. veediyo games prarambha charitralo aaa samayamlo vaanijya veediyo game parisrama inca unikilo laenappatikee, 1970la prarambham varaku undakapoyina, eee companylaloni prograamarlu tama mainframe computerlalo aadataaniki aneka chinna atalanu srushtinchaaru. veetilo chaalaa varaku oke rakamaina computer yokka itara viniyogadaarulaku matrame vyaapinchayi, anduvalla paatha computer namuunaalu nilipiveyabadinanduna konasagaledu; ayithe, anekam bhavishyat atalanu prerepinchaayi ledhaa taruvaata marinta aadhunika vyavasthalu ledhaa bhaashalalo savarinchina samskaranallo vidudala cheyabaddaayi. eee prarambha mainframe atalu ekkuvagaa 1968 mariyu 1971 madhya srushtinchabaddaayi; munupati atalu srushtinchabadinappatiki avi chinna, vidya prekshakulaku matrame parimitam cheyabaddaayi. mainframe games kooda 1970la varaku abhivruddhi chendadam konasaagindi, conny arcade veediyo games mariyu home veediyo game consollapy drushti saarinchina vaanijya veediyo game parisrama perugudala, aaa taruvaata dasaabdam taruvaata vyaktigata computerla perugudala, antey 1970la praarambhamlo veediyo games prekshakulu mariyu developerlu mainframe computerlu ledhaa minicomputerla nundi dhooramgaa maaradam praarambhinchaaru, mariyu praathamika prograaming longuage vanti saadhaarana-prayojana prograaming longuagela vyaapti antey mainframe games saadhaaranamgaa mainframelo abhivruddhi cheyabadinappatiki, kaneesa maarpulatoe vyaktigata computerlalo amalu cheyabadataayi.
prarambha atalu.
mottamodati computer games 1950laloe kanipinchadam praarambhinchaayi, ivi doctor nirminchina tick-tock-tooe yokka computer aadhaarita game "berty dhi brain" thoo prarambhamayyayi. 1950 kenadian jaateeya pradarsana kosam joseph cates. veediyo gamesga eee aatala sthithi upayoginchina nirvachanampai aadharapadi undagaa, eee kaalamlo abhivruddhi cheyabadina atalu mainframe computerla yokka pedda puurveekulapai nadichayi mariyu pradhanamgaa vidya parisoedhana prayojanaala kosam ledhaa avi nadiche computerla saanketika abhivruddhini pradarsinchadaaniki abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. daadaapu pratyaekamgaa vishwavidyaalayaalu mariyu parisoedhanaa samsthalalo unna eee computerlaku praapyata vidyaavaettalu mariyu parisoedhakulaku parimitam cheyabadindi, idhi vinoda kaaryakramaala abhivruddhini nirodhinchindi. dasabda kaalamlo, computer saanketikata chinna, transister aadhaarita computerlanu chaerchadaaniki merugupadindi, veetipai byaachlalo panichese karyakalapala kante nija samayamlo prograamlanu srushtinchi amalu cheyavachu, mariyu computerlu swayamgaa marinni pradaesaalaku vyaapinchayi.
1960la natiki, computing saanketika parignaanamlo merugudalalu mariyu saapekshamgaa choukaina mainframe computerla prarambha abhivruddhi, taruvaata veetini minicomputerlu anie pilustaaru, idhi computerlaku prograaming accessku sambandhinchina parimitulanu sadalinchadaaniki daariteesindi. masachusets institute off technology (mitt) loe, tx-0 prayogaatmaka computerku pravesam vishwavidyaalayam yokka vidyaarthulu mariyu udyogulaku terichaaru. idhi computer yokka saktini highlight cheyadamtho paatu vinoda amsaanni kooda kaligi unna kaaryakramaala abhivruddhiki daariteesindi. mitt vadda chinna prograaming community tx-0 kosam roopondinchina aatalalo "tick-tock-tooe" unnaayi, idhi computerku vyatiraekamgaa nouts mariyu cross yokka saadhaarana aata aadataaniki telikapati pennu upayoginchindi, mariyu "chittadavi loe mouse", idhi aatagallanu mouse nadavadaniki chittadavini erpaatu cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. 1961loe digital equipment corporation (dii. sii) pii. dii. pii-1 computernu mitlo vyavasthaapinchinappudu, aaa sangham thana saamardhyaalanu pradarsinchadaaniki oka veediyo gemnu nirminchindi, "space waar!"idhi, itara pidipi-1 vyavasthalalo mariyu taruvaata itara mainframe computerlalo coppy chesi, punahsrushti cheyabadinanduna, oke computer samsthaapanaku minchi vyaapinchina mottamodati veediyo gamega maarindi.
dasabda kaalamlo, computerlu marinta saktivantamainavi ayinappatikee, marinta ekkuva companylu mariyu samsthalaku vyaapinchayi-1971 natiki, 1960la praarambhamlo konni dozenla kante maanitarlatoe 1000 computerlu unnayani anchanaa. vividha computerlu saadhaaranamgaa prograamla kodlo gananeeyamaina maarpulu lekunda oke prograamlanu amalu cheyalekapoyinappatiki, bhouthika hardware ledhaa yantra bhaashalalo vyatyaasaala kaaranamgaa, computing parisrama vistarana, oke computerla shreni yokka vividha samsthaapanala madhya prograamlanu panchukoovadaaniki ketalaglu mariyu viniyogadaaru samuuhaala srushtiki daariteesindi, udaaharanaku deck yokka pidipi line. ibm programme ketalog mariyu digital parikaraala computer viniyogadaarula sangham (decus) vanti eee ketalaglu mariyu samuuhaalu, chinna atalanu alaage prograamlanu panchukunnayi, udaaharanaku, april 1962 ibm ketalaglo "bbc wick dhi baseball demonstrator" mariyu "trimiteeya tick-tock-tooe", mariyu decus vaartaalekhalo paachikala atalu mariyu prasna mariyu samadhana atalu. "bhoomi mariyu vanarula nirvahana vyuuhaatmaka veediyo game ayina ibm 7090 kosam "dhi sumerian game" (1964), pillala kosam modati vidya aata. odra 1003 kosam 1962 polish "marinbad" vanti mainframe atalu ibm mariyu deck communityla velupala kooda abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
1960la chivari sagam natiki, bahula rakaala computerlalo amalu cheyagaligina basic vanti unnata sthaayi prograaming bhashalu yea pradaesamloe ayina abhivruddhi cheyabadina aatala paridhini marinta penchaayi. chaalaa atalu "space waar" vanti drushya graphics kante vachana-aadhaarita designlaku parimitam ayinappatikee, baseball mariyu basketball anukarana atalu vanti ekkuva mandhi aatagallaku cherukovadamto eee atalu marinta klishtamgaa marai. dartmouth time sharing system (dts) vanti vyavasthala dwara computerlaku praapyata kooda ekkuva mandiki vistarinchabadindi, idhi aneka remot terminals dwara aneka vaela mandhi viniyogadaarulanu central mainframe computerku anusandhaaninchindi. 1967-68 vidya samvatsaram natiki vyavastha kosam 500 kaaryakramaala DTSS library, zaan G. cameny mariyu thamus ii. chaalaa atalu" anie kurtz raasaaru. vyavastha yokka vaadukalo naaluginta oka vanthu saadhaarana ledhaa vinoda prayojanaala kosam undedi, idhi cameny mariyu kurtz viniyogadaarulaku computer gurinchi telusukovadaaniki mariyu bhayapadataniki sahaayapadutundani swaagatinchaaru. atyanta vaastavika anukarana aatalo dartmouth football jattunu quarterback chestunnappudu memu chaalaa gantala paatu chaalaa mandhi vishishta sandarsakulanu kolpoyamu" anie vaaru paerkonnaaru. 1972 natiki football anukarana oka multiplayer veediyo gamega maarindi, idhi thala-nundi-thala aataku maddatu istundi.
"101 praathamika computer games.
1971loe, dii. sii. udyogi david hetch. aall rendu atalanu, "hamurabi" mariyu "lunar lander", kendra bhasha nundi praathamika bhashaku, paakshikamgaa deck pidipi-8 minee computerlo bhasha yokka pradarsanagaa marcharu. vaari prajaadarana athanu savarinchina deck vaartaalekhalo praathamika atalanu mudrinchadam praarambhinchadaaniki daariteesindi, rendintinee athanu vrasadu mariyu reader samarpanalu. 1973loe, athanu "101 praathamika computer games" nuu prachurinchaadu, indulo vivaranalu mariyu veediyo games kosam muula code praathamikamgaa vraayabadindi. cherchabadina atalu ahl mariyu itarulu iddaroo raasaaru, mariyu bhashaku asalaina mariyu phokal vanti itara bhashala nundi port cheyabadina rendu atalanu kaligi unnaayi. eee portulalo chaalaa varaku modata mainframe computer games. "101 basic computer games" 10,000 kaapeelaku paiga ammudavadamtho, aaa samayamlo unikilo unna computerla kante ekkuva ammakaalato uttama ammakapu dharaga nilichindi. 1978loe daani rendava edition, "basic computer games", modati millionla ammakaalato kuudina computer pustakam. anduvalla, pustakamlo cherchabadina mainframe computer games yokka praathamika portlu tarachugaa vaati asalu versionlu ledhaa itara mainframe computer games kante ekkuva kaalam jeevinchaayi.
"mukhyamgaa "hamurabi" ekkuvagaa ahl pustakamlo kanipinchadaaniki prasiddhi chendindi. sumerian game" gurinchi vinna taruvaata, dugg diament ett deck thoti udyogi richard merril kottagaa kanugonna phokal prograaming longuage kosam thana sonta "sumar game" nuu srushtinchaadu. eee aatalo padhi roundlu untaayi, indulo aatagadu, puraatana babylonian raaju hammurabiga, panta digubadi mariyu tegullalo yaadruchchika vaividhyaalanu edurkontu, tadupari roundku pantala kosam entha dhanyam kharchu cheyaalo, vaari prajalaku aaharam andinchadam mariyu adanapu bhoomini konugolu cheyadam vantivi nirvahistaadu. phokal mariyu phokal-69 bhashala kosam aata yokka bahula samskaranalu srushtinchabaddaayi, conny aata yokka vistarinchina, gurtimpu laeni samskarana "101 praathamika computer games" loe "hamurabi" gaa cherchabadindi, mariyu aata yokka taruvaati samskaranalu, phokallo kooda, paatha sheershika kante kotta sheershikanu suuchimchaayi. "hamurabi" aneka taruvaati vyuuhaatmaka mariyu anukarana atalanu prabhaavitam chesindi mariyu idhi nagara nirmaana sailiki puurvagaami.
itara aata ahl, modata basic, "lunar lander" kuu port cheyabadindi, idhi pustakamlo moodu ververu roopaallo kanipinchindi. aata yokka asalu samskarananu "chandrudu" anie pilicheevaaru, mariyu 1969 chivaralo oka unnata paatasaala vidyaarthigaa unnappudu zim storer dwara pidipi-8 kosam modata phokallo vraayabadindi. "rockett" anie piluvabade vaerae samskarananu eric peters ett deck praathamikamgaa raasaaru, mariyu moodava samskarana, "lem", vilium lobbery II praathamikamgaa raasaaru. aah zim store yokka phokal versionnu besikga marchadu, kontha vachananni marchadu mariyu daanini thana vaartaalekhalo prachurinchaadu. oka samvatsaram ledhaa anthakante ekkuva kaalam taruvaata, aata yokka moodu praathamika samskaranalu rockett (store version), raakt 1 (peters version) mariyu raakt 2 (lobbery version) anae paerlatoe "101 praathamika computer games" loe kanipinchaayi. moodu vachana-aadhaarita aatalalo aatagadu rockett yokka prastuta sthaanam mariyu bhoomiki sambandhinchi sheershika yokka vachana saaraamsaaniki pratispandanagaa raaketku suuchanalanu namodu cheyadam dwara chandrunipai digadaaniki prayatnistunna raaketnu niyantrinchaalsi untundi. ahl mariyu steve north moodu versionlanu microsoft besikga marcharu, samishti paerunu "lunar lander" gaa marcharu mariyu vaatini 1976loe "creative computing" patrikalo prachurinchaaru; aaa paeru "basic computer games" yokka 1978 editionloo upayoginchabadindi.
eee pustakamloni maroka aata "sivil waar", idhi american sivil waar anukaranalo computerku vyatiraekamgaa aatagaadini unche text aadhaarita computer game. "poura yuddham" 1968loe bahula-viniyogadaaru mainframe computerlalo udbhavinchindi, mariyu dakshinaana maanava aatagadu mariyu uttaraana computer thoo, sangharshana yokka padnaalugu pradhana yuddhaalanu anukaristundi. aatagadu naalugu pratyaksha chararaasulanu niyantrinchagaladu, ivi yuddham yokka phalitaanni nirnayinchadaaniki sankarshana chendutaih vaari dabbulo entha aaharam, jeetaalu mariyu mandugundu samagri kosam kharchu cheyali mariyu naalugu daadi ledhaa naalugu rakshana viewhalalo edhi upayoginchaali. athi takkuva praananashtam kaligina jattu yuddhamlo gelustundi, mariyu aatagadu enimidi ledhaa anthakante ekkuva yuddhaalalo geliste vaaru aatalo gelustaaru. 101 basic computer games" loe eee aatanu ell. cram, ell. goody, mariyu dii. hibbard, lexington unnata paatasaalalo vidyaarthulu, mariyu G. paal mariyu aarr. aatanu iddaru aatagaalla aataga maarchadaaniki "ties". "1980la praarambhamlo pae-tuu-play vyavasthalalo andubaatulo unna aneka vachana-aadhaarita aatalalo "sivil waar" okati.
bahusha ahl pustakamlo kanipinchina mainframe aatalalo atyanta prachuryam pondinadi "starr trekk". eee aata oka vachana-aadhaarita computer game, idhi playernu starship "entreprise" yokka command loe unchutundi, idhi clingon yuddhanaukala yokka aakramana naukaadalaanni vetaadi naasanam chese missionloo unchutundi. ayithe, itara vachana-aadhaarita aatala maadirigaa kakunda, idhi aatagaalla inputku vraatapuurvaka pratispandanalanu upayoginchaledu, badulugaa akshara-aadhaarita graphicsnu kaligi undhi, vastuvulanu suuchimchadaaniki vividha aksharaalanu graphical chihnaluga upayoginchaaru. dheenini modatlo 1971loe mike mayfield ess. dii. ess sigma 7 mainframepy abhivruddhi chesindi. eee aata pustakamloni aneka itara mainframe atalaku bhinnamgaa kooda undhi, idhi modata basiclo vraayabadindi; pustakam prachurinchabade samayaniki, idhi minee computer mariyu mainframe vyavasthala madhya vistrutamgaa coppy cheyabadindi mariyu aneka versionlugaa savarinchabadindi. veetilo okati, ahl chetha "antariksha yuddham" gaa paeru maarchabadindi, idhi "101 praathamika computer games" loe kanipinchindi. eee pustakam yokka 1978 samskaranalo 1974loe modatisaarigaa vraayabadina aata yokka vistarinchina samskarana ayina "suupar starr trekk" yokka microsoft basic port undhi, mariyu eee samskarana aaa yugamloni aneka vyaktigata computer vyavasthalaku port cheyabadindi; "starr trekk" yokka samskarananu kaligi laeni computer installation kanugonadam kashtamani pustakamlo paerkonnaaru. appati nundi aneka rakaala bhaashalalo aneka naveekarinchabadina samskaranalu tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. 1980 natiki, "starr trekk" nuu "dragon" patrika "atyanta prajaadarana pondina (kakapoyina" atyanta prajaadarana pondina) computer aatalalo okati "gaa varninchindi," aksharala eee aata yokka vividha versionlu chuttoo theeluthuu unnaayi ".
itara atalu.
101 praathamika computer games" loe kanipinchani konni mainframe games ippatikee shaashwata prabhavanni chupayi. atuvanti aatalo okati 1969loe kenn thampson abhivruddhi chesina "antariksha prayaanam", idhi soura vyavasthalo prayaanaanni anukaristundi. aatagadu vividha grahalu mariyu chandrulapai digadaaniki prayatninchadam tappa itara lakshyalu lekunda soura vyavastha yokka dvi-miteeya scale modal chuttoo tama oodanu eguravestaadu. aatagadu oodanu taralinchi, tippavacchu mariyu anukarana yokka sthaayini sardubaatu cheyadam dwara mottam vegaanni sardubaatu cheyavachu. khagola vastuvula yokka ekaika balamaina gurutvakarshana pull dwara ooda prabhaavitamavutundi. eee aata bell lablalo abhivruddhi cheyabadindi, mariyu 1969loe multics operating system nundi ge 635 kampyootarlooni jacos operating system varaku, aapai pidipi-7 minee computerku port cheyabadindi. aatanu pidipi-7kii port chestunnappudu, thampson thana sonta operating system kosam aalochanalanu abhivruddhi chesaadu, idhi taruvaata unix operating system yokka pradhana bhaagamgaa erpadindi. "antariksha prayaanam" eppuduu bell lablaku minchi vyaapinchalaedu ledhaa bhavishyat aatalapai prabhavam chuupaleedu, daani praathamika vaarasatvaanni unix abhivruddhiki asalu prayatnamlo bhaagamgaa vadilivesindi.
maroka prabhaavavantamaina prarambha mainframe game "baseball", idhi 1971loe pomona kalasalalo pidipi-10 minee computerlo inglish majer daan doglo roopondinchina oka creeda game. "baseball" anedi modati baseball veediyo game, idhi aata praarambhamlo aatagallanu enchukovadam kante, aatanu vippinapudu nirvahinchadaaniki aatagallanu anumatinchindi. eee karyakramam newyorkloni cooperstownlooni national baseball haall off fame und museumlo namodu cheyabadindi. "baseball" 1974 varaku nirantaram naveekarinchabadindi mariyu itara pidipi-10 samsthaapanalaku pampinhee cheyabadindi. text aadhaarita aatalo prati aatagadu pitcher ledhaa byaatarnu niyantrinchevaaru; udaaharanaku, byaatarku pitch cheyadam ledhaa nadavadam ledhaa hitarlanu marchadam vanti vaari uddesaanni vaaru namodu chestaaru. batting chese aatagadu bays aatagallanu dongilinchamani, byaatarnu kottamani aadesinchavacchu. natakam yokka phalitaalu aata yokka radeo vivarana vale, moukhika vivaranagaa kaagitampai mudrinchabadataayi. doglo 1983loe "intellivision varald syries bays baall" thoo marinta adhunaatanamaina bays baall atalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru, mariyu 1987loe "earl weaver bays baall" thoo paatu aneka itara atalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru.