
united states armi air fores

united states armi air forces (USAAF ledhaa AAF) anedi united states armi yokka pradhana bhuu-aadhaarita vaimanika yuddha seva bhaagam mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo mariyu ventane united states yokka "vaastava" vaimanika yuddha seva saakha (1941-1947). idhi 20 juun 1941naa munupati united states armi air corps varasudiga srushtinchabadindi mariyu united states vaimanika dalaaniki pratyaksha puurvagaami, nedu united states yokka aaru saayudha dalaalalo okati. off anedi united states sainyamlo oka bhaagam, idhi 1942 marchi 2naa karyanirvahaka uttarvu dwara moodu swayampratipatti dalaalugaa vibhajinchabadindih armi ground forces, united states armi services off supply (idhi 1943loe armi servies forcesga maarindi), mariyu armi air forces. eee dalaalalo pratidaaniloo commanding general undevaadu, athanu neerugaa armi cheef off staffku nivedistaadu.
gatamlo air corps, general headquarters air fores mariyu ground forces corps area commanderla madhya pampinhee cheyabadina sainika vimaanayaanamloni anni bhaagaalanu aaf nirvahinchindi, tadwara yuu yokka modati vaimanika samsthagaa maarindi.ess. sainyam thana sonta sthaavaraalanu mariyu sahayaka sibbandini niyantrinchadaaniki. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo aaf yokka garishta parimaanam 1944 natiki 24 laksala mandhi purushulu mariyu mahilalu mariyu daadaapu 80,000 vimanalu, mariyu december 1943 natiki 783 desheeya sthaavaraalu. "vii-ii day" natiki, armi vaimanika dalaalalo 125 laksala mandhi purushulu videshaalalo unnaaru mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa 1,600 kii paiga vaimanika sthaavaraala nundi panicheesaaru.
vaimanika dalaaniki marinta samarthavantamgaa vistarinchadaaniki, chaalaa perigina balaganiki avasaramaina adanapu command sthaayilaku oka nirmaanaanni andinchadaaniki mariyu sainyamlo perugutunna vibhajana paripalana yuddhanni antam cheyadaaniki armi vaimanika dalaalu juun 1941loe srushtinchabaddaayi.ess. 1914loe armi signal corps. 1926 nundi chattabaddhamaina sainika vimanayana saakhagaa unna air corps mariyu united kingdamlo ippatike sthaapinchabadina raayal air fores maadirigaane swatantra vaimanika dalam kosam vaimanika dalaala demandlanu nissabdam cheyadaaniki 1935loe sakriyam cheyabadina GHQ air fores rendinti taruvaata AAF vachindi.
itara deshaalu ippatike tama sainyam ledhaa naavikaadalam nundi swatantramgaa pratyeka vaimanika dalaalanu kaligi unnappatikee (raayal air fores mariyu german "luftwaff" vantivi), yuddhaanantara kaalamlo rakshana punarvyavastheekarana phalitamgaa 1947 septembarulo swatantra united states vaimanika dalaanni srushtinchadamtho 1947 naati jaateeya bhadrata chattam yokka united states congress dwara aamodinchabade varaku off sainyamlo bhaagamgaa undipoyindi.
daani vistarana mariyu yuddha nirvahanalo, off kevalam goppa samstha yokka oka vibhagam kante ekkuva ayyindi. rendava prapancha yuddham mugise samayaniki, sainika vaimanika dalaalu vaastavamgaa swatantra sevagaa marai. niyantrana mariyu karyanirvahaka uttarvu dwara, idhi united states department off waar (armi ground forces mariyu armi servies forces vale) yokka adheena agency, idhi yuddha vibhaagaalanu nirvahinchadam, sikshana ivvadam mariyu sannaddham cheyadam matrame mariyu baadhyatalo khandantara united statesku parimitam cheyabadindi. vaastavaaniki, pradhana karyalayam prapanchamlooni prati praantamloo vaimanika yuddhaaniki sambandhinchina anni amsaalanu niyantrinchindi, vaimanika vidhananni nirnayistundi mariyu vaatini armi cheef off staff dwara prasaram cheyakunda aadesaalu jaarii chestundi. siddhaantam mariyu vaastavam madhya eee "vyatyaasam"...off yokka avagahanaku praadhamikamainadi."
srushti.
air corps loe command samasyala aikyata.
air corps vyuuhaatmaka paatasaalalo vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadi siddhaantaala suutreekaranaloo armi vaimanika dalaala muulaalu udbhavinchaayi, idhi swatantra vaimanika dalam kosam vaadanalaku kotta prerananichindi, brigade maddatu icchina vaaritho praarambhamavutundi. zen. billie mitchell athani taruvaata kortu-marshal kuu daariteesindi. yuddha vibhagam general staff (doubludgs) looni bureaucracy pratighatana mariyu aatamkam gurinchi avagahana unnappatikee, veetilo ekkuva bhaagam nidhula korata kaaranamgaa cheppavacchu, taruvaata 1930laloe air corps samsthaagatamgaa mariyu siddhaantaparamgaa goppa purogati saadhinchindi. bhaarii aayudhalu kaligina, suduura bomberlu paarisraamika lakshyalapai khachitamaina bambu daadini nokkicheppe vyuuham udbhavinchindi, dheenini daani nayakulu ayye purushulu roopondinchaaru.
1935 maarchilo, continental united states (conus) looni anni yuddha vaimanika vibhagala command "general headquarters air fores" anie piluvabade oke samstha krinda kendreekrutamainappudu, pratyeka vaimanika dalam vaipu oka pradhana adugu padindi. 1920 nundi, commanding general zaan zhe sthaapinchina namuunaanu anusarinchi, vimanayana vibhagala niyantrana corps praantaala commanderlatho (saantikaala bhuu dalaala paripalana sthaayi) nivasinchindi. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo pershing. 1924loe, general sibbandi modati prapancha yuddham yokka american dandayaatra dalaala namuunaa maadirigaane, oka jihech kyuu vaimanika dalaanni adheena bhaagamgaa armi general head quarters (jihech kyuu) nuu yuddhakaalamlo sakriyam cheyadaaniki pranaalika vaesaaru. rendoo 1933loe "tirugubaatu dii 'etat" taruvaata cubatho oka chinna vivaadam saadhyamainatlu anipinchinappudu srushtinchabaddaayi, conny sakriyam kaaledu.
jihech kyuu vaimanika dalaanni sakriyam cheyadam anedi vyuuhaatmaka vaimanika shakti nyaayavaadulu mariyu bhusena commanderla madhya raajeeni suuchistumdi, vaaru vaimanika dhala mission bhusenalatho mudipadi undaalani demand chesaaru. vaimanika shakti nyaayavaadulu air commander aadhvaryamlo vaayu unitla kendrikruta niyantrananu saadhinchaaru, ayithe doubludiesylu vaimanika dalamlo adhikaranni vibhajinchaaru mariyu bhuu kaaryakalaapaalaku maddatu ichhe vidhananni daani praathamika paatragaa konasagistamani haamii icchaaru. GHQ vaimanika dalam atlantic, pasiphik mariyu gulph tiiraalaku moharinchina moodu vibhagala strike forsga paripalanaparamga poraata samuuhaalanu nirvahinchindi, conny european vaimanika dalaalatoe poliste chinnadi. GHQ vaimanika dalam thana poraata unitla karyakalapalanu matrame niyantristundagaa, siddhaantam, vimaanaala samuparjana mariyu sikshanaku vaimanika dalam ippatikee baadhyata vahistunnanduna, adhikara rekhalu chaalaa kashtamgaa undevi. corps area commanderlu vaimanika sthaavaraalapai mariyu sibbandi paripaalanapai niyantrananu konasaaginchaaru, alaage videshee vibhagalalo, unitla kaaryaacharana niyantrananu kooda konasaaginchaaru. marchi 1935 mariyu september 1938 madhya, GHQ vaimanika dalam mariyu vaimanika dalaala commanderlu, majer generals fraank M. andrews mariyu askar westore, gaali cheyi kadulutunna disapai taatvikamgaa gharshana paddayi, idhi ibbandulanu marinta teevrataram chesindi.
armi general headquartersnu aasinchina vidhamgaa sakriyam cheyadam armi cheef off staff georg sii. nii prerepinchindi. air corps majer cheef nundi punarvyavastheekarana adhyayananni abhyardhinchadaaniki marshal. zen. henry hetch. dheeni phalitamgaa 1940 aktobaru 5naa vaimanika sibbandini erpaatu cheyadam, oka commander aadhvaryamlo vaimanika dalaanni ekikrutam cheyadam, bhoomi mariyu sarafara dalaalatoe samaanatvam kosam oka pratipaadana vachindi. arnald pratipaadananu anni vidhaluga general sibbandi ventane vyatiraekimchaaru, yuddham jariginappudu, vaimanika dalaaniki bhuu dalaala maddatu nundi swatantramgaa yea mission undadani daani saampradaaya siddhaantaparamaina vaadananu punarudghaatinchaaru. marshal air corps puurtigaa saripodani bhaavinchina raajeeni amalu chesaadu, arnoldnu "air kosam deputy cheef off staff" gaa niyaminchaadu, conny athani pratipaadanalooni anni samsthaagata amsaalanu tiraskarinchaadu. 1940 navambarulo sakriyam cheyabadinappudu, GHQ vaimanika dalam sainika pradhana karyalaya niyantranaku ketayinchabadindi, ayithe idhi oka sikshana, kaaryaacharana bhaagam kaadu. GHQ vaimanika dalam yokka vibhajana 19 october 1940naa naalugu bhougolika vaayu rakshana jillaluga vibhajinchabadindi, hawai mariyu panama kaaluvanu rakshinchadaaniki vaimanika dalaala erpaatutho ekakaalamlo undhi. vaimanika jillaalanu marchi 1941loe 54 samuuhaala adheena samsthatho sankhyaaka vaimanika dalaalugaa marcharu.
armi air forces srushtinchabaddaayi.
yuu yokka sambhaavyata.ess. rendava prapancha yuddhamlo palgonadam daani charitralo vimanayana saakha yokka atyanta samuulamaina punarvyavastheekarananu prerepinchindi, idhi anni vaayu muulakaala yokka ekikruta aadesam mariyu marchi 1942 natiki bhuu dalaalatoe puurti swayampratipatti mariyu samaanatvaanni icchina nirmaanaanni abhivruddhi chesindi.
1941 vasantakaalamlo, airopalo kendrikruta niyantranalo nirvahinchina vaimanika karyakalapala vijayam (british raayal air fores mariyu german vehrmacht yokka military air arm, luftwaff udaaharanagaa) american vaimanika dalaalalo adhikaram cheelipovadam, oka congress sabhyudiche "hydra-head" gaa vargeekarinchabadindi, spashtamaina command chaanellu kalata chendadaaniki kaaranamaindani spashtam chesindi. arnald yokka punarvyavastheekarana pratipaadananu tiraskarinchina aidu nelala kante takkuva samayamlo, ummadi yuu.ess.-vaimanika dalaaniki bhuu dalaalaku maddatu ivvadam tappa yuddhakaala mission ledani general sibbandi vaadananu british vyuuhaatmaka pranaalika oppandam (ebisi-1) khandinchindi. united states yokka vaayu rakshana niyantranapai saadhaarana sibbandito jarigina poraatamlo vaimanika sibbandi vijayam saadhinchaaru mariyu "sankhya vaimanika dalaalu" anie piluvabade naalugu command unitlalo appaginchaaru, conny bureaucratic sangharshana swatantra united states vaimanika dalam kosam nidraanamaina poraataanni punaruddharinche bedirimpu. vaimanika dalaalaku "saralamaina vyavastha" mariyu ekikruta aadesam avasaramani marshal abhiprayapaddadu. arnald mariyu robbert eah. thoo kalisi panicheesaaru. iteevala vaayusena sahayaka kaaryadarsigaa sudeerghakaalam khaliga unna sthithiki niyamitulaina lovet, takshana vibhajana kante vaimanika dalaalaku pakshika-swayampratipatti uttamamani ekaabhipraayaaniki vacchaaru.
1941 juun 20naa, vaimanika dalaalaku adanapu svayampratipattini manjuru cheyadaaniki mariyu congress nundi kattubadi unde chattanni nivaarinchadaaniki, yuddha vibhagam sainika vimanayana samsthanu niyantrinche sainika niyantrananu savarinchindi, aarr 95-5. arnald "armi air forces cheef" anae birudunu sweekarinchaadu, modatisaarigaa anni sainika vimanayana bhagalapai command yokka sthaayini srushtinchaadu mariyu air corps mariyu jihech kyuu air fores yokka dwandwa hodaanu muginchaadu, kotta samsthalo dheenini "air fores kambat command" (afcc) gaa paeru marcharu. off general sibbandi chalakalamga vyatirekinchina adhikaarika "air staff" nuu, mariyu oke air kamaandarnu pondindi, conny ippatikee armi ground forslatho samaana hodaanu kaligi ledhu, mariyu air unitlu rendu golusu command dwara nivedinchadam konasaginchayi. afcc commanding general thana stationlapy niyantrananu mariyu thana sibbandipai kortu marshal adhikaranni pondaadu, conny kotta feeled manueval efm-5 kinda armi general head quarters task forcelanu srushtinchadam dwara afcc nundi unitlanu vaeru chese adhikaram kaligi undhi, doubludiesylu ippatikee aaf budget mariyu aardhika vyavasthanu niyantrinchevi, mariyu aafku "house keeping services" nuu maddatugaa andinche armi servies forces unitlapy ledhaa continental united states velupala unna air unitlu, sthaavaraalu mariyu sibbandipai etuvanti adhikara paridhi ledhu.
yuddham mugise varaku off yuddha vibhaagamlo (naavikaadala vibhaagamlo unna merine corps maadirigaane) saadhaarana svayampratipattini pondutundani arnald mariyu marshal angeekarinchaaru, ayithe daani commanderlu swaatantryam kosam lobbying cheyadam maanestaaru. vaimanika saktiki balamaina pratipaadakudaina marshal, yuddham taruvaata vaimanika dalam thana swaatantryaanni saadhistundani ardham chesukunnadu. 1941 december 7naa mutyaala naukaasrayampai japan daadi taruvaata, armi vaimanika dalaala paatraku praamukhyatanu gurtistuu, arnoldku ummadi cheefs off staflo seatu ivvabadindi, idhi yuddha samayamlo american vyuuhaatmaka pranaalika kendra binduvugaa panichesina pranaalika sibbandi, tadwara samyukta raashtraalaku samyukta naayakulapai vaari british sahacharulatho sibbandi charchalalo vaimanika pratinidhi untaaru. phalitamgaa off adhipati maarshaltho samaanatvam pondaadu. eee charyanu united states naavikaadalam ennadoo adhikarikamga gurtinchanappatiki, prati avakaasamloonuu teravenuka teevramgaa vivaadaaspadamaindi, ayinappatikee idhi bhavishyattulo vaimanika dalam yokka vibhajanaku aacharanaatmaka punaadigaa vijayam saadhinchindi.
off yokka punarvyavastheekaranalu.
circular nem. 59 punarvyavastheekarana.
aarr 95-5 savarana kinda, armi vaimanika dalaalu moodu pradhana bhaagaalanu kaligi unnaih pradhana karyalayam aaf, air fores kambat command mariyu air corps. ayinappatikee samskaranalu asampuurnamgaa unnaayi, yuddha saakhalo manasika sthithi maarpu mariyu anumaanaaspada chattabaddhatato tirogamananiki lobadi unnaayi. november 1941 natiki, yuu yokka puurvaana.ess. yuddhamloki pravesinchadam, mottam sainyamlo adhikara vibhajana, oka samvatsaram kritam armi jihech kyuu kriyaaseelakam kavadam valla, off nirvahanapai daaniki mariyu doubludigilaku madhya "memola yuddhaaniki" daariteesindi, maarshalnu prerepinchindi "sainyamlo atyanta paedha command post" undani paerkonadaaniki rakshana aadesaalu "aadesaalanu anusarinchadamlo kalavarapariche vaiphalyaanni" choopinchinappudu. kendrikruta pranaalika mariyu karyakalapala vikendrikruta amalu lakshyamtho yuddhaaniki sannahakamgaa aafnu kramabaddheekarinchadaaniki, october 1941loe arnald doubludiesylaku samarpinchaaru, idhi oka samvatsaram kritam tiraskarinchina adhe punarvyavastheekarana pranaalikanu, esaari cheef off air staff brigade roopondinchindi. zen. carle eah. spotz. eee pranaalikanu parigananaloki teesukonappudu, arnald taruvaati nelaloo pratipaadananu tirigi vrasadu, idhi armi jihech kyuu patla marshal asantrupti nepathyamlo, yuddha pranaalikala vibhagam angeekarinchindi. mutyaala naukaasrayaaniki mundu, marshal oka air corps adhikari brigednu pilipinchaadu. zen. joseph tii. inglaandlooni oka pariseelakudi brundaaniki chendina mcnorney, arnald mariyu spotz pranaalikanu blueprintga upayoginchi, yuddha pranaalikala vibhaagamlo "yuddha vibhagam punarvyavastheekarana kamitee" kii adhyakshata vahinchadaaniki atanni niyaminchaadu.
yuddham praarambhamaina taruvaata, congress 18 december 1941naa modati yuddha adhikaaraala chattanni amalu chesindi, idhi adhyakshudu franklin dii. roosvelt tanaku avasaramaina vidhamgaa karyanirvahaka saakhanu punarvyavastheekarinchadaani virtual "carte blanche" thoo. daani kinda, 1942 fibravari 28naa, marshal sifaarasu mariyu mcnarany kamitee pani aadhaaramgaa roosvelt 9082 karyanirvahaka uttarvu jaarii chesaaru. 1942 marchi 9 nundi amaluloki vacchina arnald birudunu "commanding general, armi air forces" gaa marcharu, tadwara athanu kotta armi ground forces mariyu sarafara sevala commanding generals, united states sainyamlooni itara rendu bhaagaalato samanamga unnadu. yuddha vibhagam circular nem. 59 marchi 2naa karyanirvahaka uttarvunu amalu chesinadi, (modati prapancha yuddhamlo vaimanika sevanu srushtinchinatlugaa) yuddham mugisina aaru nelala tarvaata gaduvu mugise yuddhakaala prayojanamgaa uddesinchabadindi. eee moodu bhagalu aneka saakhalu mariyu samsthalanu bharti chesaayi, doubludigila parimaanaanni baga tagginchaayi mariyu damasha prakaram daanipai vaimanika dhala sabhyula praatinidhyaanni 50 saataaniki penchaayi.
armi general pradhana karyalayalu mariyu yuddha aayudhaala adhipatulu rendintinee raddu cheyadamtho paatu, vaari sikshanaa vidhulanu armi ground forslaku ketayinchadamtho paatu, waar department circular 59 armi air forcessnu punarvyavastheekarinchindi, air fores kambat command mariyu air corps (ocac) cheef karyalayam rendintinee raddu chesindi, daani anni sikshana mariyu samsthaagata vidhulanu tolaginchindi, idhi mottam adhikara poranu tolaginchindi. vaari munupati vidhulanu chepattadaaniki padakondu sankhyala vaimanika dalaalu (taruvaata padahaaru kuu penchabaddaayi) mariyu aaru maddatu kamaandlu (idhi janavari 1943 loe enimidi ayyindi). aaa circular kooda off yokka lakshyanni punarudghaatinchindi, siddhaantaparamgaa vyuuhaatmaka pranaalika baadhyatanu daani nundi tolaginchi, daanini antargata "sikshana mariyu sarafara agency" yokka jonga matrame chesindi, conny modati nundi off adhikarulu dheenini ummadi mariyu samyukta naayakulapai arnald sthaanam dwara tiraskarinchabadina "paper" parimitigaa chuusaaru, idhi ataniki off kosam vyuuhaatmaka pranaalika adhikaranni ichindi, eee drukkoonaanni 1943 madhyalo yuddha vibhagam adhikarikamga manjuru chesindi mariyu adhyakshudu aamodinchaaru.
circular nem. 59 punarvyavastheekarana anedi palasi sibbandi, operating sibbandi mariyu maddatu aadesaala (gatamlo ocac yokka "kshetra karyakalapalu") dwara nirvahinchabade paripalana niyantrana yokka sanklishta vibhagam krinda panicheyaalani aaf nii aadesinchindi. munupati kshetra karyakalapalu "beuro" nirmaanam krinda panicheestaayi, vidhana mariyu nirvahana vidhulu rendoo sibbandi-rakam adhikaarulaku appaginchabaddaayi, vaaru tarachugaa phalitaalaku baadhyata lekunda command mariyu vidhana adhikaranni upayoginchaaru, idhi air corps samvatsaraala nundi konasagina vyavastha. operating staff" ledhaa directoratela bhavana raaf vyavasthapai roopondinchabadindi, idhi 1941loe pampina pariseelakula samuuhaalachae chaalaa prasamsimchabadimdi, mariyu sainika vimaanayaanamloni vividha amsaalalo nipunulanu keelaka sthaanaalalo unchaalane korika phalitamgaa amalu cheyabadindi. ayithe vidhulu tarachugaa ativyaapti chendaayi, vibhagala madhya communication mariyu samanvayam viphalamayyayi ledhaa vismarinchabaddaayi, vidhaanaparamaina pratyeka hakkulanu directoratelu swaadheenam chesukunnayi, mariyu avi vivaraalatoe adhika bhaaram ayyayi, ivanni directoratelanu vaati asalu prayojanam nundi mallinchadaaniki dohadapaddayi. pratyekinchi directoratela vyavastha abhivruddhi chendutunna kaaryaacharana sikshanaa karyakramanni (krinda "poraata unitlu" chudandi) vikalaangulanu chesindi, idhi otuu command sthaapananu nirodhistundi mariyu kendrikruta niyantrana lekapovadam valla suukshma nirvahanaku moggu chooputundi. naalugu pradhana directoratelu-sainika avasaralu, saanketika sevalu, sibbandi mariyu nirvahana niyantrana-srushtinchabaddaayi, okkokkati bahula upa-directoratelatho, chivariki commanding general paerita aadesaalu jaarii cheyadaaniki muppaiki paiga kaaryaalayaalaku adhikaram ivvabadindi.
marchi 1943 punarvyavastheekarana.
pradhana karyalayala directoratelalo saanketika sevalu, vaayu rakshana, bays sarveesulu, ground air support, management controll, military parikaraalu, sainika avasaralu mariyu sekarana & pampinhee unnaayi.
samstha patla "balamaina mariyu perugutunna asantrupti" 1942 septembarulo management controll directoratenu mariyu air jadji advacate mariyu budget adhikaarito sahaa operating sibbandiki taralinchabadina aneka saampradaaya karyalayalanu teesukuraavadam dwara vyavasthanu pani cheyadaaniki lovet chesina prayatnaaniki daariteesindi. eee sardubaatu samasyalanu parishkarinchadamlo viphalamainappudu, vyavastha raddu cheyabadindi mariyu anni vidhulu oke punarvyavastheekarinchabadina vaimanika sibbandigaa militam cheyabaddaayi. oke kamaandarku pratyaksha tudi javaabudaareetanam unnappatikee sibbandiki pratinidhula adhikaram unna kramaanugata "command" suutram, 1943 marchi 29naa oka pedda punarvyavastheekarana mariyu ekikaranalo aamodinchabadindi. naalugu pradhana directoratelu mariyu padihedu adheena directoratelu ("operating staff") anavasaramaina sthaayi adhikaramga raddu cheyabaddaayi, mariyu kaaryaacharana margallo kshetra samsthalaku matrame ketayinchavalasina vidhaanaala amalu sibbandi nundi tolaginchabadindi. directoratela vidhana vidhulu punarvyavastheekarinchabadda mariyu aaru sahayaka vaimanika sibbandi (esi/eah) kinda sampradaaya sainika shrenula venta karyalayaluga punarvyavastheekarinchabadda sibbandi; nigha; karyakalapalu, kattubaatlu mariyu avasaralu (osi & aarr); samagri, nirvahana mariyu pampinhee (mm & dii); pranaalikalu; mariyu sikshana. pradhana karyalayam aaf command air staff cheef mariyu mugguru deputylalo nivasinchevaaru.
eee yuddhakaala nirmaanam migilina satrutvaala kosam tappanisarigaa maaraledu. 1944 octoberulo arnold, nirmaanaanni tagginchadaaniki punarvyavastheekarana prakriyanu praarambhinchadaaniki, AC/AS nuu tolaginchi, sikshananu mariyu thana karyalayanni OC & R loki maarchaalani pratipaadinchaadu, daanini karyakalapalu, sikshana mariyu avasaralaku (OT & R) marchadu, conny vileenaalu ennadoo prabhaavitam kaaledu. 1945 augustu 23naa, japan longipoyina taruvaata, osi & aarr yokka puurti tholagimputho punarvyavastheekarana jarigindi. sibbandi, nigha, karyakalapalu mariyu sikshana, samagri mariyu sarafara mariyu pranaalikalaku anugunamgaa ippudu aiduguru sahayaka vaimanika sibbandini esi/eah-1 nundi-5 gaa niyaminchaaru.
armi vaimanika dalaallooni chaalaa mandhi sibbandini air corps nundi teesukobaddaaru. 1945 maeloe, armi vaimanika dalaalalo panichestunna 88 saatam mandhi adhikarulu air corps loe niyaminchabaddaaru, ayithe aaf unitlu mariyu sthaavaraalaku ketaayinchina namodu cheyabadina sabhyulalo 82 saatam mandhi air corpsnu vaari yuddha chethi saakhagaa kaligi unnaaru. adhikarikamga vaimanika dalam "armi air fores" gaa undagaa, "air corps" anae padam prajalalo mariyu anubhavagnulaina vaimaanikulalo vyavaharikamgaa konasaagindi; adanamgaa, ekavachana "air fores" tarachugaa prajaadarana pondina mariyu adhikaarika upayogamloki pravesinchindi, idhi 1941-42 loe "air fores kambat command" anae paeru dwara pratibimbistumdi. eee tappudu paeru adhikaarika niyamaka posterlalo kooda upayoginchabadindi (paina unna chitraanni chudandi) mariyu "air fores" anae aalochananu swatantra sevagaa prothsahinchadamlo mukhyamainadi. aaf pailetga panichestunna hollywood sinee natudu jimmy stevert, 1942 recruiting short "winning yuvar wings" kathanamlo "air corps" mariyu "air forces" anae padaalanu parasparam marchukunnaru. air fores" anae padam fraank capra yokka 1945 waar department inctrination film "waar cums tuu america" loe kooda pramukhamgaa kanipinchindi, idhi prasiddha iconic "vai vii fait" syries, sainyam mariyu naavikaadalaaniki samaana praamukhyata kaligina animated mapp graphicga kanipinchindi.
vistarana.
adhyakshudu roosvelt aadesaala meraku vaimanika dalam 1939 vasantakaalam nundi vaegamgaa vistarananu praarambhinchindi, paakshikamgaa 1938 chivarilo srushtinchabadina poura vaimanika sikshanaa karyakramam nundi, paschima ardhagola rakshana kosam taginanta vaimanika dalaanni andinchaalane lakshyamtho. 1939 eprillo prakatinchina prarambha "25-samuuha karyakramam" loe 50,000 mandhi purushulu unnaaru. ayithe, 1939 septembarulo yuddham prarambhamainappudu vaimanika dalamlo 21 pradhana sthaavaraalu mariyu depolatho sahaa 800 modati-varusa yuddha vimanalu mariyu 76 sthaavaraalu matrame unnaayi. american yuddha vimanalu british spitfire mariyu hariken kante takkuva sthaayivi, mariyu german messershmit bf 110 mariyu 109. ralf ingersol 1940 chivaralo britannu sandarsinchina taruvaata "ippatike british vaariki pampinhee cheyabadina uttama american yuddha vimanalanu vaaru adhunaatana sikshakulugaa-ledhaa madhyapraachyamlo samanamga vaadukalo laeni italian vimaanaalato pooraadataaniki upayogistaaru" anie raasaaru. vaaru manchigaa unnadantaa anthe."1941 vasantakaalam natiki germanlanu nimagnam chese yuddha vimanam gantaku 400 mailla vegaanni cherukogala saamarthyaanni kaligi undaalani, 1,000 adugula vegamtho poraadagaladani, takeoff cheyadam sulabham, pailatku kavachanni andinchaalani, 12 meshin ganlu ledhaa aaru firangulanu moyagala saamarthyaanni kaligi undaalani ayana interview chesina raaf sibbandi chepparu, ivanni american vimanalalo laeni lakshanaalu.
1940 maeloe france mariyu diguva deshaalapai german dandayaatra vijayavantam ayina taruvaata, roosvelt daadaapu oka billion dollarla anubandha ketayimpu, samvatsaraaniki 50,000 vimaanaala utpatti karyakramam mariyu 50,000 vimaanaala sainika vaimanika dalam (veetilo 36,500 sainyam) kosam kaangresnu koraru. vaayusenalo vegavantamaina karyakramalu anusarinchabaddaayi, ivi vistarana lakshyalanu padepade savarinchaayi, phalitamgaa 84 yuddha samuuhaalu, 7,799 yuddha vimanalu mariyu 30,000 kotta pailatlu mariyu 100,000 saanketika sibbandi vaarshika dalaaniki pranaalikalu vachayi. vegavantamaina vistarana kaaryakramaala phalitamgaa armi vaimanika dalaala srushti samayamlo 156 vaimanika sthaavaraalu mariyu 152,125 mandhi sibbandi unnaaru.
armi vaimanika dalaala srushti jarigina rendu rojula taruvaata jarigina soviet unionpy german dandayaatra, yuu yokka takshana punahpariseelanaku kaaranamaindi.ess. rakshana vyuuham mariyu vidhanam. aksha saktulanu oodinchadaaniki daadi vyuuham avasaramavadaaniki kotta afto sahaa anni sainika sevala marinta vistarana mariyu aadhuneekarana avasaram. adanamgaa, dandayaatra russialo kotta runa leeju bhaagaswaamini utpatti chesindi, idhi ippatike poraadutunna american vimaanaala utpattiki marinta ekkuva demandlanu srushtinchindi.
oka pramaadakara vyuuhaaniki aneka rakaala atyavasara mariyu nirantara prayatnam avasaram. bhaarii sankhyalo vimaanaala abhivruddhi mariyu thayaareetho paatu, sainika vaimanika dalaalu bhaarii balagalanu sarafara cheyadaaniki, nirvahinchadaaniki mariyu marammatu cheyadaaniki prapancha logistics netvarknu erpaatu cheyalsi vachindi; sibbandini niyaminchadaaniki mariyu sikshana ivvadaaniki; mariyu daani dalaala aarogyam, sankshemam mariyu dhairyanni konasaaginchadaaniki. eee prakriya vimaanaala utpatti vegam dwara nadapabadindi, sikshanaa karyakramam dwara kaadu, mariyu anni aacharanaatmaka prayojanaala kosam "air corps karyadarshi" ayina lovet yokka aadesam dwara samarthavantamgaa sahaayapadindi.
nyaayavaadi mariyu banker ayina lovet kuu vimanayana parisramalo munupati anubhavam undhi, idhi mottam sainyam yokka pranaalikalanu samagraparachadamlo vaastavika utpatti lakshyalu mariyu saamarasyamgaa anuvadinchindi. 1942loe mutyaala naukaasrayampai daadi taruvaata 60,000 vimanalu mariyu 1943loe 1,25,000 vimaanaala kosam adhyakshudu roosvelt chesina demand chaalaa pratishtaatmakamainadani lovet modatlo nammadu. edemaina, general arnoldto kalisi panicheyadam mariyu american automotive parisrama saamarthyaanni nimagnam cheyadam 1944loe daadaapu 100,000 vimanalanu utpatti chese prayatnaanni teesukuvacchindi. 1944 joolailo aaf daadaapu 80,000 vimaanaala yuddhakaala jabita sikharaaniki cherukundi, vaatilo 41 saatam modati varusa yuddha vimanalu, avasaramaina sikshakula sankhyalo pedda taggimpu taruvaata samvatsaram chivarilo 73,000kii tirigi tagginchadaaniki mundu.
united stateslo servies unitlanu andinchadaaniki mariyu 250 depolanu nirvahinchadaaniki 1941 aktobaru 17naa air servies command erpaatu cheyadam dwara eee naukaadalam yokka logistical demandlanu teerchaaru; vimanam, parikaraalu mariyu bhaagaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki mariyu sekarinchadaaniki 1942 marchi 9naa material division puurti command hodaaku edagadam; mariyu eee aadesaalanu 1944 augustu 31naa air technical servies kamaandlo vileenam cheyadam. sibbandi mariyu sarukunu moyadamtho paatu, air transport command prapanchavyaaptamgaa daadaapu 270,000 vimanalanu pampinhee chesindi, ayithe eee prakriyaloo 1,013 matrame nashtapoyindi. stateside depola karyakalapalanu ekkuvagaa 300,000 mandiki paiga poura nirvahana udyogulu nirvahinchaaru, vaarilo chaalaa mandhi mahilalu, videshee vidhula kosam adhe sankhyalo vaimanika dalaala mechaniclanu vidudala chesaaru. seva yokka anni amsaalalo, 420,000 mandiki paiga poura sibbandini off niyaminchindi.
perugudala, sainika sibbandi.
vimaanaala jaabitaalo bhaarii perugudala phalitamgaa sibbandi idhe vidhamaina perugudalaku daariteesindi, daani erpaatu taruvaata moodu samvatsaraalalopu padahaaru retlu vistarinchindi, mariyu 1920 jaateeya rakshana chattam nundi air servies mariyu air corps panichesina sibbandi vidhaanaalanu maarchindi. ikapai niyaminchabadina adhikaarulalo 90 saatam mandhi pailatlu praatinidhyam vahinchaleru. paripalana mariyu saanketika sevalalo pedda sankhyalo nipunula avasaram phalitamgaa floridaloni mayami beachlo officer condidate paatasaalanu sthaapinchaaru mariyu vaelaadi mandhi nipunulanu neerugaa niyaminchaaru. ayinappatikee, rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo 193,000 mandhi kotta pailatlu aafloki pravesinchagaa, 124,000 mandhi itara abhyardhulu sikshana samayamlo edho oka samayamlo viphalamayyaru ledhaa pramaadaallo maraninchaaru.
kotta pailatla avasaralu aviation cadet programme yokka bhaarii vistaranaku daariteesaayi, indulo chaalaa mandhi volunteerlu unnaaru, aaf oka reserve puulnu srushtinchindi, idhi arhata kaligina pailat abhyardhulanu draftlo kolpoye badulu, kriyaaseela vidhulaku pilavabade varaku unchindi. 1944 natiki, eee pool migulugaa maarindi, 24,000 mandhi padaatidalamgaa tirigi sikshana kosam armi ground forslaku, mariyu 6,000 mandhi armi servies forslaku pampabaddaaru. kaneesa vayassunu 20 nundi 18 kii tagginchadaaniki, kaneesam rendu samvatsaraala kalaasaala vidya avasaranni tolaginchadaaniki prayogaatmaka pramaanaalu marchabaddayi. eee maarpu yokka iddaru faitar pilate labdhidaarulu united states vaimanika dalamlo brigadier generals ayyaru, james robinson reasoner mariyu charless ii. yanger.
vaayu sibbandi avasaralu 43,000 bombardierlu, 49,000 navikudu mariyu 309,000 flexible gannarlaku vijayavantamaina sikshanaku daariteesaayi, veerilo chaalaa mandhi vaayu sibbandi vidhula yokka itara amsaalalo kooda pratyekata kaligi unnaaru. 7, 800 mandhi purushulu bii-29 flight injaneerlugaa mariyu 1,000 mandhi raatri yuddha vimanalalo radar operatorluga arhata saadhinchaaru, veerandarikee kameeshanlu labhinchaayi. daadaapu 14 laksala mandhi purushulu aircraft mechanics, electronics nipunulu mariyu itara saanketika nipunulugaa saanketika sikshana pondaaru. vaimanika dalaalu kaani sambandhita sahayaka sevalanu sainika seva dalaalache sikshana pondina vaimanika sibbandi andinchaaru, ayithe bhavishyat swaatantryam kosam eee korsula paatyaamsaalapai aaf prabhavam ekkuvagaa undhi.
african-americanlu eee dalamlo sumaru aaru saatam (juun 1944loe 145,242 mandhi sibbandi) unnaaru. 1940loe, eleanor roosvelt mariyu kontamandi uttara congress sabhyula ottidi kaaranamgaa, general arnald nallajaateeyulanu pratyeka praatipadikana ayina, prayogaatmaka sikshana kosam angeekarinchadaaniki angeekarinchaadu. alabaamaaloni tuskegii institutelo vimaana sikshana kendraanni erpaatu chesaaru. itara aaf unitla maadirigaa anubhavagnulaina sikshanaa sibbandi lekapovadam valla-vibhajana vidhanam valla kalige vaikalyam unnappatikee, tuskeggy vaimanikulu 332va yuddha brundamtho poraatamlo tamanu taamu vaeru chesukunnaru. tuskeggy sikshanaa karyakramam 673 nallajati yuddha pailatlu, 253 bii-26 marouder pailatlu mariyu 132 naavikullanu utpatti chesindi. ayithe, african-american vaimanika dalamlo ekkuva mandhi kooda chaarjeelu chellinchaledu. pradhanamgaa musaida chesina vaaru, chaalaa mandhi vimanalanu eguraveyaledu ledhaa nirvahinchaledu. vaari chaalaa chinna vidhulu, udaaseenata ledhaa shatrutva naayakatvam, paelavamaina manosthairyam teevramaina asantrupti mariyu aneka himsaatmaka sanghatanalaku daariteesaayi.
yuddhakaalamlo sainika vaimanika dalaalalo bhaagamgaa mahilalu marinta vijayavantamgaa panicheesaaru. off janaadarana laeni mahilaa sainyam sahayaka dalaala (vaaks) nundi daani ketayinputho prayogaalu cheyadaaniki siddhamgaa undhi mariyu sainyamlo mahilalaku (mahilala sainyam dalaalu ledhaa vaaks) puurti sainika hodaaku prarambha mariyu nischayaatmaka maddatudaarugaa maarindi. aaflo panichese vaaks sevalo aamodinchabadina mariyu viluvaina bhaagamgaa maarindi, vaaru saadhaaranamgaa (conny anadhikarikamga) "air vaaks" anie piluvabade vishishtatanu sampaadinchaaru. daadaapu 40,000 mandhi mahilalu vaaks mariyu waxlo off sibbandigaa, 1,000 mandiki paiga mahilaa vaimanika dhala seva pailatluga (kandireegalu), mariyu 500 vimaana narsulatho sahaa armi vaimanika dalamlo 6,500 mandhi narsulugaa panicheesaaru. 1945 eprillo 7,601 "air vaaks" videshaalalo panicheesaayi, mariyu mahilalu 200 kante ekkuva udyoga vibhagalalo pradarsana icchaaru.
1926 juulai air corps chattam sainyam yokka vaimanika vibhaagamlo adhikaram pondina general adhikaarula sankhyanu rendu nundi naaluguku penchindi. 1935 maarchilo ghkaf kriyaaseelata aaa sankhyanu enimidiki rettimpu chesindi mariyu 1940 octoberulo yuddhaaniki mundu vaimanika dalaala vistarana padihenu kotta general officer billetlanu srushtinchindi. rendava prapancha yuddham mugise samayaniki, 320 mandhi sainikadhikarulu yuddhakaalamlo sevalandinchadaaniki adhikaram pondaaru.
perugudala, samsthaapanalu.
air corps 1941 praarambhamlo 156 sthaavaraalanu nirvahinchindi. 1939 nundi vaimanika sthaavara vistarana karyakramam jarugutondi, sibbandi, unitlu mariyu vimaanaala perugudalaku anugunamgaa, saadhyamaina chota ippatike unna munisipal mariyu private soukaryaalanu upayoginchadaaniki prayatnistondi, conny idhi tappugaa nirvahinchabadindi, modata quartermaster corps mariyu taruvaata yuu.ess. air corps avasaraalatoe parichayam lekapovadam valla armi corps off injaneers. airopalo yuddham prarambhamavadam mariyu continental united states lopala karyakalapalu mariyu sikshana rendintikee aneka rakaala soukaryaala avasaram kaaranamgaa, modata september 1941loe sthaavaraala samuparjana mariyu abhivruddhiki baadhyatanu neerugaa aafku ivvadam dwara vidhaanamlo samagra maarpulu avasaram ayyayi, charitralo modatisaari, aapai april 1942loe pradhana karyalayam aaf dwara daani viniyogadaaru kshetra aadesaalaku mariyu sankhya vaimanika dalaalaku apaaramaina panini appaginchadam dwara.
kotta shaashwata sthaavaraala nirmaanam mariyu aneka bambu, ganneri shrenula nirmaanamtho paatu, poura pailat paatasaalalu, kalaasaala, factory pradaesaalaloo nirvahinche sikshanaa korsulu, kalasalallo adhikaarula sikshanaa vibhaagaalanu kooda aaf upayoginchindi. 1942 praarambhamlo, oka vivaadaaspada charyalo, off saanketika sikshanaa command resort hotallu mariyu apartment bhavanalanu pedda ettuna sikshanaa pradaesaala kosam leejuku ivvadam praarambhinchindi (90,000 mandiki vasati mayami beachlo matrame undhi). adde raetlu, dharala kotha nibandhanalu, leejulanu raddu cheyadaaniki swalpa-notice vanti vaatilo tarachugaa hotel yajamaanulaku aardhika haani kaliginchadaaniki injaneerla brundam aaf kosam leejulanu charchinchindi.
1943 decemberulo, off khandantara united statesloni 783 vaimanika sthaavaraala yuddha-samaya sikharaaniki cherukundi. yuddham mugise samayaniki, masachusets, connecticut, vermont mariyu nyuu hampshire vanti pedda praantaalanu kalipi daadaapu 20 million ekaraala bhoomini off upayogistondi.
samstha mariyu parikaraalu.
rendava prapancha yuddham mugise samayaniki, yuu. ess. yea. eff. yuddhanni vichaarinchadaaniki prapanchavyaaptamgaa pampinhee cheyabadina 16 sankhyala vaimanika dalaalanu ("modati" nundi "padihenava" mariyu "iravayyava"), alaage mottam maddatu ivvadaaniki mariyu vaayu rakshananu andinchadaaniki khandantara united states lopala oka saadhaarana vaimanika dalaanni srushtinchindi. rendodi adhikarikamga khandantara vaimanika dalaalugaa nirvahinchabadindi mariyu 1944 december 15naa sakriyam cheyabadindi, ayinappatikee airopalo yuddham mugise varaku daani bhaagamaina vaimanika dalaala adhikara paridhini adhikarikamga teesukoledu.
yuddha samayamlo seva vistarinchadamto sagam sankhyalo vaimanika dalaalu "dii novo" gaa srushtinchabaddaayi. seva parimaanam mariyu sopanakramamlo vistarinchadamto (udaaharanaku, "vii air support command" april 1942loe tommidava vaimanika dalamgaa maarindi), mariyu airopalo united states vyuuhaatmaka vaimanika dalaalu (yuu. ess. eah. eff) mariyu yuu.ess. mottam bhoobhaganni niyantrinchadaaniki pasifiklo vyuuhaatmaka vaimanika dalaalu avasaram ayyayi.
sankhyaaka vaimanika dalaalalo, unitla paripalana niyantrananu function (fiters mariyu bomberlu vantivi) dwara vibhajinchadaaniki "operational commands" srushtinchabaddaayi. kaaryaacharana command yokka sankhyanu daani maatru sankhya gala vaimanika dalam yokka roman sankhya dwara niyaminchaaru. udaaharanaku, enimidava vaimanika dalam VIII bomber command mariyu VIII faitar kamaandnu adheena kaaryaacharana aadesaalugaa jabita chesindi. sankhyaaka vaimanika dalaalalo roman sankhyala aadeshaalalo "maddatu", "bays" mariyu kaaryaacharana vibhaagaalaku maddatu ivvadaaniki itara sevala aadesaalu kooda unnaayi, veetilo VIII air fores servies mariyu VIII air fores mishrama aadesaalu kooda daani charitralo enimidava vaimanika dalamlo bhaagamgaa unnaayi. rendava prapancha yuddha samayamlo padava mariyu padnaalugo vaimanika dalaalu adheena aadesaalanu amalu cheyaledu. padihenava vaimanika dalam 1944 augustulo taatkaalika, praamaanikam kaani pradhana karyalayanni nirvahinchindi. eee taatkaalika yuddha vibhagam daani pii-38 samuuhaala niyantrananu daani pii-51 samuuhaala nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki erpaatu cheyabadindi. eee pradhana karyalayanni "xv faitar command (taatkaalika)" gaa suuchimchaevaaru.
enimidi "air divisionlu" vistaaramaina samsthaku adanapu command mariyu niyantrana poragaa panicheesaayi, avasaramaite swatantramgaa vyavaharinchagalavu.
vaimanika dalaalu, commands mariyu divisionlalo kalipi "groupulu" niyantrinchadaaniki "wings" anie piluvabade paripalana pradhana karyalayalu undevi (kaaryaacharana unitlu; diguva vibhaganni chudandi). samuuhaala sankhya peragadamtho, vaatini niyantrinchadaaniki avasaramaina rekkala sankhya guninchindi, 91 chivariki sakriyam cheyabaddaayi, veetilo 69 yuddham mugise samayaniki ippatikee churukuga unnaayi. air servies mariyu air corps loe bhaagamgaa, rekkalu mishrama samsthalugaa undevi, antey vividha rakaala missionlatho kuudina samuuhaalatoe koodi undevi. ayithe, rendava prapancha yuddhamlooni chaalaa rekkalu oke vidhamaina vidhulu kaligina samuuhaalatoe koodi undevi ("bambu daadi", "faitar", "nigha", "sikshana", "jalaantargaami vyatiraeka", "troop carrier" mariyu "bharti" gaa suuchistaaru).
marchi 1941 mariyu april 1942 madhya sankhyaaka vaimanika dalaalaku maddatu ivvadaaniki mariyu sarafara cheyadaaniki nirvahinchina aaru "maddatu aadesaalu" pradhana karyalaya armi vaimanika dalaala pratyaksha niyantranalo, sankhyaaka vaimanika dalaala maadirigaane command shrenilo undipoyaayi. 1942 chivarilo mariyu mallee 1943 vasantakaalamlo aaf tommidi maddatu aadesaalanu jabita chesindi, idhi ekikarana prakriyanu praarambhinchadaaniki mundu, yuddham mugise samayaniki aaa sankhyanu aiduku kramabaddheekarinchindi.
eee aadesaalu
"1943loe off oka kotta sibbandi samasyanu edurkondi, dheeniki idhi oka asalu parishkaranni vartimpajesindihi vidaesaala nundi tirigi vacchina purushulanu interview cheyadam, punaravasam kalpinchadam mariyu tirigi niyaminchadam. [deenni cheyadaaniki], 1943 augustu 7naa oka aaf punahpampinii kendraanni sthaapinchaaru, 1944 juun 1naa aaf sibbandi pampinhee kamandga command hodha icchaaru. eee samsthanu nilipiveyaalani aadesinchabadindi, idhi 1946 juun 30 nundi amaluloki vachindi."
poraata unitlu.
paripalana mariyu vyuuhaatmaka prayojanaala kosam armi vaimanika dalaala praathamika poraata vibhagam samuuham, idhi moodu ledhaa naalugu egire squadronlu mariyu jatacheyabadina ledhaa sendriya ground support elementla samstha, idhi armi ground forces yokka regimentku daadaapu samanam. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo armi vaimanika dalaalu mottam 318 poraata samuuhaalanu moharinchaayi, 1945loe 243 yuddha samuuhaala kaaryaacharana dalamtho.
vaimanika seva mariyu daani varasudu air corps 1919 mariyu 1937 madhya 15 shaashwata poraata samuuhaalanu erpaatu chesindi. 1940 fibravari 1 nundi poraata dalaala nirmaanamtho, air corps samvatsaram chivari natiki 15 nundi 30 samuuhaalaku vistarinchindi. 1941 december 7naa kriyaaseela poraata samuuhaala sankhya 67kii cherukundi, 49 inca khandantara united states lopala unnaayi. conus samoohaalalo ("vyuuhaatmaka nilva"), 21 mandhi kaaryaacharana sikshanalo nimagnamai unnaaru ledhaa inca nirvahinchabadutunnaaru mariyu vistaranaku sariporu. 67 poraata samoohaalalo, 26 bambu daadulugaa vargeekarinchabaddaayih 13 "bhaarii bambu" samuuhaalu (bii-17 egire koota mariyu bii-24 liberator), mariyu migilina "madhya" mariyu "telikapati" samuuhaalu (bii-25 mitchell, bii-26 marouder, mariyu eah-20 naasanam). dalamlo 26 "anveshana" samuuhaalu (1942 maeloe "faitar group" gaa paeru maarchabadindi), 9 "pariseelana" ("nigha" gaa paeru maarchabadindi) samuuhaalu mariyu 6 "ravana" ("troop carrier" ledhaa "poraata cargo" gaa paeru maarchabadindi) samuuhaalu unnaayi. bii-29 superfortress bomber kaaryaacharana moharimpu taruvaata, "chaalaa bhaarii bambu daadi" unitlu fores shreniki jodinchabaddaayi.
1942 modati ardhabhaagamlo sainika vaimanika dalaalu vaegamgaa vistarinchaayi, pranaalika kante chaalaa pedda vaimanika dalam avasaram ventane grahinchabadindi. yuddhamlo pooraadataaniki avasaramaina mottam poraata samuuhaala sankhya fibravarilo daadaapu rettimpu ayi 115kii cherukundi. joolailo idhi 224kii, oka nela taruvaata 273kii perigindi.ess. yuddhamloki pravesinchinappatiki, yuddha naipunhya pramaanaaniki sikshana pondina samuuhaala sankhya 1940loe modati vistarana karyakramam dwara modata adhikaram pondina mottaanni minchaledu. prastutam unna sikshanaa samstha, saaraamsamlo "sweeya-sikshana" vyavastha, aastulu, samstha mariyu bodhanalo saripoledu. kottagaa tayaaru chesina pailatla vyaktigata sikshana, unit praaveenyaaniki haani kaliginchadaaniki andubaatulo unna samayanni adhikamgaa aakraminchindi. nirantaram perugutunna kotta samuuhaala sankhya kaaryaacharana shikshanapai haanikaramaina prabhavanni choopindi mariyu anubhavagnulaina kaaryakartalanu andinchadaaniki ledhaa badilee cheyabadina vaari sthaanamlo vistarinchina sikshanaa karyakramam yokka pattabhadrulanu cherchukovadaniki paatha air corps samuuhaala saamarthyaanni adhigamistundani bedirinchindi. 1939 nundi poraata samoohaalalo mottam anubhavam enthagaa padipoyindante, yuddhamlo pratyaamnaayaala kosam demand karakamga unnappudu, mottam kaaryaacharana sikshanaa vyavastha pramaadamloo padindi.
eee sambhaavya sankshobhaanni nivaarinchadaaniki, raaf maadirigaane kaaryaacharana sikshanaa vibhagam (otyu) vyavasthanu sweekarinchaaru. american oto bhavana kinda, konni anubhavagnulaina samuuhaalu adhika balam gala "parent" samuhaluga adhikaram pondaayi. oka maatru samuuham (otyoo unit) thana anubhavagnulaina sibbandilo sumaru 20 saatam mandhi sibbandini kottagaa sakriyam cheyabadina ledhaa "upagraha" samuuhaaniki kedarga andinchindi. kottagaa sakriyam cheyabadina upagraha samuuhaaniki vidipoyina kaaryakartalaku modata vaari sikshanaa baadhyatalapai pratyeka suuchanalu andinchabaddaayi, praarambhamlo baadhyataayutamaina vaimanika dalaalu, conny 9 october 1942 taruvaata, armi air fores school off uplied tactics (afsat) dwara paatyaamsaalanu mariyu bodhananu praamaaneekarinchadaaniki. sikshanaa paatasaalala kotta graduatelu upagraha samuuhaanni roopondinchaaru mariyu maatru samuuhaanni daani adhika balaniki punaruddharinchaaru. maatru samuuham daani upagraham yokka samstha mariyu sikshanaku baadhyata vahistundi, saadhaaranamgaa cader yokka nirliptata rojunu praarambhinchina aaru nelala vyavadhi gala prakriya, kotta vibhaganni balapariche prakriya yokka modati sagam, rendava sagam vimaana sikshanaku ankitam cheyabadindi, chivari aaru vaaralu oka vibhagamga poraatampai drushti saarinchaayi.
eee pranaalikanu modatisaarigaa 1942 fibravarilo rendava prapancha yuddha samayamlo sikshana baadhyatalu matrame kaligi unna af sisi yokka rendava mariyu moodava vaimanika dalaalu aamodinchaayi. 1942 marchi 9naa "operating staff" nuu srushtinchadam, off punarvyavastheekarana mariyu afcc raddu cheyadam, karyakramanni paryaveekshinchadaaniki kaaryaacharana sikshanaa command yokka pranaalikaabaddhamaina sthaapananu nilipivesaayi. kotta directoratelanu vegavantam chesetappudu, afcc chivari commanding general ayina spotzku tatkalikamga otuku paryaveekshaka baadhyata ivvabadindi, conny april 1942 taruvaata shikshanapai adhikara paridhi unna upa-directoratelu vaimanika dalaalaku emi cheyaalo matrame kakunda, elaa cheyaalo kooda cheppevi. 1943 maarchilo operating sibbandi mariyu daani directoratelu raddu cheyabadinappudu, otuu/artiu karyakalapala niyantrananu "air staff assistant cheef, sikshana" kinda unchaaru mariyu "unit training division" chetha nirvahinchabadindi.
1942 maeloe eee pranaalikanu naalugu khandantara vaimanika dalaalaku vistarinchaaru, conny 1943 prarambham varaku chaalaa abhivruddhi samasyalu parishkarinchabadaledu. vyavastha paripakvam chendadaaniki mundu, prati vaimanika dalam oka rakamaina otuu sikshanalo, rendava vaimanika dalamlo bhaarii bomber, moodavadi medium mariyu light bomber, mariyu modati mariyu naalgavadi (idhi kooda vaayu rakshana baadhyatanu kaligi undhi) loe yodhulalo aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi, conny chivariki faitar mariyu bambudadi otuu rendoo naalugu vidhaalalo nirvahinchabaddaayi. kotta samoohaalalo ekkuva bhaagam (mariyu aneka maatru samuuhaalu) vidaesaalaku pampabadinappudu, pratyaamnaaya sikshana (artiu) otupai praadhaanyata pondindi mariyu moodu bii-29 samuuhaalu minaha, october 1943 tarvaata kotta upagrahaalu erpadaledu. december 1943loe, 56 samuuhaalanu otuu maatru unitlu ledhaa artsga vyuuhaatmaka rijarvku ketaayinchaaru, mariyu aaf daani garishta parimaanaaniki, 269 samuuhaalaku cherukundi. 136 mandhi videshaalalo moharinchabaddaaru mariyu inca united stateslo unna vaarilo 77 mandhi videshee moharimpu kosam kooda nirvahinchabadutunnaaru mariyu sikshana pondutunnaru. 1944 vasantakaalamlo anni kaaryaacharana mariyu pratyaamnaaya sikshananu sambandhita conus vaimanika dalaala "bays unitlaku" tirigi ketaayinchaaru, phalitamgaa marchi 31 mariyu mae 1,1944 madhya 49 otyoo/artue samuuhaalu nishkriyam ledhaa raddu cheyabaddaayi, idhi kriyaaseela samuuhaala sankhyanu 218kii tagginchindi. ayithe, tadupari nelallo aafnu daani tudi yuddha nirmaanaaniki teesukuraavadaaniki adanapu samuuhaalu erpaddaayi.
1945 fibravarilo aaf 243 poraata samuuhaalanu nilabettindihi
1944 juun loe normandy dandayaatra mariyu 1945 loe airopalo yuddham mugimpu madhya, germanyki vyatiraekamgaa 149 poraata samuuhaalu poradayi, ayithe augustu 1945 natiki, anni poraata karyakalapalu mugisinappudu, 86 samuuhaalanu pasiphik mariyu suduura thoorpulo moharinchaaru. european sainyam appudu aakramana vidhulanu nirvartistondi ledhaa united states kuu tirigi moharistondi. airopalo dalaala pakshika vichchinnatatoe, off loe kriyaaseela samuuhaala sankhya mottam 233kii taggindi. dadapuga nilipiveyabadina unitlanni bhaarii bambu daadula samuuhaalu (bii-17 mariyu bii-24), ivi yuddham mugise samayaniki kevalam 35 matrame. migilinavi nishkriyam cheyabaddaayi ledhaa chaalaa bhaarii bambu daadi (bii-29) gaa punahroopakalpana cheyabaddaayi.
yuddha amsaala kosam off yokka praathamika shaashwata samstha squadron. 1941 decemberu 7 mariyu 1945 septembaru 2 madhya yuu. ess. eah. eff loe 1,226 yuddha squadronlu churukuga unnaayi. 1945loe satrutvam mugise samayaniki mottam 933 squadronlu churukuga unnaayi, 868 vividha samuuhaalaku ketayinchabaddayi. 65 squadronlu, ekkuvagaa nigha mariyu raatri yuddha vimanalu, samuuhaalaku ketayinchabadaledu, conny unnata command sthaayila krinda pratyeka vibhagaluga ketayinchabaddayi.
vimanalu.
united states armi air forces thana vividha missionlanu saadhinchadaaniki pedda sankhyalo vimanalanu upayoginchindi, veetilo juun 1941 kii mundu air carpsga migilipoyina aneka vaadukalo laeni vimanalu, padihenu rakaala hodalatho unnaayi.
usaf jaabitaalo eee krindivi chaalaa rakalu, ledhaa pratyaekamgaa poraataanni chusinavi. anni photo-punarujjeevana ("eff") vaividhyaalatoe sahaa vaividhyaalu vaati pratyeka vyasala krinda jabita cheyabaddaayi mariyu vivarinchabaddaayi. aneka vimanalu, mukhyamgaa ravana mariyu sikshakulu, vidyut plantlalo vyatyaasaala phalitamgaa aneka hodaalanu kaligi unnaayi.
rendava prapancha yuddhamlo paatra.
vyuuhaatmaka pranaalika.
1941 augustu 13naa, america samyukta raashtraala vaimanika yuddha pranaalikala vibhagam prapancha vaayu vyuuham kosam thana pranaalikanu roopondinchindi, dheenini adhikarikamga "anubandham 2, vaayu avasaralu" anie pilustaaru, idhi mottam yuu. ess. thoo kuudina vyuuhaatmaka anchanaala pranaalika.ess. sainika, eee pranaalika british commonwealth mariyu yuu. ess. thoo ebisi-1 oppandamlo aaa samvatsaram praarambhamlo roopondinchina vyuuhaatmaka vidhaanaalaku anugunamgaa tayaaru cheyabadindi.ess. yuddha pranaalika indradhanassu 5. daani anchanaa ganaamkaalu, vaataavaranam gurinchi khachitamaina samacharam lekapovadam mariyu yuddhaaniki german aardhika nibaddhata kaaranamgaa pranaalikaloo lopaalu unnappatikee, unitlalo 2 saatam lopala mariyu sibbandilo 5.5 saatam chivariki sameekarinchabaddaayi, mariyu mitraraajyaalu airopa meeda dandayaatra eppudu jarugutundo khachitamgaa anchanaa vesindi.
paschima ardhagolamlo vaayu rakshana, pasifiklo japanku vyatiraekamgaa vyuuhaatmaka rakshana, germanyki vyatiraekamgaa 6,800 bomberlu vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadulaku pilupunicchina eah. doubleu. pii. dii/1, german aardhika moulika sadupayala yokka 154 keelaka lakshyalanu gurtinchindi, idhi sthiramaina prachaaraaniki haani kaligistundani bhaavinchindi. 7, 500 vyuuhaatmaka bomber vimaanaala avasaram, indulo khandantara conveir bii-36 (appudu inca design dasalo undhi), american parisramaku aacharanatmakamgaa saadhinchadaaniki chaalaa peddadi, mariyu 3,800 bomberlatho germanypai daadi cheyadaaniki madhyantara pranaalikanu eah. vii. pii. dii/1loe chaerchaaru.
1941 septembarulo marshal mariyu yuddha karyadarshi henry stimason dwara edablyupidi/1 aamodinchabadindi. eee pranaalikanu roojveltku samarpinchadaaniki mundhe yuddham praarambhamainappatiki, idhi yuddha samayamlo upayoginchina vimaana utpatti mariyu sikshana avasaralanu sthaapinchadaaniki punaadigaa maarindi, mariyu germanyki vyatiraekamgaa vyuuhaatmaka bomber daadi anae bhavana yuu. ess yokka vidhanamgaa maarindi.ess. prabhutvam, indradhanassu 5loe perkonna united states vyuuhaatmaka vidhaanaaniki anugunamgaa, yuddhanni germanyki teesukelladaaniki united statesku andubaatulo unna ekaika maargamgaa undhi.
1942 augustulo roosvelt pratipaadita gaali avasaralanu savarinchaalani pilupunicchaaru. edablyupidi/42 nuu 1942 september 6naa samarpinchaaru, ayithe yuu ennadoo aamodinchaledu.ess. naavikaadalam, daani savarinchina anchanaalu (idhi 1943loe roojewelt paripalanaku maarganirdesam chesindi, idhi naavikaadalam mariyu mitraraajyaalaku egumatulato sahaa anni rakaala daadaapu 150,000 vimaanaalaku utpatti avasaralanu rettimpu chesindi). taruvaata anchanaa 127,000kii tagginchabadindi, veetilo 80,000 yuddha vimanalu.
daani puurveekula maadirigaane, edablyupidi/42 germanypai pagatipuuta bambu daadi cheyadaaniki oka vyuuhaatmaka pranaalikanu roopondinchindi, conny japanpai daadula kosam idhe vidhamaina pranaalikanu kooda cherchindi. yuu yokka bii-17 bomber command.ess. edablyupidi/42 roopondinchinappudu enimidava vaimanika dalam aaru saapekshamgaa ekagreeva missionlanu matrame eguravesindi, mariyu edablyupidi/1 loe suduura yuddha escartla avasaram mariyu saadhyatanu vismarinchina munupati porapaatu punaraavrutamaindi.
praadhaanyatagala aardhika lakshyalaku vyatiraekamgaa prachaaraaniki mundu avasaramaina avasaramgaa german vaimanika dalam (goff) nuu naasanam cheyaalani rendu pranaalikalu pilupunichaayi. edablyupidi/1 praadhaanyata kramamlo naalugu lakshyalanu nirdesinchindihi vidyut utpatti, lothattu ravana, petrolium utpatti mariyu berlin; ayithe edablyupidi/42 praadhaanyatalanu savarinchindi, yuu-boat soukaryaalanu modata unchindi, taruvaata ravana, vidyut utpatti, petrolium utpatti mariyu rabbaru utpatti.
poraata sibbandi rotation.
poraata alasata yokka prabhavalanu nivaarinchadaaniki ledhaa tagginchadaaniki, aaf yuddha sibbandini karyakalapala theatres mariyu united states madhya tippadaaniki vidhaanaalanu abhivruddhi chesindi. pratyaamnaaya parimitulu mariyu kaaryaacharana avasaralu yuddha samayamlo praathamika aaf vidhananni chalasarlu savarinchadaaniki kaaranamayyaayi. 1942 juulai 1naa yuddha vibhagam modata anni aaf yuddha sibbandiki oka samvatsaram vidhi parytananu erpaatu chesindi, conny saadhaarana, ekareeti vidhana seva avaastavikamainadi mariyu ennadoo amaluloki raaledu. badulugaa feeled commanderlu paryatanala puurti nirnayinchadaaniki vaari swantha pramaanaalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. theatres madhya gananeeyamgaa maarutuu undagaa, eee karyakramalalo chaalaa varaku missionla sankhya mariyu itara parimaanaatmaka kaarakaala aadhaaramgaa sthira parytanalanu erpaatu cheyadaaniki prayatninchaayi. edemaina, pradhana karyalayam aaf naataka karyakramalalo jokyam chesukoledu, conny unitloki pratyaamnaayaalu modata vasthe tappa yea rotationnu nishedhinchindi. paristhitini adhyayanam chesina taruvaata, yuddha vibhagam 1943 mae 29naa oka samvatsaram paryatana vidhananni raddu chesindi mariyu tolagimpu mariyu bhramana prayojanaalanu chaerchadaaniki pratyaamnaayaala ketayimpu kosam vidhaanaalanu maarchindi. ayithe nirantara korata kaaranamgaa commanderlu taamu erpaatu chesina parytanalanu podiginchavalasi vachindi, idhi vimaana sibbandi manosthairyaaniki haani kaliginchindi.
janavari 1944 natiki daadaapu anni kriyaaseela vyuuhaatmaka unitlu moharimpu kosam pranaalika cheyabaddaayi mariyu aaflo mottam nashtam raetu oohinchina daanikante takkuvagaa undhi. arnald prati vimaanaaniki bahula sibbandiki taginanta sibbandini andinchadaaniki vyuuhaatmaka unitlalo nilvalanu nirminchadam praarambhinchaadu, ayithe bhramana vidhaanaala valla, mukhyamgaa airopalo poraadutunna vaarilo, idhi debbatindi. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo ennadoo laeni vidhamgaa, tadupari poraata seva nundi tamaku saasvatamgaa minahaayimpu undani kooda tirigina sibbandi vishwasinchaaru. yuddha parytanalanu puurti cheyadaaniki ekapakshamgaa "lakshyalanu" nirdesinche vidhaanaalanu upasamharinchukovaalani 1944 fibravari 16naa ayana aadesinchaaru mariyu yea vaimanika dalam okati kante ekkuva yuddha paryatanalaku vellaalsina avasaram ledani bhaavinche abhiprayanni "nissandehamgaa sarididdaalani" aadesinchaaru.
ottidini tagginchadaaniki swalpakaalika charyaga theatres vishraanti sibiraalanu upayoginchadam anedi poraata alasata prarambhanni alasyam cheyadaaniki matrame upayogapadindi. 1944 eprillo united stateslo 30 rojula selavunu rotationku pratyamnaayamgaa parimita praatipadikana upayoginchadaanni aaf aamodinchindi, ayithe augustu natiki idhi punaravasa prayojanaala kosam pratikuulamgaa undani gurtinchindi. 1944 septembarulo arnald, thana "sthira paryatanalu laevu" aadesaanni raddu cheyakunda, taginanta pratyaamnaaya sibbandini andinchadam thana lakshyamani, aaa "yuddha alasata aadhaaramgaa" bhramanam anavasaramgaa maarindani feeled aadesaalaku teliyajesaadu. dheeni phalitamgaa bhramana vidhaanaala savarana jarigindi, dheeni "maargadarsakaalu" migilina yuddhaaniki vidhi paryatana kosam mallee nirneeta parimitulanu nirnayinche prabhavanni kaligi unnaayi.
karyakalapala saaraamsam.
vaimanika dhala chaaritraka adhyayanala karyalayam rendava prapancha yuddhamlo americoff vyuuhaanni amalu cheyadaanni sangrahistundihi
"arnald sibbandi germanyki vyatiraekamgaa raaf kuu maddatugaa vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadini praarambhinchadaaniki yuddhamlo modati praadhaanyata icchaaru. 1942loe inglaandku pampina enimidava vaimanika dalam aaa panini chepattindi. 1944loe italeelo moharinchina padihenava vaimanika dalam, bharinchavalasina avasaramaina balaanni teesukuraavadaaniki nemmadigaa mariyu tarachugaa khareedaina prayatnam chesina taruvaata, vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadi chivaraku phalitaalanu pondadam praarambhinchindi, yuddham mugise samayaniki, german aardhika vyavastha chellacheduruga mariyu shidhilaalugaa debbatindi.
"vyuuhaatmaka vaimanika dalaalu madhyadhara mariyu european theatres bhuu dalaalaku maddatu icchaayi, ikkada satruvu mitraraajyaala vaimanika aadhipatyaanni nirantaram niraasaku gurichesindi. japanku vyatiraekamgaa jarigina yuddhamlo, general douglus macarthur thana vaimanika dalaalanu munduku nettivesi, kotta sthaavaraalanu teravadaaniki ubhayachara dalaalanu upayoginchadam dwara kotta ginia venta munduku sagadu. madhya pasiphik antataa admiral chester nimitz yokka vimaana vaahaka noukalu vaari dveepa-hoppinglo kooda aaf maddatu ichindi mariyu barma mariyu chainaalooni mitraraajyaala dalaalaku sahaayapadindi.
"arnold iravayyava vaimanika dalaanni neerugaa niyantrinchaadu, japan yokka sonta dveepaalapai bambu daadi cheyadaaniki upayoginche kotta suduura bii-29 superfortressto amarchabadi, modata chaina nundi, taruvaata marianas nundi. agni daadulatoe naasanam cheyabadina japan 1945 augustu natiki entha balaheenapadindante, yuddhanni gelavadaniki anhu bambu ledhaa pranaalikaabaddhamaina dandayaatra avasaram ledani arnold nammadu. aaf bii-29luu hiroshima mariyu nagasakipai anhu baambulanu padesai, ayinappatikee, bhavishyattulo vaayu shakti emi cheyagalado niroopinchindi. vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadi survey saayudha dalaala ekikarana mariyu jaateeya vyuuhampai yuddhaanantara charchalalo off nayakulaku mandugundu saamagrini andinchindi."
USAAF ganaanka saaraamsam.
rendava prapancha yuddhamlo sainyam yokka 936,000 yuddha praananashtaalalo 12 saatam united states armi air forces kuu sambhavinchindi. 88, 119 mandhi vaimanika sibbandi sevalo maraninchaaru. 52, 173 yuddhamlo maraninchinavaaruh 45,520 mandhi charyalo maraninchaaru, 1,140 mandhi gaayaalato maraninchaaru, 3,603 mandhi charyalo kanipinchakundaa poyaaru mariyu chanipoyinatlu prakatinchaaru, mariyu 1,910 mandhi satrutvam laeni yuddha maranaalu. united states sainika mariyu naavikaadala sevalalo, kevalam sainika dalaalu matrame ekkuva yuddha maranaalanu chavichusai. 35, 946 yuddhetara maranaalalo 25,844 vimaana pramaadaalu unnaayi, veetilo sagaaniki paiga united states khandamlo sambhavinchaayi. yuu. ess. eah. eff. kuu chendina 63,209 mandhi sabhyulu yuddhamlo maraninchina itara sabhyulu. charyalo 18,364 mandhi gayapaddaru mariyu vaidya taralimpu avasaram, mariyu 41,057 mandhi yuddha khaideelu ayyaru. daani balagaalalo 5.1 saatam mandhi praananashtam sambhavinchagaa, migilina sainyam 10 saatamgaa undhi.
december 1941 nundi augustu 1945 varaku aafku mottam vimaana nashtalu 65,164, videshaalalo 43,581 mariyu khandantara united stateslo 21,583 nashtapoyayi. prapanchavyaaptamgaa vimaanaala yuddha nashtalu mottam 22,948, germanytho poraadutunna theatres 18,418 mandhi odipoyaaru mariyu pasifiklo jarigina poraatamlo 4,530 mandhi odipoyaaru. germany mariyu daani mitradesaalaku vyatiraekamgaa 29,916 mariyu pasifiklo 10,343 vimanalu, anni vidhaluga vyatiraeka deshaala mottam 40,259 vimanalanu naasanam chesinanduku aaf thana sonta dalaalaku ghanata ichindi.
yuddhaaniki sumaru $50 biliyanlu ledhaa yuddha vibhaagaaniki jarigina kharchulo sumaru 30 saatam, juulai 1942 mariyu augustu 1945 madhya pratyaksha ketayimpula nundi nagadu kharchulu $35,185,548,000.
rendava prapancha yuddha samayamlo off dwara eguraveyabadina mottam vimanalu 2,352,800,1,693,565 airopa sambandhita praantaalalo eguraveyabaddaayi mariyu 669,235 pasiphik mariyu suduura thoorpulo eguraveyabaddaayi.
vaimanika dalaalalo chesina charyalaku gaanu 36 mandhi sainika vaimanika dalaala sabhyulu gourava patakaanni andukunnaru, vaarilo 22 mandhi maranaanantaram andukunnaru. operation tarch samayamlo paaschaatya task forsku anubandhamgaa unna off adhikaarulaku rendu adanapu avaardulu, okati maranaanantaram ivvabaddaayi.
demobilisation mariyu swaatantryam.
japan otamitho, mottam samyukta raashtraala sainika vyavastha ventane modati prapancha yuddham mugimpulo maadirigaane teevramaina vichchinnatanu praarambhinchindi. demobilisation dwara off paatha sevala vale teevramgaa ledhaa teevramgaa debbatindi. adhikarulu mariyu namodu cheyabadina vaaru discharge cheyabaddaaru, samsthaapanalu moosiveyabaddaayi mariyu vimanalu nilva cheyabaddaayi ledhaa vikrayinchabaddaayi. augustu 1945 mariyu april 1946 madhya, daani balam 2.25 millionla mandhi nundi kevalam 4,85,000 mandiki padipoyindi, mariyu oka samvatsaram taruvaata 3,304,000 kuu padipoyindi. prapanchavyaaptamgaa mottam sainika sthaapanaku maddatu ivvaalane thana lakshyanni konasaaginchina air transport command, tommidi nundi moodu vibhaagaalaku tagginchabadindi mariyu 1946 chivari natiki daani sibbandi 80 saatam taggaaru. vimaanaala jabita 79,000 nundi 30,000 kante takkuvagaa padipoyindi, vaatilo chaalaa varaku nilvalo unnaayi. shaashwata samsthaapanalu 783 nundi 177kii tagginchabaddaayi, idhi yuddhaaniki mundu kante kevalam 21 ekkuva.
juulai 1946 natiki, sainika vaimanika dalaalalo 52 kriyaaseela vibhagala jaabitaalo migilipoyina 2 yuddhaaniki siddhamgaa unna samuuhaalu matrame unnaayi. 70 samuuhaalatoe punarnirminchina vaimanika dalam, adheekruta saantikaala balam, atyavasara paristhithullo kriyaaseela vidhula kosam reserve mariyu national gaard dalaalu andubaatulo untaayani anchanaa veyabadindi. ayithe, saantikaalamlo pedda sainika sthaapanaku, atuvanti sthaapanaku aardhika vyayaniki gananeeyamaina vyatiraekata kaaranamgaa, 48 samuuhaalaku pranaalika kothalu vidhinchabaddaayi.
1946 fibravarilo anaaroogyam kaaranamgaa armi, neeveethoo samaanamaina sevagaa vaimanika dalaaniki swaatantryam saadhinchaalane thana lakshyanni neraverchukodaniki mundhe arnold padavee viramana cheyavalasi vachindi. spotz arnald sthaanamlo america samyukta raashtraala ekaika commanding generalga niyaminchabaddaadu, mariyu athanu sainika charitralo atipedda vaimanika dalam yokka vichchinnam mariyu michel mariyu arnald oohinchina daani punarjanma rendintinee paryaveekshinchaadu.
rendava prapancha yuddhamlo thana anubhavaala aadhaaramgaa arnald rendu mukhyamaina vaarasatvaalato aafnu vidichipettadu, idhi yuddhaanantara america mariyu vaari swatantra vaarasudini roopondinchindi. modatidi, servies command staflo pailatlatho paatu vividha naipunyaalunna sibbandi adhikarulu undaali. rendavadi, vaimanika dalaalanu vistarinchina sikshanaa paddhatula arhata laeni vijayam unnappatikee, 1940loe unnatlugaa united states reserve bhaagaalanu sameekarinchadaaniki mariyu sikshana ivvadaaniki mallii samayam undadu, idhi jaateeya atyavasara paristhitiloo reservistlu mariyu jaateeya gaardulu ventane sevaku siddhamgaa undaalsina avasaram undhi.
thana vantugaa, spotz kotta armi cheef off staff, general dwite dii. thoo sannihitamgaa sampradinchaadu. isenhover, mariyu vaimanika dalam swatantram pondina tarvaata rendava punarnirmaanam avasaram laeni poraata kaaryakalaapaalaku (vyuuhaatmaka air command, vyuuhaatmaka air command mariyu air defence command) moodu thoo sahaa aafnu "pradhana kamaandlu" gaa punarvyavastheekarinchaaru. 1946 eprillo air national guardnu srushtinchadamtho sahaa arnald yokka bhavanalaku anugunamgaa reserve bhaagaalanu kooda ayana punarnirminchaaru.
1945 april 11naa, prati pradhana theatreku 80 mandhi "keelaka sainika mariyu naavikaadala sibbandi" nii interview cheyadaaniki vaarini teesukellina padhi nelala adhyayanam mugimpulo, jaateeya rakshana punarvyavastheekarana kosam joint cheefs off staff pratyeka kamitee samyukta raashtraala saayudha dalaalanu oke cabinet vibhagamga nirvahinchaalani sifaarsu chesindi, mariyu "moodu samanvaya yuddha saakhalu, sainyam, naavikaadalam mariyu vaayu" kaaryaacharana sevalanu kaligi untaayi. united states vaimanika dalam yokka chattabaddhamaina srushti kevalam rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo armi vaimanika dalaalatoe abhivruddhi chendina paristhitini gurtistundani, naukaadalam/samudra vimanayanam mariyu armi vimaanayaanamloni konni amsaalu alaage untaayani angeekaristundani kamitee nivedinchindi. daani sifaarsunu armi generals douglus macarthur mariyu dwite dii aamodinchaarani kooda kamitee nivedinchindi. isenhover, fleet admirals chester doubleu. nimitz mariyu vilium eff. halsey mariyu aneka itara pramukha sainika mariyu naavikaadala sibbandi ".
naukaadala vibhagam oke rakshana vibhaganni vyatirekinchindi, naavikaadala vyavaharalapai senate kamitee chhairman sifaarasu meraku, pratyamnaayamgaa karyanirvahaka adhikaralu laeni samanvaya samstha yokka saadhyatanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki naukaadala sibbandini upayoginchi oka pyaanelnu erpaatu chesindi. eberstadt nivedika" atuvanti sifaarsu chesindi, conny vaimanika dalam yokka bhavananu pratyeka sevagaa kooda aamodinchindi. naukaadala vibhagam thana sonta phalitaalanu gurtinchaledu mariyu 1945 octoberulo pravesapettina ekikarana billula kosam vichaaranala samayamlo pratyeka vaimanika dalaanni srushtinchadaanni vyatirekinchadam konasaaginchindi. vichaaranalu nivedikanu samarpinchadamlo viphalamainappudu, adhyakshudu harry ess. 1945 december 19naa truman bhoomi mariyu naukaadala dalaalatoe samanamga unna vaimanika dalaaniki maddatugaa balamgaa munduku vacchaaru, yuddhaaniki mundu swatantra sainyam mariyu naavikaadala vibhagalu samishtiga ledhaa samanvayamtho panicheyadamlo viphalamayyaayani congressku gurthu chesaaru. eee lopaalanu adhigaminchina yuddhakaala lakshyalu vijayam mariyu otami madhya vyatyaasamgaa niroopinchaayani ayana nokki chepparu.
congress, truman sifaarasu meraku, 1947 jaateeya bhadrata chattam (61 "statist") amalutho vaimanika dhala vibhaganni srushtinchindi. 495), 1947 juulai 26. eee chattam united states vaimanika dalaanni sthaapinchindi, idhi yuu yokka puurtigaa pratyeka saakha.ess. 1947 septembaru 18 nundi amaluloki vacchina sainika, sainika vaimanika dalaalu, vaimanika dalaalu rendintinee raddu chesindi. sibbandi, aastulanu off nundi usafku badilee cheyadam anedi 1947 septembaru 26naa rakshana karyadarshi karyalayam badilee uttarvu 1 dwara amaluloki vachindi.
seva paatrala prarambha vivarana, karyanirvahaka uttarvu 9877,21 april 1948naa, keelaka paschima oppandam yokka truman aamodam dwara bharti cheyabadindi, idhi prati sevanu nirvahinchadaaniki anumatinchabade vaayu aastulanu vivarinchindi. vaimanika dalaaniki vyuuhaatmaka, vyuuhaatmaka mariyu ravana vimaanaala adhika bhaagam ketayinchabadindi, conny eee samasya 1950la varaku baga vibhajanaga undipoyindi.
vaarasatvam.
rendava prapancha yuddhamlo armi air forces", off yokka adhikaarika charitra, vaimanika dalaaniki swaatantryaaniki chivari dasagaa daani praamukhyatanu sangrahinchindih
yuddham mugise samayaniki (off) daadaapu moodava swatantra sevagaa udbhavinchindi. adhikarikamga, aaf eppuduu yuddha vibhagam yokka adheena samsthagaa maaraledu, yuddha theatres nirvahinchadaaniki, sikshana ivvadaaniki mariyu yuddha unitlanu sannaddham cheyadaaniki baadhyata vahistundi. daani adhikara paridhi puurtigaa antargata joneku (nedu conus anie pilustaaru) parimitam cheyabadindi, mariyu idhi yuddha theatres vaimanika samsthalatho cheef off staff varaku vistarinchina chaanalla dwara matrame communicate cheyagaladu, aapai theatre commander dwara athani adheena air kamaandarku cherukogaladu. maroe maatalo cheppalante, sainyam vibhajinchabadina moodu samanvaya saakhalalo migilina rendu, armi ground forces mariyu armi servies forces nundi off yokka sthaanam bhinnamgaa ledhu. kabatti, edemaina, nibandhanalanu chadavandi.
nijaaniki, commanding general, armi air forces... cheef off staff sthaayiki samaantaramgaa panicheesaaru. ... athanu britaintho yuddhakaala sankeernamlo atyunnata sthaayi command sthaayiki vellaadu. athanu yuddha vaimanika dalaala commanderlanu enchukunnadu. ... athanu kramam tappakunda (videshaalalo unna air commanderlatho) communicate chesevadu. ... aaf unitlu pooraadina chota vyuuham, vyuuhaalu mariyu siddhaantaala abhivruddhipai ayana saktivantamaina prabhavanni chuupaaru. ... prapanchavyaapta vimaana ravana vyavastha anni theatres dwara athani aadesam meraku kadilindi, (vaari) commanderlaku vaari baadhyata praantamlooni pratidee niyantrinche vaari saampradaaya adhikaranni niraakarinchindi. yuddham antataa (athanu nadichadu) prapanchamlooni yea praantamloonainaa vaimanika yuddham pradhana karyalayam drushti pettalsina avasaram unnatlu anipinchindi. siddhaantam mariyu vaastavam madhya vyatyaasam...off yokka avagahanaku praadhamikamainadi.
samskruti.
unifamlu.
servies dustulu.
sabhyulandarikee usaf unifamlalo samasheetoshna vaataavaranamloo dharinche olive drab unni yokka sheethaakaala seva unifam mariyu itara us sabhyula maadirigaane khaqi patthi yokka ushnamandala vaataavarana vesavi seva unifam unnaayi.ess. sainika dalaalu. saadhaaranamgaa dustula kosam dharinche servies unifamlatho paatu, postula nundi vellae paas meeda vividha rakaala alasata mariyu egurutuu unde unifamlu undevi. vesavi mariyu sheethaakaala seva unifamlu rendoo yuu. khandantaramlo edaadi podavunaa dharinchevi.ess. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo european theatre off operations edaadi podavunaa samasheetoshna ekareeti jonga mariyu pasiphik theatre off operations edaadi podavunaa ushnamandala ekareeti jonga pariganinchabaddaayi.
eee sanchikalo purushula sheethaakaala seva unifamlo naalugu paaket kotu mariyu olive drab shade 33 (telikapati rangu) 16 ounsula unni surge loe pyantu unnaayi. rendu pyaach paaketlu mariyu bhujam patteelu laeni chokkalu 8.2 ounsula chino cotton khaqi, telikapati thaan, needa nem. 1, ledhaa 10.5 ounsula olive drab unni telikapati needa nem. 33. yea chokkanu ayina kotu kinda dharinchavachhu; ayithe, patthi chokkanu unni pyaantutoe paatu bayati vastramgaa dharinchalemu. siitaakaalapu unifam kosam unni necti nalupu mariyu vesavi necti modata khaqi patthi. 1942 fibravarilo olive drab shade 3loe universal mohair unni necti mariyu cotton blend khaqi shade 5 rendu unifamlaku adhikaram ivvabaddaayi. challani vaataavaranamloo oo. dii. needatho kuudina 33 melton unnini dharinchevaaru. namodu cheyabadina vyakti yokka vesavi seva unifamlo adhe patthi khaqi needa nem. saripole pyaantutoe kuudina 1 unifam chokka; eee unifam kosam kotu 1930laloe jaarii cheyabadatam aagipoyindi. chokkanu bayati vastramgaa dharinchinappudalla chokka yokka rendava mariyu moodava batanla madhya nectini bigistaaru.
maga adhikari siitaakaalapu seva unifamlo olive drab needalo unna chakkati unni vastram yokka kotu undedi. 51 (muduru rangu), kotuku saripoye fabric beltho, "greens" anae maaruperuto. adhikarulu kotu yokka rangu mariyu fabricku saripoye pyantu dharinchavachhu, ledhaa aichhikamgaa vaatini toop rangu, adhikarikamga "drab shade 54" anie pilustaaru, kotu vale adhe padaartham yokka pyantu, "pinks" anae maaruperuto, "pinks mariyu greens" anae maaruperuku daariteestundi. purushula naalugu paaket servies coat minaha, marinta mannikaina olive drab shade 33 surge unifamlanu upayoginchadaaniki kooda adhikaarulaku adhikaram undhi, avi oo. dii. shade 51 ledhaa drab shade 54 dustulato kalapakapoyina. oka adhikari yokka ood ovar coat mariyu toop raine coat kooda adhikaram pondaayi. adhikarulu adhe patthi khaqi rangu namm. 1 ledhaa olive drab unni telikapati needa nem. bhujam patteelu jodinchadam minaha 33 chokkalu purushulugaa namodu cheyabaddaayi. adhikaarulaku adanapu chokka rangu mariyu fabric empikalu kooda undevi, muduru rangu nem. 50 ledhaa kaadu. 51 mariyu 1944loe drab shade nem. 54.
fibravari 1942 taruvaata unni patthi mishrama khaqi needa 5 yokka necteelaku adhikaram ichhe varaku adhikarulu nalupu mariyu khaqi nectilanu dharinchevaaru. purusha adhikari vesavi seva unifamlalo saadhaaranamgaa jabita cheyabadina purushula maadirigaane utiki-dharinche patthi khaqi rangu 1 unifamlu untaayi, pradhana vyatyaasam emitante chokkalaku bhujam patteelu undevi. oo. dii unni chokka mariyu patthi khaqi pyantu kalayikaku kooda adhikaram ivvabadindi. ayithe, dustula prayojanaala kosam vaariki ushnamandala baruvuku saripoye vastram yokka khaqi shade 1 vesavi servies unifamnu konugolu chese avakaasam kooda undhi. eee unifam rangu mariyu vastram minaha sheethaakaala adhikaarula unifamto samanamga undedi. ayithe, siitaakaalapu kotu yokka batta belt tolaginchabadindi.
airopalo mariyu 1944 taruvaata yuu. ess loe unna sibbandi.ess., unni nadumu-podavu jackett dharinchadaaniki adhikaram kaligi unnaaru, odi shade 51 (adhikaarulaku matrame) ledhaa odi shade 33 loe, "ike jackett" anae maaruperuto mariyu chivariki emm-1944 feeled jacketga praamaaneekarinchabadindi, puurti-podavu lodustuku badulugaa servies dustula unifam.
servies unifamla kosam thala dustulu rendu rakaluga undevi, sainyam yokka ground forcelalo upayoginche vaatini pooli, sheethaakaala dustulu kosam olive drab mariyu vesavilo khaqi. vaimanika dalaalalo saadhaaranamgaa "flight cap" anie piluvabade garrison cap, 1926 nundi vimaanaala samayamlo radeo headsetlanu dharinchadaaniki veelugaa anni ryaankulaku adhikaram ivvabadindi. tera" loe narinja mariyu ultra merine neelam yokka USAF saakha rangulalo namodu cheyabadina purushula kosam piping undedi. warrant adhikaarula topeelu nalupu mariyu vendi thaallatho gottalu veyabadevi; niyaminchabadina adhikarulu saadhaarana adhikari topeelu minaha nalupu mariyu bangaaru gottalanu kaligi undevaaru, ivi bangaaru taallanu upayoginchevi. oval servies topeelo gromet anie piluvabade spring stephening parikaram amarchabadi undedi, rendava prapancha yuddhaaniki mundu ekareeti nibandhanala prakaram headsetla vadakanni anumatinchadaaniki grometnu tolaginchadaaniki adhikaarulaku adhikaram ivvabadindi. eee shaili rendava prapancha yuddhamlo poraata anubhavagnudigaa undataaniki chihnamgaa vistrutamgaa prachuryam pondindi, mariyu dheenini "50-mission crush" cap anie pilustaaru. ayithe 1942 taruvaata saadhaaranamgaa namodu chesukunna purushulaku servies cap jaarii cheyabadaledu.
bootlatho sahaa tholu vastuvulu rangulo undevi, mariyu united states vaimanika dalam pratyeka sevagaa maarina taruvaata off "braun shoe air fores" gaa piluvabadindi.
mahilaa seva dustulu.
mahilaa usaf unifamlu armi narsu corps (ensi) yokka unifam ledhaa tagina usaf branch chihnamtho mahilala sahayaka armi corps (vaak) yokka unifam. 1943 vesavilo mahilala armi corps (vaak) vaak sthaanamlo vachindi. vaak, mahilala sahayaka ferring squadron (waffs) mariyu mahilaa vaimanika dhala seva pailatlu (wap) vanti mahilaa sahayaka samsthalu off kuu viluvaina sevalanu andinchinappatikii, aansi mariyu vaak matrame yuu yokka adhikaarika sabhyulu.ess. saayudha dalaalu. off loe mahilalu anadhikarikamga "air vaaks" gaa piluvabaddaru.
off kuu anubandhinchabadina narsulu armi hospital whites dharinchevaaru, ledhaa 1943 kii mundu, meroon pipingto kuudina muduru neelam topi ledhaa garrison topi, meroon cuff braid mariyu bangaaru armi batanlatho kuudina suut jackett, laetha neelam ledhaa telupu chokka, nalupu tye mariyu laetha neelam rangu scurt, bootlu nalupu ledhaa telupu rangulo undevi. ency vesavi seva unifamlo meroon sholder strap piping mariyu cuff bridetho kuudina laetha godhumarangu rangu suut, meroon pipingto kuudina laetha godhumarangu ency cap ledhaa laetha godhumarangu garrison cap, telupu chokka mariyu nalupu naalugu-inn-hanned tye undevi. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo modati vimaana narsula unifamlo neelam unni yuddha dustula jackett, neelam unni pyantu mariyu neelam unni purushula shaili meroon piped garrison topi undevi. unifamnu laetha neelam ledhaa telupu chokka mariyu nalupu taitho dharinchevaaru. 1943 taruvaata, kottagaa erpadina vaak maadirigaane olive drab servies unifamlanu sweekarinchaaru.
yuddha samvatsaraallo mahilaa seva dustulu namuunaala parinaamam dwara vellaayi, ayithe vesavi mariyu sheethaakaalam rendintiloonuu seva unifamlalo saadhaaranamgaa vaak namuunaa topi ledhaa mahilala garrison topi, suut coat (sheethaakaalamlo namodu cheyabadina mahilalaku matrame), shirtwist, phore-inn-hanned tye, scurt, russet tholu mahilala servies bootlu mariyu hanned byaag undevi. mahilala olive drab unni "ike jackett" kooda mahilala servies pyantu vale dharinchevaaru. battalu bhinnamgaa unnappatikee, rangulu tappanisarigaa samaanamaina servies unifamlo sambandhita rank unna vaari purusha sahacharula rangulanu pratibimbistaayi. vesavi laetha godhumarangu mariyu siitaakaalapu thaan pratyeka off duty dustulu kooda undevi. kotta olive drab aank unifamlu aank namuunaa topi mariyu aank namuunaa handbag minaha vaak adhikaarulaku unnatle undevi. off duty dustulu olive drab shade 51 ledhaa laetha godhumarangulo pratyaekamaina anc namuunaa. meroon trim thoo kuudina aank beej vesavi seva unifamnu konasaaginchaaru, taini meroon gaa marcharu. mahilala kosam herringbone cotton twill yokka sage green fettig unifamlu, mahilala poraata bootlu, feeled jacketlu mariyu vimaana dustulato paatu, yuu. ess. tayaaru chesindi.ess. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo sainyam. ayithe, eee vastuvula yokka mahilala samskaranalu andubaatulo lenappudu, tarachugaa yuddha samayamlo maadirigaa, purushula issue vastuvulanu badulugaa upayoginchaaru.
vimaana dustulu.
vimaana dustulu operation theatre mariyu mission rakanni batti vistrutamgaa maarutuu untaayi. 1928 lone air corpsku vinootna aviation flight suutlu, bootlu, tholu helmetlu, gaguls mariyu chethi todugulu jaarii cheyabaddaayi, mariyu kaneesam oka shaili, rakam eah-3 flight suut, 1944 varaku sevalo konasaagindi. ayithe, eah-2 flight jacketlu, 9 mae 1931naa praamaanika jaarii cheyabaddaayi, idhi off yokka prasiddha chihnalalo okatigaa maarindi. mudra godhuma rangu gurrapu toduguto tholutho (taruvaata meka charmamtho), laetha godhuma rangu rangu mudi pattutho (1939 taruvaata patthi) tayaaru cheyabadina eee jacketlalo adhikari yokka stand-up collar, bhujam patteelu, allina nadumu patteelu mariyu cuffs, jappar moosiveta mariyu unit chihnam unnaayi. bhaarii, gorrela charmamtho kappabadina bii-3 mariyu bii-6 vimaana jacketlu, eah-3 siitaakaalapu egire pyantu, mariyu bii-2 "gunners" topeelu, annee seal braun shearlinglo unnaayi, ivi ottidi laeni vimanalalo adhika ettulo missionla yokka teevramaina challani ushnogratalaku saripovani niroopinchabaddaayi, mariyu saadhaarana vidyut dwara tayaaru cheyabadina vividha rakaala oka-mukka vidyut vaedi flying suutlatoe bharti cheyabaddaayi. purushula vimaana dustulato paatu, vimaana narsulu pratyaekamgaa tayaaru chesina mahilala telikapati mariyu madhyantara baruvu gala vimaana jacketlu mariyu pantlanu dharinchevaaru. vimaana vidhulaku avasaramaite tappa eah-2 jackett vanti vimaana dustulanu shibiram ledhaa poestu nundi dharinchadaaniki adhikaram ledhu. herringbone cotton twill yokka adhe sage green fettig unifamlu, mariyu armi ground dalaalu upayoginche gaali-nirodhaka paplin feeled jaaketlanu kooda vidhi niyamakanni batti off dalaalu dharinchevi.
1943 praarambhamlo off tholu vimaana dustula kosam thana oppandaalanu punaruddharinchaledu mariyu alpaca pail lininglatho patthi twill mariyu nailan misramaalato tayaaru chesina flight jacketlu mariyu flying pyantu utpattini praarambhinchindi. 1943 juulai 22naa sage green ledhaa light olive drab bii-10 flight jacketnu aaf praamaaneekarinchindi, dheenitho paatu eah-9 flying pyaantuni antarnirmita suspenderlatho saripolchaaru, mariyu eee kalayika 1944 praarambhamlo enimidava vaimanika dalamlo vistrutamgaa vyaapinchindi. bhaarii bii-15 jackett samvatsaram chivarilo, yuddham chivari nelallo jaarii cheyabadina eah-11 pyantu thoo. chaalaa jacketlalo mouton bochu ledhaa kotha collar undevi, conny "tanker jackett" anie piluvabade oka prasiddha vaividhyam takkuva parimititoe kuudina unni allina collar kaligi undedi. eee kotta jacketlu vaati tholu puurveekula kante baruvulo teelikagaa undagaa, anthe vecchagaa undevi. bii-9 mariyu bii-11 gaa paerkonabadina hooded rakalu kooda 1944 praarambhamlo kanipinchaayi, conny avi sthuulamgaa unnanduna mariyu vaati bochu-kappabadina hoods yuddhamlo aacharana saadhyam kaananduna, veetini pradhanamgaa yuddhetara sibbandi ledhaa ground dyooteela samayamlo dharinchevaaru.
byaadjlu, chihnalu mariyu chihnalu.
aaf unifamlu sainika nibandhanalaku lobadi undevi, mukhyamgaa aarr 600-35 mariyu aarr 600-40, unifampy byaadjlu, chihnalu mariyu chihnalanu dharinchadaaniki adhikaram ichhevi. seva yokka vistaaramaina parimaanamlo adheekruta byaadjlu, chihnalu mariyu chihnala yokka aneka custom-maid vaeriyantlanu dharinchadam jarigindi mariyu anadhikaarika chihnam mariyu chihnala yokka aneka udaaharanalu dalaala antataa, mukhyamgaa videshaalalo yuddha vibhagalalo kanipinchaayi.
byaadjlu.
samyukta raashtraalloni vaimanika sibbandi mariyu saanketika sibbandiki avasaramaina pratyeka sikshana mariyu arhatalanu suuchimchadaaniki, rating anie piluvabade chaalaa vargalalo, eee krindi sainika byaadjlu (suparichitamainavi conny seva antataa "rekkalu" anie pilustaaru) sainika vaimanika dalaala sabhyulu dharinchadaaniki adhikaram ivvabaddaayi
eee vimanayana arhata byaadjlu saadhaaranamgaa servies ledhaa dustula unifamlapy puurti moodu angulaala (76 mimi) parimaanamlo dharinchevaaru, ayithe rendu angulaala versionlu ("priyamaina rekkalu" anae maaruperu) kooda takkuva-adhikaarika chokka dustulu dharinchadaaniki adhikaram kaligi undevi. chaalaa vimanayana byaadjlu sterling venditho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi ledhaa vendi mugimpu ivvabaddaayi, mariyu vaatini unifamlaku jodinchadaaniki vividha parikaraalanu upayoginchaaru. veetilo saampradaaya pinn mariyu safety catch mariyu taruvaata clutch-byaak fastenerlu unnaayi. rendava prapancha yuddhamlo chaalaa varaku usaf byaadjlu vaadukalo laevu, taruvaata designla dwara ledhaa vaati aeronatical rating nilipiveyadamtho vaatini bharti chesaaru, mariyu 1955 taruvaata unifam dharinchadaaniki adhikaram ivvaledu.
yuddha praantaalalo egire sibbandiki gurtimpu pyaach.
airopaloni itara vaimanika dalaala nundi yuddha vaimanika dalaalanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu vaeru cheyadaaniki, 1943 marchi 29naa european theatre pradhana karyalayam.ess. aviation badge venuka unna servies kotpai kuttadaniki sainyam oka ultra merine blue clath pyaach 1 "× 3.25" nuu roopondinchindi. 18 hetch. kyuu. etousa anae saadhaarana arder prakaram, prastutam samarthavanthamaina aeronatical ratings kaligi unna ledhaa air cru sabhyulaku aviation badge dharinchadaaniki adhikaram unna armi air forces sibbandi pyaachnu dharinchaali, aaa samayamlo atuvanti sibbandi prastutam vimaana vidhulanu nirvahinchadaaniki niyaminchabaddaaru. aaa vyakti atuvanti hodaalo panicheyadam manesinappudu ledhaa theatre nundi bayataku vellinappudu pyaachnu ventane tolaginchaali.
ranklu mariyu gradela chihnam.
U yokka rank nirmaanam mariyu chihnam.ess. rendava prapancha yuddhamlo united states sainyam yokka vaimanika dalaalu.
chihnalu.
air corps dustulu dharinchadaaniki adhikaram pondina modati bhujam sleeve chihnam general headquarters air fores yokkadi, idhi 20 juulai 1937naa aamodinchabadindi. bangaaru vruttampai neelirangu tribhuja chihnanni kaligi unna eee sleeve chihnam, 20 juun 1941naa GHQ vaimanika dalam vaimanika dhala yuddha kamandga maarina taruvaata unchabadindi. tribhuja chihnam GHQ vaimanika dalam yokka moodu yuddha vibhaagaalanu soochinche saileekruta chodakaanni suuchistumdi. 1942 fibravari 23naa, GHQAF pyaach nilipiveyabadindi mariyu servies-wide off sleeve chihnam ("haap arnold chihnam") aamodinchabadindi. pyaachnu zen sabhyudu roopondinchaaru. arnald yokka sibbandi, james tii. ralls, mariyu winston churchill prachuryam pondina vii-pharr-victory saine aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi.
1943 marchi 2naa videshaalalo unna sankhyaaka vaimanika dalaala sabhyulaku sleeve chihnanni dharinchadaaniki adhikaram ivvabadindi, mariyu 1943 juun 25naa united statesloni vaimanika dalaalaku. aaa thedhee nundi, "haap arnold chihnam" nuu sankhyakamaina vaimanika dalaaniki ketayinchani unitla sibbandi matrame dharinchevaaru. aarr 600-40, "servies unifam dharinchadam", taruvaata 16 vaimanika dalaalu mariyu off pyaach kuu sleeve chihnanni parimitam chesindi. anni adheekruta chihnala roopakalpana mariyu sarafaraaku baadhyata vahinche quartermaster corps, 1945 juulai 28 varaku aaf kosam tadupari designlanu pratighatinchindi, command arcs (aark-aakarapu tablu, "command structure" loe paina udaaharana chudandi) vividha maddatu aadesaala sabhyulachae aaf chihnaniki paina dharinchadaaniki adhikaram ivvabadindi.
unionlo bhaagamaina mottam 48 rashtraalu pakkapakkane unna united states lopala unnanduna, modati nundi nalgava vaimanika dalaala ketaayinchina praantaalaku "antargata praantam" anae padam rendava prapancha yuddham yokka padam, dheenini 21va sataabdamloo neti united states department off defence "conus" anie pilustundi. 

