
maaya kodis

maaya codises (ekavachanam "codex") anevi puurva columbian maaya nagarikatache rachinchabadina madata pustakaalu, ivi madhyaamerikan beradu kaagitampai maaya hyroglyphic lipilo vrayabaddayi. madata pustakaalu anevi tansard mokkajonna devudu mariyu houler kothi devatalu vanti devatala samrakshanhalo panichese vruttiparamaina lekhakula utpattulu. 16va sataabdamloo chaalaa varaku kodislanu vijaetalu mariyu catholic poojaarulu naasanam chesaaru. chivariki vaaru sthirapadina nagaralaku codises anae paeru pettaru. saadhaaranamgaa manugada saagistunna koddimandilo dresden codex atyanta mukhyamainadigaa pariganinchabadutundi.
maaya oka nirdishta adavi anjoorapu chettu lopali beradu nundi kaagitam tayaaru chesindi, "ficus kotinipholia". eee vidhamaina kaagitam saadhaaranamgaa maayan bhaashalalo "hunn" anae padam dwara piluvabadindi (uttaraana unna aztech prajalu kaagitam kosam "āmatl" anae padaanni upayoginchaaru). maayalu 5va sataabdamloo tama "hunn"-kaagitaanni abhivruddhi chesaaru. maaya kaagitam papirus kante ekkuva mannikainadi mariyu merugaina vraata uparitalam.
nepathyam.
16va sataabdamloo yukatannu spanish swaadheenam chesukunna samayamlo aneka pustakaalu unikilo unnaayi; chaalaavaraku catholic poojaarulachae naasanam cheyabaddaayi. yukaataanloni chaalaa mandini juulai 1562loe diago dii landa naasanam cheyaalani aadesinchaadu. eucaton dveepakalpamloni manhi nagaramlo bishop dii landa saamuuhika pustakaanni dahanam chesaaru. dii landa ilaa vraasaadu eee paatralalo memu pedda sankhyalo pustakaalanu kanugonnamu, vaatilo deyyam yokka muudanammakaalu mariyu abaddaluga chuudani aemee lenanduna, memu vaatannintinii tagalabettamu, vaaru aascharyakaramaina sthaayilo paschaattaapam vyaktam chesaaru, idhi vaariki chaalaa baadha kaliginchindi.
atuvanti sankethaalu maaya nagarikata yokka praadhamika likhita recordulu, raathi smaaraka chihnalu mariyu stelelapai unna aneka saasanaalu kalisi migilipoyayi. raathi mariyu bhavanaalalo namodu cheyabadina vaati kante vaati vishayaala paridhi ekkuva vishayalanu sweekarinchindi, mariyu paint chesina syramics ('syramic codex' anie pilavabade) paie kanipinche vaatilaage undhi. 1540loe gwatemalan ettaina praantaalalo "enimidi vandala samvatsaraala kritam vaari charitranu namodu chesina, mariyu chaalaa puraatana bhaaratheeyulu naaku ardham chesukunna" aneka pustakaalanu chushanani alonso dii jorita raasaaru.
atuvanti pustakaalu naasanam cheyabaddaayani telusukunnappudu dominican frear bartolome dii laas casas vilapinchaaduh "eee pustakaalanu mana mataadhikaarulu chuusaaru, mariyu sanyaasulu tagalabettina vaatilo kontha bhaganni neenu kooda chushanu, endukante vaaru [vaaru] mataaniki sambandhinchina vishayaalalo bhaaratheeyulaku haani kaliginchavacchani bhaavinchaaru, endukante aaa samayamlo vaaru tama matamarpidi praarambhamlo unnaaru."naasanam cheyabadina chivari kodislu 1697loe gwaatemaalaaloni nozpeten, americas loe jayinchina chivari nagaram. vaati vidhvamsam, maaya charitraku praapyata mariyu maaya jeevitamlooni konni keelaka rangaalalo antardrushti kosam avakaasam chaalaa taggindi.
moodu puurtigaa maayan kodislu samrakshinchabaddaayi. ivih
hyroglyphes laeni nalgava codex, maaya kante maaya-toltech. idhi 2015 varaku vivadaspadamga undipoyindi, vistrutamaina parisoedhana chivaraku dheenini dhruvikarinchindihi
dresden codex.
dresden codex ("codex dresdenses") germanyloni dresdenloni state library ayina sachsishe landesbibliothec (slub) loe nirvahinchabadutundi. idhi kodislalo atyanta vistrutamainadi, mariyu maaya kalaku atyanta mukhyamaina namuunaa kooda. aneka vibhagalu aachaarabaddhamainavi ('panchaamgaalu' anie pilavabade vaatitho sahaa), marikonni jyotishashaastra swabhaavam kaligi untaayi (grahanaalu, shukra chakralu). codex anedi podavaina kaagitam meeda vrayabadi untundi, idhi 'screen-folded' ayi untundi, idhi 39 aakula pustakaanni tayaaru chestundi, idhi rendu vaipula vraayabadutundi. idhi bahusha pannendava mariyu padnaalugo sataabdaala madhya vraayabadindi. dheenini airopaku teesukellina taruvaata, 1739loe dresdenloni saxony aasthaanamlooni raaja grandhaalayam daanini konugolu chesindi. october 2007 nundi gwatemala nagaramloni "museo national dii archaeologia" loe oka german kalakarudu tayaaru chesina "hunn" thoo sahaa khachitamaina pratiroopam pradarsinchabadindi.
eurup kuu dresden codex nuu evaru teesukuvachhaaro spashtamgaa teliyadu. idhi 18va sataabdam chivaralo, modati ledhaa rendava taram spanish vijaetalu nundi vachindi. pustakamlo chivari thedhee namodu daani sthaanaantaraaniki aneka sataabdaala mundu nundi unnappatikee, eee pustakaanni bahusha upayoginchi, vijaetalu daanini teesukune mundu varaku jodinchaaru.
dresden kodeksloni 65 saatam pageelalo vistaaramaina sachitra khagola pattikalu unnaayi. eee pattikalu grahanaalu, vishuvattu mariyu ayanaantaalu, maars yokka side-real saikil mariyu maars mariyu veenus yokka sinodic saikilspie drushti pedataayi. eee pariseelanalu mayanlu calender samvatsaram, vyavasayam mariyu nakshatraala chuttoo mataparamaina vedukalanu plaan cheyadaaniki anumatinchaayi. vachanamlo, maars podavaina mukku jinka dwara suuchimchabadutumdi, mariyu sukrudu oka nakshatram dwara suuchimchabadutumdi.
paejeelu 51-58 grahana pattikalu. eee pattikalu 8va sataabdamloo 33 samvatsaraala paatu suurya grahanaalanu khachitamgaa anchanaa vaesaayi, ayithe chandra grahanaala anchanaalu chaalaa takkuva vijayavantamayyaayi. suuryudini mringivese paamula chihnalu pustakam antataa grahanaalanu suuchistaayi. glifflu vachanamlo sumaru 40 saarlu kanipistaayi, idhi grahaalanu dresden codex yokka pradhana kendramgaa chestundi.
dresden codex yokka modati 52 paejeelu bhavishyavaani gurinchi unnaayi. maayan khagola saastravettalu day keeping kosam codexnu upayogistaaru, conny anaaroogyam mariyu itara duradrushtaalaku kaaranaanni kooda nirnayistaaru.
vividha rakaala devatalu mariyu devatalu dresden codexlo kanipinchinappatikii, chandra devata matrame tatastha vyakti. pustakamloni modati 23 pageelalo, aame itara devatala kante chaalaa ekkuvagaa prastaavinchabadindi.
1880 mariyu 1900 madhya, dresden librarian ernst fosteman maaya sankhyalu mariyu maaya calendarnu ardham chesukovadamlo vijayam saadhinchi, codex oka ephemeris anie grahinchaaru. tadupari adhyayanalu eee khagola panchaamgaalanu decode chesaayi, veetilo grahana pattikalu mariyu anni nagna-kanti grahaalato sahaa suuryudu mariyu chandruni chakraala recordulu unnaayi. surpent syries", pp. 61-69, anedi munupati yugamlo (5,482,096 rojulu) 1.18.1.8.0.16 yokka bays teedeeni upayoginche eee drugvishayaala yokka oka ephemeris.
modrid codex.
1860laloe speyinlo modrid codex tirigi kanugonabadindi; idhi ververu pradaesaalaloo kanipinche ververu parimaanaala rendu bhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi. codex daani pratyaamnaaya paerunu tro-courtesianus codex nuu vidigaa kanugonna rendu bhagala taruvaata pondutundi. troyano codex yajamanyam 1888loe museo archaeologico national ("national archaeological museum") kuu badilee cheyabadindi. museo archaeologico national 1872loe oka pustaka-collector nundi cartesianus codexnu konugolu chesindi, athanu iteevala extremaduralo codexnu konugolu chesinatlu paerkonnaadu. mexico vijaeta ayina hernon cartes maadirigaane, francisco dii montezo mariyu athani aneka mandhi vijaetalu vacchina provins extremadura. anduvalla eee vijetallo okaru codexnu tirigi speyinku teesukuvacche avakaasam undhi; museo archaeologico national director hernon cartes paeru meeda cartesianus codex anie paeru pettadu, athanu swayamgaa codexnu tirigi teesukuvacchaadani anukundam.
migili unna maaya kodislalo modrid codex athi podavainadi. modrid codex yokka content pradhanamgaa panchaamgaalu mariyu jaatakaalu kaligi untundi, ivi maaya poojaarulaku vaari vedukalu mariyu daivatva acharala pradarsanalo sahaayapadataaniki upayoginchabaddaayi. codexlo khagola pattikalu kooda unnaayi, ayithe saadhaaranamgaa aamodinchabadina migilina rendu maaya kodisla kante takkuva. glyphic amsaala yokka daggari vislaeshanha daani utpattilo aneka mandhi lekharulu palgonnarani suuchistumdi, bahusha enimidi ledhaa tommidi mandhi, vaaru manuscript yokka varusa vibhaagaalanu roopondinchaaru; lekharulu poojaari sabhyudiga unde avakaasam undhi.
maikhel koo mariyu justine kerr vanti kontamandi panditulu, modrid codex spanish vijayam taruvaata naatidani suuchimchaaru, ayithe sakshyam patram kosam mundastu-vijayam teedeeni adhikamgaa anukuulamgaa suuchistumdi. codex yukatanlo utpatti cheyabadi undochu. zhe. eric thampson abhiprayam prakaram modrid codex paschima eucaton nundi vacchi 1250 mariyu 1450 AD madhya naatidi. itara panditulu bhinnamaina abhiprayanni vyaktam chesaaru, codex shaililo chichen itza, mayapan mariyu thoorpu teeramloni saantaa rita, tanka mariyu tulam vanti pradaesaalaloo kanipinche kudyachitraalato samanamga undani paerkonnaaru. codex yokka mundu mariyu chivari pageelalo cherchabadina rendu kaagitam sakalaalu spanish rachananu kaligi unnaayi, idhi spanish poojaari petenlooni tayashal vadda patraanni sampaadinchinatlu thampson suuchimchadaaniki daariteesindi.
paris codex.
paris codex (gatamlo codex perasianus) loe tyoonlu mariyu kaatoonla kosam pravachanalu unnaayi (maaya calender chudandi), alaage maaya raasichakram kooda undhi, anduvalla, rendu vishayaalloonuu, idhi chilam baalam pustakaalato samanamga untundi. codex mottamodata 1832loe paarislooni france yokka "bibliothake imperial" (taruvaata bibliothake national ledhaa national library) samuparjanaga kanipinchindi. moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata daani modati punarutpatti rekhaachitraanni lard kingsburo kosam athani lombardian kalakarudu agostino aglio tayaaru chesaaru. asalu droying ippudu poyindi, conny chikagoloni newberry librarylo sekaranalo unchina kingsburo yokka prachurinchani proof sheetlalo konnintini oka coppy migili undhi.
appudappudu taruvaati paavu sataabdamloo suuchimchabadinappatikii, daani shaashwata punahshodhana french orientalist leone dii rosniki aapaadinchabadindi, athanu 1859loe bibliothech national vadda oka chimney muulaloe verucheyabadina paatha patraala butta nundi codexnu tirigi pondaadu, akkada adhi visarjinchabadindi mariyu spashtamgaa marchipoyindi. phalitamgaa, idhi chaalaa paelavamaina sthithilo undhi. idhi oka kaagitamlo "perez" anae padamtho chuttabadi unnatlu kanugonabadindi, bahusha 1859loe appati-anamaka codex yokka rendu sankshipta vivaranalanu prachurinchina jose perez gurinchi suuchana. dii rosney modatlo daani gurtimpu raper tarvaata "codex peresianus" ("codex perez") anae paerunu icchaadu, conny kalakramena codexnu saadhaaranamgaa paris codex anie pilustaaru. dii rosney 1864loe codex yokka nakilee editionnu prachurinchaadu. idhi bibliothech national aadheenamlo undhi.
mexico yokka maaya codex.
gatamlo grollier codex anie paeru pettabadindi, conny 2018loe paeru maarchabadindi, 1965loe mexico yokka maaya codex kanugonabadindi. codex mukkaluga undhi, iravai paejeela pustakam mariyu aidu oke paejeelugaa bhaavinche vaatilo padakondu paejeelu unnaayi. eee codex 2016 nundi mexico nagaramloni national museum off anthropologylo unchabadindi mariyu americalo ippatikee nivasistunna naalugu maaya codesslalo idhi matrame. prati paejee edamavaipuku mukhamgaa unna oka heero ledhaa devudini chooputundi. prati paejee eguvana oka sankhya untundi, mariyu prati paejeeki edama vaipuna teedeela jabita kanipistundi. itara kodisla kante paejeelu chaalaa takkuva vivaranaatmakamainavi, mariyu ippatike dresden codexlo laeni samacharanni andinchadam ledhu. praarambhamlo daani praamaanikata vivadaspadamga unnappatikee, 21va sataabdam praarambhamlo nirvahinchina vividha pareekshalu daani praamaanikataku maddatu icchaayi mariyu mexico yokka jaateeya maanava shaastra samstha mariyu charitra dheenini 2018loe praamaanikamaina puurva-columbian kodexga teerpu ichindi. idhi 1021 mariyu 1154 CE madhya naatidi.
itara maaya codises.
eee pustakaala arudaina mariyu praamukhyatanu batti, kotta vaatini kanugone pukaarlu tarachugaa aasaktini penchutaayi. maaya pradaesaala puraavastu thravvakaalalo aneka deerghachaturasraakaarapu plaastar mariyu paint poralu kanipinchaayi, ivi saadhaaranamgaa unnata samaadhulalo untaayi. eee gaddalu anni sendriya padaarthaalu kullipoyina codises avasheshaalu. eee gaddalalo konni marinta pondikainavi samrakshinchabaddaayi, bhavishyat taraala puraavastu saastravettalu abhivruddhi cheyalsina konni saanketikatalu puraatana paejeela avasheshaala nundi kontha samacharanni tirigi pondagalavani sannani aasatoe. puraavastu saastravettalu telisina puraatana maaya kodislanu quaxacton, shaan augustin acasagastlanloni gwayton, ell kwiche, gwaatemaalaaloni nebaz, beleejloni altun haa mariyu hondurasloni copan vadda tavvakaalalo khananam chesina shavapetikalatho kuudina savaagaara samarpanalugaa kanugonnaru. travvakaallo kanugonabadina maaya pustakaala aaru udaaharanalu prarambha classic (euxacton mariyu altun haa), chivari classic (nebaz, copan) mariyu prarambha postclassic (gwayton) kaalaalaku chendinavi. duradrushtavasaattu, avanni teravaleni dravyaraasigaa ledhaa chaalaa chinna poralu mariyu asalu grandhaala mukkala sekaranalugaa ksheeninchaayi. anduvalla vaatini chadavadam eppatikee saadhyam kakapovachhu.
nakilee.
20va sataabdam prarambham nundi, vividha naanhyata gala nakilee patraalu utpatti cheyabaddaayi. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo rendu vistrutamaina nakilee kodislu vilium randolph harst sekaranalo unnaayi.