
aadhunika assamies

assamy bhasha indo-aryan bhashala thoorpu samuuhamloo bhaagam. assamy saahitya charitranu pradhanamgaa moodu kalaluga vargeekarinchavachhu, veetilo prarambha assamy kaalam (6va nundi 15va sataabdam a.dii.), madhya assamies kaalam (17va nundi 19va sataabdam a.dii.) mariyu, aadhunika assamies (19va sataabdam chivari nundi).
prarambhalu.
assam charitranu cree. sha. 4va sataabdam varaku gurtinchavacchu, ayithe eee kaalaaniki minchina avasheshaalu guha chitraalu, kundalapai chekkadalu modalaina vaati dwara oka rakamaina puurva charitranu suuchistaayi. charyaapadaalu assamy saahityaaniki daadaapu toli udaaharanagaa perkonabaddaayi. charyaapadaalu 8va sataabdam nundi 12va sataabdam madhya kaalamlo raasina bouddha paatalaku sambandhinchinavi. eee rachanalu orea mariyu bengali bhashalaku kooda anugunamgaa untaayi. eee paatala dhwani mariyu padanirmaana lakshanaalu assaameelatoo chaalaa saktivantamaina polikanu kaligi unnaayi, veetilo konni eee thedhee varaku manugadalo unnaayi. puurva-ahom rajyam yokka goppa chaaritraka vivaralu unnappatikee, assam saahitya charitra "karyalu" anie piluvabade aadhyaatmika saahityam nundi kanugonabadindi-23 "siddha-purushulu" (8va nundi 12va sataabdam eah.) raasina mahayana bouddhamatam yokka taruvaati sahajayana roopam yokka rahasya siddhaantaalu mariyu srungaara paddhatulu.dii). atyanta puraatana assamy rachayita 13va sataabdam chivaralo haema saraswati. samskrutam "vishnu puraanam" aadhaaramgaa ayana raasina "prahlad-charita" oka puurtayina samskruteekruta assamy bhashanu varnistundi. kamatapur aasthaanamlooni itara kavulu harihara vipra (harivara vipra) mariyu kaviratna saraswati 14va sataabdam praarambhamlo "mahabharata" nundi assamy, padya bhagaluga anuvadinchaaru. 14va sataabdamloo kaviraja madhava kaandali assam yokka modati goppa kavi. ayana prastuta rachanalo "ramayana" yokka oka samskarana mariyu oka kathana padyam "devjit" unnaayi. maroe goppa kavi durgavarudu, ayana "ramayana" kathanu paatalalo tirigi chepparu. teliyani rachayita yokka "mantraalu" anie piluvabade vraatapratula pedda samuuham bahusha 1500 kii mundu kaalam nundi unikilo undhi. "mantraalu" paamu katuku vyatiraekamgaa, dayyaalu mariyu rakshasulaku vyatiraekamgaa mariyu vividha rakaala vyaadhulaku vyatiraekamgaa maantrika suutraalanu kaligi unnaayi.
bahusha ahom paalana yokka atyanta mukhyamaina sahakaram ahom rajyam yokka oka rakamaina gadya charitra ayina buranji rachana, idhi assam yokka khachitamaina charitranu ivvadamtho paatu assamlo vraatapuurvaka padam yokka sampradaayaanni kooda balopetam chesindi. raaju paalanalo vividha vibhagala karyakalapalanu namodu chese vraatapratula rachana kosam "likakar baruva" padavi pratyaekamgaa srushtinchabadindi. chaalaa varaku vraatapratulu saanchi aakulapai vrayabaddayi.
bhakti udyamam.
goppa shankardev praarambhinchina "bhakti" udyamamtho assamy saahityamlo goppa kaalam praarambhamaindi. eee udyamaanni vyaapti cheyadaaniki chaalaa saahityam srushtinchabadindi, paatalu, paatalu, shlokaalu. kraistava matam, islam, judaism, bouddhamatam vanti shankari matam mallii likhita padampai kendrikrutamai undhi, eee sandarbhamlo srimanta shankardev. namghar" ledhaa "stuti mandiram" loe saayantram praarthanalu paatala dwara mariyu pavitra grandhaalanu pathinchadam ledhaa chadavadam dwara devunni jarupukuntaayi. ayana rachinchina 27 rachanalalo atyanta mukhyamainavi "ramayana" chivari shlokam, "bhagavata puraanam, kirtanaghosha, rukmini-haranaa" looni konni bhagalu, krishna jeevitamlooni oka bhaganni varninche kathana padyam, "bhakti-pradeepa" mariyu "nimi-nava-siddha-samvaada". ayana maithili prabhavanni choopinche aneka naatakaalanu kooda raasaaru. ayana pravesapettina maroe rakamaina kavitvam "bargete", bhakti kavitalu, ivi netikee baga prachuryam pondaayi. assamy gadya saahitya pitamahudu bhattadeva vaishnava mataaniki chendina moodu pradhana pustakaalu-"katha geetha, katha bhagwat" mariyu "katha ratnavali" raasaaru. ayana itara goppa pustakaalanu kooda rachinchaaru. 17va sataabdam, "charit pudhi" (jeevita charitralu) yokka perugudala mariyu abhivruddhiki prasiddhi chendindi.
missionaryla raaka.
missionaryla raakathone modati mudrita pustakam assamy saahitya vargaalloki pravesinchindi; modati mudrita pustakam 1813loe vilium kaarii mudrinchina kotta nibandhana ("dharmapustakudu antobhag"), aatmaram sharma sahayamtho mariyu 1833loe mottam baibil. desamloni itara praantaala maadirigaane, kraistava mataanni pracharam cheyadamlo aasakti unna missionarylu assamlo kooda modati printing press sthaapanaku praarambhakartalu. kraistava matam pustakaaniki matam kaavadamtho, sthaanikulaku sulabhamgaa cheraalani korukune missionarylu, daadaapu ellappuduu sthaanika bhashalanu neerchukunnaaru, saamaanya prajala upayogam kosam devuni vakyanni (paatha nibandhana kante kotta nibandhana) anuvadinchaaru. eee prayojanam kosam vividha karapatraalu, patrikalu mariyu itara madhyamalu kooda upayoginchabaddaayi.
assamlo sthaapinchabadina mottamodati press ayina american baptist mission pressku sambandhinchi, modati paeru gouravaneeyamaina doctor. nathan braun.
nathan braun 22 juun 1807naa nyuu ipeswitch, nyuu hampshire, americalo janminchaadu. athanu 1827loe villiams kalaasaala nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu, taragatilo atyunnata sthaanaanni pondaadu. athanu 5 mae 1830naa elijah ballardnu vivaham chesukunnadu. konni samvatsaraalu, athanu bennington seminareeki associate principalga mariyu "dhi vermont telegraph" anae vaarapatrikaku sampaadakudigaa unnadu. missionaryga panicheyadaaniki tananu taanu siddham chesukovadaniki athanu neuton theological instituteku hajarayyadu. athanu 1832loe pattabhadrudayyaadu. american baptist missionary union 1833loe atanni mayanmar kuu missionaryga niyaminchindi. assam commissioner kepten frances jenkins abhyardhana meraku athanu assanku vellaadu. shaan, khamteelu mariyu syngophos yodhula tegalanu ghnaanoodayam cheyadaaniki, meruguparachadaaniki mariyu vidyaavantulanu cheyadaaniki british paripalanaku sahaayapadataaniki uddesinchina "shaan mission" nuu praarambhinchadaaniki eee abhyardhana cheyabadindi. braun mariyu athani sahachara oliver kattar vaari printing presto paatu kalakattaaku prayaaninchaaru. kalakattaalo aagina taruvaata, vaaru nadhi dwara sadia kosam bayaludaeraaru. sudeerghamaina, alasipoye mariyu pramaadakaramaina prayaanam vaarini 1836 marchi 23naa vaari gamyasthaanaaniki teesukuvacchindi.
assamlo modati printing press sthaapanatho, braun raaka eee praantamloo saahitya abhivruddhiki naandi palikindi. mission nundi taginanta sahayam lekapovadam valla mariyu saadiyaalo girijana durakramana kaaranamgaa, braun 1839loe naharkatiyaku sameepamloni jaaypuurku, aapai 1843loe sibsagarku thana sthaavaraanni marchavalasi vachindi. athanu sibsagar nundi panicheyadaaniki manchi pradaesamgaa kanugonnadu. nijaaniki eguva assam mudranaku kendramgaa mariyu assamlo mudrinchina pustakaaniki prarambha janmasthalamgaa kanipistundi. athanu 1855 varaku akkade unnadu. 1844 chivari natiki, braun sibsagar nundi gauhati varaku kaalinadakana prayaaninchi, prajala vibhina saamskrutika nepathyaala gurinchi adhyayanam cheyadaaniki gramalanu sandarsinchaadu. ayana maroe iddaru missionarylu miles branson mariyu sairas barkerlatho kalisi 1845 janavari 25naa gouhatilooni paan bazar vadda modati baptist charchini erpaatu chesi, sthaapinchaaru. raashtramloni vividha praantaalalo paatasaalalanu sthaapinchadamlo kooda braun maargadarsakatvam vahinchaaru. 1846 natiki ayana sibsagar mariyu chuttupakkala 14 assamy medium paatasaalalanu sthaapinchaaru.
rev. 1848loe modatisaarigaa prachurinchabadina nathan braun yokka "assamy bhasha yokka vyaakarana gamanikalu" assamy bhasha yokka vyaakaranamgaa pariganinchataaniki uddesinchabadaledu, conny "avi atyanta saadhaarana vyaakarana roopaala vyaktigata upayogam kosam konni sheetlanu matrame mudrinchaalane uddesyamto praarambhinchabaddaayi". ayithe eee pustakam tvaralo modati assamy vyaakarana pustakamgaa upayogapadindi. ayana praathamika ankaganitam mariyu bhougolika saastrampai pustakaalu raasaaru, ivi aaa samayamlo paatasaalallo upayoginche bengali pustakaala kante chaalaa goppavi. indulo aayanaku thana sonta anuvaadaki ayina bhaarya elijah sahayam chesindi. paatha vraatapratula aavishkaranalo, vaatini savarinchadamlo, prachurinchadamlo kooda braun maargadarsakulu.
braun assamy bhaashalo pustakaalanu bodhinchadam, anuvadinchadam mariyu siddham cheyadamlo palgonnadu. athanu assamy bhaashalo oka matabodhananu anuvadinchi prachurinchaadu. aaa samayamlo chelaamanilo unna serampur mission press nundi vilium kaarii prachurinchina assamies bybillo bengali mariyu samskruta runa padaalu unnayani, kabatti idhi bhashaparamga saripodani braun kanugonnadu. anduvalla, athanu baibilnu swachchamaina mariyu saralamaina assamies loki anuvadinche prajectunu chepattadu mariyu 1848loe thana patrika nundi kotta nibandhananu prachurinchaadu. paatasaala pustakaalu raayadamlo kooda braun maargadarsakulu. praathamika ganitampai ayana raasina "pradhama ganana" (1845), "dutio ganana" (1855), "bhoogulor biboran" (1851) anae pustakaalu aaa samayamlo paatasaalallo upayoginchina bengali pustakaala kante chaalaa goppavi. athanu zaan bunyan yokka "yaatrikula purogati" nuu assamy bhaashaloki anuvadinchi prachurinchaadu. braun bhaarya elijah kooda dozenu bhaagaalanu assamy bhaashaloki anuvadinchi, pillala kosam ankaganita paatyapustakaalu, kathaa pustakaalu raasaaru. anaaroogyam mariyu inti missionloo konni samasyala kaaranamgaa, braun, 20 samvatsaraala vijayavantamaina seva taruvaata, 1855 fibravari 13naa maaku assam nundi bayaludaeraadu.
"orunodoi" shakam.
"orunodoi" anedi sibsagar looni baptist missionary press mudrinchina modati assamy patrika; idhi modatisaarigaa 1846 janavarilo prachurinchabadindi. patrikaku tagg line, "" orunodoi, matam, vignaana shaastram mariyu saadhaarana medhassuku ankitamaina nelawari patrika ". idhi 1879 varaku prachurinchabadatam konasaagindi; ayithe patrika 1883loe vikrayinchabadindi. eee patrika sampaadakulaloo daa. nathan braun, a.hetch denforth, vilium ward mariyu itarulu. kraistava mataanni pracharam cheyadam eee patrika yokka pradhana lakshyamgaa unnappatikee, indulo vignaana shaastram, prastuta vyavaharalu, jyotishashastram, charitra mariyu sthaanika chinna chinna vishayaalaku sambandhinchina itara vyasalu unnaayi. eee patrika assamies medhaavulanu choppinchadamlo sahaayapadindi, assamies saahitya prapanchamlo mugguru keelaka vyaktulaina anandaram dhekiyal phukan, hame chandra baruva mariyu nidhi levi farovaalnu mundanjalo teesukuvacchindi. braun kereer yokka atyunnata keerti 'orunodoi', antey 'udayamu'. braun sampadakiya pani cheyagaa, olivar kattar patrikanu mudrinchadam mariyu prachurinchadamlo palgonnadu. braun maa kosam bayaludere varaku eee patrikaku sampaadakudigaa unnaaru. thana sampaadakatvamlo, "orunodoy" "chutia buranji, purani assom buranji" mariyu "kamrupar buranji" vanti paatha charitrala grandhaalanu sarigga savarinchina roopamlo teesukuraavadam dwara charitranu prachurinchaadu. athanu vividha assamy panditulanu kooda poeshinchaadu mariyu vaatini prachurinchadaaniki sahayapaddadu. eee prachuranalalo kashinath tamuli phukan yokka "assom buranji" (1842) mariyu anandaram dhekiyal phukan yokka "oxomia lorar mitro" (1849) mariyu "assamies bhasha mariyu sthaanika vidyapai konni vyaakhyalu" (1855), branson yokka "aanglam, assamies, singfo mariyu naga (1839) loe spelling book mariyu padajaalam" sibsagarloni mission presslo mudrinchabaddaayi.
godhuma rangu taruvaata, "orunodoi" 1880 varaku appudappudu viraamaalato chelaamanilo undhi. "orunodoi" udaaharananu anusarinchi, 19va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo assamlo aneka vaartaapatrikalu mariyu patrikalu prachurinchabaddaayi. veetilo pramukhamainavi "aasam bilasini", (1871, dharma prakash press, auniti satra, majuli prachurinchinavi) "aasam darpan" (1874, tejpur), "aasam mihir" (1872, gauhati), "goalpara hishadini" (1876, goalpara), "chandradaya" (1876, nagao), "aasam deepak" (1876, gauhati) "jonaki" (kalakatta, 1889), "assam nyuus" (aanglo-assamies vaarapatrika, 1885, gauhati), "assam bandhu" (1885, nagao), "mou" (1886, kalakatta). 
olivar thamus kattar 1811 marchi 19naa masaachusetslooni lexingtonlo janminchaadu. american baptist missionary union iravai samvatsaraala vayassulo aayananu missionary printerga mariyu burmanku prachuranakartagaa niyaminchindi. thana bhaarya harriet loe kattartho kalisi, athanu 1831loe boston nundi oka aaviri mudranaalayaanni thanatho teesukuvellaadu. aayanatho paatu nathan braun, athani bhaarya elijah braun barma dharinchaaru. shaan missionu praarambhinchadaaniki kattarlu mariyu brownlu assanku prayaaninchaayi. assam commissioner ayina jenkins kooda printing press kosam ruu. 2,000 viraalamgaa istanani vaagdaanam chesaaru. cutter yokka pradhana paatra ekkuvagaa braun dwara anuvadinchabadina ledhaa vraayabadina pustakaalanu mudrinchadam mariyu prachurinchadam. kepten jenkins akkadiki cherukogane vaariki oka pedda printing presnu andinchi, daani maddatu kosam 500 roopaayalanu viraalamgaa icchaaru. vaaru khamti, singo mariyu assamy pustakaalanu prachurinchaaru. kattar bhaarya paatasaalalo bodhanalo mariyu patrika kosam pustakaalanu siddham cheyadamlo churukuga palgonedi. kattar thana mudranaalayam kosam adanapu rakam sarafara kosam kalakatta vellaadu.
1839loe vaari sthaavaraanni naharkatiyaku sameepamloni jaaypuurku marchina taruvaata, kattar marinni assamy paatasaalalanu sthaapinchadamlo nimagnamai, 1840loe jaaypoorloni mission press nundi prachurinchabadina aanglam mariyu assamy bhaashalalo 252 paejeela padajaalam mariyu padabandhaalanu rachinchaadu. paniki marinta parisubhramaina mariyu anukuulamaina pradaesam kosam vetukutuu, braun 1841loe sibsagarku maararu, kattar jaaypoorlo thana samrakshanhalo unna mudranaalayaala karyakalapalanu paryaveekshistuu konasagaru. ayithe missionarylu nirvahinchina matamarpidi karyakalapalapai girijanula nirasana tvaralo jaaypoornu pani cheyadaaniki chaalaa kashtamaina pradaesamgaa maarchindi mariyu sthaanikula bedirimpula kaaranamgaa mudranaku asoukaryamgaa maarindi, dheeni kosam kattar thana mudranaalayaalanu dachukovalasi vachindi. chivaraku, 1843loe kattar sibsagarku velli contonment sameepamlo dikhov nadhi odduna printing presnu sthaapinchaadu. braun thoo paatu athanu aneka mariyu vibhina pustakaalu mariyu karapatraalanu anuvadinchadam mariyu mudrinchadamlo palgonnadu.
baibilloni bhagalu, shloka pustakaalu, tractlu mariyu assamy bhaashalooni paatasaala pustakaalu kakunda, mission presslo kattar samrakshanhalo manchi sankhyalo itara rachanalu prachurinchabaddaayi. 1853loe, kattar mission panini vidichipetti, kalakattaaloni prabhutva patrika superintendentga cheraadu. netikee, kattar printing presnu sthaapinchina sibsagar pradaesaanni sthaanikamgaa chapakhana anie pilustaaru."dhi assom iyar book 2008" assam kosam dayagala seva chesina aruguru videsheeyulalo (edward guite, zaan berry white mariyu charless alegzander brooslatho paatu) kattar, braun mariyu bransonlanu gurtinchindi.
nathan braun mariyu miles branson vaari rachanalaku prasiddhi chendinappatikii, antagaa teliyani juuniyar missionary, gouravaneeyamaina vilium ward, assamlo pustakam mudrananu pracharam cheyadamlo mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaaru. ward 1821 augustu 28naa americaloni ohiyoloni shefield loe janminchaadu. athanu 1848loe madison vishwavidyaalayam nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu. american baptist missionary union atanni assanku missionaryga niyaminchindi. ayana, ayana bhaarya cardelia 1851 eprillo gauhati cherukunnaru. ayana modati aaru samvatsaraalu gouhatilo, aaa tarvaata maroe padhi samvatsaraalu sibsagarlo panicheesaaru. ward bhaarya cardelia 1859loe maraninchindi, athanu 1860loe oka missionary vitantuvu susaannu vivaham chesukunnadu. 
ward oka atyuttama bhasha shaastravetta. ayana baibilloni puttuka, nishkramana, keertanala pustakaalanu anuvadinchi, sivasaagarlooni mission press nundi prachurinchaaru. ward "christio dharamgeet" anae assamy shloka pustakaanni kotta edition kosam savarinchaadu, dheeniki athanu asalaina mariyu anuvadinchabadina shlokaalanu jodinchaadu. 1890loe prachurinchabadina eee pustakam yokka nalgava sanchikalo, aravai moodu shlokaalu paatinchabaddaayi.
orunodoy" nii nirminchadamlo nathan braun thoo kalisi ward panicheesaaru. athanu eee patrika kosam aneka kathanaalanu andinchaadu mariyu 1861 nundi 1873 varaku daanini savarinchadam mariyu prachurinchadamlo kooda palgonnadu. hame chandra baruva salaha prakaram, ward munupati nundi "orunodoy" yokka aksharakrama vyavasthanu marchadu mariyu godhuma rangutho sweekarinchabadina jaduram deka baruva yokka saralikrutam, eee roeju upayogistunnatlugaa samskruta vyavasthaku marchadu. assamy aksharamalala yokka dental 'enn' sthaanamlo cerebral 'enn' nuu bharti chesi, ward 1861 janavarilo 'orunudoyi' yokka spellingnu sarichesindi. idhi assamy bhasha abhivruddhilo oka mailuraayini nirdesinchindi. ward bhaarya susanne kooda "orunodoy" pathrikatho anubandham kaligi undi, eee patrikalooni konni sanchikalanu savarinchaaru. aame missionary oliver kattar bhaarya harriet kattar yokka rachana "aanglam mariyu assamies bhaashalalo padajaalam mariyu padabandhaalu" (1841) nuu savarinchindi mariyu aneka kotta padajaalaalanu jodinchindi, idhi 1864loe mission press, sibsagar nundi "praathamika abhyaasaalato aanglam mariyu assamies bhaashalalo sankshipta padajaalam" prachurinchabadina 4500 entreelugaa chesindi. 1867loe branson yokka "assamies mariyu aanglamlo oka nighantuvu" prachurinchabade varaku eee rakamaina modati pustakam idhi. aame "assam yokka oka sangrahaavalokanam" (1884) kooda rachinchindi.
20va sataabdamloo mudrana abhivruddhi.
19va sataabdam chivari nundi assamlo mudrana mariyu prachurana praarambhamaindi, dibroogadhlo (eguva assamlo kooda) aneka mudranaalayaalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. dibroogadhlo modati mudranaalayaanni radhanath changkakoti 1881 mae 9naa "radhanath mudranaalayam" anie pilicharu. shivnath bhattacharyudu daadaapu adhe samayamlo "bhattacharya mudranaalayaanni" sthaapinchaaru, ekkuvagaa paatasaala paatyapustakaalu mariyu mataparamaina pustakaalanu mudrinchaaru. theyaaku thotala pempakandaarudu nandeshwar chakravarthy 1905loe "sadasiva press" nuu erpaatu cheyagaa, 1910loe sthaapinchabadina "ahom press" maroka mukhyamaina press. chandra kumar agarwala krushi kaaranamgaa "assam printerlu und publishers limited" erpadindi, idhi nimoni phukan, sanaatananda dovara, lakshminath fukanto kalisi sthaapinchabadina ummadi samstha. 1928loe guna govinda boruh sthaapinchina "boruh press", bholanath gohain sthaapinchina "bholanath press", "rajkhova press", "jagaran press" modalainavi. aaa kaalamlo mukhyamaina mudranaalayaalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. 
assamies mudrana yokka modati swadeshi paerlaloo okati anandaram dhekiyal phukan. phukan (1829-1858) oka rachayita, prabhutva udyogi mariyu american baptist mission press mariyu daani nayakula braun und branson yokka maddatudaaru, assamies prachaaramlo vaari krushiki. phukan goppa panditudu mariyu aangla saahityaanni abhyasinchaadu, 1835loe frances jenkins sthaapinchina paatasaalalo modati vidyaarthulaloo okadu mariyu kalakattaaloni presidency kalasalalo chaduvukunnadu. athanu padihedella vayasulo "orunodoy" kuu vyasalanu andinchadam dwara thana saahitya vruttini praarambhinchaadu. aaa taruvaata ayana aangla paatyapustakaala aadhaaramgaa paatasaala vidyaarthula kosam "oxomia lorar mitro" anae paatyapustakaanni rachinchi, sibsagarloni mission press nundi prachurinchaaru. mission press nundi 100 kaapeelanu mudrinchi, assamy bhasha kesunu munduku teesukuraavadaaniki vividha prabhutva adhikaarulaku pampinhee cheyadamlo "assamy bhashapai, sthaanika vidyapai konni vyaakhyalu" anae karapatraanni ayana raasaaru.
assamy bhaashalo mudrinchadam "vidaeseeyulaku" vyatiraekamgaa jarigina goppa udyamamlo bhaagamgaa maarindi. bengaaleeki anukuulamgaa assam adhikaarika bhashaga assamysnu tolaginchadam valla erpadina gurtimpu sankshobham, "bohiragata" kuu vyatiraekamgaa udyamaaniki daariteesindi, amalu cheyabadina bhashapai agraham mariyu oka samajam yokka saamuuhika swaraanni tirigi pondadaaniki samaantara pooraataaniki daariteesindi. rendu prarambha patrikalalo mudrana jaateeyavaadam mariyu assamies gurtimpu yokka perugudala" anae thana vyaasamlo, valasavaada aardhika dopideeki badulugaa, bengali bhasha aadhipatyam abhivruddhi chendutunna assamy jaateeyataku nijamaina muppuga bhaavinchabadindi anie uddipan dattaa chepparu.
"jonaki" shakam.
jonaki yugam, assamy saahityamlo srungaaravaadam yokka yugam, jonaki yuganni assamy saahityamlo srungaaravaadam yokka yugam anie kooda pilustaaru. kalakattaaloni "probashi" assamies vidyaarthulu prachurinchina "jonaki" patrika eee utsaaham yokka phalitam. 'bhaksar bicux holey jatir bicux hobo' (bhasha abhivruddhi chendinappudu matrame desham abhivruddhi chendutundi) anedi prarambha assamy medhaavula ninaadam mariyu vaaru aksharakramanni praamaaneekarinchadam, vyaakaranaalu mariyu nighantuvulanu vrayadam mariyu mukhyamgaa mudranalo praamaanika samskarananu upayoginchadam dwara bhasha yokka praamaaneekarana prakriyanu praarambhinchaaru. pantommidava sataabdam chivari natiki eguva mariyu madhya assamlo matlade bhasha eee yuvakula samuuham yokka pratyaksha jokyamgaa assam yokka aamodinchabadina praamaanika bhashaga maarindi "anie adhe vyaasamlo uddipan dattaa raasaaru. pantommidava sataabdam chivaralo vividha "gandaragola" laloe nivasistunna vidyaarthulu assamy bhasha abhivruddhi kosam prayatninchaaru. patrika yokka oka sanchika (value. 5, ledhu. 7) 1888 augustu 25 sanivaaram naadu 67 mirjapur veedhi meslo budhavaram mariyu sanivaaram naadu jarigina pravaasa vidyaarthula samavesam phalitamgaa patrika praarambhamainatlu vivaristundi. aaa vidhamgaa oka kamiteeni erpaatu chesaaru-"oxomia bhaksa unnati yaadhini jhaabha" "assamy bhasha mariyu saahityam abhivruddhi" anedi samstha yokka praathamika lakshyam. aaa prayojanam kosam andubaatulo unna paatha assamy grandhaalanu samrakshinchadaaniki, maatrubhaashalo andubaatulo laeni samskrutam mariyu itara bhashala nundi vividha mukhyamaina pustakaalanu assamy bhaashaloki anuvadinchadaaniki, prajalalo chadavadam alavaatu penchukoovadaaniki, asuddhamaina aksharakramam mariyu vyaakaranaaniki badulugaa swachchamaina vyaakaranam mariyu aksharakramanni pravesapettadaaniki mariyu assam praantaalalo oke praamaanika vraatapuurvaka bhashanu srushtinchadaaniki idhi prayatnistundi.
ayithe, vichitramgaa, tejpurku chendina oka marwadi vyaapaaravaetta chivaraku sabhaku sahayam cheyadaaniki vacchaadu, dheeniki patrikanu mudrinchadaaniki aardhika margalu laevu. tejpurloni "agarwala" kutumbam, assamy saahitya prapanchamlo teliyani paeru kaadu, vaatilo atyanta prasiddha kavi, rachayita, chitranirmaata, sangeetakaarudu, swaatantrya samarayodhudu jyotiprasad agarwala (1903-1951). haribilash agarwala (1842-1916), baptist missionaryla maadirigaane assamy bhaashalo pustakaalanu mudrinchaadu mariyu athani kumarudu chandra kumar agarwala 19va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo pramukha saahitya vyakti ayyadu, mariyu chandra kumar agarwala "jonaki" nuu mudrinchadaaniki, prachurinchadaaniki mariyu savarinchadaaniki sahayapaddadu. chandra kumar swayamgaa kalakatta presidency kalaasaala vidyaarthi mariyu sabha sabhyudu; ayana aaa patrikaku "jonaki" anie paeru kooda pettaru.
sabhalooni prati sabhyudu patrika yokka kaaryaacharana karyakalapalalo paalgonaalani mariyu prati sabhyudu patrika kosam oka vyaasam raayaalani rendu sharatulapai patrikanu prachurinchadaaniki mariyu savarinchadaaniki chandra kumar munduku vacchaaru. eee rendu sharatulalo deeninainaa ullanghiste ruu. 15 jarimana vidhinchabadutundi. patrika modati prachurana thedhee andulo prastaavinchabadaledu. assamy nela "mago" mariyu 1889 prachurana samvatsaram matrame prastaavinchabaddaayi. saadhaaranamgaa 1889 fibravari 9 prachurana modati thedhee anie bhaavistaaru. patrika yokka enni kaapeelu prachurinchabaddaayi mariyu daani chivari prachurana samvatsaram gurinchi manaku viruddhamaina ganaamkaalu labhistaayi. conny 1898 varaku kalakatta nundi "jonaki" mudrinchabadindani saadhaarana ekaabhipraayam undih modati samvatsaramlo 11 sanchikalu, rendava samvatsaramlo 12 sanchikalu, moodava samvatsaramlo 10 sanchikalu, nalgava samvatsaramlo 11 sanchikalu, aidava samvatsaramlo 7 sanchikalu, aarava samvatsaramlo 11 sanchikalu, edava samvatsaramlo 6 sanchikalu, enimidava samvatsaramlo 1 sanchika, mottam 69 sanchikalu prachurinchabaddaayi. "jonaki" 1901loe gauhati nundi mallee prachurinchabadindi, idhi 1903 varaku konasaagindi. assam journalism udyamamlo maargadarsakudu ayina chandra kumar 1918loe dibrugarh nundi "" asamiya "" anae assamy vaarapatrikanu praarambhinchaaru. 1924 nundi, athanu daanini "" asamiya press "" anie piluvabade kharguli (gauhati) loe kottagaa sthaapinchabadina press nundi prachurinchaadu ".
"bijuli" (1891) antey urumu anae padam eee yugamlo maroka mukhyamaina patrika, "jonaki" laaga, idhi kooda assamies saahitya sangham sabhyulu kalakatta nundi teesukuvacchina vidyaarthi patrika.
"venuvu anie ardham vachhe "banhi" anae nelawari patrika prasiddha littaretur ayina lakshminath bezbarova aalochanala kuurpu; athanu eee patrikaku sampadakudu mariyu prachuranakarta, idhi assamloni aneka mandhi prabhaavavantamaina rachayitalu mariyu kavulanu pracharam cheyadamlo prabhaavavantamgaa undhi. eee patrika 1909 nundi 1940 varaku prachurinchabadindi. 
1848loe doctor nathan braun zaan buniyan yokka "yaatrikula purogati" yokka assamy anuvaadaanni "orunodoi" loe "yatrikar jatra" gaa kramabaddheekarinchaaru. idhi assamy paatakulaku "navala" yokka modati ruchi. idhi 1857loe oka pustaka roopamlo vidudalaindi. 1854loe, maroka mataprachaarakudu "fullmoni aaru karuna" anae paerutoe bengali navala assaameeloki anuvadinchaaru. 1877loe, assamy bhaashalo modati asalu "navala", "kaaminikaanta". keey. gurney, baptist mission press nundi prachurinchabadindi. emm. ii. lessie yokka "alokeshi beshiyar bishe" kooda adhe samvatsaramlo prachurinchabadindi. gurney yokka "kooni beherur bishe" marusati samvatsaram vidudalaindi. eee pustakaalannii kraistava matam pracharam kosam vrayabaddayi. avi ekikruta itivruttamto kuudina nirantara kathanaalu kabatti vaatini navalalu anie pilustaaru. veetini navalala namuunaalu anie pilavavacchu mariyu avi assamy saahityamlo navalaku punaadi veyadamlo sahayapaddayi. padmanath gohain baruva yokka "bhanumathi" saadhaaranamgaa assamy bhaashalo modati "nijamaina" navalaga pariganinchabadutundi, 1890 nundi 1891 varaku "bijuli" patrikalo modatisaarigaa kramabaddheekarinchabadindi, 1891loe prachurinchabadina lakshminath bezbarova yokka "padumkuvori" maroka mukhyamaina navala. "miri giori" (1894) anedi assamy bhaashalo rajinikanth bordoloi raasina oka mukhyamaina navala, bordoloi oxomia bhaksa unnati jaadhini bhabhalo sabhyudu. bordoloi assamy saahityamlo walter scatga prasiddhi chendaadu, chaaritraka navalala rachayitagaa, parisoedhakudigaa ekkuva samayam gadipadu. oka nadaka "assam charitra".
modati aangla vaarapatrika "dhi times off assam" nuu dibrugarhloni "radhanath press" nundi mudrinchaaru mariyu modati sanchika 1895 janavari 5naa vidudalaindi. dheenini lakhimpur jilla pradhana shastravaidyudu doctor radhanath changkakoti savarinchaaru. zaan berry white patrikanu erpaatu chesaaru. daa. berry white swayamgaa eee patrikalo vaatadaarugaa unnaaru, iravai aidu sherlanu kaligi unnaaru, ayithe ayana sifaarasu meraku mister. eguva assam tii company superintendent zaan davidson kooda iravai aidu sherlanu konugolu chesaaru. conny companyni ekikrutam cheyadaaniki mundhe berry white inglaandku bayaluderindi mariyu aaa vyakti oka presnu pampinchaadani pukaarlu unnappatikee, daanini railway manager radhanat kuu pampinhee cheyaledu, ayithe radhanat snehitula nundi sekarinchina dabbutho presnu erpaatu chesaadu, duradrushtavasaattu 1883loe press mantalanu taakindi. ayithe radhanat maroka presnu erpaatu cheyadaaniki pani cheyadam praarambhinchaadu. 1893loe ayana raaja nallamandu commission mundu sakshiga kalakatta velli, assanku tirigi vastundagaa, oka vaartaapatrikanu prachurinchadaaniki taginanta dabbunu sekarinchaaru. aaru vandala roopaayalatho ayana assam kaalanni erpaatu chesaaru. 1947loe patrika nilipiveyabadindi, jaateeyavaada assam tribune (4 augustu 1939, baruva press, dibrugarh) pootiini edurkolekapoyindi; patrika kooda british anukuulamainadigaa kalankitamaindi. 1948loe kontakaalam paatu congress sabhyudu jeevan raam phukan dheenini punaruddharinchinappatiki, aaa prayatnam viphalamaindi.
modati assamy vaartaapatrika "dainik batori", idhi 1935 augustu 12naa jorhat pattanaaniki 8 kilometres dhooramlo unna tengal bhawan nundi prachurinchabadindi. tii baaran shivprasad baruva patrikanu praarambhinchaaru. intakumundu kooda ayana "sadinia batori" anae patrikanu nirvahinchevaaru. dainik batori" prarambhamainappudu, bagmibor neelmoni phukan daani sampaadakudigaa niyaminchabaddaaru.
"oka paejee sthaanika dinapatrika" "nagarar katha" "nuu mafazal hussen (baputa) prachurinchinappatikii, indulo" "dainik batori" "kante oka nela mundu jorhat pattanaaniki sambandhinchina vaartalu matrame unnaayi, vimarsakulu dheenini puurti sthaayi dinapatrikagaa pariganinchadaaniki venukaadaru". idhi pattanamlooni sthaanika dinapatrikagaa gurtinchabadindi ".
shivprasad baruva kalakatta nundi oka mudrana yantraanni konugolu chesi, kaagitam sarigga nadapadaniki 55 mandhi udyogulanu niyaminchaaru. idhi enimidi paejeelatoo koodi undhi. kaagitam podavu 45 centimeters mariyu vedalpu 30 centimeters. kaagitam yokka modati sanchikalo arati chettu mariyu puvvula maalatho chihnanni mahendra deka phukan roopondinchaaru. chihnam lopala "aayi!" anae padabandham untundi. turr batori pahare-bhoyame, jaine-juriye bowak, antey 'assam vaartalu pratichota chaerataayi, raashtramloni anni kondalu mariyu dales' anie chekkabadindi.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo assamloni maroe rendu mukhyamaina patraalu "thoorpu herold" mariyu "pourudu".
nighantuvulu.
miles branson, oka american missionary assamy bhasha yokka nighantuvunu sankalanam chesina modati vyakti. 1867loe american baptist mission press sibsagarlo prachurinchabadina athani nighantuvu ippudu mudranalo ledhu. branson rachana nijamgaa vyutpatti nighantuvu kaadu, conny sthaanika prajala pedavula nundi sekarinchina padaala sekarana chaalaa gananeeyamgaa undhi, conny vyutpattulu lekunda. kepten paryaveekshanhaloo 1900loe prachurinchabadina assamy bhasha yokka "hame kosh" anae vyutpatti nighantuvunu sankalanam chesina modati assamy hemm chandra baruva (1836-1897). pii. aarr. gordan, branson nighantuvu prachurana jarigina 33 samvatsaraala taruvaata. indulo sumaru 22,346 padaalu unnaayi. idhi prachurinchabadindi mariyu ippatikee hemkosh printerlu prachuranalo undhi. 1873loe ayana modati "assamy bhasha yokka primer" nuu raasaaru, dheeniki ayana ruu. 500. athanu "assam prajala vivaha vyavasthapai gamanikalu" anae grandham mariyu adhika nallamandu tinadam yokka duraachaaraanni bahirgatam chesina "kania kirtan" anae rendu prahasana natakalu mariyu samakaaleena assam samajampai vyangyamgaa unna "bahire rangchang bhitare covan bhuturi" anae rendu naatakaala rachayita. hemm chandra kontakaalam gouhatilo "assam nyuus" nuu kooda edit chesaaru.
modati aanglo-assamies nighantuvunu 1910loe cotton kalaasaala vidyaarthi, chirring chapori yokka makhan laal chaliha sankalanam chesaaru, dheenini british librarylo jatia shikha samanoy parishat parisoedhakudu kanugonnaru. professor sudmerson maargadarsakatvamlo, cotton kalaasaala principal chaliha rendu samvatsaraala krushi tarvaata 1909loe eee panini puurti chesaaru. ayithe, chaliha daani kosam prachuranakartanu kanugonalekapoyadu. prachurana samstha ayina "agency company" yajamani nandeshwar chakravarthy aayanaku sahayam cheyadaaniki munduku vacchi, thana "sadasiva press" loe nighantuvunu mudrinchaadu.
eee nighantuvunu enn prasamsimchaaru.ell halward, thoorpu bengaul mariyu assam kosam public instructor director, mariyu oka majeed, jilla mariyu session jadji mariyu kalakatta vishwavidyaalayam yokka phelo.
moodava assamies nighantuvu chandrakanta abhidhan, assamies mariyu aanglamlo padaalu mariyu vaati ardhaalatho kuudina samagra dwibhasha nighantuvu, modata "hame kosh" prachurinchina 32 samvatsaraala taruvaata 1933loe asam saahitya sabha sankalanam chesi prachurinchindi. eee nighantuvulo mottam 36,816 padaalu unnaayi. eee nighantuvu yokka moodava sanchikanu kooda 1987loe gauhati vishwavidyaalayam prachurinchindi, dheenini doctor. maheshwar niyog mariyu daa. upendranath goswamy. adhunik asamiya abhidhan" anae maroe assamies nighantuvunu 1977loe assam prakasan parishat prachurinchindi. maheshwara niyog, rajanikanta dheva sharma mariyu nava kaanta baruva.
iteevali parinaamaalu.
assam bhasha pracharam kosam 1917loe "chiro senehi murr bhaksa jononi" anae ninaadam thoo asam saahitya sabha sthaapinchabadindi mariyu assamy bhaashalo vividha pustakaala prachurananu chepattindi. idhi ippatikee assamy bhaashalo mukhyamaina pustakaalanu prachuristundi.
assam prachurana boardu 1958loe assam saasanasabha chattam dwara rashtra bhaashalalo (bodo, missing, kachari mariyu itara bhaashalatho sahaa) alaage aanglamlo pustakaalanu prachurinchadam mariyu savarinchadam anae drushtitoe sthaapinchabadindi. rachayitalaku sahayam andinchadamtho paatu, chaaritraka, vidya mariyu saamskrutika praamukhyata kaligina arudaina vraatapratulanu prachurinchadamlo kooda boardu sahaayapadutundi mariyu asalaina vaatini samrakshinchadamlo, alaage goppa samskruta panditudu anandaram boruva yokka "aangla-samskruta nighantuvu, bharatadesa puraatana bhougolikam, namlinganushashan, bhabhuti mariyu samskruta saahityamlo athani sthaanam" modalaina classiclanu punarmudrinchadamlo kooda sahaayapadutundi. mariyu atuvanti itara rachanalu, vaari modati prachurana tarvaata daadaapu oka sataabdam tarvaata tirigi prachurinchabaddaayi. boardu assamies encyclopediapy kooda panichesindi. boardu prachuranalalo atyanta mukhyamaina vaatilo ahom mariyu shankari vraatapratula punarutpattulu unnaayi. boardu "prakash" anae prabhaavavantamaina patrikanu kooda prachurinchindi. idhi maroka prabhaavavantamaina patrika "banhi" thoo paatu aneka "jonaki" patrika kaapeelanu tirigi vidudala cheyadamlo kooda keelaka paatra pooshinchindi.
assamloni mudrana mariyu prachurana parisrama prastutam anaarogyamtho undhi, chaalaa pustakaalu kalakatta mariyu newdhilleeki mudrana kosam "avtsource" cheyabadutunnayi mariyu chaalaa sthaanika mudrana mariyu prachurana samsthala naanhyatanu prasninchadam jarugutondi, vividha samsthalu prastutam eee paristhitini parishkarinchadaaniki prayatnistunnaayi.