
scooba diving charitra

scooba diving charitra parikaraala charithratho daggari sambandham kaligi undhi. iravayyava sataabdam prarambham natiki, neeti aduguna swaasa upakaranaala kosam rendu praathamika nirmaanaalu maargadarsakamgaa unnaayi; open-circuit uparitalam loyeethagathe yokka oopiri peelche vaayuvunu neerugaa neetiloki pampe parikaraalanu sarafara chesindi, mariyu loyeethagathe yokka carbon dioxidenu peelche swaasa vayuvu nundi filter chese closed-circuit swaasa upakaranam, idhi taruvaata tirigi prasarana cheyabadutundi, mariyu oxygen kantentnu tirigi nimpadaaniki marinta vaayuvunu jodistundi. vishwasaneeyamaina, portable mariyu aardhikamgaa adhika peedana vayuvu nilva naalaalu lenappudu closed circuit parikaraalu marinta sulabhamgaa scoobaaku anugunamgaa undevi. iravayyava sataabdam madhya natiki, adhika peedana cylinderlu andubaatulo unnaayi mariyu scooba kosam rendu vyavasthalu udbhavinchaayih open-circuit scooba, ikkada diver yokka oopiri peelchukunna swaasa neerugaa neetilo pravesistundi, mariyu closed-circuit scooba, ikkada carbon dioxidenu tolagistaaru, idhi diver yokka swaasa nundi oopiri peelchukunna swaasa, dheenilo oxygennu jodinchi, tirigi prasarana cheyabadutundi. oxygen vishapuurita pramaadam kaaranamgaa oxygen rii breedarlu teevramgaa lothu parimitam cheyabaddaayi, idhi lothu perige koddi perugutundi, mariyu mishrama gyaas rii breederla kosam andubaatulo unna vyavasthalu chaalaa sthuulamgaa unnaayi mariyu diving helmetlatho upayoginchadaaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. modati vaanijyaparamgaa aacharanaatmaka scooba rebreathernu 1878loe londonlo seab gorman kosam panichestunnappudu diving injanir henry fless roopondinchi nirminchaaru. athani sweeya swaasa parikaramlo swaasa sanchiki anusandhaaninchabadina rabbaru musugu undhi, raagi tank nundi sarafara cheyabadina anchanaa 50-60% oxygen mariyu carbon dioxide castic potash draavanamloo naanabettina taadu noolu katta gundaa velladam dwara scrub cheyabadindi. 1930laloe mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham antataa, british, italianlu mariyu germanlu modati kappalanu sannaddham cheyadaaniki oxygen rii breedarlanu abhivruddhi chesi vistrutamgaa upayoginchaaru. yuu loe.ess. majer christian zhe. lamberten oka free-eeduru praanavaayuvu rebreathernu kanugonnadu. 1952loe ayana thana upakaranam yokka maarpuku patent pondaadu, esaari dheeniki scooba anie paeru pettaru, idhi "sweeya-niyantrana neeti aduguna swaasa upakaranam" kuu sankshipta namam, idhi diving kosam swayampratipatti swaasa parikaraalaku mariyu taruvaata parikaraalanu upayoginche kaaryakalaapaalaku saadhaarana aangla padamgaa maarindi. rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata, sainika kappalu tirigevalla unikini dhooram chese budagalu tayaaru cheyani kaaranamgaa avi rii breedarlanu upayoginchadam konasaginchayi. eee prarambha rebreature vyavasthalu upayoginche adhika saatam oxygen teevramaina oxygen vishapuuritam valla kalige muurchalu vachhe pramaadam kaaranamgaa vaatini upayoginchagala lothunu parimitam chesindi.
1864loe auguste denairuz mariyu benoit roukwayrol oka working demand regulator vyavasthanu kanugonnappatiki, 1925loe fraanslo yavs leey priyar abhivruddhi chesina modati open-circuit scooba vyavastha takkuva orpu kaligina manyuvalga sardubaatu cheyabadina free-flow vyavastha, idhi vyavastha yokka aacharanaatmaka upayogaanni parimitam chesindi. 1942loe, fraansnu german aakramana samayamlo, jackwess-vives coustue mariyu emile gagnon modati vijayavantamaina mariyu surakshitamaina open-circuit scooba, akwa-lung anie piluvabade janta gottam vyavasthanu roopondinchaaru. vaari vyavastha merugaina demand regulatornu adhika peedana gaali tankulatho kalipindi. idhi 1945loe patent cheyabadindi. aanglam matlade deshaalalo thana regulatornu vikrayinchadaaniki coustue akwa-lung trademarknu namodu chesaadu, idhi modata usku licenses pondindi.ess. diverse company, mariyu 1948loe ingland yokka gorman nuu muttadinchadaaniki.
prarambha scooba setlu saadhaaranamgaa bhujam patteelu mariyu nadumu belt yokka saadhaarana jeenu thoo andinchabadataayi. chaalaa hornesslaku byaak plate ledhu, mariyu cylinderlu neerugaa diver venuka bhaagamlo untaayi. prarambha scooba diverlu teliade sahayam lekunda dive chesaaru. atyavasara paristhithullo vaaru tama baruvulanu tagginchukovalasi vachindi. 1960laloe sardubaatu cheyagala telikapati life jacketlu (eah. bii. ell. zhe) andubaatuloki vachayi, veetini neopren wetsuit kudimpu kaaranamgaa lothu vadda telikapati nashtanni bharti cheyadaaniki mariyu apasmaraka sthithilo unna loyeethagathenu uparitalampai paiki pattukune life jacketga upayoginchavacchu. modati versionlu oka chinna punarviniyogaparachaleni carbon dioxide cylinder nundi, taruvaata oka chinna pratyaksha coupled air silindertho penchabaddaayi. regulator modati dasha nundi dravyolbanam/apaspharita kavaataaniki oka noti dravyolbana kavaataaniki mariyu oka dump kavaataaniki takkuva-peedana feed anedi ablz yokka parimaanaanni telikapati sahayamga niyantrinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. 1971loe sthireekarana jacketnu scubapro pravesapettindi. eee taragati telikapati sahayanni telikapati niyantrana parikaram ledhaa telikapati pariharam anie pilustaaru. byaak plate mariyu rekka anedi scooba horness yokka pratyaamnaaya aakruteekarana, indulo loyeethagathe venuka "rekka" anie piluvabade teliade pariharam muutraasayam amarchabadi, byaak plate mariyu cylinder ledhaa cylinderla madhya sandwitch cheyabadutundi. eee erpaatu guhalo munigevaaru podavaina ledhaa lothaina dives cheyadamlo prachuryam pondindi, vaaru aneka adanapu cylinderlu teesukellavalasi vachindi, endukante idhi sulabhamgaa cherukogala praantamloo itara parikaraalanu jodinchadaaniki diver mundu mariyu vaipula tolagistundi. side mount anedi scooba diving parikaraala aakruteekarana, idhi praathamika scooba setlanu kaligi untundi, prati okkati pratyaekamaina regulator mariyu pressure gejtho kuudina oke cylindernu kaligi untundi, idhi diver pakkana amarchabadi, bhujaala krinda mariyu pandla venta, badulugaa venuka bhaagamlo untundi. idhi adhunaatana guha diving kosam oka aakruteekaranagaa udbhavinchindi, endukante idhi guha yokka gatti vibhagala chochukupovadaniki veelu kalpistundi, endukante setlanu sulabhamgaa tolaginchavacchu mariyu avasaramainappudu tirigi mount cheyavachu. saadhaarana ottidi tagginche diving kosam saanketika diving samaajamlo side mount diving prajaadarana pondindi mariyu vinoda divingku oka prasiddha pratyaekamainadigaa maarindi.
1950laloe united states naevii (yuu. ess. enn) ippudu nitrax anie piluvabade sainika upayogam kosam vidhaanaalanu namodu chesindi, mariyu 1970loe, morgaon baavulu, (noaa), oxygen-susampannamaina gaali kosam diving vidhaanaalanu erpaatu cheyadam praarambhinchaayi. 1979loe nova diving maanyuvallo nitrax shaastreeya upayogam kosam vidhaanaalanu prachurinchindi. 1985loe ii und (nitrax diverla antarjaateeya sangham) vinoda diving kosam nitrax vadakanni bodhinchadam praarambhinchindi. konni agencyla prarambha pratighatana taruvaata, oke nitrax misramaanni upayoginchadam vinoda divinglo bhaagamgaa maarindi, mariyu mottam ottidi tagginche samayanni tagginchadaaniki saanketika divinglo bahula gyaas misramaalu saadhaaranam. nitrax mishramaalanu swasinchetappudu praanavaayuvu vishapuuritam lothunu parimitam chestundi. 1924loe yuu.ess. naavikaadalam healiumnu upayoginche avakaasaanni parisoedhinchadam praarambhinchindi mariyu jantuvula prayogaala taruvaata, healium 20/80 (20 saatam oxygen, 80 saatam healium) nuu peelche maanava vishayalanu lothaina dives nundi vijayavantamgaa decompress chesaaru, guha diverlu lothaina divesnu anumatinchadaaniki trimixnu upayoginchadam praarambhinchaaru mariyu idhi 1987 vakullah springs prajectlo vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadindi mariyu eshaanya america sidhilaala diving samaajaaniki vyaapinchindi. lothaina dives mariyu ekkuva kaalam chochukupovadam vanti savaallu mariyu eee dive profiles kosam avasaramaina pedda mottamlo swaasa vayuvu mariyu 1980la chivaralo praarambhamaina oxygen sensing kanaala siddhamgaa labhyata rii breather divinglo aasaktini punaruddharinchadaaniki daariteesindi. praanavaayuvu yokka pakshika peedanamnu khachitamgaa kolavadam dwara, looplo swaasa teesukodagina vayuvu misramaanni yea lothulo ayina nirvahinchadam mariyu khachitamgaa paryaveekshinchadam saadhyamaindi. 1990la madhyalo semee-closed circuit rebreatherlu vinoda scooba market kosam andubaatulo vachayi, taruvaata sahasraabdi praarambhamlo closed circuit rebreatherlu andubaatulo unnaayi. prastutam (2018) sainika, saanketika mariyu vinoda scooba marketla kosam rii breedarlu tayaaru cheyabadutunnayi.
prarambha charitra.
oka scooba sett anedi upayoginchetappudu uparitalam nundi puurti swaatantryam kaligi untundi, idhi diver dwara teesukuvellabade swaasa vaayuvunu andistundi. eee svayampratipattini cherukovadaniki 18va sataabdamloo aangleyudu zaan leth bridge prarambha prayatnaalu chesaaru, athanu 1715loe thana sonta neeti aduguna diving yantraanni kanugoni vijayavantamgaa nirminchaadu, conny gaali sarafara diving upakaranamlo nirvahinchinappatikii, idhi neeti kinda moharinchadaaniki mariyu chuttoo tiragadaaniki uparitala tenderlapy aadhaarapadindi, mariyu samarthavantamgaa vaataavarana peedana diving ganta.
sampeedana gaali jalaasayaanni upayoginchi prarambha diving dustulanu 1771loe paarisku chendina "siyur" freminet roopondinchi nirminchaaru. athanu oka jalasayamtho kuudina svayampratipattigala swaasa yantraanni roopondinchaadu, idhi loyeethagathe venukaku laagabadutundi ledhaa athani venuka bhaagamlo amarchabadutundi. freminet thana aavishkarananu "meshin hydrostatorgatic" anie pilichi, 1784 painting yokka vivaranaatmaka vachanamlo paerkonnatlugaa, leey hawrey mariyu breast naukaasrayaalalo padeellaku paiga daanini vijayavantamgaa upayoginchaadu.
french paul lemyer dii 'ougarville 1824loe british vilium hetch vale swayampratipatti kaligina diving parikaraalanu nirminchi, upayoginchaaru. 1825loe james sirastraanam oka plate kitikeetho "sannani raagi ledhaa tholu thoti" thoo tayaaru cheyabadindi, mariyu gaalini inupa jalaasayam nundi sarafara cheyabadindi. idhe vidhamaina vyavasthanu 1831loe american charless condert upayoginchaaru, 1832loe thoorpu nadiloe thana aavishkarananu lothaina pradaesamloe pareekshistunnappudu ayana maraninchaaru. atyanta puraatanamaina praanavaayuvu rebreather kuu 1808 juun 17naa nepolian saamraajya naavikaadalamloo mechanic ayina breast nundi "sear" tuboulic patent pondaadu, conny yea namuunaa tayaaru cheyabadindane aadharalu laevu. eee prarambha rii breather design oka oxygen rijarvaayartho panichesindi, eee oxygennu diver swayamgaa kramamga pampinhee chesi, limvatorlo naanabettina sponge dwara closed circuitlo circulate chestundi.
ingland velli vilium james aavishkarananu kanugonna taruvaata, argentine (normandy) nundi french vaidyudu manuel theodor gillumet 1838loe patent pondaadu, idhi atyanta puraatanamaina regulator mechanism. gillamet yokka aavishkarana uparitalam nundi gaali sarafara cheyabadindi mariyu bhadrata samasyala kaaranamgaa eppuduu pedda ettuna utpatti kaaledu. atyanta puraatana aacharanaatmaka rii breather french vyakti pier lakshyamaina dii seyint saiman sicard nundi 1849 petentku sambandhinchinadi.
modati vijayavantamaina scooba parikaraalu.
eee prarambha aavishkaranalu ekkuvagaa gaali yokka sthiramaina pravaaha sarafaraapai aadharapadi undevi, mariyu loyeethagatheku sampeedana gaalini sarafara cheyadaaniki avasaramaina adhika ottillanu utpatti cheyagalavu. upayogakaramaina dive samayaalanu anumatinchadaaniki taginanta adhika peedanaalatoo containerlalo sampeedana gaalini nilva cheyadaaniki veelugaa kudimpu mariyu nilva saanketikata taginantagaa abhivruddhi chendaledu.
iravayyava sataabdam prarambham natiki, scooba kosam rendu praathamika templatelu udbhavinchaayi; open-circuit scooba, ikkada diver yokka oopiri peelche vayuvu neerugaa neetilo pravesistundi, mariyu closed-circuit scooba, ikkada diver yokka carbon dioxide upayoginchani oxygen nundi filter cheyabadutundi, taruvaata adhi tirigi circulate cheyabadutundi.
open circuit.
vinoda diverlalo vistrutamgaa prachuryam pondina modati vyavasthalu open circuit demand scooba. avi prarambha rebreature vyavasthala kante surakshitamainavi, panicheyadaaniki takkuva khareedainavi, mariyu ekkuva lotula varaku dives cheyadaaniki anumatinchaayi.
open circuit scooba saanketika parignaanam abhivruddhiki oka mukhyamaina dasha demand regulator aavishkarana, idhi diver peelchukunnappudu avtlet peedanam tagginappudu matrame pravahanni andinchadam dwara swaasa vayuvu sarafaraanu parirakshinche yantraangam. 1864loe, french injaneerlu auguste denairuz mariyu benoit rouvayrol pressure regulatornu sweekarinchi, neeti aduguna upayogam kosam abhivruddhi chesina taruvaata vaari "roukwayrol-denairuz diving suut" nuu roopondinchi, patent pondaaru. diver yokka swaasa mariyu ottidi avasaralanu teerchadaaniki tank nundi gaali pravahanni sardubaatu cheyadam dwara demand meeda diverku gaalini svayamchaalakamgaa sarafara cheyagala modati diving suut idhi. andinchina ottidi cylinder takkuva saamarthyam kaligina sanchayakam matrame kabatti, upayogakaramaina orpunu andinchadaaniki vyavastha ippatikee uparitala sarafaraanu upayoginchaalsi vachindi.
modati open-circuit scooba vyavasthanu 1925loe fraanslooni yavs leey priyar roopondinchaaru. mauries fernez yokka saadhaarana parisara peedana sarafara valve upakaranam mariyu adhi loyeethagatheku anumatinche swechcha nundi prerana pondina athanu, gaalini sampeedanamtho kuudina moodu liitarla maikhelin cylinderlu upayoginchi uparitala sarafara nundi swatantramgaa chesaadu. fernez-lae prior" diving upakaranam 1926loe paarislooni turrelles swimming pool vadda pradarsinchabadindi. eee unitlo diver venuka bhaagamlo teesukuvelle sampeedana gaali cylinder undhi, idhi lae prior roopondinchina ottidi niyantrikaku anusandhaaninchabadi undhi, dheenini diver chetha chethitho sardubaatu cheyabadindi, rendu kolatalu, tank peedanam kosam okati mariyu avtput (sarafara) peedanam kosam okati. mouth pease dwara gaali nirantaram sarafara cheyabadindi mariyu fernez designlo vale tirigi raani exast valve amarchina chinna tube dwara ayipoyindi. gaali yokka nirantara pravaham mariyu paryavasanamga upakaranam yokka takkuva orpu kushtarogula parikaram yokka aacharanaatmaka viniyogaanni parimitam chesindi.
fernez gatamlo oka nosclipnu kanugonnadu, idhi oopiri peelchukovadam mariyu diving gaguls kosam vann-vae valvto amarchabadina mouth pease, mariyu lii prior aaa muulakaalaku manaveeyamgaa niyantrita regulator mariyu sampeedana gaali cylindernu jodinchaaru. fernez yokka gaguls mukkunu kappaledu, idhi mukku dwara gagulslaloki gaalini pravahinchelaa cheyadam dwara antargata ottidini samam cheyadaaniki anumatistundi, kabatti avi "mask squiz" kaaranamgaa padhi meterla kante lothugaa dive cheyadaaniki anumatinchaledu. 1933loe, lae prior gaguls, nosclip mariyu vaalvnu puurti faces mask dwara bharti chesindi, neerugaa cylinder nundi sthiramaina pravaaha gaalitho sarafara cheyabadindi. leey priyar yokka roopakalpana charitralo mottamodati scooba diving clubbulu upayoginchina modati swayampratipatti swaasa parikaram-1933loe californialo glen oor sthaapinchina "rocklers dii phaand", mariyu 1935loe paarislo lae priyar swayamgaa sthaapinchina "club dess souse-ell 'yuu".
1942loe, fraansnu german aakramana samayamlo, jackwess-vives coustue mariyu emil gagnon akwa-lung anie piluvabade modati nammadagina mariyu vaanijyaparamgaa vijayavantamaina open-circuit scooba roopakalpana chesaaru. vaari vyavastha merugaina demand regulatornu adhika peedana gaali tankulatho kalipindi. air liquid companylo panichese injanir emile gagnon, german abhyardhana phalitamgaa nirantaram indhana korataku pratispandanagaa gyaas generatorlatho upayogam kosam tayaaru chesina regulatornu chinnadigaa chesi, sweekarinchaadu. gagnon yajamani, henry melchier, thana alludu jackwess-vives coustue, lii priyar kanugonna neeti aduguna swaasa upakaranam yokka upayogakaramaina orpunu penchadaaniki automatic demand regulator kosam chuustunnaarani telusu, kabatti athanu december 1942loe coustuni gagnanku parichayam chesaadu. coustue choravatho, gagnon yokka regulator divingku anugunamgaa maarindi, mariyu konni vaaraala taruvaata 1943loe kotta coustue-gagnon patent namodu cheyabadindi.
closed circuit.
daadaapu adhe kaalaparimitilo abhivruddhi cheyabadina pratyaamnaaya bhavana closed-circuit scooba. sareeram saadhaaranamgaa peelche oxygennu koddi bhaganni matrame viniyogistundi mariyu jeevakriya chestundi-swaasa vayuvu neeti aduguna parisara ottidi swaasa vyavasthalalo unnanduna kudinchabadinappudu paristhiti marinta praanavaayuvunu vrudhaa chestundi. rii breather oopiri peelche swaasa vaayuvunu recycle chestundi, adhe samayamlo oxygen sthaayi taggakunda undataaniki nirantaram oxygen-adhikamgaa unde sarafara nundi bharti chestundi. eee upakaranam oopiri peelchukunna carbon dioxidenu kooda tolaginchaalsi untundi, endukante carbon dye oxide sthaayilu peragadam valla swaasakosha baadha mariyu hyper capnia erpadutundi.
modati vaanijyaparamgaa aacharanaatmaka scooba rebreathernu 1878loe londonlo seab gorman kosam panichestunnappudu diving injanir henry fless roopondinchi nirminchaaru. athani sweeya swaasa parikaramlo swaasa sanchiki anusandhaaninchabadina rabbaru musugu undhi, raagi tank nundi sarafara cheyabadina anchanaa 50-60% oxygen mariyu carbon dioxide castic potash draavanamloo naanabettina taadu noolu katta gundaa velladam dwara scrub cheyabadindi, eee vyavastha sumaru moodu gantala varaku dive vyavadhini istundi. flues 1879loe oka neeti tanklo munigi oka ganta gadapadam dwara thana parikaranni pareekshinchaadu, taruvaata oka vaaram taruvaata bahiranga neetilo lothu varaku dive cheyadam dwara, aaa sandarbhamlo athani sahayakulu akasmaattugaa atanni uparitalampaiki laagadamtho athanu koddigaa gayapaddadu. eee upakaranaanni mottamodata 1880loe severn soranga nirmaana prajectulo pradhana loyeethagathe alegzander lambert, kaaryaacharana paristhitulalo upayoginchaaru, athanu cheekatilo prayaaninchi sorangamlo aneka munigipoyina sluis talupulanu muusivaeyagaligaadu; idhi chaalaa dhooram kaaranamgaa praamaanika diverla uttama prayatnaalanu odinchindi, dheeni venta vaari gaali sarafara gottalu munigipoyina sidhilaalapai kalushitam ayyayi mariyu panulalo balamaina neeti pravahalu.
adhika peedanam vadda ekkuva mottamlo oxygennu pattukogala demand regulator mariyu tankulanu jodinchi, fless thana upakaranaanni nirantaram meruguparichadu. seab gorman adhipati surr robbert davis 1910loe thana aavishkaranatoe, parimaanamlo tayaaru cheyabadina modati rii breather ayina, deevis jalaantargaami escape upakaranamtho, oxygen rii breedarnu meruguparicharu. pradhanamgaa jalaantargaami sibbandiki atyavasara tappinchukune upakaranamgaa uddesinchinappatiki, idhi tvaralo diving kosam kooda upayoginchabadindi, muppai nimishala orpu kaligina sulabhamaina nissara neeti diving upakaranamgaa mariyu paarisraamika swaasa setga upayoginchabadindi.
rigg loe oka rabbaru swaasa/teliade sanchi untundi, indulo bayata nundi vidudalayye carbon dioxidenu grahinchadaaniki barium hydroxide dabbanu kaligi untundi, mariyu sanchi diguva chivara unna jebulo, sumaruga oxygennu kaligi unna ukku ottidi cylinder, daani peedanam vadda niyantrana valve amarchabadi, swaasa sanchiki anusandhaaninchabadi untundi. cylinder vaalvnu teravadam valla parisara peedanam vadda sanchiki praanavaayuvu pravesapettindi. dharinchina vyaktini theeluthuu unchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki rigg daani mundu bhaagamlo atyavasara teliade sanchini kooda kaligi undhi. 1927loe davis marinta abhivruddhi chesina taruvaata eee samudraanni raaja naavikaadalam sweekarinchindi.
1911loe lubec yokka dragger praamaanika diving parikaraala kosam sweeya-niyantrana rebreather vyavasthanu pareekshinchaaru, idhi swaasa loop mariyu scrubber dwara swaasa vaayuvunu prasarimpajeyadaaniki injector vyavasthanu upayoginchindi. aaa taruvaata ventane dheenini sevaloki teesukuvacchaaru mariyu rendu versionlalo andubaatulo undhi, 20 meterla kante lothu laeni oxygen rii breather dm20 mariyu 40 meterla varaku lothu gala nitrax rii breather dm40.
1930laloe mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham antataa, british, italianlu mariyu germanlu modati kappalanu sannaddham cheyadaaniki oxygen rii breedarlanu abhivruddhi chesi vistrutamgaa upayoginchaaru. british vaaru munigipoyina tappinchukune parikaranni sweekarinchaaru mariyu germanlu yuddha samayamlo tama kappala kosam dragger jalaantargaami tappinchukune rebreaderlanu sweekarinchaaru. decima flotiglia maas yokka poraata eethagaalla kosam, mukhyamgaa pirelli aaro kosam italianlu ilanti rii breedarlanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. yuu loe.ess. majer christian zhe. lamberten 1939loe neeti aduguna free-eeduru oxygen rebreathernu kanugonnadu, dheenini vyuuhaatmaka sevala karyalayam aamodinchindi. 1952loe ayana thana upakaranam yokka maarpuku patent pondaadu, esaari dheeniki scooba anie paeru pettaru, ("sweeya-niyantrana neeti aduguna swaasa upakaranam" kuu sankshipta roopam), idhi taruvaata diving kosam swayampratipatti swaasa parikaraalaku mariyu taruvaata parikaraalanu upayoginche kaaryakalaapaalaku saadhaarana aangla padamgaa maarindi. rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata, sainika kappalu tirigevalla unikini dhooram chese budagalu tayaaru cheyani kaaranamgaa avi rii breedarlanu upayoginchadam konasaginchayi. eee prarambha rebreature vyavasthalu upayoginche adhika saatam oxygen teevramaina oxygen vishapuuritam valla kalige muurchalu vachhe pramaadam kaaranamgaa vaatini upayoginchagala lothunu parimitam chesindi.
post WWII.
air liquid 1946loe coustio-gagnon regulatornu "scaffandrey coustio-gagnon" ledhaa siji45 (coustioku "sii", gagnanku "zii" mariyu 1945 petentku 45) paerutoe vaanijyaparamgaa vikrayinchadam praarambhinchindi. adhe samvatsaram air liquid regulatorlu mariyu itara diving parikaraalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki mariyu vikrayinchadaaniki "laa spirotechnic" anae vibhaganni srushtinchindi. aanglam matlade deshaalalo thana regulatornu vikrayinchadaaniki coustue akwa-lung trademarknu namodu chesaadu, idhi modata yooki licenses pondindi.ess. diverse company.(air liquid yokka american vibhagam) mariyu taruvaata laa spirotechnic mariyu yuu thoo vikrayinchabadindi.ess. diverlu chivaraku company paeru, akwa-lung/laa spirotechnic, prastutam caroslo, nais sameepamlo undhi.
1948loe coustio-gagnon petentnu ingland yokka seab gormanku kooda licenses ivvabadindi, seab gorman commonwealth deshaalalo vikrayinchadaaniki anumatinchabadindi, conny demand mariyu yuu. ess. nuu teerchadamlo ibbandi erpadindi.ess. patent itarulu utpattini tayaaru cheyakunda nirodhinchindi. eee petentnu australialoni melbornku chendina ted eldred tappinchukunnadu, athanu porpoise anae rebreathernu abhivruddhi chestunnadu. eee rii breather yokka pradarsana phalitamgaa oka diver bayataku vellinappudu, athanu single-hose open-circuit scooba vyavasthanu abhivruddhi chesaadu, idhi pressure regulator yokka modati dasha mariyu demand vaalvnu takkuva-pressure gottam dwara vaeru chestundi, demand vaalvnu unchutundi diver noti vadda, mariyu demand valve casing dwara vidudala cheyabadina vaayuvunu vidudala chestundi. eldred 1952 praarambhamlo modati porpoise modal sii. yea. single gottam scooba nuu vikrayinchindi.
prarambha scooba setlu saadhaaranamgaa bhujam patteelu mariyu nadumu belt yokka saadhaarana jeenu thoo andinchabadataayi. nadumu belt buckles saadhaaranamgaa twaragaa vidudala cheyabadataayi, mariyu bhujam patteelu konnisaarlu sardubaatu cheyadagina ledhaa twaragaa vidudala cheyagala buckles kaligi untaayi. chaalaa hornesslaku byaak plate ledhu, mariyu cylinderlu neerugaa diver venuka bhaagamlo untaayi.
prarambha scooba diverlu teliade sahayam lekunda dive chesaaru. atyavasara paristhithullo vaaru tama baruvulanu tagginchukovalasi vachindi. 1960laloe sardubaatu cheyagala telikapati life jacketlu (eah. bii. ell. zhe) andubaatuloki vachayi, veetini neopren wetsuit yokka kudimpu kaaranamgaa lothu vadda telikapati nashtanni bharti cheyadaaniki mariyu apasmaraka sthithilo unna loyeethagathenu uparitalampai paiki pattukune life jacketga upayoginchavacchu, mariyu daanini twaragaa penchavacchu. modati versionlu oka chinna punarviniyogaparachaleni carbon dioxide cylinder nundi, taruvaata oka chinna pratyaksha coupled air silindertho penchabaddaayi. regulator modati dasha nundi dravyolbanam/apaspharita valve unit varaku takkuva peedana feed anedi ablz yokka parimaanaanni telikapati sahayamga niyantrinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. 1971loe sthireekarana jacketnu scubapro pravesapettindi. eee taragati telikapati sahayanni telikapati niyantrana parikaram ledhaa telikapati pariharam anie pilustaaru.
byaak plate mariyu rekka anedi scooba horness yokka pratyaamnaaya aakruteekarana, indulo loyeethagathe venuka "rekka" anie piluvabade teliade pariharam muutraasayam amarchabadi, byaak plate mariyu cylinder ledhaa cylinderla madhya sandwitch cheyabadutundi. stabilizer jacketla maadirigaa kakunda, backplate mariyu rekkalu oka modular vyavastha, indulo vaeru cheyagala bhagalu untaayi. eee erpaatu guhalo munigevaaru podavaina ledhaa lothaina dives cheyadamlo prachuryam pondindi, vaaru aneka adanapu cylinderlu teesukellavalasi vachindi, endukante idhi sulabhamgaa cherukogala praantamloo itara parikaraalanu jodinchadaaniki diver mundu mariyu vaipula tolagistundi. eee adanapu parikaraalu saadhaaranamgaa jeenu nundi velaadadeeyabadataayi ledhaa exposure suut meeda paaketlalo teesukuvelataaru.
1911loe germanyki chendina dragger oka praamaanika diving suut kosam injector dwara panichese rii breather backpacknu pareekshinchaaru. eee bhavananu dm20 oxygen rebreather vyavastha mariyu dm40 nitrax rebreather vyavasthagaa utpatti chesi vikrayinchaaru, dheenilo oka cylinder nundi gaalini mariyu rendava cylinder nundi oxygennu injection samayamlo oka nazil dwara kalapadam jarigindi, idhi swaasa vaayuvunu scrubber mariyu migilina loop dwara prasaram chesindi. 40 meterla varaku lothu kosam dm40 rate cheyabadindi. 1950laloe united states naevii (yuu. ess. enn) yuu. ess. enn diving maanyuvallo, eee roeju manam nitrax anie piliche sainika upayogam kosam susampannamaina oxygen gyaas vidhaanaalanu namodu chesindi, mariyu 1970loe, national oshianographic und atmospheric administration (noaa) diving center yokka modati director ayina morgaon wells, oxygen-susampannamaina gaali kosam diving vidhaanaalanu erpaatu cheyadam praarambhinchindi. 1979loe nova diving maanyuvallo nitrax shaastreeya upayogam kosam wells vidhaanaalanu nova prachurinchindi. 1985loe maajee nova diving bhadrata adhikari dick rutkovsky imd (nitrax diverla antarjaateeya sangham) nuu erpaatu chesi, vinoda diving kosam nitrax vadakanni neerpinchadam praarambhinchaadu. idhi kondaru pramaadakaramainadigaa bhaavinchaaru, mariyu diving community bhaarii sandehaanni edurkondi. ayinappatikee, 1992loe nitraxnu manjuru chesina mottamodati pradhana vinoda diver sikshanaa samsthagaa naui nilichindi, chivariki, 1996loe, diving bodhakula vruttiparamaina sangham (paadi) nitroxku puurti vidya maddatunu prakatinchindi. oke nitrax misramaanni upayoginchadam vinoda divinglo bhaagamgaa maarindi, mottam ottidi tagginche samayanni tagginchadaaniki saanketika divinglo bahula gyaas misramaalu sarvasaadhaaranam.
saanketika diving anedi saadhaaranamgaa aamodinchabadina vinoda parimitulanu minchina vinoda scooba diving, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa vinoda divingtho mudipadi unna pramaadaalaku minchi, teevramaina gaayam ledhaa maranam yokka ekkuva pramaadaalaku loyeethagathe bahirgatam cheyavachu. tagina naipunyaalu, ghnaanam mariyu anubhavam mariyu tagina parikaraalu mariyu vidhaanaalanu upayoginchadam dwara eee pramaadaalanu tagginchavachhu. technical diving" anae padam maikhel menduno kuu ghanata pondindi, athanu (ippudu panicheyani) diving patrika "ockwacorps journal" sampadakudu. eee bhavana mariyu padam rendoo saapekshamgaa iteevali salahalu, ayithe diverlu ippatike dasabdaluga ippudu saadhaaranamgaa technical diving anie piluvabade daanilo nimagnamai unnaaru. thana 1989 pustakam, "advanced reck diving" loe, rachayita mariyu pramukha saanketika diver, gyaarii gentile, vruttireetyaa kaani prayojanaala kosam agency-perkonna vinoda parimitulanu daati dive chesina diverlaku aamodayogyamaina padam ledani vyakhyaaninchaaru. savarinchina sanchikalalo technical diving anae padaanni upayogistaaru, mariyu gentile 1999loe "dhi technical diving handbook" anae paerutoe maroe pustakaanni prachurinchaaru.
saanketika diving sarigga denini kaligi untundane daanipai kontha vruttiparamaina asammati undhi. nitrax diving mariyu rebreather diving modata saanketikamgaa pariganinchabaddaayi, conny aneka dhruvikarana samsthalu ippudu vinoda nitrax mariyu vinoda rebreather sikshana mariyu dhruvikarananu andistunnanduna idhi ikapai vishwavyaaptamgaa ledhu. saanketika diving yokka vistruta nirvachanaalapai ekibhavinche vaaru kooda saanketika mariyu vinoda diving madhya khachitamaina sarihaddulapai vibhedinchavacchu. sahetukamgaa vistrutamgaa perkonna oka nirvachanam emitante, pranaalikaabaddhamaina profile edho oka samayamlo uparitala gaaliki pratyaksha mariyu nirantaraayamgaa niluvu aarohana cheyadam bhouthikamgaa saadhyam kaani ledhaa saareerakamgaa aamodayogyam kaani edainaa dive anedi saanketika dive. parikaraalalo tarachugaa gaali ledhaa praamaanika nitrax misramaalu, bahula vayuvu vanarulu mariyu vividha parikaraala aakruteekaranalu kakunda swaasa vaayuvulu untaayi. kalakramena, saanketika diving kosam abhivruddhi cheyabadina konni parikaraalu mariyu paddhatulu vinoda diving kosam marinta vistrutamgaa aamodinchabaddaayi.
nitrax mishramaalanu swasinchetappudu neeti aduguna diverlu cherukogala lothunu oxygen vishapuuritam parimitam chestundi. 1924loe yuu. ess. naavikaadalam healiumnu upayoginche avakaasaanni parisoedhinchadam praarambhinchindi mariyu janthu prayogaala taruvaata, healium 20/80 (20 saatam oxygen, 80 saatam healium) nuu peelche maanava vishayalanu lothaina dives nundi vijayavantamgaa decompress chesaaru, taruvaata 1937loe salvage diver maaks nohls dive 127 meterlaku cherukundi. mariyu 1939loe yuu. ess. naevii yuu. ess. squalasnu rakshinchindi. 1963loe project genesis samayamlo trimics upayoginchi santrupta dives cheyabaddaayi, mariyu 1979loe duke vishwavidyaalaya vaidya kendram hyperbaric prayogasaalaloni oka parisoedhanaa brundam adhika peedana naadii syndrome lakshanaalanu nivaarinchadaaniki trimics vadakanni gurtinche panini praarambhinchindi. guhalo diverlu lothaina divesnu anumatinchadaaniki trimixnu upayoginchadam praarambhinchaaru mariyu idhi 1987 vakulla springs prajectlo vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadindi mariyu eshaanya america sidhilaala diving communityki vyaapinchindi, mariyu 1994 natiki zaan chatterton mariyu gyaarii gentile, trimixnu upayoginchi 100 meterla lothu varaku "rms lucitania" dandayaatralo dive chesaaru.
lothaina dives mariyu ekkuva kaalam chochukupovadam yokka savaallu mariyu eee dive prophyllaku avasaramaina pedda mottamlo swaasa vayuvu rii breederla patla aasaktini punaruddharinchayi. 1980la chivaralo praarambhamaina oxygen sensing kanaala siddhamgaa labhyata rebreature divinglo aasaktini punaruddharinchadaaniki daariteesindi. praanavaayuvu yokka pakshika peedanamnu khachitamgaa kolavadam dwara, looplo swaasa teesukodagina vayuvu misramaanni yea lothulo ayina nirvahinchadam mariyu khachitamgaa paryaveekshinchadam saadhyamaindi. 1990la madhyalo semee-closed circuit rebreatherlu vinoda scooba market kosam andubaatulo vachayi, taruvaata sahasraabdi praarambhamlo closed circuit rebreatherlu andubaatulo unnaayi. prastutam (2018) sainika, saanketika mariyu vinoda scooba marketla kosam rii breedarlu tayaaru cheyabadutunnayi.
side mount anedi scooba diving parikaraala aakruteekarana, idhi praathamika scooba setlanu kaligi untundi, prati okkati pratyaekamaina regulator mariyu pressure gejtho kuudina oke cylindernu kaligi untundi, idhi diver pakkana amarchabadi, bhujaala krinda mariyu pandla venta, badulugaa venuka bhaagamlo untundi. idhi adhunaatana guha diving kosam oka aakruteekaranagaa udbhavinchindi, endukante idhi guha yokka gatti vibhagala chochukupovadaniki veelu kalpistundi, endukante setlanu sulabhamgaa tolaginchavacchu mariyu avasaramainappudu tirigi mount cheyavachu. eee aakruteekarana cylinder kavaataalanu sulabhamgaa access cheyadaaniki anumatistundi mariyu sulabhamaina mariyu nammadagina gyaas redendenseeni andistundi. parimita pradaesaalaloo panicheyadaaniki eee prayojanaalanu reck diving chochukupoye diverlu kooda gurtinchaaru. side mount diving ippudu saadhaarana ottidi taggimpu diving kosam saanketika diving communitylo prajaadarana pondutondi, mariyu vinoda divingku oka prasiddha pratyaekamainadigaa maarindi, aneka diver certification agencylu vinoda mariyu saanketika sthaayi side mount sikshanaa kaaryakramaalanu andistunnaayi.
dive computerlu.
uparitala sarafara air diving kosam abhivruddhi cheyabadina printed decompression tables aadhaaramgaa scooba decompression planning. idhi bahula-sthaayi divesku asamarthamainadi, mariyu table upayoginchi bahula-sthaayi diving aachaaraaniki adhikaarika prayogaatmaka pareeksha maddatu ivvaledu, conny saiddhaantika namuunaalaku anugunamgaa aacharanalo sahetukamgaa baga panichesinatlu anipinchindi.
navika parisoedhana karyalayam oka namuunaa ottidi taggimpu analog computer yokka saiddhaantika roopakalpana kosam scrips institute off oshanographeetho oka prajectuku nidhulu samakuurchindi. faxboro decomputer, maark ii nuu faxboro company tayaaru chesindi mariyu 1957loe us naevii prayogaatmaka diving unit anchanaa vesindi. idhi vijayavantam kaaledu.
mottamodati vinodaatmaka yaantrika analog dive computer, "decompression meater" nuu 1959loe italianlu dii sanctis & alinari roopondinchaaru mariyu sos anae vaari karmagaramlo nirminchaaru, idhi lothu kolatalanu kooda tayaaru chesindi. eee parikaram entha paelavamgaa panichesindante chivariki dheeniki "bendomatic" anae maaruperu pettaru. 1965loe, stubs mariyu kid tama ottidi taggimpu namuunaanu neumatic analog ottidi taggimpu computerku vartimpajesaaru. aneka analog ottidi taggimpu meterlu taruvaata tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, konni vividha shareera kanajaalaalapai prabhavanni vivarinchadaaniki aneka muutraasayaalatoe tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, conny electronic computerlu vachinappudu avi pakkana pettabaddayi.
1983loe, swiss startup ayina divetronic ag roopondinchina hohns husson-"decobrain", parisrama praathamika pramaanamgaa maarina samacharanni pradarsinchagala saamarthyam kaligina modati digital electronic diving computerga maarindi. 1984loe yuu. ess. naevii diving computer abhivruddhi chesina buhlman yokka 16 compartment (jhchl-12) tissue modal aadhaaramgaa decobrain roopondinchabadindi, idhi enke-15 rebreather kosam yuu. ess. naevii tables kosam upayoginchina 9 tissue mixed gyaas modal aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi, deco medadunu aarr & dii oppandam prakaram sweekarinchadam dwara "divetronic ag" dwara puurti cheyabadindi.
1984 orkaa anchu utpatti cheyabadindi. anchu paikappunu ledhaa "surakshitamaina-aarohana-lothu" anie pilavabade vaatini pradarsistundi. oka lopam emitante, paikappunu edurkontunna diverlaku vaaru enthakaalam decompress cheyaalo teliyadu, conny 12 tissue baarla santrupta sthaayini kaligi unna display anubhavagnulaina viniyogadaarulaku vaari decompression baadhyatanu sahetukamgaa anchanaa vaeyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. orkaa parisramalu 1987loe sannani-dipper vidudalatoe tama saanketika parignaanaanni meruguparachadam konasaginchayi, punaraavruta diving kosam lekkalu cheyadaaniki. taruvaata vaaru 1989loe delphi computernu vidudala chesaaru, indulo ettulo diving kosam lekkalu alaage profile recording unnaayi.
1980la chivari natiki kooda, dive computerlu vistrutamgaa aamodinchabadaledu. mea jeevitam neeti aduguna aadharapadi undavacchani electronics meeda aadhaarapadatampai saadhaarana apanamakam undhi, mariyu dive resortla nundi abhyantaraalu perigina diguva samayam vaari schedulanu debbateestundani bhaavinchaayi, kontamandi diverlu perigina diguva samayam aneka sandarbhaallo baadhistundani bhaavinchaaru. american academy off underwater sciences aadhvaryamlo nirvahinchina oka workshop dive computer designerlu mariyu tayaareedaarulu, kontamandi prasiddha hyperbaric medicine siddhaantakartalu mariyu abhyaasakulu, vinoda diving agencyla pratinidhulu, guha diving sangham mariyu shaastreeya diving samajam vanti vibhina samuuhaanni okachota cherchindi."eee workshop dive computerla roopakalpana mariyu surakshita upayogam kosam ekaabhipraaya sifaarsula samitini roopondinchindi, veetini saadhaaranamgaa scooba diving community aamodinchindi, tatphalitamgaa dive computerlaku vyatiraekata chedaragottindi, aneka kotta namuunaalu pravesapettabaddaayi, saanketikata natakeeyamgaa merugupadindi mariyu dive computerlu praamaanika scooba diving ottidi taggimpu paryaveekshanha parikaraluga marai.
2001loe, yuu. ess. naavikaadalam pratyeka yuddha karyakalapala kosam vii. vii. ell 18 thalman algorithm thoo cochron naevii decompression computer vadakanni aamodinchindi.
2008loe, underwater digital interfaces (udi) marketloki vidudala cheyabadindi. rgbm namuunaa aadhaaramgaa roopondinchina eee dive computerlo neeti aduguna communication vyavastha undhi, idhi diverlaku vachana sandeshaalanu prasaram cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi, indulo sos mariyu hoaming saamarthyaalu mariyu digital 3dii diksuchi kooda unnaayi.
sikshanaa samsthalu praamaanika sikshanalo bhaagamgaa dive computerlanu upayoginchadaanni pravesapettaayi.
wireless gyaas pressure displaylu mariyu viniyoga raetu gananalu konni dive computerlalo cherchabaddaayi, ivi sulabhamaina gyaas nirvahananu andinchadaaniki migilina chivari samayanni anchanaa veyagalavu. idhi single mixes noo-stop dives kosam gyaas emergencyla pramaadaanni taggistundi. taruvaati parinamalalo bahula wireless transducerlu unnaayi, veetini anubandha cylinderlo nirdishta gyaas mishramaaniki amarchavacchu mariyu tadanugunamgaa ottidi taggimpu algorithamnu sardubaatu cheyavachu. namuunaanu batti vividha itara software mariyu hardware lakshanaalu andubaatulo undavacchu.
parisramalu vruddhi chendutaayi.
vinoda scooba diving parisrama 20va sataabdam chivarilo pedda vruddhini saadhinchindi. appati nundi samvatsaraaniki kotta diverla sankhya sthiramgaa undhi. 2012loe 1 million kotta diverlu dhruvikarinchabaddarani anchanaa.
scooba diving oka dynamic vinodam-parikaraalu mariyu paddhatula nirantara abhivruddhi undhi.
prati samvatsaram sikshana pondina chaalaa mandhi vinoda diverlu, conny chaalaa mandhi chaalaa tarachugaa dive cheyadam ledhu. prarambha mariyu adhunaatana sikshana tarvaata pedda drop avt raetu.
paarisraamika rangaalu
vruttiparamaina scooba parisramalo chaalaa takkuva sankhyalo sikshana untundi, conny adhika sthaayi sikshana, mariyu takkuva drop avt raetu untundi. diver prerana anedi udyogamlo bhaagam kabatti ekkuva. mottam parisramaku vruttiparamaina scooba sankhyalu chaalaa takkuvagaa undavacchu. konchem bhinnamaina parikaraalu upayoginchabadataayi. sainika scooba pratyeka parikaraala tayaareedaarulaku maddatu istundi. 
scooba sikshana.
vruttiparamaina mariyu vinoda diverla scooba sikshana prarambha rojula nundi vaerugaa undhi, conny parikaraalu mariyu aneka vidhanalu anuvartanamtho sambandham lekunda saadhaaranamainanduna samaantaramgaa abhivruddhi chendindi. rendu anuvartanaalanu vaeru chese pradhana amsam vruttiparamaina aarogyam mariyu bhadrata, idhi vruttiparamaina divingku vartistundi, conny saadhaaranamgaa vinoda divingku kaadu.
vruttiparamaina scooba sikshana mariyu dhruvikarana.
diver chese paniloo bhaagamgaa professional diving jarugutundi, mariyu idhi saadhaaranamgaa vruttiparamaina aarogyam mariyu bhadrata niyantranaku lobadi untundi. idhi sikshana, dhruvikarana mariyu anubandha sikshanaa pramaanaalaku vistarinchindi.
vaanijya loyeetagattela sikshana tarachugaa jaateeya ledhaa rashtra prabhutvanche niyantrinchabadutundi, kabatti vivaralu mariyu pramaanaalu antarjaateeyamgaa maarutuu untaayi, ayithe adhikara paridhula madhya kaneesa pramaanaalanu gurtinchadaaniki vyavasthalu unnaayi, idhi vaanijya loyeethagathe dhruvikarana yokka konni antarjaateeya portabilityni anumatistundi. konni adhikara paridhulalo shaastreeya ledhaa praja bhadrata vruttulalo bhaagamgaa paarisraamika vaanijya diving mariyu professional diving madhya vyatyaasam choopabadutundi, ikkada vividha rakaala niyantrana minahaayimpulu vartinchavachhu. minahaayimpulu vartinche paristhitulalo, paarisraamika vaanijya diving kosam anumatinchani vruttiparamaina diving karyakalapala kosam vinoda samsthala dwara sikshana mariyu dhruvikarana gurtinchabadavachu.
military diving tarachugaa vaanijya diving niyantrana nundi swatantramgaa untundi, mariyu military diver sikshananu saadhaaranamgaa diverlanu niyaminche saayudha dalaalu niyantristaayi. konni sandarbhaallo poura parisramalo pani cheyadaaniki sainika loyeethagathe arhatalaku gurtimpu undhi, itara sandarbhaallo ledhu.
american academy off underwater sciences (aas) anedi shaastreeya samsthalu mariyu vyaktigata sabhyula samuuham, ivi neeti aduguna shaastreeya mariyu vidya karyakalapalanu nirvahistaayi. idhi 1977loe nirvahinchabadindi mariyu 1983loe california raashtramlo vileenam cheyabadindi. vidya, parisoedhana, nyaayavaada mariyu shaastreeya diving dhruvikarana mariyu shaastreeya diving kaaryakramaala operation kosam aas pramaanaala purogati dwara surakshitamaina mariyu utpaadaka shaastreeya diverlu mariyu shaastreeya diving vidhaanaala abhivruddhini sulabhataram cheyadam aas yokka uddesyam. ivi samyukta rashtraallo shaastreeya diving kaaryakramaalaku ekaabhipraaya maargadarsakaalu, mariyu shaastreeya diving kosam vruttiparamaina bhadrata mariyu aarogya paripalana dwara "praamaanika" gaa gurtinchabaddaayi. eee pramaanaalanu anni aas samsthaagata sabhyulu anusaristaaru, idhi samsthala madhya paraspara sambandhaanni anumatistundi. prati samstha daani karyakramam lopala mariyu daani diverse madhya pramaanaalanu samarthinche baadhyatanu kaligi untundi. aas peer pramaanaalanu kramam tappakunda sameekshistaaru, kabatti avi shaastreeya diving community mariyu atyaadhunika saanketika parignaanaala ekaabhipraayaanni suuchistaayi.
1977 madhya, CMA shaastreeya kamitee shaastreeya diving kosam unesco code off praakteesnu sankalanam chesi savarinchindi mariyu 1988loe "unesco technical papers inn merine sains 53" gaa patraanni prachurinchindi.
vaanijya loyeetagattela sikshana kosam saadhaarana antarjaateeya pramaanaalanu abhivruddhi cheyalane praathamika uddesyamto 1982loe antarjaateeya diving schools association (ii. dii. ess. yea) erpadindi. vaanijya diverla kosam sikshanaa pramaanaala antarjaateeya poolika kosam association praathamika pattikalu mariyu diving paryaveekshakulu, diving vaidya saanketika nipunulu mariyu sabhyula ekaabhipraayam aadhaaramgaa life support technicianlu vanti konni pratyaekamaina diving kaani arhatalanu prachurinchindi.
antarjaateeya diving regulators phoram (idrf) 2009 septembarulo londonlo jarigina vaari samavesamlo daani suutraalu mariyu uddesyaanni dhruveekarinchindi. suutraalu mariyu prayojanaala prakatana ilaa perkondi "airopa velupala sarihaddu loyeethagathe sikshananu samanvayam chese lakshyamtho loyeetagattela sikshana mariyu madimpulo uttama abhyasanni gurtinchadaaniki mariyu amalu cheyadaaniki paraspara gurtimpu kosam kalisi panicheyadaaniki phoram angeekarinchindi."appati nundi eee samstha thana paerunu antarjaateeya diving regulatorlu mariyu certifiers phoram (idrcf) gaa maarchukundi, indulo audas (australia), dcbc (kenada), hcse (yuke), psa (norway), mariyu secretariot general tuu dhi sea progress kamitee (france) unnaayi.
vinoda scooba sikshana mariyu dhruvikarana.
vinoda scooba pramaadaalu ekkuvagaa undatam valla lanchanapraya sikshana avasaram gurtinchabadindi. idhi anadhikaarika shikshanhato praarambhamai, sikshana mariyu dhruvikarana samsthala erpaatuku daariteesindi. 1953loe bs-esi, 1959loe cms, 1960loe naui mariyu 1966loe paadi erpaddaayi.
rendava prapancha yuddhaaniki mundu mariyu taruvaata dasaabdaalalo scooba diving creeda chinna utsaahabharitamaina snorkelling mariyu eete chepalu patte clubbula samuuhamloo daani muulaalanu kaligi undhi. coustue mariyu gagnan "akwalang" nuu kanugonna taruvaata, 1940la chivaralo creeda prayojanaala kosam vaanijyaparamgaa vikrayinchabadina modati neeti aduguna swaasa upakaranam ammakaniki andubaatulo undhi.
1951loe, zim auxie juuniyar mariyu chuck blakesley "dhi skin diver" (taruvaata "skin diver magazine" gaa paeru maarchabadindi) anae patrikanu praarambhinchaaru. rendu samvatsaraalugaa diverlaku bodhistunna neel earl hess, scooba gurinchi paatakulaku teliyajeyadaaniki daani kaalam "dhi instructors corner" kuu sahakarinchaaru. athanu tvaralo kotta skin mariyu scooba diving "bodhakulu" anie paeru pettadaniki oka vibhagamga "national diving petrolling" anae oka vibhaganni sthaapinchaadu. ayinappatikee, sainyam (neeti aduguna koolchiveta brundaalu) mariyu dive clubbulu andinche sikshana mariyu vanarulu tappa, adhikaarika sikshana mariyu dhruvikarana samstha ledhu.
graduate vidyaarthulu kanrad limbagh mariyu aandii rechnitzer 1948loe california teeramlo americaku teesukuvacchina modati akwalang laloe rendintini upayoginchaaru mariyu 1950loe scrips institute off oshanographylo cheraaru, akkada vaaru tama sahodyogulalo kontamandiki anadhikarikamga sikshana icchaaru. 1952loe maroka vishwavidhyaalayamlo oka vidyaarthi loyeethagathe scooba pramaadamloo maraninchina taruvaata, scrips paripalana samstha limbagnu samyukta rashtraallo modati adhikaarika scooba sikshanaa manueval mariyu korsunu roopondinchadaaniki teesukuvacchindi. snehitula vyavastha, snehitula swaasa, scooba gunta mariyu punaruddharana vanti sikshana mariyu atyavasara vidhaanaalanu limbagh mariyu rechnitzer pravesapettaaru mariyu abhivruddhi chesaaru. vaaru saadhyamayye atyavasara paristhitulanu pariseelinchi, aacharaneeya pratispandanalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru, idhi vruttiparamaina mariyu vinodaatmaka scooba divingku praamaanika abhyasamga maarindi. scooba parikaraalanu tolaginchi, diguva nundi tirigi pondadam anedi atyavasara paristhitulaku manasika tayaareegaa cheyabaddaayi. shikshanaarthi neeti aduguna musugulu mariyu mouth peeslanu padagottadam dwara atyavasara paristhitulaku guricheyadam dwara ottidi sikshananu upayoginchadam, ottidiki pratispandananu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki mariyu loyeethagathe atyavasara paristhitulaku twaragaa mariyu upayogakaramgaa spandinchadaaniki alavaatu padataniki gaali sarafaraalanu moosiveyadam vantivi upayoginchabaddaayi. sahayam cheyadaaniki samarthudaina vyaktini kaligi undatam dwara atyavasara paristhitini nirvahinchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki upayogakaramaina maargamgaa snehitula vyavastha sthaapinchabadindi. rechnitzer hanayarku buddy vyavasthanu suuchimchinatlu paerkonnaadu, mariyu vaaru janta-gottam niyantrakam kosam pani cheyagala buddy swaasa vyavasthanu abhivruddhi cheyadam dwara anusarinchaaru. eee paddhatullo konni taruvaata parikaraalu marinappudu sikshana nundi savarinchabaddaayi ledhaa tolaginchabaddaayi, ledhaa vinoda diving parisramanu vistarinchadaaniki addamkulugaa pariganinchabaddaayi. itarulu migilipoyaru, ledhaa konni sikshanaa samsthalu vaatini konasaginchayi, endukante avi marinta sthithisthaapakamaina loyeethagathenu utpatti chestayani bhaavinchaaru.
1952loe, laas angels county department off parks und recreationku sports director ayina all tillman, paarkulu mariyu vinoda director paal grundikeku oka lekha rasaru "oka kotta creeda-skin diving-eee praantamloo prachuryam pondutondi. iteevala palos verdeslo diving chestunnappudu, vaaru emi chestunnaro teliyani naatho paatu neetilo aneka mandhi diverlanu neenu kalisanu. okadaanilo kotta neeti aduguna swaasa unitlalo okati undhi, idhi diverlu ekkuva kaalam kinda undataaniki veelu kalpistundi... naa vibhagam eee creedaloo paalgonaalani mariyu sikshanaa taragatulanu andinchaalani neenu pratipaadistunnaanu. bhavishyattulo diving perugutundani, eee kreedanu saadhyamainanta surakshitamgaa cheyalsina baadhyata manapai undani neenu nammutunnaanu."
1953 aktobaru 15naa, british sub-akwa club (bii. ess. yea. sii) nuu askar gugen, peater small, maerii small mariyu trever hampton sthaapinchaaru.
laas angels county department off parks und recreation 1954loe limbagh course cheyadaaniki mugguru pratinidhulanu-all tillman, bev morgaon mariyu ramse paarkulanu pampindi. taruvaata vaaru vinoda scooba diverlaku sikshana ivvadam praarambhinchaaru, idhi americalo modati scooba bodhakudi sikshanagaa nilichindi. 1955loe, tillman mariyu ell.eah. county lifeguard bev morgaon ell nuu srushtinchaaru.eah. perugutunna diver abhyardhanalaku pratispandinche prayatnamlo county paarkulu mariyu vinoda neeti aduguna bodhakudi dhruvikarana course (1uic). vinoda diverlanu dhruveekarinchadaaniki idhi prapanchamlone mottamodati poura sikshanaa karyakramam, tvaralo desavyaaptamgaa bodhakulaku taatkaalika dhruvikarana ivvadam praarambhinchindi.
1950laloe scooba diving kotta creeda vaegamgaa vistarinchadamto, aneka creeda samsthalu-mukhyamgaa ymca-eee kotta jala kaalakshepamlo eetha autsaahikulaku sikshana ivvadaaniki kaaryakramaalanu praarambhinchaayi mariyu eee vistaristunna autsaahika kreedaku avasaramaina saraina paddhatulu anie nammutunna vaatini krodikarinchadam praarambhinchaayi. ymca oka sikshanaa maanyuvalnu roopondinchadaaniki oka kamiteeni erpaatu chesindi-"dhi nyuu sains off skin und scooba diving", idhi modatisaarigaa 1957loe prachurinchabadindi, mariyu 1959loe modati jaateeya bodhakudi sikshanaa karyakramanni nirvahinchindi.
1960loe "skin diver magazine" sanchikalo jaateeya diving gasteeni adhikaarika, jaateeya samsthagaa prakatinchaaru. dheeni uddesyam mariyu pani "samarthavanthamaina neeti aduguna bodhanaku bharosa ivvadam mariyu vidya dwara diving pramaadaalanu tagginchadam."1959loe, daani paerunu national association off underwater instructors (naui) gaa marcharu. 1961 octoberulo, california raashtramlo naui oka laabhaapekshaleni vidya samsthagaa vileenam cheyabadindi, all tillman adhyakshudiga mariyu neel hess karyanirvahaka kaaryadarsigaa unnaaru. 1966loe ralf ericson mariyu zaan cronin lothattu diving bodhakula avasaralaku prastuta vyavastha taginantagaa spandinchaledani oka avagahanaku pratispandanagaa diving bodhakula (paadi) yokka vruttiparamaina sanghaanni erpaatu chesaaru. 1967loe zaan gaffney mariyu diving parikaraala retailerla brundam scooba diving schools (nasd) jaateeya sanghaanni erpaatu cheyadamtho, taruvaata 1970loe baab clark netrutvamloni nasdla nundi vidipoyi scooba schools international (ssi) nuu erpaatu cheyadamtho marinta vibhajana jarigindi.
florida skin diverse association 1952loe sthaanika scooba diving klabla samuuham nundi erpadindi. 1976loe vaari scooba sikshanaa kamitee fsda nundi vidipoyi antarjaateeya diving educators association (idea) nuu erpaatu chesindi.
prarambha scooba sikshanalo taragati gadhi bodhana dwara andinchabadina siddhaantam yokka pedda bhaagam undhi, indulo 30 gantalaku paiga bhouthika shaastram, parikaraala yantrasaastram mariyu diving ghnaanam yokka itara saiddhaantika amsaalu undavacchu. naipunhyaala sikshanalo fitness, water manship naipunyaalu mariyu ottidi-nirvahana sikshana unnaayi, ikkada sibbandi shikshanaarthini neeti paristhitula dwara atyavasara paristhitulanu anukaristaaru, tadwara diverlu nija jeevita atyavasara paristhitulanu prasaantatatoe nirvahinche avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi. eee sikshanalo ekkuva bhaagam vaanijya mariyu sainika loyeethagathe sikshanalo bhaagamgaa undedi, ippatikee undhi. eee sikshanalo diver saadhaarana vidhanalalo mariyu sahetukamgaa oohinchadagina atyavasara paristhitulanu nirvahinchadamlo saamarthyaanni chuupimchaalsina avasaram undhi-professional diverla dhruvikarana kosam konasage adhe avasaram. eee vidhananni upayogamlo unna adhunaatana parikaraala dwara samarthinchavachhu, idhi diver dwara seva cheyabadi undavacchu mariyu tarachugaa seva cheyabadutundi mariyu taruvaati taram parikaraala kante panicheyakapovacchu. submersible pressure gaze, bioncy compensatorlu mariyu decompression computerlu vanti prastuta praamaanika parikaraalu andubaatulo laevu, mariyu vinodaatmaka diver dive pranaalika cheyadam dwara mariyu diving watch, saadhaarana depth gaze mariyu decompression tables upayoginchi pranaalikaabaddhamaina divenu paryaveekshinchadam dwara decompression anaarogyaanni nivaarinchaalsina baadhyata undhi, konnisaarlu sahacharuditho panchukuntaaru. parikaraalu panicheyakapothe, diving sahacharudu tappa, diverku maddatu ledhu. dheeniki chaalaa dhruvikarana samsthalu vinoda divingku ikapai avasaram laeni sthaayi saamarthyam mariyu kramasikshana avasaram.
1960la chivari natiki parikaraalu marinta nammadaginavigaa marai, mariyu vinoda loyeethagathe panicheyakapovadam takkuva, conny sikshana chaalaa varaku alaage undipoyindi. saadhaarana prajalalo diving patla aasakti peragadam, mariyu marinni parikaraalu mariyu sikshananu vikrayinchadaaniki vaanijya drive 1970la madhyalo content mariyu sikshana paddhatulanu marinta vistrutamgaa vikrayinchadagina namoonaga marchadam praarambhinchindi. gatamlo saarvatrika avasaram laeni bahiranga neeti anubhavanni chaerchadaaniki sikshananu vistarinchadam indulo undhi. 1970la natiki rendava bahiranga neeti tanikhi praamaanikam, mariyu naipunhyaalanu upayoginche vaastava vaataavaranamloo sikshana anedi saamarthyaanni pempondinchadaaniki mukhyamani gurtinchadaaniki marinni taruvaata jodinchabaddaayi. 1980la natiki naalugu sikshanaa dives yokka open water diving kosam prastuta kaneesa avasaram baga sthirapadindi.
adhe samayamlo, parikaraalapai maarpulaku anugunamgaa taragati gadhi mariyu parimita neeti bodhana maarchabadindi, mariyu vinoda diverku oohinchina anubhavam paridhiloo upayogakaramgaa unde aacharanaatmaka anuvartanaalaku anukuulamgaa praathamika siddhaantaanni nokki cheppadaniki. telikapati compensator, submersible presure gaze mariyu pratyaamnaaya gaali sarafaraanu dviteeya demand valve roopamlo praamaanika parikaramgaa saadhaarana angeekaaram, gaali velupala atyavasara paristhitulanu nirvahinchadaaniki ishtapade atyavasara vidhaanaalanu maarchindi, ivi neerchukoevadaaniki sulabhamainavi alaage pramaadaanni tagginchaayi. telikapati compensator merugaina telikapati niyantrana mariyu tagina telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati telikapati theela ottidi nirvahanaku praadhaanyata ivvabadaledu, mariyu naipunhyaala sikshana chaalaa varaku prabhaavavantamgaa unde praamaanika naipunhyaala samitini neerchukoevadampai drushti saarinchindi. eee maarpulu vistruta shreni sambhaavya diverlanu marketloki pravesinchadaaniki anumatinchadaaniki sahayapaddayi.
vaimka eetha mariyu praanaalanu kapade kaaryakramaala "ontarigaa eetha kottavaddu" saasanaalaku snehitula vyavastha upayogakaramaina paryavasanamga bhaavinchabadindi. aneka diving sanghatanala taruvaata anveshanhaatmaka diving prarambha rojula nundi coustue swayamgaa swatantramgaa oka snehitula vyavasthanu amalu chesaaru. snehitula vyavastha nijamgaa konni chaalaa upayogakaramaina amsaalanu kaligi undih dives chese mundu parikaraala cross checking, sambhaavya chikkukunna samasyalu ledhaa parikaraala vaiphalyaalaku sahayanni sulabhataram cheyadam mariyu diving yokka saamaajika swabhaavaanni meruguparachadam. eee kotta creeda yokka modati 50 samvatsaraalalo diver dhruvikarana abhivruddhilo ymca oka pradhana saktigaa konasaagindi. eee kaaryakramaalanu abhivruddhi chendutunna scooba dhruvikarana samsthalu bs-esi, naui mariyu paadi vanti samsthalu sweekarinchinappudu, buddy diving abhyasam vinoda scooba yokka rendu pradhana mantraalalo okadaaniki daariteesindihi "mea swaasanu eppuduu pattukokandi" mariyu "ontarigaa dive cheyavaddu".
neeti aduguna anni vibhaagaalaku praatinidhyam vahistunna padihenu diving federationla antarjaateeya congress 1958 september 28naa brasselslo samavesamaindi. belgium, brazil, france, federal republic off germany, grease, italii, monaco, portugal, switzerland, united kingdom, united states off america mariyu maajee yugoslavia nundi jaateeya pratinidhulu hajarayyaru. aaa congresslo oka nirnayam taruvaata, 1959 janavari 1naa monacolo oka samavesam jarigindi, idhi adhikarikamga prapancha neeti aduguna samakhyanu sthaapinchindi, daani french sheershika "confederation mondial dess activitase subuckwatic" aadhaaramgaa "cms" anae sankshipta naamamtho.
diving bodhakula vruttiparamaina sangham (paadi) anedi 1966loe zaan cronin mariyu ralf ericson sthaapinchina vinoda diving sabhyatvam mariyu diver sikshanaa samstha. cronin modata naui bodhakudu, athanu eriksantho kalisi thana sonta samsthanu erpaatu cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnadu, mariyu appudu prabalamgaa unna oke saarvatrika korsuku badulugaa diver sikshananu aneka modular korsulugaa vibhajinchaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. vinoda dive planner mariyu paadi yokka tech-reck programme kosam abhivruddhi vibhagam ayina diving sains und technology corporation (dishot) november 1986loe sthaapinchabadindi.
gatamlo national oshiyanik und atmospheric administration (enoae) kosam dive supervisor ayina dick rutkovsky, 1985loe international association off nitrax diverse (imd) nuu erpaatu chesaaru, idhi vinoda diverlaku enoae maargadarsakatvam vahinchina nitrax vadakanni neerpinchadaaniki. 1992loe eee paerunu international association off nitrax und technical diverse (iant) gaa marcharu.
technical diving international (tdi) nuu 1994loe brett gillium mariyu itarulu 1993loe yant nundi vidipoyina taruvaata pratyeka diving paristhitulaku sikshana andinchadaaniki sthaapinchaaru. tdi courselalo open circuit nitrax, trimics mariyu rii breather korsulu mariyu guhalu mariyu sidhilaala vanti ovar head vaataavaranaala kosam sikshana unnaayi. 1998loe, antarjaateeya sikshana vinoda scooba paie drushti saarinchi scooba diving international (sdi) anie piluvabade oka sodari samsthanu praarambhinchindi mariyu 2000loe, praja bhadrata diving neerpadaaniki emergency response diving international (erdi).
solo diving jarugutundani, chaalaa mandhi diverlaku aamodayogyamgaa surakshitamgaa undani, mariyu saapekshamgaa saadhaarana abhyasam anie gurtinchina taruvaata, scooba diving international (sdi) 1999loe solo diving sikshana mariyu dhruvikarananu praarambhinchindi.
2006loe pradhana sikshanalo bhaagamgaa nitrax divingnu pravesapettina modati vinoda diving agency bcac.
vinoda diverla kosam antarjaateeyamgaa gurtinchabadina kaneesa sikshanaa pramaanaalanu rstc, wrstc, cmas, iso modalainavi prachurinchaayi.(rii breather training council?)
vividha vinoda diving sikshanaa samsthala madhya sambandhaanni konasaaginchadaaniki shaashwata samsthagaa 1986loe yuu. ess. recreational scooba training council (arstc) nuu erpaatu chesaaru. 1991loe, idhi diving parikaraala tayaareedaarula sangham (dema) (1998loe diving parikaraalu mariyu marketing association gaa paeru maarchabadindi) sthaanamlo neeti aduguna bhadrata kosam appati american national standards institute (ansi) kamiteeki (jedd86 kamitee anie kooda pilustaaru) sekrateriyatgaa maarindi. Z86 kamitee taruvaata diving bodhanaa pramaanaalu mariyu bhadrata kosam kamitee (Z375 kamitee anie kooda pilustaaru) dwara bharti cheyabadindi. 2007loe idhi Z375 kamiteeki gurtimpu pondina standards developer (ASD) gaa thana niyamakanni konasaaginchindi.
us arstc praamaanika vaidya prakatana (samudragarbha mariyu hyperbaric medical societytho kalipi) mariyu diving hanned signals kosam kaneesa sikshanaa pramaanaalu mariyu eee krindi vinoda diver gradelu-parichaya scooba anubhavam, paryaveekshinchabadina diver, open water diver, susampannamaina air nitrax certification, pravesha sthaayi resque diver, dive supervisor, assistant instructor, scooba instructor mariyu sabhya agencylaku scooba instructor trainer abhivruddhiki baadhyata vahistundi.
prapanchavyaaptamgaa vividha scooba diving dhruvikarana samsthalaku sabhyuluga kaneesa vinoda diving sikshanaa pramaanaalanu roopondinchadaaniki prapancha vinoda scooba sikshanaa mandali (wrstc) 1999loe sthaapinchabadindi. wrstc thana sabhyatvaanni jaateeya ledhaa praantiiya mandalulaku parimitam chestundi. eee councillu vyaktigata sikshanaa samsthalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi sabhya mandali yokka desham ledhaa praantamloo vaarshika diver dhruvapatraalalo kaneesam 50 saatam praatinidhyam vahistaayi. jaateeya mandalini rstc (vinoda scooba sikshanaa mandali) anie pilustaaru.
antarjaateeya praamaaneekarana samstha (iso) 2007loe kaneesa pramaanaalanu prachurinchindi (2014 savaranala dwara bharti cheyabadindi):
scooba diver bhadratapai parisoedhana.
laabhaapekshaleni diverse alert network (daan) 1980loe duke vishwavidhyaalayamlo surakshitamaina divingnu prothsahinchadaaniki sthaapinchabadindi. mariyu sabhyulaku bhadrata mariyu beema sevalanu andinche labhapeksha laeni samsthala prapancha samuuhamgaa vistarinchindi mariyu diving pramaadaalapai databaselanu nirvahistondi. vaaru parisoedhana phalitaalanu prachuristaaru mariyu saadhaarana aasakti unna prajectulapai itara samsthalatho sahakaristaaru, ekkuvagaa scooba diving bhadrataku sambandhinchi.
project stickybeak anedi douglus walker aneka samvatsaraalu naduputunna asea pasiphik praantamloo diving maranaala gurinchi vyaktigatamgaa nadiche dayta kuurpu, maranaala ganaamkaalapai vaarshika nivedikalato. 2007loe project stickybeak daan asea-pasiphik dayta sekarana mariyu dive accident reporting prajectlo cherchabadindi.
british sub-akwa club diving sanghatanala vaarshika nivedikanu prachuristundi.
scooba diving kosam nirdishta anuvartana rangaala charitra.
sainika diving.
modati aadhunika sainika scooba diverlu rendava prapancha yuddham italian commando fragmen, decima flotiglia maas (ippudu comsubin comando ragrupamento subakvi ii inkersory tessio tessy), idhi 1938loe erpadindi mariyu 1940loe modata amalulo undhi. vaastavaaniki eee diverlanu "umini gaama" anie pilicheevaaru, endukante vaaru "gruppo gaama" anae agra rahasya pratyeka vibhaagamlo sabhyulu, idhi eee diverlu upayoginche pirelli rabbaru charma-suut "mutaa gaama" anae maaruperuto udbhavinchindi. taruvaata vaariki "umini raanaa" anae maaruperu pettaru, italian bhaashalo "kappa purushulu" anie ardham, eee pratyeka dalaalu prarambha oxygen rebreather scooba sett, "auto respirator yaad ossigeno" (a.aarr.o), maining parisrama kosam roopondinchina dragger oxygen sweeya-niyantrana swaasa upakaranam mariyu seab, gorman & koo mariyu bergomi tayaaru chesina davis munigipoyina tappinchukune upakaranam, munigipoyina jalaantargaamula nundi tappinchukovadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. italian kappalu laa spezia, liguria, swimmifinlu, rabbaru dry suut mariyu kotta eah upayoginchi sikshana pondaayi.aarr.oo. scooba unit. aaa taruvaata, "decima flotiglia maas" ("xa maas") juun 1940 mariyu juulai 1941 madhya madhya madhyadharaaloni british naavikaadala sthaavaraalapai aneka daadulaku prayatninchindi, conny parikaraala vaiphalyam ledhaa british dalaalu mundugaane gurtinchadam valla edhee vijayavantam kaaledu. septembaru 10,1941naa, gibraulter vadda british naukaasrayaaniki sameepamlo jalaantargaami dwara enimidi "xa maas" kappalanu choppinchaaru, akkada rakshanaloki chochukupovadaniki maanava tarpedolanu upayoginchi, tatastha speyin gundaa tappinchukune mundu moodu vaanijya noukalanu limpet ganulatho munchivesaaru. alegzandriapy daadi, marinta vijayavantamaina daadi, december 19naa alegjaandriyaaloni naukaasrayamloo mallee maanava tarpedolanu upayoginchi jarigindi. eee daadi phalitamgaa yuddhanaukalu mariyu oka vidhvamsaka mariyu oka chamuru tankernu nilipivesaaru, conny mottam aaru kappalu pattukunnaru.
british raayal naevii maltapai viphalamaina daadi samayamlo oka italian maanava tarpedonu swaadheenam chesukundi; vaaru ratham anae kaapeeni abhivruddhi chesi, prayogaatmaka jalaantargaami flotilla anae unitnu erpaatu chesaaru, idhi taruvaata pratyeka padava sevalo vileenam ayyindi. aneka ratha karyakalapalu prayatninchabaddaayi, mukhyamgaa operation taitil aktobaru 1942loe, german yuddhanauka "tirpitz" paie daadi, rathaalanu lagutunna matsyakaara padavanu tuphaanu taakinappudu daanini vidichipettavalasi vachindi. chivari mariyu atyanta vijayavantamaina british operation phalitamgaa 1944 octoberulo thaaylaandlooni phuket naukaasrayamloo rendu linerlu munigipoyayi.
lamberten ubhayachara swaasa yantram (laaruu) anie piluvabade oka oxygen rebreather setnu united stateslo 1939loe christian lamberten kanugonnaru, 1940loe patent pondaaru. lamberten taruvaata dheeniki sweeya-kaligi unna neeti aduguna swaasa upakaranam anie paeru marcharu, idhi scooba kuu kudinchabadindi, chivariki open circuit mariyu swayampratipatti kaligina neeti aduguna swaasa parikaraala rendintikee saadhaarana padamgaa maarindi. yuu tiraskarinchina taruvaata lambertson daanini vyuuhaatmaka sevala karyalayam (oss) kuu pradarsinchaaru.ess. naukaadala samstha eee bhavananu konugolu cheyadame kakunda, vaaru daa. lamberten eee kaaryakramaaniki naayakatvam vahinchi, vaari samudra vibhaagamlooni dive muulakaanni nirminchaaru. oss kendra nigha samsthaku mundunnadi mariyu vaari pratyeka karyakalapala vibhaagamlo samudra moolakam ippatikee undhi.
izrael naavikaadalaaniki chendina shayethet 13 kamandolu naukaasrayaalapai aneka neeti aduguna daadulu chesaaru. vaariki praarambhamlo "zaa maas" anubhavagnulache sikshana ivvabadindi mariyu italian parikaraalanu upayoginchaaru. 1969loe operation raviv loe bhaagamgaa, enimidi kappalu pattevaaru rendu maanava tarpedolanu upayoginchi suez sameepamloni raas sadat naavikaadala sthaavaramloki pravesinchaaru, akkada vaaru ganulatho rendu motaru torpedo padavalanu dhvamsam chesaaru.
1982 faclands yuddham samayamlo, argentine navika nigha seva gibraulter vadda british yuddhanaukalapai daadiki pranaalika vesindi. operation algisiras anae code paeru gala mugguru kappalu, maajee prabhutva vyatiraeka tirugubaatu samuuham nundi niyaminchabaddaaru, ooda poralapai ganulanu natali. diverlanu spanish pooliisulu arrestu chesi bahishkarinchadamtho operation raddu cheyabadindi.
1985loe, pasiphik mahasamudramloni morurova vadda french anhu aayudha pareekshalanu greenpeace prachara ooda "rainbo warrier" netrutvamloni paryaavarana nirasanakaarulu pootii chesaaru. videshee bhadrata kosam french directorate-general yokka action division nyoojilaandlooni accland vadda naukaasrayamloo unna "indradhanassu yodhudu" nuu munchiveyadaaniki oka pranaalikanu roopondinchindi. divisionku chendina iddaru diverlu paryatakuluga natinchi, ooda podavuku rendu limpet ganulanu jodinchaaru; phalitamgaa paeludu kaaranamgaa ooda munigi, andulo unna netherlands pourudu maraninchaadu. jattuku chendina iddaru agentlanu, conny diverlanu kaadu, newzealand pooliisulu arrestu chesi, taruvaata narahatyaku paalpadinatlu doshigaa nirdhaarinchaaru. chivaraku rendu nelala taruvaata french prabhutvam baadhyatanu angeekarinchindi.
1989loe, yuu.ess. panaamapai dandayaatra, naluguru yuu la brundam.ess. rii breedarlanu upayoginchi naavikaadala mudralu manuel noriyagaku chendina gunn boat mariyu padava ayina "president poras" paie poraata eethagaadu daadini nirvahinchaayi. panaama kaaluvalooni oka naukaasrayaaniki kattinanduna kamandolu aaa noukaku paeludu padaarthaalanu jatha chesaaru, grenadelatho daadi chesina tarwate tappinchukunnaaru. moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata operation samayamlo aasanu punaruddharinchina seal team sabhyulu samudramlo dige mundu beach kuurpu, neeti lothu mariyu theera pravanatanu kolavadaniki somalia tiiraaniki eetha kottaru.
shaastreeya diving.
scooba abhivruddhiki mundu, saastravettalu snorkels, freediving mariyu uparitala sarafara chesina diving parikaraalanu upayoginchi samudra paryaavaranam gurinchi neeti aduguna pariseelanalu chestunnaru. 20va sataabdam madhya natiki yuu. ess chuttoo shaastreeya diving jarugutondi.ess. uparitalampai nissara neeti sirastraanaalu mariyu praamaanika diving dustulu sarafara cheyabaddaayi. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo jackwess coustio mariyu frederic dumas jala-oopiritittulanu neeti aduguna puraavastu shaastram kosam marcelles sameepamloni grand kangloy anae dveepam sameepamlo pedda dibbanu tavvadaaniki upayoginchaaru.
1949loe kanrad limbagh scrips institute off oshanographylo shaastreeya scooba divingnu pravesapettaadu. 1954loe doctorate vidyaarthigaa unnappudu athanu scrips yokka modati diving bhadrata adhikari ayyadu, athani research diving course yuu. ess loe modati poura diver sikshanaa karyakramam.ess. mariyu athanu modati shaastreeya diving maanyuvalnu raasaadu. limbagh mariyu parisoedhakudu andreas rechnitzer andubaatulo unnappudu oka akwa-oopiritittini konugolu chesi, adhikaarika sikshana andubaatulo lenanduna daanini upayoginchadam neerchukunnaaru. vaaru 1950loe scrips parisoedhakulaku parikaraalanu pravesapettaaru, mariyu idhi pratyaksha pariseelanalu cheyadaaniki mariyu neeti aduguna prayogaalu nirvahinchadaaniki anukuulamgaa unnatlu kanugonabadindi. 1951loe, vaari iddaru shaastreeya diverla maranam taruvaata, scrips lanchanapraya shaastreeya diver sikshana avasaramani nirnayinchukunnaaru, 1954loe yuu. ess loe modati adhikaarika shaastreeya diving karyakramanni praarambhinchaaru.ess. adhyakshudi california vishwavidyaalaya karyalayam abhyardhana meraku, scrips vadda unna diverlu modati "diving bhadrata kosam vishwavidyaalaya guide" nuu abhivruddhi chesaaru, idhi modatlo marchi 1967loe prachurinchabadindi.
1950la nundi 1970la varaku yuu. ess loe shaastreeya diving.ess. vividha samsthalu ilanti conny anadhikaarika sweeya-niyantrita pramaanaalanu upayoginchi nirvahinchaayi. 1975loe united brotherhood off vadrangulu mariyu joiners off america vruttiparamaina diving kaaryakalaapaalaku sambandhinchi atyavasara taatkaalika pramaanaanni jaarii cheyaalani petition vesindi. 1976 juun 15naa jaarii chesina eets juulai 15 nundi amaluloki ravalsi undhi, conny yuu. ess loe savaalu cheyabadindi.ess. aneka diving contractorla appeella kortu, mariyu november 1976loe upasamharinchabadindi. vaanijya diving kosam shaashwata pramaanam 20 october 1977naa amaluloki vachindi, conny idhi shaastreeya diving avasaralanu parigananaloki teesukoledu. shaastreeya diving sangham munupatilage panicheyalekapoyindi, mariyu 1977loe vistrutamaina charchalu mariyu congress vichaaranala taruvaata american academy off underwater sciences (aas) nuu erpaatu cheyadaaniki aikyamaindi, vaanijya diving pramaanaalaku pakshika minahaayimpu 1982loe jaarii cheyabadindi, mariyu 1984loe tirigi pariseelinchabadindi, idhi 1985loe amaluloki vacchina minahaayimpu kosam tudi maargadarsakaalaku daariteesindi (federal register, valume. 50, ledhu. 6, p. 1046)
doctor richard pail 1990la nundi shaastreeya prajectula kosam ekkuva lotula vadda diving pramaanaala abhivruddhiki maargadarsakatvam vahinchaaru, closed circuit rii breedarlanu upayoginchaaru, idhi paryaavarana mandalaala yokka vistruta shreni mariyu vaati biota gurinchi neerchukoevadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
vinoda diving.
vinodaatmaka scooba diving snorkelling mariyu neeti aduguna vaeta vanti sambandhita karyakalapala nundi abhivruddhi chendindi. chaalaa kaalam paatu, neeti aduguna vinoda vihaarayaatralu swaasa-pattukune samayam dwara parimitam cheyabaddaayi. 1943loe emile gagnon mariyu jackwess-vives coustue chetha akwalang aavishkarana mariyu 1952loe california vishwavidyaalayam, berkley bhouthika shaastravetta, hugg broadner chetha wetsuit aavishkarana mariyu taruvaati samvatsaraallo daani abhivruddhi vinoda divinglo viplavaniki daariteesindi. ayithe, 1950luu mariyu 1960la praarambhamlo, vinoda scooba diving anedi tama sonta kitnu konugolu cheyagalige ledhaa tayaaru chesukogalige vaariki parimitam cheyabadina creeda, mariyu daanini upayoginchadaaniki saapekshamgaa teevramaina sikshana pondadaaniki siddhamgaa undhi.
eee creeda marinta prachuryam pondadamtho, tayaareedaarulu sambhaavya market gurinchi telusukunnaru, mariyu upayoginchadaaniki sulabhamaina, marinta sarasamaina mariyu marinta nammadagina parikaraalu kanipinchadam praarambhinchaayi. scooba saanketika parignaanamlo nirantara purogati, beyancy compensatorlu, merugaina diving regulatorlu, vetsootlu mariyu merugaina dry suutlu mariyu dive computerlu, parikaraala bhadrata, soukaryam mariyu soulabhyaanni penchaayi mariyu takkuva intensive sikshanaa karyakramalu ekkuva mandhi dheenini upayoginchadam neerchukoevadaaniki prothsahinchaayi.
1950la prarambham varaku, vruttiparamaina diving chese naavikaadalaalu mariyu itara samsthalu matrame diver sikshananu andinchevi, mariyu vaari swantha sibbandiki matrame mariyu vaari swantha rakaala parikaraalanu matrame upayoginchevi. prarambha scooba parikaraalanu konugolu chesina pourulaku adhikaarika sikshanaa korsulu andubaatulo laevu. coustue mariyu gagnon roopondinchina janta gottam scooba yajamaanulaku sikshana ivvadaaniki fraanslo modati vinoda scooba diving paatasaala praarambhinchabadindi. single gottam scooba bodhinche modati paatasaala 1953loe australialoni melbornelo melbourne city baath vadda praarambhamaindi. raayal australian naevii commander butterham, ted eldred anae oke gottam niyantrakam yokka aavishkartaku sahayam cheyadaaniki paatasaalanu nirvahinchaadu. ayithe, eee paatasaalalu aevee antarjaateeya swabhaavam kaligi laevu.
modati poura sikshanalo konni 1952loe scrips institute off oshanographylo prarambhamayyayi, akkada aandii rechnitzer, baab dill mariyu coney limbagh samyukta rashtraallo modati scooba korsulanu bodhinchaaru, taruvaata 1953loe trever hampton modati british diving paatasaala, british underwater centarnu praarambhinchaadu mariyu 1954loe laas angels county scrips institute off oshanography yokka shaastreeya diverla nundi vaaru pondina sikshana aadhaaramgaa underwater instructor certification korsunu srushtinchindi. prarambha bodhana club vaataavaranamloo autsaahika bodhana roopamlo abhivruddhi chendindi, dheeniki udaaharanagaa 1953 nundi scottish sub akwa club mariyu british sub akwa club, 1954 nundi laas angels county mariyu 1959 nundi ymca vanti samsthalu udaaharanagaa cheppavacchu.
laabhaapekshaleni naui 1959loe erpadinappudu vruttiparamaina bodhana praarambhamaindi, taruvaata idhi 1966loe labhapeksha laeni padini erpaatu cheyadaaniki vibhajinchabadindi. scooba diving paatasaalala jaateeya sangham (nasd) 1962loe vaari dive center aadhaarita sikshanaa kaaryakramaalato praarambhamaindi, taruvaata 1970loe ssi. professional diving bodhakula kalaasaala 1965loe erpadindi, 1984loe daani paerunu professional diving bodhakula samstha (pdic) gaa maarchindi.
2009loe paadi okkate sumaru 950,000 diving dhruvapatraalanu jaarii chesindi. eee dhruvapatraalalo sumaru 550,000 "pravesha sthaayi" dhruvapatraalu mariyu migilinavi marinta adhunaatana dhruvapatraalu.
scooba-diving oka prasiddha vishraanti karyakalapamga maarindi, mariyu aneka diving gamyasthanalalo air fills, parikaraala ammakam, adde mariyu marammattu mariyu sikshananu andinchagala dive shop unikini kaligi unnaayi. prapanchamlooni ushnamandala mariyu upa-ushnamandala praantaalalo, 'holiday diverse' kosam pedda market undhi; selavulo unnappudu sikshana mariyu dive chese vyaktulu, conny arudugaa intiki daggaragaa dive chestaaru.
saanketika diving mariyu rii breederla vadakam perugutunnaayi, mukhyamgaa prapanchamlooni lothaina sidhilaala diving pradhana neeti aduguna aakarshanagaa unna praantaalalo. saadhaaranamgaa, vinoda diving lotulanu sikshanaa samsthalu garishtamgaa 30 mariyu 40 meterla (100 mariyu 130 adugulu) madhya parimitam chestaayi, veetiki minchi oxygen vishapuuritam mariyu natrajani narcosis vanti vividha rakaala bhadrata samasyalu vinoda diving parikaraalu mariyu paddhatulanu upayoginchi diving pramaadaanni gananeeyamgaa penchutaayi, mariyu saanketika diving kosam pratyeka naipunyaalu mariyu parikaraalu avasaram.
solo diving.
solo diving charitra 20va sataabdam madhyalo shaastreeya mariyu vinoda diving kosam abhivruddhi cheyabadina buddy diving yokka saapekshamgaa kotta bhavanaku puurtigaa viruddhamgaa undhi. sumaru 4,500 samvatsaraala naati kalakhandalu mesopotamia puraatana prajalu aaharam mariyu vaanijyam kosam ontarigaa diving chesinatlugaa aadharalu andistunnaayi.
freedivarlu saampradayakamgaa pantakotalo sahaayapadataaniki ontarigaa ledhaa uparitalampai oka parichaarakuditho dive chestaaru; prarambha diving gantalu chaalaa varaku oke nivaasiki saripoyenta peddavigaa undevi. uparitala sarafara diving modata abhivruddhi cheyabadinappudu, pani ekkuva avasaramaite tappa oka diver matrame undatam saadhaaranam. aaa prarambha sampradaayaalu konasagutunnayi mariyu saampradayakamgaa ippudu oka standby diver mariyu uparitala niyantrana sibbandito nirantaram communicationlo unna pani chese diver unnaayi. scooba diving creeda rendava prapancha yuddhaaniki mundu mariyu taruvaata dasaabdaala naati chinna utsaahabharitamaina snorkelling mariyu eete chepalu patte clubbulalo paatukupoyindi. 1940la chivaralo, coustue mariyu gagnon dwara akwa-lung aavishkarana taruvaata, creeda kosam modati retail neeti aduguna swaasa upakaranam vaanijyaparamgaa vikrayinchabadindi. 1950laloe eee creeda vistarinchadamto, aneka creeda samsthalu-mukhyamgaa yuvakula kraistava sangham (ymca)-eetha autsaahikula kosam scooba sikshanaa kaaryakramaalanu praarambhinchaayi, tadwara vistaristunna autsaahika creeda scooba divingku saraina paddhatulugaa nammabade vaati krodeekarana praarambhamaindi. ymca eetha mariyu praanaalanu kapade kaaryakramaala "ontarigaa eetha kottavaddu" saasanaalaku snehitula vyavastha upayogakaramaina paryavasanamga bhaavinchabadindi. anveshanhaatmaka scooba diving prarambha rojula naati aneka bhayankaramaina diving sanghatanala taruvaata coustue swatantramgaa oka snehitula vyavasthanu amalu chesindi. dives chese mundu parikaraalanu cross-checking cheyadam, sambhaavya chikkulu samasyalu ledhaa parikaraala vaiphalyaalaku sahayanni sulabhataram cheyadam mariyu diving yokka saamaajika swabhaavaanni meruguparachadam vanti snehitula vyavastha yokka upayogakaramaina amsaalu chaalaa kaalamgaa sthaapinchabaddaayi. creeda yokka modati 50 samvatsaraalalo diver certification abhivruddhilo ymca gananeeyamaina prabhavam choopindi. national association off underwater instructors (naui), professional association off diving instructors (paadi), mariyu british sub-akwa club (bii. ess. yea. sii) vanti abhivruddhi chendutunna scooba certification agencylu vividha scooba kaaryakramaalanu sweekarinchadamtho, buddy diving abhyasam vinoda scooba yokka rendu pradhana mantraalalo okadaaniki prerananichindihi "mea swaasanu eppuduu pattukokandi" mariyu "ontarigaa dive cheyavaddu".
1990la prarambham nundi madhyakaalam varaku, vinoda parisrama snehitula vyavasthaku kattubadi unnappatikee, solo diverlu vaari pratyaamnaaya dive bhadrata tatvasaastram gurinchi marinta spashtamgaa mariyu ekkuvagaa bahirangamgaa kanipinchaaru. 2001 varaku scooba diving international (sdi) pratyaekamgaa solo diving kosam adhikaarika dhruvikarana sikshananu praarambhinchaledu. aneka itara agencylu chivariki swaavalambana diver mariyu aaa theem yokka vaividhyaalu anae sheershikato dhruvapatraalatho anusarinchaayi; annee ontarigaa vellakundaa diver saamarthyaanni meruguparachadam mariyu snehitula vyavastha ellappuduu aadarsaaniki anugunamgaa undadani gurtinchadam. 2012 "rii breather phoram 3" loe, haajaraina vaarilo gananeeyamaina minority, konni paristhitulalo, rii breedarlapai ontarigaa dive cheyadam aamodayogyamani abhiprayapaddaru.
guhalo diving.
scooba andubaatuloki rakamunde uparitala sarafara chesina parikaraalanu upayoginchi guhala neeti aduguna unna bhagala anveshana praarambhinchabadindi.
vaanijyaparamgaa vijayavantamaina modati open circuit scooba parikaraala saha-aavishkarta jackwess-vives coustue, prapanchamlooni mottamodati open circuit scooba guha loyeethagathe anie cheppabadindi.modati sweeya-niyantrana guha diverlu graham balcomb mariyu jaak sheppered, britton yokka guha diving group (sii. dii. zii) yokka iddaru vyavasthaapaka sabhyulu, idhi prapanchamlone migili unna puraatana diving samstha. vaaru 1936loe oka oxygen cylinder mariyu saikil bhaagaalato kuudina respiratornu upayoginchi dive chesaaru.
rendu praantaalu vaati vibhina guha diving vaataavaranaala kaaranamgaa guha diving paddhatulu mariyu parikaraalapai pratyeka prabhavanni chupayi. ivi united kingdom, mariyu united states, pradhanamgaa florida.
britton charitra.
praamaanika diving dustulanu upayoginchagala pradaesaala sankhya parimitam mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham praarambhaaniki mundu guha samudaayaanni gananeeyamgaa tagginchadaaniki chaalaa takkuva purogati undhi. neeti aduguna yuddha abhivruddhi yuddham taruvaata chaalaa migulu parikaraalanu andubaatulo unchindi. guhalo diving samuuham 1946loe tirigi erpadindi mariyu purogati vaegamgaa undhi. eee samayamlo vilakshanhamaina parikaraalu insulation kosam fragman rabbaru diving suut (UKloe neeti ushnograta saadhaaranamgaa 4 °C), closed circuit oxygen rebreature mariyu 1946 kyuu 1949 madhya abhivruddhi cheyabadina "line mariyu neeti aduguna navigation vaeyadaaniki upakaranam". "aflola" loe battery saktitoe nadiche laitlu, line-reel, diksuchi, depth gaze, notebook (survey kosam) mariyu appudappudu itara parikaraalu undevi.
purogati saadhaaranamgaa "diguva nadaka" dwara jarigindi, endukante teliade niyantrana lenappudu eetha kottadam kante idhi takkuva pramaadakaramainadigaa pariganinchabadindi. praanavaayuvu vadakam dives paie lothaina parimitini vidhistundi. sumaru 1960 varaku vetsootlu mariyu open-circuit scooba setlanu upayoginche kotta paddhatulu pravesapettabade varaku idhi saadhaarana prakriya. side mountu cylinderlu, helmet-mountu laitlu mariyu rekkalatho free-swimming abhivruddhi praapyatanu penchindi mariyu air cylinderla perugutunna saamarthyam mariyu ottidi rating dive vyavadhulanu podiginchindi. dry suutlaloe dravyolbanam bhavana "bottom walking" vaadukalo lekunda cheyadaaniki telikapati niyantrananu jodinchindi. 1990 natiki, mishrama nitrax vayuvu vadakam aamodayogyamaina diguva samayaalanu marinta penchindi. oka dasaabdam taruvaata, deergha shreni scooterlu vanti neeti aduguna parikaraalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi, idhi diverlaku munupati kante marinta guhalanu anveshinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
maaku charitra.
1970laloe, united stateslo diverlalo guhalo diving cheyadam prajaadarana baga perigindi. ayithe, chaalaa takkuva mandhi anubhavagnulaina guhalo munigipoyevaaru unnaaru mariyu aasakti perugudalanu nirvahinchadaaniki daadaapu adhikaarika taragatulu laevu. phalitamgaa pedda sankhyalo diverlu etuvanti adhikaarika sikshana lekunda guhalo munigipovadaaniki prayatninchaaru. dheeni phalitamgaa dasabda kaalamlo 100 mandiki paiga maranaalu sambhavinchaayi. florida rashtram guha pravesha dwaaraala chuttoo scooba divingnu nishedhinchadaaniki daggaragaa vachindi. eee maranaalanu nivaarinchadaaniki itara charyalatho paatu, guhalo diving samsthalu sikshanaa kaaryakramaalanu roopondinchadam mariyu bodhakulanu dhruveekarinchadam dwara samasyaku pratispandinchaayi. indulo sankethaalu post cheyadam, noo-lights niyamaalanu jodinchadam mariyu itara amalu cheyadam vantivi unnaayi.
guhalo diving maargadarsakudu sheck exley floridalo mariyu yuu. ess. loe mariyu prapanchamlooni itara praantaalalo aneka neeti aduguna unna guha vyavasthalanu anveshinchaaru. 1974 fibravari 6naa, exley national spelological societyloni cave diving vibhaagaaniki modati chhairman ayyaru.
1980la nundi, guhalo diving vidya loyeetagattela maranaalanu baga tagginchindi, mariyu dhruveekarinchabadina guhalo diver neeti aduguna unna guhalo chanipovadam ippudu asaadhaaranam. 1980laloe kooda, guhalo diving cheyadaaniki upayoginche parikaraalaku, mukhyamgaa chinna byaatariilatoe merugaina laitlaku merugudalalu cheyabaddaayi. 1990laloe, uttara floridalo abhivruddhi cheyabadina byaak plate mariyu rekka aadhaarita "hogarthian rigg" yokka anusarana mariyu prachuryam kaaranamgaa, guha diving parikaraala aakruteekaranalu marinta praamaanikam cheyabaddaayi, idhi parikaraala aakruteekaranalanu saralamgaa mariyu kramabaddheekaristundi.
wesley sii roopondinchina documentary chitraalu. skyles, jill heinerth mariyu itarulu 21va sataabdam praarambhamlo guhalo diving yokka perugutunna prajaadaranaku dohadapaddayi.
nauka shidhilaalu mariyu itara munigipoyina nirmaanaalapai diving.
reck diving anedi vinoda diving, ikkada noukalu, vimanalu mariyu itara krutrima nirmaanaala sidhilaalanu anveshistaaru. chaalaa varaku sidhilaala dive pradaesaalu nauka shidhilaala vadda unnappatikee, krutrima dibbala pradaesaalanu srushtinchadaaniki retired noukalanu addukune dhorani perugutondi. crash ayina vimaanaaniki diving cheyadam kooda reck divinga pariganinchavacchu. nauka diguvana elaa mugisindane daanipai reck diving yokka vinodam etuvanti thedaanu chuupadu, mariyu dheeni uddesyam diver yokka vinodam kosam.
konni sidhilaala divinglo sidhilaala chochukupovadam untundi, idhi divelo kontha bhaagaaniki uparitalampaiki neerugaa ekkadam asadhyam chestundi.
neeti aduguna puraavastu shaastram yokka shaastreeya vibhaagamlo nauka shidhilaalapai diving kooda untundi, conny eee rangamlo, daetaanu sekarinchadam ledhaa kalakhandalanu samrakshinchadam dheeni uddesyam.
samudra rakshana anedi naukaadala ledhaa paryaavarana pramaadaanni tolaginchadaaniki, ledhaa kalakhandalu ledhaa padaarthaalu shaastreeya ledhaa chaaritraka kakunda dravya ledhaa vyaktigata viluvanu kaligi unnayani bhaavinchadam valla, vaanijya kaaranaala valla, nauka shidhilaalu mariyu itara neeti aduguna unna pradaesaala nundi sidhilaalu, kalakhandalu mariyu padaarthaalanu tirigi pondadam. vaanijya samudra rakshana konni adhikara paridhulalo uparitala sarafara chesina diving parikaraala vaadakaaniki parimitam kaavacchu, conny pani kooda scooba upayoginchi jarugutundi.