
draavakam prabhavalu

rasayana saastramlo, draavakam prabhavalu anevi rasayana praticharya ledhaa paramaanu anubandhaalapai draavakam yokka prabhavam. draavakaalu draavaneeyata, sthirathvam mariyu praticharya retlapai prabhavam chuuputaayi mariyu tagina draavakam enchukovadam anedi rasayana praticharyapai ushnagatika mariyu gathi niyantranaku anumatistundi.
draavakam-draavakam paraspara charya kante draavakam-draavakam paraspara charyalu marinta anukuulamgaa unnappudu draavakam draavanamloo karigipotundi.
sthirathvampai prabhavam.
vividha draavakaalu praticharya ledhaa utpatti yokka avakalana sthireekarana dwara praticharya yokka samathoulya sthiraamkaanni prabhaavitam cheyavachu. samatulyata pradhaanyamgaa sthireekarinchabadina padaartham disalo maarchabadutundi. 
draavakam thoo hetch-bandham, dvidhruva-dvidhruva paraspara charyalu, vaan derr walls paraspara charyalu modalaina vividha samayojaneeya paraspara charyala dwara praticharya ledhaa utpatti yokka sthireekarana sambhavinchavachhu.
assid-bays samathoulyam.
oka aamlam ledhaa ksharapu ayaneekarana samatulyata draavakam maarpu dwara prabhaavitamavutundi. draavakam yokka prabhavam daani aamlata ledhaa kshaaratvam valla matrame kaadu, daani vidyudvaahaka sthiraamkam mariyu aamla-kshaara samatulyatalo konni jaatulanu pradhaanyamgaa draveekarinchi, sthireekarinche saamarthyam kaaranamgaa kooda untundi. dravani saamarthyam ledhaa vidyudvaahaka sthiraamkamlo maarpu aamlata ledhaa kshaaratvaanni prabhaavitam chestundi.
paie pattikalo, neeru atyanta dhruva-draavakam anie, taruvaata dmso, aapai acetonitrile anie chudavachu. eee krindi assid dissociation samathoulyaanni pariganinchandih
paina jabita cheyabadina atyanta dhruva-draavakam ayina neeru, dmso ledhaa acetonitrile kante ekkuva sthaayilo ayaneekaranam chendina jaatulanu sthireekaristundi. ayaneekarana-mariyu, anduvalla, aamlata-neetilo ekkuvagaa untundi mariyu dmso mariyu acetonitraillo takkuvagaa untundi, diguva pattikalo chuusinatlugaa, idhi acetonitrile (acn) mariyu dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) mariyu neetiki 25 masim vadda viluvalanu chooputundi.
keato-enal samathoulyam.
aneka carbonyl sammelanaalu keato-enal tatomerizanni pradarsistaayi. eee prabhavam mukhyamgaa hydrogen-bandhinchabadina enolsnu yerparuchukune 1,3-dicarbonyl sammelanaalalo kanipistundi. samathoulya sthiraamkam draavakam dhruvanatapai aadharapadi untundi, "sis"-enol roopam takkuva dhruvanata vadda prabalamgaa untundi mariyu dicato roopam adhika dhruvanata vadda prabalamgaa untundi. draavakam thoo antar molecular hetch-bandham kosam pootii lenappudu "sis"-enol roopamlo erpadina intramolecular hetch-bandham marinta spashtamgaa untundi. phalitamgaa, hetch-bandhamlo takshaname paalgonani takkuva dhruvanata gala draavakaalu intramolecular hetch-bandham dwara "sis"-analyc sthireekarananu anumatistaayi.
pratispandana retlapai prabhavam.
tarachugaa, reactivity mariyu reaction mechanisms anedi draavakam nishkriyaatmaka maddatugaa pariganinchabade vivikta anuvula pravartanagaa chitreekarinchabadataayi. ayithe, draavakam yokka swabhaavam vaastavaaniki praticharya raetlu mariyu rasayana praticharya kramaanni prabhaavitam chestundi.
draavakam lekunda praticharyanu nirvahinchadam anedi dvimiteeya yantraamgaalato praticharyalaku praticharya-retunu prabhaavitam chestundi, udaaharanaku, karakalu yokka yekagratanu penchadam dwara. draavakaala kante praticharyalanu niyantrinchadaaniki bhouthika paddhatulanu upayoginche aneka yaantrika rasayana paddhatulalo baall milling okati, ivi draavakam lenappudu praticharyalanu prabhaavitam chese paddhatulu.
samathoulya-draavakam prabhavalu.
parivartana sthithi siddhaantam aadhaaramgaa vivarinchagala samathoulya-draavakam prabhaavaala dwara draavakaalu retlanu prabhaavitam cheyagalavu. saaraamsamlo, pratispandana raetlu prarambha padaartham yokka avakalana draavanam mariyu draavakam dwara parivartana sthithi dwara prabhaavitamavutaayi. reactant anuvulu parivartana sthithiki vellinappudu, draavakam anuvulu parivartana sthithini sthireekarinchadaaniki tamanu taamu orient chestaayi. prarambha padaartham kante parivartana sthithi ekkuva sthaayilo sthireekarinchabadithe, appudu praticharya vaegamgaa konasaagutundi. prarambha padaartham parivartana sthithi kante ekkuva sthaayilo sthireekarinchabadithe, appudu praticharya nemmadigaa konasaagutundi. ayithe, atuvanti avakalana draavanaaniki draavakam yokka vegavantamaina punarvyavastheekarana sadalimpu avasaram (parivartana sthithi dhorani nundi tirigi bhuu-sthithi dhoraniki). anduvalla, padunaina addamkulu mariyu balaheenamaina dvidhruva, vaegamgaa sadalinche draavakaalanu kaligi unna praticharyalalo samathoulya-draavakam prabhavalu gamaninchabadataayi.
gharshana draavakam prabhavalu.
samathoulya parikalpana anedi parivartana sthithi siddhaantam vichchinnamayye chaalaa vegavantamaina rasayana praticharyalanu suuchimchadu. balamaina dvidhruva, nemmadigaa sadalinche draavakaalatoe kuudina atuvanti sandarbhaallo, parivartana sthithi yokka draavanam praticharya retunu prabhaavitam cheyadamlo chaalaa pedda paatra pooshinchadu. badulugaa, draavakam yokka dynamic sahakaralu (gharshana, saandrata, antargata peedanam ledhaa snigdhata vantivi) praticharya retunu prabhaavitam cheyadamlo pedda paatra poeshistaayi.
paatha niyamaalu.
tolagimpu mariyu nucleophilic pratyaamnaaya praticharyalapai draavakam yokka prabhavanni modata british rasayana saastravettalu edward dii. adhyayanam chesaaru. kougilinchukoni, christopher kelk ingold. prarambha mariyu parivartana sthithulalo ayanlu ledhaa dvidhruva anuvulu mariyu draavakaala madhya swachchamaina sthiravidyuth paraspara charyalanu matrame pariganinche saadhaarana draavana namuunaanu upayoginchi, anni nucleophilic mariyu tolagimpu praticharyalu vividha charge rakaluga (tatastha, saanukuula charge ledhaa pratikuula chaarj) nirvahinchabadataayi.
eee paristhitulalo aasinchavalasina parishkaram yokka paridhi gurinchi kougilintalu mariyu inagold konni anchanaalu cheshai
eee saadhaarana anchanaala yokka vartinche prabhavam eee krindi udaaharanalalo choopabadindihi
pratispandana udaaharanalu.
pratyaamnaaya praticharyalu.
pratyaamnaaya praticharyalalo upayoginche draavakam swabhavikamga nucleophile yokka nucleophilicityni nirnayistundi; gyaas dasalo marinni praticharyalu nirvahinchabadutunnanduna eee vaastavam marinta spashtamgaa maarindi. 
anduvalla, draavakam paristhitulu oka praticharya yantraamgaaniki anukuulamgaa unde konni draavakam paristhithulatho praticharya paniteerunu gananeeyamgaa prabhaavitam chestaayi. sn1 praticharyalaku madhyantara kaarbokaatayaannu sthireekarinche draavakam yokka saamarthyam tagina draavakam vale daani saadhyataku pratyaksha praamukhyata kaligi untundi. dhruva draavakaala saamarthyam sn1 praticharyala retunu penchutundi, idhi dhruva draavakam reactant intermediate jaatulanu draveekarinchadam yokka phalitam, antey.ii.carbocatayan, tadwara prarambha padaarthaaniki sambandhinchi madhyantara saktini taggistundi. krindi pattika acetic aamlam (ch3co2h), mithanol (ch3h) mariyu neeru (h2o) thoo "tert"-beautile chloride yokka saapeksha draavana vislaeshanha retlanu chooputundi.
nucleophylpy draavanam lekapovadam valla sn2 praticharya raetu perugutundi kabatti sn2 praticharyala kesu chaalaa bhinnamgaa untundi. yea sandarbhamloonainaa (sn1 ledhaa sn2), parivartana sthithini (sn1) sthireekarinche saamarthyam ledhaa reactant prarambha padaarthaanni (sn2) asthirapariche saamarthyam δg ‡ kriyaaseelatanu tagginchi, tadwara praticharya retunu penchutundi. eee sambandham δg =-rt lnk (gibbs free energy) sameekaranam prakaram untundi. sn2 praticharyalaku raetu sameekaranam nucleophyllo modati kramamlo mariyu kaarakamlo modati kramamlo untundi. sn2 mariyu sn1 praticharya vidhanalu rendoo aacharaneeyamainappudu nirnayinche amsam nucleophile yokka balam. nucleophilicity mariyu kshaaratvam mudipadi untaayi mariyu anuvu entha ekkuva nucleophilic avtundo nucleophile yokka kshaaratvam antha ekkuvagaa untundi. basiquitylo eee perugudala empika chesina draavakam protic ayinappudu sn2 reaction mechanisms kosam samasyalanu kaligistundi. protic draavakaalu aamla/kshaara paddhatiloo manchi praathamika lakshanaalatoo balamaina nucleophilestho pratispandistaayi, tadwara nucleophile yokka nucleophilic swabhaavaanni taggistaayi ledhaa tolagistaayi. eee krindi pattika azide (n3-) thoo 1-bromobutane yokka sn2 praticharya yokka saapeksha praticharya retlapai draavakam dhruvanata prabhavanni chooputundi. protic draavakam nundi aprotic draavakanki marinappudu praticharya retulo gamaninchadagina perugudala untundi. eee vyatyaasam protic draavakaalu (aprotic draavakaalu kaadu) mariyu balamaina nucleophiles madhya aamlam/kshaara praticharyala nundi utpannamavutundi. steric prabhavalu saapeksha praticharya retlanu kooda prabhaavitam chestayanedi nijam ayinappatikee, ayithe, sn2 praticharya retlapai draavakam dhruvanata suutraanni pradarsinchadaaniki, steric prabhavalanu nirlakshyam cheyavachu.
sn1 mariyu sn2 praticharyala poolika kudivaipuna untundi. edama vaipuna oka sn1 praticharya samanvaya rekhaachitram undhi. dhruva-draavakam praticharya paristhitula kosam δg ‡ kriyaaseelataloo taggudalanu gamaninchandi. dhruva draavakaalu dhruva-kaani draavakam paristhitula kante carbocatayan madhyantaram erpadataanni ekkuva sthaayilo sthireekaristaayi anae vaastavam nundi idhi talettutundi. idhi δea, δδg ‡ kriyaaseelataloo spashtamgaa kanipistundi. kudivaipuna oka sn2 praticharya samanvaya rekhaachitram undhi. dhruva-kaani draavakam praticharya paristhitula kosam δg ‡ kriyaaseelata taggadaanni gamaninchandi. dhruva draavakaalu nucleophylpy pratikuula chaarjnu draveekarinchadam dwara dhruva-kaani draavakam paristhitula kante ekkuva sthaayilo reactantlanu sthireekaristaayi, tadwara electrophile thoo pratispandinchadaaniki takkuva andubaatulo untundi.
parivartana-loha-utpreraka praticharyalu.
chaarj cheyabadina parivartana loha samudaayaalu (catanic ledhaa ionic) kaligina praticharyalu draavanam dwara natakeeyamgaa prabhaavitamavutaayi, mukhyamgaa dhruva maadhyamamlo. rasayana parivartana samayamlo loha jaatula chaarj maarchabadithe sambhaavya shakti uparitalamlo 30-50 kCl/mol varaku maarpulu (kriyaaseelata saktulu mariyu saapeksha sthirathvam) lekkinchabaddaayi.
free radicals samshlaeshanhalu.
aneka free radicals aadhaarita samshlaeshanhalu pedda kinetic draavakam prabhavalanu chuuputaayi, ivi praticharya retunu taggistaayi mariyu pranaalikaabaddhamaina praticharyanu avaanchita marganni anusarinchadaaniki kaaranamavutaayi.