
prayaaneekula karmikudu

sarihaddu prayaanikulu ledhaa grahaantara prayaanikulu anie kooda piluvabade prayaanika karmikudu, vaaru panichese deshaaniki vaerae desamlo nivasinche karmikudu, mariyu vaari saadhaarana prayaanamloo bhaagamgaa jaateeya sarihaddunu daate karmikudu. 
udaaharanalu.
uttara america.
kenada, mexico mariyu united states.
mexicolo nivasinche vaelaadi mandhi kaarmikulu united stateslo panicheyadaaniki pratiroojuu mexico-united states sarihaddunu daatutaaru. kenada-united states sarihaddu ledhaa itara jaateeya sarihaddulanu daate kaarmikulu kooda unnaaru. pani kosam mexico-united states sarihaddunu daate paddhati 1920la chivaralo abhivruddhi chendindi, 1924 valasa chattam aamodinchina taruvaata, idhi mexico nundi united statesloki chattaparamaina olasalanu gananeeyamgaa tagginchindi.
1970loe, mexico nundi united statesku pratiroojuu sumaru 70,000 mandhi prajalu pani kosam prayaanistunnaarani anchanaa veyabadindi, ikkada tommidi pradhana sarihaddu nagaraalloni kaarmikulalo eee kaarmikulu gananeeyamaina nishpattini kaligi unnaaru. shaan diago praantamlooni california vishwavidhyaalayamloni parisoedhanaa samstha ayina shaan diago dialog 1992loe chesina adhyayanamlo shaan diago praantamloo 40,000 mandhi prayaanika kaarmikulu unnaarani anchanaa vesindi. valasa kaarmikula kante sarihaddu kaarmikulu saadhaaranamgaa vruddhulu, takkuva jeetam mariyu takkuva vidyaavantulu anie adhyayanalu kanugonnayi.
kenada-united states sarihaddu meedugaa kooda rakapokalu jarugutaayi. 2020loe detroit praantamloo aarogya samrakshanhalo 1,500 nundi 2,000 mandhi kaarmikulu antarioloni windserlo sarihaddu vembadi nivasistunnaarani anchanaa veyabadindi. "maa kaaryakalaapaalaku kenadiyanlu chaalaa mukhyamainavi" anie aagneya michigaon yokka atipedda aarogya samrakshana vyavastha ayina beomont health yokka maanava vanarula adhipati annaru.
asea.
malaysia mariyu singapur.
vidya, pani kosam sahaa malaysia-singapur sarihaddu dwara pratiroojuu 300,000 mandiki paiga malaysianlu singapurku prayaanistaaru. chaalaa mandhi saasvatamgaa singapurku velli singapur pourasatvaanni sweekaristaaru, anduvalla "singapur cheyabaddaaru". itara kaaranaalalo malaysiaku desham saameepyata, daani unnata jeevana pramaanam, aardhika kendramgaa desham yokka antarjaateeya hodha nundi gananeeyamgaa ekkuva udyoga avakaasaalu talettutaayi mariyu mukhyamgaa malaysia ringgit-s $1 kante singapur dollar yokka adhika currency marpidi raetu 2022 natiki sumaru rm3.10 kuu samanam.
idhi malaysia nundi maanava muuladhanam ledhaa medadu pravaham gananeeyamaina retlaku kaaranamaindani vislaeshakulu paerkonnaaru. singapur mariyu videshaalalo merugaina kereer avakaasaalatoe paatu pariharam kooda pradhana pull karakalalo unnaayi, ayithe pradhana push karakalalo avineeti, saamaajika asamaanata, vidya avakaasaalu, malaysia prabhutva "bumiputera" nischayaatmaka kaaryaacharana vidhanalu vanti jaathi asamaanatalu unnaayi. aikyaraajyasamiti aardhika mariyu saamaajika vyavahaaraala vibhagam 2019 natiki daadaapu oka million mandhi malaysianlu singapurlo unnaarani choopinchindi.
malaysia nundi maanava muuladhana vimanalu kooda vegaanni penchaayi-marchi 2008 mariyu augustu 2009 madhya 305,000 mandhi malaysianlu vidaesaalaku valasa vacchaaru, 2007loe 1,40,000 mandhi unnaaru. eee ganankalalo bumiputeras kaani, mukhyamgaa malaysian bhaaratheeyulu mariyu malaysian chaineeyulu adhikamgaa praatinidhyam vahinchaaru. singapur pradhana gamyasthanam. deenivalla malaysia aardhika vruddhi raetu 1990laloe 7.2 saatamgaa undagaa, 2000laloe sagatuna 4.6 saataaniki padipoyindi.
chattaparamaina sthithi.
united states.
united states sarihaddu prayaanikulaloo ekkuva mandhi united stateslo shaashwata nivasi hodaanu kaligi unnaaru ('green card') conny vaaru united statesku kramam tappakunda prayaaninchadam konasagiste vaari shaashwata nivasanni kolpokunda mexico ledhaa kenadaalo nivasinchadaaniki anumatinchabadataaru.
karyanirvahaka ledhaa nirvaahaka paatralalo naipunhyam kaligina kenadian kaarmikulu uttara america swechhaa vaanijya oppandam prakaram taatkaalika ell-1 valasa hodha kosam arhulu, idhi vaarini united stateslo udyogaalaku prayaaninchadaaniki anumatistundi. 2019 varaku, vyaktigata kaarmikulu pravesha samayamlo customs mariyu sarihaddu rakshanaku darakhaastu chesukovacchu. 2019 praarambhamlo department off homeland security nundi, yajamaanulu united states pourasatvam mariyu immigration sevatho ell-1 darakhaastulu mariyu podigimpulanu daakhalu cheyalsina avasaram undhi.
airopa.
airopalo, european union lopala, oka european union dhesha pourulu sarihaddu daati prayaaninchadaaniki, european union lopala kaarmikula swechchaayuta kadalika kaaranamgaa adanapu chattaparamaina hodha avasaram ledhu.