roman sainyam

roman sainyam yokka atipedda sainika vibhaagamaina roman legian (,) loe roman republic (cree. puu. 509-27) kaalamlo 5,200 padaatidalam mariyu 300 aswikadalam (aswikadalam) mariyu roman saamrajyam (cree. puu. 27-cree. puu. 476) kaalamlo 5,600 padaatidalam mariyu 200 axilia unnaayi.
parimaanam.
oka vilakshanhamaina sainyam yokka parimaanam puraatana rome charitra antataa maarutuu undedi, dheeniki maria puurva samskarana ganatantramlo 4,200 sainikulu mariyu 300 mandhi purushulu (sampanna vargaala nundi teesukobadina-prarambha romlo anni dalaalu tama sonta parikaraalanu andinchaayi) nundi saamraajya kaalamlo 5,500 varaku puurti cheyabaddaayi.
oka dalam chivari ganatantram nundi juuliyas seasure kaalam varaku 4,800 dalam (80 dalam gala 6 sataabdaala 10 samoohaalalo) kaligi undhi. saamraajya kaalamlo idhi 5,180 mandhi purushulu mariyu 120 sahayakulaku vistarinchindi (10 samuhaluga vibhajinchabadindi, okkokkati 480 mandhi purushulalo tommidi mandhi, modati samuuham 960 mandhi purushulatho rettimpu balam kaligi undhi). ivi vilakshanhamaina kshetra balaalu kaga, "kaagitam balam" konchem ekkuvagaa undhi (udhaa.zii. saamraajya samuuhaalaku varusaga 600 mariyu 1,200).
prarambha roman raajyamlo "legion" anae padaaniki mottam roman sainyam anie ardham kaavacchu, conny eee kaalaaniki sambandhinchina muulaalu chaalaa takkuva mariyu nammadaganivi. taruvaati dalaala vyavastha kalakramena chaalaa vaividhyamgaa undedi, conny dalaalu saadhaaranamgaa aidu vaela mandhi sainikulatoe koodi undevi. ganatantra yugamlo chaalaa varaku, oka dalam padhi mandhi shishyulatho moodu varusalagaa vibhajinchabadindi. ganatantram chivarilo mariyu saamraajya kaalamlo (sumaru cree. puu. 100 nundi), oka dalam aaru (ledhaa aidu) sataabdaalaloo padhi samuhaluga vibhajinchabadindi. dalaalalo oka chinna "alaa" ledhaa aswikadalam kooda undedi. cree. sha. moodava sataabdam natiki, sainyam 1,000 nundi 1,500 mandhi purushulatho chaalaa chinna unitga undedi, mariyu vaarilo ekkuva mandhi unnaaru. cree. sha. naalugo sataabdamloo, thoorpu roman sarihaddu rakshana dalaalu ("limiteni") marinta chinnaviga maari undavacchu. samstha mariyu paniteeru paramgaa, ganatantra shakam sainyam puraatana greeku mariyu macedonian falancs dwara prabhaavitamai undavacchu.
vidhi mariyu rajyangam.
roman saamraajya kaalamlo chaalaa varaku, sainika dalaalu roman sainyam yokka unnata bhaarii padaatidalaanni erpaatu chesaayi, roman pourula nundi pratyaekamgaa niyaminchabaddaayi, migilina sainyamlo sahayakulu unnaaru, veeru adanapu padaatidalaanni mariyu roman aswikadalam yokka adhika bhaganni andinchaaru. (roman pourasatvam korukune praavinsulu sahayakula nundi gouravapradamaina vidudala chesinappudu daanini pondaaru.) roman sainyam, saamraajya kaalamlo ekkuva bhaagam, sainyalu kakunda sahayakulanu kaligi undedi.
deerghaayuvu.
kristupurvam 40 kii mundu sthaapinchabadina aneka dalaalu kaneesam aidava sataabdam varaku churukuga unnaayi, mukhyamgaa legio vii macedonica, dheenini kristupurvam 43 loe augustus sthaapinchaaru mariyu edava sataabdamloo egyptupai islaamik vijayam samayamlo egyptulo undhi.
marovaipu, kristupurvam 41 loe augustus sthaapinchina legio xviii ("padihedava dalam"), legio xviii ("paddenimidava dalam") mariyu legio xix ("pantommidava dalam"), varian vipattu (september 9, cree. sha. 9) loe arminius netrutvamloni germanic kootamiche naasanam cheyabaddaayi, aaa taruvaata romanlu mallee eppatikee penchaledu.
saadhaarana samstha mariyu balam yokka avalokanam.
endukante marian samskaranala varaku dalaalu shaashwata unitlu kaavu (c. creepoo 107), mariyu badulugaa srushtinchabaddaayi, upayoginchabaddaayi mariyu mallii raddu cheyabaddaayi, roman charitra antataa aneka vandala dalaalaku paerlu pettabaddayi mariyu lekkinchabaddaayi. ippati varaku daadaapu 50 mandini gurtinchaaru. 
sainika vruttiki badulugaa ganatantra sevaku praadhaanyatanistuu, tama sonta parikaraalaku chellinche vidhinchina purushulatho ganatantra dalaalu koodi undevi. yea samayamloonainaa naalugu consular dalaalu (rendu paalaka consules madhya vibhajinchabadina aadesamto) untaayi mariyu yuddham samayamlo adanapu dalaalanu vidhinchavachhu. 
cree puu 2va sataabdam chivaralo, republic sainyamlo chaeradaaniki aasti mariyu aardhika arhatala valla vacchina maanavashakti koratanu edurkovadam praarambhinchindi. dheeniki kaaranam consul gayas marius yokka munupati samskaranalu mariyu "capit sensey" (aasti laeni purushulu) sankhya perugudala, idhi gatamlo avasaramaina aasti arhatalanu tolaginchadaaniki mariyu vaari sampada ledhaa saamaajika vargamtho sambandham lekunda pourulandaruu sainyam loe seva cheyadaaniki arhulani, rashtram andinchina anni parikaraalatoe, uttarvu ivvadaaniki prerepinchindi. 
roman sainyam aaa vidhamgaa oka vruttiparamaina swachchanda sevakudigaa mariyu nilabadi unna sainyamgaa maarindi, idhi roman pourulaku minchi "peregrini" (pourulu kaanivaaru) kuu kooda sevalanu vistarinchindi, vaaru "axilia" (sahayakulu) gaa santakam cheyagalaru mariyu seva puurti chesina tarvaata roman pourasatvam mariyu daaniki sambandhinchina anni hakkulu mariyu adhikaaraalatho bahumati pondaaru. augustus kaalamlo daadaapu 50 dalaalu kriyaaseela vidhullo undevi, ivi vividha rakaala rugmatalalo undevi. athanu eee sankhyanu niyantrinchi, daadaapu 25-35 dalaalaku tagginchaadu, idhi saamraajya charitralo chaalaa varaku alaage undipoyindi.
parinaamam.
republic yokka dalaalu sangharshana samayaallo matrame nirbandhinchabaddaayi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa naalugu dalaalaku parimitam cheyabaddaayi, prati consul aadesinche rendu dalaalu, avasaramaite marinni vidhinchavachhu. sainikulaku sainika vrutti avakaasam lekapoyindi; vaariki sarigga vetanam ivvabadaledu, vaari praadhamika aadaayam vaaru yuddhabhumi nundi dochukogaligedi, mariyu avasaramainappudu pilavabadevaaru mariyu vaaru ikapai avasaram lenappudu vaari poura jeevitaalaku tirigi vachevaaru. 
samstha mariyu paniteeru paramgaa, prarambha ganatantra yugam sainyam etruscanla nundi vaarasatvamgaa vachindi mariyu puraatana greeku mariyu macedonian falancs dwara prabhaavitamaindi.
allia yuddhamlo ghoramaina otami taruvaata, cree. puu. puu sainika nirmaanam samskarinchabadindi. comillan vyavastha kinda dalaalu praarambhamlo saamaajika taragati aadhaaramgaa nirminchabaddaayi, atyanta paedavaaru modati varusalo unnaaru. sainikulu tarachugaa "haste" (eetelu) mariyu "scoota" (pedda deerghachaturasraakaara kavachalu) thoo checkard manipul formationlo kotlaatadaarula sahayamtho poraadaaru. dheeniki minahaayimpu "triari", idhi greeku "clipey" nii upayoginchi hopelightluga pooraadina nirmaanam yokka chivari varusa, mariyu virigina eete vishayamlo vaari sampada "glaudy" nii bharinchagaladu. 
creepoo 3va sataabdam natiki, eee vyavastha asamarthamgaa kanipinchindi. kotta polybian vyavastha kinda ryaankulanu sampada dwara kakunda, badulugaa vayassu mariyu anubhavam dwara nirminchaaru. anni sainikulu tama "haste" sthaanamlo "glaudy" thoo paatu rendu "pilaa" lanu kaligi unnaaru, veetini gharshanaku mundu prarambha valeegaa upayoginchevaaru. paedha sainikula puurva taragatulu, "assensi", "rorari" mariyu "leves" "valites" dwara bharti cheyabaddaayi. unit parimaanaalu kooda vistarinchabaddaayi. 
maanava vanarula korata kaaranamgaa marian samskaranala kinda kristupurvam 107 loe sainyam yokka erpaatu marosari maarindi. sainika dalaalu sangharshana samayaallo nirbandha sainika dalaala nundi shishyulaku viruddhamgaa samuuhaalachae nirvahinchabade kriyaaseela, nilabadi unna dalaalaku marchabaddayi. anni puurva taragatulu raddu cheyabaddaayi mariyu vaati sthaanamlo sainikulu mariyu daani adhikaarula pradhana samsthanu niyaminchaaru. aasti mariyu sampada arhatalu tolaginchabaddaayi mariyu anni sainikulanu rashtram sannaddham chesindi. sainikulu ippudu oppandaaniki teesukobaddaaru mariyu churukuga sikshana pondina mariyu vetanam pondina sainikulu. pourulu kaani vaariki ledhaa "peregrini" kuu kooda sainyamlo sahayakuluga sthaanam ivvabadindi. 
roman republicklo 3,000 mandhi purushula nundi roman saamrajyamlo 5,200 mandiki paiga purushulaku republican sainyam udbhavinchindi, satabdaalugaa praathamika vibhagaluga undhi. cree. sha. modati sataabdam madhyakaalam varaku, padhi samuuhaalu oka roman sainyanni yerparuchukunnayi. taruvaata dheenini praamaanika parimaanamlo tommidi samuhaluga marcharu (okkokkati 80 mandhi purushulatho aaru sataabdaalatoe), modati samuuham rettimpu balam (okkokkati 160 mandhi purushulatho aidu rettimpu-balam sataabdaalu) kaligi undhi. 
cree. sha. naalugo sataabdam natiki, sainyam 1,000 nundi 1,500 mandhi purushulatho chaalaa chinna unitga undedi, mariyu vaarilo ekkuva mandhi unnaaru. pedda formation legian mariyu sahayaka unit, 10,000 mandhi purushulu, marinta bhoobhaganni cover cheyadaaniki chinna unitlugaa-vaastavaaniki taatkaalika detachmentluga vibhajinchabaddaayi. 
cree. sha. naalugo sataabdamloo, thoorpu roman sarihaddu rakshana dalaalu ("limiteni") marinta chinnaviga maari undavacchu.
charitra.
roman rajyam (c. 500 BC).
legio" mariyu roman rajyam mariyu roman republic prarambha samvatsaraalaku mundu kaalamlo, dalaalu sumaru vanda mandhi purushulatho "centuria" gaa vyavastheekarinchabaddaayi. eee sataabdaalu avasaraniki anugunamgaa samuuhaparachabaddaayi mariyu vaatini niyaminchina ledhaa penchina nayakudiki samadhanam ivvabaddaayi. atuvanti swatantra samstha cree puu 2va sataabdam varaku telikapati padaatidalam mariyu aswikadalam madhya konasaagindi, conny taruvaati kaalamlo mitraraajyaala dalaalu teesukunna sahayaka paathratho puurtigaa tolaginchabadindi. sataabdapu nayakudi (taruvaata centurianga lanchanaprayamga), rendava command mariyu praamaanika barer paatralu eee prarambha kaalamlo prastaavinchabaddaayi.
rome yokka prarambha kaalam namodukaanidi mariyu puraanaalatoe kappabadi undhi, conny aaa puraanaalu servius tulius paalanalo, janabha ganana (latin nundih "sense"-prajala ganana) pravesapettabadindani chebutunnayi. dheenitho roman saamarthyam gala, aasti yajamani purusha pourulu vaari sampada aadhaaramgaa sainika seva kosam aidu taragatulugaa vibhajinchabaddaaru, taruvaata satabdaalugaa goppa roman sainyam ledhaa "legio" (samuuhamu) yokka upa-vibhagaluga vyavastheekarinchabaddaaru. sainyamlo cheradam anedi oka vidhi mariyu roman pourasatvam yokka pratyaekamaina gurthu; mottam marian puurva kaalamlo atyanta dhanavanthulaina bhuswamulu atyadhika samvatsaraalu sainika sevanu chesaaru. rashtram padipoyinatlayithe eee vyaktulu ekkuvagaa nashtapoyevaaru.
roman republic (509-107 BC).
roman racharikam padagottina taruvaata edho oka samayamlo "legio" rendu ververu dalaalugaa upavibhajana cheyabadindi, prati okkati iddaru consules loe okariki aapaadinchabadindi. ganatantram yokka modati samvatsaraallo, yuddham ekkuvagaa daadulapai kendrikrutamai unnappudu, yea samayamloonainaa dalaala puurti maanavasaktini pilipinchabadindaa anedi anischitamgaa undhi. creepoo creepoo, moodu videshee bedirimpulu udbhavinchinappudu, niyanta ayina manitious valerius maximus padhi dalaalanu sameekarinchaadu, idhi gatamlo ennadoo lenantha ekkuva sankhya anie livy chepparu.
inca, sainika nirmaanam velupala roman dalaalu ippatikee konni yuddhaalanu nirvahinchaayi, dheeniki atyanta prasiddha udaaharana cree puu puu gens fabia vamsa sainyam etruscon nagaramaina veeki (dheenilo vamsam naasanam cheyabadindi) vyatiraekamgaa chesina dandayaatra. kristupurvam 4va sataabdamloo roman yuddham marinta tarachugaa mariyu pranaalikaabaddhamaina kaaryakalaapaalaku abhivruddhi chendadamtho, sainika dalaalu marinta adhikarikamga vyavastheekrutamayyaayi, mariyu consular sainyam okkokkati rendu sainika dalaalaku penchabadindi.
ganatantramlo, dalaalu taatkaalika unikini kaligi unnaayi. consular sainyalu (prati consulku rendu) ayina legio I nundi IV varaku minaha, itara unitlu pracharam dwara vidhinchabaddaayi. prati roman dalaaniki maddatu ivvadaaniki rome yokka italian mitraraajyaalu sumaru padhi samuuhaalanu (axilia dalaalugaa vyavastheekarinchabadaledu) andinchaalsi vachindi.
ganatantram madhyalo, dalaalu eee krindi vibhaagaalato koodi undevi
eee moodu panktulalo prati okkati (saadhaaranamgaa padhi) pradhana vyuuhaatmaka vibhagaluga upavibhajana cheyabaddaayi, veetini shishyulu anie pilustaaru. oka sishyudu rendu sataabdaalanu kaligi unnadu mariyu iddaru centurionlalo senior naayakatvam vahinchaadu. eee samayamlo, "hastati" mariyu "principals" yokka prati sataabdamloo 60 mandhi purushulu undevaaru; "triyari" yokka oka sataabdamloo 30 mandhi purushulu undevaaru. eee 3,000 mandhi purushulu (120 mandhi purushulatho kuudina iravai mandhi shishyulu, 60 mandhi purushulatho kuudina padhi mandhi shishyulu), sumaru 1,200 vaelaitlu, 300 aswikadalam madhya ganatantra ("manipular") dalaaniki sumaru 4,500 mandhi naamamaatrapu balaanni icchaaru.
laet republic (107-30 BC).
"pramukha chivari republican dalaala vivaraala kosam roman dalaala jaabitaanu kooda chudandi"
"roman sainyam yokka upa-vibhaagaalanu kooda chudandi"
marian samskaranalu (gayas marius yokka) sataabdaalanu 80 mandhi purushulaku vistarinchaayi, vaarini aaru sataabdaala "samuhaluga" (rendu sataabdaala shishyula kante) vargeekarinchaayi. prati sataabdaaniki daani swantha pramaanam undedi mariyu oka gudaram, oka millu raayi, oka muel mariyu vanta kundanu panchukune enimidi mandhi purushulatho kuudina padhi unitlatho ("contubernia") roopondinchabadindi. kristupurvam 2va sataabdamloo general marius samskaranala taruvaata, sainyam rendava, irukaina ardhaanni teesukundi, idhi sannihita-kramam pourula bhaarii padaatidalamgaa prajaadarana pondina oohalo suparichitam.
kristupurvam 2va sataabdam chivaralo, gayas marius gatamlo taatkaalika dalaalanu paedha vargaala nundi vacchina vruttiparamaina dalamgaa samskarinchaadu, rome pedda sainyanni moharinchadaaniki mariyu rome nagaramloni nirudyoga pourulaku upaadhi kalpinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchaadu. ayithe, idhi sainikula vidheyatanu rome rashtram kante vaari sainikadhikari chetullo unchindi. eee parinaamam chivariki juuliyas seasure tanaki vidheyatagala sainyamtho vyaktigatamgaa mariyu samarthavantamgaa ganatantraanni antam cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
chivari ganatantram mariyu prarambha saamrajyam yokka dalaalanu tarachugaa "marian" dalaalu anie pilustaaru. kristupurvam kristupurvam verselle yuddham taruvaata, marius italian sainikulandarikee roman pourasatvaanni manjuru chesaadu. yuddhamlo roman nuu mitrarajyam nundi vaeru cheyalekapoyanani cheppi ayana eee charyanu senetku samarthinchaaru. idhi mitraraajyaala dalaala bhavananu samarthavantamgaa tolaginchindi; ika nundi anni italian dalaalu roman dalaalugaa pariganinchabadataayi, mariyu puurti roman pourasatvam italeelooni anni praantaalaku terichi untundi. adhe samayamlo, moodu ververu rakaala bhaarii padaatidalaalu "pradhana padaatidalaalu" aadhaaramgaa oke, praamaanika rakamtho bharti cheyabaddayi "pilaa" (ekavachanam "pilam") anie piluvabade rendu bhaarii jaavelinlu, "glaudius" anie piluvabade chinna katthi, golusu mail ("lorica hamata"), sirastraanam mariyu deerghachaturasraakaara kavacham ("scootum").
mitraraajyaala dalaala paatranu chivariki "axilia" anie piluvabade mitraraajyaala sahayaka dalaala dalaalu chepattaayi. "auxilialo" "roganirodhaka shakti" "(pratyeka vibhagalu), injaneerlu mariyu maargadarsakulu, phirangidalam mariyu hastakalaakaarulu, seva mariyu sahayaka sibbandi mariyu pourulu kaani, kirai sainikulu mariyu sthaanika sainikulatoe kuudina kramarahita vibhagalu unnaayi". ivi saadhaaranamgaa telikapati aswikadalam, telikapati padaatidalam ledhaa "valites" mariyu kaarmikulu vanti puurti vibhagaluga erpaddaayi. speculatores" anie piluvabade padhi ledhaa anthakante ekkuva telikapati padaatidalamtoe kuudina nigha brundam kooda undhi, vaaru dootalugaa ledhaa sainika nigha seva yokka prarambha roopamgaa kooda panicheyagalaru.
marian samskaranalalo bhaagamgaa, dalaala antargata samstha praamaaneekarinchabadindi. prati dalam samuhaluga vibhajinchabadindi. dheeniki mundu, samuuhaalu taatkaalika paripalana vibhagalu ledhaa aneka mandhi shishyula vyuuhaatmaka task forcelu, dalaala kante marinta taatkaalikamainavi. ippudu samuuhaalu padhi shaashwata vibhagaluga unnaayi, aaru sataabdaalatoe koodi unnaayi mariyu modati samuuha vishayamlo aidu double strength centurylu okkokkati "opteo" sahayamtho oka centurian netrutvamlo unnaayi. dalaala praathamika vyuuhaatmaka vibhaganni erpaatu cheyadaaniki samuuhaalu vachayi. sainyamlo ranking seva yokka podavu meeda aadharapadi undedi, senior centurian modati samuuham yokka modati sataabdaaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu; atanni "primus pilus" (modati eete) anie pilicheevaaru, mariyu neerugaa unnata adhikaarulaku (legates mariyu tribuni) nivedinchaaru. asaadhaaranamaina shourya ledhaa shouryaaniki gurtimpugaa kereer sainikulandarinee unnata hodaalaku padoonnati cheyavachu. kottagaa padoonnati pondina juuniyar centurian padava samuuhamlooni aarava sataabdaaniki ketayinchabadatadu mariyu akkada nundi kramamga ryaankula dwara purogamistaadu.
prati dalaaniki oka pedda saamaanu railu undedi, indulo kevalam sainikula parikaraala kosam 640 gaadidalu (prati enimidi dalaalaku oka gaadida) undevi. eee saamaanu raillu chaalaa peddavigaa mariyu nemmadigaa marakunda undataaniki, prati padaatidala vyakti thana sonta kavacham, aayudhalu mariyu aidu rojula reshanlatho sahaa thana sonta parikaraalanu daadaapu 25-30 kilola (50-60 poundlu) mottam load kosam teesukellela chesaadu. deenni sulabhataram cheyadaaniki, athanu prati sainikaadhikaariki vaari bharanni vaari bhujaalapai moyadaniki oka cross stick ("farka") jaarii chesaadu. sainikulu tamanu taamu mosukellaalsina parikaraala kaaranamgaa vaariki "marius gaadidalu" anae maaruperu pettaru. eee erpaatu sarafara railu dalaala pradhana bhaagam nundi tatkalikamga verucheyabade avakaasaanni kalpinchindi, tadwara avasaramainappudu sainyam yokka vegaanni baga penchindi.
eee kaalamlooni oka saadhaarana sainyamlo 5,120 mandhi sainikulatoe paatu pedda sankhyalo shibira anucharulu, sevakulu mariyu baanisalu undevaaru. sahayaka dalaalatoe sahaa 11,000 mandhi varaku sainikulu poraadagalaru. taruvaati roman saamrajyamlo, sulabhamgaa ketaayinchadaaniki mariyu paryaveekshanhaloo unna praantaalanu vistarinchadaaniki veelugaa sainyam parimaanaanni parimaanaanni tagginchaaru. dandayaatralo jarigina praananashtaalanu batti kooda sankhyalu maarutuu untaayi; juuliyas seasure yokka dalaalu gowlloo athani dandayaatra samayamlo tarachugaa 3,500 mandhi purushulanu matrame kaligi undevi.
vyuuhaalu gataaniki chaalaa bhinnamgaa laevu, conny sainikula vruttiparamaina sikshana kaaranamgaa vaati prabhavam ekkuvagaa merugupadindi.
marian samskaranala taruvaata mariyu rome yokka chivari ganatantra charitra antataa, sainyalu mukhyamaina raajakeeya paatra poeshinchaayi. kristupurvam 1va sataabdam natiki, oka mataguruvu aadhvaryamlo dalaala muppu gurtinchabadindi. roman governorlu tama dalaalatoe tama praavinsulanu vidichipettadaaniki anumatinchabadaledu. juuliyas seasure eee niyamanni ullanghinchi, thana gaul praavinsnu vadili, rubikannu daati italeeloki pravesinchinappudu, athanu rajyanga sankshobhaanni rekettinchaadu. eee sankshobham, aaa taruvaata jarigina antaryuddhaalu ganatantraaniki mugimpu palikayi, cree. puu. puu augustus aadhvaryamlo saamrajyam punaadi vaeyadaaniki daariteesaayi.
prarambha saamrajyam (cree. puu. 27-cree. sha. 284).
"prarambha saamraajyamloni roman dalaala jaabitaanu chudandi"
"roman sainyam yokka upa-vibhaagaalanu kooda chudandi"
iteevali ganatantra antaryuddhaala samayamlo generals tama sonta dalaalanu erpaatu chesukuni, vaaru korukunna vidhamgaa lekkinchaaru. eee samayamlo, "gemina" (janta) dalaalu ekkuvagaa undevi, ikkada rendu dalaalu oke samsthagaa ekikrutam cheyabaddaayi (taruvaata adhikarikamga cheyabaddaayi mariyu "legatus" mariyu aaru "duces" kinda unchabaddaayi). maark antoniki vyatiraekamgaa jarigina antaryuddham mugimpulo, augustus vadda aneka rettimpu gananalu (udaaharanaku bahula legio xs) thoo sumaru yaabhai dalaalu migili unnaayi. raajakeeya mariyu aardhika kaaranaala valla, augustus dalaala sankhyanu sankhyanu tagginchaadu (idhi tutoberg adavi yuddham taruvaata taruvaata taggindi, dheenilo moodu dalaalu germanylache puurtigaa naasanam cheyabaddaayi).
sainyanni kramabaddheekarinchadamto paatu, augustus sainikula vaetanaanni kooda niyantrinchaadu. adhe samayamlo, athanu sahayakula sankhyanu sainikulatoe samanamga unde sthaayiki baga penchaadu. athanu shaashwata roman naavikaadalamtoe paatu pretorian guardnu kooda srushtinchaadu, akkada "liberty" ledhaa vimukti pondina baanisalaku seva chesaadu.
eee samayamlo sainyalu kooda saasvatamgaa marai, nirdishta prachaaraalaku niyaminchabadaledu. avi shaashwata "castra legionaria" (sainika kotalu) thoo sthiramaina sthaavaraalaku kooda ketayinchabaddayi.
augustus sainika vidhanalu samarthavanthamainavi mariyu kharchutho kuudukunnavigaa niroopinchabaddaayi, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa athani vaarasulu anusarinchaaru. eee chakravartulu paristhitula prakaram, avasaramaina ledhaa anumatinchina vidhamgaa, nilabadi unna sainyam yokka balam sumaru 30 dalaalugaa unde varaku kotta dalaalanu jagrattagaa jodistaaru (anduvalla tatwavetta faveninus yokka vichitramaina vyakhya "30 dalaala yajamaanito vaadinchadam tappu"). prati dalam 5,120 dalaalanu kaligi untundi, saadhaaranamgaa samaana sankhyalo sahayaka dalaala maddatu (tacitus prakaram), poxes romana samayamlo oka dhala kamaandarku andubaatulo unna mottam balam bahusha 11,000 diguvaku untundi, marinta pratishtaatmaka dalaalu mariyu shatru sarihaddulalo ledhaa asthira provinceulalo unnavaaru marinta sahayakulanu kaligi untaaru. chakravarthy severus, 193-211 samayaniki, sahayakulu sainyamlo 55 nundi 60 saatam, 447,000 loe 250,000 kaligi undavacchu. konni dalaalu konnisaarlu anubandha dalaalanu 15,000-16,000 kii daggaragaa ledhaa aadhunika vibhagam parimaanamlo chese unitlatho balopetam cheyabadi undavacchu.
saamraajya yugam antataa, dalaalu mukhyamaina raajakeeya paatra poeshinchaayi. vaari charyalu saamrajyaanni swaadheenam chesukovadaniki ledhaa daanini lakkovadaniki surakshitam cheyagalavu. udaaharanaku, naluguru chakravartula samvatsaramlo vitelius otami anedi danubian dalaalu vespasianku maddatu ivvadaaniki enchukunnappudu nirnayinchabadindi.
saamrajyamlo, sainika dalam praamaanikam cheyabadindi, chihnalu mariyu purushulu seva cheyadaaniki garvapade vyaktigata charithratho. eee dalaaniki "legatus" ledhaa "legate" naayakatvam vahinchaaru. daadaapu muppai samvatsaraala vayassulo, athanu saadhaaranamgaa moodu samvatsaraala niyaamakampai senatorga untaadu. legetku ventane adheenam vahinchina aaru ennikaina "sainika tribunelu" untaayi-aiduguru sibbandi adhikarulu mariyu migilinavaaru senetku goppa adhipatigaa untaaru (vaastavaaniki eee tribune dalaaniki naayakatvam vahistundi). vaidya sibbandi, injaneerlu, rikaardu keeparlu, "prefectus castrorum" (shibiram yokka commander) mariyu poojaarulu mariyu sangeetakaarulu vanti itara nipunula kosam adhikaarula brundam kooda untundi.
taruvaata saamrajyam (cree. sha. 284 nundi).
taruvaati roman saamrajyamlo, dalaala sankhya perigindi mariyu roman sainyam vistarinchindi. saadhaaranamgaa perkonna kaagitapu balaala kante avi takkuvagaa unde aadharalu unnappatikee, chaturmukha palanaku mundu dalaalu roopamlo marayani suuchimchadaaniki etuvanti aadharalu laevu. diocletian mariyu tetrarchlu srushtinchina unnata "legions palaatine" thoo sainyam yokka tudi roopam udbhavinchindi. ivi paatha dalaala aswikadalam sahaa 5,000 mandhi kakunda sumaru 1,000 mandhi sainikulatoe kuudina padaatidala unitlu. mottamodati "legions palaatine" luu "lamsiari", "joviani", "herculiani" mariyu "divitances".
4va sataabdamloo chaalaa pedda sankhyalo kotta, chinna dalaalu srushtinchabaddaayi, eee prakriya nirbandham II kinda praarambhamaindi. unnata "palatini" thoo paatu, "axilia palatina" thoo paatu "committenses" mariyu "sudocometatenses" anie piluvabade itara dalaalu chivari roman sainyala padaatidalaanni andinchaayi. notitia dignititum" loe 25 "" legions palaatine "," 70 "" legions commitatenses ", 47" "legions sudocometatenses" mariyu 111 "axilia palatina" feeled armylalo, mariyu sarihaddu sainyamlo maroe 47 "legions" jabita cheyabaddaayi ". notitia" loe kanipinche "hanariani" mariyu "gratiances" vanti dalaala paerlu kotta dalaalanu srushtinche prakriya oke sanghatanagaa kakunda 4va sataabdam varaku konasaginatlu suuchistunnaayi. vexilations" ledhaa paatha dalaala nundi aneka kotta dalaalu erpaddaayani kooda paerlu suuchistunnaayi. adanamgaa, 24 vaccellations palatini, 73 vaccellations commitatenses unnaayi; thoorpu "limitenee" loe 305 itara unitlu mariyu paschima "limitenee" loe 181 unitlu unnaayi. prarambha saamrajyam yokka dalaalu mariyu 6va sataabdam taruvaata sainyam yokka dalaala madhya pratyaksha konasaagimpuku arudaina udaaharana "legian vii macedonica"; idhi creepoo creepoo srushtinchabadindi, idhi "quinta macedonica" paerutoe "legion commitatense" gaa "notitia dignitatum" loe namodu cheyabadindi mariyu cree. sha. 637 arab vijayam varaku egyptulo manugada saaginchindi.
divangata roman rachayita vegetius 'dii rae military' prakaram, prati sataabdamloo oka balista undedi mariyu prati samuuhaaniki oka onager undedi, idhi dalaaniki 59 balista mariyu 10 onejarlatho kuudina baleeyamaina muttadi railunu ichindi, prati okkati 10 "libritors" (phirangidala sibbandi) thoo nirvahinchabadutundi mariyu eddulu ledhaa gaadidalu geesina vyaaganlapai amarchabadi untundi. nagaralu mariyu kotalapai daadi cheyadamtho paatu, ivi roman kotalanu mariyu balavardhakamaina sibiraalanu (castra) rakshinchadamlo sahaayapadataayi. vaaru konni sandarbhaallo, mukhyamgaa taruvaati saamrajyamlo, yuddhaala samayamlo ledhaa nadhi daatadaaniki maddatugaa kshetra firangulugaa kooda niyaminchabaddaaru.
aneka samsthaagata maarpulu unnappatikee, paschima roman saamrajyam patanam nundi sainyam vyavastha manugada saaginchindi. idhi thoorpu roman saamrajyamlo 7va sataabdam varaku konasaagindi, sainikula perugutunna avasaranni teerchadaaniki chakravarthy heracleus praarambhinchina samskaranala phalitamgaa theem vyavastha erpadindi. ayinappatikee, thoorpu roman sainyalu munupati roman dalaalache prabhaavitamayyaayi, mariyu adhe sthaayi kramasikshana, vyuuhaatmaka parakramam mariyu samsthatho nirvahinchabadutunnaayi.
sainika shrenulu.
rank mariyu file legian (rojuku 10 asses ledhaa samvatsaraaniki 225 dinaareela muula vetanam pondinavaaru) pakkana pedithe, krindi jabita diocletian sainika samskaranala varaku (c. 290). 
satakaalu.
centurian hodha chaalaa baadhyata kaligina adhikari sthaayi. oka sainyamlo atyanta senior centuriannu "primus pilus" (modati file ledhaa eete) anie pilustaaru, athanu modati samuuham yokka modati sataabdaaniki neerugaa naayakatvam vahinchaadu mariyu yuddhamlo unnappudu mottam modati samuuhaaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu. rendava nundi padava samoohaalalo, prati samuuham yokka modati sataabdaaniki chendina kamaandarnu "pilus preper" anie pilicheevaaru mariyu yuddhamlo unnappudu athani mottam samuuhaaniki naayakatvam vahinchaaru. munupati centurianla pilus seniority taruvaata modati samuuhaaniki chendina maroe aidu sataabdapu commanderlu, veerini "praimi ordains" anie pilicheevaaru.
oka centurian, petronius laknatus, naalugu samvatsaraalalo rank sampaadinchi, taruvaata nalabhai rendu samvatsaraalu pannendu ververu dalaalalo gadipina katha undhi, okasari kooda "praimi ordains" loe panicheyaledu. 
saadhaarana samuuham yokka aaru sataabdaalu, praadhaanyata kramamlo
moodu taragatula sainikulanu upayoginchi moodu varusala yuddhamlo geesina sainyam yokka paatha upayogam nundi sataabdaalu tama birudulanu pondaayi. (prati sataabdam appudu eee saiddhaantika rekha yokka cross-sekshannu kaligi untundi, ayithe eee sataabdapu sheershikalu ippudu tappanisarigaa namamatramga unnaayi.) moodu panktulalo prati okkati sataabdamloo marinta munduku mariyu marinta venuka sataabdamgaa upa-vibhajinchabadindi.
sainikulu.
roman sainyam thana sainikula kosam sanklishtamaina sthaanam mariyu grading vyavasthanu nirvahinchindi, idhi roman sainyam yokka aneka mariyu vaividhyamaina vidhulanu pratibimbistumdi. legian hodaalo moodu vaetana shrenulu undevi praamaanika, okatinnara, mariyu praathamika vetanam kante rettimpu. 
chellinchandi.
gayas marius kaalam nundi, sainikulu samvatsaraaniki 225 "denaria" (900 "sestertia" kuu samanam) andukunnaru; eee praathamika raetu domician varaku maaraledu, athanu daanini 300 "denaria" kii penchaadu. 2va sataabdamloo sthiramaina dravyolbanam unnappatikee, septimius severus kaalam varaku etuvanti perugudala ledhu, athanu daanini samvatsaraaniki 500 "dinari" kii penchaadu. ayithe, sainikulu mottam dabbunu nagadu roopamlo andukoledu, endukante rashtram vaari jeetam nundi dustulu mariyu aahara pannunu teesivesindi. eee vaetanaaniki, kriyaaseela poraatamlo unna oka dalam vaari satruvula sareeraala nundi mariyu satruvula sthaavaraala nundi dopideegaa yuddha dopideeni jodinchaalani aasistundi. baanisalanu yuddha khaideela nundi kooda claim cheyavachu mariyu taruvaata ammakam kosam dalaala madhya vibhajinchavachhu, idhi vaari saadhaarana vaetanaaniki gananeeyamaina anubandhaanni testundi.
sainikulandaruu 25 samvatsaraalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva kaalam tama padaveekaalam puurtayina tarvaata "primea" (anubhavagnula prayojanaalu) nuu kooda andukuntaaruh gananeeyamaina mottamlo dabbu (augustus kaalam nundi 3,000 "dinari") mariyu/ledhaa manchi vyavasaya bhoomula bhoomi (manchi bhoomiki chaalaa demand undedi); anubhavagnulaku ivvabadina vyavasaya bhoomulu tarachugaa sarihaddu praantaalu mariyu tirugubaatu praantaalapai niyantrananu sthaapinchadamlo sahayapaddayi. taruvaata, karakalla kinda, "primea" 5,000 "dinaariki perigindi.
chihnalu.
creepoo 104 nundi, prati dalam daani praamaanika chihnamgaa "akvila" (eegil) nuu upayoginchindi. eee chihnanni aquilifer anie piluvabade oka adhikari mosukelladu, mariyu daani nashtam chaalaa teevramaina ibbandikaramgaa pariganinchabadindi, mariyu tarachugaa dalam raddu kaavadaaniki daariteesindi. saadhaaranamgaa, yuddhamlo thana deganu tirigi pondalekapoyina yea dalam ayina entha teevramgaa debbatinnadante adhi yuddhamlo ikapai prabhaavavantamgaa undadu.
gallick waar" loe (bk IV, paaraa. 25), juuliyas seasure kristupurvam 55 loe britainpai thana modati dandayaatra praarambhamlo jarigina oka sanghatananu vivarinchaadu, idhi dega bhadrata kosam bhayam roman sainikulanu elaa nadipinchagalado vivaristundi. seasure dalaalu britainlaku bhayapadi tama noukalanu vidichipettadaaniki venukadinappudu, padava dalam yokka jalacharaalu tananu taanu oodaloo padesi, deganu mosukelli, satruvuku vyatiraekamgaa ontarigaa munduku sagai. athani sahacharulu avamaanaaniki bhayapadi, 'oka angeekaaramtho, ooda nundi dhooki' itara naukala nundi dalaalu anusarinchaayi.
roman saamrajyam puttukatho, dalaalu tama naayakudaina chakravartito oka bandhaanni yerparachukunnayi. prati dalaaniki imaginifer anie piluvabade maroka adhikari undevaadu, athani paatra chakravarthy yokka "imago" (chitram, shilpam) nuu "pontifex maximus" gaa oka paiknu mosukelladam.
antekakunda, prati dalaaniki pratyaekamaina, dalaaniki pratyaekamaina, daani paeru mariyu chihnamtho "vexillum" ledhaa "signum" nuu mosukelle "vexilifer" undedi. itara dalaalanu balopetam cheyadaaniki oka dalam pradhana shibiram nundi konni upa-vibhaagaalanu vaeru cheyadam saadhaaranam. eee sandarbhaalalo, verucheyabadina upabhaagaalu "akvila" kakunda "vexillum" matrame kaligi untaayi, anduvalla vaatini "vaccellations" anie pilustaaru. vendi bays meeda amarchina oka suukshma "vexillum" nuu konnisaarlu padavee viramana ledhaa punah niyamakam tarvaata vaari sevaku gurtimpugaa adhikaarulaku pradaanam chesevaaru.
roman dalaalaku sahayam chesinanduku pourulaku kooda bahumati ivvavacchu. atyuttama sevaku badulugaa, oka pourudiki thala laeni baanam ivvabadindi. idhi goppa gouravamgaa pariganinchabadindi mariyu graheetaku chaalaa pratishtanu testundi.
kramasikshana.
sainika dalaala sainika kramasikshana kathinamgaa undedi. nibandhanalu khachitamgaa amalu cheyabaddaayi, mariyu vistruta shreni sikshalu vidhinchavachhu. 
sainyam yokka vijayaniki karakalu.
montesque ilaa vraasaadu, "romanlu prapanchaaniki adhipati kaavadaaniki pradhana kaaranam, prajalandarikee vyatiraekamgaa varusaga pooraadina taruvaata, vaaru manchi vaatini kanugonna ventane tama sonta paddhatulanu ellappuduu vadulukunnaru."
coppy chesi sweekarinchina aalochanalaku udaaharanalalo "gladius" (iberianlu) mariyu yuddhanauka roopakalpana (cf. kaartaginiyanla quinquerem), alaage bhaarii aswikadalam mariyu aswikadalam volunteerlu (numedianlu mariyu paarthiyanlu) vanti sainika vibhagalu.

