optical kuharam

optical kuharam, pratidhvani kuharam ledhaa optical resonator anedi addaalu ledhaa itara optical muulakaala amarika, idhi kaanti taramgaala kosam kuhara pratidhvaninini yerparustundi. optical kuharalu lagerlalo pradhana bhaagam, ivi geyin medium chuttoo untaayi mariyu lazer kaanti yokka abhiprayanni andistaayi. avi optical paraamita aasiletarlu mariyu konni interferometersalo kooda upayoginchabadataayi. kuharamlo parimitamaina kaanti aneka saarlu pratibimbistumdi, nirdishta pratidhvani pounahpunyaalato modlanu utpatti chestundi. modlanu langitudinal modlugaa vichchinnam cheyavachu, ivi beam yokka cross-section antataa vibhina teevrata namuunaalanu kaligi unna frequency mariyu transverse modlalo matrame bhinnamgaa untaayi. aneka rakaala optical kuharam standing wave modlanu utpatti chestundi.
rendu addaala kendra podavulu mariyu vaati madhya dhooram dwara vividha pratidhvani rakalu vaeru cheyabadataayi. chadunaina addaalu tarachugaa upayoginchabadavu endukante vaatini avasaramaina khachitatvaniki samalekhanam cheyadamlo ibbandi untundi. jyaamiti (pratidhvani rakam) nii enchukoovaali, tadwara punjam sthiramgaa untundi, i.ii. punjam yokka parimaanam bahula pratibimbaalatoe nirantaram peragadu. resonator rakalu kooda kaneesa punjam nadumu ledhaa kuharam lopala kendra binduvu (anduvalla aaa samayamlo teevramaina kaanti) laeni itara pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa roopondinchabaddaayi.
optical kuharalu pedda q karakanni kaligi undela roopondinchabaddaayi; oka punjam takkuva attenuationtho chaalaa ekkuva saarlu pratibimbistumdi. anduvalla, lazer yokka frequencytho poliste punjam yokka frequency line vedalpu chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi.
resonator modlu.
pratidhvani yantramlo parimitamaina kaanti addaala nundi aneka saarlu pratibimbistumdi, mariyu jokyam yokka prabhaavaala kaaranamgaa, pratidhvani yantram dwara konni namuunaalu mariyu radiation pounahpunyaalu matrame konasaagutaayi, migilinavi vidhvamsaka jokyam dwara anachiveyabadataayi. saadhaaranamgaa, prati round trip loe resonator dwara punarutpatti cheyabadina radiation namuunaalu atyanta sthiramgaa untaayi, mariyu ivi resonator yokka "modlu" anie piluvabade igenmodelu.
pratidhvani vidhaanaalanu rendu rakaluga vibhajinchavachhuh rekhansha vidhanalu, ivi okadaanikokati frequencylo bhinnamgaa untaayi; mariyu viloma vidhanalu, ivi kaanti yokka frequency mariyu teevrata namuunaa rendintiloonuu bhinnamgaa undavacchu. pratidhvani yokka praathamika ledhaa praathamika viloma mode oka gassian punjam.
pratidhvani rakalu.
optical kuharaala yokka atyanta saadhaarana rakalu rendu mukhalu gala samatala (chadunaina) ledhaa golaakaara addaalanu kaligi untaayi. veetilo saralamainadi rendu pratyarthi chadunaina addaalatoe kuudina samatala-samaantara ledhaa fabri-perot kuharam. saralamgaa unnappatikee, amarika kashtam kaaranamgaa eee amarikanu pedda ettuna lagerlalo arudugaa upayogistaaru; addaalu aark yokka konni sekanla lopala samaantaramgaa samalekhanam cheyabadaali, ledhaa intracovity punjam yokka "wacoff" kuharam yokka vaipula nundi bayataku chindutundi. ayithe, chinna addam vaeru dhooram ("l" <1 sem. mea.) thoo chaalaa chinna kuharalaku eee samasya chaalaa taggutundi. anduvalla plain-samaantara resonatorlanu saadhaaranamgaa microchip mariyu microcavity laejarlu mariyu semiconductor lagerlalo upayogistaaru. eee sandarbhaalalo, pratyeka addaalanu upayoginche badulu, pratibimbimchae optical puutanu neerugaa lazer maadhyamaaniki vartimpajeyavachu. plain-samaantara resonator kooda fabri-perot interferometercu aadharam.
vakrata "r" 1 mariyu "r" 2 trijyaalato rendu addaalatoe kuudina pratidhvani kosam, aneka saadhaarana kuhara aakruteekaranalu unnaayi. rendu trijyaalu kuharam podavu sagam ("r" 1 = "r" 2 = "l"/2) kuu samanamga unte, ekagrata ledhaa golaakaara pratidhvani phalitaalu. eee rakamaina kuharam kuharam madhyalo vivartana-parimita punjam nadumunu utpatti chestundi, addaala vadda pedda punjam vyaasamtho, mottam addam eparcharunu nimputundi. dheeni maadirigaane ardhagola kuharam, oka samatala addam mariyu kuharam podavuku samaanamaina vyaasaartham kaligina oka addam.
oka saadhaarana mariyu mukhyamaina roopakalpana confocal resonator, kuharam podavuku samaana vyaasaartham gala addaalatoe ("r" 1 = "r" 2 = "l"). eee design icchina kuharam podavu kosam kuharam addaala vadda saadhyamainanta chinna punjam vyasanni utpatti chestundi mariyu tarachugaa viloma mode namuunaa yokka swachchata mukhyamaina lagerlalo upayoginchabadutundi.
oka putaakaara-convex kuharam vakrata yokka pratikuula vyaasaarthamtho oka kumbhakara addaanni kaligi untundi. eee design punjam yokka intracovity phokasnu utpatti cheyadu, anduvalla chaalaa adhika-shakti lagerlalo upayogapadutundi, ikkada intracovity kaanti yokka teevrata phokasku teesukuvaste intracovity meediyanku nashtam kaliginchavacchu.
golaakaara kuharam.
drava binduvu vanti paaradarsaka vidyudvaahaka golam kooda oka aasaktikaramaina optical kuharanni yerparustundi. yerparustundi richard keey. cheng mariyu itarulu. ethanol micro dropletlu (vyaasaarthamlo 20-40 micrometers) upayoginchi roadamine 6g daitho doped chesi lacingnu pradarsinchaaru. eee rakamaina optical kuharam golam yokka parimaanam ledhaa optical tarangadairghyam ledhaa vakreebhavana suuchika maarutuu unnappudu optical pratidhvanulanu pradarsistundi. pratidhvanini padanirmaana shaastram-aadhaarita pratidhvani anie pilustaaru.
sthirathvam.
r" 1 "," r "2", mariyu "l" kosam konni shrenula viluvalu matrame sthiramaina pratidhvanulanu utpatti chestaayi, dheenilo intracovity punjam yokka aavartana punah kendrikarana utpatti avutundi. kuharam asthiramgaa unte, punjam parimaanam parimiti lekunda perugutundi, chivariki kuharam addaala parimaanam kante peddadigaa perugutundi mariyu kolpotundi. rae badilee maatrika vislaeshanha vanti paddhatulanu upayoginchadam dwara, sthirathva pramaanaanni lekkinchadam saadhyamavutundihi
asamaanatanu santruptipariche viluvalu sthiramaina pratidhvanulaku anugunamgaa untaayi.
prati addaaniki "g" anae sthirathva paraamitini nirvachinchadam dwara sthirathvaanni graphicalga chuupavachchuh
mariyu chuupina vidhamgaa "g" "g" vyatiraekamgaa "g" "g" plaat cheyadam. g" 1 "g" 2 = 1 rekhatho sarihaddulugaa unna praantaalu mariyu akshalu sthiramgaa untaayi. sarigga rekhapai unna paayintla vadda kuharalu swalpamgaa sthiramgaa untaayi; kuharam podavulo chinna vaividhyaalu pratidhvani asthiramgaa maaradaaniki kaaranamavutaayi, kabatti eee kuharaalanu upayoginche laejarlu aacharanalo tarachugaa sthirathva rekha lopala panicheestaayi.
oka saadhaarana rekhaganita prakatana sthirathvam yokka praantaalanu vivaristundihi addaalu mariyu vaati vakrata kendraala madhya rekha vibhagalu ativyaapti chendithe, conny okati puurtigaa marokadaanilo undakapothe kuharam sthiramgaa untundi.
confocal kuharamlo, kuharam madhyalo oka kiranam daani asalu dhisha nundi vaidoliginatlayite, addaalalo okadaani nundi pratibimbimchina tarvaata daani sthaanabhramsham itara kuharam roopakalpana kante peddadigaa untundi. idhi vistarinchina aakasmika udgaaraalanu nirodhistundi mariyu manchi punjam naanhyathatho adhika shakti amplifierlanu roopondinchadaaniki mukhyamainadi.
aacharanaatmaka pratidhvanulu.
optical kuharam khaliga lekapothe (udhaa.zii., labham madhyamam kaligi unna lazer kuharam), madhyamam yokka vakreebhavana suuchika kosam "l" viluvanu sardubaatu cheyali. kuharamlo unchina katakamulu vanti optical amsaalu sthirathvam mariyu mode parimaanaanni maarustaayi. adanamgaa, chaalaa varaku labham kosam, thermal mariyu itara asamaanatalu maadhyamamlo variable lensing prabhavanni srushtistaayi, idhi lazer resonator roopakalpanalo pariganinchabadaali.
aacharanaatmaka lazer resonatorlu rendu kante ekkuva addaalanu kaligi undavacchu; moodu mariyu naalugu addaala erpaatlu saadhaaranam, ivi "madata kuharam" nuu utpatti chestaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, oka jatha vakra addaalu okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva confocal vibhaagaalanu yerparustaayi, migilina kuharam pakshika-colimate ayi, samatala addaalanu upayogistundi. lazer punjam yokka aakaram pratidhvani rakam meeda aadharapadi untundih sthiramaina, paraxial pratidhvani dwara utpatti cheyabadina punjamnu gassian punjam dwara baga roopondinchavacchu. pratyeka sandarbhaallo punjamnu oke viloma modga varninchavachhu mariyu praadaesika lakshanaalanu gassian punjam dwara baga vivarinchavacchu. marinta saadhaaranamgaa, eee punjam viloma reetula yokka superpositionga varninchavachhu. atuvanti punjam yokka khachitamaina vivaranalo hermite bahupadaalu ledhaa inns bahupadaalu vanti konni puurti, orthogonal vidhula samiti (rendu-kolatalapai) paie vistarana untundi. marovaipu asthira lazer resonatorlu, fractal aakarapu kiranaalanu utpatti chestayani choopabadindi.
konni intracovity muulakaalu saadhaaranamgaa madathapette vibhagala madhya punjam nadumu vadda unchabadataayi. udaaharanalalo kuharam dumping kosam acousto-optic modulatorlu mariyu transverse mode niyantrana kosam vacuum praadaesika filterlu unnaayi. konni takkuva shakti laejarla kosam, lazer geyin medium kooda punjam nadumu vadda unchabadavachhu. filterlu, prisms mariyu defraction gratings vanti itara muulakaalaku tarachugaa pedda pakshika-collimated kiranaalu avasaram.
eee namuunaalu kuharam yokka punjam yokka aspashtatanu bharti cheyadaaniki anumatistaayi, idhi kuharamlo brooster-cutt muulakaala dwara utpatti avutundi. kuharam yokka 'z' aakarapu amarika kooda komanu bharti chestundi, ayithe 'delta' ledhaa 'x' aakarapu kuharam bharti cheyadu.
plain resonatorlu beam profile yokka bhramanaaniki mariyu marinta sthirathvaaniki daariteestaayi. geyin meediyamlo utpatti ayye vaedi kuharam yokka frequency driftku daariteestundi, anduvalla frequencini shakti laeni kuharaniki lock cheyadam dwara churukuga sthireekarinchavachhu. adevidhamgaa optical fiber dwara praadaesika vadapotha dwara lazer yokka pointing sthirathvam inca merugupadavacchu.
amarika.
optical kuharanni sameekarinchetappudu khachitamaina amarika mukhyam. uttama avtput shakti mariyu punjam naanhyata kosam, optical muulakaalu prati moolakam dwara punjam anusarinche maargam kendrikrutamai undela samalekhanam cheyali.
saadhaarana kuharalu tarachugaa amarika lejartho samalekhanam cheyabadataayi-baga-colimate cheyabadina kanipinche lazer, idhi kuharam yokka aksham venta nirdesinchabadutundi. punjam yokka maargam mariyu vividha optical muulakaala nundi daani pratibimbaalanu pariseelinchadam muulakaala sthaanaalu mariyu vampulanu sardubaatu cheyadaaniki anumatistundi.
electronic autocolimatorlu mariyu lazer beam profilerlu vanti parikaraalanu upayoginchi marinta sanklishtamaina kuharaalanu samalekhanam cheyavachu.
optical alasyam linelu.
optical kuharaalanu bahula-kakshya optical aalasya rekhalagaa kooda upayoginchavacchu, kaanti punjamnu madata pettadam dwara oka chinna sthalamlo sudeergha maargam-podavunu saadhinchavachchu. chadunaina addaalatoe kuudina samatala-samaantara kuharam chadunaina jigjag kaanti marganni utpatti chestundi, conny paina charchinchinatlugaa, eee namuunaalu yaantrika aatamkaalu mariyu nadakku chaalaa sunnitamgaa untaayi. vakra addaalanu daadaapu confocal aakruteekaranalo upayoginchinappudu, punjam vruttaakaara jigjag maargamlo prayaanistundi. rendodi herriot-rakam delay line anie pilustaaru. oka sthira choppinchina addam vakra addaalalo okadaaniki sameepamlo off-axisga unchabadutundi, mariyu mobile pickup addam adevidhamgaa itara vakra addam sameepamlo unchabadutundi. oka pickup addamtho kuudina chadunaina sarala dasha chadunaina addaala vishayamlo upayoginchabadutundi mariyu rendu addaalatoe kuudina bhramana dasha herriot-rakam aalasya rekha kosam upayoginchabadutundi.
kuharam lopala punjam yokka bhramanam punjam yokka dhruveekarana sthithini maarustundi. dheenini bharti cheyadaaniki, oka sarala dasha paina paina sambandhita sambandhita retro-reflection aakruteekaranalo moodu ledhaa rendu addaalatoe tayaaru cheyabadina oke paas delay line kooda avasaram. punjam vaividhyam kosam sardubaatu cheyadaaniki rendu katakamulatho sarala dasalo rendava kaarunu upayoginchavacchu. rendu katakamulu oka vaastavika mugimpu addam meeda gassian punjam yokka chadunaina dasha mundu bhaganni utpatti chese telescopega panicheestaayi.

