
putmen

putamen (latin nundi, "nutshell" anie ardham) anedi forbrain (telensephalone) adugubhaagamlo unna oka gundrani nirmaanam. putamen mariyu caudate kendrakaalu kalisi dorsal straitamnu yerparustaayi. idhi besal kendrakaalanu roopondinche nirmaanaalalo okati. vividha maargaala dwara, putamen anedi mastishka valkalam yokka aneka praantaalatoo paatu substantia nigra, globus polydus, clustrum mariyu thaalamastho anusandhaaninchabadi untundi. putamen yokka praathamika pani vividha dasalalo kadalikalanu niyantrinchadam (udhaa.zii. tayari mariyu amalu) mariyu vividha rakaala abhyasalanu prabhaavitam chestundi. idhi daani vidhulanu nirvahinchadaaniki gaba, acetylcholine mariyu enkephaalinlanu upayogistundi. parkinsons vyaadhi vanti ksheeninchina naraala rugmatalalo kooda putamen paatra poeshistumdi.
charitra.
putamen" anae padam latin nundi vachindi, idhi "kattirimpulo padipovadaanni" suuchistumdi, "putare" nundi, antey "kattirinchadam, aalochinchadam ledhaa pariganinchadam".
iteevala varaku, chaalaa varaku mri parisoedhanalu vividha kaaranaala valla (udhaa.zii. chitra spashtata, putamen lopala vivikta infract ledhaa raktasraavam yokka arudainata modalainavi.). ayithe, besal ganglia mariyu sambandhita medadu-pravartana sambandhaalapai aneka adhyayanalu jarigaayi. 1970laloe, modati single unit recordinglu kothulu kadalikaku sambandhinchina polydal neuron karyakalapalanu paryavekshinchadamtho cheyabaddaayi. appati nundi, marinta vistrutamaina neuronal tracing, stimulation mariyu imaging parisoedhana paddhatulu (udhaa.zii. putamenla parisoedhanaku anumatinche fmri, dwi) abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
shareera nirmaana shaastram.
putamen anedi mundari medadulooni oka nirmaanam. caudate kendrakamtho paatu idhi dorsal straitamnu yerparustundi. caudate mariyu putamen oke rakamaina neuronlu mariyu circuitlanu kaligi untaayi-chaalaa mandhi neuroanatamistlu dorsal striatamnu oke nirmaanamgaa bhaavistaaru, idhi madhya gundaa vellae pedda fiber track, antargata gulika dwara rendu bhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi. putamen, globus paalidastoe kalisi, lentiform kendrakaanni tayaaru chestundi. putamen anedi besal ganglia yokka bayati bhaagam. ivi medadulooni kendrakaala samuuham, ivi mastishka valkalam, thalamus mariyu medadu kanajaalamtho parasparam anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi. besal ganglialo dorsal stritum, substantia nigra, nucleus acumbens mariyu subtholomic nucleus unnaayi.
ksheeradaalalo, besal ganglia anedi motaru niyantrana, ghnaanam, bhavodvegalu, abhyasam mariyu domine-general vidhulatho anubandhinchabadi untundi, ivi karyanirvahaka paniteeruku alaage domine-nirdishta bhashalaku maddatuku mukhyamainavi. besal ganglia dwaipaakshikamgaa undhi, mariyu rostral mariyu kaadal vibhaagaalanu kaligi unnaayi. putamen striatamlo bhaagamgaa rostral divisionlo undhi. besal ganglia striatum dwara mastishka valkalam nundi inputnu andukuntundi.
putamen eee krindi nirmaanaalatoo anusandhaaninchabadi untundih
eee vivarana muulaadhaaramainadi mariyu putamen yokka praathamika sthirapadina circutrini kooda dadapuga tolaginchadu. putaminal prameyamtho kuudina cartico-subcartico-cartical circuitlu dattamainavi mariyu sanklishtamainavi, veetilo vistruta shreni akshatantu, dendritic, rasayana, afferent mariyu efferent uparitalaalu untaayi. putamen yokka avutputlu avtput nirmaanaalalo ekkuvagaa arbor cheyabadataayi, mariyu cartex yokka poralu III-vi nundi cartical efferents utpannamavutaayi, idhi gyrie mariyu putamen lopala unna sthaanampai aadharapadi untundi. putamen yokka sthalaakruthi vyavastha eee krindi amsaalanu militam chestundih puurva-nundi-posterior functional mariyu somatopic gradients, parshwa-nundi-madhyastha functional mariyu somatopic gradients, diffuse terminal avtput, paachii localized terminal avtput, prakkane unna praantaala nundi vaeru cheyabadina terminals, dhoora cartical praantaala nundi chakkaga interdisited terminals ativyaapti chendutunna paddhatiloo.
caudate nucleus.
mastishka valkalam nundi inputnu sweekarinchadaaniki caudate putamen thoo panichestundi. samishtiga, vaatini besal gangliaku "pravesam" gaa pariganinchavacchu. putamen nundi anchanaalu cadolanticular gray vantenala dwara neerugaa caudate cherukuntaayi. putamen mariyu caudet samyuktamgaa substantia nigraatho anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi, ayithe caudet avtput substantia nigra pars retikulaataaku marinta dattamgaa untundi, ayithe putamen antargata globus polydusku ekkuva afferentlanu pamputundi.
substantia nigra.
substantia nigraalo rendu bhagalu untayih substantia nigra pars compact (snspc) mariyu substantia nigra pars reticulata (snspr). sncc putamen mariyu caudate nundi inputnu pondutundi mariyu samacharanni tirigi pamputundi. snr putamen mariyu caudate nundi kooda input pondutundi. ayithe, idhi thala mariyu kanti kadalikalanu niyantrinchadaaniki besal ganglia velupala inputnu pamputundi. sncc dopamine utpatti chestundi, idhi kadalikalaku keelakam. parkinsons vyaadhi samayamlo ksheeninche bhaagam sncc.
globus polydus.
globus polydus rendu bhaagaalanu kaligi untundih globus polydus pars externa (gpe) mariyu globus polydus pars interna (gpi). rendu praantaalu putamen mariyu caudate nundi inputnu pondutaayi mariyu subtholomic nucleusto communicate chestaayi. ayithe, ekkuvagaa gpi thaalamasku gabergic inhibitory avutputnu pamputundi. gpi madhya medadulooni bhagalaku kooda anchanaalanu pamputundi, ivi bhangima niyantrananu prabhaavitam chestayani bhaavistaaru.
sariiradharmasaastram.
maargaala rakalu.
putamen (mariyu saadhaaranamgaa striatum) cartico-subcartico-cartico communication looplanu anumatinche aneka samaantara circuitlanu kaligi untundi. veetini vistrutamgaa pratyaksha, paroksha mariyu athi pratyaksha margaluga varninchaaru. putamen yokka gabarazic anchanaalu thaalamaspai nirodhaka prabhavanni chuuputaayi. centromedian mariyu paraphosicular nucleus nundi thalamic anchanaalu putamenpai uttejakaramaina prabhavanni chuuputaayi. vistruta paraspara anusandhanam kaligina thalamus maadirigaa kakunda, putamenlatho cartical anchanaalu anubandhamgaa untaayi, tadwara samacharanni sweekarinchadaaniki viruddhamgaa pamputaayi. gatamlo vivarinchina vidhamgaa cartical communication bahula-fiber maargaala dwara saadhinchabadutundi (i.ii. itara upa-courtical nirmaanaala dwara).
dopamine.
dopamine anedi neurotransmitter, idhi putamenlo aadhipatya paatranu kaligi untundi, indulo ekkuva bhaagam substantia nigra nundi sarafara cheyabadutundi. neuron yokka kana sareeram (putamen ledhaa caudate kendrakaalalo) charya saamarthyaanni prasarinchinappudu, dopamine presainaptic terminal nundi vidudala avutundi. putamen mariyu caudate kendrakaala nundi anchanaalu substantia nigra yokka dendraitlanu savaristaayi kabatti, dopamine substantia nigraanu prabhaavitam chestundi, idhi motaru pranaalikanu prabhaavitam chestundi. idhe yantraangam maadakadravya vyasanamlo paalgontundi. synaptic cheelikalo dopamine mottaanni niyantrinchadaaniki, mariyu post synaptic terminalsku dopamine bandhinche mottaanni niyantrinchadaaniki, adanapu dopamine nuu tirigi teesukoovadaaniki precinaptic dopaminergic neuronlu panicheestaayi.
itara neurotransmitterlu.
itara neurotransmitterla modulationlo kooda putamen paatra poeshistumdi. idhi gaba, encaphaline, padaartham pii mariyu acetylcholinlanu vidudala chestundi. idhi serotonin mariyu glutamatenu pondutundi.
paniteeru motaru naipunyaalu.
putamen aneka itara nirmaanaalatoo anusandhaaninchabadi untundi mariyu aneka rakaala motaru pravartanalanu prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki vaatitho kalisi panichestundi. veetilo motaru pranaalika, abhyasam mariyu amalu, motaru tayari, kadalika yokka vyaaptini perkonadam mariyu kadalika kramaalu unnaayi.
kontamandi naraala nipunulu putamen kooda kadalika empikalo paatra pooshistundani oohinchaaru (udhaa.zii. touret syndrome) mariyu gatamlo neerchukunna kadalikala "automatic" paniteeru (udhaa.zii. parkinsons vyaadhi).
oka adhyayanamlo putamen avayava kadalikalanu niyantristundani kanugonabadindi. praimaetla putamenloni nirdishta kana karyakalapalu avayavaala kadalika disaku sambandhinchinavaa ledhaa kandaraala karyakalapala antarleena namuunaaku sambandhinchinavaa anie nirnayinchadam eee adhyayanam yokka lakshyam. rendu kotulaku bhaaraala kadalikatho kuudina panulanu nirvahinchadaaniki sikshana icchaaru. kandaraala karyakalapala nundi kadalikanu vaeru cheyagaligela panulu srushtinchabaddaayi. putamenloni neuronlu pani mariyu pani velupala chethi kadalikalaku sambandhinchinavi ayithe matrame paryaveekshanha kosam empika cheyabaddaayi. paryaveekshinchabadina neuronlalo 50 saatam kadalika disaku sambandhinchinavi, load nundi swatantramgaa unnayani choopabadindi.
13 mandhi maanavulalo praantiiya mastishka rakta pravaham yokka pempudu jantuvula mappingnu upayoginchi kadalika paridhi mariyu vegaanni parisoedhinchadaaniki maroka adhyayanam jarigindi. joy stick-niyantrita karsar thoo kadalika panulu nirvahinchabaddaayi. kadalikala paridhini mariyu medadulooni kadalikalu yea praantaalatoo sambandham kaligi unnayo lekkinchadaaniki ganaanka pareekshalu jarigaayi. perugutunna kadalika paridhi dwaipaakshika besal ganglia (biji; putamen mariyu globus polydus) mariyu ipsilateral cerebellumlo arsibef yokka samaantara perugudalato mudipadi undani kanugonabadindi."idhi putamen kadalikanu prabhaavitam chestundani choopinchadame kakunda, panulanu nirvahinchadaaniki putamen itara nirmaanaalatoo kalisipotundani kooda choopistundi.
besal ganglia varusa kadalikala abhyasanni elaa prabhaavitam chestundo pratyaekamgaa parisoedhinchadaaniki oka adhyayanam jarigindi. rendu kotulaku varusa buttonlanu nokkadaaniki sikshana icchaaru. upayoginchina paddhatulu baga neerchukunna panulanu mariyu kotta panulanu paryavekshinchagaligela roopondinchabaddaayi. maskimolnu besal ganglia yokka vividha bhagalalo inject chesaaru, mariyu "puurva caudate mariyu putamenlo injectionla tarvaata kotta sequencela abhyasam lopinchindani, conny madhya-posterior putamen kaadani kanugonabadindi". varusa kadalikala neerchukoevadamloo vividha amsaalanu pradarsistunnappudu striatum yokka vividha praantaalu upayoginchabadatayani idhi choopistundi.
neerchukoevadamloo paatra.
aneka adhyayanaalalo, aneka rakaala abhyasalalo putamen paatra pooshistundani spashtamaindi. konni udaaharanalu krinda ivvabaddaayi
upabalamu mariyu antarleena abhyasam.
vividha rakaala kadalikalato paatu, putamen kooda upabala abhyasam mariyu antarleena abhyasanni prabhaavitam chestundi.
upabala abhyasam anedi paryaavaranamthoo sankarshana chendadam mariyu phalitaanni penchadaaniki cattering charyalu. avyakta abhyasam anedi prajalu samaachaaraaniki gurayye mariyu bahirgatam dwara gnaanaanni pondhe oka nishkriyaatmaka prakriya. khachitamaina vidhanalu teliyakapoyinappatiki, dopamine mariyu tonic kriyaaseela neuronlu ikkada keelaka paatra poeshistaayani spashtamavutundi. tanikalgaa kriyaaseela neuronlu colinergic interneuranlu, ivi uddeepana yokka mottam vyavadhilo mantalu mariyu sekanuku 0.5-3 preranala vadda mantalu vestaayi. phasic neuronlu vyatiraekamainavi mariyu kadalika sambhavinchinappudu matrame charya saamarthyaanni kaligistaayi.
varga abhyasam.
oka nirdishta adhyayanam varga abhyasanni adhyayanam cheyadaaniki stroke kaaranamgaa besal ganglia (pratyaekamgaa putamen) paie phokal gayalu unna rogulanu upayoginchindi. eee rakamaina rogulanu upayoginchadam valla kalige prayojanam emitante, prefrontal cartexku dopaminergic anchanaalu chekkuchedarakunda unde avakaasam undhi. alaage, eee rogulalo, nirdishta medadu nirmaanaalanu panicheyadaaniki anusandhaaninchadam sulabham endukante gaayam oka nirdishta pradaesamloe matrame sambhavistundi. eee gayalu niyama-aadhaarita mariyu samachara-ekikarana pani abhyasanni prabhaavitam chestaya ledhaa anie nirnayinchadam eee adhyayanam yokka lakshyam. niyama-aadhaarita panulu pani ghnaapakasaktipai aadhaarapadina parikalpana-pareeksha dwara neerchukoobadataayi. samachara-ekikarana panulu antey rendu vanarula nundi samacharam nirnayaatmaka dasaku mundu ekikrutam cheyabadinappudu khachitatvam garishtamgaa untundi, idhi vidhana-aadhaarita vyavasthanu anusaristundi.
eee prayogamlo tommidi mandhi niyantrana paalgonevaaritho paatu besal ganglia gaayaalato eduguru paalgonevaaru upayoginchaaru. coudate prabhaavitam kaaledani gamaninchadam mukhyam. paalgonevaarini pratyeka sessionlalo prati rakamaina abhyasam kosam pareekshinchaaru, kabatti samachara prakriyalu okadaanitoe okati jokyam chesukovu. prati sessionlo, paalgonevaaru computer screen mundu kuurchuni vividha panktulu pradarsinchabaddaayi. naalugu vargalalo okadaani nundi yaadruchchika namuunaalanu teesukunna yaadruchchika saanketikatanu upayoginchi eee panktulu srushtinchabaddaayi. niyaminchabadina-aadhaarita pareeksha kosam, eee namuunaalanu eee naalugu ververu vargaluga vibhajinchabadina vividha podavu mariyu dhorani gala panktulanu nirminchadaaniki upayoginchaaru. uddeepana pradarsinchabadina taruvaata, yea vargamloki line padipoyindo suuchimchadaaniki 4 buttonlalo 1 nokkamani vishayalanu koraru. adhe prakriya samachara-ekikarana panula kosam punaraavrutamaindi, mariyu adhe uddeepanalu upayoginchabaddaayi, ayithe varga sarihaddulu 45° tippabaddaayi. eee bhramanam vishayam yea vargamlo undho nirnayinche mundu rekha gurinchi parimaanaatmaka samacharanni ekikrutam chestundi.
prayogaatmaka samuuhamlooni subjectlu niyama-aadhaarita panulanu nirvahistunnappudu balaheenamgaa unnayani kanugonabadindi, conny samachara-ekikarana panulu kaavu. ganaanka pareeksha tarvaata, medadu niyama-aadhaarita abhyasa panulanu parishkarinchadaaniki samachara-ekikarana paddhatulanu upayoginchadam praarambhinchindani kooda oohinchabadindi. niyamam aadhaarita panulu medadu yokka parikalpana-pareeksha vyavasthanu upayogistaayi kabatti, medadu yokka parikalpana-pareeksha vyavastha debbatinnatlu/balaheenapadindani nirdhaarinchavacchu. eee vyavasthalo coudate mariyu working memarylu oka bhagamani telisindi. anduvalla, putamen varga abhyasam, vyavasthala madhya pootii, niyama-aadhaarita panulalo feedback prosessing, mariyu mundu-mundu praantaala (idhi working memory mariyu executive paniteeruku sambandhinchinadi) prosessinglo paalgontunnatlu nirdhaarinchabadindi. ippudu besal ganglia mariyu caudate matrame kakunda varga abhyasanni prabhaavitam chestayani telisindi.
dweshapurita circuit" loe paatra.
medadulooni "dweshapurita circuit" anie pilavabade daanilo putamen paatra pooshinchavacchani taatkaalika adhyayanalu suuchimchaayi. london vishwavidyaalaya kalaasaalalooni sell und developmental biology vibhagam iteevala londonlo oka adhyayanam chesindi. rogulu taamu dveshinche vyaktula chitraanni mariyu "tatasthamgaa" unna vyaktula chitraanni chusinappudu vaaripai fmri cheyabadindi. prayogam samayamlo, prati chitraaniki "dvesham score" namodu cheyabadindi. medadulooni upa-cartical praantaalalo karyakalapalu "dweshapurita circuit" putamen mariyu insulaanu kaligi untundani suuchistumdi. putamen dhikkaram mariyu asahyam yokka avagaahanalo paatra poeshistumdi, mariyu charya teesukoovadaaniki sameekarinchabadina motaru vyavasthalo bhaagam kaavacchu" anie siddhaantam cheyabadindi."dweshapurita sarkyuutlooni karyakalapala parimaanam oka vyakti prakatinche dweshapurita mottamto sambandham kaligi undani kooda kanugonabadindi, idhi haanikaramaina neeraalaku sambandhinchi chattaparamaina chikkulanu kaligi undavacchu.
transgender vyaktulalo paatra.
oka saadhaarana sisgender purushudi putamen thoo poliste purusha nundi stree transgender vyaktulalo putamen gananeeyamgaa ekkuva mottamlo buudida padaarthaanni kaligi unnatlu kanugonabadindi. trans mahilalu mariyu sisgender purushula madhya medadu kuurpuloo praathamika vyatyaasam undavacchani idhi suuchistumdi.
pathology.
parkinsons vyaadhi.
putamen yokka paniteerunu kanugonna taruvaata, putamen mariyu besal ganglia yokka itara bhagalu parkinsons vyaadhi mariyu neuronla ksheenatatoo kuudina itara vyaadhulalo mukhyamaina paatra poeshistaayani neurologistlaku spashtamaindi.
parkinsons vyaadhi anedi substantia nigra pars compactalo dopaminergic neuronla nemmadigaa mariyu sthiramaina nashtam. parkinsons vyaadhiloo putamen keelaka paatra poeshistumdi endukante daani inputlu mariyu avutputlu substantia nigra mariyu globus paalidastoe anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi. parkinsons vyaadhiloo lopali globus polydusku pratyaksha margallo karyakalapalu taggutaayi mariyu bahya globus polydusku paroksha margallo karyakalapalu perugutaayi. parkinsons rogulaku motaru pranaalikatoe kashtamaina samayam undani kooda gamaninchabadindi.
itara vyaadhulu mariyu rugmatalu.
eee krindi vyaadhulu mariyu rugmatalu putamen thoo mudipadi unnaih
itara jantuvulalo.
maanavulalo putamen itara jantuvulato nirmaanam mariyu paniteerulo saapekshamgaa pooli untundi. anduvalla, jantuvulapai (kothulu, elukalu, pillulu modalainavi) putamenlapai aneka adhyayanalu jarigaayi.), alaage maanavulu. ayithe, ksheeradaalalo antara-jaatula vaividhyam gamaninchabadindi, mariyu tella padaartham putaminal connectivity kosam namodu cheyabadindi. vaividhyam pradhanamgaa nirmaanaatmaka anusandhaana namuunaalaku sambandhinchinadi, ayithe somatopic samstha suutraalu konasaaginchabadataayi. 1980la nundi ippati varaku primate parisoedhanalu adhika-krama ghnaanam thoo sambandham unna cartical praantaalu pradhanamgaa putamen yokka rostal-atyanta bhaagaaniki afferent neuronlanu pamputayani sthaapinchaayi, ayithe primatelalo eee nirmaanam yokka migilina bhaagam pradhanamgaa indriya-motaru vidhulaku upayogapadutundi mariyu praadhamika mariyu anubandha motaru praantaalatoo dattamgaa anusandhaaninchabadi untundi.