
maanava charya

human action eah treatise aann economics anedi austrian aardhikavetta mariyu tatwavetta ludwig vaan misses raasina rachana. vistrutamgaa maise 'magnum opas' gaa pariganinchabade idhi, maanava nirnayaatmaka nirmaanaanni ardham chesukovadaniki athani paddhati ayina proxiology aadhaaramgaa lices-fair pettubadidaarii vidhaanaaniki sambandhinchina kesunu andistundi. maise aardhika saastramlo pratyakshavaadaanni tiraskarinchi, proxiologyki "oka praadhaanyata" punaadini, alaage kramabaddhamaina vyaktivaadam mariyu sweeya-spashtamaina khachitatvam yokka chattalanu samarthinchaaru. swechhaa-market aardhika vyavastha prabhutvam pranaalikaabaddhamaina vyavasthanu adhigaminchadame kakunda, chivariki nagarikataku punaadigaa panichestundani misses vaadinchaaru.
"national ekanaami theory dess handles und wirtshaftens" "anedi 1940 german-bhasha puurvagaami" "maanava charya". "
viniyogadaarula demandlanu teerchadaaniki vanarula kosam atyanta viluvaina upayogaalanu nirnayinchadaaniki market-srushtinchina dabbu dharalu avasaramani misses vaadinchaaru. market aardhika vyavasthalo mukkalu mukkaluga raajakeeya jokyam yokka asthiratalanu mariyu raajakeeya niyantrana mariyu dravya vyavastha yokka taarumaaru yokka haanikaramaina prabhavalanu pradarsinchadaaniki athanu prayatnistaadu. misses drushtilo, market dharalanu vakreekarinche prabhutva jokyala phalitamgaa ellappuduu kaarmikulatoe sahaa vanarula tappudu disalu, muuladhanam yokka akrama pettubadulaku daariteestaayi, idhi dravyolbana perugudalaku daariteestundi, taruvaata anivaarya aardhika tirogamanalaku daariteestundi. billionla mandhi prajala charyalanu atyanta aardhikamgaa hetubaddhamaina paddhatiloo samanvayam cheyadaaniki maargaalanu roopondistuu, samaajamlooni sabhyulandarikee swechcha mariyu vyaktigata empikanu andinche ekaika vyavastha market aardhika vyavastha anie, kendra byaankula dwara dravya taarumaaru aardhika ganana prakriyaku atyanta vighaatam kaliginche vakreekaranalalo okati anie misses vishwasinchaaru.
saaraamsam.
thana parichayamlo, market drugvishayaala kramam mariyu paraspara aadhaarapadatamlo kramabaddhata kanugonabadinappudu aardhikasaastram oka saastramgaa udbhavinchindani misses vaadinchaaru. aardhika shaastram edurkontunna savaallanu, mukhyamgaa ghnaanam yokka chattabaddhamaina saakhagaa angeekarinchabadatamlo, kotta saastramgaa ayana paerkonnaadu mariyu aardhika aalochana yokka vijayaalanu tiraskarinchina vividha aalochanaa vidhaanaalanu charchinchaadu. udaaravaada vidhanalu mariyu saanketika merugudalanu prothsahinchadam dwara shaastreeya aardhikavettala aalochanalu saadhaarana jeevana pramaanaalanu meruguparichaayani paerkontuu, aardhika saastraaniki vyatiraekamgaa saadhaarana vimarsalanu misses khandinchaaru. aardhika samasyalu maanava charya yokka saadhaarana saastramlo oka vibhagam matrame kabatti vaatini verucheyalemani kooda ayana vaadinchaaru.
modati bhaagam-maanava charya.
acting myaan" anae modati adhyayam, maanava charya yokka bhavananu vivaristundi, idhi "uddesapurvaka pravartana" gaa nirvachinchabadindi mariyu praticharya pravartana nundi vaeru cheyabadindi, indulo pariseelakudu natudiki oka lakshyanni suuchistaadu. proxiology anedi charya yokka shaastram, idhi prajalaku lakshyalu unnayane vaastavam nundi oohinchina phalitaalanu adhyayanam chestundi mariyu vaatini saadhinchadaaniki maargaalanu avalambistundi. oka charya jaragalante, natudu asoukarya sthithilo undaali, marinta santruptikaramaina sthithini oohinchukoovaali mariyu uddesapurvaka pravartana asoukaryaanni tagginchagaladani nammali. eee vachanam aanandam mariyu pravrutti anae bhavananu prastaavistundi, ikkada aanandam puurtigaa vyaktigata natudi aatmaasraya lakshyaala dwara nirvachinchabadutundi mariyu maanavulu vaari jeevasambandhamaina korikalanu anachiveyavachhu. maanava charya yokka adhyayanam maanava charya yokka antimamgaa ivvadamtho praarambhamavutundi, mariyu maanava charyala yokka anni adhyayanalu kramabaddhamaina dwandwavaadampai aadharapadali. proxiology anedi aatmaasrayamainadi, endukante prati vyakti manassulalo unnatlugaa natula aatmaasraya lakshyalanu teesukuntundi, conny eee lakshyalapai teerpu ivvakunda undatam dwara, idhi vastunishtamgaa untundi. charyaku kaaryakaaranatvam avasaram, mariyu heisenberg anischiti suutram dheenini maarchadu. chivaraga, eee vachanam alter aham anae bhavananu parichayam chestundi, ikkada anni sanghatanalu teleology ledhaa kaaryakaarana rangamlo undaali.
2va adhyayam, "maanava charya yokka saastraala ghnaanasaastra samasyalu", maanava charya, proxiology mariyu charitra yokka saastraala gurinchi. "charitra anedi maanava charyaku sambandhinchina anubhavamloni mottam dayta yokka sekarana mariyu kramabaddhamaina amarika."marovaipu, proxiology maanava charya yokka vaastavam nundi praarambhamavutundi mariyu gatam mariyu bhavishyattu rendintiloonuu anni charyalaku chellubaatu ayye mundastu satyaalanu cherukovadaniki taarkika taggimpunu upayogistundi. manassu prapanchaanni ardham chesukovadaniki kaaryakaaranatvam mariyu teleology suutraalu kooda avasaramaina mundastu avasaralu. proxiology anedi vyaktula charyalaku sambandhinchinadani mariyu vyaktigata charyalatho vyavaharistundani, saadhaaranamgaa aspashtamaina charya kaadani eee vachanam nokki chebutundi. charitrakaarudu itara vibhagalapai aadhaarapadavachhu, conny edhi sambandhitamo nirnayinchadaaniki thana mundastu viluva teerpulu mariyu siddhaantaalanu upayoginchaali, aapai tadanugunamgaa vaastavaalanu samarpinchaali. proxiological bhaavanalapai parimitulu kooda charchinchabaddaayi.
3va adhyayam, "aardhikasaastram mariyu tarkaaniki vyatiraekamgaa tirugubaatu", anevi bahusastra amsaanni charchistaayi, idhi vividha jaatulu ledhaa saamaajika taragatulu vanti vividha samuuhaala prajalu praathamikamgaa vibhina aalochanaa vidhaanaalanu mariyu tarkaanni kaligi untaarane nammakam. eee aalochanaku sakshyam maddatu ivvaledani, badulugaa pratyarthula vaadanalanu vaastavaaniki parishkarinchakundaa apakeerti parachadaniki oka maargamgaa upayoginchabadutundani maise vaadinchaaru. maanavula patla charya teesukoovadaaniki praathamika saadhanamgaa tarkam yokka praamukhyatanu kooda ayana nokkichepparu mariyu nagarikataku haanikaramaina swabhaavaaniki anukuulamgaa daanini tiraskarinchavaddani heccharistaaru.
4va adhyayam, "charya yokka vargam yokka modati vislaeshanha", mugimpulu mariyu maargaala bhavananu charchistundi, ikkada mugimpu anedi oka natudu korina phalitam mariyu mugimpunu saadhinchadaaniki sadhanalu upayoginchabadataayi. proxiology market drugvishayaanni vivarinchadaaniki natudi lakshyalu mariyu nammakalanu vislaeshistumdi. uchita vastuvulu mariyu aardhika vastuvula madhya vyatyaasam upayogakaram kaadu, mariyu vastuvulanu maanava korikala yokka pratyaksha ledhaa paroksha santrupti aadhaaramgaa viniyogadaarula vastuvulu ledhaa utpattidaarula vastuvulugaa vargeekaristaaru. vastuvulanu vaati vaanchaneeyataku anugunamgaa rank chese natula manassulalo viluva untundi. vaastava vyaktulu kaligi unna viluvala aatmaasraya sthaayilo aardhika saastraanni nirminchavacchu. anni charyalu swachchanda marpidi, ikkada oka charya yokka kharchu chellinchina dhara yokka viluva mariyu marchipoyina santrupti. labham anedi oka aatmaasraya vargam, idhi kolavalenidi, mariyu natulu tappugaa untaaru.
5va adhyayam, "samayam", maanava charya yokka adhyayanam ayina proxiology yokka taatkaalika swabhaavaanni charchistundi. proxiology anedi oka taarkika vyavastha ayithe, idhi kaalamtho sannihitamgaa sambandham kaligi untundi, endukante charya anedi samayam yokka pravaham gurinchi manishiki avagahana kalpistundi. vartamaanam anedi vyavadhi yokka oka unitga nirvachinchabadaledu, conny sambhaavya charya teesukoovadaaniki pandina avakaasam undatam. samayam chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi, anni bhouthika avasaralanu teerchagala oohaatmaka swargamlo kooda daanini podupu cheyali. charyalu kalakramena varusaga jaragaali, mariyu charyaye krooramaina vaastavam, antarleena viluva sthaayi kaadu. vyaktula charyalanu vaari viluva pramaanaalaku sambandhinchi anchanaa veyadam ardhamlenidi.
6va adhyayam, "anischiti", maanava charyalo anischiti mariyu sambhaavyata gurinchi charchistundi. charya anedi anischitini suuchistumdi endukante bhavishyattu teliste, charya teesukoovadaaniki prerana undadu. asampoorna ghnaanam nepathyamlo oka nirnayaaniki cherukovadam, sambhaavya anumiti samasya, aneka vibhagalalo vistarinche vistrutamainadi. sambhaavyata yokka rendu rangaalu unnaayi, taragati mariyu cases sambhaavyata, modatidi sahaja saastraalaku vartistundi mariyu rendodi saamaajika saastraalaku vartistundi. taragati sambhaavyatalo, mottam taragati sanghatanalu ledhaa drugvishayaala gurinchi manaku pratidee telusu, conny taragatini roopondinche vyaktula gurinchi manaku pratyaekamgaa aemee teliyadu. oka nirdishta sanghatananu prabhaavitam chese konni amsaalu manaku telisinappudu cases sambhaavyata vartistundi, conny phalitaanni kooda prabhaavitam chese itara kaarakaala gurinchi manaku teliyadu. betting antey oka vyakti konni amsaalu telisina phalitampai dabbunu risk chesetappudu, joodam antey athanu phalitampai dabbunu risk chesetappudu, akkada ataniki taragatiloni vividha amsaala pounahpunyaalu matrame telusu. proxiology bhavishyattu gurinchi konni gunaatmaka anchanaalu cheyagaladu, conny parimaanaatmaka anchanaalu khachitamgaa laevu.
7va adhyayam, "prapanchamlooni charya", aardhikasaastram mariyu maanava charyalaku sambandhinchina aneka amsaalanu kaligi undhi, veetilo upanta viniyoga chattam, rabadi chattam, maanava shrama oka saadhanamgaa mariyu utpatti. upanta viniyoga chattam anedi icchina vastuvu yokka varusa unitla viniyogam taggutundi anae vaastavaanni suuchistumdi, endukante aaa vyakti adanapu unitlanu takkuva mariyu takkuva atyavasara lakshyalaku vartimpajestaadu. upanta prayojanam ellappuduu prashnaarthakamaina natudi aatmaasraya chatram prakaram nirvachinchabadutundi. rabadi chattam prapanchamlooni parimaanaatmaka kaarana sambandhaalanu, mukhyamgaa utpatti vastuvulaku sambandhinchi vivaristundi. oka nirdishta parimaanamlo viniyogadaaru vastuvunu utpatti cheyadaaniki, oka utpatti vastuvu yokka icchina unit ellappuduu kaneesam oka itara utpattidaaru vastuvutoe kalisi panicheyaali. konni parimita binduvula vadda, "vaanchaneeya" sthaayiki cherukuntundi, mariyu prati unitku input avtput parimaanam garishtamgaa untundi. maanava shrama oka saadhanamgaa asamarthatanu kaligi untundi, antey natulu saadhinchagala lakshyalanu saadhinchadaaniki saareeraka-garishta sramanu ketayincharu. vishraanti sarafara taggadamtho kaarmikula asamarthatha perugutundi. shrama anedi antima "anirdishta" amsam mariyu prati utpatti prakriyaloo avasaram. utpatti anedi srujanaatmakamainadi kaadu, conny oka vastuvu ledhaa sevanu utpatti cheyadaaniki vividha inputlanu militam chestundi. srujanaatmaka medhavi dheeniki minahaayimpu, endukante vaaru takshana santrupti kosam shramincharu ledhaa madhyavartitvam cheyaru.
rendava bhaagam-samajam yokka chatramlo charya.
8va adhyayam, "maanava samajam", maanava sahakaram yokka vividha amsaalanu charchistundi, veetilo kaarmika vibhajana yokka prayojanaalu, saamaajika sahakaram yokka shreshtata, samajam yokka adhibhouthika drukpatham yokka vimarsalu mariyu association yokka ricardian chattam unnaayi. samajampai shrama vibhajana yokka prabhavalu, oka saamaajika jeevigaa manishi aavirbhavam mariyu goppa samajam gurinchi kooda eee grandham maatlaadutundi. chivaraga, eee grandham durakramana mariyu vidhvamsam yokka swabhaavaanni mariyu saamaajika sahakaram dwara daanini elaa adhigaminchabadindo vivaristundi.
9va adhyayam, "aalochanala paatra", maanava charya mariyu bhaavajaalaaniki sambandhinchina aneka amsaalanu charchistundi. modatidi, maanava charya tarkam dwara vaeru cheyabadutundi, mariyu tarkam tappugaa unnappatikee, ellappuduu aalochinche vyakti, mariyu sampradaayam mariyu bhasha prastuta natulu vaari puurveekula tarkaanni vaari swantha aalochanalo chaerchadaaniki anumatistaayi. rendavadi, prapancha drukpatham anni vishayaala yokka vivarana mariyu charyaku maargadarsigaa panichestundi, ayithe bhaavajaalam bhusambandhamaina aandolanalapai maanava paraspara charyaku parimitam cheyabadindi. uparitalampai vaati ananukuulata unnappatikee, vividha bhavajalalu vaari anucharulaku oke vishayalanu samarthistaayi, mariyu vaari vibhedaalu nairoopya suutraalapai kaadu. moodavadi, itarula charyalanu nirdesinche shakti shakti, mariyu samajam bhaavajaalam yokka utpatti. chivaraga, purogati mariyu tirogamanam anae bhavanalu natudi pranaalika sandarbhamlo matrame ardhamavutaayi, mariyu 18va mariyu 19va sataabdapu hetuvaadi mariyu (shaastreeya) udaaravaadula praanaantakamaina lopam samanyudi maryaada mariyu ghnaanampai vaari vishwaasam.
samaajamlo marpidi" anae 10va adhyayam, autistic marpidi yokka bhaavanalanu charchistundi, idhi kevalam oka natudiki sambandhinchinadi, mariyu iddaru ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vyaktula madhya sahakaranni kaligi unna vyaktula madhya marpidi. prajalu oppanda ledhaa aadhipatya sambandhamlo sahakarinchavachhu, oppanda samajalu aadhipatya samaajaala kante marinta saantiyutamgaa untaayi. anni charyalalo saadhyamayye phalitaalanu rank cheyadaaniki krama sankhyala vadakam untundi, conny cardinal sankhyala vaadakaaniki pratyeka paristhitulu avasaram mariyu oppanda samajam sandarbhamlo abhivruddhi cheyabadutundi. vividha rangaalaku ankaganitaanni vartimpajese saamarthyam aadhunika nagarikataku keelakam, mariyu aardhika saastraanni gananapai aadhaarapade maanava charya siddhaantamgaa varninchavachhu.
moodava bhaagam-aardhika ganana.
11va adhyayam, "lekkimpu lekunda madimpu", saadhanaala vargeekarananu mariyu vaaru saadhinchagala lakshyaala aadhaaramgaa natulu elaa viluva istaro charchistundi. vividha vastuvula lekkinchadagina sarafaraalanu kaligi unna vividha phalitaala madhya natulu enchukoovaalani, mariyu empika yokka praathamika charya ellappuduu puurtigaa kramabaddhamaina viluva teerpunu kaligi untundani maise vivaristundi. vastu marpidi aardhika vyavastha yokka oohaatmaka nirmaanam mariyu dabbu paatra gurinchi kooda maise charchistundi. chaaritraatmakamgaa, aardhikavettalu dabbu tatasthamgaa undani, "nijamaina" laavaadaeveelanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki matrame upayogapadutundani, marketlo marpidi cheyabadina vastuvulu samaana viluva kaligi untaayani vishwasinchaaru. ayithe, viluva yokka aadhunika aatmaasraya siddhaantam prajalu vastuvulanu bhinnamgaa viluvainaviga bhaavistaaru kabatti khachitamgaa vaatini vartakam chestaarane avagaahanato praarambhamavutundi. prati utpatti sadhanam vistruta shreni lakshyalaku ekkuva ledhaa takkuva anukuulamgaa untundi kabatti saanketikata matrame samasyanu parishkarinchadani, anduvalla prati sadhanam itarulaku pratyamnaayamgaa untundi, conny vividha sthaayilalo, panini batti, aardhika ganana samasyanu pariseelistundi. dabbu dharalu matrame aardhika ganana samasyanu parishkarinchagalavu. chivaraga, aardhika ganana mariyu market madhya sambandhaanni maise charchistundi, marketlo sthaapinchabadina dabbu dharalu viluva yokka kolatalu kaavu, conny bhavishyat charyaku maargadarsakam andinche chaaritraka vaastavaalu anie vivaristundi. avi lekunda, accountingloni anubandha bhaavanalannee roopakamgaa untaayi.
12va adhyayam, "aardhika ganana yokka golam", aardhika ganana yokka swabhaavam mariyu daani parimitulanu charchistundi. aardhika ganana anedi dravya viluvala aadhaaramgaa nirnayaalu teesukoovadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi, conny dabbu marpidi kaani vishayalanu idhi lekkinchadu. dharalu sthiramgaa untaayi mariyu sthireekarinchabadavu. dabbu konugolu saktini sthireekarinche prayatnaalu dharalalo dabbu untundi mariyu viluvalo maarpuleni unit undadu vanti ibbandulanu edurkontaayi. sthireekarana aalochana yokka prajaadarana market anischiti velupala surakshitamaina rangam kosam korika nundi vastundi. chaaritraatmakamgaa, bangaaram, vendi vanti marketlo udbhavinchina dabbu aardhika gananaku saripotundi, conny prabhutva dravyolbanaalu dheenini marchai.
13va adhyayam, "charya yokka saadhanamgaa dravya ganana", shrama vibhajanatho samajalalo charya yokka maargadarsaka suutramgaa dravya ganananu charchistundi. dravya ganana anedi aasinchina kharchulu mariyu aadaayaalu mariyu labha nashtaala gananatho gatha charyala aadhaaramgaa sambhaavya charyalanu anchanaa vestundi. ayithe, dravya gananaku utpatti sadhanalalo vyaktigata aasti mariyu vishwavyaaptamgaa aamodinchabadina marpidi madhyamam (i.ii., dabbu) panicheyadaaniki. pettubadidaarii vidhanam anedi dravya gananatho vidadeeyaraani vidhamgaa mudipadi untundi, endukante muuladhanam anae bhavana oka project kosam andubaatulo unna vanarula market dharala sankalanam meeda aadharapadi untundi. aardhika ganana yokka chaaritraka parinaamam aadhaaramgaa proxiology mariyu aardhikasaastram abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi, endukante dabbu dharalu mariyu sambandhita bhaavanalatho matrame vaanijya karyakalapalalo namuunaalanu gamaninchavacchu.
naalugo bhaagam-market samajam yokka utprerakaalu ledhaa aardhikasaastram.
14va adhyayam, "utpreraka shaastram yokka paridhi mariyu paddhati", maanava charya ledhaa proxiology saastrampai drushti pedutundi, idhi lakshyanni korukune, hetubaddhamaina pravartananu adhyayanam chestundi. eee adhyayam utpreraka samasyala yokka parimitini vivaristundi, indulo marketlo marpidi cheyabadina anni vastuvulu mariyu sevalaku dabbu dharala erpaatunu vislaeshimchadam untundi. oohaatmaka nirmaanaalanu proxiology paddhatigaa upayoginchadam mariyu swachchamaina market aardhika vyavastha vislaeshanhanu kooda eee adhyayam vivaristundi. eee adhyaayamlo cover cheyabadina itara amsaalalo autistic ekaanami, vishraanti sthithi mariyu samanamga tirige ekaanami unnaayi. chivaraga, eee adhyayam sthiramaina aardhika vyavastha mariyu labham mariyu vaddiitoe daani sambandhaanni kooda charchistundi.
15va adhyayam, "market", market aardhika vyavastha, muuladhanam, pettubadidaarii vidhanam, viniyogadaarula saarvabhoumaadhikaaram, pootii, swechcha mariyu sampada mariyu aadaayam yokka asamaanata yokka lakshanaalapai drushti pedutundi. market aardhika vyavasthalo, vyaktulu tama vruttulalo pratyekata kaligi untaaru, mariyu utpatti sadhanalu praivaetu yajamanyamlo untaayi. aardhika ganana anedi muuladhanam mariyu aadaayam yokka bhaavanalapai aadharapadi untundi, mariyu muuladhana vastuvulu bhavishyat utpattini penchadaaniki upayoginchagala bhouthika vastuvulanu suuchistaayi. vyaktigata aasti nagarikathatho kalisi saagutundani, market aardhika vyavastha eppuduu swachchamaina roopamlo laenappatikee, madhya yugam nundi paaschaatya nagarikatalalo idhi perigindani charitra choopistundi. paarisraamikavettalu baadhyata vahistunnatlu kanipinchinappatikii, viniyogadaarulu saarvabhoumulu, mariyu vaari konugolu nirnayaalu yea vyaparalu vistaristaayo mariyu yea oppandam anedi nirnayistaayi. pootii anedi viniyogadaarula korikalanu teerchagala vaariki korata vanarula niyantrananu appagistundi, mariyu potipai nijamaina parimitulu prabhutvam nundi vastaayi, market nundi kaadu. paaschaatya sampradaayamlo chaalaa mandhi aalochanaaparulu swechcha mariyu swechhanu atyanta viluvaina vastuvulu, mariyu prajalu samanamga janmincharu.
16va adhyayam, "dharalu", dharala prakriya, madimpu mariyu madimpu, adhika arderla vastuvula dharalu, vyaya ganana mariyu taarkika utprerakaalu verses ganita utprerakaalu. vyavastheekruta marketlo dharala prakriya viniyogadaarulu mariyu vyavasthaapakula aatmaasraya madimpula dwara nirnayinchabadutundi, vaaru dharala erpaatuku kaaranamayye konugolu nirnayaalu teesukoovadaaniki vastuvulanu anchanaa vaestaaru. madimpu anedi oka vastuvu yokka market viluva yokka vastunishtha anchanaa, idhi oka vyakti yokka aatmaasraya madimpu nundi bhinnamgaa undavacchu. vyavasthaapakulu utpatti kaarakaalanu eee karakalu srushtinchagala utpattula madimpu aadhaaramgaa anchanaa vaestaaru, idhi rendava mariyu adhika-sthaayi vastuvula dharalanu nirnayistundi. vyaya ganana anedi utpattulanu elaa srushtinchaalo mariyu vyavasthaapakudi spashtamaina kharchulanu cover chese aadaayaanni elaa sampaadinchaalo nirnayinchadaaniki utpatti kharchulanu anchanaa vese prakriya. vaastava prapancha dharala erpaatunu ardham chesukovadaniki avasaramaina market prakriyanu vismarinchadam valla dharala ganita namuunaalu lopabhooyishtamgaa unnayani maise vaadinchaaru.
appudu, guttaadhipatyaaniki sambandhinchina aneka amsaalu charchinchabadataayi. ekasvaamyavaadi pootii sthaayi kante diguva utpattini parimitam chesinappudu viniyogadaarula saarvabhoumatvaanni ullanghistaadu. manchi sankalpam ledhaa nirmaata yokka keerti, adhi laeni pootiidaarulapai vaariki prayojanaanni istundi, mariyu prabhutva dhruvikarana anedi asamaana samaachaaraaniki samarthavanthamaina parishkaram kaadu. guttadhipatya konugoludaarulu demandnu parimitam cheyavachu, conny vaaru guttadhipatya vikretala vale nirdishta labhanni sampadinchaleru. guttadhipatya dharalu saadhaaranamgaa viniyogadaarula santoshaanni debbateestaayi, oka utpattini guttadhipatya dharala lekunda utpatti cheyakapothe tappa. dharala vivaksha vikretalu mariyu konugoludaarulu iddari vaipu nundi sambhavinchavachhu, conny idhi konni paristhitulalo matrame jaragavacchu mariyu swechhaa marketlo konasagakapovacchu. prabhutva adhikaralu, swechhaa marketlu kaadu, chaalaa varaku kuutamulu mariyu guttaadhipatyaalanu sthaapistaayi.
chivaraga, dharala anusandhaanaaniki sambandhinchi aneka amsaalu charchinchabaddaayi. vastuvula dharalu sambandhitamgaa untaayi endukante avi konugoludaarula dabbu kosam potipadatayi, mariyu prati vastuvuku shrama avasaram, tadwara avi viniyogam mariyu utpatti vaipu rendintiloonuu paraspara sambandham kaligi untaayi. nirdishta lavadevilalo marpidi nishpattulu rendintinee nirnayistaayi kabatti, market prakriya dhara mariyu aadaaya nirdhaarana yokka pratyeka karyakalapalalo paalgonadu. market prakriya utpatti kaarakaalanu viniyogadaarula korikalanu uttamamgaa santruptipariche maargaalloki nirdesistundi. market kaani dharala gurinchi matladatam ardhamlenidi endukante market dharalu anni sambandhita vaastavaalanu parigananaloki teesukuntaayi. dharalanu maarchadaaniki chese yea prayatnam ayina eee nijamaina parigananalanu vismaristundi, idhi chivariki viniyogadaarulanu marinta paedalugaa chestundi.
17va adhyayam, "paroksha marpidi", dabbu anae bhavananu mariyu daanitoe mudipadi unna lopaalanu charchistundi. paroksha maarpidiki marpidi madhyamam avasaram, ikkada oka vastuvu ledhaa vastuvunu marinta antima maarpidini sulabhataram cheyadaaniki upayogistaaru. oka vastuvu saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche marpidi maadhyamgaa marinappudu, adhi dabbu avutundi. marpidi sameekaranam" anedi dabbunu vislaeshimchadaaniki oka tappu paddhati, endukante idhi dharala sthaayi mariyu mottam utpatti ardhavantamaina bhavanalu anie bhaavistundi, idhi dabbu yokka tatasthata yokka lopabhuishta bhavanaku daariteestundi. vividha vastuvula vikraya saamardhyamlo vyatyaasam dwara dabbu konugolu shakti vivarinchabadutundi, mariyu dabbu kosam demand daani marpidi viluvapai aadharapadi untundi. dabbu yokka aakasmika muulam gurinchi carle menger siddhaantam, prajalu vikrayinchadagina vastuvula kosam tama demandnu penchinanduna, pratyaksha marpidi nundi dabbu sahajamgaa udbhavinchindani perkondi. chivaraku, dabbu dhara marketlo daani marpidi viluva mariyu daani paarisraamika mariyu dravya demand meeda aadharapadi untundi.
dabbu konugolu saktilo maarpulu dabbu vaipu nundi ledhaa nijamaina vaipu nundi talettavachhu, conny saadhaaranamgaa dabbu konugolu saktilo maarpulu dabbu vaipu nundi matrame sambhavinchavachhu. dabbu vaipu nundi udbhavinchina maarpulu sampadanu punahpampinii cheyagalavu mariyu samajanni marinta dhanikamgaa cheyalevu. aardhika ganana prayojanaala kosam yea dabbunu lekkinchaalo vyaapaaravaettalu nirnayinchukovaali. dabbu konugolu shakti maarutundani prajalu aasiste, vaaru tama nagadu holdingsnu tadanugunamgaa sardubaatu chesi, prakriyanu vegavantam chestaaru, dheeni phalitamgaa karenseeni vidichipetti "crackup boom" (catastrophenhas) kuu kaaranam kaavacchu. runagraheeta yokka runabhaaram gurinchi evaruu sandehinchani vidhamgaa, chellinchadagina mariyu demand chesinappudu tirigi pondadagina oka nirdishta mottaaniki daavaa unte, dabbu pratyaamnaayaalu dabbu yokka anni sevalanu nirvahistaayi mariyu dabbu pratyamnaayamgaa maarataayi. runagraheeta saraina dabbutho tirigi pondagalige daanikante ekkuva dabbu pratyaamnaayaalanu jaarii chesinatlayithe, appudu claimlaloni "maddatu laeni" bhaagam viswasaneeya maadhyamgaa maarutundi. viswasaneeya maadhyamaala jaareeki parimiti emitante, jaarii cheyadam entha vaegamgaa konasagithe, prajalaku anumanam kalugutundi, vaaru daavaalanu sweekaristaaru mariyu vaastava dabbulo vimuktini demand chestaaru.
dabbu, vaanijyam mariyu dravyolbananiki sambandhinchina vividha amsaalanu maise charchistundi. aatmaasraya upanta viniyogam aadhaaramgaa prajalu tagina parimaanamlo nagadu holdingsnu nirnayistaaru, mariyu ekkuva nagadunu kaligi undatam saadhyamavutundi. chellimpula santulanam anedi oka nirdishta vyavadhilo oka vyakti ledhaa samuuham yokka asamaanatalaku mariyu kharchulaku samaanamaina dabbu yokka rikaardu, mariyu vaanijya "lotu" anedi oohinchani vipattu kaadu, conny prati vyakti uddeshapoorvakamgaa chepattina lavadevila sanchita phalitam. madhyavartitva avakaasaala kaaranamgaa currencyla madhya marpidi raetlu irukaina parimitullo unchabadataayi. oke currencylo jarige credit lavadevilu polchadagina credit pramaadaalaku oke vaddii retlanu istayi, mariyu dviteeya marakam madhyamam ippatikee chaalaa vikrayinchadaginavi, conny dabbu antagaa kaadu. prabhutva dravya sarafara vistarana laeni market aardhika vyavasthalo, dharalu saadhaaranamgaa kalakramena taggutaayi, mariyu bangaaru pramaanam shaastreeya udaaravaadam yokka mukhya lakshanamgaa gurtinchabadindi. antarjaateeya bangaaru pramaanam panicheyadaaniki antarjaateeya dravya sahakaram avasaram ledhu.
18va adhyayam, "kalakramena charya", samayam mariyu maanava charyalo daani paatra anae amsaanni vivaristundi. bhavishyat paristhitula merugudala vaipu anni charyalu elaa nirdesinchabadatayo idhi vivaristundi, conny prajalu samaya bhinnalanu samanamga viluvainaviga bhaavincharu. eee vachanam paripakvata samayam, pani samayam, utpatti kaalam mariyu seva cheyagala vyavadhi vanti vividha samaya bhaavanalanu kaligi untundi. charyaku samaya praadhaanyata avasaramani idhi nokki chebutundi mariyu prastuta vastuvulu vaati labhyata thedhee matrame thedaa ayithe, bhavishyat vastuvula kante ekkuva viluvainavani suuchistumdi. eee grandham muuladhana vastuvula gurinchi kooda charchistundi, ivi utpatti cheyabadina utpatti karakalu, mariyu utpatti vyavadhini podiginchadaaniki podupu elaa avasaram. utpatti nirmaanam sanklishtamgaa untundi, mariyu dravya labham-nashtam ganana muuladhanam perugutondaa ledhaa taggutonda anie nirnayinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. utpatti kaalam, vechi unde samayam mariyu ketaayinchina kaalam anae bhaavanalanu maise vivaristundi, charya ellappuduu munduku chudatam anie nokki chebutundi.
maise prakaram, muuladhanam anedi bhouthika muuladhana vastuvulu mariyu vaati convertibility sthaayini suuchistumdi, mariyu nagadu kooda puurtigaa uchita muuladhanam kaadu. muuladhana vastuvula parimita parivartanaseelata marinta utpaadaka erpaatlanu avalambinchadaanni nirodhistundi kabatti market aardhika vyavasthanu venukachuupu aadhaaramgaa anchanaa veyalemani ayana vishwasistaaru. podupu dwara matrame saadhinchagala bhavishyat prayatnaala utpaadakatanu, avasaralanu teerchadam dwara konasaginchadam ledhaa penchadam, antey podupu kosam muuladhanaanni nirvahinchadam ledhaa penchadam. prastuta utpattilo ekkuva bhaganni viniyogamlo teesukunnappudu muuladhana viniyogam sambhavistundi, migilinavi kotta muuladhana vastuvulaku ketayinchinavi muuladhana stock tarugudalanu bharti cheyadaaniki saripovu. maise prakaram, stock market lavadevilu mottam labhalu ledhaa nashtaala mottaanni marchavu, conny labhalu ledhaa nashtalu padee nirdishta vyaktulanu matrame maarustaayi, idhi videshee-marakam niyantranala yokka ardhamlenidi. paarisraamikavettalu nagadu nilvalanu kaligi unnaarani, adanapu muuladhanaanni kuudabettukoevadaaniki podupu mariyu pettubadi avasaramani ayana vivarinchaaru.
19va adhyayam, "vaddii raetu", vaddii drugvishayaanni vivaristundi. asalu vaddii anedi bhavishyat vastuvulaku mariyu prastuta vastuvulaku vartinche taggimpu, mariyu chivariki samaya praadhaanyata yokka saarvatrika drugvishayam kaaranamgaa untundi. idhi prastuta vastuvulaku, bhavishyat vastuvulaku adhika market dharanu vivaristundi. vaddii aadaayam kevalam muuladhana vastuvula yajamaanula dwara matrame kakunda bhoomi yajamaanula dwara kooda sampaadinchabadutundi. runa marketlo vaddii raetu nirnayinchabadadu conny prajala aatmaasraya samaya praadhaanyatala dwara nirnayinchabadutundi. adhika vaddii raetu tappanisarigaa ekkuva podupulanu aakarshinchadu, badulugaa, bhavishyat vastuvulapai prajalu pette taggimpu podupu mottam mariyu vaddii raetla etthu rendintinee nirnayistundi. muuladhana vastuvula sarafaraaku vaddii retutho etuvanti sambandham undadu. chivaraga, mottam dabbu kharchula kante sthuula aadaayam adhikamgaa undatam antey labham matrame kaadu, adhi vyavasthaapakudiki antarleena vaetanaalu, pettubadi pettina mooladhanampai vaddii mariyu nijamaina vyavasthaapaka labham ledhaa nashtam.
20va adhyayam, "vaddii, runa vistarana mariyu vaanijya chakram", tatastha vaddii raetu mariyu daanitoe sambandham unna samasyalanu charchistundi. tatastha vaddii raetu anedi oohaatmaka, oke vaddii raetu anie, idhi oohaatmaka, sampoorna potitatva aardhika vyavasthalo prabalamgaa untundani idhi vivaristundi. ayithe, vaastava prapanchamlo, bhavishyattunu khachitamgaa anchanaa veyadamlo prajalu asamarthatha kaaranamgaa, vividha utpatti shrenulalo ververu paroksha vaddii raetlu unnaayi. eee adhyayam vyapara chakraniki baadhyata vahinche runa vistarana gurinchi kooda charchistundi. runa oppandamlo perkonna vaastava sthuula vaddii raetu asalu vaddii yokka swachchamaina retunu matrame kakunda, oka vyavasthaapaka bhaagam mariyu dhara premium bhaganni kooda pratibimbistumdani idhi vivaristundi. market prakriya vividha shrenulalo nikara vaddii retlanu samanam chestundani, avanni asalu vaddii retuku anugunamgaa untaayani adhyayam marinta vivaristundi. market vaddii raetu yokka keelaka pani utpatti prakriyala vyavadhini samanvayam cheyadam. dabbu sarafaraalo maarpula kaaranamgaa sthuula market vaddii raetu vakreekarinchabadithe, adhi vyavasthaapakulanu tappudova pattinchavachhu.
appudu, runa vistarana mariyu sankochampai, alaage vaanijya chakram yokka dravya siddhaantampai charcha jarugutundi. runa vistaranalo, prabhutvam krutrimamgaa vaddii retlanu tagginchadam dwara dabbu sarafaraanu penchutundi, idhi akrama pettubadulatho kuudina vruddhi kaalaaniki daariteestundi, chivariki patana dasaku daariteestundi. runa sankochamlo, prabhutvam krutrimamgaa vaddii retlanu penchadam dwara dabbu sarafaraanu taggistundi, idhi takkuva dharalaku daariteestundi conny shaashwata dushprabhaavaalanu kaligi undadu. currency paatasaala oka desham yokka banking rangam paramgaa matrame chakranni vislaeshimchadamloe porapaatlu chesindi mariyu asalu raetu nundi market vaddii raetu vichalanam samasyanu kolpoyindi. nijamaina" karakalapai aadhaarapade boom-bust saikil siddhaantaalu ippatikee boom mariyu bust kosam avasaramaina credit vistarana undani bhaavistaayi. chivaraku, vruddhi samayamlo jarigina akrama pettubadulanu saricheyadaaniki depression anedi avasaramaina punah sardubaatu dasha.
21va adhyayam, "pani mariyu vaetanaalu", rendu rakaala shrama, "antarmukha" shrama mariyu "bahirmukha" shrama madhya thedaanu chooputundi, mariyu prajalu sramanu chepattadaaniki naalugu kaaranaalanu gurtistundi, veetilo balaanni pempondinchadam, mataparamaina vidhi mariyu allarlanu nivaarinchadam vantivi undavacchu. sramatho sambandham unna aanandam mariyu tedium yokka manasika anubhavalanu mariyu eee anubhavalu shrama yokka asamarthatanu elaa prabhaavitam cheyavu anae vaatini rachayita charchinchaaru. eee vachanam kaarmika marketlo pootii dwara vaetanaala nirdhaarananu kooda anveshistundi, ikkada vaetana raetlu kaarmikula upanta utpaadakata dwara nirnayinchabadataayi. andubaatulo unna pani avakaasaala gurinchi vaari avagahana kaaranamgaa kaarmikulu nirudyogulugaa unde utpreraka nirudyogam anae bhavananu maise charchistundi.
appudu, vaetanaalu, jeevanaadhaaram mariyu kaarmika marketku sambandhinchina vividha amsaalanu misses charchistaaru. saampradaaya aardhikavettalu vaetana raetlu kaarmikula jeevana avasaraala dwara nirnayinchabadutunnaayani vivarinchaaru, ayithe pettubadidaarii vidhanam kinda sagatu karmikudi jeevana pramaanam perugutuunae unnanduna eee "vaetanaala yokka inupa chattam" tappu. aadhunika vaetana raetlu prastuta madimpula kante chaaritraka puurvagaamula vallane neerugaa sambhavinchaayani marxist mariyu prashyan chaaritraka paatasaalalu vivarinchaayi. pettubadidaarii vidhanam kinda, janabha perugudala kante muuladhana sekarana chaalaa vaegamgaa munduku saagindi, tadwara kalakramena karmikudi upanta utpatti perigindi, idhi nijamaina vaetana raetla perugudalaku veelu kalpinchindi. paarisraamika viplavam" dopideeki gurichesedigaa, kaarmika anukuula samskaranalu avasaramani prajaadarana pondina vivarana oka apoha. chivaraku, market detaalo maarpula valla kaarmika market prabhaavitamavutundi, mariyu vaetana raetlu "puurti kaarmika utpatti" dharaku samanamga untaayi."
utpatti yokka amaanaveeya asalu karakalu" anae 22va adhyayam, adde mariyu bhoomi viniyogam siddhaantaanni charchistundi. bhoomi, shrama mariyu muuladhanam yokka shaastreeya trikonam aamodayogyam kaadani choopabadindi, mariyu aadhunika aardhikasaastram prati utpaadaka karakam yokka dharalanu vivarinchadaaniki oke saiddhaantika chatraanni upayogistundi. utpatti yokka asalu mariyu utpatti cheyabadina maargaala madhya vyatyaasam konasaaginchabadutundi, mariyu utpatti yokka amaanaveeya kaarakaala upayogam samsthaagata karakalapai aadharapadi untundi. andubaatulo unna bhoomi parimaanam entha peddadi antey upa-parimita bhoomini assalu saaguloki teesukuraadu, mariyu illu, karyalaya bhavanalu, karmagaralu modalaina vatiki punaadigaa upayoginchadaaniki kontha bhoomini vyavasaya ledhaa itara "utpaadaka" upayogaala nundi upasamharinchukovaali. oka bhoomi yokka dhara daani bhavishyat addela mottaaniki samanamga untundi, vaddii raetu dwara tagginchabadutundi. bhoomini goppa jeevanopaadhi vanarugaa bhaavinchadam anedi nammasakyam kaani bhavana, endukante vaastava raitulu bhoomini korikalanu teerchadaaniki oka saadhanamgaa chuustaaru.
23va adhyayam, "market dayta", aardhika saastraaniki sambandhinchina vividha amsaalanu charchistundi. proxiology maanava charyatho vyavaharistundi mariyu paristhitulu unnanta varaku daani siddhaantaalu khachitamainavi. aardhikasaastram manishi swechchagaa unnaadani bhaavinchadu, conny korata mariyu marketlo prajala pravartanalo balavantam yokka paatra gurinchi vyavaharistundi. utpreraka siddhaantaalu utpatti saadhanaala yokka vyaktigata yajamanyam mariyu shrama vibhajanaku vartistaayi. nijamaina manishi mariyu athani charyalu aardhika shaastram yokka kendra binduvu, aardhika vyakti ledhaa ganankaparamga sagatu vyakti kaadu. market detaloni maarpulaku anugunamgaa sardubaatu chestundi, conny vyavasthaapakulu sardubaatu retunu anchanaa veyali. bahya kharchula kesulu private aastilo lopaalanu kakunda nyaya vyavasthalooni losugulanu pratibimbistaayi. marketlo chattaparamaina parimitulu guttadhipatya labhalu ledhaa vibhina addelaku daariteeyavachchu.
24va adhyayam, "samarasyam mariyu prayojanaala sangharshana", oka vyakti yokka labham maroka vyakti yokka nashtam kaadani, viniyogadaarula korikalanu teerchadaaniki utpattini baga sardubaatu cheyadam dwara vyavasthaapaka labhalu sampaadinchabadataayani vaadistundi. unnata jeevana pramaanaalanu nirvahinchadaaniki santaanam yokka parimiti elaa avasaramo mariyu market aardhika vyavasthaku private aasti elaa avasaramo kooda maise charchistundi. prajalandari madhya prayojanaala samarasyam undani, marketlo prabhutva jokyam valla matrame vibhedaalu talettutaayani ayana nokki chepparu. chivaraku, yuddham mariyu sangharshanhalu prabhutva jokyam valla sambhavistaayani, private aastini gowravinchadam eee samasyalaku udaaramaina parishkaram anie ayana paerkonnaaru.
aidava bhaagam-market laeni saamaajika sahakaram.
25va adhyayam, "saamyavaada samajam yokka oohaatmaka nirmaanam", saamyavaada aalochana yokka chaaritraka muulaalanu charchistundi, idhi shaastreeya udaaravaada rachayitalu market aardhika vyavastha maadirigaane samajikamga prayojanakaramaina phalitaalanu saadhinchagala saktivantamaina mariyu dayagala raaju yokka chitrana nundi udbhavinchindi. aadhunika parisrama perugudalato, aastini samanamga punarviniyogam cheyalane pilupu aacharana saadhyam kaaledu, mariyu utpatti saadhanaala saanghikeekarana aalochana udbhavinchindi, rashtram anni aardhika vyavaharalanu nirvahistundi. carle marks soshalistu siddhaantaanni kanipettaledu, conny bahusaastravaadam mariyu socialism yokka anivaaryata aalochanatho daaniki dohadapadindi. soshalistu matam moodu siddhaantaalapai aadharapadi undih samajam sarvasaktimantudu mariyu sarvagnudu, socialism raaka anivaryam, mariyu charitra socialism vaipu nirantara purogati. socialism yokka keelakamaina lakshanam emitante, anni utpaadaka karyakalapalu oke sankalpam dwara nirdesinchabadataayi. socialism yokka aacharanaatmaka vimarsha anedi lakshyaala empikapai kaadu, conny niyanta drukkonam nundi atyanta kavalsina phalitaanni saadhinchadaaniki socialism vanarulanu samarthavantamgaa ketayinchagalada anedi.
26va adhyayam, "socialism kinda aardhika ganana asaadhyata", socialism yokka pradhana samasyaga moses bhaavinche vaatini charchistundi. socialism loe aardhika ganana lekapovadam antey pranaalikadaarulu korata vanarula yokka vividha upayogaala yokka prayojanaalu mariyu kharchulanu polchaleru, idhi pranaalikanu asadhyamga chestundi. eee samasyanu oohinchadamlo vaiphalyam ganitasastra aardhikavettalu tama adhikaarika namoonaalalo sthira-samatulya sthithulapai drushti pettadaniki kaaranamani cheppavacchu, veetiki vyavasthaapakata avasaram ledhu mariyu dabbunu upayoginchakundaa saadhinchavachchu. aardhika ganana samasyanu parishkarinchadaaniki saamyavaada siddhaantakartalu pratipaadinchina pathakaalu, vaati swaabhaavika shrama content ledhaa "utility" unitla aadhaaramgaa vastuvulanu anchanaa veyadam vantivi aamodayogyam kaadani vaadinchaaru. socialism loe labham mariyu nashtam yokka market pareeksha lekapovadam antey pranaalikakarta vichaarana mariyu lopam aasrayinchaleru. market socialism" kosam iteevali pratipaadanalu, plant maenaejarlaku pranaalikadaarulu "vaaru market aardhika vyavasthalo unnatlugaa" pravartinchamani suuchanalu istaarani suuchistunnaayi, ivi kooda aamodayogyam kaadani vaadinchaaru. ganita aardhika shaastram yokka avakalana sameekaranaalu parivartana dasalo santruptikaramaina paristhitini konasaagistuu, pranaalikakarta kaavalasina tudi sthithi vaipu elaa vellaali anedaaniki maargadarsakatvam andinchavu.
aarava bhaagam-debbatinna market aardhika vyavastha.
27va adhyayam, "prabhutvam mariyu market", swachchamaina pettubadidaarii vidhanam ledhaa swachchamaina saamyavaadam laeni moodava aardhika vyavastha aalochananu charchistundi. socialism yokka saakshaatkaaraaniki rendu namuunaalu unnayani ayana vivarinchaadu, anni samsthalu jaateeyam cheyabadina lenin/russian namuunaa, mariyu market roopaanni nilupukunna hindenberg/german namuunaa, conny anni karyakalapalu kendra adhikaaranche nirdesinchabadataayi. aasti hakkulanu amalu cheyadam dwara market aardhika vyavastha sajavuga panichesela chudadame prabhutva uddesamani, viniyoga empikalalo prabhutva pratyaksha jokyanni aardhikasaastram dwara vishleshinchavacchani misses vaadinchaaru. lices-fair" anae bhavana antey asantruptikaramaina saamaajika paristhitula nepathyamlo aemee cheyakapovadam kaadu, conny idhi vyaktulaku vaari swantha jeevitaalanu pranaalika chesukune swechhanu anumatinchadam mariyu prabhutvaaniki anni adhikaaraalanu ivvadam gurinchi anie kooda ayana vivarinchaaru. chivaraga, naitika ledhaa mataparamaina aadarsaala aadhaaramgaa swachchanda vyavastha saadhyamayye saamaajika erpaatu kaavacchu, conny daani vijayanni nirdhaarinchadaaniki nirdishta maargadarsakaalu avasaramani maise suuchistumdi.
28va adhyayam, "pannu dwara jokyam", pannu mariyu marketpai daani prabhavalanu charchistundi. pannula vyavastha valla dharalu debbatinani tatastha pannu lakshyam saadhinchalenidani, endukante prati pannu vyavastha market dharalanu ekkuva ledhaa takkuva sthaayilo prabhaavitam chestundani misses vaadinchaaru. eee adhyayam mottam pannu anae bhavananu kooda anveshistundi, ikkada prabhutvam mottam aadaayam ledhaa sampadanu japthu chesi, daanini daani vishayaalaku tirigi pampinhee chestundi, mariyu pannu vidhimpu yokka aardhika mariyu aardhiketara lakshyalu, konnisaarlu sangharshanhalo undavacchu. chivaraga, vividha pannu paddhatulanu moodu samuhaluga vargeekarinchaaru, moodava taragati socialism saadhanaku oka vahanam, mariyu taruvaati adhyayalalo charchinchabadutundi.
29va adhyayam, "utpatti parimiti", swechhaa marketpai prabhutva parimitulu mariyu utpatti mariyu viniyogampai vaati prabhavam gurinchi charchistundi. ituvanti aankshalu anivaryamgaa prajalanu paedalugaa chestaayi mariyu utpatti vidhananni maarustaayi. konni parimitulu vaati prayojanaalanu vaati kharchulanu adhigaminchinatlayithe samarthinchabade avakaasam unnappatikee, saadhaaranamgaa prabhutva parimitulu vaati perkonna uddesyaanni saadhinchadamlo viphalamavutaayi mariyu anyayamgaa untaayi. mottam deshaanni paedalugaa chesinappatiki, prati parimiti janabhalo oka upasamitiki prayojanaalanu andinchagaladu, idhi vaarini tolaginchadam rajakeeyamgaa kashtataram chestundi. nibandhanala takshana parinaamaala nundi desheeya parisramalanu rakshinchadaaniki kooda aankshalanu upayoginchavacchu. konni parimitulu samarthinchabade avakaasam undhi, conny vaatini pakshika viniyogamgaa vargeekarinchaali, utpattigaa kaadu. garishta pani vaaralu mariyu itara "prolabore" chattalu vanti charyalu pakshika viniyoga kaaryakramamlo bhaagamgaa untaayi mariyu jeevana pramaanaalanu penchavu.
dharala nirmaanamloo jokyam" anae 30va adhyayam, marketlo prabhutva jokyam mariyu daani prabhavalanu charchistundi. paikappulu ledhaa antastulu vanti dharala niyantranalu marketlo korata ledhaa migulu kaligistaayi mariyu sarafara mariyu demand madhya samatulyataku aatamkam kaligistaayi. avi utpatti nirmaanaanni kooda maarustaayi, idhi uddesinchinadaaniki vyatiraeka prabhaavaaniki daariteestundi. kaneesa vaetana raetlu mariyu kaarmika sanghaala himsa kooda marketnu prabhaavitam chestaayi, endukante avi kontamandi kaarmikulaku vaetanaalanu penchutaayi, conny itara rangaalalo vaetanaalanu taggistaayi. chivariki, vaetanaalanu penchadaaniki ekaika maargam kaarmika sanghaalu chaaritraatmakamgaa vyatirekinchina kaarmikulaku muuladhanaanni penchadam. chivaraku, dharala niyantranalu roman saamrajyam pathanaaniki elaa dohadapaddayanedaniki eee grandham oka chaaritraka udaaharananu andistundi.
currency mariyu credit manipulation" anae 31va adhyayam, chattaparamaina tender chattalu mariyu currency maanipyuleshantho sahaa currencylo prabhutva jokyam gurinchi charchistundi. prabhutvaalu chaaritraatmakamgaa dabbugaa upayoginche naanhela baruvu mariyu suukshmatanu dhruvikarinchayi, conny chaalaa mandhi naanheelanu takkuva chesi, vaatini chattabaddhamainaviga angeekarinchamani prajalanu balavantam cheyadam dwara eee adhikaranni durviniyogam chesaaru. shaastreeya udaaravaadam phalitamgaa antarjaateeya bangaaru pramaanam udbhavinchindi, conny prabhutvaalu konnisaarlu runagraheetala dusthitini tagginchadaaniki chattaparamaina-tender chattalanu upayoginchaayi, idhi dravya dravyolbananiki daariteesindi. eee jokyam runagraheetalaku deerghakaalika upasamanaanni andinchalekapoyindi, tarachugaa adhika sthuula vaddii raetlu mariyu runa vyavasthalo vichchinnaalaku daariteesindi. lohapu currency kinda, prabhutvaalu karenseeni sulabhamgaa marchalekapoyayi endukante ksheenataku prayatnaalu gresham chattam vivarinchina prabhaavaalaku daariteestaayi. bangaaram-marakam pramaanam nagadu nilvallo vaastava bangaaraanni unchadam nundi prajalanu dhooram cheyadam dwara dabbu sarafaraanu penchadamlo prabhutvaalaku marinta soulabhyaanni ichindi. currency viluva taggimpu nijamaina vaetana retlanu tagginchadam, vastuvula dharalanu penchadam mariyu egumatulanu prothsahinchadam vanti vividha lakshyalanu saadhistundani prabhutvaalu aasinchaayi, ayithe eee lakshyalu tarachugaa viphalamayyayi.
maise credit vistarana gurinchi charchistundi, idhi addamkulu laeni marketlo kooda jaragavacchu. chaaritraatmakamgaa, byaankulu 100 saatam kante takkuva nilvalanu nilvalo unchukunnaayi, endukante chaalaa mandhi viniyogadaarulu tama nidhulanu upasamharinchukovalanukune samayamlone vastaaru. ayithe, aadhunika kaalamlo, prabhutvaalu dravya mariyu banking vyavasthapai niyantrananu swaadheenam chesukunnayi, mariyu runa vistarana vividha prayojanaala kosam upayoginchabadutundi, idhi aadhunika aardhika vyavasthalalo boom-bust chakraniki daariteestundi. soshalistulu mariyu jokyavaadulu market aardhika vyavastha yokka swaabhaavika vaiphalyaalapai punaraavrutamayye maandyaalanu nindistunnaru, conny vruddhi samayamlo prabhutva runa vistarana pooshinchina paatranu vaaru gurtincharu. prabhutvam runaalu teesukovadam dwara ledhaa adanapu kaagitapu dabbunu srushtinchadam dwara tirogamanam yokka bhouthika vaastavaanni maarchadu.
videshee maaraka dravya niyantrana, dwaipaakshika marakam oppandaalu kooda charchinchabaddaayi. oka prabhutvam videshee currency unitlaku garishta dharanu nirnayinchavacchu, idhi videshee currency korataku daariteestundi, idhi oohagaanaalu chesevaaripai mariyu ananukoola vaanijya samatulyatapai nindinchabadindi. samasyanu tagginchadaaniki prabhutvam maarpulanu aasrayinchavacchu, conny deerghakaalamlo vaanijya samatulyataku idhi sahaayapadadu. egumatidaarulaku subsidy ivvadam mariyu digumatidaarulaku pannu vidhinchadam dwara prabhutvam adhikaarika, adhika viluva kaligina marakam retunu amalu cheyagaladu, ayithe vaastava market marakam retunu tirigi anumatinchavacchu, conny idhi aardhika vyavasthanu puurtisthaayi saamyavaadaaniki daggara chestundi. bangaaram ledhaa itara karenseelaku vyatiraekamgaa currency konugolu shakti taggudalanu daachadaaniki prabhutvam itara deshaalatho marpidi oppandaalanu aasrayinchavacchu. vividha videshee deshaalatho naajii marpidi oppandaalu prabhutvaaniki anukuulamgaa laeni vaari janabha sabhyula vyayamtho prabhutvaalu tama sonta raajakeeya lakshyalanu saadhinchadaaniki anumatinchaayi.
32va adhyayam, "japthu mariyu punahpampinii", japthu pannu, bhuu samskarana mariyu aardhika vruddhi mariyu saamardhyampai japthu yokka tatvasaastram yokka pratikuula parinaamaalanu charchistundi. utpatti mariyu pampinhee pettubadidaarii vidhanam krinda vileenam cheyabadindani, japthu cheyadam muuladhana viniyogaaniki daariteestundani, pettubadula nundi utpattidaarulanu nirutsaahaparustundani misses vaadinchaaru. pedda polaalanu vibhajinchadam ledhaa pragatiseela aadaayapu pannu vidhinchadam vanti market phalitaalalo jokyam chesukovadam valla saamarthyaanni tagginchavachhu, vruddhiki aatamkam kaliginchavacchu mariyu kontamandi anutpaadaka raitulu ledhaa dhanavanthulaku elaa prayojanam chekurustundo kooda idhi highlight chestundi. chivaraku, japthu pannu anedi pettubadidaarula risk teesukune korikanu taggistundani vaadanaku vyatiraekamgaa vaadistundi, muuladhana sekarana mariyu viniyogaaniki prothsaahakaalanu tagginchadamlo haani undani vaadistundi.
33va adhyayam, "syndicalism und corporativism", syndicalism, gilled socialism mariyu corporatism gurinchi charchistundi. sanghavaadam anedi samyavaadaanni saadhinchadaaniki viplavaatmaka vyuuhaalanu ledhaa kaarmikulaku vaari mokkalu mariyu parikaraalapai yajamanyanni ivvaalane lakshyamtho aardhika samstha yokka paddhatini suuchimchavachchu. ayithe, vyavasthaapakulu, pettubadidaarulu raajulu, kuleenulatoo saaruupyata kaligi untaarane tappudu nammakam syndicalist aalochanaku muulam. syndicalist vidhanalu alpasankhyaaka kaarmikulaku adhikaaraalanu andistaayi, dheeni phalitamgaa apaaramaina majorityki jeevana pramaanaalu takkuvagaa untaayi. sangha saamyavaadam mariyu kaarporetvaadam guttadhipatya samsthalanu erpaatu cheyadaanni lakshyamgaa pettukunnayi, ikkada vyaparam yokka prati saakhaku antargata vyavaharalanu nirnayinchadaaniki puurti swayampratipatti untundi. ayithe, eee pathakamlo mukhyamaina lopam emitante, utpatti yokka mottam saakhalu kaarmika vibhajana kinda "swayampratipatti" kaligi undakudadu. aacharanalo, sangha saamyavaadam puurtigaa saamyavaadaaniki tirigi vastundi.
34va adhyayam, "yuddha aardhikasaastram", yuddham mariyu market aardhika vyavastha madhya sambandhaanni charchistundi. market aardhika vyavastha saantiyuta sahakaarampai aadhaarapadutundani, ayithe yuddhamlo puurti sangharshana untundani misses vaadinchaaru. french viplavaniki mundu, airopalo yuddhalu saadhaaranamgaa vruttiparamaina sainikulache parimitam cheyabaddaayi mariyu nirvahinchabadataayi, conny aadhunika rashtraalu jokyam mariyu kendra pranaalika kaaranamgaa puurti yuddhamlo palgontayi. oppandaalu ledhaa antarjaateeya samsthalu kakunda udaaravaada vidhanalu matrame nirdhaarinchagalavani misses vaadinchaaru. yuddha samayamlo, prabhutvam viniyogadaarula vastuvula nundi sainika utpattiki vanarulanu mallinchaali, mariyu labhalu sampaadinchadaaniki anumatinchinatlayithe paarisraamikavettalu eee maarpunu nirvahinchadaaniki uttamamgaa sannaddhamavutaaru. ayithe, rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo kaarmikula nijamaina take-home vaetanaanni konasaaginchadaaniki prabhutvam chesina prayatnam rationing pathakaalu mariyu dharala niyanthranalatho sahaa market jokyaniki daariteesindi. autarchy (swayam samruddhi) takkuva naanhyata gala vastuvulanu mariyu adhika utpatti kharchulanu utpatti chestundi kabatti yuddhaaniki aacharaneeya parishkaram kaadani misses vaadinchaaru. chivariki, jokyam aardhika jaateeyavaadam mariyu yuddhanni srushtistundani, mariyu lices-fair vidhanalu matrame shaashwata saantiki daariteestaayani misses vishwasistundi.
35va adhyayam, "sankshema suutram verses market suutram", market aardhika vyavasthaku vyatiraekamgaa moodu vimarsalaku pratispandananu andistundihi pedarikam, asamaanata mariyu abhadrata. pedarikam gurinchi, pettubadidaarii vidhanam mariyu parisrama perugudala ekkuva mandhi prajalu panicheyadaaniki mariyu tamanu taamu pooshinchukoevadaaniki anumatinchaayani, ayithe jokyam chesukovadam anedi private swachchanda prayatnaalaku aatamkam kaliginchindani misses vaadinchaaru. aadaayaalu mariyu sampadalo asamaanata anedi market aardhika vyavastha yokka swaabhaavika lakshanam, mariyu talasari mooladhanamlo nirantara perugudala dwara jeevana pramaanaalu peragadaaniki ekaika maargam. chivaraku, pettubadidaarii vidhanam aadaayam mariyu sampada abhadrataku daariteestundi, conny idhi pettubadidaarula tappu kaadu, conny pratiroojuu takkuva dharalaku tama korikalanu teerchukune utpattulu mariyu sevalanu korukune viniyogadaarula tappu. aadhunika sankshema siddhaantakartalu samskartala paatha paatasaalala kante unnatamainavaaru, endukante vaaru saamaajika vyavasthaku ekaika kolamanam purushulu tama lakshyalanu saadhinchadaaniki anumatinchagala saamarthyam anie angeekaristaaru.
jokyam yokka sankshobham" anae 36va adhyayam, jokyam anedi prapancha yuddhalu, maandyaalu, karuvulu mariyu antaryuddhaalu vanti pratikuula parinaamaalaku daariteesindani vaadistundi, ayithe veetini pettubadidaarii vidhaanampai tappugaa nindinchaaru. jokyam ippudu daani saamardhyaalanu ayipoyinanduna daani mugimpuku cherukundi. dhanavanthula sampada, paarisraamikavettala aadaayaalu ayina reserve fund, sraamika vargaala kosam vilaasavantamaina prayojanaalu, kharchula kosam kharchu cheyadaaniki vrudhaa cheyabadindi. jokyam anedi antam kaavadaaniki moodu kaaranaalu emitante, nirbandha charyalu utpatti vyavasthanu yerparachalevu, marketlo jokyam daani lakshyalanu saadhinchadamlo viphalamavutundi mariyu migulu mottaanni oka samuuham nundi swaadheenam chesukuni maroka samuuhaaniki ivvadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi, migulu poeyina tarvaata, jokyam anedi antam kaavaali. chaalaa european deshaalu soshalijamnu sweekarinchinappatiki, vaaru ippatikee pettubadidaarii deshaalalo utpatti ayye market dharalapai aadhaarapadavachhu. sthiramaina madhya-maargam sthaanam lenanduna prajalu socialism mariyu market aardhika vyavastha madhya enchukoovaali, mariyu soshalijamnu sweekarinchadam valla aardhika ganana asadhyam ayithe, phalitamgaa gandaragolam mariyu saamaajika sahakaram vichchinnam avutundi.
edava bhaagam-samaajamlo aardhika vyavastha sthaanam.
37va adhyayam, "aardhikasaastram yokka varninchani swabhaavam", aardhikasaastram itara ghnaana saakhala nundi bhinnamgaa undani vaadistundi, endukante daani siddhaantaalanu anubhavam dwara niroopinchalemu ledhaa abaddhalu cheppalemu. nagarikatanu meruguparachadaaniki aardhika siddhaantakartala antardrushtulaku majority prajalanu oppinchadam avasaramani kooda gamaninchabadindi. pettubadidaarii vyatiraeka pracharam yokka vijayanni oohinchakundaa, pettubadidaarii vidhaanaaniki daani prayojanaalu mariyu sarigga tarkinchagala saamarthyam aadhaaramgaa majority maddatu istundani bhaavinchinanduku paatha udaaravaadulanu vimarsinchadam dwara adhyayam mugustundi.
neerchukoevadamloo aardhika shaastram yokka sthaanam" anae 38va adhyayam, modatagaa, vyapara-chakra parisoedhana kosam oka samsthanu erpaatu cheyadam anedi vyapara chakralaku nivaaranalanu kanugonadaaniki saripodani vivaristundi. spashtamaina aalochana mariyu drudamaina aardhika siddhaantam avasaram. rendavadi, oka vruttigaa aardhikasaastram yokka perugudala jokyam kaaranamgaa undhi, mariyu chaalaa mandhi vruttiparamaina aardhikavettalu oka chinna samuuham yokka prayojanaalanu matrame munduku teesukuvelataaru. moodavadi, aardhikavettalu boom-bust chakraala saadhaarana samayanni matrame anchanaa veyagalaru, mariyu vijayavantamaina paarisraamikavettalu tama pratyarthula kante merugaina anchanaalanu kaligi undaali. naalgavadi, aardhikasaastram oka ekikruta mottam ayinappatikee, vishwavidyaalaya professorlu compartmentalized vislaeshanhalaloo palgontaru, mariyu professorlu bodhinche jokyavaadam yokka apohalu kontamandi vidyaarthulanu soshalijanku maddatu ivvadaaniki daariteeyavachchu. aidavadi, charitra mariyu aardhika shaastram yokka vividha vivaranala madhya sangharshana paatasaalallo undhi, conny chaalaa mandhi vidyaarthulu vaatilo enchukoovadaaniki chaalaa aparipakvamgaa untaaru, mariyu upaadhyaayulu vaatini tatasthamgaa pradarsinchaleru. chivaraga, aadhunika prabhutvaalu aardhika aalochanaa swechhanu anachivestaayi, conny aadhunika raajakeeya vivaadaalu socialism mariyu market aardhika vyavastha madhya sangharshana chuttoo tirugutunnanduna praathamika aardhika siddhaantamtoe tamanu taamu parichayam chesukovalasina baadhyata pourulapai undhi.
39va adhyayam, "aardhikasaastram mariyu maanava uniki yokka mukhyamaina samasyalu", shaastram mariyu jeevitam, aardhikasaastram mariyu viluva yokka teerpulu, mariyu aardhika ghnaanam mariyu maanava charya madhya sambandhaanni anveshistundi. sains viluva laenidi kabatti adhi krimirahitam anie vimarsakulu vaadistaaru, conny sains manavulaku vaari viluvalanu sarigga roopondinchadaaniki mariyu vaaru korukunna lakshyalanu saadhinchadaaniki saraina maargaalanu enchukoovadaaniki avasaramaina samacharanni andistundi anie maise vaadinchaaru. aardhikasaastram daani vislaeshanhalaloo viluva teerpulanu akramamga ravana chestundane vimarsalanu kooda ayana prastaavinchaaru, mariyu prajalu bhouthika sreyassu gurinchi matrame aandolana chendutunnaarani, aardhikasaastram charyatho vyavaharistundani mariyu charya yokka lakshyaala gurinchi anchanaalu cheyadani paerkontuu idhi bhaavistundi. chivaraku, maise charya teesukoovadaaniki mariyu enchukoovadaaniki maanava swechhapai unna moodu parimitulanu charchistundi, moodava parimiti-sadhanalu mariyu lakshyaala madhya sambandham kaaranamgaa drugvishayaala kramabaddhata-proxiologyki sambandhinchinadi. prajalu proxiology bodhanalanu vismaristhe, "vaaru aardhika saastraanni raddu cheyaru", conny "vaaru samajanni mariyu maanava jaatini tolagistaaru."
prachurana charitra.
national ekanaami theory dess handles und wirtshaftens" anae paerutoe "human action" kuu german-bhasha puurvagaami, modatisaari 1940loe kanipinchindi. "human action" anedi munupati rachanaku pratyaksha anuvaadam kaadu, conny daani saadhaarana chatraanni upayoginchi daanipai vistarinchindi.
yael university press 1949loe "human action" yokka modati editionnu prachurinchindi. utpatti japyalu savarinchina mariyu vistarinchina rendava edition yokka pranaalikaabaddhamaina vidudala teedeeni venakki nettinappudu, bookmailer, ink prachuranakarta lyle munson., eee pustakaanni maroka prachuranakarta vaddaku teesukellavacchani maise suuchimchimdi, daanini swayamgaa prachurinchadaaniki munduku vachindi. yael university press daani vidudalanu vegavantam cheyadaaniki maise eee pratipaadananu parapatigaa upayoginchindi. phalitamgaa vacchina 1963 sanchika mudrana doshaalato nindi undhi, maroka sanchikanu ventane maroka sampadakudu mudrinchaalsi vachindi. henry regnery 1966loe savarinchina moodava sanchikanu prachurinchaaru.
betina bii yokka savaranalatho 1996loe maranaanantaram nalgava sanchika prachurinchabadindi. greaves. idhi hardback single (liberty fund) mariyu naalugu-valuemla paperback editionlalo (liberty fund), alaage single-valume paperback (faaks & wilks) loe andubaatulo undhi. 1998loe, ludwig vaan misses institute modati sanchikanu "scholars edition" () gaa tirigi teesukuvacchindi. 2010loe, institute modati editionnu portable "paaket edition" () gaa tirigi vidudala chesindi.