chaina nagara goda

chainees city walls () anedi puurva-aadhunika kaalamlo chainaalooni pattanaalu mariyu nagaralanu rakshinchadaaniki upayoginche rakshana vyavasthalanu suuchistumdi. godalatho paatu, nagara rakshanalo tarachugaa towerlu mariyu getlu undevi.
chengkiang" anae padaaniki ardham.
nagara godaku atyanta nirdishta chainees padam "chengkiang" (nagaram), dheenini aadhunika chainees bhaashalo rendu koonaalloo upayoginchavacchu. idhi chaina yokka goppa godatho sahaa anni rakshanaatmaka godalanu, alaage chaina velupala unna hadrian goda vanti praantaalalo ilanti rakshanaatmaka nirmaanaalanu vistrutamgaa suuchistumdi. marinta pratyaekamgaa chengkiang anedi oka nagaram ledhaa pattanam chuttoo nirminchina rakshanaatmaka godalanu suuchistumdi. ayithe, saampradaaya chainees bhaashalo, "cheng" (town) anae aksharam prabhutva bhavanalanu kaligi unna "lopali nagaram" yokka rakshana godanu suuchistumdi. gu" (<unk>) anae aksharam "bayati nagaram" yokka rakshana godanu suuchistumdi, idhi pradhanamgaa nivaasaalanu kaligi untundi. changcheng (<unk>) anae padabandham, aksharala "podavaina goda", goppa godanu suuchistumdi.
vyavaharikamgaa "cheng" anedi godalu mariyu nagaram rendintinee suuchistumdi, tadwara rendoo okadaanikokati paryaayapadamgaa untaayi. oka nagaram entha peddadainaa godalu laeni nagaram kaadu.
charitra.
saamraajyavaadaaniki puurvam.
nagara goda aavishkaranaku yuu dhi grate yokka tandri ayina jiah raajavamsam yokka pakshika-chaaritraka sage gunn (Â) kaaranamani cheppavacchu. yuvarajunu rakshinchadaaniki tupaki lopali godanu, prajalanu sthiraparachadaaniki bayati godanu nirminchindani saampradaaya kathanam chebutundi. oka pratyaamnaaya kathanam modati nagara godanu pasupu chakravarthiki aapaadinchindi.
iteevali samvatsaraalalo gananeeyamaina sthaavaraala chuttoo aneka noothana silaayuga godalu tavvabaddaayi. veetilo liangju saamskrutika pradaesamloe oka goda, sanxingdui vadda oka raathi goda mariyu langshan saamskrutika pradaesamloe aneka matti godalu unnaayi.
kristupurvam 15va sataabdamloo shang raajavamsam aaa pradaesamloe pedda godalanu nirminchindi, dheeni adugubhaagamlo vedalpu kolatalu unnaayi mariyu kontha chadarapu vistiirnamloo chuttumuttindi. jhaavo rashtra puraatana rajadhani hundon (creepoo 386 loe sthaapinchabadindi) vadda kooda ilanti kolatala godalu kanugonabaddayi, dheeni adugubhaagamlo vedalpu, etthu mariyu daani rendu deerghachaturasraakaara vaipula podavu kooda unnaayi.
gananeeyamaina parimaanamlo unna chaalaa sthaavaraalu jou raajavamsam nundi nagara godanu kaligi unnaayi. pingyavo nagara godanu modata cree. puu. 827 mariyu cree. puu. 782 madhya jou raaju juvan paalanalo nirminchaaru. sujou nagara godalu taruvaata cree puu 5va sataabdamloo vu jixu roopondinchina adhe pranaalikanu anusarinchaayi. mariyu 1960luu mariyu mariyu vaati koolchiveta varaku konasaagindi. konasaagindi chainaalooni sichuwan looni chengdulo kanipinchinatlugaa, yuddha raashtraalaku chendina kaamsya 'huu' noukalapai (cree. puu. 5va sataabdam nundi cree. puu. 3va sataabdam varaku) nagara godala muttadulu (naavikaadala yuddhaalatho paatu) chitreekarinchabaddaayi.
yuddha raashtraalaku vasanta rutuvu mariyu saradrutuvulo nirminchina godalaku udaaharanagaa kii yokka goppa goda undavacchu, idhi vividha rakaala padaarthaalu mariyu nirmaana paddhathulatho nirminchabadindi-oka vibhagam raallatho tayaaru cheyabadindi mariyu maroka vibhagam neelatoe tayaaru cheyabadindi.
hohn raajavamsam.
hohn raajavamsam changaon godalu kristupurvam 189 loe puurtayyaayi mariyu 25.5 kimmy chuttukolatanu kaligi undagaa, taruvaati thoorpu hohn rajadhani luoyang 4.3 kimmy x 3.7 kimmy kolichindi.
vuu bii.
thoorpu hohn raajavamsam chivari natiki sthaanika kuleenulu, vamshasthulu mariyu graamastulu "vuu bii" (<unk>) anie piluvabade chadarapu kotala roopamlo marinta parimita rakshana nirmaanaalanu nirminchaaru. ivi maarumuula graameena praantaallo nirminchabaddaayi mariyu mukhyamgaa ettaina godalu, muulaloe unna kaapalaadaaru gopuraalu mariyu mundu mariyu venuka vaipu dwaaraalu undevi. stephen turnble prakaram, "vuu bii" anedi chaina charitralo ennadoo laeni vidhamgaa unna european koota bhavanaku atyanta sameepa anchanaa.
zaan vaan linshotten linshotten vraasina daani prakaram, chaineeyulaku kotalu ledhaa kotalu laevu, conny rakshana kosam nagara godalu matrame undevi
sui raajavamsam.
sui raajavamsam aadhvaryamlo, changan raajadhaaniki daa singcheng anie paeru maarchabadindi mariyu daani bayati goda 35 kimmy chuttukolata varaku vistarinchabadindi.
tong raajavamsam.
tong raajavamsam aadhvaryamlo, changaon bayati godala rajadhani thoorpu nundi padmara varaku 9.72 kimmy mariyu uttaram nundi dakshinam varaku 8.65 kimmy kolustundi.
zin raajavamsam.
zin raajavamsam aadhvaryamlo jongdu rajadhani 24 kimmy chuttukolatato 12 meterla ettuku cherukunna godalanu kaligi undhi.
kuurpu.
padaartham.
chainaalo goda nirmaanam yokka puraatana roopam rammed erth. punaadi kosam raathi sidhilaalanu upayoginchaaru. itukalu kooda upayoginchabaddaayi conny avi takkuvagaa undevi. jou raajavamsam nundi, hohn raajavamsam varaku, kaalchina itukalu saadhaaranam ayye varaku, itukalu adobto tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. shang mariyu jou raajavamsaala samayamlo saadhaarana ituka mukha godalu elaa undevo khachitamgaa teliyadu. jiah (padahaaru rajyalu) raashtramlo, jiangnu injanir chigaon allie goda nirmaanam kosam kaarmikulanu itukalu kalchamani koraadu, mariyu oka sutthi debba vaatilo oka angulam lothu lothunu kaliginchagaligite, athanu baadhyataayutamaina kaarmikudini champesevadu. godanu gattipadela biyyamtho udikinchadaaniki bhoomini kooda ayana upayoginchaaru. chainees nagara godalaku ellappuduu matti core undagaa, bayati mukhalu sunnam gaarelo veyinchina kaalchina itukalatho ledhaa sichuwan vanti saadhaaranamgaa labhinche raatitoe undavacchu. 16va sataabdamloo beijing nagara goda krinda muruguneeti vyavasthanu nirminchadaaniki kooda itukalanu upayoginchaaru. mattini tadipinchadamtho paatu, chainees godalu konnisaarlu chekkatho balopetam cheyabaddaayi. ginziangloni hohn kotalapai chesina adhyayanamlo avi brushwood mariyu poplarlanu tadisina bhoomi porala madhya chedaragottinatlu kanugonnaru.
kolatalu.
cree puu 15va sataabdam praarambhamlo shang raajavamsam samayamlo nagara godala avasheshaalu kanugonabaddayi, ivi bays vadda vedalpu kolatalato ayo sait chuttoo pedda godalanu nirminchaayi mariyu kontha chadarapu praantaanni chuttumuttayi. idhe vidhamaina kolatalu gala godalu jhaavo rashtra puraatana rajadhani hundon (creepoo 386 loe sthaapinchabadindi) vadda kooda kanipistaayi, dheeni adugubhaagamlo vedalpu, etthu mariyu daani rendu deerghachaturasraakaara vaipula podavu unnaayi. maajee hohn rajadhani changaon vadda, yang angcheng kristupurvam 200 loe nirminchina nagara goda 15 meterla etthu mariyu 12 meterla vedalpu kaligi undhi. idhi 45 meterla vedalpu, 4.5 meterla lothu gala kandakam dwara kooda rakshinchabadindi. yuvan raajavamsam samayamlo, sujou godalu 7 meterla etthu mariyu, adugubhaagamlo 11 meterla mandam mariyu paibhagamlo 5 meterla mandam kaligi undevi. ming raajavamsam samayamlo, prefectural mariyu provincial rajadhani godalu bays vadda mariyu eguva bhaagamlo mandamgaa undevi. chaalaa varaku chainees godalu niluvugaa kakunda valuga undevi. konnisaarlu godalu oka peetham ledhaa sahayaka vedikapai paiki levanettabadataayi. goda pakkana watch towerlu mariyu gate towerlu amarchabadi undevi, ivi saadhaaranamgaa rendu ledhaa moodu antastula etthu kaligi undevi. 
praantiiya vaividhyaalanu batti goda itukalu aneka koonaalloo vachayi. uttaraana 30 centimeters x 23 centimeters x 15 centimeters, dakshinaana 15 centimeters x 13 centimeters x 3 centimeters atyanta saadhaaranam.
deerghakaalika vyuuhaatmaka pariseelanalu antey, vruddhiki adanapu saamarthyaanni nirdhaarinchadaaniki mariyu yuddha samayaallo kalapa mariyu vyavasaya bhoomi vanti vanarulanu bhadraparachadaaniki mukhyamaina nagaraala godalu tarachugaa ippatike unna pattana praantaala kante chaalaa pedda praantaanni chuttumuttayi. 1945 natiki fujianloni kwanjou nagara godalo naaluginta oka vanthu khaalii bhoomi undedi. chaina ganatantram kaalam naati sujou nagara goda ippatikee pedda vyavasaya bhoomulanu chuttumuttindi. ming raajavamsam kaalamlo nirminchina nonging nagara goda, aadhunika kaalamlo vimaanaasrayam, veduru adavulu mariyu sarassulaku taginanta pedda praantaanni chuttumuttindi.
dwaaraalu.
godala venta getlu samaruupamgaa unchabaddaayi. pradhana dwaaram saampradayakamgaa dakshina goda madhyalo undedi. gatehouselu saadhaaranamgaa kalapa mariyu itukalatho nirminchabaddaayi, ivi goda yokka ettaina mariyu vistarinchina vibhagam paina kuurchuni, chuttoo crainnellated yuddhabhoomulu undevi. aneka lohapu dwaaraalu mariyu chekka talupulato gatehouse kinda oka sorangam nadichindi. mabhyapette rakshana sthaanaalu sorangam venta unchabadataayi (hatya randhraala maadirigaane). gatehouselanu gurrapu ramplu ledhaa kattu margalu anie piluvabade rampla dwara cherukovacchu, ivi dwaaram prakkane unna godaku vyatiraekamgaa untaayi.
barbican.
oka "viluvidya gopuram" tarachugaa pradhana dwaaram mundu unchabadi, oka barbican () nuu yerparustundi. ming mariyu quing raajavamsaala samayamlo daani tudi roopamlo, viluvidya gopuram vistrutamaina nirmaanam, pradhana dwaaram mundu kontha dhooramlo unna pradhana dwaaram thoo polchadagina etthu. daani adugubhaagamlo oka dwaaram undedi. viluvidya towerku daani viluvidya varusalu (mariyu taruvaata phirangi) placementla kaaranamgaa eee paeru pettaru, dheeni nundi rakshakulu daadi chesevaaripai kshipanulanu kaalchavacchu. pradhana godaku lambamgaa nadustunna sahayaka godalu, viluvidya gopuraanni pradhana dwaaramtho kaluputaayi, idhi deerghachaturasraakaara praantaanni chuttumudutundi. modati dwaaram ullanghinchinatlayite eee praantam buffer jonga panichestundi. daani chainees paeru, "jaar walls", viluvidya tower gundaa vachhe daadi chesevaaru barbicanlo chikkukupotaru, anni vaipula nundi daadi cheyadaaniki terichi untaaru.
pedda dwaralalo bahula barbicanlu undavacchu-nonging (chaina yokka dwaaram, nonging) yokka pradhana dwaaramlo moodu barbicanlu undevi, idhi chainaalo ippatikee unikilo unna atyanta vistrutamaina vyavasthanu yerparustundi.
towerlu.
goda nundi poduchukunna gopuraalu goda venta kramam tappakunda undevi. corner towerlu (<unk>, "geolou") anie piluvabade pedda mariyu vistrutamaina towerlu, rendu godalu kalisina chota unchabaddaayi (i.ii. moolallo). ivi goda kante gananeeyamgaa ettulo undevi, mariyu rakshakulaku nagaram mariyu daani parisaraala meeda pakshula drushtini icchaayi.
kandakam.
pedda nagarallo, goda chuttoo oka kandakam undhi. dheenini nagaramloni mariyu velupala unna kaaluvalu ledhaa nadulatho anusandhaaninchavacchu, tadwara rakshana mariyu soukaryavantamaina ravana maargam rendintinee andistundi. kandakaaniki anusandhaaninchadaaniki ledhaa daanilo bhaagamgaa undataaniki sameepamloni jalamaargaalanu sweekarinchavachhu ledhaa maarchavacchu.
firangulaku vyatiraekamgaa samarthatha.
chaina gunpouder janmasthalam ayinappatikee, akkada tupaakulu saapekshamgaa chinnaviga mariyu teelikagaa undevi, pedda vatiki 80 kilograamulu ledhaa anthakante takkuva baruvu, mariyu prarambha ming yugamlo chinna vatiki garishtamgaa rendu kilograamulu matrame undevi. tupaakulu chaina antataa vistarinchaayi mariyu muttadi samayamlo oka saadhaarana drushyamgaa marai, kabatti pedda tupaakulu modata chainaalo enduku abhivruddhi cheyabadaledu anae prasna talettindi. tonio andrade prakaram, idhi lohasaastraaniki sambandhinchina vishayam kaadu, idhi chainaalo adhunaatanamainadi, mariyu ming raajavamsam raajavamsam pedda tupaakulanu nirminchindi, conny aaa taruvaata ennadoo anusarinchaledu. itara charitrakaarulu suuchimchinatlugaa, yuddham lekapovadam kooda kaadu, conny iravayyava sataabdam varaku aneka chaina sainyala maargamlo godalu nirantaram yuddhaaniki kaaranamainanduna pariseelanaku nilabadavu. android andinche samadhanam emitante, chaina godalu bambu daadulaku chaalaa takkuva haani kaliginchevi. saampradaaya chainees godalu madhyayuga european godalaku bhinnamgaa nirminchabaddaayi, ivi phirangi kaalpulaku marinta nirodhakatanu kaliginchaayani andrade vaadinchaaru.
chainees godalu madhyayuga european godala kante peddavi. iravayyava sataabdam madhyalo koota nirmaanamloo european nipunudu vaari visaalata gurinchi ilaa vyaakhyaaninchaaduh "chainaalo... pradhana pattanaalu netikee godalatho chuttumuttabadi unnaayi, airopaloni madhyayuga kotalu polchithe chaalaa gananeeyamainavi, ettainavi mariyu baleeyamainavi."chainees godalu mandamgaa undevi. ming prefectural mariyu provincial rajadhani godalu bays vadda mariyu eguva bhaagamlo mandamgaa undevi.
airopalo roman saamrajyam kinda goda nirmaanam yokka ettuku cherukundi, dheeni godalu tarachugaa ettuku cherukunnayi, aneka chainees nagara godala maadirigaane, conny mandamgaa matrame undevi. rome yokka sarvian godalu mandam mariyu ettulo cherukunnayi. itara kotalu kooda saamrajyam antataa eee lakshanaalanu cherukunnayi, conny samakaaleena chainees godalatho poliste ivanni taggipoyayi, ivi teevramaina sandarbhaallo bays vadda mandam cheravacchu. nagarika prapanchamlo atyanta prasiddha mariyu sanklishtamaina rakshana vyavastha" gaa varninchabadina constantinople godalu kooda oka pradhana chainees nagara godatho saripolalekapoyayi. constantinople yokka bayati mariyu lopali godalu rendintinee kalipi unte, avi chainaalooni pradhana goda vedalpulo moodinta oka vanthu kante konchem ekkuva matrame undevi. philo prakaram firangulanu thattukogaligela goda vedalpu mandamgaa undaali. 1200luu mariyu 1300la naati european godalu roman samaanamaina vaatini cherukogaligevi, conny podavu, vedalpu mariyu ettulo arudugaa vaatini adhigaminchi, mandamgaa undipoyaayi. madhyayuga airopalo chaalaa mandapati godanu suchinchetappudu, saadhaaranamgaa vedalpu gala goda anie ardham, idhi chainees sandarbhamlo sannaga pariganinchabadutundani gamaninchadam samuchitam. konni praantaallo seltic ringfort, konni praantaallo seltic ringfort, otgenhousen hilfort vanti konni minahaayimpulu unnaayi, ayithe seltic koota-nirmaana paddhatulu prarambha madhyayuga kaalamlo antarinchipooyaayi. pradhana european raajadhaanula godala kante changaon yokka "market" godalu mandamgaa unnayani andrade gamanistune undhi.
vaati apaaramaina parimaanamtho paatu, chainees godalu madhyayuga airopalo nirminchina vaati nundi nirmaanaparamgaa kooda bhinnamgaa undevi. kotala kosam madhyayuga european godalu ekkuvagaa kankara ledhaa sidhilaala nimputho chedaragotti, sunnapurayi mortartho bandhinchabadina raatitoe nirminchabaddaayi. chaina godalu vanarula labhyata mariyu kaala vyavadhini batti vividha rakaala padaarthaalanu upayoginchaayi-raalla nundi itukala varaku, naela kottukupovadam varaku. 
konnisaarlu, oke godaloni vividha vibhagalu ververu padaarthaalu mariyu nirmaana paddhatulanu upayoginchaayi-oka vibhagam raallatho tayaaru cheyabadindi mariyu maroka vibhagam neelatoe tayaaru cheyabadindi. madhyayuga kaalam natiki, phirangi kaalpula saktini grahinchina matti korlatho kuudina chainees godalu saadhaaranam. naela godalu debbatinadam valla ganula tavvakam dwara chorabaatlanu nivaarinchadaaniki kooda sahaayapadindi, endukante sthaanika vibhagalu matrame kuulipoetaayi. chekka chatraalanu upayoginchi godalu nirminchabaddaayi, ivi bhoomi poralatho nindi, atyanta sanklishta sthithiki tagginchabaddaayi, mariyu adhi puurtayina tarvaata tadupari goda vibhaagamlo upayogam kosam chatraalanu tolaginchaaru. sang raajavamsam mariyu taruvaata vanti nirdishta kalalalo, debbatinna matti godalu kothanu nivaarinchadaaniki itukalu ledhaa raatitoe bayati poratho kappabadi undevi, mariyu ming samayamlo, matti panulu raayi mariyu sidhilaalatoe chedaragottabaddaayi. chaalaa chainees godalu kooda valuga undevi, ivi niluvugaa kakunda prakshepaka saktini baga tippai.
chainees wall siddhaantam tappanisarigaa oka vyaya prayojana parikalpanapai aadharapadi untundi, ikkada ming vaari godala yokka nirmaanaatmaka nashtaniki atyanta nirodhaka swabhaavaanni gurtinchindi, mariyu aaa samayamlo vaariki andubaatulo unna tupaakula yokka sarasamaina abhivruddhini oohinchalekapoyindi. 1490la chivarinaatiki kooda oka florentine doutyavetta "vaari firangulu enimidi adugula mandam gala godalo cheelikanu srushtinchagalavu" anae french vaadananu hasyaspadamga mariyu french "swabhaavamtho goppaga cheppukunevaaru" gaa bhaavinchaaru."vaastavaaniki iravayyava sataabdapu paeludu padaarthaala gundlu tadisina matti godalalo cheelikanu srushtinchadamlo kontha ibbandi kaliginchaayi.
europeanlu marinta baleeyamaina chainees shaili godalanu edurkonte modata pedda phirangi dalaalanu abhivruddhi chesi undewara ledhaa anie andrade prasninchaadu, vaari praathamika uddesyaanni neraverchalekapoyina aayudhalalo ituvanti mitimeerina pettubadulu aadarsamgaa undevi kaavu anae nirdhaaranaku vacchaaru.
prastuta nagara godalu.
chaina yokka chivari saamraajya rajadhani ayina beijing nagara godalu 1950la varaku gananeeyamgaa puurti roopamlo manugada saaginchaayi. conny nishedhinchabadina nagaram kakunda, dheeni godalu baga samrakshinchabaddaayi, ming raajavamsam nundi nagara godalu dasabdaluga toku koolchivetaku gurayyayi. migili unna vibhagalalo kianmen gate mariyu baanam tower, deshengmen baanam tower, goda yokka oka vibhagam mariyu ming city wall avasheshaala paarkulo samrakshinchabadina aagneya muulaloe unna tower mariyu zibianmen corner tower matrame unnaayi. angdingmen gate gate punarnirminchabadindi.
itara pradhana chaaritraka nagaraala godalalo, nonging, zian mariyu kaifeng godala samrakshanaku prasiddhi chendaayi. nonging mariyu zian godalu vistrutamaina quing raajavamsam mariyu aadhunika punaruddharanalatho kuudina ming raajavamsam yokka muulaalu, ayithe nedu kanipinche kaifeng goda ekkuvagaa quing raajavamsam punaruddharana phalitamgaa undhi.
konni chinna nagaralu mariyu pattanaala godalu daadaapu chekkuchedarakunda migilipoyayi. veetilo shanxilo pingyavo godalu, yunnanlo dolly, hubeelo jingjou mariyu leoninglo jingcheng godalu unnaayi. chinna rakshana pattanaalu ledhaa kotalalo chongking sameepamloni dioyu, beijinglooni marco pooloo vantena sameepamlo wamping county kotala nirmaanam, shanhoy paas yokka rakshana pattanam, taiyuvaanlooni genewan jilla, jhangjiyakouloni wankwan jilla, yongtoy taabelu pattanam, hebiilooni gwangfu puraatana nagaram, gwangdangloni jhavoking mariyu leoning looni huludavoloni kiansuvo unnaayi.
eee roeju aneka itara nagarallo vivikta avasheshaalu mariyu konni aadhunika vinodaalanu chudavachu. haynon looni luoyang godalu bhaareega ksheeninchina avasheshaalugaa manugada saagistunnaayi. haynon looni shangkiu yokka migili unna godalu, vistrutamainavi ayinappatikee, kalakramena baga ksheeninchaayi. cufuloni confucian compoundnu rakshinche nagara godalaloni chinna bhagalu matrame praamaanikamainavi, migilinavi migilinavi koolchiveyabaddaayi mariyu iteevali samvatsaraalalo punarnirminchabaddaayi. hangjou mariyu sujou (mukhyamgaa panmen gate) yokka konni vivikta dwaaraalu manugada saaginchaayi ledhaa punarnirminchabaddaayi. hebiilooni jengding dwaaraala gananeeyamaina avasheshaalu migili unnaayi, ayithe godalu ekkuvagaa vaati matti kendra bhaagaaniki tolaginchabaddaayi. shanghai nagara godalo oka chinna bhaagam nedu kanipistundi.
chekkuchedarakunda unna nagara godala puurti jabita ikkada undih

