
alkeen

sendriya rasayana saastramlo, alkeen anedi carbon-carbon dwandwa bandhaanni kaligi unna hydrocarbon. dwandwa bandham antargatamgaa ledhaa antima sthithilo undavacchu. terminal aalkeenlanu α-olyphenes anie kooda pilustaaru.
international union off pure und uplied chemistry (iac) kevalam oka double baand unna asyclic hydrocarbonlaku matrame "alkeen" anae paerunu upayoginchaalani sifaarsu chestundi; alcadien, alcatrin modalainavi., ledhaa rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva double baandlatoe kuudina asyclic hydrocarbonla kosam palin; cycloalkine, cycloalcadien modalainavi. chakreeyamaina vatiki; mariyu saadhaarana taragatiki "olephine"-okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva dwandwa bandhaalatho chakriya ledhaa asyclic.
oke oka dvibandhamtho mariyu itara kriyaatmaka samuuhaalu (mono-enns anie kooda pilustaaru) laeni asyclic alkeenlu, "n" 2 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva (idhi sambandhita alcane kante takkuva unna rendu hydrogenlu) thoo saadhaarana suutramtoe hydrocarbonla yokka oka sajatiya shrenini yerparustaayi. n" naalugu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva unnappudu, isomerlu saadhyamavutaayi, ivi dwandwa bandham yokka sthaanam mariyu aakruti dwara vaeru cheyabadataayi.
alkeenlu saadhaaranamgaa ranguleni dhruvetara sammelanaalu, kontavaraku aalkenlanu pooli untaayi conny marinta pratispandistaayi. eee shreniloni modati konni sabhyulu gadhi ushnograta vadda vaayuvulu ledhaa dravaalu. atyanta saralamaina alkeen, ethylene () (ledhaa ipac naamakaranamlo "ethene") anedi paarisramikamgaa atipedda sthaayilo utpatti cheyabadina sendriya sammelanam.
sugandha sammelanaalu tarachugaa chakriya alkeenlugaa geeyabadataayi, ayithe vaati nirmaanam mariyu lakshanaalu taginantagaa bhinnamgaa untaayi, avi alkeenlu ledhaa olephinlugaa vargeekarinchabadavu. rendu ativyaapti chendutunna dvibandhaalu () kaligina hydrocarbonlanu alleans antaaru-atuvanti saralamaina sammelanaanni "allene" anie pilustaaru-mariyu moodu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva ativyaapti chendutunna bandhaalu (,, modalainavi) unna vaatini.) lanu cumulanes antaaru.
nirmaanaatmaka isomerism.
naalugu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva carbon anuvulanu kaligi unna alkeenlu vibhina nirmaana isomerlanu yerparustaayi. chaalaa alkeenlu cycloalcanela isomerlu kooda. oke oka dwandwa bandham kaligina asyclic alkeen nirmaana isomerlu anusaristaayih
eee anuvulalo chaalaa varaku "sis"-"trans" isomerismnu pradarsistaayi. mukhyamgaa pedda anuvula lopala (nundi) kairal carbon anuvulu kooda undavacchu. adanapu carbon anuvulatho sambhaavya isomerla sankhya vaegamgaa perugutundi.
nirmaanam mariyu bandham.
bandham.
carbon-carbon dvibandhamlo sigma bandham mariyu paie bandham untaayi. eee dwandwa bandham oke samayojaneeya bandham (c = c verses c kii 611 kj/mol) kante balamgaa untundi. sii-sii kosam 347 kj/mol), conny rettimpu balamgaa ledhu. double baandlu oka saadhaarana sii-sii single baand kosam sagatu baand podavu 1.33 Â (133 pm) verses 1.53 Â thoo single baandla kante takkuvagaa untaayi.
dwandwa bandham yokka prati carbon anuvu daani moodu sp2 hybrid kaksyalanu upayoginchi moodu anuvulaku (itara carbon anuvu mariyu rendu hydrogen anuvulu) sigma bandhaalanu yerparustundi. moodu sp2 hybrid kakshyala akshaala dwara srushtinchabadina samatalaaniki lambamgaa unde unhybridised 2p anhu kaksyalu, kalisi paie bandhaanni yerparustaayi. eee bandham pradhana sii-sii aksham velupala untundi, anuvu yokka oka vaipu sagam bandham mariyu maroka vaipu sagam bandham untundi. 65 kilola/moll balamtho, paie bandham sigma bandham kante gananeeyamgaa balaheenamgaa untundi.
carbon-carbon dvibandhamu chuttoo bhramanam parimitam cheyabadindi endukante rendu carbon anuvulapai p kakshyala amarikanu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki saktivantamaina kharchu padutundi. tatphalitamgaa "sis" ledhaa "trans" isomerlu chaalaa nemmadigaa parasparam marutayi, tadwara vaatini isomerization lekunda parisara paristhitulalo swechchagaa nirvahinchavacchu. moodu ledhaa naalugu ververu pratyaamnaayaalu (side groupulu) unna anuvulaku marinta sanklishtamaina aalkeenlaku "e"-"z" sangnaamaanamtho paeru pettavacchu. udaaharanaku, beautin yokka isomerlalo, ("z")-conny-2-ene (a.keey.eah. "sis"-2-beautin) dwandwa bandham yokka oke vaipuna mariyu ("ii")-conny-2-enee (eah. loe kanipistundi.keey.eah. "trans"-2-beautin) methyl samuuhaalu vyatiraeka vaipula kanipistaayi. beautin yokka eee rendu isomerlu vibhina lakshanaalanu kaligi untaayi.
aakaram.
electron jatha vikarshana yokka vii. ess. ii. pii. aarr. namuunaa anchanaa vesinatlugaa, alkeenla paramaanu jyaamitiloo prati carbon anuvu chuttoo bandha koonaalu 120° dwandwa bandhamlo untaayi. dwandwa bandham yokka carbon anuvulaku anusandhaaninchabadina kriyaatmaka samuuhaala madhya bandham kaani paraspara charyala dwara pravesapettabadina steric jaathi kaaranamgaa konam maaravacchu. udaaharanaku, propyleneloni sii-sii-sii bandham konam 123.9 °.
vantena alkeenla kosam, vantena valayam vyavastha yokka vantena thala vadda vantenalu taginanta peddavi kakapothe dwandwa bandham sambhavinchadani bread niyamam perkondi. phosetnu anusarinchi mariyu valayalalo vantena kaani anuvula mottam sankhyagaa "s" nuu nirvachinchina taruvaata, cyclic vyavasthalaku sthirathvam kosam "s" ≤7 mariyu tricyclic vyavasthalaku "s" ≤11 avasaram.
bhouthika lakshanaalu.
alkeenlu mariyu alkenla yokka aneka bhouthika lakshanaalu okela untayih avi rangulenivi, dhruvarahitamainavi mariyu mandevi. bhouthika sthithi paramaanu dravyarashi meeda aadharapadi untundih sambandhita santrupta hydrocarbonla maadirigaane, saralamaina alkeenlu (ethylene, propylene mariyu beautin) gadhi ushnograta vadda vaayuvulu. sumaru aidu nundi padahaaru carbon anuvula sarala alkeenlu dravaalu, mariyu adhika alkeenlu mainapu ghanapadaarthaalu. paramaanu dravyarashi perugudalato ghanapadaarthaala draveebhavana sthaanam kooda perugutundi.
alkeenlu saadhaaranamgaa vaati sambandhita alkenla kante balamaina vasananu kaligi untaayi. ethylene teepi mariyu musi vaasana kaligi untundi. mukhyamgaa norbournein mariyu "trans"-cycloactin vanti strained alkeenlu balamaina, asahyakaramaina vaasanalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi raagitho sahaa loha ayaanlatho erpade balamaina π complexelaku anugunamgaa untaayi.
pratispandanalu.
alkeenlu saapekshamgaa sthiramaina sammelanaalu, conny alkenla kante ekkuva pratispandistaayi. alkeenla yokka chaalaa praticharyalu eee paie bandhaaniki cherpulanu kaligi untaayi, kotta yeka bandhaalanu yerparustaayi. alkeenlu petrochemical parisramaku aahara padaarthamgaa panicheestaayi, endukante avi aneka rakaala praticharyalalo, pramukhamgaa polymerisation mariyu alchylationlo palgonagalavu.
ethylene minaha, aalkeenlaku rendu reactivity pradaesaalu unnaih carbon-carbon paie-baand mariyu allilic ch kendraala uniki. modatidi aadhipatyam chelaayistundi conny allilic saitlu kooda mukhyamainavi.
adanapu praticharyalu.
alkeenlu aneka adanapu praticharyalalo pratispandistaayi, ivi double-baandnu teravadam dwara sambhavistaayi. eee jodimpu praticharyalalo chaalaa varaku electrophilic jodimpu yokka yantraamgaanni anusaristaayi. udaaharanalu hydrohologenation, hologenation, halohydrine nirmaanam, oximercuration, hydroboration, dichlorocarben jodimpu, simmons-smith reaction, utpreraka hydrogenation, epoxidation, radikal polymerisation mariyu hydroxylation.
hydrogenation mariyu sambandhita hydro elementations.
alkeenla hydrogenation sambandhita aalkenlanu utpatti chestundi. praticharya konnisaarlu ottidi mariyu adhika ushnograta vadda nirvahinchabadutundi. loha utprerakaalu daadaapu ellappuduu avasaram. saadhaarana paarisraamika utprerakaalu platinum, nickel mariyu palladium meeda aadharapadi untaayi. pedda ettuna upayoginchedi margareen utpatti.
double baand antataa jodinchadam kakunda, aneka itara bandhaalanu jodinchavachhu. eee prakriyalu tarachugaa goppa vaanijya praamukhyatanu kaligi untaayi. oka udaaharana hetch-sir3, i.ii., hydrocylilation. eee praticharya organosylicon sammelanaalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. maroka praticharya hydrocyanation, idhi dwandwa bandham antataa jodinchabadutundi.
hydration.
aardreekarana, alkeenla dwandwa bandham antataa neetini jodinchadam, alkahalnu istundi. eee praticharya phosphoric aamlam ledhaa sulfuric aamlam dwara utprerakam avutundi. synthetic ithanaalnu utpatti cheyadaaniki eee praticharya paarisraamika sthaayilo nirvahinchabadutundi.
oximercuration-demercuration reaction, hydroboration-oxidation reaction ledhaa mukaiyama hydration dwara kooda alcoholga maarchavacchu.
hologenation.
electrophilic hologenationlo aalkeenlaku elemental bromine ledhaa chlorin kalipithe varusaga visinal diabromo-mariyu dichloroalcanelu (1,2-dihalides ledhaa ethylene dihalides) labhistaayi. neetilo bromine draavanam yokka rangu maaradam anedi alkeenla uniki kosam oka vislaeshanhaatmaka pareekshah
sambandhita praticharyalu asantruptiki parimaanaatmaka kolatalugaa kooda upayoginchabadataayi, ivi oka sammelanam ledhaa misramam yokka bromine sankhya mariyu iodine sankhyagaa vyakteekarinchabadataayi.
hydrohologenation.
hydrohologenation anedi sambandhita haaloaalkenlanu utpatti cheyadaaniki aalkeenlaku hcl ledhaa hye vanti hydrogen haalaidlanu jodinchadam
dwandwa bandham vadda unna rendu carbon anuvulu ververu sankhyalo hydrogen anuvulatho mudipadi unte, takkuva hydrogen pratyaamnaayaalato carbon vadda hologen pradhaanyatagaa kanipistundi. eee namuunaalanu markovnikov niyamam antaaru. radikal initiatorlu ledhaa itara sammelanaala vadakam vyatiraeka utpatti phalitaaniki daariteeyavachchu. mukhyamgaa hydrobromic aamlam vividha malinaalu ledhaa vaataavarana oxygen samakshamlo radicals erpade avakaasam undhi, idhi markovnikov phalitaanni tiragadaaniki daariteestundihi
halohydrine erpadatam.
alkeenlu neeru mariyu hologenlatho pratispandinchi adanapu praticharya dwara halohydrinelanu yerparustaayi. markovnikov regiochemistry mariyu anty-stereochemistry sambhavistaayi.
aakseekarana.
alkeenlu percarboxylic aamlalu mariyu hydrogen peroxidetho kooda charya jaripi epoxidelanu utpatti chestaih
ethylene kosam, utprerakaalu samakshamlo oxygennu upayoginchi paarisramikamgaa chaalaa pedda ettuna epoxidation nirvahinchabadutundih
alkeenlu ojontho pratispandinchi, dvibandha vibhajanaku daariteestaayi. eee prakriyanu ozonolysis antaaru. tarachugaa praticharya prakriyaloo dimethylsulphide () vanti telikapati taggimpu untundih
vaedi kendrikruta, aamleekruta draavanamthoo chikitsa chesinappudu, alkeenlu keatonelu mariyu/ledhaa carboxylic aamlaalanu yerparustaayi. praticharya yokka stoichiometry paristhitulaku sunnitamgaa untundi. eee praticharya mariyu ojonolisisnu teliyani alkeenlo dwandwa bandham yokka sthaanaanni nirnayinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu.
osmiyam tetroxide ledhaa itara aakseekarana kaarakaalanu upayoginchadam dwara alkeen yokka puurti cheelika kante vicinal diol vadda aakseekarananu aapavachuhu
eee praticharyanu dihydroxylation antaaru.
methylene neelam mariyu kaanti vanti tagina photosensitizer samakshamlo, alkeenlu hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen ledhaa suupar oxide ayan vanti photosensitizer dwara utpatti cheyabadina reactive oxygen jaatulato pratispandinchavachhu. uttejita sensitizer yokka praticharyalalo electron ledhaa hydrogen badilee undavacchu, saadhaaranamgaa tagginche uparitalam (rakam I praticharya) ledhaa oxygentho paraspara charya (rakam II praticharya) thoo untundi. eee vividha pratyaamnaaya prakriyalu mariyu praticharyalanu nirdishta praticharya paristhitula empika dwara niyantrinchavacchu, idhi vistruta shreni utpattulaku daariteestundi. oka saadhaarana udaaharana endoperoxide utpatti cheyadaaniki cyclopentadine vanti daintho singlet oxygennu cycloload cheyadamh
maroka udaaharana skenk anae praticharya, dheenilo single oxygen oka allilic nirmaanamtho pratispandinchi oka badilee cheyabadina allail peroxidenu istundih
polymerisation.
polymerisation anie piluvabade prakriyala dwara paalimarlaku terminal alkeenlu puurvagaamulu. konni polymerisations goppa aardhika praamukhyatanu kaligi untaayi, endukante avi plaastik polyethylene mariyu polyprophylene gaa utpatti avtayi. alkeen nundi vachhe paalimarlanu saadhaaranamgaa "polyolyphenes" anie pilustaaru, ayithe vaatilo olephinlu undavu. polymerisation vividha vidhaanaala dwara konasaagavacchu. beauta-1,3-daine mariyu isoprene (2-mithailabuta-1,3-daine) vanti samyojita dainlu kooda paalimarlanu utpatti chestaayi, dheeniki oka udaaharana sahaja rabbaru.
loha sanklishtata.
alkeenlu parivartana loha alkeen sanklishtatalalo ligandlu. rendu carbon kendraalu paie-mariyu paie *-kaksyalanu upayoginchi lohamto bandham kaligi untaayi. mono-mariyu diolephinelu tarachugaa sthiramaina sanklishtatalalo ligandlugaa upayoginchabadataayi. cycloactadine mariyu norbornadine anevi prasiddha chelating agentlu, mariyu ethylene kooda konnisaarlu ligandga upayoginchabadutundi, udaaharanaku, jees uppulo. adanamgaa, loha-alkeen complexelu hydrogenation, hydroformyelation mariyu polymerisationtho sahaa aneka loha-utpreraka praticharyalalo madhyavartulu.
samslaeshanha.
paarisraamika paddhatulu.
hydrocarbon pagullu dwara alkeenlu utpatti avtayi. mudi padaarthaalu ekkuvagaa uslo sahaja vayuvu ghaneebhavinche bhagalu (pradhanamgaa eethaen mariyu propane) mariyu eurup mariyu asealo madhyaprachyam mariyu nafta. pradhanamgaa aliphatic alkeenlu mariyu takkuva paramaanu baruvu gala alkenla misramaanni utpatti cheyadaaniki, tarachugaa geolite utprerakam samakshamlo, adhika ushnogratala vadda alkenlu vichchinnamavutaayi. eee misramam feedstack mariyu ushnogratapai aadharapadi untundi mariyu pakshika swedanam dwara vaeru cheyabadutundi. idhi pradhanamgaa chinna alkeenla (aaru carbonla varaku) tayaareeki upayoginchabadutundi.
dheeniki sambandhinchinadi utpreraka nirjaleekaranamu, ikkada oka alcane adhika ushnogratala vadda hydrojannu kolpoyi sambandhita alkeennu utpatti chestundi. idhi alkeenla utpreraka hydrogenationku viruddhamgaa untundi.
eee prakriyanu samskarana anie kooda pilustaaru. rendu prakriyalu endothermic mariyu entropy dwara adhika ushnogratala vadda alkeen vaipu nadapabadataayi.
nickel, cobalt ledhaa platinum samakshamlo organometallic sammelanam triethylaluminiumtho ethylene praticharya dwara kooda adhika α-alkeenla utpreraka samshlaeshanhanu (rch = ch2 rakam) saadhinchavachchu.
tolagimpu praticharyalu.
prayogasaalalo alkeen samshlaeshanhaku pradhana paddhatullo okati alkyl haalaidlu, alkahal luu mariyu ilanti sammelanaalanu tolaginchadam. atyanta saadhaaranamainadi e2 ledhaa e1 vidhanam dwara β-tolagimpu, conny α-tolagimpulu kooda telisinavi.
chaalaa alkeen samshlaeshanhalaku e1 kante e2 vidhanam marinta nammadagina β-tolagimpu paddhatini andistundi. chaalaa varaku e2 tolagimpulu alkyl hallide ledhaa alkyl sulphonate estertho (tosilate ledhaa triflate vantivi) praarambhamavutaayi. alkyl haalaidnu upayoginchinappudu, praticharyanu dehydrohologenation antaaru. asamaana utpattula kosam, marinta pratyaamnaaya alkeenlu (sii = sii kii jodinchina takkuva hydrogenlu unnavi) prabalamgaa untaayi (jaitsev niyamam chudandi). tolagimpu praticharyalaku rendu saadhaarana paddhatulu alkyl halidela nirjaleekaranamu mariyu alkahal nirjaleekaranamu. oka saadhaarana udaaharana krinda choopabadindi; idhi takkuva sthiramaina "z"-isomercu daariteesinappatikee, veelaithe, h anedi vadilivese samuuhaaniki "vyatiraekam" anie gamaninchandi.
alkahal nundi alkaleenlanu nirjaleekarana dwara samslaeshanha cheyavachu, eee sandarbhamlo eee1 vidhanam dwara neeru potundi. udaaharanaku, ethanol nirjaleekaranamtho ethylene utpatti avtundi
oka madyaanni merugaina vadili vellae samuuhamgaa kooda maarchavacchu (udhaa.zii., janthet), chugev elemination mariyu grico elemination vanti telikapati "sinn"-elemination anumatinchadaaniki. sambandhita praticharyalalo β-halothers (board olephine samslaeshanha) mariyu estarlu (ester pyrolysis) dwara tolagimpulu untaayi.
alkyl amainla nundi parokshamgaa aalkeenlanu tayaaru cheyavachu. amine ledhaa ammonia tagina vadilivese samuuham kaadu, kabatti amine modata alkylated (hafman elemination loe vale) ledhaa amine oxide (aapil reaction) gaa aakseekarana cheyabadutundi, tadwara sunnitamaina tolagimpu saadhyamavutundi. aapil praticharya anedi 150°sii vadda ledhaa anthakante takkuva ushnograta vadda sambhavinche "sinn"-tolagimpu, udaaharanakuh
takkuva" pratyaamnaaya (jaitsev kaani) alkeen saadhaaranamgaa pradhana utpattigaa undatam valana hafman tolagimpu asaadhaaranamainadi.
alkeenlu moodu-sabhyula ring sulphone intermediate dwara ramberg-backlund praticharyalo α-halosulphonela nundi utpatti avtayi.
carbonyl sammelanaala nundi samslaeshanha.
alkeen samshlaeshanhaku maroka mukhyamaina paddhatiloo carbonyl sammelanaanni (aldehyde ledhaa keaton vantivi) carbonian samaanamainadaanito kalapadam dwara kotta carbon-carbon double baandnu nirminchadam untundi. ituvanti praticharyalanu konnisaarlu "olephinations" anie pilustaaru. eee paddhatulalo whittig praticharya atyanta prasiddhamainadi, ayithe horner-wadsworth-emmons praticharyatho sahaa itara sambandhita paddhatulu telisinavi.
whittig praticharyalo aldehyde ledhaa keaton yokka praticharyanu pihechpi = chiar rakam whittig kaarakamtho (ledhaa phosphorene) oka alkeen mariyu pihechpi = oo utpatti cheyadaaniki kaligi untundi. whittig karakanni triphenylphosphine mariyu alkyl hallide nundi sulabhamgaa tayaaru chestaaru. praticharya chaalaa saadhaaranamainadi mariyu eee udaaharanalo unnatlugaa aneka kriyaatmaka samuuhaalu, estarlu kooda thattukogalavuh
whittig praticharyaku sambandhinchinadi peterson olephinition, idhi phosphorene sthaanamlo silicon aadhaarita kaarakaalanu upayogistundi. eee praticharya "e"-ledhaa "z"-utpattula empikaku anumatistundi. oka "ii"-utpatti kavalanukunte, maroka pratyaamnaayam julia olephinition, idhi phenyl sulphone nundi utpatti ayye carboniannu upayogistundi. organochromium intermediate aadhaaramgaa takai olephinition kooda ii-utpattulanu andistundi. titanium sammelanam, tebbe yokka karakamu, methylene sammelanaala samshlaeshanhaku upayogapadutundi; eee sandarbhamlo, eestarlu mariyu amaidlu kooda pratispandistaayi.
oka jatha keatonelu ledhaa aldehydelanu deoxygenate chesi alkeennu utpatti cheyavachu. titanium metal reduction (mcmurry reaction) nuu upayoginchi oke aldehyde ledhaa keaton coupling nundi cemetrical aalkeenlanu tayaaru cheyavachu. ververu keatonelanu kalapavalasi vasthe, barton-kellog praticharya vanti marinta sanklishtamaina paddhati avasaram.
sodiyam methoxide (bomford-stevens praticharya) ledhaa alchylithium (shapiro praticharya) nuu upayoginchi oke keatone daani tosilehydrazone dwara sambandhita alkinga kooda maarchavacchu.
alkeenla nundi samslaeshanha.
chinna vaati dasala vaareegaa polymerisation dwara podavaina alkeenla nirmaanam aakarshanheeyamgaa untundi, endukante ethylene (atichinna alkeen) chavakainadi mariyu takshaname andubaatulo untundi, etaa vandala million tannulu utpatti avutundi. jiegler-naata prakriya chaalaa podavaina golusulu erpadataaniki anumatistundi, udaaharanaku polyethylene kosam upayoginchevi. chinna golusulu kavalante, avi surfuctantla utpatti kosam unnatlugaa, appudu shell hye olephine prakriya vanti olephine metathesis dasanu kaligi unna prakriyalu mukhyamainavi. 
olephine metathesisnu ethylene mariyu 2-byootinlanu propylenega maarchadaaniki vaanijyaparamgaa kooda upayogistaaru. eee prakriyaloo renium-mariyu malibdinum kaligina vaividhya utprerakam upayoginchabadataayih
parivartana loha utpreraka hydro vinilation anedi alkeen nundi praarambhamayye maroka mukhyamaina alkeen samslaeshanha prakriya. indulo hydrogen mariyu vinail samuuham (ledhaa alkenyl samuuham) rendinti bandham antataa kalapadam untundi.
alkins nundi.
pratyaamnaaya alkeenla stereoselective samshlaeshanhaku aalkeenlanu tagginchadam upayogakaramaina paddhati. sis"-alkeen kavalanukunte, lindler utprerakam samakshamlo hydrogenation (calcium carbonate meeda jama cheyabadina palladium kaligi unna mariyu vividha rakaala seesamtho chikitsa cheyabadina vaividhyamaina utprerakam) saadhaaranamgaa upayoginchabadutundi, ayithe jalavisleshana taruvaata jalavisleshana pratyaamnaaya vidhananni andistundi. drava ammonialo sodiyam lohamto alkine taggadam valla "trans"-alkeen labhistundi.
bahula pratyaamnaaya alkeenla tayari kosam, alkeenla carbomatilation anedi aneka rakaala alkeen utpannaalaku daariteestundi.
punarvyavastheekaranalu mariyu sambandhita praticharyalu.
punarvyavastheekarana praticharyala dwara itara alkeenla nundi aalkeenlanu samslaeshanha cheyavachu. olephine metathesis (paina vivarinchina) thoo paatu, anae praticharya mariyu aapil punarvyavastheekarana vanti aneka pericyclic praticharyalanu upayoginchavacchu.
dials-alder praticharyalo, daine mariyu reactive ledhaa electron-lopam kaligina alkeen nundi cyclohexine utpannam tayaaru cheyabadutundi.
ipac naamakaranam.
eee naamakaranaanni vistrutamgaa anusarinchanappatikii, ipac prakaram, alkeen anedi carbon anuvula madhya kevalam oka dwandwa bandhamtho kuudina asyclic hydrocarbon. olephinlu chakriya mariyu asyclic aalkeenlatho paatu dainlu mariyu palin la pedda sekarananu kaligi untaayi.
sarala-golusu aalkeenlaku ipac paerla muulaanni roopondinchadaaniki, parent yokka "-an-" infixnu "-en-" gaa marchandi. udaaharanaku, ch3-ch3 anedi alcane "eethaen". anduvalla ch2 = ch2 paeru "ethene".
4 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva carbon anuvulatho unna strait-chain aalkeenlaku, aaa paeru sammelanaanni puurtigaa gurtinchadu. aaa sandarbhaalalo, mariyu saakhala acyclic aalkeenlaku, eee krindi niyamaalu vartistaayih
dvibandha sthaanam tarachugaa golusu paeru mundu choppinchabadutundi (udhaa.zii. "2-penteen"), pratyayam ("pent-2-enee") kante mundu.
sthaanaalu pratyekamainavi ayithe vaatini suuchimchaalsina avasaram ledhu. dwandwa bandham sambandhita alcane kosam upayoginche daanikante bhinnamaina golusu sankhyanu suuchimchavachchani gamaninchandih c-- anedi "2,2-dimethyl pentain", ayithe c-= anedi "3,3-dimethyl 1-pentain".
polyness mariyu cycloalkeenlaku marinta sanklishtamaina niyamaalu vartistaayi.
"sis"-"trans isomerism".
oka asyclic mono-enee yokka dwandwa bandham golusu yokka modati bandham kakapothe, paina nirminchina paeru ippatikee "sis"-"trans" isomerism kaaranamgaa sammelanaanni puurtigaa gurtinchadu. appudu dwandwa bandham prakkane unna rendu single sii-sii bandhaalu daani samatalaaniki oke vaipuna unnaya ledhaa vyatiraeka vaipula unnaya anie paerkonaali. monoalkeenlaku, aakruteekarana tarachugaa paeruku mundu varusaga "sis"-(latin nundi "eee vaipu") ledhaa "trans"-("addamgaa", "maroka vaipu") upasargala dwara suuchimchabadutumdi; "sis"-2-penteen ledhaa "trans"-2-beautein loe vale.
marinta saadhaaranamgaa, dwandwa bandhamlooni rendu carbonlalo pratidaaniki rendu ververu anuvulu ledhaa samuuhaalu jatacheyabadi unte "sis"-"trans" isomerism untundi. eee sandarbhaalanu parigananaloki teesukunte, "sis" mariyu "trans" upasargalaku badulugaa marinta saadhaarana ii-jedd sangnaamaanaanni ipac sifaarsu chestundi. eee sangnaamaanam rendu carbonlalo pratidaaniloo atyadhika sip praadhaanyata kaligina samuuhaanni pariganistundi. eee rendu samuuhaalu dwandwa bandham yokka samatalaaniki vyatiraeka vaipula unte, aakruteekaranaku "e" anie label cheyabadutundi (german "engezen" nundi antey "vyatiraekam"); avi oke vaipuna unte, daaniki "z" anie label cheyabadutundi (german "jusamen" nundi, "kalisi"). eee labelingnu ghnaapaka "z" antey 'aann ze zame zide' thoo bodhinchavachhu.
sii = sii dwandwa bandhaalanu kaligi unna samuuhaalu.
carbon-carbon double baandlanu kaligi unna hydrocarbon samuuhaalaku vinail samuuham mariyu allail samuuham anae rendu paerlanu ipac gurtinchindi.