
kwechuwa prajalu

kwechuwa prajalu (,;) ledhaa kwichuwa prajalu dakshina americaloni aadimavaasulalo evarinainaa suuchimchavachchu, vaaru peru sthaanika prajalalo udbhavinchina kwechuwa bhashalanu matladataru. chaalaa mandhi kwechuwa matladevaru peruku chendinavaaru ayinappatikee, ekuvador, bolivia, chilly, columbia mariyu argentinalo konni mukhyamaina janabha undhi.
atyanta saadhaarana kwechuwa mandalikam dakshina kwechuwa. ekuvador kikwa prajalu kikwa mandalikam matladataru; columbialo, ingaa prajalu ingaa kitchwa matladataru.
kwechuwa matladevariki kwechuwa padam "runa" ledhaa "noonaa" ("vyakti"); bahuvachanam "runakuna" ledhaa "nunakuna" ("prajalu"). "kwechuwa matladevaru tamanu taamu runa anie piluchukuntaaru-- kevalam 'prajalu' anie anuvadistaaru.'"
kontamandi chaaritraka kwechuwa prajalu
chaaritraka mariyu saamaajika raajakeeya nepathyam.
peruuloo sumaru 51 laksala mandhi, bolivialo 18 laksala mandhi, ekuvaadarlo 25 laksala mandhi (hornberger und king, 2001), mariyu ethnolog (2006) prakaram chililo 33,800 mandhi, argentinalo 55,500 mandhi, brazillo konni vandala mandhi kwechuwa matladevaru, saadhaarana gurtimpu yokka swalpa avagahana matrame kaligi unnaaru. vividha kwechuwa maandalikaalu konni sandarbhaallo chaalaa bhinnamgaa untaayi, tadwara paraspara avagahana saadhyam kaadu. kwechuwa inkaalachae matrame kakunda, inca saamrajyam yokka deerghakaalika satruvulachae kooda matladabadedi, veetilo huwanka (vanca anedi eee roeju huwankayo praantamloo matlade kwechuwa mandalikam) mariyu peruu yokka chanka (ayakucho yokka chanka mandalikam) mariyu ekuvadar looni kaanaari (kaanaari) vantivi unnaayi. kwechuwa eee prajalalo kondaru matladevaru, udaaharanaku, cusco incas mundu vanca, ayithe itara prajalu, mukhyamgaa bolivialo conny ekuvadar loe kooda, kwechuwa nuu inca kaalamlo ledhaa taruvaata matrame sweekarinchaaru.
juvan velasco alvarado sainika niyantrutvamlo 1969loe kwechuwa peru yokka rendava adhikaarika bhashaga maarindi. iteevala kwechuwa matladevarilo, mukhyamgaa ekuvador (kitchwa) loe, conny bolivialo kooda, jaathi nirmaanaaniki dhoranulu unnaayi, ikkada asalu peruvian version nundi swalpa bhasha thedaalu matrame unnaayi. eee prayatnaaniki suuchanagaa ekuvador, ekuyarunaari ("ekuvador runakunapak rikkarimuy") looni kitchwa prajala godugu samstha undhi. konni kraistava samsthalu kraistava short wave radeo station hechsizebi, "dhi vois off dhi andis" ("laa voj dii laas andis") vanti "kwechuwa prajalanu" kooda suuchistaayi. kwechuwa desham" anae padam kwechuwa desham yokka vidya mandali paeru ("consejo educativo dii laa nassian kwechuwa", senak) vanti sandarbhaalalo sambhavistundi, idhi bolivialoni kwechuwa matlade praantaalalo kwechuwa bodhana ledhaa dwibhasha antar saamskrutika paatasaalalaku baadhyata vahistundi. latin americalo european namuunaanu anusarinchi jaateeya rashtraalu nirminchabadi unte, avi oke, swatantra desamgaa undaalani kontamandi kwechuwa matladevaru paerkonnaaru.
bhouthika samskruti mariyu saamaajika charitra.
vaari jaathi vaividhyam mariyu bhasha bhedaalu unnappatikee, vividha kwechuwa jaathi samuuhaalu aneka saamskrutika lakshanaalanu kaligi unnaayi. vaaru veetilo chaalaa varaku madhya andis looni aimara ledhaa itara sthaanika prajalatho kooda panchukuntaaru.
saampradayakamgaa, kwechuwa gurtimpu sthaanikamgaa kendrikrutamai untundi mariyu prati sandarbhamloonuu sthirapadina aardhika vyavasthatho vidadeeyaraani vidhamgaa mudipadi untundi. idhi takkuva ettulo unna praantaalalo vyavasayam mariyu punaa yokka ettaina praantaalalo matasambandhamaina vyavasayam meeda aadharapadi untundi. vilakshanhamaina andean samajam aneka ettaina shrenulalo vistarinchi undhi, anduvalla vividha rakaala saagu cheyadagina pantalu mariyu/ledhaa pasuvula saagu untundi. bhoomi saadhaaranamgaa sthaanika samajam ("aylu") yajamanyamlo untundi mariyu samyuktamgaa saagu cheyabadutundi ledhaa etaa punahpampinii cheyabadutundi.
valasarajyala yugam nundi praarambhamai, dakshina america rashtraalu tama swaatantryam pondina taruvaata teevrataram kaavadamtho, pedda bhuswamulu mottam ledhaa ekkuva bhoomini swaadheenam chesukuni sthaanika janabhanu baanisatvaaniki balavantam chesaaru (eekwadar loe "huasipungo", kitchwa "vaasipunku", "mundu talupu" nundi). durviniyogaaniki sambandhinchina kathinamaina paristhitulu padepade sthaanika raitula tirugubaatlaku daariteesaayi, vaatini balavantamgaa anachivesaaru. eee tirugubaatlalo atipeddadi jose gabriyal kunturkanki naayakatvamlo jarigindi.kontamandi sthaanika raitulu tama puurveekula bhoomulanu tirigi aakraminchi, 20va sataabdam madhyalo niyantrutvaalu prabhutvaalanu swaadheenam chesukunnappudu bhuuswaamulanu bahishkarinchaaru, udaaharanaku 1952loe bolivialo (victor paaj estensoro) mariyu 1968loe perulo (juvan velasco alvarado). vyavasaya samskaranalalo pedda bhuswamula swaadheenam kooda undhi. bolivialo sthaanika janaabhaaku vaari vyaktigata aastigaa bhoomini punahpampinii chesaaru. idhi mataparamaina yajamanyam aadhaaramgaa saampradaaya kwechuwa mariyu aimara samskrutiki antaraayam kaliginchindi, ayithe curo yokka peruvian kwechuwa samajam vanti maarumuula praantaalalo "aylus" prastuta samayam varaku konasaginchabadindi.
bhuu hakkula kosam poraatam neti varaku rojuvaaree kwechuwa jeevitamlo raajakeeya kendra binduvugaa konasagutondi. eguvaarunaari sanghamlo bhaagamaina ekwadar yokka kitchwa jaathi samuuhaalu iteevala mataparamaina bhuu hakkulanu tirigi pondagaligaayi ledhaa estatelanu tirigi pondagaligaayi-konni sandarbhaallo teevravaada karyakalapala dwara. mukhyamgaa sarayaku samajam vishayamlo lothattu praantaalalooni kichwalalo baga prasiddhi chendindi, vaaru samvatsaraala tarabadi poraatam chesina taruvaata petrolium punaruddharana kosam varshaaranyaanni swaadheenam chesukovadanni mariyu dopidi cheyadaanni vijayavantamgaa nirodhinchagaligaaru.
rendu praathamika rakaala ummadi panula madhya vyatyaasam choopabadutundi. minka" vishayamlo, prajalu ummadi prayojanaala prajectula kosam (mataparamaina soukaryaala nirmaanam vantivi) kalisi panicheestaaru. "aini" anedi, dheeniki viruddhamgaa, paraspara sahayam, dheeni dwara "aylu" sabhyulu oka pedda private prajectunu saadhinchadaaniki oka kutumbaaniki sahayam chestaaru, udaaharanaku inti nirmaanam, mariyu taruvaata vaari swantha prajectutho adhe vidhamgaa sahayam pondavachani aasinchavachchu.
daadaapu anni kwechuwa jaathi samoohaalalo, aneka saampradaaya hastakalalu bhouthika samskrutilo oka mukhyamaina amsam. indulo inca kaalam ledhaa antakumundu nundi nesina netha, patthi, unni (lamas, alpacas, gwanakos mariyu vikunas nundi) mariyu aneka sahaja rangulanu upayoginchadam mariyu aneka nesina namuunaalanu ("palle") cherchadam vanti sampradaayaalu unnaayi. illu saadhaaranamgaa gaalilo endina bankamatti itukalu ("teaca", ledhaa spanish bhaashalo "adob"), ledhaa kommalu mariyu bankamatti gaare ("wattle und dobb") upayoginchi nirminchabadataayi, paikappulu gaddi, rellu ledhaa punaa gadditho ("ichu") kappabadi untaayi.
udaaharanaku, ganula tavvakam karyakalapalu mariyu sraamika saamaajika nirmaanaala dwara praantiiyamgaa saampradaaya aardhika vyavastha vichchinnam kavadam, saadhaaranamgaa jaathi gurtimpu mariyu kwechuwa bhasha rendintinee kolpovadaniki daariteesindi. idhi pedda nagaralaku (mukhyamgaa lima) sthiramaina valasala phalitamgaa kooda undhi, dheeni phalitamgaa akkada hysponic samajam samskrutini penchindi.
aaharaalu mariyu pantalu.
kwechuwa prajalu vividha rakaala aaharalanu saagu chesi tintaaru. vaaru bangaalaadumpalanu pempakam chesi, aaharam mariyu aushadham kosam upayoginche vaelaadi bangaalaadumpala rakalanu saagu chestaaru. vaataavarana maarpu vaari bangaalaadumpa mariyu itara saampradaaya pantalaku muppu kaligistondi, conny vaaru parirakshana mariyu anusarana prayatnaalanu chepadutunnaru. kwinova anedi kwechuwa prajalu pandinche maroe pradhana panta.
"charkki" (aangla padam "zerki" yokka muulam) anedi kwechuwa endina (mariyu konnisaarlu uppu) maamsam. idhi saampradayakamgaa endalo endabetti, challani raatrulalo endabetti, gaddakattina lama maamsamto tayaaru cheyabadindi, conny ippudu tarachugaa gurram mariyu goddu maamsamto kooda tayaaru cheyabadutundi, deshaalalo vaividhyamtho.
"perulo upayoginche goyyi vanta saanketikataku kwechuwa padam pachamanka, chiken, goddu maamsam, pandhi maamsam, gorre mariyu/ledhaa mutton vanti aneka rakaala mamsanni kaligi untundi; bangaalaadumpalu, teepi bangaalaadumpalu, yukka, "ukaa"/"okaa" (spaanishlo "okaa"), mariyu mashwa vanti dumpalu; mokkajonna/mokkajonna mariyu fawa beans vanti itara kuuragaayalu; masala dinusulu; mariyu konnisaarlu chinna kunda mariyu/ledhaa tamels loe junnu.
konnisaarlu ginia pandulanu kooda maamsam kosam penchutaaru. itara aaharaalu mariyu pantalalo lamas mariyu alpacas maamsamto paatu beans, barley, vaedi miriyalu, kottimeera mariyu verusenagalu unnaayi.
iteevala kwechuwas himsaku udaaharanalu.
prastuta samayam varaku kvechuvaalu raajakeeya sangharshanhalu mariyu jaathi himsaku baadhitulugaa konasaagutunnaaru. 1980laloe perulo prabhutvam mariyu "sendero luminoso" madhya jarigina antargata gharshanalo 70,000 mandhi maraninchina vaarilo naaluginta moodu vantula mandhi kvechuvaalu kaga, yuddha paarteelu minahaayimpu lekunda swethajaatheeyulu mariyu "mestizos" (sthaanikulu mariyu spaniards nundi mishrama santati prajalu).
alberto fujimori aadhvaryamlo balavantamgaa sterilization vidhanam daadaapu pratyaekamgaa kwechuwa mariyu aimara mahilalanu prabhaavitam chesindi, mottam 200,000 mandiki paiga. sterilization karyakramam 1996 mariyu 2001 madhya 5 samvatsaraalaku paiga konasaagindi. eee kaalamlo, mahilalanu balavantamgaa sterilization cheyamani balavantam chesaaru. avaastavika prabhutva kotaala kinda shastrachikitsalu cheyamani vaidyulu ottidi cheyabadinanduna, sterilizations tarachugaa pramaadakaramaina mariyu aparisubhramaina paristhitulalo nirvahinchabaddaayi, idhi mahilalaku sarigga teliyajeyadam mariyu vaari sammatini pondadam asadhyam chesindi. bolivian chitra darsakudu georg sangines 1969loe thana kwechuwa bhasha chalana chitram "yawar mallku" loe balavantamgaa sterilization samasyanu parishkarinchaaru.
iteevali samvatsaraalalo kvechuvaalu tama desham yokka praantiiya aardhika vruddhi nundi minahayinchabaddayi. prapancha byaanku khandamloni enimidi deshaalanu prapanchamlone atyadhika asamaanata raetlu unna deshaalugaa gurtinchindi. kvechuvaalu eee teevramaina asamaanatalaku lobadi unnaayi, endukante vaatilo chaalaa varaku praantiiya sagatu kante chaalaa takkuva ayurdayam kaligi unnaayi, mariyu aneka samaajaalaku praathamika aarogya sevalu andubaatulo laevu.
gurtinchina jaathi vivaksha parliamentary sthaayilo paatra poeshistuunae undhi. kottagaa ennikaina peruvian paarlamentu sabhyulu hilleria supa human mariyu maria sumair kyoochuvaalo tama pramaana sweekaaram chesinappudu-peru charitralo modatisaarigaa desheeya bhaashalo-peruvian parliamentary adhyakshudu martha hildebrand mariyu parliamentary adhikari carlos torres caro vaari aamodaanni tiraskarinchaaru.
puraanaalu.
dadapuga aandeeslooni anni kvechuvaalu valasarajyala kaalam nundi namamatramga kaathalikkulugaa unnaaru. ayinappatikee, saampradaaya matha roopaalu aneka praantaalalo konasagutunnayi, kraistava amsaalatoe militam cheyabaddaayi-puurtigaa samagra samanvayavaadam. kwechuwa jaathi samuuhaalu itara andean prajalatho saampradaaya mataalanu kooda panchukuntaayi, mukhyamgaa bhoomi maata (pachamama) paie nammakam, veeru santanotpattini andistaaru mariyu vaariki dahanabali mariyu naivedyaalu kramam tappakunda chestaaru. parvata aatmalu ("apu") alaage takkuva sthaanika devatalu ("vaaka") kooda mukhyamainavi, veeru ippatikee mukhyamgaa dakshina perulo poojinchabadutunnaaru.
kvechuvaalu vividha puraanaala roopamlo vishaadam yokka vaari punaraavruta chaaritraka anubhavamtho ekibhavincharu. veetilo "nuck 'akk" ledhaa "pishtako" ("kasai"), taanu champe sthaanika prajala sareeraala nundi kovvunu peelche tella hantakudu, mariyu raktapaata nadhi gurinchi oka paata unnaayi. vaari "virakchapampa" puraanamloo, curo prajalu spaniardulapai "apus" vijayam gurinchi vivaristaaru. netikee sajeevamgaa unna puraanaalaloo, dakshina perulo saadhaaranamaina "inkarri" puraanam mukhyamgaa aasaktikaramgaa untundi; idhi ayakucho nundi cusco varaku eee praantam antataa unna kwechuwa samuuhaalanu anusandhaaninche saamskrutika amsamgaa erpadutundi. kontamandi kvechuvaalu eee praantamlooni classic utpattulu ayina mokkajonna biir, chicha, coca aakulu mariyu sthaanika bangaalaadumpalanu mataparamaina praamukhyata kaligi unnayani bhaavistaaru, ayithe eee nammakam anni samajalalo ekareetigaa undadu.
aadhunika vaidyamlo sahakaram.
sinkona chettu beradulo sahajamgaa kanipinche quinine nuu malaria lanty lakshanaala kosam kwechuwas prajalu upayogistaarani telisindi.
namilinappudu, coca telikapati uddeepanagaa panichestundi mariyu aakali, daaham, noppi mariyu alasatanu anichivestundi; idhi ettulo unna anaarogyaanni tagginchadaaniki kooda upayoginchabadutundi. polaalalo pani chesetappudu alaage kwechuwa provinceulalo nirmaana prajectulalo viraamaala samayamlo coca akulanu namalutaru. peru yokka atyanta chaaritraatmakamgaa mukhyamaina egumatulalo okataina kokain rasaayanikamgaa sekarinche mudi padaartham coca aakulu.
saampradaaya dustulu.
chaalaa mandhi sthaanika mahilalu bowler shaili topeetho puurti rangurangula saampradaaya dustulanu dharistaaru. 1920laloe british railway kaarmikulu deshaaniki teesukuvacchinappati nundi eee topeeni kwechuwa mariyu aimara mahilalu dharistunnaru. avi netikee saadhaaranamgaa dharinchabadutunnaayi.
nedu kwechuwa mahilalu dharinche saampradaaya dustulu spanish puurva kaalapu sailulu mariyu spanish valasavaada raitu dustula misramam. yuktavayassu nundi, kwechuwa ammayilu peticotes mariyu skartula yokka bahula poralanu dharinchadam praarambhistaaru; oka yuvatulu entha ekkuva peticotes mariyu skartulu dhariste, aame kutumba sampada kaaranamgaa (peticotes mariyu skartula sankhya dwara suuchimchabadutumdi), aame vaduvu antagaa kaavaalsinadi. vivaahita mahilalu kooda pettikotlu mariyu skartula yokka aneka poralanu dharistaaru. yuva kwechuwa purushulu saadhaaranamgaa paaschaatya taraha dustulanu dharistaaru, synthetic football chokkalu mariyu traxoot pyaantlu atyanta prachuryam pondaayi. konni praantaalalo, mahilalu kooda saadhaaranamgaa paaschaatya taraha dustulanu dharistaaru. vruddhulu ippatikee muduru unni mokali podavutho chethitho nesina bayeta pyantu dharistaaru. chumpi" anie piluvabade nesina belt kooda dharistaaru, idhi polaallo pani chesetappudu veepu diguva bhaagaaniki rakshananu andistundi. purushula chakkati dustulalo unni nadumu kotu untundi, idhi mahilalu dharinche sleeveless juyunanu pooli untundi, conny dheenini "chaaleko" anie pilustaaru. "chalecos" nuu samruddhiga alankarinchavacchu.
purushula dustulalo atyanta vilakshanhamaina bhaagam chethitho nesina poncho. daadaapu prati kwechuwa abbai mariyu abbai oka poncho kaligi untaaru, saadhaaranamgaa erupu rangulo sanklishtamaina designlatho alankaristaaru. prati jillaaku oka pratyaekamaina namuunaa untundi. huillock, patakancha vanti konni samajalalo mariyu laures loyaloni aneka gramalalo ponchos rojuvaaree dustulu dharistaaru. ayithe chaalaa mandhi purushulu pandugalu, graama samavesalu, vivahalu modalaina pratyeka sandarbhaallo tama ponchosnu upayogistaaru.
mahilala maadirigaane, ajotalu, recycle chesina tyrelatho tayaaru chesina cheppulu praamaanika paadarakshalu. avi choukainavi mariyu mannikainavi.
chulloo" tarachugaa dharistaaru. idhi iyar flaplatho allina topi. oka pillavadu pondhe modati chullunu saampradayakamgaa athani tandri allinavadu. asangate praantamloo chullolanu tarachugaa tellani puusalu mariyu tikas anie piluvabade pedda tasselsto alankaristaaru. purushulu konnisaarlu "sentillo", chakkaga alankarinchabadina topi byaandlatoe alankarinchabadina chullu paibhagamlo sombrero anae anubhooti topeeni dharistaaru. puraatana kaalam nundi purushulu tama coca akulanu moyadaniki "chaspa" anie piluvabade chinna nesina sanchulanu dharistaaru.
kwechuwa matlade jaathi samuuhaalu.
eee krindi kwechuwa jaathi samuuhaala jabita kevalam empika mariyu sarihaddulu maarutuu untaayi. konni sandarbhaallo ivi kevalam konni vandala mandhi unna graama sanghaalu, itara sandarbhaallo oka million kante ekkuva jaathi samuuhaalu.

