
doshaanni gurtinchadam mariyu diddubaatu cheyadam

computer sains mariyu telecommunicationlalo anuvartanaalato samachara siddhaantam mariyu coding siddhaantamlo, doshaanni gurtinchadam mariyu diddubaatu (adac) ledhaa dosha niyantrana anevi nammadagani communication chaanella dwara digital daetaanu nammadagina pampinhee cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinche paddhatulu. aneka communication chaanallu chaanal sabdaaniki lobadi untaayi, anduvalla muulam nundi receiverku prasaram chesetappudu lopaalu pravesapettabadavachhu. doshaanni gurtinche paddhatulu atuvanti lopaalanu gurtinchadaaniki anumatistaayi, ayithe dosha diddubaatu aneka sandarbhaallo asalu daetaanu punarnirminchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
nirvachanalu.
"error detection" anedi transmitter nundi receiverku prasaram chesetappudu sabdam ledhaa itara balaheenatala valla kalige lopaalanu gurtinchadam.
"dosha diddubaatu" anedi lopaalanu gurtinchadam mariyu asalu, dosha rahita daetaanu punarnirminchadam.
charitra.
praacheena kaalamlo, hebru baibil coppy chesevaariki vaari rachanala kosam s (padya panktulu) sankhya prakaram chellinchevaaru. baibil gadya pustakaalu chaalaa arudugaa kuttupaniga vraayabadinanduna, kaapeelu chesevaaru, pani mottaanni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki, aksharaalanu lekkinchaalsi vachindi. idhi tadupari kaapeela utpattitoe vachana prasaaramlo khachitatvanni nirdhaarinchadaaniki kooda sahaayapadindi. cree. sha. 7va mariyu 10va sataabdaala madhya yoodula lekhakula brundam pavitra grandham yokka khachitamaina punarutpattini nirdhaarinchadaaniki sankhyaaparamaina masoranu roopondinchadaaniki dheenini lanchanaprayamga mariyu vistarinchindi. indulo oka pankthi, vibhagam, pustakam mariyu pustakaala samoohaalalo padaala sankhya gananalu, pustakam yokka madhya stick, padha viniyoga ganaamkaalu mariyu vyakhyanam unnaayi. thoraa scroll loe oke aksharamlo kooda vichalanam aamodayogyam kaadani bhaavinche pramaanaalu marai. vaari dosha diddubaatu paddhati yokka prabhavam satabdaalugaa coppy chese khachitatvam dwara dhruvikarinchabadindi, idhi 1947-1956 loe ded sea scrolls kanugonadam dwara pradarsinchabadindi, idhi appati nundi.
lopam diddubaatu sankethaala aadhunika abhivruddhiki 1947loe richard hamming ghanata pondaadu. hamming code yokka vivarana claud shannon yokka "eah mathematical theory off communication" loe kanipinchindi mariyu marcel zhe dwara twaragaa saadhaaraneekarinchabadindi. ii. gole.
suutraalu.
anni dosha-nirdhaarana mariyu diddubaatu pathakaalu kontha redendenseeni jodistaayi (i.ii., kontha adanapu dayta) oka sandesaaniki, idhi pampinhee cheyabadina sandesam yokka sthirathvaanni tanikhi cheyadaaniki mariyu paadaindani nirnayinchabadina daetaanu tirigi pondadaaniki receiverlu upayoginchavacchu. doshaanni gurtinchadam mariyu diddubaatu pathakaalu kramabaddhamgaa ledhaa kramabaddhamgaa undakapovachhu. oka kramabaddhamaina pathakamlo, transmitter asalu (dosha rahita) daetaanu pamputundi mariyu konni encoding algorithm dwara dayta bits nundi pondina "check bits" (ledhaa "parity dayta") yokka sthira sankhyanu jodistundi. doshaanni gurtinchadam avasaramaite, receiver sweekarinchina dayta bitlaku adhe algorithamnu vartimpajeyavachu mariyu sweekarinchina check bitlatho daani avutputnu polchavachhu; viluvalu saripolakapothe, prasaara samayamlo edho oka samayamlo lopam sambhavinchindi. dosha diddubaatu avasaramaite, receiver sweekarinchina dayta bitlaku mariyu sweekarinchina check bitlaku decoding algorithamnu vartimpajesi asalu dosha rahita daetaanu tirigi pondavacchu. vyavasthaetara kodnu upayoginche vyavasthalo, asalu sandesam adhe samacharanni kaligi unna encode cheyabadina sandesamgaa maarchabadutundi mariyu idhi asalu sandesam vale kaneesam aneka bits kaligi untundi.
manchi dosha niyantrana paniteeruku communication chhaanel yokka lakshanaala aadhaaramgaa pathakaanni enchukovalsi untundi. saadhaarana chaanal namoonaalalo yaadrucchikamgaa mariyu oka nirdishta sambhaavyatatoo lopaalu sambhavinche ghnaapakasakti laeni namuunaalu mariyu pradhanamgaa paelullaloo lopaalu sambhavinche dynamic namuunaalu untaayi. tatphalitamgaa, dosha-gurtinchadam mariyu diddubaatu sankethaalanu saadhaaranamgaa "yaadruchchika-dosha-gurtinchadam/diddubaatu" mariyu "paeludu-dosha-gurtinchadam/diddubaatu" madhya vaeru cheyavachu. konni sankethaalu yaadruchchika lopaalu mariyu paeludu lopaala mishramaaniki kooda anukuulamgaa untaayi.
chaanal lakshanaalanu nirnayinchalekapothe, ledhaa chaalaa vaividhyamgaa unte, dosha-gurtinche pathakaanni tappu dayta yokka punahprasaram kosam oka vyavasthatho kalapavacchu. dheenini automatic repeat rickwest (aark) anie pilustaaru, mariyu idhi internetlo mukhyamgaa upayoginchabadutundi. dosha niyantranaku pratyaamnaaya vidhanam hybrid automatic repeat rickwest (hark), idhi aark mariyu error-correction coding kalayika.
dosha diddubaatu rakalu.
dosha diddubaatulo moodu pradhana rakalu unnaih
svayamchaalaka punaraavruta abhyardhana.
svayamchaalaka punaraavruta abhyardhana (aark) anedi dayta prasaram kosam oka dosha niyantrana paddhati, idhi vishwasaneeyamaina dayta prasaranni saadhinchadaaniki dosha-gurtimpu sankethaalu, angeekaaram mariyu/ledhaa pratikuula angeekaara sandeshaalu mariyu samayapalananu upayogistundi. gurtimpu" anedi dayta framenu sarigga sweekarinchinatlu suuchimchadaaniki receiver pampina sandesam.
saadhaaranamgaa, timeavoot jaragadaniki mundu transmitter angeekaaraanni andukokapothe (i.ii.dayta framenu pampina tarvaata sahetukamaina vyavadhilo), frame sarigga sweekarinchabade varaku ledhaa dosham mundugaa nirnayinchina punahprasara sankhyaku minchi konasage varaku idhi daanini tirigi prasaram chestundi.
moodu rakaala aark protocols stop-und-weit aark, goo-byaak-enn aark mariyu selective repeat aark.
communication chhaanel internetlo maadirigaa maarutuu ledhaa teliyani saamarthyaanni kaligi unte aark taginadi. ayithe, aark kii byaak chaanal labhyata avasaram, idhi retransmissionla kaaranamgaa alasyam peragadaaniki daariteestundi, mariyu retransmissionla kosam bufferlu mariyu timerla nirvahana avasaram, idhi network raddi vishayamlo sarvar mariyu mottam network saamardhyampai ottidi testundi.
udaaharanaku, aark anedi aark-ii roopamlo short wave radeo dayta linklalo upayoginchabadutundi, ledhaa aark-emm gaa multiplexingtho kalipi upayoginchabadutundi.
dosha diddubaatu munduku.
forward error correction (efisi) anedi sandesaaniki error-correcting code (isi) vanti anavasaramaina daetaanu jodinche prakriya, tadwara prasaara prakriyaloo ledhaa nilvalo aneka lopaalu (code yokka saamarthyam varaku upayoginchabadutondi) pravesapettinappudu kooda receiver dwara tirigi pondavacchu. dayta tirigi prasaram cheyamani receiver pampinavaarini adagavalasina avasaram ledhu kabatti, forward error diddubaatulo byaak chaanal avasaram ledhu. cellular network, hye-speed fiber-optic communication mariyu vai-phai vanti diguva-pora communicationlo, alaage flash memory, haard disk mariyu raam vanti madhyamalalo nammadagina nilva kosam dosha-diddubaatu sankethaalu upayoginchabadataayi.
dosha-diddubaatu sankethaalu saadhaaranamgaa convolutional sankethaalu mariyu block sankethaalu madhya vaeru cheyabadataayih
shannon siddhaantam anedi forward error diddubaatulo oka mukhyamaina siddhaantam, mariyu oka nirdishta error sambhaavyata ledhaa signal-tuu-nais nishpatti (snr) unna chaanelpai nammadagina communication saadhyamayye garishta samachara retunu vivaristundi. eee kathinamaina eguva parimiti chaanal saamarthyam paramgaa vyakteekarinchabadutundi. marinta pratyaekamgaa, code raetu chaanal saamarthyam kante takkuvagaa unte, encoding podavunu penchadamtho vivikta memory laeni chaanello lopam yokka sambhaavyatanu ekapakshamgaa takkuvagaa cheyagala sankethaalu unnayani siddhaantam chebutundi. code raetu "k" muula chihnalu mariyu "n" encode chihnala yokka bhinnam "k/n" gaa nirvachinchabadindi.
anumatinchabadina vaastava garishta code raetu upayoginchina dosha-diddubaatu code meeda aadharapadi untundi mariyu takkuvagaa undavacchu. endukante shannon yokka rujuvu astitva swabhaavaaniki matrame chendinadi, mariyu saraina mariyu samarthavanthamaina encoding mariyu decoding algorithamlu rendintinee kaligi unna kodlanu elaa nirminchaalo choopinchaledu.
hybrid pathakaalu.
hybrid aark anedi aark mariyu forward error diddubaatu kalayika. rendu praathamika vidhanalu unnaih
ratless erager kodnu upayogistunnappudu erager chaanello taruvaati vidhanam mukhyamgaa aakarshanheeyamgaa untundi.
doshaala gurtimpulo rakalu.
doshaanni gurtinchadam anedi saadhaaranamgaa tagina haash function (ledhaa pratyaekamgaa, checksum, chakriya redendency check ledhaa itara algorithm) upayoginchi grahinchabadutundi. oka haash function oka sandesaaniki sthira-nidivi gala "tagg" nuu jodistundi, idhi tagnu tirigi lekkinchadam dwara mariyu andinchina daanitoe polchadam dwara pampinhee cheyabadina sandesaanni dhruveekarinchadaaniki receiverlanu anumatistundi.
vividha rakaala haash function designlu unnaayi. ayithe, konni vaati saralata ledhaa konni rakaala lopaalanu gurtinchadaaniki vaati anukuulata kaaranamgaa mukhyamgaa vistrutamgaa upayogapadataayi (udhaa.zii., paeludu lopaalanu gurtinchadamlo chakriya redendency check paniteeru).
kaneesa dhoora coding.
kaneesa dhoora coding aadhaaramgaa yaadruchchika-dosha-diddubaatu code gurtinchadagina lopaala sankhyapai kathinamaina haameeni andistundi, conny idhi mundastu daadi nundi rakshinchakapovachhu.
punaraavruta sankethaalu.
punaraavruta code anedi dosha rahita communicationnu saadhinchadaaniki chaanelloni bitlanu punaraavrutam chese coding pathakam. prasaram cheyavalasina dayta yokka pravahanni batti, dayta bits blaxga vibhajinchabadindi. prati block konni mundugaa nirnayinchina sankhyalo prasaram cheyabadutundi. udaaharanaku, bitt namuunaanu pampadaaniki, naalugu-bitt blacknu moodu saarlu punaraavrutam cheyavachu, tadwara utpatti avutundi. eee pannendu-bitt namuunaanu-modati block itara rendintiki bhinnamgaa unna chota-oka lopam sambhavinchinatlayithe.
punaraavruta code chaalaa asamarthamainadi mariyu prati samuuhaaniki sarigga oke chota lopam sambhaviste samasyalaku gurayye avakaasam undhi (udhaa.zii., munupati udaaharanalo sarainadigaa gurtinchabadutundi). punaraavruta sankethaalu yokka prayojanam emitante avi chaalaa saralamainavi, mariyu vaastavaaniki sankhyala stationla yokka konni prasaralalo upayoginchabadataayi.
samaanatvam konchem.
parity bitt" anedi sett bits sankhya (i.ii., phalitamlo viluva 1) thoo bits sarri ledhaa besi. idhi chaalaa saralamaina pathakam, idhi oke ledhaa edainaa itara besi sankhyanu gurtinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi (i.ii.moodu, aidu modalainavi.) avutputlo lopaalu. sarri sankhyalo tippabadina bits dayta tappu ayinappatikee parity bitt sarigga kanipinchela chestundi.
pampina prati "padam" kuu jodinchina parity bitlanu viloma redendency chekkulu anie pilustaaru, ayithe "padaala" pravaham chivarilo jodinchina vaatini rekhansha redendency chekkulu antaaru. udaaharanaku, m-bitt "padaala" shrenilo pratidaaniloo oka samaanata bitt jodinchinatlayithe, aaa padamlo besi ledhaa sarri sankhya unnaya anie choopisthe, daanilo oke lopam unna edainaa padam kanugonabadutundi. ayithe, padamlo lopam ekkada undho teliyadu. adanamgaa, n padaala prati pravaham tarvaata oka samaanata mottam pampabadithe, daanilo prati bitt aaa bitt-sthaanam vadda besi ledhaa sarri sankhya unnaya anie chooputundi, idhi iteevali samuuhamloo pampabadindi, lopam yokka khachitamaina sthaanaanni nirnayinchavacchu mariyu lopaanni saricheyavachhu. ayithe, n padaala prati samuuhamloo 1 kante ekkuva lopaalu lekapothe matrame eee paddhati prabhaavavantamgaa untundani haamii ivvabadutundi. marinta dosha diddubaatu bits thoo, marinni lopaalanu gurtinchavacchu mariyu konni sandarbhaallo sarididdavacchu.
itara bitt-grouping paddhatulu kooda unnaayi.
checksum.
sandesam yokka "checksum" anedi oka sthira padha podavu (udhaa.zii., bite viluvalu). anukokunda anni-sunna sandeshaalanu gurtinchadaaniki prasaaraaniki mundu okari-puurti operation dwara mottaanni tiraskarinchavacchu.
checksum pathakaalalo parity bits, check ankelu mariyu langitudinal redendency chekkulu unnaayi. daam algorithm, luhn algorithm mariyu werhoff algorithm vanti konni checksum pathakaalu, gurtimpu sankhyalanu vraayadamlo ledhaa gurthunchukovadamlo maanavulu saadhaaranamgaa pravesapettina lopaalanu gurtinchadaaniki pratyaekamgaa roopondinchabaddaayi.
chakriya redendency tanikhi.
chakriya redendency check" (crc) anedi computer networklalo digital detaalo pramaadavasaattu maarpulanu gurtinchadaaniki roopondinchina asurakshita haash function. duruddesapuritamgaa pravesapettina lopaalanu gurtinchadaaniki idhi taginadi kaadu. idhi "generator bahupadi" yokka vivarana dwara vargeekarinchabadutundi, idhi parimita kshetrampai bahupadi podavaina vibhajanalo bhaajakamgaa upayoginchabadutundi, input daetaanu dividendga teesukuntundi. migilinavi phalitame avtayi.
crc paeludu lopaalanu gurtinchadaaniki baga saripoye lakshanaalanu kaligi untundi. crc luu mukhyamgaa hardwarelo amalu cheyadam sulabham, anduvalla veetini saadhaaranamgaa computer netvarklu mariyu haard disk drivelu vanti nilva parikaraalalo upayogistaaru.
parity bitnu pratyeka-cases 1-bitt crcga chudavachu.
cryptographic haash function.
sandesha digest" anie kooda piluvabade "cryptographic haash function" yokka avtput, dayta yokka maarpulu pramaadavasaattu (udhaa.zii., prasaara lopaala kaaranamgaa) ledhaa duruddesapuritamgaa pravesapettabadindi. detaalo edainaa maarpu saripolani haash viluva dwara kanugonabadutundi. inca, kontha haash viluvanu batti, adhe haash viluvanu ichhe kontha input daetaanu (icchinadi kakunda) kanugonadam saadhaaranamgaa asadhyamga untundi. daadi chese vyakti sandesaanni matrame kakunda haash viluvanu kooda maarchagaligithe, adanapu bhadrata kosam "keed haash" ledhaa sandesha dhruvikarana code (maak) nuu upayoginchavacchu. kii teliyakundaane, daadi chesevaaru savarinchina sandesam kosam saraina keed haash viluvanu sulabhamgaa ledhaa soukaryavantamgaa lekkinchadam saadhyam kaadu.
dosha diddubaatu code.
edainaa dosha-diddubaatu kodnu doshaanni gurtinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. kaneesa hamming dhooram", "d", unna code, code vard loe "d"-1 lopaalanu gurtinchagaladu. gurtinchavalasina lopaala kaneesa sankhyapai kathinamaina parimitini korukunte lopam gurtinchadaaniki kaneesa-dhooram-aadhaarita dosha-diddubaatu sankethaalanu upayoginchadam anukuulamgaa untundi.
kaneesa hamming dhooram "d" = 2 unna sankethaalu dosha-diddubaatu sankethaalu yokka ksheeninchina sandarbhaalu mariyu oke lopaalanu gurtinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. parity bitt anedi oke-dosha-gurtinche kodku oka udaaharana.
applications.
takkuva jaapyam avasaramayye anuvartanaalu (telephone sambhaashanhalu vantivi) automatic repeat rickwest (aark) nuu upayoginchalevu; avi tappanisarigaa forward error correction (efisi) nii upayoginchaali. oka aark vyavastha oka lopaanni kanugoni daanini tirigi prasaram chese samayaniki, tirigi pampina dayta upayoginchadaaniki chaalaa aalasyamgaa vastundi.
transmitter samacharanni pampina ventane ventane marchipoye anuvartanaalu (chaalaa television kemeraalu vantivi) aark nuu upayoginchalevu; avi tappanisarigaa efisi nii upayoginchaali endukante lopam sambhavinchinappudu, asalu dayta ikapai andubaatulo undadu.
aark upayoginche anuvartanaalu return chaanelnu kaligi undaali; return chhaanel laeni anuvartanaalu aark upayoginchalevu.
chaalaa takkuva lopam raetlu avasaramayye anuvartanaalu (digital dabbu badileelu vantivi) efisi thoo sarididdaleni lopaalu unde avakaasam unnanduna aark nii upayoginchaali.
viswasaneeyata mariyu tanikhi injaneering kooda dosha-diddubaatu sankethaala siddhaantaanni upayogistaayi.
internet.
oka saadhaarana tcp/aipi stacklo, dosha niyantrana bahula sthaayilalo nirvahinchabadutundih
lothaina antariksha telecommunicationlu.
antara graha dooraalapai signal saktini teevramgaa paluchana cheyadam mariyu antariksha problalo parimita shakti labhyata kaaranamgaa lothaina antariksha missionla charithratho lopam-diddubaatu sankethaala abhivruddhi gattiga jatacheyabadindi. prarambha missionlu tama daetaanu uncode chesinatlugaa pampinappatikee, 1968 nundi, digital error diddubaatu (sub-optimally decode) convolutional kodlu mariyu reed-mueller kodla roopamlo amalu cheyabadindi. antariksha nauka sabdaaniki (sumaru ganta vakrarekhaku saripoye) reed-mueller code baga saripotundi, mariyu idhi navikudi antariksha nauka kosam amalu cheyabadindi mariyu 1969 mariyu 1977 madhya missionlaloo upayoginchabadindi.
1977loe praarambhamaina voyager 1 mariyu voyager 2 missionlu, jupiter mariyu shaniyar nundi rangu imaging mariyu shaastreeya samacharanni andinchadaaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. dheeni phalitamgaa coding avasaralu perigayi, anduvalla, antariksha noukaku (optimally viterby-decode) convolutional kodlu maddatu icchaayi, veetini bayati gole (24,12,8) kodto kalapavacchu. voyager 2 craft adanamgaa reed-solaman code amaluku maddatu ichindi. samyojita reed-solaman-viterby (rsv) code chaalaa saktivantamaina dosha diddubaatuku anumatinchindi mariyu antariksha nauka yokka euranus mariyu neptune varaku vistarinchina prayaanaanni praarambhinchindi. 1989loe eesi vyavastha merugudalalu taruvaata, rendu chetivruttulu vii2 rsv codingnu upayoginchaayi.
antariksha dayta vyavasthala kosam sampradimpula kamitee prastutam kaneesam voyager 2 rsv code maadirigaane panitiirutoe dosha diddubaatu sankethaalanu upayoginchaalani sifaarsu chestundi. antariksha missionlatho anubandha sankethaalu ekkuvagaa anukuulamgaa laevu, mariyu turbo sankethaalu ledhaa eldipsi sankethaalu vanti marinta saktivantamaina sankethaalu bharti cheyabadataayi.
nirvahinchina vividha rakaala lothaina antariksham mariyu kakshya missionlu anni lopalaku saripoye oka parimaanam-diddubaatu vyavasthanu kanugonadaaniki prayatninchadam anedi konasagutunna samasyaga untundani suuchistunnaayi. bhoomiki daggaragaa unna missionla kosam, communication chaanelloni sabdam yokka swabhaavam oka grahala madhya missionloo antariksha nauka anubhavinche daanikante bhinnamgaa untundi. adanamgaa, antariksha nauka bhoomi nundi daani dooraanni penchutunna koddi, sabdaanni sarichese samasya marinta kashtamavutundi.
upagraha prasaram.
television (kotta chaanallu mariyu hye-definition televisiontho sahaa) mariyu aipi daetaanu andinchaalane korikatho satellite transponder bandwidthku demand perugutuunae undhi. transponder labhyata mariyu bandwidth parimitulu eee vruddhini parimitam chesaayi. transponder saamarthyam enchukunna modulation pathakam mariyu efisi viniyoginche saamarthyam nishpatti dwara nirnayinchabadutundi.
dayta nilva.
dayta nilva madhyamam yokka viswasaneeyatanu meruguparachadaaniki lopam gurtinchadam mariyu diddubaatu sankethaalu tarachugaa upayoginchabadataayi. 1951loe modati ayaskanta tepu dayta nilvalo single-bitt lopaalanu gurtinchagala saamarthyam kaligina parity track undhi. group coded recording tepulalo upayoginche saraina deerghachaturasraakaara code single-bitt lopaalanu gurtinchadame kakunda sarichestundi. konni file formatlu, mukhyamgaa archive formatlalo, avineeti mariyu kattirimpunu gurtinchadaaniki checksum (chaalaa tarachugaa crc 32) untundi mariyu paadaina dayta yokka bhaagaalanu tirigi pondadaaniki redendency ledhaa parity faillanu upayoginchavacchu. geetalu valla kalige lopaalanu saricheyadaaniki compact disclalo reed-solaman sankethaalu upayoginchabadataayi.
aadhunika haard drivelu reeds vibhaagamlo chinna lopaalanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu saricheyadaaniki, mariyu viphalamaina rangaala nundi paadaina daetaanu tirigi pondadaaniki mariyu aaa daetaanu vidi rangaalalo nilva cheyadaaniki reed-solaman kodlanu upayogistaayi. haard drive puurtigaa viphalamainappudu daetaanu tirigi pondadaaniki raid vyavasthalu vividha rakaala dosha diddubaatu paddhatulanu upayogistaayi. jdfs ledhaa bii. tii. aarr. eff. ess vanti filesystemlu, alaage konni raid amalu, dayta scrubbing mariyu reselveringku maddatu istayi, idhi chedu blacklanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu (asajanakamga) vaatini upayoginche mundu tirigi pondadaaniki anumatistundi. tirigi pondina daetaanu sarigga adhe bhouthika sthaanaaniki tirigi vraayavacchu, adhe hardwarepy vaerae chota blacklanu vidichipettavachhu ledhaa daetaanu punahstaapana hardwarelo tirigi vraayavacchu.
dosha-sarichese ghnaapakasakti.
dynamic yaadruchchika-access memory (dram) lopam-diddubaatu sanketalapai aadharapadatam dwara saft lopaala nundi balamaina rakshananu andistundi. ii. sii. sii" ledhaa "edak-rakshita" ghnaapakasakti anie piluvabade lopam-diddubaatu ghnaapakasakti, shaastreeya ganana, aardhika, vaidya modalaina mission-klishtamaina anuvartanaalaku mukhyamgaa kaavaalsinadi. alaage antarikshamlo perigina radiation kaaranamgaa grahaantara anuvartanaalu.
dosha-diddubaatu memory controllerlu saampradayakamgaa hamming kodlanu upayogistaayi, ayithe kondaru triple modular redendenseeni upayogistaaru. interleaving anedi oke cosmic rae yokka prabhavanni pampinhee cheyadaaniki anumatistundi, idhi porugu bitlanu ververu padaalaku anubandhinchadam dwara bahula padaalaloo aneka bhouthika porugu bitlanu kalavarapedutundi. oke sanghatana kalata (seu) lopam parimitini minchakapothe (udhaa.zii., oke lopam) accessla madhya edainaa nirdishta padamlo, daanini saricheyavachhu (udhaa.zii., single-bitt error-correcting code dwara), mariyu error-free memory system yokka bhramanu nirvahinchavacchu.
EC memory panicheyadaaniki avasaramaina lakshanaalanu andinche hardwaretho paatu, operating sistamlu saadhaaranamgaa sambandhita reporting soukaryaalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi saft errors paaradarsakamgaa tirigi vachinappudu notificationlanu andinchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi. oka udaaharana linux kernell yokka "edak" upavyavastha (gatamlo "bluesmoke" anie piluvabadedi), idhi computer vyavastha lopala dosha-tanikhi-praarambhinchabadina bhagala nundi daetaanu sekaristundi; ii. sii. sii. memareeki sambandhinchina sanghatanalanu sekarinchi tirigi nivedinchadamto paatu, idhi pci bassulo kanugonna vaatitho sahaa itara chexumming lopalaku kooda maddatu istundi. konni vyavasthalu memory scrubbingku kooda maddatu istayi, avi tirigi pondalenivi kaavadaaniki mundhe lopaalanu pattukoovadaaniki mariyu saricheyadaaniki.