
vidyut kshetram

vidyut kshetram (konnisaarlu eee-kshetram) anedi vidyut aavesam kaligina kanaala chuttoo unna bhouthika kshetram, mariyu kshetramloni anni itara aavesam kaligina kanaalapai saktini prayogistundi, vaatini aakarshistundi ledhaa tippikodutundi. idhi charge cheyabadina kanaala vyavasthaku bhouthika kshetraanni kooda suuchistumdi. vidyut kshetraalu vidyut chaarjeelu mariyu kaalaanuguna vidyut pravaahaala nundi udbhavistaayi. vidyut kshetraalu mariyu ayaskanta kshetraalu rendoo vidyudayaskaanta kshetram yokka vyakteekaranalu, ivi prakruti yokka naalugu praathamika paraspara charyalalo (saktulu anie kooda pilustaaru) okati.
bhouthika saastramlooni aneka rangaalalo vidyut kshetraalu mukhyamainavi, mariyu vidyut saanketika parignaanamlo upayoginchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, anhu bhouthika shaastram mariyu rasayana saastramlo, vidyut kshetram anedi anuvulalo anhu kendrakam mariyu electronlanu kalisi unche aakarshanheeyamaina shakti. anuvula madhya rasayana bandhaaniki kaaranamayye shakti kooda anuvulaku daariteestundi.
vidyut kshetram anedi antarikshamloni prati binduvuku anubandhamgaa unde vector feeldga nirvachinchabadindi, aaa samayamlo visraantigaa unna anantamaina saanukuula pareeksha chaarj meeda vidhinche prati unit chaarjku sthira vidyut (coolumb) shakti. vidyut kshetraaniki utpannamaina ci unit meetarku volt (vii/mea), idhi coolumb (enn/sii) kuu newtonku samanam.
vivarana.
antarikshamloni prati binduvu vadda vidyut kshetram prati unit chaarjku saktigaa nirvachinchabadindi, aaa samayamlo sthiramgaa unchinatlayithe adrushyamayye chinna saanukuula pareeksha chaarj dwara anubhavinchabadutundi. vidyut kshetram shakti paramgaa nirvachinchabadindi, mariyu shakti oka vector (i.ii. parimaanam mariyu dhisha rendintinee kaligi undatam), idhi vidyut kshetram oka vector feeled anie anusaristundi. eee paddhatiloo nirvachinchagala kshetraalanu konnisaarlu shakti kshetraalugaa suuchistaaru. rendu dravyaraasula madhya gurutvakarshana kshetram panichese vidhananni pooli vidyut kshetram rendu aavesaala madhya panichestundi, endukante avi rendoo dhooramtho viloma-chadarapu niyamaaniki kattubadi untaayi. idhi coolumb chattaniki aadharam, idhi sthira chaarjeela kosam, vidyut kshetram muulam chaarjnu batti maarutuu untundi mariyu muulam nundi dhooram yokka vargamtho vilomamgaa maarutuu untundi. dheeni ardham muulam charge rettimpu cheyabadithe, vidyut kshetram rettimpu avutundi, mariyu meeru muulam nundi rendu retlu dhooramgaa velithe, aaa samayamlo kshetram daani asalu balam naaluginta oka vanthu matrame untundi.
prati binduvu vadda dhisha kshetraaniki samanamga unde rekhala samititoe vidyut kshetraanni drushyamaanam cheyavachu, maikhel ferade pravesapettina eee bhavana, dheeni padam 'line off fores' ippatikee konnisaarlu upayoginchabadutundi. eee drushtaamtamlo kshetra balam rekhala saandrataku anulomaanupaatamlo untundi anae upayogakaramaina lakshanam undhi. sthira chaarjeela kaaranamgaa kshetra rekhalu aneka mukhyamaina lakshanaalanu kaligi untaayi, veetilo ellappuduu saanukuula chaarjeela nundi udbhavinchi, pratikuula chaarjeela vadda mugustaayi, avi anni manchi kandaktarlanu samakonallo pravesistaayi mariyu avi eppuduu tamanu taamu daatavu ledhaa moosivesukovu. kshetra rekhalu oka praatinidhya bhavana; kshetram vaastavaaniki rekhala madhya unna anni madhyantara sthalaanni vyaapistundi. kshetraanni suuchimchadaaniki kaavalasina khachitatvanni batti ekkuva ledhaa takkuva rekhalanu geeyavacchu. sthira chaarjeela dwara srushtinchabadina vidyut kshetraala adhyayananni sthiravidyutsaastram antaaru.
ferade yokka chattam samayam-maarutunna ayaskanta kshetram mariyu vidyut kshetram madhya sambandhaanni vivaristundi. ferade niyamanni paerkonadaaniki oka maargam emitante, vidyut kshetram yokka curl ayaskanta kshetram yokka pratikuula samaya utpannaaniki samanam. samayam maarutuu unde ayaskanta kshetram lenappudu, vidyut kshetraanni sampradaayavaadi (i.ii. curl-free). idhi rendu rakaala vidyut kshetraalu unnayani suchistundihi sthiravidyuth kshetraalu mariyu kaala-maarutunna ayaskanta kshetraala nundi utpannamayye kshetraalu. sthira vidyut kshetram yokka curl-rahita swabhaavam sthiravidyuttunu upayoginchi saralamaina chikitsaku anumatistundi, samayam-maarutunna ayaskanta kshetraalu saadhaaranamgaa ekikruta vidyudayaskaanta kshetramlo oka bhaagamgaa pariganinchabadataayi. kaalaanuguna ayaskanta mariyu vidyut kshetraala adhyayananni electrodynamics antaaru.
ganita suutram.
vidyut kshetraalu vidyut chaarjeela valla sambhavistaayi, gaas chattam dwara vivarinchabaddaayi, mariyu forreday yokka prerana chattam dwara vivarinchabadina samayam maarutunna ayaskanta kshetraalu. eee chattalu kalisi vidyut kshetram yokka pravartananu nirvachinchadaaniki saripothayi. ayithe, ayaskanta kshetram vidyut kshetram yokka vidhiga varninchabadinanduna, rendu kshetraala sameekaranaalu jatacheyabadi, kalisi maxwell sameekaranaalanu yerparustaayi, ivi rendu kshetraalanu chaarjeelu mariyu pravaahaala vidhiga vivaristaayi.
sthiravidyuth.
sthiramaina sthithi (sthiramaina chaarjeelu mariyu pravahalu) yokka pratyeka sandarbhamlo, maxwell-forreday preraka prabhavam adrusyamavutundi. phalitamgaa vachhe rendu sameekaranaalu (gaas suutra suutram _ 1 mariyu prerana padam suutram _ 2 laeni forreday suutram), kalisi teesukunte, coolumb suutraaniki samanam, idhi sthaanam suutram _ 4 vadda vidyut aavesam suutram _ 3 unna kanamu, sthaanam suutram _ 6 vadda aavesam suutram _ 5 thoo unna kanampai saktini chooputundani perkondih
suutram _ 7
ekkada 
chaarjeelu khaalii kaani maadhyamamlo unnappudu suutram _ 17 nuu suutram _ 18, anumati thoo bharti cheyaalani gamaninchandi.
chaarjeela suutram _ 5 mariyu suutram _ 3 oke sanketaanni kaligi unnappudu eee shakti sanukoolamgaa untundi, itara chaarj nundi dhooramgaa untundi, idhi kanaalu okadaanikokati tippikodataayi. chaarjeelu sankethaalaku bhinnamgaa unnappudu, balam pratikuulamgaa untundi, idhi kanaalu aakarshinchabadataayani suuchistumdi.
position formula _ 6 vadda edainaa chaarj meeda coolumb forsenu lekkinchadam sulabhataram cheyadaaniki eee vyakteekarananu formula _ 5 dwara vibhajinchavachhu, idhi itara chaarj ("soars" chaarj) paie matrame aadharapadi unde vyakteekarananu vadilivestundi.
suutram _ 23
ekkada 
point chaarj formula _ 3 kaaranamgaa idhi point formula _ 6 vadda "vidyut kshetram"; idhi oka vector-viluva gala function, idhi prati unit chaarjku coolumb fores kii samanam, idhi oka positive point chaarj position formula _ 6 vadda anubhavistundi.
eee suutram vidyut kshetra parimaanaanni mariyu disanu yea binduvu vadda ayina suutram _ 6 nii istundi kabatti (chaarj unna pradaesamloonae, suutram _ 4, adhi anantamgaa maare chota tappa) idhi vector kshetraanni nirvachistundi.
paie suutram nundi, oka binduvu charge kaaranamgaa vidyut kshetram pratichota charge nundi adhi sanukoolamgaa unte, mariyu charge vaipu pratikuulamgaa unte, mariyu daani parimaanam dhooram yokka viloma vargamtho taggutundani chudavachu.
antarikshamlo yea samayamloonainaa parimaana suutram _ 32 yokka chaarj meeda coolumb fores anedi chaarj mariyu aaa samayamlo vidyut kshetram yokka gunanaaniki samanam
suutram _ 33
vidyut kshetram yokka ci unit anedi prati coolumb (enn/sii) kii neuton, ledhaa meetarku volt (vii/mea); ci bays unitla paramgaa idhi kejee ωm ωs − 3 ωa − 1.
suupar position suutram.
maxwell sameekaranaala saralata kaaranamgaa, vidyut kshetraalu superposition suutraanni santruptiparustaayi, idhi oka binduvu vadda, chaarjeela sekarana kaaranamgaa mottam vidyut kshetram, vyaktigata chaarjeela kaaranamgaa aaa samayamlo vidyut kshetraala vector mottaaniki samanamga untundani perkondi. bahula binduvula aavesaala dwara srushtinchabadina kshetraanni lekkinchadamlo eee suutram upayogapadutundi. chaarjeela suutram _ 34 binduvula suutram _ 35 vadda sthalamlo sthiramgaa unte, pravahalu lenappudu, superposition suutram prakaram, phalitamgaa vachhe kshetram anedi coolumb chattam dwara vivarinchina vidhamgaa prati kanam dwara utpatti cheyabadina kshetraala mottamha
suutram _ 36
ekkada 
nirantara chaarj pampinheelu.
chaarj saandrata suutram _ 43 pampinhee kaaranamgaa vidyut kshetraanni lekkinchadaaniki superposition suutram anumatistundi. point formula _ 46 vadda space formula yokka prati chinna valuemlo chaarj suutram _ 44 nuu point chaarjgaa pariganinchadam dwara, phalitamgaa vachhe vidyut kshetram, suutram _ 47, point formula _ 39 vadda ilaa lekkinchavacchu 
suutram _ 49).
idhi vidyut kshetram e mariyu gurutvakarshana kshetram g ledhaa vaati anubandha sambhaavyata madhya saaruupyatalanu suuchistumdi. dravyaraasini konnisaarlu "gurutvakarshana charge" anie pilustaaru.
sthiravidyutho mariyu gurutvakarshana saktulu rendoo kendra, sampradaayavaada mariyu viloma-chadarapu chattaniki kattubadi untaayi.
ekareeti kshetraalu.
prati binduvu vadda vidyut kshetram sthiramgaa undedi ekareeti kshetram. rendu vaahaka phalakaalanu okadaanikokati samaantaramgaa unchadam dwara mariyu vaati madhya voltage (sambhaavya vyatyaasam) nuu nirvahinchadam dwara dheenini anchanaa veyavachu; sarihaddu prabhaavaala kaaranamgaa idhi oka anchanaa matrame (samatalaala anchuku sameepamlo, vidyut kshetram vakreekarinchabadutundi endukante vimanam konasaagadu). anantamaina samatalaalanu oohisthe, vidyut kshetram "e" yokka parimaanam ilaa untundih
suutram _ 50
ikkada δ "v" anedi plaetla madhya sambhaavya vyatyaasam mariyu "d" anedi plaetlanu vaeru chese dhooram. saanukuula chaarjeelu tippikottadamto pratikuula sanketam talettutundi, kabatti saanukuula chaarj saanukuula chaarj plate nundi dhooramgaa, voltage perige disaku vyatiraeka disalo oka saktini anubhavistundi. suukshma mariyu suukshma-anuvartanaalalo, udaaharanaku semikandaktarlaku sambandhinchi, vidyut kshetram yokka vilakshana parimaanam 1 volt kramamlo voltagenu vartimpajeyadam dwara saadhinchabadutundi, conductorla madhya 1 micromy dhooram untundi.
electrodynamic kshetraalu.
vidyudayaskaanta kshetraalu anevi kaalamtho paatu maarutuu unde vidyut kshetraalu, udaaharanaku chaarjeelu kadalikalo unnappudu. eee sandarbhamlo, ampere yokka circuit laa (maxwell yokka jodimputho) prakaram ayaskanta kshetram utpatti avutundi, idhi maxwell yokka itara sameekaranaalato paatu, ayaskanta kshetram, suutram _ 51, daani curl paramgaa nirvachistundihi
suutram _ 52
ikkada suutram _ 53 anedi current saandrata, suutram _ 54 anedi vacuum paaragamyata, mariyu suutram _ 17 anedi vacuum permitivity.
antey, rendu vidyut pravahalu (i.ii. ekareeti kadalikalo chaarjeelu) mariyu vidyut kshetram yokka (pakshika) samaya utpannam neerugaa ayaskanta kshetraaniki dohadam chestaayi. adanamgaa, maxwell-ferade sameekaranam ilaa chebutondi 
suutram _ 56
ivi maxwell yokka naalugu sameekaranaalalo rendintini suuchistaayi mariyu avi vidyut mariyu ayaskanta kshetraalanu klishtamgaa anusandhaanistaayi, phalitamgaa vidyudayaskaanta kshetram erpadutundi. sameekaranaalu naalugu jatha cheyabadina bahula-dimensional pakshika avakalana sameekaranaala samitini suuchistaayi, ivi oka vyavastha kosam parishkarinchabadinappudu, vidyudayaskaanta kshetraala samyukta pravartananu vivaristaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, vidyudayaskaanta kshetramlo pareeksha chaarj dwara anubhavinche saktini lorentz shakti chattam dwara ivvabadutundihi
suutram _ 57
vidyut rangamlo shakti.
vidyudayaskaanta kshetram dwara nilva cheyabadina prati unit valuemku mottam shakti
suutram _ 58
kshetram unna madhyamam yokka anumati ekkada undhi, suutram _ 59 daani ayaskanta paaragamyata, mariyu vidyut mariyu ayaskanta kshetra vahakalu.
kshetraalu jatacheyabadinappudu, eee vyakteekarananu "vidyut" mariyu "ayaskanta" sahakaraluga vibhajinchadam tappudova pattinchedi. mukhyamgaa, edainaa icchina frame off referenceloni sthiravidyuth kshetram saadhaaranamgaa saapekshamgaa kadile framelo ayaskanta bhaagamtho kuudina feeldga maarutundi. tadanugunamgaa, vidyudayaskaanta kshetraanni vidyut mariyu ayaskanta bhaagamgaa vichchinnam cheyadam frame-nirdishtamainadi, adevidhamgaa anubandha saktiki kooda.
icchina valume "v" loe vidyudayaskaanta kshetramlo nilva cheyabadina mottam shakti "u
suutram _ 60
vidyut sthaanabhramsham kshetram.
vector kshetraala yokka khachitamaina sameekaranam.
padaartham samakshamlo, vidyut kshetram yokka bhavananu moodu vector kshetraalugaa vistarinchadam sahaayapadutundih
suutram _ 61
ikkada p anedi vidyut dhruveekarana-vidyut dvidhruva kshanaala valume saandrata, mariyu vidyut sthaanabhramsham kshetram. e mariyu p vidigaa nirvachinchabadinanduna, eee sameekaranaanni nirvachinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. d yokka bhouthika vivarana e (padaarthaaniki samarthavantamgaa vartinche kshetram) ledhaa (padaarthamlooni dvidhruvaala kaaranamgaa prerepinchabadina kshetram) vale spashtamgaa ledhu, conny ippatikee anukuulamaina ganita saralikaranagaa panichestundi, endukante maxwell sameekaranaalanu uchita chaarjeelu mariyu pravaahaala paramgaa saralikrutam cheyavachu.
rajyanga sambandhamu.
e mariyu d kshetraalu padaartham yokka anumati dwara sambandham kaligi untaayi, "ε".
sarala, sajatiya, isotropic padaarthaala kosam e mariyu d praantam antataa anulomaanupaatamlo mariyu sthiramgaa untaayi, sthaana aadharapadatam leduh 
suutram _ 62
sajatiya padaarthaala kosam, padaartham antataa sthaanam meeda aadharapadatam untundih
suutram _ 63
anisotropic padaarthaala kosam mariyu kshetraalu samaantaramgaa undavu, kabatti mariyu vidibhaagaala roopamlo anumati tensor (2 va arder tensor feeled) dwara sambandham kaligi untayih
suutram _ 64
naan-leanier media kosam, mariyu anulomaanupaatamlo undavu. padaarthaalu saralata, sajaateeyata mariyu isotropy yokka vividha sthaayilanu kaligi undavacchu.
vidyut kshetrampai saapeksha prabhavalu.
ekareeti kadalikalo point chaarj.
lorenz parivartana kinda maxwell sameekaranaala roopam yokka asthiratanu ekareetigaa kadile binduvu chaarj yokka vidyut kshetraanni pondadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. prayogaatmaka saakshyaala dwara maddatu ivvabadinatlugaa, oka kanamu yokka charge frame asthiramgaa pariganinchabadutundi. pratyamnaayamgaa, oke vidhamgaa kadile binduvu aavesaala yokka vidyut kshetraanni coolumb chattam dwara ivvabadina muulam yokka vishraanti chatramlo pareeksha aavesaala dwara anubhavinchina naalugu-shakti yokka lorentz parivartana nundi pondavacchu mariyu lorentz shakti roopamlo icchina vaati nirvachanam dwara vidyut kshetram mariyu ayaskanta kshetraanni ketayinchavacchu. ayithe, coolumb yokka niyamanni pariganinchagala ledhaa maxwell yokka sameekaranaalanu saralamaina paddhatiloo parishkarinchadaaniki samaruupata vaadanalanu upayoginchagala kana charitralo tvaranam lenappudu matrame eee krindi sameekaranam vartistundi. atuvanti ekareeti kadile binduvu chaarj yokka vidyut kshetram eee krindi vidhamgaa ivvabadutundihi
suutram _ 65
suutram _ 32 anedi binduvu muulam yokka charge, suutram _ 67 anedi binduvu muulam nundi antarikshamloni binduvu varaku sthaanam vector, suutram _ 68 anedi charge kanaala gamaninchina vegam mariyu kaanti vegam nishpatti mariyu suutram _ 69 anedi suutram _ 67 mariyu charge cheyabadina kanaala gamaninchina vegam madhya konam. 
paie sameekaranam point chaarj yokka saapekshata laeni vegaalaku coolumb chattam dwara ivvabadina daaniki taggutundi. kshetraanni lekkinchadaaniki vegam yokka disanu perkonadam dwara samasyalo samaruupata vichchinnam kavadam valla golaakaara samaruupata santrupti chendadu. dheenini vivarinchadaaniki, kadile chaarjeela kshetra rekhalu konnisaarlu asamanamga unna radial linelugaa suuchimchabadataayi, ivi saha-kadile reference framelo samanamga kanipistaayi.
vidyut kshetraalalo aatamkaala vyaapti.
pratyeka saapeksha siddhaantam sthaanika suutraanni vidhistundi, dheeniki kaaranam mariyu prabhavam anedi kaanti vegam kante kaarana saamarthyam vaegamgaa prayaaninchani samayam lanty vaeru cheyabadina sanghatanalu kaavaali. maxwell yokka chattalu eee drukpathaanni dhruveekaristaayi, endukante kshetraala yokka saadhaarana parishkaralu mandaginchina samayam paramgaa ivvabaddaayi, idhi vidyudayaskaanta aatamkaalu kaanti vegamtho prayaanistaayani suuchistumdi. maxwell chattaniki parishkaranni andinche adhunaatana samayam, bhouthika parishkaram kaadu anie vismarinchabadutundi.charge cheyabadina kanaala kadalika kosam, udaaharanaku paina vivarinchina vidyut kshetram akasmaattugaa agipoyinappudu kadile kanaanni parigananaloki teesukunte, daaniki dhooramgaa unna binduvula vadda unna vidyut kshetraalu ventane sthira chaarj kosam icchina shaastreeya sthaayiki tirigi ravu. aaginappudu, sthira binduvula chuttoo unna kshetram oohinchina sthithiki tirigi ravadam praarambhistundi mariyu eee prabhavam kaanti vegamtho bayatiki vyaapistundi, ayithe dheeniki dhooramgaa unna vidyut kshetra rekhalu oohinchina kadile chaarj vaipu radialga chuupadam konasaagistaayi. eee vaastavika kanamu vidyudayaskaanta kshetramlo bhangam yokka vyaapti paridhi velupala eppatikee undadu, endukante charge cheyabadina kanaalu kaanti kante nemmadigaa vegaanni kaligi undataaniki parimitam cheyabaddaayi, idhi gaas niyamanni ullanghinche eee praantamloo gaas uparitalaanni nirminchadam asadhyam chestundi. dheeniki maddatu ichhe maroe saanketika ibbandi emitante, kaanti vegam kante vaegamgaa ledhaa samanamga prayaaninchae charge cheyabadina kanaalaku ikapai pratyaekamaina mandaginchina samayam undadu. vidyut kshetra rekhalu nirantaramgaa unnanduna, kaanti vegamtho bayatiki prayaaninchae eee bhangam yokka sarihaddu vadda anusandhaaninche vidyudayaskaanta vikiranam yokka pulls utpatti avutundi. saadhaaranamgaa, edainaa vegavantamaina binduvu chaarj vidyudayaskaanta taramgaalanu prasarimpajestundi, ayithe, chaarjeela vyavasthalalo vikiranam kaani tvaranam saadhyame.
ekapakshamgaa kadile point chaarj.
ekapakshamgaa kadile point chaarjeela kosam, laurenz gaze kshetraalu vanti sambhaavya kshetraala vyaaptini kaanti vegamtho leanard-vichert sambhaavyatanu upayoginchadam dwara lekkinchaali. potentials maxwell sameekaranaalanu santrupti parachadam valana, point chaarj kosam utpannamaina kshetraalu kooda maxwell sameekaranaalanu santrupti parachutaayi. vidyut kshetram ilaa vyakteekarinchabadutundi
suutram _ 71
suutram _ 32 anedi binduvu muulam yokka charge, suutram _ 73 anedi mandaginchina samayam ledhaa vidyut kshetram yokka muulam yokka sahakaram udbhavinchina samayam, suutram _ 74 anedi kanaaniki sthaana vahakamu, suutram _ 75 anedi charge cheyabadina kanamu nundi antarikshamloni binduvuku soochinche unit vahakamu, suutram _ 76 anedi kaanti vegamtho bhaaginchabadina kanamu yokka vegam, mariyu suutram _ 77 anedi sambandhita lorentz karakam. mandaginchina samayam dheeniki parishkaramga ivvabadindi
suutram _ 78
icchina suutram _ 80, suutram _ 67 mariyu suutram _ 82 kosam suutram _ 73 kosam parishkaram yokka pratyekata kaanti vegam kante nemmadigaa kadile charge cheyabadina kanaalaku chellutundi. vegavantam chese chaarjeela yokka vidyudayaskaanta vikiranam vidyut kshetramloni tvaranam aadhaarita padam valla sambhavistundani telisindi, dheeni nundi larmer suutram kosam saapeksha diddubaatu pondabadutundi. 
adhe roopamlo unna maxwell sameekaranaaniki maroe parishkarala samiti undhi, conny adhunaatana samaya suutram kosam _ 83, dheeniki parishkaramga icchina mandaginchina samayaniki badulugao
suutram _ 84
dheeni bhouthika vivarana oka binduvu vadda vidyut kshetram bhavishyattulo oka samayamlo kana sthithi dwara nirvahinchabadutundani suuchistumdi kabatti, idhi oka bhouthika parishkaram kaadu kabatti nirlakshyam cheyabadindi. ayithe, faneman wheeler absorber siddhaantam vanti maxwell sameekaranaala yokka adhunaatana samaya parishkaralanu anveshinche siddhaantaalu unnaayi.
paina perkonna sameekaranam, ekareetigaa kadile binduvu chaarjeelatoo paatu daani saapekshata laeni parimitiki anugunamgaa unnappatikee, quantum-yaantrika prabhaavaalaku saricheyabadaledu.

