
ningyo

 paeru suuchimchinatlugaa, idhi maanava mariyu chepa lanty lakshanaalu kaligina jeevi, idhi japanese saahityamlooni vividha bhagalalo vivarinchabadindi.
tarachugaa "matsyakanya" gaa anuvadinchabadinappatiki, eee padam saanketikamgaa linga-nirdishtamainadi kaadu mariyu "matsyakaarulu" kaligi undavacchu. maanava-chepa" anae akshara anuvaadam kooda vartimpajeyabadindi.
sameeksha.
likhita japanese vanarulalo dhruveekarinchabadina "ningyo" yokka mottamodati recordulu 7va sataabdamloo (§ asuka kaalam) swaadheenam chesukunnatluga paerkonabadina manchineeti jeevulu, taruvaata "nihan shoki" loe namodu cheyabaddaayi. conny tadupari udaaharanalu saadhaaranamgaa samudrapu neeti jeevulu.
taruvaati madhyayuga kaalamlo (§ kamakura mariyu muromachi kaalalu), idhi asubha sakunaaniki chihnamgaa pariganinchabadindi, mariyu daani teeram (§ michinokolo omens) tadupari raktapaata yuddhalu ledhaa vipattulaku kaaranamani nindinchabadindi.
daani maamsam tinadam valla deerghaayuvu labhistundane bhavana ('enimidi vandala [samvatsaraala] bouddha poojaarini', cf. § yavo bikuni)
edo kaalamlo, "ningyo" nuu burlesk "gesaku" navalalaku (cf. § saikaku, 1687 mariyu santo kyoden yokka § "hakoiri museum", 1791). chepala bhaagaalanu (mamammilu ledhaa pheejee matsyakaarulu) upayoginchi tayaaru cheyabadutunna "ningyo" kooda samrakshinchabaddaayi, mariyu aaa kaalaaniki chendina kontamandi panditulu (udhaa.zii. babain giofu); atuvanti konni mammeelanu ningyo puraanam jatacheyabadina konni devalayalu kaligi unnaayi (cf. § prins shotoku).
ningyo erra cox comb (§ shokoku regindon, mariyu saikaku) ledhaa laetha erupu juttu (§ kashi yawa) kaligi unnatlu varninchadam, orphish veekshanhalu ningyo siddhaantaaniki daariteesaayane parikalpananu dhruveekaristundi.
coverban" karapatra roopamlo (§ "kairai") prasaram cheyabadina vaartala prakaram, oka pedda "ningyo" nuu 1805loe chithreekarinchinatlu aaropanalu vachayi, idhi adrushtavanturaalani bhaavinchinappatikii 
paribhasha.
japanese bhashanu oka pramukha nighantuvu (kozian) loe "adbhutamaina jeevi" gaa varninchaaru, idhi "sagam mahila, sagam chepa", taruvaata "sagam manavudu (saadhaaranamgaa mahila) mariyu sagam chepa" gaa savarinchabadindi. anduvalla "ningyo" anae padaaniki matsyakanya matrame kaadu, matsyakaarudu kooda unnaaru.
tadanugunamgaa, "ningyo" nuu konnisaarlu aangla bhasha paandityamloo "human-fish" anae padha anuvaadam dwara suuchistaaru, tadwara linga aspashtataku veelu kalpistundi.
ningyo" anae padaanni prarambha khatalalo spashtamgaa upayoginchaledu (cf. § asuka kaalam, samvatsaram 619) nihan shoki (cree. sha. 720) loe namodu cheyabadindi. taruvaata alankarinchabadina khaataa 
 yuvaraju shotoku palgonna yuvaraju raajapratinidhiki "ningyo" anae padam telusani paerkonnaadu, ayithe idhi samsayavaadamto pariganinchabadutundi. shoki" sankalanam cheyadaaniki upayoginche praathamika muulaala nundi "ningyo" anae padam bahusha lekapovachhu, mariyu yuvaraju kaalamlo japanese padajaalamlo ledhu.
ningyo" anae padam madhyayuga moolaalalo kooda ledhu, idhi uttara japaanlooni kamakura kaalam yokka chikkulanu vivaristundi, michinokolo omens) asubhamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. udaaharanaku, 13va mariyu 14va sataabdapu grandhaala prakaram, oka "pedda chepa" hoji 1 (1247) loe odduku kottukupoyindi. conny 17va sataabdapu punah sankalanam loe veetini "ningyo" anie pilicheevaaru.
jantusastra parikalpanalu.
prarambha udaaharanalu (cf. § asuka kaalam) manchineellalo chikkukunnayi, mariyu avi vaastavaaniki pedda salamonderlu ayi undaali anie oohinchabadindi.
maroe pramukha siddhaantam emitante, "dugang" yokka tappudu gurtimpu matsyakanyala siddhaantaaniki daariteesindi, ayithe dugang yokka paridhi uttaraana okinava (gatamlo ruque rajyam) varaku matrame cherutundani, anduvalla japaanlooni vividha pradaesaalaloo aadhunika kaalamlo kanipinche avakaasam ledani, ikkada matsyakanyala puraanam (matsyakanyanudu tine poojaarini) sambhavistundani telisindi. edemaina, eee vaadana lopabhooyishtamainadi, endukante "sirenia" kramamlo itara samudra ksheeradaalu unnaayi, avi stellers samudra aavulu, ivi baring samudraaniki chendinavi, mariyu uttara japanese samudraalalo sancharinchi undavacchu. seals mariyu dolphinlu vanti itara samudra ksheeradaalu kooda maanava-chepalugaa porapaatu cheyabadataayi.
ningyo (13va sataabdam) chitraalanu kaligi unna chekka slaatlo ("mokkan") chekkabadinadi, swaadheenam chesukunna asalu jantuvu mudra (cf. § karma samarpana maatra).
errati-ubbina orfishnu chudatam nundi ningyo puraanam udbhavinchindani ichthiologist yokka parikalpana, ningyoku errati cox comb (§ shokoku regindon) ledhaa laetha errati juttu (§ kashi yawa) undani cheppe siddhaantam ledhaa nivedikala dwara balapadutundi. eee cox comb gurinchi § saikaku raasina navalalo kooda prastaavinchabadindi.
vigraharadhana.
konni aadhunika nighantuvulalo "ningyo" nuu sagam-mahila, sagam-chepagaa nirvachinchinappatikii, "ningyo" nuu chepa lanty sareerampai maanava aada thala visraantigaa unnatlu kooda chitreekarinchaaru, prasiddha japanese kalapa block print "coverban" karapatra udaaharanalo (kudivaipu choopabadindi, q.vii. § "kairai").
7va sataabdamloo pattubadina "ningyo" appati yuvaraju regent shotokuto anubandham kaligi undani, mariyu eee jeevini "shotoku taishi eeden" anae paerutoe chitra scrolls loe ataniki bahumatigaa chuupinatlu chithreekarinchabadindi, idhi japaanlo ningyo kala yokka mottamodati bhaagam ayina (1069) yokka puraatana coppy. scrolls yokka bahula kaapeelu unikilo unnaayi. alaage, chaalaa taruvaata 19va sataabdamloo. oka udaaharana emitante, ningyo devata connon mariyu chepa (cf. § yuvaraju shotoku mariyu anjoorapu).
11va sataabdapu kathalo taira vamsam (cf. § tadaamoreeki samarpinchabadindi), chikkukunna ningyo manavulaga "naalugu avayavalu" kaligi unnadu ledhaa chetulu mariyu kaallu kaligi unnadu, conny poralu mariyu chepala thalatho unnadu. ivi 12va mariyu 13va sataabdaalaloo uttara japaanlo nivedinchabaddaayi mariyu sakunaalugaa (cf. § michinokolo omens) eee kaalam varaku (c. 1286) (cf. )
conny edo kaalamlo, "ningyo" yokka drushtaamtaalu vaividhyamgaa undevi, mariyu vinodam kosam prasiddha saahityamlo ("kibyoshi" shaili vantivi), maanava-thala chepa rakam (cheyi laeni) mariyu chetulato sagam-maanava rakam rendoo chitreekarinchabaddaayi (cf. § rendu muularuupaalu). oka siddhaantam emitante, rendu rakalu shaastreeya chainees saahityam nundi udbhavinchaayi, mukhyamgaa limbed ("hill-fish") mariyu limbless ("redd ruu fish") puraatana "shaan hye zing" ("classic off mountains und sease") (cf. § chainees "lingue" mariyu "chiru").
chainees saahityam.
edemaina, chainees "hill-fish" naalugu-avayavaalatho pariganinchabadutundi, mariyu aaa vidhamgaa chithreekarinchabadindi, ayithe vaastavaaniki idhi japanese rachana "wacon sunsoy juu" (1712), idhi chainees "hill-fish" yokka chitraanni rendu-aayudhaala kaalu laeni (cf. fig. kudi), dheenini japanese "ningyo" thoo polchinappudu. mariyu eee drushtaantam vyaakhyaatalanu paaschaatya matsyakanyatho chaalaa pooli unnatlu gurtinchindi. (cf. § "wacon sunsoy juu") loe ningyo) "wacon sunsoy juu" kooda classic "shaan hye zing" loe perkonna japanese bhaashalo ("dairn" ledhaa chainees bhaashalo) teasin anie uchcharinche merphoc yokka nakilee drushtaamtaanni notice icchi mudrinchindi, ivi vaastavaaniki chainees moolaalalo rendu-aayudhaala merphokga chitreekarinchabaddaayi.
alaage, yokay kalapa-block mudrana chitrakaarudu toriama sekeen geesinadi (1781, anjoorapu bomma. edamavaipu) japanese "ningyo" kaadu, conny prapancha chettuku paschimaana chaina yokka suduura praantaalalo nivasinchedi ("kenboku"; pinyin "gianmu"). atuvanti "ningyo" nii dhi nation peeples anie kooda pilicheevaarani sheershika jodistundi.
airopavasulu namodu chesina sairan-mermaids.
japanese shogunate appatike 1663 natiki dutch (1660) loe johannes johnston yokka "sahaja charitra" yokka kaapeeni pondindi, indulo paaschaatya sairan-mermide yokka drushtaamtaalu unnaayi. conny ituvanti "dutch" ("rangaku", paaschaatya abhyasam) chitraalu 1960la mundu japaanlo vistrutamgaa vyaapti chendaya anedi spashtamgaa teliyadu, ivi punarutpatti chesina drushtaamtaalatoo matsyakanya anae amsampai dheenini mariyu itara rachanalanu jeernam chesaayi.
edo kaalam chivari natiki (19va sataabdam madhya nundi chivari varaku), "ningyo" yokka drushya vigraharadhana kramamga european matsyakanya yokka sagam-maanava sagam-chepalatho saripoladaaniki vachindi.
yavo bikuni.
ningyo" (ledhaa maanava-chepala maamsam) thoo kuudina atyanta prasiddha jaanapada kathalalo okati, daanini tinna ammai shaashwata yavvananni mariyu deerghaayuvunu pondhi, sanyaasini ayi 800 samvatsaraala vayassu varaku jeevinchi, santoshaku bikunini kooda chadivindani perkondi.
saaraamsam.
vilakshanhamaina kathanamlo, ningyo tinna ammai vakasha provinceloni obamaku chendinadi, mariyu oka sanyasiniga eee praantamlooni aalayamloni parvatam meeda gaddi gudiselo nivasinchedi. aame thana jeevitamlo japan antataa paryatinchindi, conny appudu aame thana swadesamlo thana jeevitaanni muginchaalani nirnayinchukuntundi, mariyu aame nivasinchina oka guhalo tananu taanu moosivesukuntundi ledhaa aalayamloni parvatam meeda sajeevamgaa khananam cheyabadi, aame inca sajeevamgaa undaa anedaaniki suuchikagaa aaa pradaesamloe oka camellia chettunu natamani abhyardhistundi.
obama, vakasha vadda oka kathanamlo, padahaaru yella ammai anukokunda ningyo tintundi, aame tandri tayaaruchesina vantakaanni atithigaa sweekarinchina tarvaata, kutumbam telise ningyo tinadamlo ledhaa kasai cheyadamlo chikkukokunda undataaniki. kuin-zee aalaya charitra tandri takahashi anae dhanavanthudani, provins vyavasthaapakudi nundi vacchaadani, kumarteku 16 ellu vachinappudu, dragon raaju tella gaddam gala vyakti musugulo kanipinchi, aameku bahumatigaa mamsanni icchaadu. conny japan antataa telisina samskaranalu unnaayi, mariyu tandrini tarachugaa matsyakaarudigaa gurtistaaru. oka matsyakaarudu ningyolo reel chesadu, conny daani vintha kaaranamgaa daanini vadilesadu, conny okari kathanam prakaram, chinna kumarte daanini teesukoni tinesindi.
kaala vyavadhi.
puraanam yokka puraatana likhita vanarulu 15va sataabdaaniki chendinavi, mariyu eee moolaalalo okati aaa sataabdam madhyalo (1449 samvatsaram) 800 samvatsaraala vayassulo kyoto loe kanipinchindani chebutundi.
aame saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche paeruku anugunamgaa 800 samvatsaraala vayassulo undani bhaavinchi, aame jananam 7va sataabdam madhyalo, asuka kaalamlo jariginatlu cheppavacchu.
jaanapada rachayita kalakramam aamenu inca pedda vayassu nundi praanaalatoe bayatapadina vyaktigaa chestundi. athanu cree. sha. 480va samvatsaramlo kofun kaalamlo (tumulus kaalam) ningyo maamsam tine yavo bikunitho dating chesaadu. ayithe, iteevali parisoedhakudi prakaram, dheeniki etuvanti vraatapuurvaka muulam velladi kaaledu, mariyu moukhika sampradaayam oohinchabadindi.
asuka kaalam.
saamraagni suiko 27va samvatsaramlo (619, maanava-lanty chepalu rendusaarlu valalugaa undevi 4va nelaloo oomi provincelo, mariyu horilo, setsu provins (, oka krutrima kaaluva ika ledhu), "nihan shoki" prakaram.
avi manchineeti jeevulu, mariyu idhi "pillallaantidi" anae vivarana minakata kumagusu prakaram japanese diggajam salamandarga daani nijamaina gurtimpunu suuchimchimdi.
prins shotoku.
48 samvatsaraala vayassulo yuvaraju shotoku setsu provins nundi oka ningyonu bahumatigaa icchinatlu aaropanalu vachayi, conny athanu duradrushtakaramaina bahumatini asahyinchukunnadu mariyu daanini ventane vismarinchaalani aadesinchaadu. eee khaataa "shotoku taishi eeden" anae chitra scroll loe sambhavistundi. dheeni yokka sumaru 40 kaapeelu tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, veetilo 1069 naati horu-zee aalayam kaligi unna coppy japanese ningyo yokka atyanta puraatana chitra chitrana.
shoki" "ningyo" "anae padaanni eppuduu spashtamgaa upayoginchanappatiki, yuvaraju shotoku gamo nadhi sanghatanalo palgonnadu mariyu yuvaraju yokka sankshipta charitra ledhaa sankshipta charitra prakaram eee padaanni upayoginchadam telusu. denriaku" prakaram vipattunu teesukuraavadaaniki "ningyo" kooda shotoku telusu, mariyu oka ullekhanam aaa samayamlo matsyakaarulu eppudaina valalo pattubadithe "ningyo" nuu vidudala cheyadam aacharam anie andistundi. oomi provincelo kanipinche ningyo yokka asubha sakunam chuusi yuvaraju apramattamainappudu, aalayamlo bhadraparachabadina patram prakaram, athanu sameepamlo connon devata vigrahanni unchaadu.
engee" ledhaa foundation puraanam prakaram, prins shotoku biva sarassu sameepamloni oka kolanulo oka ningyonu kalusukunnadu, athanu gatha jeevitamlo paelavamaina panula kaaranamgaa daani aakaaramlo punarjanma pondaadani angeekarinchaadu, mariyu yuvaraju eee aalayaaniki muulamaina connon devata vigrahanni unchadaaniki oka alayanni nirminchadam dwara mokshaanni andinchadaaniki seva chesaadu.
naaraa kaalam chivarilo.
asuka kaalam taruvaata, ningyo yokka rendu puraatana roopaalu madhya nundi chivari varaku naaraa kaalam nativi, ivi samudram odduna unnaayi.
izumo provinceloni yasui-noo-uraalo (prastuta yasugi, shimaneloni oka bay) oka "ningyo" teeram, tenpeo-shoho 8 ledhaa cree. sha. 756 samvatsaramlo, taruvaata, marokati noto provincelo (prastuta suzu, ishikaavaaloni oka dveepakalpam) hoki 9/778 samvatsaramlo kanipinchindi. eee nivedikalu yuvaraju shotokuto sannihitamgaa sambandham unna horu-zee aalayaaniki sambandhinchina paatha patramlo bhadraparachabaddayi.
hayeon kaalam.
tadaamoreeki samarpinchaaru.
ise provincelo oka valalo chikkukunna moodu oohinchina "ningyo" katha, madhya-kamakura kaalam nundi "cocon chomonju" ("vinna, prastuta mariyu gatha kathala sekarana", 1254) loe kanipistundi.
eee sanghatana sankalanam kante oka sataabdam mundu naatidi wenn taira noo tadamori (d. 1153; keomori tandri) thana nivasanni eee pradaesaaniki marchadu, ikkada "baside graamastulu" (matsyakaarulu) nivasistunnaaru.
pedda chepalaku maanavula vanti talalu undevi (conny chepalu vanti chakkati dantaalu, mariyu kothi vanti poduchukunna noru kooda undevi), chepalu vanti sareeraalu undevi. neelapaiki laginappudu mariyu thokalu laagutuu (janta matsyakaarulu) teesukellinappudu, jeevulu adhika swaramtho kekalu vestaayi mariyu manavudila kanneellu kaarutaayi. jeevulu "ningyo" (maanava-chepa) ayi undaali anae oohatho katha mugustundi. mugguru "ningyo" lanu tadaamoreeki andajesaru, conny okarini bay graamastulaku (matsyakaarulu) tirigi icchaaru, vaaru daanini chekkaru mariyu tinnaru. idhi chaalaa ruchikaramgaa undhi, daani nundi pratyeka prabhavalu raaledu.
kamakura mariyu muromachi kaalalu.
michinokulo sakunaalu.
(1641loe mudrinchina) prakaram mutsu ledhaa deva provins (michinoku praantam) loe "ningyo" tarachugaa beachlu undevi, mariyu prati veekshanhanu sakunamgaa pariganistaaru, idhi konni saayudha gharshanalu ledhaa duradrushtamto mudipadi untundi, idhi taruvaata sambhavinchindihi
vaastavaaniki eee kesulannee, hoji 1 sanghatanalo mugustaayi, chaalaa paatha "azuma kagami" (samvatsaram 1266 varaku charitra) mariyu "hojo kuday kii" (akaa, 1331) loe namodu cheyabaddaayi, eee jeevini "ningyo" anie pilavaledu, conny "pedda chepa" (idhi "naalugu avayavaalatho" maanava shavam laantidi), ledhaa "chetulu mariyu kaallu unna jeevi, ativyaapti chendutunna poralatho kappabadi, chepala kante bhinnamgaa laeni thala". mariyu eee daadaapu-samakaaleena muulaalu kooda ningyo ("pedda chepalu") roopaalanu aaa samvatsaramlo jarige pradhana yuddhaaniki mundugaane nirvachinchaayi.
hoji 1 loe, adhe rojuna (3va nela 11va teedeena) sugaarulo uttaraana "pedda chepalu" odduku vachinappudu, michinoku (ledhaa bahusha mundu roeju) yuigahama (beach) dwara samudram prakaasavantamaina errati rangulo undhi, mariyu raktamgaa maarindani nivedinchabadindi. aneka sandarbhaallo raktapaataaniki yuigahama kendramgaa undedi. idhi nijamgaa errati ranguloki maaradaaniki kaaranam errati alala sanghatana kaavacchu.)
hoji 1 sanghatana (prachurinchabadina jokyo 1/1684) anie piluvabade oka chivari moolamlo charchinchabadindi, conny idhi "3 va nela 20 va thedhee" varaku roeju tappugaa coppy chestundi, idhi bahusha ihara saikaku yokka kalpita bhaagaaniki pratyaksha muulamgaa maarutundi, dheenilo "ningyo" kanipistundi.
paina perkonna "kagenki" loe 14va sataabdamloo rendu taruvaata drushyaalu namodu cheyabaddaayi. rendava drushyam kamakura shogunate patanam taruvaata sambhavinchindi, idhi muromachi kaalaaniki chendinadi.
eee rendu sandarbhaalu subha sakunaalugaa kanipinchinappatikii, eee udaaharanalu "ningyo" nuu oka subha vastuvugaa bhaavinchaalane bhavananu dhruveekarinchavani fujisava nokki chepparu, endukante yavo-bikuni yokka deerghaayuvu ledhaa futamy-yura bay yokka pavitrathatho anubandham dwara adrushtam yokka aapaadimpulu ikkada ivvabaddaayi.
taruvaata oka antaram undhi, mariyu jabita cheyabadina tadupari rikaardu muromachi kaalamlo yuddha kaalamlo (sengoku kaalam) jarigindih
jinka lanty swaram yokka vivarana asaadhaaranamainadi, endukante ningyo saadhaaranamgaa maanava bidda ledhaa sisuvulaa anipistundani chebutaaru.
akitaalo puraavastu kanugonabadindi (cf. paina jabita cheyabadina adhe yuganiki chendina karma samarpana maatra) nuu kooda michinoku praantaaniki maroka udaaharanagaa pariganinchavacchu. sugaaruu provincelo edo kaalamlo jarigina taruvaata kathalu kooda unnaayi, conny ivi krinda (§ tsugaaruu domine) kinda charchinchabadataayi.
karma samarpana maatra.
akitaalooni ikawa vadda unna suzaki puraavastu pradaesamloe tavvina chekka palaka mukkapai ningyo yokka rekhaachitraalu kanugonabaddayi. idhi oka baavi avasheshaala vadda kanugonabadindi, eee maatra 80.6 sem. mea. x 14.5 sem. mea. x 0.5 sem. mea.) kolustundi, mariyu kontakaalam 1286 kii daggaragaa undhi.
ningyo maanava thala mariyu chepala shareeramtho untundi, dheeniki rekkalugala thokatho paatu rendu chetulu mariyu rendu kaallu untaayi. mukham minaha daani mottam poralu soochinche gurtulato kappabadi untundi. puraavastu saastravettala nivedika prakaram, vaastava jantuvu bahusha oka mudra, ledhaa oka vidhamaina pinnip ayi undavacchu.
eee saasanaalu "aaraa, sutanaya, thechi nii tote soro, sovaka" (oh, karuna, conny daanini champanivvandi, sovaka) "gaa lipyantarikarinchabaddayi, adevidhamgaa" oh, karuna, oka manavudu, sovaka ayinappatikee alaa bandhinchabadi undhi ". aaa mrugam asubha sakunamgaa pariganinchabadatam valla, bouddha poojaari (phalakam meeda kooda chithreekarinchabadindi) bahusha praarthana roopamlo naivedyam arpinchi undavacchu, "sovaka" anae samskruta padam tarachugaa mantram chivarilo pathistaaru.
edo kaalam.
khachitamgaa edo kaalam natiki, european prabhavam kaaranamgaa "ningyo" ekkuvagaa streela patla linga pakshapaatam abhivruddhi chendindi, ayinappatikee bouddha prabhavam (samudrapu dragon-king kumartelu) kooda undavacchu. ayinappatikee, edo kaalamlo (§ maga ningyo) mermen yokka konni sachitra udaaharanalu samrakshinchabaddaayi.
anumaanaaspada veekshanhalu.
"shokoku regindon".
hoyi (shakam) looni vakasa provincelo aaropinchabadina "ningyo" drushyam, bahusha c. 1705, loe ("[praavinsula nundi] saadhaarana prajala kathalu", 1740) namodu cheyabadindi. dheeniki collar vadda errati cox comb lanty anubandham unnatlu nivedinchabadindi, idhi cycock thana navala (1674, cf. krinda) daani talapai cox comb kaligi unna ningyo gurinchi.
"kashi yaa".
18va sataabdam madhyakaalamlo ningyo veekshanha gurinchi samuray diamyo vyaasakarta matsura season thana pustakamlo namodu chesaaru. idhi enkeo shakam (1744-1748) prarambha bhaagamlo jarigindi, mariyu athani perunna muulaalu athani sonta maama hongaku-inn (,) mariyu attha kosho-inn (). edo velle maargamlo hirado domine nundi samudram dwara vaari prayaanamloo, vaaru gencoy samudram chuttoo oka "ningyo" nii edurkonnaru, yea "amaa" (mahilaa diving matsyakaarulu) panicheyaalani oohinchaleni praantamloo. idhi oodaku 10 "kenn" (± 20 meterlu) kante mundu kanipinchindi, modata, daani diguva bhaganni chudalekapoyindi, conny daani "musugu striilaagaa undhi, laetha neelam rangu, laetha erupu juttu podavainadi"; appudu adhi navvutuu pavuram kindaki digindi, aaa samayamlo chepa lanty thoka-chivara kanipinchindi, saakshulu adhi "ningyo" anie nirnayinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
"nagasaki bankenroku".
chaalaa taruvaata vraasinappatikee, oka rachana anie pilavabadedi, "merr-human" mariyu "kaijo" ("merr-women", "ningyo" gaa varninchabadindi) rendintipai pakkapakkane nivedistundi. kaijo" ledhaa "ningyo" anae padam "sareeram yokka madhyabhaagaaniki paina idhi oka vidhamaina aada manavudu, mariyu madhyabhaagaaniki diguvana oka rakamaina chepa" anie vraayabadindi. ningyo" emukalu guda rakta pravahanni nirodhinche prabhaavamtho adbhutamaina aushadham. europeanlu dheenini pilustaaru, mariyu dutch vaaru konnisaarlu daanini chuttoo teesukuvelataaru.Â.
tsugaru domine.
17va mariyu 18va sataabdaalaloo sugaaruu domainlo "ningyo" swaadheenam chesukunnatlu nivedinchabadindi. taruvaati sandarbhamlo (horeki yugamlo vividha samvatsaraalalo icchina), jeevi yokka sira rekhaachitraalu samrakshinchabaddaayi, mariyu bouddha poojaarula apron lanty "casa" dharinchinatlu choopabadindi. oka sataabdam kritam samudramlo tappipoyina oka apprentices poojaari sanghatanatho anusandhaaninchadam dwara (krinda marinta vivarinchabadindi) daani sangrahaanni oka podavaina kathagaa alankarinchaaru.
munupati rikaardu emitante, genroku 1/1688 loe, nauchi-noo-yura vadda oka "ningyo" nuu bandhinchaaru., prakaram 
appudu horeki 9 (1759) loe, 3va nelaloo ishizaki graamam naukaasrayamloo, "eee aakaaramlo" unna chepa (i.ii., anjooramlo chitreekarinchinatlugaa. kudi) pattubaddaarani nivedinchabadindi, ledhaa (loe saaraamsam?). swaadheenam chesukovadaniki sumaru vanda samvatsaraala mundu, sugaarulooni aalayaaniki chendina oka apprentices sanyasi samudram meedugaa matsuma domine vaipu velutundagaa, padava nundi padipoyadu. eee sanghatana chepala chepalatho mudipadi undhi, mariyu prasninchinappudu kathakulu taamu podavaina kathanu vistarinchinatlu (alankarinchinatlu) angeekarinchaaru. 3va nela taruvaata bhaagamaina horeki 7 (1757) yokka pravesamlo udaaharanhatho samaanamaina vruttaantam kanugonabadindi, mariyu geesina jeevi oka ledhaa "ungarapu surplis" dharinchinatlu gamaninchabadindi, mariyu vachanam dheenini "dhi maroka muulam" gaa varninchindi, horeki 8 loe, ishizaki graamam samudramlo kanipinchindi, mariyu prajala anni maryaadalu chuudataaniki vellaayi.
echu provins ningyo, akaa "kairai".
ningyo roopaanni pracharam chesindi" anae sheershikato banka 2 (1805) nundi paina perkonna chekka block mudrana. idhi samvatsaramlo 5va nelaloo, yokata-uraalo, ippudu toyama bay anie piluvabade praantamloo jarigindi.
eee "ningyo" anedi podavati bochugala yuvatini thala, oka jatha bangaaru kommulu, errati kadupu, daani mondem yokka prati vaipuna moodu kallu mariyu corp lanty thokatho kuudina jeevi, flyer yokka vachanam prakaram. eee matsyakanya 3 nundi 5 shaaku ledhaa kolustaaru.
mudrinchina drushtaantam ningyo yokka oka vaipu matrame chuupistumdagaa, daaniki sariiraaniki prati vaipu 3 kallu unnayani vachanam dhruveekaristundi. panditudu etthi chuupinatlugaa, echu provincelo kooda kanipinchina "kudan" anae anchanaa mrugam mariyu "hakutaaku" (ledhaa chainees muulaaniki chendina "baiz") mondem meeda kalla lakshanaanni panchukuntaayi.
prajalu bhayapadi 450 raifils thoo naasanam chesaarani flyer nivedistundi. ayinappatikee, "okasari eee chepalanu chuse vyakti goppa deerghaayuvunu aasvaadistaadu, sanghatanalu mariyu vipattula chedu malupulanu nivaaristaadu mariyu adrushtam mariyu dharmanni pondutaaru" anie kooda flyer paerkonnaadu.
maga ningyo.
hirosaki domine yokka yuva prabhuvu coppy chesina, thana talliki choopinchataaniki, aameku deerghaayuvunu andinchaalanukune, manugada anae perugala chitram undhi. anduvalla hirosaki ledhaa sugaaruu domine praantamloo sthaanikamgaa unna ningyo kii idhi maroka udaaharana.
oka vruddhudi mukha lakshanaalatoo "coverban" vaartaapatrikalo kooda mudrinchabadindi. vaartaapatrika eee jeevini "errati juttu, webbinglatho unna kothi laaga, paamu aakaaramlo unna chethi" gaa varninchindi, mariyu daani maamsam tinadam 100 samvatsaraala deerghaayuvunu istundani, mariyu daanini chudatam kooda anaarogyaanni nivaarinchadam mariyu jeevitakaalam podiginchadam yokka prabhavanni kaligi undani perkondi.
edo prajaadarana pondina kalpana.
saika.
cycock lekkala prakaram, goo-fukakusa chakravarthy modati shakam samvatsaramlo (1247) "ningyo" modatisaari odduku kottukupoyindi, mariyu daani talapai "oka errati cox comb mariyu oka andamaina mahila mukham" unnatlu gurthunchukunnatlu ayana paerkonnaaru. vaari vanti naalugu avayavalanu aabharanaalato, bangaaru-merise pramaanaalatoo, maamsam atyanta suvasanato, skylarku-vigil vanti nirmalamaina swaramtho tayaaru chesaaru, idhi ihaara saikaku ("yodhudi maargam yokka aadarsapraayamaina kathalu", 1674) prakaram, paina perkonna vidhamgaa "ningyo" kaligi undhi.
eee vachanam "ningyo" naalugu avayavaalatho amarchabadindani varnistundi, conny eee drushtaantam kaallu laeni matsyakanyanu, badulugaa thoka-rekkanu kaligi untundi; aame kooda talapai cox comb lanty anubandham lekunda geeyabadutundi. maroe vyatyaasam emitante, kinnai anae samuray vachana prakaram villutho (sagam villu) "ningyo" nii kalchadu, conny drushtaamtamlo ayudham thupaakeetho maarchabadindi.
"hakoiri sangeetam".
santo kyoden. idhi "ningyo" matsyakanya amsamtho vyavaharinchae tokugava yugamlo oka rachanaga kooda prasiddhi chendindi.
idhi "kibyoshi" ledhaa "pasupu jackett" shaililo chesina paniki oka udaaharana, mariyu oka haasyabharitamaina, vyangyamaina bhaagam, dheeni paatralalo urashima thaaro unnaaru, eee prakriyaloo matsyakanya kumartenu utpatti chese corp umpudugatteto sambandham kaligi undhi. vidichipettabadina matsyakaarini haejee anae matsyakaarudu valatho kattukuntaadu. avasaralanu teerchadaaniki aame "miyuri" loe nimagnamai untundi.ii., tananu taanu vyabhichaaramloki vikrayinchukuntundi, conny aame chepalatho kuudina "oiran" viniyogadaarulanu tippikodutundi. matsyakanyanu nokkadam valla deerghaayuvu labhistundani telusukunna taruvaata, haejee matsyakanyanu nokkadam dukaanaanni terichi, goppa sampadanu sampaadinchi, aamenu vivaham chesukovalani nirnayinchukuntaadu. aame thana bayati charmam nundi perigi, chetulu mariyu kaallu rendintitho puurti sthaayi mahilagaa roopaantaram chendutundi. haejee matsyakanya yokka charmapu sluff ("nuckegara") nuu labham kosam vikrayistaadu.
rendu muularuupaalu.
madhya-yuga kaalamlo, "ningyo" yokka drushtaamtaalu rendu vistruta rakalanu kaligi unnaayi, ivi sachitra kaalpanika kathalalo udaaharanagaa unnaayi.
aame oka jatha chetulu/chetulato sagam manavudiga chithreekarinchabadina chota, kalpita rachayitala rachanala nundi udaaharanalu takshaname ivvabadataayi.
oka udaaharana santo kyoden mariyu takijawa bakin saha rachayita mariyu kitavo shigemasa chitreekarinchaaru.
marokati, eee rachana samudrapu nivaasula chuttoo kendreekrutamgaa tiragakapoyinappatiki, bakin yokka prasiddha rachana "nanso satomi huckenden" (1814-42) loe "ningyo" yokka chitrana.
maroka rakamlo aame maanava-thala mariyu cheyi laenidigaa chithreekarinchabadina udaaharanalu unnaayi, kyoden yokka "hakoiri museum" vishayamlo vivarinchinatlugaa (cf. fig., paejee paina), ledhaa echu provins udaaharana paina.
chainees "lingue" mariyu "chiru".
dwandwa drushya praatinidhyam rendu rakalanu, mukhyamgaa, dhi anie piluvabade maanava-saayudha matsyakanya mariyu dhi anie piluvabade cheyi laeni (rekkalu gala) matsyakanyanu varninche chainees muulaalatoe japanese parichayaniki aapaadinchabadindi.
edemaina, chainees muulaanni vivarinchadaaniki eee suutreekarana antagaa vijayavantam kaaledu, endukante, daani pratipaadakudu etthi chuupinatlugaa, chainees "lingue" vaastavaaniki naalugu kaallu galadi, alaage "renew" (, "maanava chepa") akaa "tiu" (; japanese "tegyo") mariyu idhi moodu raajyaala yokka japanese "wacon sunsoy juu" ("sachitra sino-japanese [encyclopedia]", "1712), idhi konni kaaranaala valla ningyo/renew (akaa rayogyo/lingue) yokka chitraanni rendu aayudhalu gala conny kaalla laeni matsyakaarinigaa maarchindi.
vaerae vyaakhyaata kooda "wacon sunsoy juu" looni "ningyo" yokka chitralekhanaanni "adanamgaa" bhaavistaaru.. oka drushtaamtamtoe.. idhi matsyakanya yokka paaschaatya aalochana laantidi ".
chainees verses. paaschaatya muulaalu.
edo kaalamlo "ningyo" gurinchi prajalu kaligi unna ghnaanaaniki sambandhinchi, shaastreeya chainees saahityam yokka prabhavam spashtamgaa kanipistundi. kyoden yokka "hakoiri museum" kooda rachayita yokka aksharaasyatanu velladistundi, endukante eee rachana "tegyo" (chainees "tiu") mariyu "geegyo" (chainees "niyu",) madhya vyatyaasaanni charchistundi.
ningyo" paie vraasina japanese panditulu chainees muulaala nundi chaalaa varaku aakarshincharu, udaaharanaku, 1607loe japaanlo pravesapettabadina chainees "materia medisi" yokka sankalanam "benkavo gangmu" (1596), mariyu tarachugaa matsyakanya anae amsampai utankinchabadindi. aaa vidhamgaa kaibara ekiken (1709) dheenini udaharinchi, "tegyo" (chinna mudranalo "ningyo") nuu "geegyo" ("salamonder") nundi vaeru chestaadu.
wacon sunsoy juu" loe ningyo.
prabhaavavantamaina "wacon sunsoy juu" chaina yokka moodu raajyaala encyclopedia (saankai tuhui, 1609) aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi mariyu "ningyo" anae amsampai atuvanti chainees vishayaala nundi kooda teesukobadindi. conny ippatike gurtinchinatlugaa "ningyo" chitram chainees muulaalaku nammakamgaa ledhu. eee rachana "ningyo" nuu kooda (, conny eee paryaayapadamu japanese nighantuvu "vamyo ruizusho" looni niganigalaadipai aadharapadi untundi, chainees muulaalu kaadu.
peaks mueller ledhaa heyushimureru.
dutch prakaram "wacon sunsoy juu" kooda "peaks mueller" (japanese lipyantareekaranah "heshmoor [ruu]," mahilaa chepa ") yokka vaidya viniyogaanni vivaristundi kabatti, idhi chivariki european nundi pondina samacharanni upayogistondi. edemaina, stree-chepa emukalu nirvisheekaranagaa panichestaayane daani vaadana telisina khaataalaku bhinnamgaa untundi, mariyu edainaa saadhyamayye muulaanni gurtinchadaaniki addankigaa untundi.
ningyo" paie aneka itara japanese scholarshiplu kooda europeanlu "heshimureru" (spanish/portugees "peaks mulhar";, "mahilaa chepa") gaa akramamga ravana chestunna sairan-mermide emukalanu gurinchi charchinchaayi, gurtinchadagina muulam flemish jesuit verbiest "akaa" naan huaren "(17 sii madhyalo).) chainees bhaashalo vraasaru, ono ranjan (1803) nuu udaharinchaaru, mariyu bahusha antakumundu kaibara ekiken (1709) kooda "peaks mueller" aushadham yokka prabhavalanu vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchaaru.
ōtsuki gentaku.
madhyantaramlo, sairan-mermidenu soochinche aneka itara european rachanalu japanese saahityaaniki parichayam cheyabaddayi johannes johnston (latin 1657, dutch tra. 1660), ambrose paare ("uvress", 1575; dutch tra. 1593), mariyu francois valentin (dutch bhaashalo 1724-26), sairen-mermide drushtaamtaala punarutpattito paatu eee rachanala nundi anuvadinchabadina jeernakriyanu andinchina vaari prayatnaalaku dhanyavaadaalu. european sairan-mermideche prabhaavitamaina yugamlo "ningyo" yokka image/iconographyni roopondinchadamlo eee prayatnam keelaka paatra pooshinchindi.
mammeelu ledhaa pheejee matsyakaarulu.
edo kaalamlo taxidermicalga roopondinchina "ningyo" namuunaalu gamaninchabaddaayi mariyu chitreekarinchabaddaayi, veetilo "bayen giofu" (cf. krinda) mariyu sahaja charitrakaarudu geesina rekhaachitram ansei 3/1856 naatidi.
baine giofu.
mori bayeen yokka "bayeen giofu" (, 'bayeen yokka chepala jabita', bansi 8/1825) mundu mariyu pakka drushyaalalo "ningyo" yokka puurti-rangu chethitho chithrinchina drushtaamtaalanu kaligi undhi. idhi paschimaana pheejee matsyakaarini anie kooda piluvabade chepala thoka chivarana kalapadam dwara roopondinchina "stuffed" ningyo anie pilavabade daanini suuchimchaalani nirnayinchaaru.

