
baxer nashtapariharam scholarship

baxer nashtaparihara scholarship programme () anedi chainees vidyaarthulu united stateslo chaduvukovadaniki scholarship programme, dheeniki baxer scholarship programme nidhulu samakuurustumdi. 1908loe, yuu.ess. baxer nashtapariharam yokka adanapu mottaanni chainaku tirigi ivvadaaniki congress oka billunu aamodinchindi, idhi 17 million dollarlaku paiga undhi. adanapu chellimpunu tirigi ivvadampai teevramaina vivaadaalu unnappatikee, adhyakshudu theodor roosvelt paripalana chaineeyulaku avagahana kalpinchadaaniki baxer nashtaparihara scholarship karyakramanni erpaatu cheyaalani nirnayinchindi. adhyakshudu roosvelt eee karyakramanni "chainaalo american-nirdesita samskarana" kuu oka avakaasamgaa gurtinchaaru, idhi us-chaina sambandhaalanu meruguparachagaladu, chainees mariyu american samskrutini vantena chestundi mariyu us yokka antarjaateeya pratishtanu prothsahistundi. european saamraajyavaadaanni anukarinchadaaniki mariyu swalpakaalika aardhika labhanni pondadaaniki sainika maargaalanu upayoginchadaaniki badulugaa, roojewelt chainaalo shanti mariyu vaanijyaanni "anni vidhaluga atyanta santruptikaramgaa mariyu suukshmamgaa" nirdhaarinche karyakramanni sthaapinchaaru, adhe samayamlo united states gowravaanni pondadaaniki mariyu prapanchamlo nayakatva sthaanaanni pondadaaniki sahayapaddaru.
praarambhamainappati nundi, baxer nashtaparihara scholarship prograamnu "americaloni chainees vidyaarthulaku vidyanu andinchadaaniki atyanta mukhyamaina pathakam" anie pilustaaru mariyu iravayyava sataabdapu chaina yokka mottam videshee-adhyayana udyamamlo atyanta paryavasanamga mariyu vijayavantamainadi."
nepathyam.
chainees educational mission.
baxer nashtaparihara scholarship karyakramanni sthaapinchadaaniki mundu, young wing yokka chainees educational mission kooda yuu. ess loe konni unnata vidya avakaasaalanu andinchindi.ess. chainees vidyaarthulaku. yaale vishwavidyaalayam yokka modati chainees graduatega, 1871loe paaschaatya shaastram mariyu saanketika parignaanaanni adhyayanam cheyadaaniki yuva chainees vidyaarthula samuuhaalanu united statesku pampamani young wing quing prabhutvaanni oppinchaadu. 1872loe praarambhinchi, quing raajavamsaaniki chendina kontamandi samskarana-aalochanaaparulaina adhikaarula maddatutoe, united statesloni nyuu ingland praantamloo adhyayanam cheyadaaniki 120 mandhi chainees vidyaarthulanu pampadaaniki chainees vidya missionu sthaapinchaadu. ayithe, eee swalpakaalika prayatnam 1881loe, chainees minahaayimpu chattaniki oka samvatsaram mundu raddu cheyabadindi, aaa taruvaata chaalaa takkuva karyakalapalu jarigaayi.
baxer protocol.
1899loe baxerlu anie piluvabade chaina jaateeyula brundam chainaalooni anni videshee prabhavalanu bahishkarinche prayatnamlo quing saamraajyaaniki vyatiraekamgaa tirugubaatu chesindi. videshee paaschaatyulu sthaanikula nundi bhoomini swaadheenam chesukovadam, raayiteeni swaadheenam chesukovadam mariyu kaathalikkulugaa maarina nerasthulaku roganirodhaka saktini manjuru cheyadam vanti vatiki pratispandanagaa, eee tirugubaatu, taruvaata baxer tirugubaatu anie piluvabadindi, idhi uttara chainaalo videshee vyatiraeka, valasa vyatiraeka, raitu aadhaarita udyamamgaa praarambhamaindi. tirugubaatudaarulu railumargalanu nirmistuu, feng shuynu ullanghistunna videsheeyulapai, chaina videshee aadhipatyaaniki baadhyata vahinchina kraistavulapai daadi chesaaru. 1900 vesavilo, austria-hangari, france, germany, italii, japan, russia, britton mariyu united statesto kuudina enimidi deshaala kootami anie piluvabade oka sankeernam tirugubaatunu anachiveyadaaniki dalaalanu pampi, baxer protocol paie santakam cheyamani quing prabhutvaanni balavantam chesindi, dheenilo quing prabhutvam palgonna enimidi deshaalaku 39 samvatsaraala kaalamlo 450 million tails jarimana vendi nashtapariharamgaa chellinchaalsi vachindi. aaa samayamlo marakam raetla prakaram, idhi maaku $335 millionla bangaaram dollarlu ledhaa £67 millionlaku samanam. vaddiitoe sahaa, quing chivaraku 982,238,150 tails (± sylver) chellinchaadu, veetilo U.ess. share 7.32%.
chaina-yuu.ess. sambandhaalu mariyu adanapu baxer nashtapariharam tirigi ivvadam.
1904loe, chainaalo jaateeyavaadam peragadamtho, americalo chainees valasadaarulapai durviniyogam mariyu chainees minahaayimpu chattanni federal prabhutvam punaruddharinchadam chaina antataa kopaanni rekettinchaayi. marusati samvatsaramlo, kopamgaa unna chaina prajalu american vastuvulaku vyatiraekamgaa desavyaaptamgaa bahishkarananu praarambhinchinanduna udriktatalu chelaregaayi. bahishkarana udyamam chainaalo american vaanijyaaniki bhayankaramaina parinaamaalaku daariteesindihi
 padhi nelallo, $21,125,838 viluva gala patthi vastuvulu matrame eee desham nundi chaina saamraajyaaniki vellaayi. eee egumati vaanijyam chaina bahishkarana valla bhayapettadame kakunda, bhavishyat abhivruddhipai mana pattu aacharanatmakamgaa european deshaalaku appaginchabadindi. united stateslo konni aasaktulu unnaayi, avi oka vidhamgaa ledhaa maroka vidhamgaa chainees bahishkarana yokka chitikedu anubhooti chendavu. yuu.ess. intha pedda sambhaavya marketnu vadulukolemani prabhutvaaniki, vyaapaarulaku telusu. edemaina, adhyakshudu roosvelt sainika maargaala dwara chainaalo bahishkarananu antam cheyalanukoledu, endukante japan, britton mariyu aneka itara european saktulu ippatike chaina antataa tama sainika kandaraalanu vanchi, gananeeyamaina vanarulanu akraminchayi. united states chainaaloki dhooki "panchukunte", yuu matrame kaadu.ess. konni aardhika prayojanaalanu pondutaaru, conny adhi itara goppa saktulanu kooda baadhistundi.
adhe samayamlo, yuu kuu quing pratinidhi ayina liang cheng.ess.baxer protocol yokka nibandhanalu yuu nii pradaanam chesayani telisindi.ess. idhi modata yuu nii ottidi cheyadaaniki demand chesi, pracharam praarambhinchindi.ess. vyatyaasaanni chainaku tirigi ivvadaaniki. adanamgaa, chainaalooni american missionarylu, sagatu chainees kutumbam badhala patla saanubhooti chuuputuu, adanapu baxer nashtapariharanni tirigi ivvamani demand chesaaru. roosvelt eee avakaasaanni sadviniyogam chesukuni, thana atlanta prasangamlo "eee nashtapariharam gurinchi chainaku nyayam cheyalane thana uddesaanni" ilaa prakatinchaaduh "memu [americanlu] chainaku nyayam cheyakapothe chaina maaku nyayam chestundani aasinchalemu". anni itara saktulu daani bhoobhaganni swaadheenam chesukuni daani prajalanu dopidi chestunnappudu united states chainaku sahayam chesi, baxer nashtapariharanni tirigi isthe, "chaalaa chinna prayatnam dwara chaineeyula manchi sankalpaanni pedda mariyu santruptikaramaina reetilo geluchukovacchu" anie roosvelt grahinchaaru. ayithe, vilium woodwille rock hill, yuu.ess. chainaku chendina mantri, avineetiparudaina quing prabhutvaaniki dabbunu tirigi ichhe aalochananu teevramgaa vyatiraekimchaaru, endukante aaa dabbu vaari duraasa nundi tappinchukuntundani ayana viswasinchaadu. maroe parishkaram erpaatu cheyalsi vachindi.
scholarship prograamnu erpaatu cheyadam.
chellimpula upayogam kosam aneka pratipaadanalalo, roosvelt vidya dwara "saamskrutika pettubadi" vaipu moggu chuupaaru, vidyanu pasiphik antataa oka bhaarii vantenagaa bhaavinchaaru, dheeni dwara america samyukta rashtraalu.ess. daani prabhavanni suduura thoorpuku vistarinchavacchu. japan mariyu european saktulu chainaalo prabhava rangaalanu yerparachukunnappudu, sampradaayavaada quing prabhutvam chivaraku paaschaatya saanketika parignaanaanni adhyayanam chesi, chainanu samskarinchadaaniki mariyu paaschaatya saktulanu samanamga kalavadaniki paaschaatya vidhaanaalanu avalambinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. aaa samayamlo, liang cheng, tong shavoi vanti paaschaatya-tirigi vacchina vidyaarthulaloo chaalaa mandhi "gatamlo prabhutva anchulaku nettabaddaru, vaari paaschaatya prabhavam kaaranamgaa dhooramgaa unnaaru, samskartala adrushtam merugupadinanduna adhikaaramloki teesukuvacchaaru".
1906loe, illinais vishwavidyaalayam adhyakshudu edmond zhe. 1904 nundi 1920 varaku vishwavidhyaalayaaniki naayakatvam vahinchina james, chaina vidyaarthulanu americaku pampadaaniki scholarship karyakramanni erpaatu chese pranaalikanu adhyakshudu theodor roosvelt kuu pratipaadinchaaru.ess. adhyakshudu roosvelt kuu raasina james 1906 lekhalo chaina viplavam anchuna undani paerkonnaaru... prastuta taraaniki chendina yuva chaineeyulaku vidyanu andinchadamlo vijayam saadhinchina desham, icchina krushi kharchutho naitika, medho mariyu vaanijya prabhaavamlo saadhyamainanta ekkuva raabadini pondhe desham avutundi.
ayithe, aaa samayamlo chainaalo "japan vidhananni avalambinchi, japanunu thana bodhakudigaa nimagnam cheyadam" anae dhorani undedi. japan yokka sainika mariyu raajakeeya prabhavam vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendadamtho, roosvelt paripalana japan kuu chaina vidyaarthula pedda pravaham peragadaanni mariyu vaari pasiphik pratyarthi medho aadhipatyam dwara chainanu swaadheenam chesukovadanni anumatinchalekapoyindi. anduvalla, athanu ventane 1906 eprillo smith pratipaadanaku angeekarinchaadu mariyu "prastuta chainees vidyaarthulanu americaku maarchadaaniki" baxer nashtaparihara scholarship karyakramanni sthaapinchaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. marusati samvatsaram roosvelt thana vaarshika prasangamlo senate mariyu pratinidhula sabhaku eee sandesaanni vyaktam chesaru
mister. baxer yuddha nashtaparihaaraaniki sambandhinchi united statesku vaastava nashtaparihaaraaniki avasaramaina mottaaniki minchi anni chellimpula nundi chainanu vidudala cheyalane united states prabhutvam yokka uddesaanni roosvelt prakatinchaaru... chaina yokka vistaaramaina mariyu janabha kaligina saamrajyam kramamga aadhunika paristhitulaku anugunamgaa maaradaaniki veelugaa, chaina prajala vidyalo united states aacharaneeyamaina prati vidhamgaa sahayam cheyali anie ayana annaru. dheeniki oka maargam emitante, chaina vidyaarthulu eee deshaaniki ravadanni prothsahinchadam mariyu mana vishwavidyaalayaalu mariyu unnata vidya samsthalalo korsulu teesukovadam vaariki aakarshanheeyamgaa cheyadam. mana vidyaavaettalu, saadhyamainanta varaku, eee disagaa samishti charya teesukoovaali.anie. 
chaina "aadhunika paristhitulaku anugunamgaa maaradaaniki" sahayam cheyadame thana uddesamani adhyakshudu roosvelt perkonnappatiki, vaastavaaniki athanu american-vidyaavantulaina-chaina nayakula prabhaavavantamaina samuuhaanni srushtinchadam dwara chainaalo samskaranalanu pratyakshamgaa teesukuraavaalani lakshyamgaa pettukunnaru. chaina yokka samskarana-snehapoorvaka vaataavaranamtho, tirigi vacchina american vidyaarthulu american bureaucracypy vaari ghnaanam kaaranamgaa rajakeeyaalalo mukhyamaina sthaanaalanu aakramistaaru. american unnata paatasaalalu mariyu kalasalallo vaari vidya, idhi vaari jeevitamlooni nirmaanaatmaka kaalamlo jarugutundi, "vaari raajakeeya, bhavodvega mariyu saareeraka abhivruddhipai kooda gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chooputundi". vaaru america patla pratyeka bhavanni kaligi untaaru mariyu yooki krutagnatato untaaru.ess. vaari vidya avakaasaala kosam prabhutvam. taruvaata, vaaru yuu taruvaata kotta chainanu roopondinchadaaniki prayatnistaaru.ess. japan kante, mariyu american vastuvulanu ishtapadataaru. liang cheng, yuu kuu chaina mantrigaa.ess. eee vidyaarthula brundam "oppandaalu mariyu sainika dalaalu haamii ivvaleni suduura thoorpuna shanti mariyu vaanijyaanni nirdhaarinchagaladu" anie perkondi. vidya marpidi prabhavam vidya rangaaniki minchi vistarinchavacchu. smith oohinchinatlugaa, "naitika, medho mariyu vaanijya prabhaavamlo saadhyamainanta ekkuva raabadini pondadaaniki" idhi atyanta "santruptikaramaina mariyu suukshmamaina" maargam, endukante "vaanijyam jendaanu anusarinchadam kante chaalaa anivaryamgaa naitika mariyu aadhyaatmika aadhipatyaanni anusaristundi". baxer nashtaparihara scholarship karyakramanni sthaapinchadam anedi roosvelt paerkonnatlugaa "snehapoorvaka charya" matrame kaadu, idhi chainanu americatho anusandhaaninchadaaniki saamskrutika pettubadi kooda.ess. mariyu chaina yokka samskaranalu mariyu abhivruddhini saantiyutamgaa niyantrinchadaaniki oka dooradrushtigala pathakam.
chainaalo nidhulanu upayoginchaalani chaineeyulu marinni pratipaadanalu chesinappatiki, eee parishkaram american nibandhanala prakaram jarigindi.
abhivruddhi.
1909loe erpaatu chesina eee karyakramam, empika, sannahaka sikshana, usku ravaanaaku nidhulu samakuurchindi.ess., mariyu scholarship labdhidaarula kosam adhyayanam cheyandi. dabbu modati upasamanamlo bhaagamgaa american vishwavidyaalayaalalo tadupari adhyayanalu konasagistunna chainees graduatela kosam pecking (beijing) loe sannahaka paatasaala (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â puurvapu raaja udyaanavanam unna pradaesamloe 29 april 1911naa sthaapinchabadina sannahaka paatasaalaku singhuwa kalaasaala (; "kwingwa xuetang") anie paeru pettaru. saastraala adhyaapakulanu united states nundi ymca niyaminchindi mariyu daani graduatelu graduation tarvaata neerugaa juuniyarlugaa american paatasaalalaku badilee cheyabaddaaru. eee paatasaala taruvaata naalugu samvatsaraala under graduate mariyu post graduate prograamlanu andinchadaaniki vistarinchabadindi mariyu prasiddha singhuwa vishwavidyaalayamgaa maarindi.
1924loe rendava upasamanam chaina foundation (χιν χινχιο "onghuiwa venhuva geou jijinhui") sthaapanaku andinchindi, idhi 1926loe newyork nagaramloni chaina institute kuu nidhulu samakuurustumdi.
1909 nundi 1929 varaku, baxer nashtaparihara scholarship karyakramam 1,300 mandhi chainees vidyaarthulanu yuu. ess loe chaduvukovadaniki pampindi.ess. chaina antataa nundi abhyardhulanu aakarshistuu, eee pratishtaatmaka scholarship kosam pariksha prakriya chaalaa poteegaa undih 1937loe 630 mandhi abhyardhulalo 47 mandhi matrame empikayyaaru. aaa samayamlo chaina sweeya-balopetha udyamaanni drushtilo unchukuni, quing prabhutvam vidyaarthulanu sains, injaneering, vyavasayam, vaidyam mariyu vaanijyam rangaalapai tama adhyayanaalapai drushti pettaalani korindi. aaa vidhamgaa masachusets institute off technology atyanta prajaadarana pondina gamyasthanalalo okatigaa undhi. 1929loe, singhuwa nijamaina vishwavidyaalayamgaa maarina taruvaata, baxer nashtaparihara scholarship karyakramam abhyardhulandarikee teravabadindi.
mottam aidu panditula samuuhaalu yuu. ess loe chaduvukunnayi.ess. 1937loe chainapai japan dandayaatraku mundu.
vaarasatvam.
mitt yokka modati chainees vaastusilpi kwan sang-singh, tatwavetta huu shih, nobel bhouthika shaastra bahumati graheeta yang chenn-ing, electrical injanir lii yuk-wing, ganita shaastravetta chung kaii-laay, bhashavetta chavo yuen renn, vidyavetta kuvo ping-wenn, rockett shaastravetta tsian hyuu-shenn, vaataavarana shaastravetta mariyu panditudu chu coaching mariyu nirmaana injanir edward vai thoo sahaa aneka mandhi pramukha chainees mariyu chainees americanlu baxer nashtaparihara scholarship karyakramam yokka labdhidaarulu. aadhunika shanghai pranaalikaloo prabhaavavantamaina vyakti ying. antarjaateeya vidya marpidi kosam puurti sthaayi karyakramam yokka nidhulaku eee scholarshiplu oka namoonaga panicheesaayi.
adanapu chellimpu chellimpu mariyu scholarship karyakramam erpaatu kooda united states yokka antarjaateeya sthaayini penchadaaniki sahayapaddayi. america samyukta raashtraala chaina mantri, videsanga karyadarshi zaan hay, liang chengku raasina lekhalo, "mea gauravaneeya desham [adanapu nashtaparihara chellimpulanu tirigi ivvadamlo] mundanja vesthe, neethi yokka swaram ekkada vyaapinchindo, aaa deshaalu lechi daanini anusaristaayi" anie raasaaru. abhivruddhi chendutunna suupar power nayakudiga, baxer nashtapariharam maafeeni yooki oka avakaasamgaa roosvelt gurtinchaaru.ess. prapanchamlo nayakatva padavini chepattadam. upasamanam taruvaata roosvelt ilaa perkonnaduh "eee nidhulanu chainaku tirigi ivvadam valla european saktulu ippude suchinchinatle charya teesukoovadaaniki prerepinchabadatayani, mariyu maa vaipu nundi audaaryam vaariche idhe vidhamaina besharatu upasamanam dwara teerchabadutundani aasinche hakku maaku undhi". roosvelt charya taruvaata gananeeyamaina phalitaalanu ichindi. yuu.s yokka nyayam, sneham mariyu bhatyam yokka charya itara adhikaaraalanu baga prabhaavitam chesindi
eee vishayamlo america munupati charya yokka prayojanakaramaina prabhavalanu gurtinchina itara prabhutvaalu kooda idhe vidhamaina charya teesukoovaalani pratipaadistunnaayi. japan prabhutvam nashtaparihaaramlo japan vatanu chellinchaalani thana nirnayaanni prakatinchindi. chainaalooni french byaanku punaraavaasaaniki thana nashtaparihara nidhulanu upayoginchaalani french prabhutvam uddesinchindi. grate britton mariyu chainaku parasparam prayojanakaramgaa undaalane uddesamto tama nidhulanu vidudala chestamani british prabhutvam 1922 decemberlo prakatinchindi..." 
baxer nashtapariharam maafee, roosvelt pranaalika prakaram, U kii sahaayapadindi.ess. bahishkarana valla kalige ibbandulanu tolaginchadame kakunda, daani antarjaateeya pratishtanu kooda pempondinchukovadam.

