
paarudala

paarudala anedi uparitalam yokka neeru mariyu uparitalamloni upa uparitala neetini adhika neeru unna praantam nundi sahajamgaa ledhaa krutrimamgaa tolaginchadam. chaalaa vyavasaya neelala antargata paarudala teevramaina neeti nilupudalanu (muulaala perugudalaku haani kaliginche vaayurahita paristhitulu) nivaarinchadaaniki saripotundi, conny chaalaa neelalaku utpattini meruguparachadaaniki ledhaa neeti sarafaraanu nirvahinchadaaniki krutrima paarudala avasaram.
charitra.
prarambha charitra.
indus loya nagarikata muruguneeti paarudala mariyu paarudala vyavasthalanu kaligi undhi. harappa mariyu mohenjodaro pradhana nagaraalloni anni illaku neeru mariyu paarudala soukaryaalu undevi. pradhana veedhullo varusalo unna gurutvakarshana muruguneetini kappadaniki vyardha neetini pampaaru.
18va mariyu 19va sataabdaalu.
1753loe maraninchina surr hugg dalrimpul kuu bolu-pipe paarudala aavishkaranaku ghanata labhinchindi.
prastuta paddhatulu.
geo textiles.
kotta tuphaanu neeti paarudala vyavasthalu geotextile filterlanu kaligi untaayi, ivi mattini chakkati dhanyalu kaaluvaloki pravesinchakundaa mariyu addukokunda nirodhistaayi. geotextiles anevi sivil mariyu environmental injaneering applicationla kosam pratyaekamgaa tayaaru cheyabadina synthetic textile battalu. geotextiles nuu neeru gundaa velladaaniki veelugaa chakkati matti kanaalanu nilupukodaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. oka saadhaarana paarudala vyavasthalo, vaatini oka kandakam venta veyabadutundi, appudu avi mutaka kanajaala padaarthamthoo nimpabadataayih kankara, samudrapu gundlu, raayi ledhaa raathi. geotextile appudu raayi paibhagamlo muduchukoni, kandakaanni mattitho kapputaaru. bhoogarbha jalaalu geotextile gundaa pravahistaayi mariyu raathi gundaa oka avtpel loki pravahistaayi. adhika bhoogarbhajala paristhitulalo kaaluvalo ravana cheyabade neeti parimaanaanni penchadaaniki kaaluva adugubhaagamlo randhraala plaastik (pivisi ledhaa pe) paipu veyabadutundi.
pratyamnaayamgaa, tarachugaa geotextile, coco fiber ledhaa raag filterlanu kaligi unna hetch. dii. pii. eee. thoo tayaaru chesina mundugaa tayaaru chesina plaastik paarudala vyavasthanu pariganinchavacchu. eee padaarthaala vadakam vaati soulabhyam kaaranamgaa marinta saadhaaranamaindi, idhi raayi paarudala samudaayaanni ravana cheyalsina mariyu veyaalsina avasaranni tolagistundi, idhi synthetic drain mariyu concreat linerla kante chaalaa khareedainadi.
gatha 30 samvatsaraalugaa, geotextile, pivisi filterlu mariyu hechdipii filterlu saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche matti vadapotha madhyamaluga marai. avi utpatti cheyadaaniki choukagaa untaayi mariyu vaeyadaaniki sulabham, factory niyantrita lakshanaalatoo ivi manchi silty matti paristhitulalo kooda deerghakaalika vadapotha paniteerunu nirdhaaristaayi.
21va sataabdapu pratyaamnaayaalu.
seatal (united states looni washingtonloni oka nagaram) praja viniyogaalu veedhi anchu pratyaamnaayaala project anae prayogaatmaka karyakramanni srushtinchaayi. eee project "saampradaaya gotta vyavasthala kante abhivruddhiki mundu sahaja prakruti drushyaanni marinta daggaragaa anukarinche paarudalanu andinchadaaniki" oka vyavasthanu roopondinchadampai drushti pedutundi.
veedhulu rahadari pakkana unna guntalu kaligi untaayi, eee praantam antataa mokkalu naatadam jarugutundi.
addam laeni kaalibaatalaku praadhaanyata ivvadam valla veedhula vaipuna paragamyam uparitala praantaalloki neeru marinta swechchagaa pravahistundi. mokkalu naatadam valla, pattana praantam nundi pravahinche neeru neerugaa bhoomiloki velladu, conny chuttupakkala vaataavaranamloo kooda kalisipotundi.
seatle public utilities nirvahinchina paryaveekshanhaloo neeti paarudala prajectunu vadilivese tuphaanu neeru 99 saatam tagginatlu nivedistundi
united kingdamlo iteevali kaalamlo paarudala pedda ettuna paryaavarana sameekshaku guraindi. sthiramaina pattana paarudala vyavasthalu (suds) prakrutilo neeti sahaja pravahanni marinta daggaragaa anukarinche paarudala vyavasthanu erpaatu cheyadaaniki contractorlanu prothsahinchadaaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. 2010 nundi UK loe sthaanika mariyu porugu pranaalika chattam prakaram vaaru baadhyata vahinche edainaa abhivruddhi prajectulalo suudlanu karakam cheyalsina avasaram undhi.
slat draineji gatha iravai samvatsaraalalo atyanta purogati utpattigaa draineji empikagaa niroopinchabadindi. kaaluva paarudala vyavasthagaa, idhi paarudalaku samaantaramgaa marinta paipu pani vyavasthalanu erpaatu cheyavalasina avasaranni tolaginchadaaniki, utpatti yokka paryaavarana prabhavanni tagginchadaaniki alaage neeti sekarananu meruguparachadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. steinless steel, concreat chaanal, pivisi mariyu hechdipii annee slat draineji kosam andubaatulo unna padaarthaalu, ivi nirmaana prajectulapai parisrama pramanaluga marai.
nirmaana parisramalo paarudala.
nirmaana prajectulalo paarudalaku sivil injanir baadhyata vahistaaru. nirmaana karyakalapalalo palgone anni roadlu, veedhi gattarlu, paarudala, kalvartulu mariyu muruguneeti kaaluvalanu vaaru pranaalika nundi erpaatu chesaaru. nirmaana prakriya samayamlo, vaaru gatamlo perkonna prati amsaaniki avasaramaina anni sthaayilanu nirdesistaaru.
sivil injaneerlu mariyu nirmaana nirvaahakulu vaastusilpulu mariyu paryaveekshakulu, pranaalikadaarulu, parimaana surveyarlu, saadhaarana sraamika shakti, alaage upa contractorlatho kalisi panicheestaaru. saadhaaranamgaa, chaalaa adhikara paridhulu oka bhuswamy vaari parshil nundi paarudalanu yea sthaayilo maarchagalaro niyantrinchadaaniki konni paarudala chattalanu kaligi untaayi.
nirmaana parisramaku paarudala empikalu 
chaanal paarudala yokka uparitala teravadam saadhaaranamgaa ground uparitalam (saadhaaranamgaa ukku ledhaa inumu nundi tayaaru cheyabadina) venta nadiche gratings (polymer, plaastik, ukku ledhaa inumu) ledhaa single slat (slat drain) roopamlo vastundi.
nilupudala godalalo paarudala.
nilupudala godalu vanti bhoomi nilupudala nirmaanaalu kooda bhoogarbhajala paarudalanu parigananaloki teesukoovaali. saadhaarana nilupudala godalu abhedyamaina padaarthamthoo nirminchabaddaayi, ivi bhoogarbhajala marganni addukuntayi. bhoogarbhajala pravaham addupadinapudu, godaku vyatiraekamgaa jalasthayi neeti peedanam erpadutundi mariyu gananeeyamaina nashtanni kaliginchavacchu. neeti peedanam tagina vidhamgaa paaravakapothe, nilupudala godalu vangi, kadili, pagilipoyi, poralu vaerugaa untaayi. neeti peedanam matti kanaalanu kooda naasanam chestundi, idhi goda venuka khaaliilu mariyu paina unna mattiloo sinkhollaku daariteestundi. saampradaaya nilupudala goda paarudala vyavasthalalo french kaaluvalu, drain paipulu ledhaa wheep randhraalu undavacchu. matti kothanu nivaarinchadaaniki, bhoogarbha vastra vadapotha battalu paarudala vyavasthatho vyavasthaapinchabadataayi.
planterlalo paarudala.
planterlalo paarudala anedi plant containerlu ledhaa kundala kosam pratyaekamgaa roopondinchina samarthavanthamaina paarudala vyavasthala amalunu suuchistumdi. neetilo munigipokunda nirodhinchadaaniki mariyu aarogyakaramaina mokkala perugudalanu prothsahinchadaaniki saraina paarudala chaalaa keelakam. planter paarudalalo paarudala randhraalu, paarudala poralu ledhaa pratyeka paarudala vyavasthalanu cherchadam untundi, tadwara planter nundi adanapu neeru tappinchukogaladani nirdhaaristundi. idhi muulaala kullipovadam, neeru perukupovadam mariyu mokkala aarogyaanni pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chese itara samasyalanu nivaarinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. planterlalo taginanta paarudalanu andinchadam dwara, idhi saraina mokkala perugudalaku maddatu istundi mariyu thotapani ledhaa thotapani prajectula mottam vijayaniki dohadam chestundi.
planter kosam paarudala empikalu 
krutrima paarudalaku kaaranaalu.
chittadi neelalanu vyavasayam kosam upayoginchadaaniki paarudala avasaram kaavacchu. uttara united states mariyu airopalo, himaninadam aneka chinna sarassulanu srushtinchindi, ivi kramamga chittadi neelalanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki humasto nindaayi. veetilo konnintini bahiranga guntalu mariyu kandakaalanu upayoginchi muruguneeti bhoomulanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki paarudala chesaaru, veetini pradhanamgaa kuuragaayalu vanti adhika viluva gala pantalaku upayogistaaru.
prapanchamlone eee rakamaina atipedda project netherlandslo satabdaalugaa prakriyaloo undhi. amsterdam, harlem mariyu leiden madhya praantam, charitrapurva kaalamlo, swampland mariyu chinna sarassulu. mattigadda kotha (peat maining), taggudala mariyu teerapraanta kotha kramamga oka pedda sarassu, harlemmer ledhaa harlem sarassu erpadataaniki kaaranamayyaayi. 15va sataabdamloo gaali-saktitoe nadiche pumping enginela aavishkarana konni upanta bhoomula paarudalanu anumatinchindi, conny sarassu yokka tudi paarudala pedda, aaviritoe nadiche pampula roopakalpana mariyu praantiiya adhikaarula madhya oppandaala kosam vechi undalsi vachindi. eee sarassu tolagimpu 1849 mariyu 1852 madhya jarigindi, vaelaadi chadarapu kilometres kotta bhoomini srushtinchindi.
teerapraanta maidaanaalu mariyu nadhee deltalu kalanugunamga ledhaa saasvatamgaa adhika neeti pattikalu kaligi undavacchu mariyu vaatini vyavasayam kosam upayoginchaalante paarudala merugudalalu undaali. oka udaaharana united states looni floridaloni flat woods citrus perugutunna praantam. adhika varshapaatam taruvaata, athi tadi neelala nundi citrus thotalaku nashtam jaragakunda nirodhinchadaaniki paarudala pampulanu upayogistaaru. vari utpattiki neeti puurti niyantrana avasaram, endukante panta chakram yokka vividha dasalalo polaalu varadalu ledhaa paarudala cheyabadaali. eee rakamaina paarudalalo netherlands kooda daari teesindi, teeram vembadi lothattu praantaanni paaraveyadaaniki matrame kakunda, asalu desham baga vistarinche varaku samudraanni venakki nettivesindi.
thematho kuudina vaataavaranaalaloo, manchu karigipovadam ledhaa bhaarii varshaala kaaranamgaa prati samvatsaram swalpa kaalaaniki neelalu neetitho nindipotaayi. pradhanamgaa bankamatti neelalu chaalaa nemmadigaa neetini krindiki pamputaayi, adhe samayamlo mokkala muulaalu oopiraadaka pothayi endukante muulaala chuttoo unna adhika neeru matti dwara gaali kadalikanu tolagistundi.
itara neelalu khanija matti yokka chochukuponi poranu kaligi undavacchu, dheenini hardpan ledhaa saapekshamgaa chochukuponi raathi poralu anie pilustaaru, ivi nissara neelala kinda undavacchu. chetla pandla utpattilo paarudala mukhyamgaa mukhyamainadi. lekapothe adbhutamaina matti samvatsaramlo oka vaaram paatu neetitho nindipovacchu, idhi pandla chetlanu champadaaniki saripotundi mariyu pratyaamnaayaalu erpaatu ayye varaku bhoomi yokka utpaadakatanu kharchu chestundi. eee sandarbhaalalo prati okkati vaarshika ledhaa shaashwata pantalaku nashtam jaragakunda nivaarinchadaaniki tagina paarudala taatkaalika neeti pravahanni teesukuvelutundi.
podi praantaalanu tarachugaa neetipaarudala dwara saagu chestaaru, mariyu paarudala avasaram ledani bhaavistaaru. ayithe, neetipaarudala neetilo ellappuduu khanijalu mariyu lavanaalu untaayi, ivi bashpeebhavanam dwara vishapuurita sthaayiki kendreekrutamavutaayi. neetipaarudala cheyabadina bhoomiki matti lavaneeyatanu niyantrinchadaaniki adhika neetipaarudala neeru mariyu paarudalato aavartana flushlu avasaram kaavacchu.