
nagara kendram

down town anae padaanni pradhanamgaa uttara americalo aanglam matladevaru konnisaarlu nagaram yokka vaanijya, saamskrutika mariyu tarachugaa chaaritraka, raajakeeya mariyu bhougolika hrudayaanni suuchimchadaaniki upayogistaaru. idhi tarachugaa daani kendra vyapara jilla (cbd) kii paryaayapadamgaa untundi. nagaramloni pattana praantaalu saadhaaranamgaa nagaramloni udyogaalalo koddi saataanni kaligi untaayi. konni metropolitan praantaalalo idhi ettaina bhavanalu, saamskrutika samsthalu mariyu railu ravana mariyu bassu maargaala kalayikatho gurtinchabadindi. british aanglamlo, badulugaa "city center" anae padaanni ekkuvagaa upayogistaaru.
charitra.
muulaalu.
oxford aangla nighantuvu yokka "down town" ledhaa "down town" kosam modati ullekhanam 1770 naatidi, idhi boston kendraanni suuchistumdi. down town" anae padam newyork nagaramlo roopondinchabadindani kondaru abhiprayapaddaru, ikkada 1830la natiki manhatton dveepam yokka dakshina kona vadda unna asalu pattanaanni suuchimchadaaniki dheenini upayoginchaaru. newyork pattanam oka nagaramgaa ediginappudu, dveepamlo adhi uttara disagaa matrame peragagaligindi, asalu sthaavaram nundi nadhi paiki velutundi, "paiki" mariyu "krindiki" anae padajaalam sampradaaya patam roopakalpana nundi vachindi, indulo uttaraana mariyu krindiki dakshinaana undhi. aaa vidhamgaa, asalu pattanaaniki uttaraana unna edainaa "uptown" (eguva manhatton) gaa piluvabadindi, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa nivaasa praantamgaa undedi, ayithe asalu pattanam-aaa samayamlo newyork yokka ekaika pradhana vyapara kendramgaa kooda undedi-"down town" (diguva manhatton) gaa piluvabadindi.
19va sataabdam chivaralo, eee padaanni kramamga united states mariyu kenada antataa unna nagaralu nagaram yokka chaaritraka kendraanni suuchimchadaaniki sweekarinchaayi, idhi chaalaa tarachugaa nagaram yokka vaanijya kendramgaa undedi. "up town" kooda vyaapinchindi, conny chaalaa takkuva sthaayilo. ayithe, rendu sandarbhaallo, rendu padaala disaatmakata poyindi, tadwara bostonian vaaru unna chotuku uttaraana unnappatikee, "diguva pattanaaniki" velladaanni suuchimchavachchu. diguva nagaram dakshinaana detroit loe undhi, conny uttaraana clevelandlo, thoorpuna seyint loe undhi. luis, mariyu paschimaana pitsburglo. 1880loe bostanloni oka nivasi, nagara kendram madhyalo undani etthi chuupaaru. up town sinsinnati diguva pattanaaniki uttaraana, conny nyuu orleans mariyu shaan franciscolo diguva pattanaaniki dakshinaana undhi.
mukhyamgaa, 1880la chivari varaku "down town" nighantuvulalo cherchabadaledu. conny 1900la praarambhamlo, "nagara kendram" (british inglish), "ell centro" (spanish), "daas gentrum" (german) modalaina vyakteekaranalu upayoginche britton mariyu paschima airopalo eee padam vaastavamgaa teliyakapoyinappatiki, "down town" anae padam oka nagaram yokka kendra vyapara jillaaku saraina padamgaa american aanglamlo spashtamgaa sthaapinchabadindi. 20va sataabdam prarambha bhaagam varaku, aangla prayaana rachayitalu tama paatakulaku "diguva pattana" antey emito vivarinchaalsina avasaram undani bhaavinchaaru.
american diguva pattanaallo chattabaddhamgaa nirvachinchina sarihaddulu laenappatikee, chaalaa nagaralu tama praathamika kriyaatmaka jillaga upayoginche aneka vaardulalo tarachugaa bhagaluga unnappatikee, diguva pattana praantaanni gurtinchadam kashtam kaadu, endukante idhi anni veedhi railvelu mariyu ettaina railvelu kalise pradaesam, mariyu-kaneesam chaalaa pradaesaalaloo-railroad terminals unna chota. idhi goppa department storelu mariyu hotellatho paatu theatres, clubbulu, cabaretlu mariyu dance haalla sthaanam, mariyu aaa saanketikata paripuurnamaina tarvaata aakaasaharmyaalu nirminchabaddaayi. idhi tarachugaa, modatlo, nagaramlo vidyudeekarinchabadina ekaika bhaagam kooda. idhi veedhi raddi atyanta ghoramgaa unna pradaesam, eee samasyaku nijamgaa parishkaram dorakaledu.
conny annintikante mukhyamgaa, nagaram thana vyapaaraanni nirvahinche pradaesam diguva pattana praantam. daani chinna aavarana lopala, konnisaarlu aneka vandala ekaraala varaku chinnadigaa, mottam praantamloo ekkuva bhaagam vyaparam, ammakam mariyu konugolu-retail mariyu toku-jarugutundi. nagaram mariyu daani parisaraala chuttoo itara pradaesaalaloo vyapara kendraalu undevi, conny diguva pattana praantam pradhaanamainadi, nijamgaa kendra vyapara jilla. marinta ekkuva vyaparam down town loe jarugutunnanduna, akkada tama illanu kaligi unnavaarini kramamga bayataku nettaru, vaari aastini vikrayinchi, pattanamlooni nissabdamaina nivaasa praantaalaku taralinchabaddaaru.
aakaasaharmyaalu.
aakaasaharmyam diguva pattana praantaaniki mukhya aakarshanagaa maarutundi. elevator aavishkaranaku mundu-taruvaata hye-speed elevator-bhavanalu sumaru aaru antastulaku parimitamayyaayi, idhi prajalu entha metlu ekkutaaro oohinchina "vaastava" parimiti, conny elivetartho, aaa parimiti debbatindi, mariyu bhavanalu sumaru padahaaru antastula varaku nirminchabadatam praarambhinchaayi. appudu vaatini parimitam chesindi emitante, daani paina unna bhavanam baruvunu pattukoodaaniki bays vadda avasaramaina raathi mandam. bhavanalu ettugaa maaradamtho, raathi mandam mariyu elevatorlaku avasaramaina sthalam bhavanam labhadayakamga cheyadaaniki taginanta adde sthalaanni anumatinchaledu. aaa parimitini vichchinnam chesindi modata inumu-aapai ukku frame bhavanam, dheenilo bhavanam yokka bharanni antargata lohapu frame asthipanjaram mosukelledi, idhi raathi-taruvaata gaaju-etuvanti baruvunu moyakunda velaadadeesindi.
mottamodata chikagolo upayoginchinappatiki, ukku-framed aakaasaharmyam 1880laloe newyork nagaramlo chaalaa vaegamgaa kanipinchindi, mariyu akkada nundi 1890luu mariyu 1900laloe chaalaa itara american nagaralaku vyaapinchindi. eee rakamaina bhavanam yokka etthu parimiti lekapovadam vaari ettunu chattam dwara parimitam cheyala vadda anae daanipai teevramaina charchanu praarambhinchindi, etthu parimitula pratipaadakulu mariyu pratyarthulu vaari sthaanaaniki anukuulamgaa aneka vaadanalanu teesukuvacchaaru. etthu parimitula prasna kooda diguva pattana swabhaavaaniki lothaina prabhavanni kaligi undih idhi kendrikruta kendramgaa konasaagutundaa, ledhaa adhi perige koddi, etthu parimitulu daanini pedda praantamloki vistarinchelaa chestaya. swalpa kaalamlo, etthu parimitula pratipaadakulu vaari prayatnaalalo vijayavantamayyaaru. 1910la natiki, chaalaa pedda mariyu madhya taraha nagaralu etthu parimitulanu kaligi unnaayi, newyork-vaatini amalu cheyadaaniki aneka samishti prayatnaalu chesinappatiki-philadelphia, detroit, pitsburg mariyu minnepolis mukhyamaina holdoutlu.
john.
ayithe, chivariki, aakaasaharmyaalanu parimitam chese etthu parimitulu "prati okkati" kaadu, conny nagaramloni vividha praantaalaku pratyeka avasaralanu erpaatu chese samagra john chattalu, mariyu etthu matrame kakunda, bhavanam yokka parimaanaanni, upayoginchina lott saatam, mariyu bhavanam nirodhinchina kaanti mottaanni kooda niyantristaayi, mariyu prati aduguki adanapu ettunu anumatinchadam dwara bhavanam yokka pedda mottaanni tagginchadaaniki edurudebbalanu prothsahistundi-bhavanam yea jonelo undho khachitamgaa batti. newyork nagaram deenni chesina modati nagaram, 1916 john teermaanamtho, 1915loe samaanamaina bhavanam nirmaanam dwara baga prerepinchabadindi, idhi neerugaa vaipula mariyu edurudebbalu lekunda 40 antastula bhavanam, idhi diguva pattana praantam eppuduu suuryudini chuudani cheekati veedhula chittadaviga maarutundane bhayalanu penchindi. murry ghoramainadi emitante, kaneesam real estate prayojanaalaku, eee bhavanam 12 laksala chadarapu adugula (111,000 chadarapu mea2) karyalaya sthalaanni mandakodigaa unna real estate marketlo padesindi. real estate parisramalo chaalaa mandiki, johning chattam "sahetukamaina parimitiki" oka udaaharana."
newyork thana chattanni aamodinchina tarvaata, itara nagaralu anusarinchaayi, ayithe pratipaadita john charyalu konni pradaesaalaloo kathinamaina pratighatananu edurkonnaayi, tarachugaa mitimeerina nirbandha etthu parimitulanu cherchadam valla, mariyu konnisaarlu john yokka mottam bhavananu aprajaswamikamga mariyu socialism sarihaddulugaa chudatam valla. chivariki, ippudu daadaapu prati american nagaramlo bhaagamaina john nibandhanalanu amalu cheyalanukune nagaraala maargadarsakatvam kosam 1922 praamaanika rashtra john enable chattam anae namuunaa chattam roopondinchabadindi.
kendra vyapara jilla.
19va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo, diguva pattana praantam american nagaraniki "vyapara jilla" gaa undedi, conny 1920luu mariyu 1930la praarambhamlo, nagaralu parimaanam mariyu janabhalo perugutuunae undadamtho, pratyarthi vyapara jillaalu diguva pattanaaniki velupala bayati jillaallo kanipinchadam praarambhinchaayi. central business district" anae padam down town praantaaniki ekkuva ledhaa takkuva paryaayapadamgaa kanipinchadam praarambhinchina samayam idhi. eee padabandham nagaramlo itara vyapara jillaala unikini gurtinchindi, conny bhougolikamgaa matrame kakunda, aneka nagarallo kooda praamukhyata kaligina "kendra" praamukhyatanu diguva pattanaaniki ketaayinchindi. mariyu aneka sandarbhaallo, diguva manhatton mariyu madhya pattanamlooni kottadi okadaanikokati peragadam praarambhinchina manhatton vanti aneka sandarbhaallo, diguva pattana praantam ledhaa kendra vyapara jilla kooda peragadam praarambhinchindi, ledhaa chikagolo, diguva pattana praantam nundi vistarinchindi chikago nadhi meedugaa michigaon avenue varaku. vaastavaaniki, diguva pattanamlo asthirata vyapara mariyu real estate prayojanaalaku aandolana kaliginchindi, endukante vyapara jilla adhi unna chota undataaniki niraakarinchindi, mariyu aneka kaaranaala valla daani sthaanaanni maarchindi, ayinappatikee idhi saadhaaranamgaa chaalaa sanklishtamgaa undipoyindi-1930la praarambhamlo atipeddadi kooda nagaram yokka sthalamlo 2 saatam kante takkuva sthalaanni aakraminchindi, mariyu chaalaa varaku gananeeyamgaa chinnaviga unnaayi-mariyu nagaram yokka praadhamika vyapara jillaga migilipoyindi.
prati nagaramlo atyadhika bhoomi viluvalu unnanduna, real estate aasaktulu mukhyamgaa diguva pattana praantam taralinche dhorani gurinchi aandolana chendaayi. chikago yokka bhoomi viluvalanu upasamana patamlo ettugaa choopisthe, migilina nagaramtho poliste aaa loop himalaya sikharaalato samanamga untundani oka vyaakhyaata chepparu. 1926loe, nagaramlo 1 saatam kante takkuva bhaganni aakraminchina chikago kendra vyapara jilla, nagaram yokka bhoomi viluvalo 20 saatam kaligi undhi. adhe sambandham seyint loe nijam. 20la madhyalo luis (20 saatam) mariyu 1930la praarambhamlo laas angels (17 saatam). kabatti oka diguva pattana praantam daani sthaanaanni marchadam praarambhinchinappudu, kontamandi aasti yajamaanulu chaalaa dabbunu kolpotaru, marikondaru labham pondutaaru.
vikendrikarana.
19va sataabdam chivari nundi 20va sataabdam prarambha bhaagaaniki down town maarina oka maargam emitante, paarisraamika aandolanalu down town nuu vadili nagaram yokka anchulaku velladam praarambhinchaayi, antey down town yokka vyaparalu pradhanamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna seva rangamlo bhaagamgaa undevi. kotta samsthalu paatha vaatini anusarinchaayi, mariyu nagaram ledhaa pattana praantam anchulalo sthirapadi, eppuduu diguva pattanaaniki raaledu. konnisaarlu tayari kosam pratyaekamgaa john cheyabadina eee praantaalalo paarisraamika jillaalu abhivruddhi chendaayi. akkada, bhoomi diguva pattanaala kante gananeeyamgaa choukagaa undedi, aasti pannulu takkuvagaa undevi, diguva pattanaala yokka nirantara raddi chihnamgaa lekunda sarafara mariyu tudi utpattula ravana chaalaa sulabham, mariyu telephone vyavastha merugudalato, paarisraamika samsthalu ippatikee vaaru vaerae chota vyaparam chese companylatho sampradimpulu konasaginchagaligayi. eee valasala phalitamgaa, diguva pattana vyaparala mishramamlo tayari ikapai mukhyamaina bhaagamgaa ledhu.
20va sataabdam praarambhaaniki mundhe nagara kendram nundi dhooramgaa velladam praarambhinchina maroka rangam goppa saamskrutika samsthaluh museumlu, symphany halls, pradhana grandhaalayaalu modalainavi. diguva pattanamlo adhika bhoomi dhara oka kaaranam matrame kaadu, eee samsthalu akkada andubaatulo unna daanikante pedda bhoomini korukunnayi, tadwara vaari bhavanalanu sulabhamgaa kalaakrutulugaa gurtinchavacchu. metropolitan museum off art, newyork hystorical society, american museum off natural history mariyu museum off dhi city off newyork, annee maanhaatanlonivi, alaage museum off fine arts, boston public library, boston symphany archestra, mariyu bostanloni masachusets hystorical society, cleveland museum off art, baltimore museum off art, detroit public library mariyu detroit institute off art mariyu pitsburgloni chaalaa saamskrutika samsthalu down town nundi taralinchabaddaayi. eee charyalapai prajala pratispandana mishramamgaa undhi, kontamandi diguva pattanamlooni mottam bhouthikavaadaaniki pratikuula samatulyata kolpovadampai vicharam vyaktam chesaaru, marikondaru, mukhyamgaa real estatelo palgonna vaaru, saamskrutika samsthalu vadilipettina bhoomi labhyatapai sanukoolamgaa chuusaaru.
pradhana saamskrutika samsthala nashtam pradhanamgaa vyaapaaraaniki ankitamaina pradaesamgaa down town nuu vadilivesindi, conny maroka rangam, retail shopping nashtam, akkada jarigina "rakam" vyapaaraanni nirvachinchindi. department storelu vanti goppa retail avutletlu ellappuduu nivaasa jillaalaku daggaragaa velle dhoranini kaligi undevi, tadwara vaari viniyogadaarulu vaatini sulabhamgaa cherukovacchu, conny 1920 taruvaata vaaru nagaram yokka chuttupakkala unna dviteeya vyapara jillaalalo samavesamavadam praarambhinchaaru. zhe vanti golusu dukaanaala perugudala. sii. pennie, eff. doubleu. woolworth, crez mariyu doubleu. tii. grant, bayati shopping jillaala praamukhyatanu penchadaaniki dohadapadindi, idhi kendra vyapara jillaalo migili unna retail dukaanaalanu adhigaminchadam praarambhinchindi, mariyu viniyogadaarulu tama diguva pattanaaniki raavadaaniki badulugaa akkada unna chotiki vellae prayatnamlo dviteeya jillaallo saakhalanu teravadaaniki aaa dukaanaalanu prerepinchindi.
vinoda vedikalu kooda vaanijya vikendrikaranaku dohadapaddayi, idhi diguva pattana mariyu kendra vyapara jilla yokka praamukhyata mariyu prabhavanni prabhaavitam chesindi. theatres, vaayidya gruhalu, nrutya mandiraalu mariyu raatri clubbulu pradhanamgaa diguva pattanamlo undevi, nikelodiyanlu nagaram antataa vyaapinchayi. chalanachitram aadhipatya maadhyamgaa marinappudu, vaatini pradarsinchadaaniki exhibitorlu cinema theatres nirminchadam praarambhinchinappudu, vaaru modata aaa vedikalanu down townloo kooda nirminchaaru, conny, retail shoppinglo vale, loves vanti golusu exhibitorlu vaaru korukune saamuuhika prekshakulaku soukaryavantamaina pradaesaalaloo vaatini nirminchadam praarambhinchaaru; mallii, vaari utpattini prajalu unna chotiki teesukuraavadam vishayam. 1920la chivari natiki, diguva pattanaaniki velupala unna chalanachitra gruhaala sankhya madhya jillaalooni vaati kante chaalaa ekkuvagaa undhi. chuttupakkala unna anni cinema theatres rajabhavanalu kaavu, conny konni unnaayi, mariyu nikara prabhavam emitante down town ikapai nagaraniki vinoda kendramgaa ledhu.
tayari, pradhana saamskrutika samsthalu, nagaramlo chaalaa varaku retail shopping, vinoda kendramgaa daani hodaanu kolpovadamtho, diguva pattana swabhaavam gananeeyamgaa maarindi. idhi ippatikee byaankulu, stocks mariyu vastuvula marpidi, chattam mariyu accounting samsthalu, pradhana paarisraamika samsthalu mariyu praja viniyogaalu, beema companylu mariyu prakatanala samsthala pradhana karyalayalu, mariyu daani parimitullo kotta mariyu podavaina aakaasaharmyaalu, housing karyalayalu, hotallu mariyu department storelu kooda nirminchadam konasaagindi, conny vikendrikarana daani nashtanni teesukunnanduna idhi sthiramgaa bhoomini kolpotundi. daani pagatipuuta janabha daani chuttoo unna nagaram yokka janabha perugudalaku anugunamgaa ledhu, mariyu aasti viluvalu perugutuunae unnappatikee, dviteeya vyapara jillaallo unnanta vaegamgaa peragaledu. diguva pattana praantam ippatikee kendra vyapara jillaga undedi, inca vyaparam mariyu vaanijyam cheyadaaniki atyanta mukhyamaina praantamgaa undedi, conny idhi okappudu unnanta aadhipatyam kaligi ledhu.
kaaranam mariyu prabhavam.
vikendrikaranaku kaaranaalu, idhi american nagaraala jeevitamlo diguva pattana praamukhyatanu tagginchindi, prati nagaram yokka saadhaarana vruddhi namuunaalatoe sahaa aneka kaaranaalaku aapaadinchabadindi; telephone vanti saanketika parignaanamlo purogati, idhi vyaparam-nundi-vyaparam madhya dhooram varaku sambhogam jaragadaanni sulabhataram chesindi, tadwara kendrikruta vaanijya kendram yokka avasaranni tagginchindi; private automobile perugudala, idhi dukaanadaarulanu paridheeya vyapara jillaalaku marinta sulabhamgaa velladaaniki anumatinchindi; veedhi kaaru chaarjeelalo balamaina perugudala; mariyu diguva pattana praantamlooni irukaina veedhullo raddi samasya konasagadam.
vikendrikaranaku kaaranamaina daani gurinchi prajalu enthagaa vibhedinchinaa, vikendrikarana kendra vyapara jillaanu elaa prabhaavitam chestundane daanipai vaaru inca takkuva ekaabhipraayam kaligi unnaaru, idhi chivariki karyalayalu mariyu corporate diggajala pradhana karyalayalanu matrame kaligi undentagaa down town taggutundane nammakam nundi vikendrikarana puurtigaa anavasaramaina (bahusha arhamainadi) maranaaniki daariteestundane nammakam varaku, daani anachiveyaleni traaphik raddeeki badhitulayyela, abhiprayalu maarutuu untaayi. madhyalo aaa praantam yokka prabhavam taggipovadaanni chusina vaaru unnaaru, conny bayati vyapara jillaalu chuttoo tirige "suuryudu" gaa undakunda nirodhinchadaaniki saripoledu. vikendrikaranaku ghanata icchinanta balamaina prabhavam undaa anie marikondaru anumanincharu. nagara parinaamamlo diguva pattanam sahajamaina bhaagam, ledhaa vyaapaarulu mariyu aasti yajamaanula "vaastava" kutra yokka asahaja phalitam anie abhiprayalu teesukobaddaayi, kabatti vikendrikarana diguva pattanam yokka chattabaddhata gurinchi prasnatho mudipadi undhi.
vikendrikarana down town mariyu abhivruddhi chendutunna vyapara jillaala madhya shatrutva sanghatanalanu kooda penchindi. udaaharanaku, laas angelslo, down town mariyu willshire boulevard aadhipatyam kosam poradayi, mariyu cincinnatilo founten square chuttoo kendreekrutamaina paatha down town mariyu kenal veedhiloo unna vaati madhya pootii undedi. vikendrikarana dwara diguva pattana praantam taggipovadamto eee yuddhalu ippudu marinta samanamga unna praantaala madhya undataaniki kaaranamayyaayi.
mahaa maandyam.
american jeevitamlooni daadaapu prati itara amsam maadirigaane, mahaa maandyam desamloni diguva pattana praantampai pedda prabhavanni choopindi. down town loe pedda ettuna bhavanalu nirminchabaddaayi, dheenilo gananeeyamaina mottamlo kotta vaanijya mariyu karyalaya sthalam, hotallu mariyu department storelu nirminchabaddaayi. 1931 natiki manhatonlo 30 antastulu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva unna 89 bhavanalu unnaayi, 1925 mariyu 1931 madhya, karyalaya sthalam daadaapu rettimpu ayyindi; chikagolo idhi daadaapu 75 saatam, philadelphialo daadaapu moodinta rendu vantulu mariyu nyuu orleans mariyu denverlo 50 saataaniki paiga perigindi. 1920laloe, newyorklo 500,000 adanapu hotel gadulu nirminchabaddaayi, 1927 nundi 1931 varaku akkada 84 pedda hotallu nirminchabaddaayi, idhi hotel sthalaanni moodinta rendu vantulu penchindi.
vijrumbhana mugisinappudu, mariyu maandyam daani prabhavanni chuupadam praarambhinchinappudu, eee kotta sthalamlo ekkuva bhaagam anavasaramaina adanapudigaa maarindi. tama kharchunu chellinchadaaniki tagina sankhyalo addedaarulanu unchukoleni chinna bhavanala yajamaanulu, vaari bhavanalanu kuulchiveesaaru, conny iteevali kaalamlo vaati sthaanamlo podavaina bhavanalu undevi, ippudu avi okati mariyu rendu antastula parking gyaarejeelu ledhaa ground-level parking sthalaluga marai. veetini "pannu chellimpudaarulu" anie vistrutamgaa pilicheevaaru, endukante vaaru lott yajamaniki daanipai pannulu chellinchadaaniki taginanta aadaayaanni aarjinchaaru. addelu padipoyayi, konnisaarlu 30 saatam varaku, mariyu adde chellinchakapovadam perigindi. pannu chellimpudaarulu" vaanijya sthalaanni teesivesinappatiki, khaalii raetlu vaegamgaa perigayi. yajamaanulu default loki vellaaru, mariyu diguva pattana real estate gananeeyamaina viluvanu kolpoindi chikago looplo 25-30%-ayithe bayati vyapara jillaalatoe sahaa nagaramloni itara praantaalalo viluvalu marinta adhvaannamgaa unnaayi.
department storelu teevramgaa debbatinnaayi; chaalaa mandhi tama talupulu terichi unchagaligaaru, conny koddimandi dabbu sampaadinchaaru. pedda sankhyalo sibbandi avasaramayye, labhalu sampaadinchadaaniki adhika occupancy raetlu avasaramayye hotallu kooda teevramgaa prabhaavitamayyaayi; manhatonlo hotel occupancy raetu 1929loe 70 saatam nundi 1933loe 50 saataaniki padipoyindi. gadhi raetlu tagginchabaddaayi, aadaayam padipoyindi, mariyu aneka hotallu moosiveyabaddaayi ledhaa default ayyayi. 1934 natiki, maanhaatanloni 80 saatam hotallu vaari runadaatala yajamanyamlo undevi.
punaruddharana.
mahaa maandyam prabhaavaala nundi nemmadigaa kolukovadam 1930la madhyalo praarambhamaindi, 1930la chivarilo mandaginchindi, rendava prapancha yuddham praarambhamtho vegam punjukundi, tadwara 1940la praarambhamlo desham chaalaa varaku maandyam nundi bayatapadindi. adanapu vaanijya sthalaanni upayoginchadam praarambhamaindi, khaalii raetlu taggai, department store ammakalu perigayi, hotel occupancy raetlu perigayi mariyu aadaayaalu perigayi.
eee punaruddharana unnappatikee, desamloni diguva pattanaallo pagatipuuta janabha tirigi punjukoledu. udaaharanaku, 1929 mariyu 1949 madhyakaalamlo chikagolo, nagaram yokka janabha 7 saatam, mariyu mottam metropolitan praantam yokka janabha sumaru 14 saatam perigindi, conny loop yokka pagatipuuta janabha 1 saatamlo moodinta oka vanthu matrame perigindi. newyork nagaram vanti konni minahaayimpulato, eee namuunaa american nagarallo vilakshanamainadi, mariyu nagaraala vruddhi raetu mandaginchadamtho mudipadi undhi. dhesha charitralo maray itara kaalamtho poliste americaloni nagaralu chaalaa nemmadigaa perigayi, mariyu konni janabha kooda kolpoyayi. metropolitan praantaalu vaati lopala unna nagaraala kante vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendaayi, idhi dasaabdaala pattana vistarana prarambhanni suuchistumdi, conny avi kooda saadhaaranam kante nemmadigaa perigayi. nagara kendraalalo pagatipuuta janabha kooda takkuvagaa undedi, endukante prajalu ippudu kaarulo tama illaku daggaragaa unde bayati vyapara jillaalaku, vaari shopping mariyu vinodam kosam, vyaparam cheyadaaniki mariyu pani cheyadaaniki vellaaru. saamuuhika ravana samayamlo automobiles vadakam peragadam kooda down town nuu debbateesindi, endukante streat kaar linelu down town loe kalusukunnayi, ayithe roadlu pratichota vellaayi. eee karakalanni mottam nagaram mariyu metropolitan praanthamtho poliste down town takkuva punaruddharanaku dohadapaddayi.
pattana praantaalu okappudu nagara jeevitaaniki antha kendramgaa levani maroka sanketam emitante, akkada jarigina retail vaanijyamlo taggina bhaagam, chain storela perugudalato laabhapadina paridheeya vyapara praantaalatoo poliste, pedda diguva pattana department storelaku haani kaliginchedi. antekakunda, aardhika vyavastha merugupadina tarvaata chaalaa mandhi prajalu adrusyamavutaarani bhaavinchina "pannu chellimpudaarulu", alaage undipoyaaru, inca sankhya kooda perigindi. 1940la praarambhamlo chikagolo 18 saatam bhoomi khaliga undedi ledhaa parking kosam upayoginchabadindi; adhe samayamlo laas angelslo eee sankhya 25 saatamgaa undhi. vaanijya sthalaaniki demand entha takkuvagaa undadamtho khareedaina kotta bhavanalanu nirminchadam aardhikamgaa ardhavantam kaaledu, mariyu byaankulu aaa prayojanam kosam runaalu ivvadaaniki niraakarinchadam praarambhinchaayi, kendra vyapara jillaalo mottam parisaraalanu redlining chesaayi.
lakshanaalu.
vilakshanhamaina american diguva pattanamlo konni pratyeka lakshanaalu unnaayi. 1950laloe yuddhaanantara aardhika vijrumbhana samayamlo, chaalaa diguva pattanaallo nivaasa janabha kuppakoolindi. murikiwada tolagimpu, antar rashtra rahadari vyavastha nirmaanam, pattana korla nundi vaegamgaa vistaristunna shivaaru praantaalaku tellani vimanayanam vanti kaaranaala valla idhi sambhavinchindi. baga uddesinchina conny asamarthamgaa amalu cheyabadina pattana punarujjeevana prajectula kaaranamgaa, down townlaloo chivariki ettaina karyalaya bhavanalu aadhipatyam chelayinchayi, dheenilo shivaaru praantaala nundi vachhe prayaanikulu white collar udyogaalanu nimpaaru, migilina nivaasa janabha nirudyogam, pedarikam mariyu niraasrayulaloki marinta munigipoyindi. 1990la natiki, aneka karyalaya-aadhaarita vyaparalu alasipoyina paatha diguva pattanaalanu shivaaru praantaalaku vidichipettadam praarambhinchaayi, phalitamgaa ippudu "anchu nagaralu" anie piluvabadutunnaayi. anchuna unna nagaralu enduku antha prachuryam pondayo vivaristuu oka paatyapustakamlo ilaa perkonabadindihi
appati nundi, 2000 mariyu 2010 madhya, diguva pattana praantaalalo janabha vaegamgaa perigindi. yuu loe.ess. kaneesam aidu millionla mandhi janabha unna metro praantaalalo, city haalku rendu mailla dhooramlo unna janabha metro praantamlooni mottam janabha kante rendu retlu vaegamgaa perigindi.
saapeksha bhougolikam.
down town" mariyu "uptown" anae padaalu pradhana disalanu suuchimchavachchu, udaaharanaku, manhatonlo, ikkada "down town" kooda saapeksha bhougolika padam. speaker prastutam nilabadi unna chotuku dakshinaana edainaa, chaalaa pradaesaalaloo, "down town" anie chebutaaru. speakerku uttaraana edainaa "uptown". newyork nagaramloni saadhaarana padabandham "memu sabwe down town nuu teesukobotunnamu", "down town" anedi dakshina bhougolika disalo prayaaninchadaanni suuchistumdi. 121va veedhiloo nilabadi, dakshinaana padhi blaakulu nadiche vyakti kooda diguva pattanamlo padhi blaakulu nadichinatlu cheppavacchu. uptown" anae padaanni uttara disalo pradhana disanu suuchimchadaaniki upayogistaaru. ituvanti bhavanalu manhatton yokka podavaina aakaram nundi udbhavinchaayi, idhi sumaruga uttara-dakshinam mariyu vedalpu kante ekkuva ekkada undadu. anduvalla, dveepamlo ravana up town/down town disalalo prayaanistundi. itara swayampaalita praantaalu vistrutamgaa unnaayi, mariyu akkada "diguva pattanam" anedi diguva manhatton, diguva pattanam brooklin ledhaa marikonni sthaanika vyapara jillaalanu suuchistumdi. dakshina branksnu "down town branks" gaa prothsahinchadaaniki vaanijya prayatnaalu peddagaa vijayam saadhinchaledu.
konni uttara america nagarallo, nagaram yokka kendra vyapara jilla unna porugu praantaaniki "down town" anae adhikaarika paeru undhi. uttara americaloni chaalaa pradhana nagaralu mahaasamudraalu, sarassulu mariyu nadulu vanti pradhana neeti vanarulapai unnaayi. nagaralu vistarinchadamto, prajalu neeti nundi mariyu vaari chaaritraka korlaku marinta dhooramgaa, tarachugaa ettaina pradaesaalaku nirminchaaru. anduvalla uttara america nagaram yokka kendra vyapara jilla, ledhaa nagaram yokka chaaritraka kendram, tarachugaa migilina nagaraniki sambandhinchi, ettulo "krinda" untundi. aneka nagaralu manhatton namuunaanu upayogistaayi mariyu "down town", "midtown" mariyu "uptown" lanu anadhikaarika saapeksha bhougolika padaalugaa mariyu vibhina jillaalaku adhikaarika paerlugaa upayoginchadam konasagistunnayi. edemaina, vyapara jilla yokka kendra sthaanam, alaage philadelphia yokka vayassu mariyu paristhitula kaaranamgaa philadelphia nagaram kendra nagaramgaa kakunda, kendra nagaramgaa paerunu upayogistundi; "madhya nagaram" anedi 1854loe philadelphia counteetho vileenam kaavadaaniki mundu philadelphia nagaraniki anugunamgaa untundi, daani chuttoo unna maajee barogla maadirigaa kakunda, pratyaekamaina paeru lekunda vadilivestundi; nagaram yokka kendram kooda philadelphia city haall nagaram yokka asalu plaat lopala unna chota undhi. nyuu orleans vaari diguva pattanaaniki kendra vyapara jilla (ledhaa cbd) anae padaanni upayogistundi, endukante chaaritraatmaka french quarter jilla saadhaaranamgaa nagaram yokka chaaritraka diguva pattana jillaga pariganinchabadutundi, mariyu cbdki dakshinaana unna nagaramloni maroka praantaanni "diguva pattanamgaa" suuchistaaru.
pradhana nagaralu.
united states <br>
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kenada
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suuchanalu.
samachara gamanikalu
ullekhanaalu
grandha pattika

