
macvis (rendava prapancha yuddham)

rendava prapancha yuddhamlo france naajii aakramana samayamlo macvis () luu french mariyu belgian pratighatana yodhula graameena gerilla brundaalu, veetini macvissards anie pilustaaru. praarambhamlo, vaaru yuvakulatho koodi undevaaru, ekkuvagaa sraamika-taragati, vichii france yokka "servies du travel tappanisari" ("tappanisari pani seva" ledhaa "stoe") loe nirbandhamgaa cherakunda undataaniki parvataalu mariyu adavulloki tappinchukunna purushulu, idhi germanyki balavantapu sramanu andinchindi. germanyki swaadheenam chesukovadam mariyu bahishkarinchadaanni nivaarinchadaaniki, vaaru churukuga pratighatana samuhaluga vyavastheekrutamayyaaru.
vaaru 1943 saradrutuvulo mariyu juun 1944loe sumaruga sabhyulanu kaligi unnaarani anchanaa.
ardham.
modata eee padam saayudha pratighatana samuuhaalu daachina bhuubhaagam nundi vachindi, aagneya fraanslooni ettaina naela "macvis" (scrubland) anie piluvabade podha perugudalato kappabadi undhi.
khachitamgaa cheppalante, "macvis" antey dattamainadi anie ardham, ayithe dheenini sthuulamgaa "bush" gaa anuvadinchavacchu; coursicalo, 'prindray lae macvis' anae saameta 'bush loki velladam' anae saameta, podalo nivasinchadaaniki graamam vidichi vellae vyaktini varninchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi, prateekaaram teerchukoovadaaniki samayanni ketayinchadam ledhaa arrestu ledhaa champe uddesyamto itarulu vembadinchadam. eee coursican padam france pradhana bhuubhaagaaniki elaa vachindo charitrakaarulu sthaapinchaledu, conny gamanincharu
macvis" anae padam yodhula samuuham mariyu vaari graameena sthaanam rendintinee suuchistumdi. aaa brundaala sabhyulanu "macwireds" anie pilicheevaaru. vaari chitram munupati "refractire" ("niyantrinchalenidi") kuu viruddhamgaa, kattubadi mariyu swachchanda yodhudu, "poraata yodhudu". eee padam "saayudha pratighatana yodhudu" anae gouravapradamaina ardhaanni kaligi undhi. macvis french pratighatananu suuchimchadaaniki vachindi mariyu 1944loe mitraraajyaala normandy dandayaatraku mundu fraanslo pooraadina pratighatana samuuhaalanu vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadindi. mitraraajyaalu fraanslo pattu saadhinchina tarvaata, free france prabhutvam antargata french dalaala (ffi) pataakam krinda macvis yokka pratyeka samuuhaalanu ekam cheyadaaniki prayatninchindi.
yuddha samayamlo anni macvis dalaalaku ivvabade jaateeya viluva "f".eff.ii."," "dalaalu frankise dii ell 'interior". sumaru 400,000 mandhi kriyaaseela sabhyula (1944loe) eee pedda samuuhaanni moodu pradhana vibhagaluga vibhajinchaali, ivi moodu raajakeeya ledhaa vruttiparamaina dhoranulaku anugunamgaa untayih
moodu samuuhaalanu vichilooni adhikaarika french prabhutvam mariyu german adhikarulu mariyu itara porugu faasist paalanalu "ugravaadulu" gaa bhaavinchaayi. itara (arudaina) sthaanika samuuhaalu eee samsthalatho anubandham kaligi laevu.
operations.
chaalaa varaku macvissards brittony mariyu dakshina fraanslooni maarumuula ledhaa parvata praantaalalo, mukhyamgaa alps mariyu limosinlalo panicheesaaru. millis mariyu german aakramana dalaalanu vedhinchadaaniki vaaru gerilla vyuuhaalapai aadharapaddaru. vichii mariyu german adhikarulu anusarinchina mitraraajyaala vaimanikulu, yoodulu mariyu itarula tappinchukovadaaniki kooda macvis sahayapaddadu. macvissards saadhaaranamgaa sthaanika prajala nundi kontha saanubhooti ledhaa sahakaarampai aadharapaddaru. 1944 maarchilo, german sainyam france antataa ugravaada pracharanni praarambhinchindi. indulo french pratighatana churukuga unna praantaallo nivasistunna pourulapai prateekaaraalu unnaayi, udaaharanaku ss dalaala orador-surr-glain, maille mariyu tulle saamuuhika daadulu. yuddham mugisina taruvaata jarigina "apparation savage" loe macvissards taruvaata tama prateekaaram tiirchukunnaaru.
macviz du limosine ledhaa macviz du verkers vanti chaalaa macviz kanaalu avi panichestunna praantam paeru meeda paerlanu tecchukunnaayi. eee kanaala parimaanam padula nundi vaelaadi mandhi purushulu mariyu mahilala varaku untundi.
french indochaina loe, 1941 nundi japaneeyulatho poraadutunna sthaanika pratighatanaku 1943loe dii galle roopondinchina pratyeka dalaala vaimanika commando unit maddatu ichindi, dheenini corps legger dii 'intervention (klai) anie pilustaaru. vaatini british dalam 136 yokka airliftlu sarafara chesaayi.
rajakeeyaalu.
rajakeeyamgaa, macvis loe mitavaada jaateeyavaadulu, udaaravaadulu, saamyavaadulu, araachakavaadulu unnaaru. nairuti fraanslo panichese konni macvis byaandlu puurtigaa spanish antaryuddhaaniki chendina edama-wing spanish anubhavagnulatho koodi undevi. spanish poura yuddha anubhavagnudaina carlos romero gymenez bordiaux nundi panichestunna oka madhyataragati ganatantravaadi.
mathue cobe prakaram, communist macvis samuuhaalu naajeelanu edurkovadaniki marinta churukaina mariyu takshana gerilla vyuuhaalanu avalambinchaayi, ayithe dii galletho anubandhinchabadina samuuhaalanu yuddhamlo taruvaata pedda daadi kosam vechi undamani koraru. anduvalla, kontamandi macvis communist samoohaalalo marinta churukaina pratighatana udyamamlo bhaagam kaavadaaniki cheraaru, vaari rajakeeyaala kaaranamgaa kaadu. georges guingouin atyanta churukaina communist macvis naayakulalo okaru.
british special operations executive (soe) uchita frenchto anubandhamgaa unna macvis kuu samagri mariyu agentlatho sahayam chesindi, idhi communist macvis samuuhaalaku vistarinchabadaledu. operation jedberglo bhaagamgaa, american office off strategic services (oss) kooda soe mariyu french bcra agentla sahakaaramtho fraansku thana sonta agentlanu pampadam praarambhinchindi.
macvis vaari swantha lakshyalu mariyu raajakeeya anubandhaalatho aneka vibhina upa samuuhaalanu kaligi unnaaru. 1944loe, oka oss agent, robbert aarr. keho, macvis samuuhamloo ponduparachabadindi mariyu samsthanu "viriginadi" gaa abhivarninchindi, "vividha bhagalu chaalaa swatantramgaa unnaayi, sabhyulu tama sonta nayakulaku mariyu vaari venuka unna raajakeeya saktulaku vidheyathatho unnaaru" anie gamaninchaaru.
rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo france antataa pratyeka macvis samuuhaala swaatantryaaniki udaaharanalu kanipistaayi. udaaharanaku, brittaaneeloni macvis samuuhaalu tarachugaa french matladaledu mariyu mottam france nundi kakunda vaari praantam nundi german dalaalanu bahishkarinchadampai drushti saarinchaayi. kendrikarana lekapovadam valla vaaru saadhaarana pratighatana samsthagaa panicheyaledu kabatti, mitraraajyaalu aasinchinamtagaa saadhinchalekapoyaaru.
charitra.
macvis praarambhaaniki mundu, france yokka aakramita mariyu aakraminchani praantaalalo chinna pratighatana samuuhaalu srushtinchabaddaayi. uttara mariyu paschima fraanslo, "organization sivil ett military", "liberation-nord", "seaks dii laa liberation", "seaks dii laa resistance" vanti udyamaalu rahasya karapatraalu ledhaa vaartaapatrikala dwara manugada saaginchaayi, vaikharulu mariyu asamaana charyala sangheebhaavaanni pempondinchadaaniki mariyu germanlanu ("norger less allemands") nindinchadaaniki. eee udyamaalalo konni aayudhalanu daachadam mariyu vidhvamsaka kutralu cheyadam kooda praarambhinchaayi. librey jonelo, uttara mariyu paschima praantaalalo praarambhamloonae udyamaalu srushtinchabaddaayi, conny adhikaarulache vinaasana daadulanu edurkoledu, idhi "poraatam", "liberation-sud" mariyu "fraank-tairur" vanti kadalikalanu marinta vistrutamaina paatranu kaligi undataaniki anumatinchindi.
aakramita praantamlooni pratighatana samuuhaalu chivariki landanlooni free frenchto ledhaa pratyaekamgaa sikshana pondina agentlatho naajii aakramita airopanu anagadokkadaaniki britton erpaatu chesina pratyeka karyakalapala karyanirvahaka (soe) thoo anusandhaninchabaddayi. mae 1941 natiki, vidhvamsaka charyalalo mariyu goodacharyalo naipunhyam kaligina uttara udyamaalu mariyu tappinchukune maargaala pranaalikapai drushti saarinchina dakshina udyamaalu, rendintikee saadhaaranamaina ekaika pradhana udyamaanni abhivruddhi chesaayi, "front national". pratighatana aakramana mariyu vichi chattam yokka prabhaavaalato daggari sambandham kaligi undindi mariyu kaarmika vargam paraayeekaranaku gurainappudu, france yokka graameena praantaalalo "pratighatanadaarulu mariyu paraareelo unna prajalaku kontha bhadratatho aasrayam kalpinchavacchu", pratighatanaku paatra mariyu samarthana undhi chaalaa mandhi prajala jeevitaallo "tupaakeeni pattukoovaalanukooni, ledhaa sanketha sandesaanni kantastham cheyalane aasayam laenivaaru, ayinappatikee aakramana daani himsalo periginappudu french prajalapai balavantamgaa tamanu taamu rakshinchukovadaaniki ottidi teevramaindi, mariyu pratighatana yokka sainika swabhaavam prabalamgaa maarindi". vichi prabhutvam mariyu saayudha pratighatana madhya sambandham chivariki macvis erpaatuku maargam sugamam chesindi.
servies du travel tappanisari" (stoe) (tappanisari kaarmika seva) 1943 fibravari 16naa amalu cheyabadindi, conny vividha merugudalalu mariyu vargeekaranalaku guraindi. 1920 mariyu 1922 madhya janminchina yuvakulu tama "myries" (town halls) loe namodu chesukovalasina avasaram undhi, aaa taruvaata adhikarulu "aneka vargaala kaarmikulanu jabita chesi, vaarini minahaayimpu pondina vaaru, germanylo tappanisari sevaku baadhyata vahinche vaaru, fraanslooni german parisramala kosam pani cheyalsina vaaru" gaa vibhajinchaaru. modati konni nelallo, chaalaa mandhi prajalu yoodulu mariyu prativaadini daachipettina praantaalalo daachadaaniki niraakarinchaarani nivedikalu suuchistunnaayi. eee modati konni nelala stone tiraskarinchadam, mariyu phalitamgaa vacchina "pinda sibiraalu mariyu samuuhaalu" chivariki "lae macvis" yokka aadhyaatmikata mariyu upanyaasam aavirbhaavaaniki dohadapaddayi.
rajakeeyamgaa prerepinchabadina faasistula vyatiraekulu, paaripoyina valasa kaarmikulu, "refractoirs" mariyu spanish poura yuddha anubhavagnulu, vichi paripalana yokka "refractoirs" anveshana yokka udaaratatoe paatu, oka poraata upanyaasam mariyu graameena tirugubaatu yokka srungaara marmamtho, dookudu udyamam aavirbhaavaaniki dohadapaddayi. macviz' anae padam 1943 janavarilo unikilo lenanduna, 'macviz' anae padam entha vaegamgaa vyaapinchindo aascharyaparichindi. juun natiki, "macviz" gurinchi matladatam aagneya france nundi uttara france maidaanaalaku daariteesindi. stoku vyatiraekamgaa tirugubaatulo pedda sankhyalo yuvakulu pravesinchadam valla macvis chivariki jaateeya sevagaa maarindi. eee ekikarana kontavaraku, 1943 eprillo prativaadi samsthaku naayakatvam vahinchina parisian nyaayavaadi maikhel bralt, mariyu macvis chaartarnu sthaapinche musaida circularlaku kaaranamgaa undhi. oka nela lopala, 20,000 kaapeelu-idhi play card parimaanaanni minchaledu-dakshina john antataa pampinhee cheyabaddaayi. 1944 fibravari 14naa londonku pampina oka nivedikalo, mitraraajyaalaku charya kosam andubaatulo unna vividha amsaalanu jabita chesi, maakvisnu "stoku vyatiraekamgaa tirugubaatu chesina yuvakulu alaage saadhaarana jeevitaanni gadapadaniki prayatninchadam vadulukunna anni vayasula purushulu" gaa abhivarninchaaru...]. vaaru mottam 48,000 mandhi unnaaru.
paatra.
henry petit (alias romans) naayakatvam vahinchina "macvis dii ell 'ine", oka sthira sibiraanni srushtinchakundaa, "boggy" parvata praantaalalo dattamaina adavulalo mariyu laa bresse diguva praantaalalo shibiraala netvarknu nirvahinchindi. idhi satruvuku ascharyaanni kaliginchalekapoyindi, endukante kondala nundi veekshanhalu vistrutamgaa undevi, conny kondaru eee prayojanaanni aasvaadinchaaru mariyu vaari swantha chalanasheelata niyamaalanu dhikkaristuu nelala tarabadi adhe pradaesaalaloo undipoyaaru. macvis abhyasinche gerilla yuddham "satruvulo bhayam yokka manasika sthithini srushtinchindi...], nijamaina daanikante ekkuva bhramaatmakamaina sankhyalu mariyu balam yokka mudranu istundi.
juun 1943loe mangriphone paina unna gorges vadda vaaru praarambhinchina sikshanaa paatasaalalo macviz dii ell 'ine yokka prabhavam gouravinchabadindi. kepten romans paristhitini vivarinchaaduh
graameena praantaala niyantranalo, vetadevariga vaari paatralo, "vetagalla kosam vaeta yokka bhoobhaganni kramamga anoohyamgaa chesindi", mariyu chivariki pramaadakaramainadi. macvis yokka lakshyam vichi adhikaranni asthiraparachadam, mariyu vaaru ekakaalamlo tamanu taamu, alaage vichi adhikaarulanu, 'vaetagaallanu' mariyu 'vaetaadina' vaarini tayaaru chesukovadam dwara dheenini chesaaru.
mitraraajyaala normandy dandayaatra samayamlo, macvis mariyu itara samuuhaalu german sameekarananu alasyam cheyadamlo kontha paatra poeshinchaayi. french pratighatana (ffi "antargata french dalaala kosam frances dii ell 'interior dalaalu") railroad tracklanu pelchivesindi mariyu atlantic tiiraaniki velle maargamlo german sainika parikaraalu mariyu garrison raillapai padepade daadi chesindi. bbc radeo dwara prasaram cheyabadina sanketha sandeshaalu british gaali taramgaalapai nirantara pravaahamlo "kaaki udayam moodu saarlu paadutundi" vanti ardharahita sandeshaalatho raboye dii-day yokka maakvisnu apramattam chesaayi. mitraraajyaala dalaalu munduku saagadamtho, french pratighatana naajii aakramana dalaalu mariyu vaari rakshana dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa saamuhikamgaa perigindi. udaaharanaku, 1944 juun 20naa nancy wake yokka 7,000 mandhi mcvisordla brundam 22,000 mandhi germanlatho jarigina yuddhamlo paalgondi. konni macvisla samuuhaalu khaideelanu teesukoledu kabatti kontamandi german sainikulu maakvisaardula kante mitraraajyaala sainikulaku longipovadaaniki ishtapadataaru.
mitraraajyaala daadi mandaginchindi mariyu germanlu aagneya fraanslo edurudaadi cheyagaligaaru. verkers masfif meeda, macvis du verkers german aakramanadaarulaku vyatiraekamgaa sumaru 4000 mandhi sainikulatoe paiki lechaaru, conny 600 mandhi praananashtamto odipoyaaru.
paris vimukti taruvaata general dii galle pratighatana samsthalanu tolaginchinappudu, chaalaa mandhi macvisardulu tama illaku tirigi vacchaaru, ayithe chaalaa mandhi kotta french sainyamlo kooda cheraaru.
parikaraalu.
macvis vaaru pondagaligina aayudhalanu upayoginchinappatiki, free frenchto anubandhinchabadina samuuhaalu british soe nundi aayudhalu mariyu paeludu padaarthaala vaimanika binduvulapai ekkuvagaa aadharapaddaayi. wireless setlatho (radeo communication kosam) parachute agentlu mariyu sten ganlu, pensil detonatorlu, plaastik paeludu padaarthaalu, veldrad pistals (rahasya kaaryakartalache anukuulamgaa unna nissabda pratyeka hatya ayudham) mariyu pistals, raifils mariyu sub-meshin guns vanti vividha rakaala chinna aayudhaalatho kuudina vividha aayudhaalatho kuudina kantainarlanu padesaru. macvis aakramana antataa swaadheenam chesukunna german aayudhalanu kooda upayoginchaaru; mouser 98keey raifil mariyu empi 40 sub meshin gunn chaalaa saadhaaranam. french sainyam ("millis frankise"), french rashtram baga sannaddham chesindi, andubaatulo unna chota macvis charyalaku kooda lakshyamgaa undedi.
acharalu.
macvis luu janabhalo kalisipovadaniki unifamlu dharinchani rahasya samuuhaalu. ayithe, kalakramena chaalaa mandhi basku beret dharinchadam praarambhinchaaru, endukante idhi anumananni rekettinchenta saadhaaranam kaadu, conny prabhaavavantamgaa undataaniki taginanta vilakshanamainadi.
naayakatvamlo mariyu pratighatana samuuhaanni nadipinchadamlo marinta saanketika amsaalu, mahilalu tarachugaa purushula kante macvis loe ekkuvagaa paalgonevaaru, mundu varusa yodhulaku sahayam chesevaaru. vidyaavantulaina yuvatulanu oka macviz samuuham nundi maroka samuuhaaniki korearlugaa upayoginchadam chaalaa saadhaaranam. yuvatula empika purushula kante ekkuva aprasiddhamgaa undatam valla mariyu tarachugaa german chekpaayintla gundaa vellagaligevaaru, vaarini aapakunda ledhaa prasninchakundaa, macvisto kalisi panichese anubandha kaaryakartalanu, macvis yokka mahilalu yodhulaku sahayam cheyadam, samacharanni andinchadam, suuchanalanu andinchadam, aaharam mariyu saamaagrini erpaatu cheyadam vanti "pratighatana yokka jeevanaadhaaram" gaa abhivarninchaaru."
vivaadaalu.
naajii sahakaruluga mudra veyabadatam nundi tappinchukovadaaniki chaalaa mandhi vyaktulu macvis loe sabhyatvaanni pondaarani paerkonnaaru. macvis nirvahinchina karyakalapalu tarachugaa asamarthamgaa undevi mariyu mukhya sainika lakshyalanu naasanam cheyakunda drushtini aakarshinchadaaniki uddesinchinavi. mitraraajyaala nigha samsthalaku vaari charyalanu vinadaniki, macvis vaaru avasaram laeni lakshyalapai paeludu padaarthaalanu upayogistaarani nivedikalu vachayi. kendrikarana lekapovadam valla samuuhaalu drushtini aakarshinchadaaniki charyalu teesukoovadaaniki daariteesindi, tadwara ekkuva mandhi sabhyulu chaerataaru mariyu vaaru mitraraajyaala yuddha prayatnam nundi ekkuva saamaagrini andukuntaaru. eee cheelipoyina samuuhaalu teesukunna konni charyalu ellappuduu pedda yuddha prayatnaaniki anukuulamgaa laevu. maroka vivaadam german khaideelu mariyu french sahakarulaku kathinamaina siksha. macvis loe ponduparachabadina oka american oos agent namodu chesina oka sandarbhamlo, germanlatho sahakarinchinanduku mariyu macvis sthaanam gurinchi vaariki samacharam icchinanduku mugguru french purushulanu yodhula brundam bandhinchindi. agent oka vyakti yokka sikshanu vivaristuu, "atanni kottadaniki mariyu kalchi champadaaniki mundu bahirangamgaa kattesadu.german khaideelanu uriteesina french macvis unitla gurinchi kooda nivedikalu unnaayi.