
billie hugs

vilium morris hyoogs (25 september 1862-28 october 1952) 1915 nundi 1923 varaku australia edava pradhana mantrigaa panichesina australian raajakeeyavetta. athanu modati prapancha yuddhamlo deshaaniki naayakatvam vahinchinanduku prasiddhi chendaadu, conny jaateeya rajakeeyaalapai athani prabhavam aneka dasabdaluga vistarinchindi. 1901loe federation nundi 1952loe thana maranam varaku federal paarlamentu sabhyudiga unna hyoogs, 50 samvatsaraalaku paiga panichesina ekaika vyakti. ayana thana vrutti jeevitamlo aaru raajakeeya paarteelaku praatinidhyam vahinchaaru, aidu paarteelaku naayakatvam vahinchaaru, naalugu paarteelanu adhigaminchaaru, moodu paarteela nundi bahishkarinchabaddaaru.
velsh tallidandrulaku londonlo hyoogs janminchaaru. athanu 22 samvatsaraala vayassulo australiaku valasa vacchi, kotta australian kaarmika udyamamlo palgonnadu. athanu 1894loe nyuu south wales saasanasabhaku, nyuu south wales laber party sabhyudiga ennikayyaadu, aapai 1901loe kotta federal paarlamentuku badilee ayyadu. hyuus thana prarambha raajakeeya jeevitaanni paart time leagal studiestho kalipi, 1903loe barga piluvabaddadu. athanu modatisaarigaa 1904loe, swalpakaalika watson prabhutvamlo cabinetloki pravesinchaadu, taruvaata andrew fishers prabhutvaalalo pratidaaniloo australia attarney generalga panicheesaadu. ayana 1914loe australian laber party upa nayakudiga ennikayyaaru.
1915 octoberulo anaaroogyam kaaranamgaa matsyakaarulu padavee viramana chesinappudu hyoogs pradhaanamantri ayyaru. aaa samayamlo yuddham pradhana samasyaga undedi, mariyu vidaesaalaku nirbandha dalaalanu pampadaaniki ayana maddatu kaarmika shrenulalo cheelikaku kaaranamaindi. 1916 navambarulo hugs mariyu athani maddatudaarulu party nundi bahishkarinchabaddaaru, conny athanu kotta jaateeya kaarmika party adhipatigaa adhikaaramlo undagaligaadu, idhi konni nelala taruvaata liberals thoo vileenam ayi australia jaateeyavaada paarteeni erpaatu chesindi. 1917 mariyu 1919 ennikalaloo ayana prabhutvam pedda majoritytho tirigi ennikayyindi. hyoogs yuddha samayamlo australian federal police mariyu siro yokka puurveekulanu sthaapinchaaru, mariyu yuddhaanantara aardhika vyavasthaku sahaayapadataaniki aneka kotta prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni samsthalanu kooda srushtinchaaru. 1919 paris shanti samavesamlo athanu itara prapancha naayakulapai gananeeyamaina mudra vaesaadu, akkada athanu maajee german nyuu giniyapai australian niyantrananu pondaadu.
1922 australia samakhya ennikalaloo, jaateeyavaadulu paarlamentulo tama majorityni kolpoyaru mariyu country paarteetho sankiirnaanni erpaatu cheyavalasi vachindi. hyoogs rajinama dhesha party maddatuku dhara, mariyu ayana taruvaata stanley broose pradhana mantrigaa baadhyatalu sweekarinchaaru. athanu kalakramena broose yokka pramukha vimarsakulalo okadu ayyadu, mariyu 1928loe, paarisraamika sambandhaalapai vivaadam taruvaata, athanu mariyu athani maddatudaarulu vishwaasa teermaanampai munduku vacchi prabhutvaanni kuulchiveesaaru. kontakaalam swatantramgaa unna taruvaata, hyoogs thana sonta samstha ayina australian paarteeni erpaatu chesaaru, idhi 1931loe kotta united australia party (uap) loe vileenam ayyindi. 1934loe ayana tirigi mantrivargamloki vacchi, japanese saamraajyavaadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa thana mundastu heccharikalaku prasiddhi chendaaru. 1939 natiki, athanu kevalam konni otla thedaatho pradhaanamantrigaa rendava padaveekaalam kolpoyadu, 1939 united australia party nayakatva ennikalaloo robbert menjis chetilo odipoyaadu.
20va sataabdapu atyanta prabhaavavantamaina australian raajakeeya naayakulalo okarigaa kougilintalu saadhaaranamgaa gurtinchabaddaaru. ayana thana jeevitakaalamantaa vivaadaaspada vyakti, ayana vaarasatvam gurinchi charitrakaarulu charchistuunee unnaaru. ayana balamaina abhiprayalu, rapidi paddhatulu antey ayana tarachugaa thana sonta paarteela nundi raajakeeya satruvulanu tayaaru chesevaaru. hyoogs yokka pratyarthulu athanu nirankusatvam mariyu prajaadaranaloo paalgonnaadani, alaage matatatvaanni prerepinchaadani aaropinchaaru; ayana "yuddha jaagrattala chattam 1914" nuu upayoginchadam mukhyamgaa vivaadaaspadamaindi. laber paarteelo athani maajee sahacharulu atanni desadrohigaa bhaavinchaaru, ayithe sampradaayavaadulu athani saamyavaada aardhika vidhanaluga bhaavinche vaatipai anumanalu vyaktam chesaaru. athanu saadhaarana prajalalo, mukhyamgaa maajee sainikulalo chaalaa prachuryam pondaadu, vaaru ataniki aapyayamgaa "chinna tavvakam" anie maaruperu pettaru.
prarambha samvatsaraalu.
puttuka mariyu kutumba nepathyam.
hyoogs 1862 septembaru 25naa landanlooni pimlico looni 7 moreton plays loe, vilium hyoogs mariyu maajee jaine morris kumaruduga janminchaadu. athani tallidandrulu iddaroo velsh. westminster rajabhavanamlo vadrangigaa, joinerga panichesina athani tandri, north wales kuu chendinavaaru, mariyu anargalamgaa velsh matladevaru. athani talli, oka gruha udyogi, lansantfried-emm-mechain (aangla sarihadduku sameepamlo) anae chinna graamaaniki chendinadi, mariyu aanglam matrame matladedi. hyoogs ekaika santaanam; vaari vivaham samayamlo, juun 1861loe, athani tallidandrula iddarikee 37 samvatsaraalu.
wales.
hyoogs talli 1869 maeloe, ataniki aarella vayasulo maraninchindi. athani tandri taruvaata atanini wales loe bandhuvulache penchabadataaniki pampaadu. paatasaala padaveekaalamlo, athanu thana tandri sodari maerii hugsto kalisi nivasinchaadu, aame landnudlo "brin rosa" anae boarding housenu nirvahinchindi. athanu thana attha addedaarula kosam panulu cheyadam dwara mariyu sthaanika charchilo gayaka brundamlo padatam dwara jebu dabbu sampaadinchaadu. rendu chinna oke upadhyaya paatasaalalaku hajarayyi, landnudlo thana adhikaarika vidyanu praarambhinchaadu. athanu thana selavulanu thana talli kutumbamtho kalisi lansantfriedlo gadipadu. akkada, athanu thana vitantuvu attha (margaret mayson) polamaina "winlon" mariyu thana taataamaamala (peater mariyu jaine morris) poruguna unna polamaina "plaas bedv" madhya thana samayanni panchukunnadu.
vaelsloo thana prarambha samvatsaraalanu thana jeevitamlo atyanta santoshakaramaina samayamgaa hyoogs bhaavinchaaru. athanu thana velsh gurtimpu gurinchi chaalaa garvamgaa unnadu, taruvaata athanu velsh australian samaajamlo churukuga palgonnadu, tarachugaa seyint david day vedukalalo matladadu. velshnu "swargapu bhasha" anie kougilinche hyoogs, conny daani gurinchi athani swantha avagahana aspashtamgaa undedi. thana samakaaleenulalo chaalaa mandhi maadirigaane, aayanaku velshlo adhikaarika paatasaala vidya ledhu, spellinglo pratyeka samasyalu undevi. edemaina, athanu thana raajakeeya jeevitamantaa velsh-speakerla nundi vacchina lekhalaku andukunnadu mariyu samadhanam icchaadu, mariyu pradhana mantrigaa david lloyd jaarjto velsh loe avamanalanu pramukhamgaa panchukunnadu.
london.
padakondu samvatsaraala vayassulo, hyoogs westminsterloni seyint stephens paatasaalalo cheraadu, idhi paropakari angela burdet-couts, 1 va baroness burdet-couts sthaapinchina aneka charchi paatasaalallo okati. athanu jyaamiti mariyu french loe bahumatulu geluchukunnadu, lard harobi nundi rendodi andukunnadu. praathamika paatasaala vidyanu puurti chesina taruvaata, athanu aidu samvatsaraalu "vidyaarthi-upadhyayudu" gaa sikshana pondaadu, pradhaanoopaadhyaayudi nundi vyaktigata paataalu mariyu chinna vattidiki badulugaa rojuku aidu gantalu yuva vidyaarthulaku bodhinchaadu. seyint stephens vadda, sthaanika paatasaala jillaaku pariseelakudu mariyu inspector ayina kavi mathue arnoldnu hugs sampradinchaadu. yaadrucchikamgaa landno vadda selavulu gadipina arnald kaugilinchukovadam ishtapaddadu, shakespeare yokka puurti rachanala kaapeeni ataniki bahumatigaa icchaadu; saahityam patla thana jeevitakaala premanu pempondinchina ghanata arnald kuu dakkindi.
thana prarambha apprenticeshipnu puurti chesina taruvaata, hugs seyint stephenslo teaching assistantga konasagaru. ayithe, aayanaku vruttigaa bodhanapai aasakti ledhu, coutslo clerkship pondaalane mathue arnald pratipaadananu kooda ayana tiraskarinchaaru. athani saapeksha aardhika bhadrata ataniki modatisaarigaa thana sonta prayojanaalanu konasaaginchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi, indulo belringing, thameslo boating mariyu prayaanam (paarisku rendu rojula paryatana vantivi) unnaayi. athanu pradhanamgaa chetivruttulavaaru mariyu white collar kaarmikulatoe kuudina raayal fusilierla swachchanda betalianlo kooda cheraadu. taruvaati jeevitamlo, hugs london nuu "srungaaram, rahasyam mariyu suuchanala pradaesam" gaa gurthu chesukunnaru.
australialo modati samvatsaraalu.
queensland.
22 samvatsaraala vayassulo, londonlo thana avakaasaalanu kanugonna hyoogs australiaku valasa vellaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. queensland kaalanee andinche sahayaka-maarga pathakaanni sadviniyogam chesukuni, rendu nelala prayaanam tarvaata 1884 december 8naa athanu brisbane cherukunnadu. akkadiki cherukunna taruvaata, athanu thana puttina samvatsaraanni 1864 gaa icchaadu, idhi athani maranam taruvaata varaku velladi kaaledu. hyoogs vidya saakhalo udyogam vetakadaaniki prayatninchaadu, conny udyogam ivvabadaledu ledhaa upaadhi nibandhanalu saripovani kanugonnaru. taruvaati rendu samvatsaraalu ayana prayanikuluga vividha rakaala udyogaalalo panicheesaaru. thana ghnaapakaalalo, hugs fruit picker, tolly clerk, naavi, kammari striker, station hanned, drover mariyu saddler assistantga vividha rakaluga panicheesaarani, uttaraana rockhampton varaku, paschimaana adawale varaku, dakshinaana narinja, nyuu south wales varaku prayaaninchinatlu paerkonnaaru. queensland rakshana dalam mariyu queensland samudra rakshana dalam rendintiloonuu kontakaalam panicheesaanani kooda ayana paerkonnaaru. hugs yokka vruttaamtaalu vaati swabhaavam dwara dhruvikarinchalenivi, mariyu athani jeevitacharitrakaarulu vaati nijaayitiipai sandehaalu vyaktam chesaaru-avi uttamamgaa alankarinchabadi unnayani mariyu chettagaa "swachchamaina kalpana yokka prapancham" anie fitzarding perkondi.
nyuu south wales.
hyoogs sumaru 1866 madhyalo sidneaki vellaaru, akkada ss "maranova" loe deckhand mariyu gaalii vantagaa panicheesaaru. athanu appudappudu line vantavaduga panini kanugonnadu, conny oka samayamlo domainloni guhalo konni rojulu nivasinchaalsi vachindi. hugs chivariki oka forgelo sthiramaina udyogaanni kanugonnaru, valasarajyala ovenlaku atukulu tayaaru chesaaru. adhe samayamlo, athanu thana inti yajamani kumarte elizabeth cuts thoo saadhaarana nyaya vivaham chesukunnadu; vaariki kalisi aruguru pillalu unnaaru. 1890loe, hugs ballmineku vellaaru. marusati samvatsaram, thana bhaarya aardhika sahayamtho, athanu saadhaarana vastuvulanu vikrayinche oka chinna dukaanaanni teravagaligadu. dukaanam nundi vachhe aadaayam jeevinchadaaniki saripoledu, kabatti athanu taalaalu vesevadu mariyu godugu ammakandaarudigaa paart timega, mariyu athani bhaarya utike mahilagaa kooda panicheesaadu. ballminelo hyoogsku parichayastulalo okaru vilium wilks, maroka bhavishyat empi, ayithe athani dukaanamloo unna viniyogadaarulalo okaru nyuu south wales yokka bhavishyat pradhana nyaayamuurti frederic jordan.
prarambha raajakeeya jeevitam.
ballminelo, hyoogs oka georgist, veedhi-muula speaker, ballmine single toxes leag adhyakshudu ayyaru mariyu australian socialist leaglo cheraaru. athanu australian workers unionlo nirvahakudu mariyu appatike kottagaa erpadina laber paarteelo chaeri undavacchu. 1894loe, hyoogs central nyuu south vaelsloo enimidi nelalu australianu vileenam chesina kotadaarula union kosam erpaatu chesi, aapai nyuu south wales saasanasabha yokka sidney-long ennikala jillaanu 105 otlatho geluchukunnaru.
paarlamentulo unnappudu ayana warf kaarmikula sanghaaniki karyadarshi ayyaru. 1900loe ayana waterside workers union sthaapinchi, modati jaateeya adhyakshudayyaru. eee kaalamlo hyuus nyaayasaastram chadivi, 1903loe nyayavadiga cheraadu. chaalaa mandhi kaarmikula maadirigaa kakunda, athanu samakhya mariyu georgisaniki balamaina maddatudaarudu.
1901loe paschima sidney vibhajanaku kaarmika empeega modati samakhya paarlamentuku hyoogs ennikayyaaru. athanu oka chinna vruttiparamaina sainyam kosam barton prabhutva pratipaadanalanu vyatirekinchaadu, badulugaa tappanisari saarvatrika sikshananu samardhinchaadu. 1903loe, aneka samvatsaraala paart time adhyayanam tarvaata ayana baar loe cheraaru. athanu 1909loe raaju salahaadaaru (kesi) ayyadu. 
1911loe athanu maerii camp belnu vivaham chesukunnadu. athanu criss watson yokka modati kaarmika prabhutvamlo videsanga mantrigaa panicheesaadu. athanu andrew fisher yokka moodu kaarmika prabhutvaalalo 1908-09,1910-13 mariyu 1914-15 loe attarney generalga panicheesaadu.
1913loe, australia rajadhaanigaa conberra punaadi vedukalo, swadeshi janabhanu nirmoolinchadam dwara desham pondabadindani prakatistuu hyoogs oka prasangam chesaaru. "modati nundi mana swantha marganni kaligi undataaniki memu nirnayinchabaddamu.anie paerkonnaaru.[mariyu].anie paerkonnaaru.daanini pondadaaniki prati okkarinee champadu "anie hyoogs annaru," eee roeju manam nimagnamaina commonwealth charitralo modati chaaritraka sanghatana [undhi] aaa jaathi yokka chinna jaada lekunda manam bhoomi yokka mukham nundi bahishkarinchaamu."conny ayana" manam kooda kalakramena adrushyam kakudadani manam chaalaa garvapadakudadu "anie heccharinchaadu."
athani rapidi vidhanam (athani deerghakaalika dyspepsia athani asthira swabhaavaaniki dohadapadutundani bhaavinchabadindi) athani sahacharulanu atanni nayakudiga unchadaaniki vimukhata choopinchindi. thoti kaarmika mantri ayina king oo 'maaleetho ayana konasagutunna vairam ayana poraata sailiki pramukha udaaharana.
1908loe australialo rugby leag prarambha samvatsaramlo gleb rugby leag jattuku club pooshakudigaa kooda hyoogs unnaaru. 1908loe sidneylo rugby leag udyamaaniki maddatugaa nilichina aneka mandhi pramukha kaarmika raajakeeya naayakulalo hyoogs okaru. rugby union adatam valla gaayaala kaaranamgaa aatagallaku vaari udyogaala nundi pani cheyani samayanni bharti cheyadaaniki niraakarinchina metropolitan rugby unionku vyatiraekamgaa aatagaalla udyamam nundi rugby leag puttindi. kaarmika raajakeeya nayakulu kotta niyamaavalitoe tamanu taamu samalekhanam chesukunnaru, endukante idhi rajakeeyamgaa balamaina saamaajika drukkoonamgaa pariganinchabadindi, mariyu idhi oka utsaahabharitamaina vruttiparamaina aata, idhi raajakeeya nayakulu tama abhiprayalalo emainappatiki, adhe panthaalo kanipinchela chesindi.
mukhyamantri.
1914 australia samakhya ennikala taruvaata, australia kaarmika pradhana mantri andrew fisher, modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo nayakatva ottidini pannu vidhistunnatlu kanugonnaru mariyu prapancha vedikapai australianu gattiga gurtinchaalani korukune pratishtaatmaka kougilinchukunevaari nundi perugutunna ottidini edurkonnaru. 1915 natiki matsyakaarula aarogyam debbatindi, octoberulo ayana rajinama chesi, kougilinchukoni, varasudayyadu. saamaajika vidhaanamlo, samsthaku 'act off grays' chellimpu mariyu aipi raetu madhya vyatyaasaaniki samaanamaina, paropakari aasrayaalalo pensionerlaku samsthaagata pinchanuni pravesapettaaru.
1916 marchi nundi juun varaku, hyuus britainlo unnadu, akkada athanu germanyki vyatiraekamgaa saamraajya sahakaram mariyu aardhika yuddhaaniki pilupunistuu varusa prasamgaalu chesaadu. ivi "dhi day-und after" anae sheershikato prachurinchabaddaayi, idhi best sellar ayindi. athani jeevitacharitra rachayita, laurie fitzardinge, eee prasamgaalu "vidyuddeekarana" anie, aaa kougilintalu "athani shrotalanu vaari paadaala nundi tudichipettaayi" anie annaru. iddaru samakaaleena rachayitala abhiprayam prakaram, hugs prasamgaalu "mukhyamgaa teevramaina aamodaanni rekettinchaayi, mariyu jaateeya sphuurti yokka vegavantamaina saktini anusarinchaayi, bahusha chatham nundi maray itara vakta eppuduu rekettinchaledu".
1916 joolailo jarigina paris aardhika sadassulo hyoogs british pratinidhi brundamlo sabhyudiga unnaaru, idhi germanyki vyatiraekamgaa elanti aardhika charyalu teesukoovaalani nirnayinchadaaniki samavesamaindi. australia pratinidhi antarjaateeya samavesaniki hajarukavadam idhe modatisaari.
modati prapancha yuddhamlo australia paalgonadaaniki hyoogs balamaina maddatudaarudu, 1916 juulai, augustulalo 28,000 mandhi sainikulanu (maraninchina, gayapadina, tappipoyina) praananashtam taruvaata, modati australian imperial fores (aif) yokka general burd wood und white, australia yuddha prayatnaalaku thana sahakaranni konasaginchalante nirbandha sainika niyamakam avasaramani kougsnu oppinchaaru.
edemaina, roman kaathalikkulu mariyu kaarmika sanghaala pratinidhulatho paatu fraank amsty vanti paarisraamikavettalu (soshalistulu) unna athani paarteelo moodinta rendu vantula majority dheenini teevramgaa vyatiraekimchaaru, mukhyamgaa chaalaa mandhi airish australianlu (veerilo ekkuva mandhi roman kaathalikkulu) 1916 naati eestar perugudalaku britton yokka adhika pratispandanagaa bhaavinchina nepathyamlo.
octoberulo, hoogs nirbandha niyamakam kosam jaateeya prajabhipraya sekarananu nirvahinchaaru, conny adhi swalpamgaa odipoyindi. sainika seva prajabhipraya sekarana chattam 1916" anedi veelu kalpinche chattam mariyu daani phalitam salaha matrame. ayithe, irukaina otami (1,087,557 avunu mariyu 1,160,033 ledhu) kaugilinchukovadaanni aapaledu, vaaru nirbandha niyaamakaaniki anukuulamgaa teevramgaa vaadinchadam konasaaginchaaru. idhi samakhyaku mundu nundi alaage athani sonta party sabhyulalo unna australian samaajamlo lothaina mariyu chedhu vibajananu velladinchindi. 
1910 rakshana chattam nundi nirbandha sainika niyamakam amalulo undhi, conny dhesha rakshana kosam matrame. videshaalalo" chaerchadaaniki chattamloni padaalanu maarchadaaniki hyoogs prajabhipraya sekarana dwara prayatninchaaru. prajabhipraya sekarana avasaram ledhu, conny paristhiti teevratanu drushtilo unchukuni, prajala nundi "avunu" ootu senaetnu daataveyadaaniki tanaku aadesam istundani kougilinchukunnaru. britanloni lloyd georg prabhutvam kaugilinchukodaniki anukuulamgaa unnappatikee modati prajabhipraya sekarana jarigina konni nelala tarvaata 1916loe matrame adhikaaramloki vachindi. munupati askwit prabhutvam atanni "australia pratinidhigaa kakunda atithigaa" bhaavinchi kaugilinchukovadaanni chaalaa ishtapadaledu. david lloyd georg prakaaram "athanu mariyu askit baga kalisipoledu. vaaru cheyyaru. avi antipiatic rakalu. kaugilinchukovadam anedi thana bhavalanu daachadaaniki ledhaa vaati gurinchi thana vyakteekarananu nirodhinchadaaniki eppuduu atigaa aandolana chendaledu, antekakunda koruku naalukatoe amarchabadi unnanduna, vaari madhya sampradimpulu kooda angeekarinchaledu ".
nirbandha sainikula niyamakam kosam hyuus chesina prachaaraaniki pratispandanagaa, 1916 september 15naa raajakeeya laber leag (aaa samayamlo rashtra kaarmika party samstha) yokka nsw executive atanni mariyu itara pramukha nyuu south wales anukuula kaarmikula niyaamakaala nyaayavaadulanu kaarmika udyamam nundi bahishkarinchaaru. november 14naa jarigina caucus samavesamlo aayanaku vyatiraekamgaa aviswaasa teermaanam aamodinchabade varaku hyoogs federal parliamentary laber party nayakudiga konasagaru. kougilinchukunnavaaru mariyu daadaapu anni parliamentary pratibhaavantulatoe sahaa 24 mandhi itarulu, kougilinchukunna vaari arupulaku shradda chuuputuu oka kotta paarteeni erpaatu cheyadaaniki vacout chesaaru "nalaga aalochinchevaarini nannu anusarinchanivvandi."idhi 43 mandhi paarisraamikavettalu, unionvaada vargaalanu venuka vadilindi. adhe saayantram kougilinchukoni governor generalku thana raajeenaamaanu samarpinchi, kotta prabhutvaanni erpaatu cheyadaaniki oka kamishannu andukuni, athani sifaarsulanu aamodinchaaru. konnella tarvaata, kaugis ilaa annadu, "neenu laber paarteeni vidichipettaledu, party nannu vidichipettindi."laber party nundi kougilinchukunna vaarini bahishkarinche samayam antey, paarteeni ennadoo ennikalaku nadipinchani modati kaarmika nayakudu ayyadu. november 15naa, fraank tudor federal parliamentary australian laber party kotta nayakudiga ekagreevamgaa ennikayyaaru.
jaateeyavaada party.
kaarmikula prarambha naayakulalo chaalaa mandhi unna hugs mariyu athani anucharulu tamanu taamu jaateeya kaarmika party anie pilichi, jaateeyavaadamto paatu samajikamga teevravaadigaa bhaavinche paarteeni erpaatu cheyadaaniki punaadi veyadam praarambhinchaaru. adhikaaramlo konasaagadaaniki pratipaksha commonwealth liberal paarteetho vishwaasam mariyu sarafara oppandaanni muginchavalasi vachindi.
konni nelala taruvaata, governor general, 1 va wiscount nover, ronald munro fergusson, vaari yuddhakaala sankiirnaanni adhikaarika partyga maarchadaaniki cougs mariyu liberal party nayakudu joseph cook (swayamgaa maajee kaarmika vyakti) nuu oppinchaaru. idhi fibravarilo adhikarikamga praarambhamaina australia jaateeyavaada party. eee vileenamlo udaaravaadulu pedda bhagaswamy ayinappatikee, kotta party nayakudiga kauglu udbhavinchaaru, vantavaadu athani deputyga unnadu. praathamikamgaa unnata, madhyataragati partyga unna eee paarteelo kaugilinchukovadamto sahaa aneka mandhi karmikavarga pramukhulu undatam jaateeyavaadulaku jaateeya aikyata yokka chitraanni teliyajeyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. adhe samayamlo, athanu kaarmika charitralalo desadrohi ayyadu mariyu alaage unnadu.
1917 australia samakhya ennikalaloo kougilinchukunna jaateeyavaadulu bhaarii ennikala vijayanni saadhinchaaru, idhi party nundi atanini anusarinchina pedda sankhyalo kaarmika empilache peddadigaa maarindi. eee ennikalaloo kougilinchukunnavaaru thana sraamika-taragati sidney seetunu vadulukunnaru mariyu bendigo vibhajanaku ennikayyaaru, sitting laber empi alfred hampson oodinchi seetunu geluchukunna taruvaata, mariyu iddaroo sitting pradhana mantri maroka sitting empeeni savaalu chesi tolaginchina ekaika sandarbhaanni suuchistaaru, aayanatho paatu okati kante ekkuva rashtraalu ledhaa bhuubhaagaalaku praatinidhyam vahinchina australian paarlamentlooni koddimandi sabhyulalo modativaadu ayyadu.
thana prabhutvam nirbandhamgaa niyaminchukune adhikaranni pondakapothe rajinama chestaanani hyoogs haamii icchaaru. queensland premiere tii. zhe. raayan nirbandha sainika niyaamakaaniki keelaka pratyarthi, mariyu nirbandha sainika niyamaka vyatiraeka bhavalu prasaram cheyabadina queensland paarlamentulo charchalanu cover chese hunsored kaapeelanu japthu chese lakshyamtho, brisbaneloni prabhutva mudrana karyalayampai daadi cheyaalani cougs aadesinchinappudu himsa daadaapu chelaregindi. nirbandha sainika niyaamakampai rendava prajabhipraya sekarana 1917 decemberlo jarigindi, conny mallii odipoyindi, esaari vistruta thedaatho. thana party thana naayakatvampai vishwaasa ootu pondina taruvaata, hugs pradhani padaviki rajinama chesaaru. ayithe, viswasaneeya pratyaamnaaya abhyardhulevaruu laeru. eee kaaranamgaa, munro-fergusson thana reserve adhikaranni upayoginchi ventane kaugilinchukovadaanni tirigi praarambhinchaadu, tadwara rajinama chestaanani thana vaagdaanaanni nilabettukuntu pradhana mantrigaa konasaagadaaniki veelu kalpinchaadu.
desheeya vidhanam.
ennikala samskarana.
commonwealth ennikala chattam 1903 kinda samakhya paarlamentu ubhaya sabhalaku vartinche modati gatha ennikala vyavasthanu 1918loe pratinidhula sabhaku praadhaanyata vyavasthatho prabhutvam bharti chesindi. aaa praadhaanyata vyavastha appati nundi tappanisarigaa vartistundi. 1919loe jarigina australian federal senate ennikalaloo bahula majority-praadhaanyata vyavastha pravesapettabadindi, mariyu 1948loe kotaa-praadhaanyata vyavasthaku anulomaanupaatamlo praatinidhyam marchabade varaku idhi amalulo undipoyindi. aaa maarpulu dhesha party aavirbhaavaaniki pratispandanagaa pariganinchabaddaayi, tadwara kaarmiketara ootu vibhajinchabadadu, idhi munupati modati-gatha-post vyavasthalo undedi.
sains mariyu parisrama.
parisoedhanaa samstha.
1916 praarambhamlo, hyoogs sains und industripy salaha mandalini sthaapinchaaru, idhi shaastreeya parisoedhana kosam modati jaateeya samstha mariyu ippudu sisiro anie pilavabade modati punaraavrutam. eee mandaliki chattamlo etuvanti aadharam ledhu, veelainanta twaragaa "beuro off sains und industry" thoo bharti cheyadaaniki taatkaalika samsthagaa matrame uddesinchabadindi. ayithe, yuddhakaala ottillu mariyu itara kaaranaala valla council 1920 varaku konasaagindi, aaa samayamlo paarlamentu chattam aamodinchabadindi, dheenini kotta prabhutva samstha, institute off sains und industriga marcharu. fitzardinge prakaaram "mottam vyavaharam kougilinchukune paddhatulaku chaalaa vilakshanamainadi. aaa kshanamlo thana aasaktini chaatukuntuu bayati nundi vacchina oka aalochana ataniki vachindi. athanu daanini swaadheenam chesukuni, daanipai thana sonta stampunu vesi, daanini grahinche sthaayiki nettadu. appudu, yantraamgaanni sthaapinchina taruvaata, athanu thana puurti saktini vaerae chota tippinappudu adhi nadustundani athanu aasinchaadu, mariyu atanni tirigi piliste tappinchukune ledhaa vrudhaa chesevadu. ayinappatikee athani aasakti nijamainadi, mariyu athani utsaaham mariyu drive lekunda commonwealth jokyam assalu rakapovachhu ledhaa chaalaa nemmadigaa undedi ".
vimanayanam.
idhi australialo suduura poura vimaanayaanaaniki drushyaanni erpaatu chesina kougilinchukune pranaalika. paris shanti samavesam kosam london mariyu paris madhya prayaaninchina ayana vimaanaala valla saantikaala vimanayana avakaasaalapai aayanaku aasakti erpadindi. oka samvatsaram mundu, 1918loe, kent loe kolukuntunna gayapadina sainikulanu chrismus sandarsanalo, edu vaaraala samudra prayaanaanni edurkontunna australian pailatlanu cougs kalusukunnaru, vaaru oka vaimanika marganni maargadarsakamgaa chesi, badulugaa australiaku velladaaniki aasaktigaa unnaaru. intha pedda dhooram vimaanamlo ennadoo prayatninchaledu; vimaanamlo modati samudra paaraveyadam kevalam nelala taruvaata 1919 juun loe jarigindi. atuvanti venture pramaadaalu unnappatikee, saanketika abhivruddhilo mundanjalo unna australianu chuudataaniki mariyu prapancha vyavaharalalo kendra sthaanamlo undataaniki, athanu britton-australia marganni sthaapinche pathakam kosam thana mantrivargam maddatunu korela chesindi. 1919 fibravarilo hyoogs nundi vacchina cable ilaa cheppindih "chaalaa mandhi australian aviatorlu london nundi australiaku vimaanamlo prayaaninchadaaniki prayatninchaalani korukuntaru, veerandaroo pradhama shreni purushulu mariyu mea aalochanalapai chaalaa aasakti kaligi unnaaru", mariyu atuvanti sanchalanaatmaka vimanam australiaku andinche prayojanaala gurinchi kooda cabinetku salaha ichchaaru "australiaku idhi goppa prakatana avutundi mariyu prapancha drushtini manapai kendrikaristundi."
oka nela taruvaata, australia taatkaalika pradhana mantri vilium vaat ilaa prakatinchaaruh "vaimanika karyakalapalanu uttejapariche uddesyamto, grate britton nundi australiaku modati vijayavantamaina vimaanaaniki £10,000 andinchaalani commonwealth prabhutvam nirnayinchindi."muppai rojullopu prayaanaanni puurti chesina modati sibbandiki bahumati ivvabadutundi. sodarulu raas mariyu keeth smith, pilate mariyu navikudu, mariyu mechanics walter shears mariyu zim bennet 1919 december 10naa vaari wickers vimee zii-eeyu twin injin vimanam darwinlo digadamto bahumatini geluchukunnaru. eee vimanam vimaanamlo prayaaninchina dooraaniki oka rikaardunu nelakolpindi, idhi gatha samvatsaram kairo nundi dhilleeki prayaaninchina munupati rikaardunu adhigaminchindi. australia kosam prapancha patrika drushtini aakarshinchaalane thana lakshyanni hyoogs saadhinchagaa, australia yokka mottamodati, mariyu prapanchamlooni mottamodati vimanayana samsthalalo okataina quantas, 1920loe sthaapinchabadindi, 1935loe antarjaateeya prayaaneekula vimanalanu praarambhinchindi. pootii kosam uttara australialoni landing kshetraalanu survey cheyadaaniki prabhutvam niyaminchina vimanayana samstha saha vyavasthaapakudu hudson fish, vimee dige samayaniki sibbandini palakarinchadaaniki hajarayyaru.
paris shanti samavesam.
1919loe maajee pradhani joseph cook thoo kalisi versiles shanti samavesaniki haajaru kaavadaaniki paris vellaaru. athanu 16 nelala paatu dhooramgaa undi, australia tarapuna versiles oppandampai santakam chesaadu-australia modatisaarigaa antarjaateeya oppandampai santakam chesindi.
1918 december 30naa jarigina saamraajya yuddha mantrivarga samavesamlo, "vaaru chaalaa jagrattagaa undakapothe, manam adhyakshudu willson ratha chakraala venuka anavasaramgaa lagabadali" anie hoogs heccharinchaaru. prapanchaanni elaa paripaalinchaalo maaku nirdesinchadam willson kuu bharinchalenidani ayana annaru. nagarikata yokka rakshana united states meeda aadharapadi unte, adhi eee roeju kanneellu mariyu golusulalo undedi. vilsonku leag off nations kosam etuvanti aacharanaatmaka pathakam ledani, "leag off nations ataniki oka biddaku entha bomma-adhi vachhe varaku athanu santoshamgaa undadu" anie kooda ayana annaru. paris shanti samavesamlo, hoogs willson thoo gharshana paddadu. willson konni millionla mandhi kosam matrame matladanani gurthu chesinappudu, kougilinchukunnavaaru ilaa samaadhaanamichaaruh "neenu 60,000 mandhi chanipoyina vaari kosam matladutunnanu. meeru entamandikosam matladataru?"
newzealand, dakshinaafrikaa mariyu australia yokka british dominianlu tama aakramita german aastulaina german samova, german nairuti africa mariyu german nyuu gineanu varusaga unchaalani tama kesunu vaadinchaaru; eee bhuubhaagaalu sambandhita dominionlaku "class sii aadesaalugaa" ivvabaddaayi. adhe oppandamlo japan bhoomadhyarekhaku uttaraana unna thana aakramita german aastulapai niyantrananu pondindi. janavari 30 samavesamlo, deevulapai adhikaarika saarvabhoumatvaanni kougilinchukunna kougilintalu ishtapadevaaru kabatti, aadesaala prasnapai kougilintalu willson thoo gharshanaku digaaru. british pradhana mantri david lloyd georg prakaram, willson kougilinchukune vidhaanamlo niyantrutvam mariyu ahankaaram kaligi unnadu, "kougilinchukune chivari vyakti neenu aaa vidhamgaa nirvahinchadaaniki enchukunnaanu" anie jodinchaadu. australia swaadheenam chesukunna dveepaalanu aadesaaniki lobadi unchadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa hyoogs thana kesunu cheppina taruvaata lloyd georg elaa vivarinchaaduh
adhyakshudu willson atanni teevramgaa lagaru mariyu vyaktigatamgaa prasanginchadaaniki munduku sagaru, neenu daanini appeal kakunda vedichesina ketaayimpugaa varnistaanu. eee amsampai prapancha abhiprayanni dhikkarinchadam yokka gambheeratanu ayana prastaavinchaaru. mister. oka maata kooda miss kakudadani shraddhaga vinee kougilintalu, athani cheviki chuttoo chetini kappi, chivariki athanu ippatikee adhe abhiprayanni kaligi unnaadani suuchimchaadu. aaa taruvaata adhyakshudu aayananu nemmadigaa, gambheeramgaa ilaa adigaru "mister. hugs, eee dveepaalaku sambandhinchi oka aadesaaniki angeekarinchamani mottam nagarika prapancham australianu adigithe, mottam nagarika prapancham yokka vignaptini dhikkarinchadaaniki australia inca siddhamgaa undani neenu ardham chesukogalanu?mister. hyoogs ilaa samaadhaanamichaaduh "adhi daani parimaanam gurinchi, adhyakshudu willson". mister. eee aakasmika dhikkaranaku massie thana sammatini chedaragottaadu.
ayithe, dakshinaafrikaaku chendina luis botha willson vaipu jokyam chesukuni, aadesaala pathakam amalu cheyabadindi. willson thoo hyoogs tarachugaa gharshanalu jaragadamtho willson atanni "pestiferous warmint" anie paeru pettadaniki daariteesindi.
willson ledhaa dakshinaafrikaa pradhana mantri zaan smuts maadirigaa kakunda, hyuus german saamrajyam nundi bhaarii nashtapariharanni demand chesaaru, dheenilo £1,000 mottaanni suuchistuu, australia thana sonta yuddha runaanni chellinchadaaniki aneka millionlanu claim chestundi. nashtaparihara kamiteelo british pratinidhi brundamlo hyoogs sabhyudu, walter kunliff, 1 va baaran kunliff mariyu 1 va wiscount sumner ayina zaan hamilton unnaaru. saamraajya mantrivargam kougilinchukunna vaari nivedikanu charchinchadaaniki samavesamainappudu, winston churchill kaarmika-taragati german kutumbaalapai nashtapariharam kaliginche prabhavalanu parigananaloki teesukunnara anie kougilinchukunna vaarini adigaru. germanlu nashtapariharam chellinchakapothe grate britanloni kaarmika-taragati kutumbaalapai ledhaa australialoni kutumbaalapai prabhavalanu parigananaloki teesukovadamlo kamitee ekkuva shraddha vahinchindi" anie hyoogs badulichaaru.
oppanda charchalalo, japan yokka jaathi samanatva pratipaadananu cherchadamlo hugs atyanta pramukha pratyarthi, idhi athani mariyu itarula lobbying phalitamgaa tudi oppandamlo cherchabadaledu. eee amsampai ayana vaikhari tella australia vidhanam yokka prabalamaina jaatyahankaara vaikharini pratibimbistumdi. eee nibandhananu aamodinchinatlayithe taanu sadassu nundi nishkramistaanani athanu david lloyd jaarjku cheppadu. valasa vidhananni prabhaavitam cheyaninta varaku eee nibandhananu angeekarinchadaaniki kougilinchukunna vaaru, conny japaneeyulu eee pratipaadananu tiraskarinchaaru. lloyd georg eee nibandhana "japan valasalu mariyu japan sthiranivaasulaku vyatiraekamgaa konni rashtraalu vidhinchina aankshalu mariyu vaikalyalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni ippatike vaari sarihaddula lopala undhi" anie annaru.
hyoogs oka kaarmika sanghavaadigaa raajakeeyaalloki pravesinchaaru, mariyu chaalaa mandhi australian kaarmika vargam vale australiaku asea olasalanu chaalaa gattiga vyatiraekimchaaru (asea olasalanu minahayinchi kenadaaloni unionlalo oka prajaadarana pondina kaaranam, yuu. ess.20va sataabdam praarambhamlo australia mariyu newzealand). jaathi samanatva nibandhananu angeekarinchadam antey 1901loe aamodinchina tella australia valasa vidhanam antam avtundani hyoogs vishwasinchaaru, athani sahacharulalo okaru ilaa vraasaaru "tella australiatho taarumaaru chesthe yea prabhutvam australialo oka roeju jeevinchadu.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru.sthaanam idhi-japanese pratipaadana antey edho ledhaa daaniki ardham aemee leduh modatidi unte, daanitoe paatu; rendodi unte, adhi enduku undhi?"[athanu taruvaata ilaa annadu" "vyaktulu tama bhuubhaagaallooki pravesinchavalasina paristhitulanu nirnayinche hakku, daanini saamanta raajyamgaa tagginchakundaa balaheenaparachabadadu", "anie jodistu" "neenu daanini angeekarinchadaaniki munduku vachinappudu, adhi valasala kosam ledhaa mana swayam-prabhutva hakkulanu yea vidhamgaanainaa debbatise uddesyamto upayoginchakudadani spashtam chestu padaalu cherchabadi unte, [japan pratinidhi] baaran makino angeekarinchalekapoyadu".
pratipaadana viphalamainappudu, australia paarlamentulo ilaa nivedinchaaruh "tella australia meedi". meeku nacchina vidhamgaa meeru daanitoe cheyavachu, conny edemaina, sainikulu vijayanni saadhinchaaru mariyu naa sahacharulu mariyu neenu aaa goppa suutraanni samavesam nundi mea vaddaku tirigi teesukuvacchaamu, adhi modata sweekarinchabadina roeju entha surakshitamgaa undho anthe surakshitamgaa undhi.
eee amsampai hugs vaikharitho japan mukhyamgaa baadhapadindi. dakshinaafrikaaku chendina zaan smuts maadirigaane, japan edugudala gurinchi hugs aandolana chendaaru. 1914loe european yuddham prakatinchina konni nelallone, japan, australia mariyu newzealand pasifiklo unna anni german praadaesika aastulanu swaadheenam chesukunnayi. british vaari aasiirvaadamtoe japan german aastulanu aakraminchinappatikii, eee sanghatanala malupulo hoogs aandolana chendaaru.
shanti samavesamlo hugs charyalanu prastaavistuu, charitrakaarudu ernest scott matladutu, swaadheenam chesukunna german dveepaalapai saarvabhoumaadhikaaraanni pondadamlo ledhaa australia yuddha runaalaku upasamanam kaliginchadamlo hugs viphalamainappatiki, "athanu mariyu athani deshaprajalu iddaroo athani vijayaalato santrupti chendaaru. vilakshanhamaina paddhatula dwara athanu thana desham yokka unikiki keelakamaina paayintlanu kaneesam ontarigaa pondaadu. paris shanti samavesamlo thana drudatvaaniki hyoogs taruvaati australian charitralo jaanapada heero ayyarani" john beomont annaru.
seth tillman aayananu "sabdabharitamaina demagog", "aanglo-american sambandhaala yokka bett noir" gaa abhivarninchaaru. smuts maadirigaa kakunda, hugs leag off nations bhavananu vyatiraekimchaaru, endukante andulo athanu "saamuuhika bhadrata" yokka lopabhuishta aadarsavaadaanni chushadu. 1919 juunloo australia leag meeda aadhaarapadutundani ayana prakatinchaaru, "conny memu maa podini podigaa unchutaamu".
samavesam nundi intiki tirigi vacchina taruvaata, "australia charitralo saatilenidi" anie charitrakaarudu aann moyal thana kereerlo atyunnata sthaayiki cherukovadanni swaagatinchaaru.
1920-1923.
kottagaa erpadina leag off nations loe australiaku swatantra praatinidhyam undaalani hyoogs demand chesaaru. athani nirbandha niyamaka vidhananni tiraskarinchinappatiki, australia otarlalo hugs prajaadarananu konasaaginchaaru, 1919 australia samakhya ennikalaloo, athani prabhutvam soukaryavantamgaa tirigi ennikayyindi.
1920 taruvaata, hugs raajakeeya sthaanam ksheeninchindi. commonwealth shipping line mariyu australian wireless company prabhutva yajamanyanni nilupukovadamlo ayana aasaktini paerkontuu, ayana ippatikee soshalistu anie bhaavinchinanduna ayana sonta paarteelo unna chaalaa mandhi sampradaayavaadulu aayananu eppuduu viswasinchaledu. ayithe, sramanu adhikaram nundi dhooramgaa unchadaaniki matrame, yuddham taruvaata kontakaalam vaaru ataniki maddatu ivvadam konasaaginchaaru.
jaateeyavaadula graameena vidhaanaalatho asantrupti chendina raitulaku praatinidhyam vahistuu, mukhyamgaa yuddha samayamlo vistarinchina australian parisramalaku chaalaa ekkuva sthaayi sunkaala rakshananu angeekarinchadam, graameena utpattulapai dharala niyantranaku ayana maddatu ivvadam vanti kotta party, country party (1975 nundi australia jaateeya partyga piluvabadindi) erpadindi. 1922 noothana samvatsara gowrawaalalo, hyoogs bhaarya maereeni british saamrajyam (jibe) yokka arder yokka daam grand crossga niyaminchaaru.
1921 saamraajya sadassulo, aanglo-japanese kuutamini punaruddharinchadaaniki anukuulamgaa hyoogs viphalamgaa vaadinchaaru.
1922 australia samakhya ennikalaloo, hugs bendigo sthaanaanni vadulukuni, uttara sidneylooni unnata-madhyataragati vibhaagaaniki badilee ayyaru, tadwara thana kaarmika-taragati muulaalaku chivari sanketha sambandhaalalo okadaanni vadulukunnaru. aaa ennikallo jaateeyavaadulu tama sampoorna majorityni kolpoyaru. kougilinchukune vaari vyavasaya vidhananni vyatirekinchinappatiki, desheeya party jaateeyavaadulaku ekaika vaastavika sankeerna bhagaswamy. ayithe, party nayakudu erley pages, ayana, ayana party kaugilinchukovadam ledani teliyajesaaru. thana party mitavaadula ottiditoe, 1923 fibravarilo hyoogs rajinama chesi, athani koshadhikari stanley broose chetha vijayavantam ayyadu. 1957loe robbert menjis aayananu adhigaminche varaku ayana enimidella padaveekaalam pradhaaniki atyanta sudeerghamainadi.
prastuta pradhana mantri, 1917 mariyu 1922 ennikalaloo sthaanaalanu marchukunnaru, okasari kaadu rendusaarlu alaa chesina ekaika pradhana mantri. anni itara ennikalaloo pradhana mantri ennikalaku mundu vaaru kaligi unna seetulo tirigi pootii chesaaru.
raajakeeya grahanam mariyu punah aavirbhavam.
1923loe migilina kaalamlo paarlamentulo hugs peddagaa paatra pooshinchaleedu. athanu thana kotta otarlalo kiribillilo oka intini addeku teesukunnadu mariyu athanu enchukunna vishayaalapai varusa kathanaalu raayadaaniki "dialy telegraph" dwara niyaminchabaddaadu. pradhana mantrigaa thana vaarasatvaanni samarthinchukunna ayana, kotta prabhutvam thana suutraalanu anusarinchinanta kaalam maddatu istanani vyasalalo paerkonnaaru. 1924loe, hugs united states loe upanyaasa parytananu praarambhinchaaru. ayana newyorklo unnappudu paryatana madhyalo ayana aarogyam ksheeninchindi. phalitamgaa athanu thana migilina nischitaarthaalanu raddu chesi, kotta flint automobile desavyaaptamgaa tirigi vellaadu, daanini athanu australiaku tirigi teesukuvacchaadu. aaa samvatsaram taruvaata athanu lindfieldlo oka intini konugolu chesaadu, idhi athani jeevitaantam athani praathamika nivasamga undalsi undhi. 1925loe hugs mallii parliamentary vyavaharalalo peddagaa paalgonaledu, conny thana snehitulu james hyoom cook mariyu ambrose praat sahayamtho "videshee pootii mariyu prabhutva udaaseenataku vyatiraekamgaa sthirapadataaniki poraadutunna australian parisramala vijaeta" gaa tananu taanu chithreekarinchukovadam praarambhinchaadu.
hooghs thana sonta paarteeche bahishkarinchabadatam patla kopamgaa unnadu mariyu 1929 varaku venuka-benchlalo thana firyadunu konasaginchadu, athanu venuka-benchu tirugubaatudaarula brundaaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu, vaaru kathinamaina prabhutvaanni kuulchivaeyadaaniki paarlamentu antastunu daataaru. hyoogs jaateeyavaada party nundi bahishkarinchabaddaadu mariyu thana sonta party ayina australian paarteeni erpaatu chesaadu. taruvaati ennikalaloo jaateeyavaadulu bhaareega odipoyina taruvaata, hyoogs modatlo james scullin kaarmika prabhutvaaniki maddatu icchaaru. ayithe, aardhika vishayaalapai ayana scullin thoo vibhedaalu kaligi unnaaru. 1931loe ayana thana maajee kaarmiketara sahacharulatho kalisi jaateeyavaadulu, joseph leones aadhvaryamlo aneka mandhi mitavaada kaarmika asammativaadulato kalisi leones naayakatvamlo united australia party (uap) nuu erpaatu chesaaru. scullin prabhutvaanni padagottadaaniki athanu migilina yuepeetho kalisi ootu vaesaadu.
1930luu.
1931 ennikalaloo yuu. eah. pii. bhaarii vijayanni saadhinchindi. 1932loe geneevaalo jarigina leag off nations assemblylo australiaku praatinidhyam vahinchadaaniki leones kougilintalu pampaaru, 1934loe hyuus leones prabhutvamlo aarogya mariyu swadaesaaniki tirigi pampe mantri ayyaru. taruvaata leones aayananu videsanga mantrigaa niyaminchaaru, conny 1935loe ayana raasina "australia und dhi waar tude" anae pustakam australialo raboye yuddhaaniki saraina tayari lekapovadam bahirgatam chesina taruvaata ayana rajinama cheyavalasi vachindi. aaa tarvaata ventane leone prabhutvam rakshana budgetnu moodu retlu penchindi. leag off nations vichchinnamaindani, daaniki balaprayogam maddatu untene adhi panichesi undedani "australia und dhi waar tude" loe kooda hyoogs raasaaru. prati desham thana sonta rakshana vaipu chuudaali, britton european vyavaharalalo nimagnamai unnanduna, australia tananu taanu rakshinchukovalasi untundani ayana viswasinchaadu.
1931loe japanese manchuria dandayaatra taruvaata, british vaaru tatasthamgaa undaalani hyoogs vishwasinchaaru, 1935loe italii abyssinia dandayaatra patla adhe vaikharini avalambinchaaru. madhyadharaalo balaheenata kaaranamgaa british saamrajyam pramaadamloo undani hyoogs vishwasinchaaru.
1937loe videsanga mantrigaa leones hyuusnu australiaku tirigi teesukuvacchaaru. 1938loe germany thana pasiphik kaalaneelanu tirigi ivvamani abhyardhinchindi, ayithe hyuus australia kotta gineanu nilupukovalani prakatinchaadu, mariyu april 1939loe germany kaalaneelanu korukunte aame vaari kosam poradavalasi untundani cheppadu.
1939loe leones maraninche samayaniki, hyoogs attarney generalga mariyu parisrama mantrigaa kooda panicheestunnaaru. athanu leones varasudu robbert menjis aadhvaryamlo vividha samayaallo naavikaadala mantri, parisrama mantri mariyu attarney generalga kooda panicheesaaru.
rendava prapancha yuddham.
airopalo faasijam mariyu asealo japan teevravaadam peragadamtho rakshana samasyalu praja vyavaharalalo ekkuvagaa aadhipatyam chelayinchayi. 1938 nundi, pradhana mantri joseph leones rakshana dalaala kosam niyamaka drivenu praarambhinchaaru. 1939 april 7naa leones padaviloe unnappudu maraninchaadu. rendava prapancha yuddham sandarbhamgaa minority prabhutvaaniki naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki united australia party robbert menjeesnu thana varasudiga empika chesindi. australia 1939 septembaru 3naa rendava prapancha yuddhamloki pravesinchindi, yuddham prakatinchina taruvaata oka pratyeka yuddha mantrivargam erpaatu cheyabadindi-praarambhamlo pradhana mantri menjeelu mariyu kaugilinchukovadamto sahaa aiduguru senior mantrulatho koodi untundi. kaarmika pratipaksha nayakudu zaan curtin chaeradaaniki niraakarinchaaru mariyu 1940 ennikalaloo menjeelu thana majorityni kolpoyaru. mitraraajyaalu varusa otamulanu edurkontunnanduna mariyu pasifiklo perugutunna yuddha mupputho, menjis prabhutvam (1939-1941) thana parliamentary majority kosam iddaru swatantrulaina orther coles mariyu alex vilsanlapai aadhaarapadindi.
yuddha mantrivargamlo cheramani kartinnu oppinchalekapoyi, thana sonta paarteelo perugutunna ottidini edurkonna menjis 1941 augustu 29naa pradhana mantri padaviki rajinama chesaaru. uap oka dasaabdam paatu prabhutvamlo unnappatikee, naayakatvam lekapovadam valla uap-country ummadi samavesam kuutamiki naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki country party nayakudu orther faadennu ennukundi. hugs fadden prabhutvamlone undi, attarney generalga mariyu naavikaadala mantrigaa panicheesaaru. oka nela taruvaata, coles mariyu willson budgetnu oodinchi prabhutvaanni kuulchivaeyadaaniki kaarmika pratipakshamto cheraaru. governor-general alegzander hoar-ruthwen, 1va earl off gauri nundi prerepinchabadina swatantrulu, appudu pratipaksha nayakudu zaan kartinku tama maddatunu icchaaru, ayana 1941 aktobaru 7naa pradhana mantrigaa pramaana sweekaaram chesaaru. pratipakshamloki vellina uap fadden netrutvamloni ummadi sankeerna pratipakshaanni enchukundi, idhi menjeelu naayakatvaaniki rajinama cheyadaaniki daariteesindi. 79 yella kougilintalu october 9naa athi takkuva sankhyalo ennikaina nayakudiga unnaaru, conny athani vayassu drishtya vistrutamgaa oka virama-antaramgaa pariganinchabaddaaru.
december 7naa japan mutyaala naukaasrayampai daadi chesindi. aaa taruvaata ventane, suduura thoorpulo british prabhutvam balaheenatanu goorchi hugs vimarsinchaaru, vaaru "itara yuddhaalalo british vijayala yokka vaegamgaa ksheenistunna merupu" thoo jeevistunnaarani prakatinchaaru. ayithe, 1942 fibravarilo ayana "britton tatkalikamga samudraalapai niyantrana kolpoyindi, conny australianu rakshinche prayatnamlo aame daanini kolpoyindi" anie annaru. britton nuu vimarsinche vaaru australiapy serch laitlanu tippithe manchidi "anie annaru. augustulo ayana pasifiklo mitraraajyaala rakshana vyuuhaanni vimarsinchaaru, conny solamanla yuddham taruvaata ayana united states saayudha dalaalanu prasamsimchaaru. westminster dattata chattam 1942 yokka curtin prabhutva saasanaanni hyoogs vyatiraekimchaaru, idhi westminster 1931 saasanamlooni 2-6 vibhaagaalanu chattamgaa cherchindi. badulugaa britton mariyu dominianlu ummadi videsanga vidhanam kosam kalisi panicheyaalani ayana vishwasinchaaru.
hyoogs 1943 australia samakhya ennikalaloo yea party samavesalanu nirvahinchadaaniki niraakarinchadam dwara mariyu fadden mottam pratipakshaanni nadipinchadaaniki anumatinchadaaniki angeekarinchadam dwara yuepini nadipinchaaru. eee kootami teevramgaa odipoyi kevalam 19 sthaanaalanu matrame geluchukundi. uttara sidneylo 14 saataaniki paiga swing meeda hyoogs dadapuga odipoyaadu, athani majority soukaryavantamaina surakshitamaina 67 saatam nundi swalpamgaa 53 saataaniki taggindi. ennikala taruvaata, kaugilinchukovadam anedi uap naayakatvaanni menjeelaku tirigi ichindi.
chivari samvatsaraalu.
1944 fibravarilo, parliamentary yuu. yuu. eah. pii. thana sabhyulanu salaha yuddha mandali nundi upasamharinchukovadaaniki ootu vesindi. kougilinchukunnavaaru mariyu menjeelu rajinama chesaaru, conny persey kharchu chesevaaru councillone undaalani enchukunnaaru mariyu uap nundi bahishkarinchabaddaaru. konni nelala taruvaata, zaan curtin vyaktigata ahvanam meraku kougilinchukoni tirigi yuddha mandalilo cheraaru. 1944 april 14naa ayana yuu. eah. pii nundi bahishkarinchabaddaaru, mariyu athani sthaanamlo eric haarisan upa nayakudiga niyaminchabaddaaru. 1945 september 13 varaku, aaa samvatsaram praarambhamlo sthaapinchabadina australia yokka kotta liberal paarteelo cherentha varaku, kougilinchukunnavaaru mariyu kharchu chesevaaru swatantrulugaa kuurchunnaaru. appatiki yuddha mandali raddu cheyabadindi.
1949 ennikalaku mundu pratinidhula sabha yokka pradhana puna ist pampinhee mariyu vistarana jarigindi, uttara sidney yokka uttara bhaagamlo ekkuva bhaagam broadfield yokka kotta vibhaagaaniki badilee cheyabadindi. hyoogs 1894 taruvaata modatisaarigaa ennikala mundu savaalunu edurkonnaru, conny liberal party aamodam kosam harry turnernu oodinchi soukaryavantamaina vijayanni saadhinchaaru. 1951 australia samakhya ennikalaloo 79 saatam otlatho 20va, chivari saari pratinidhula sabhaku tirigi ennikayyaaru. paarlamentulo hyoogs chivari prasangam, 30 samvatsaraala kritam thana prabhutvam sthaapinchina prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni samsthalalo okataina commonwealth chamuru suddhi karmagaralalo thana vatanu vikrayinchaalani menjis prabhutvam teesukunna nirnayampai daadi. H prakaram.vii. ayithe, athani prasangam "okesari haajaraina gauravaneeya sabhyulandari drushtini aakarshinchinatlu anipinchindi.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. evaruu inti nundi bayataku raaledu, evaruu kadaladaaniki dhairyam cheyaledani anipinchindi ".
ayana paarlamentulo chivari samvatsaraallo aneka mailuraallanu kougilinchukunnaru. 1944loe, nyuu south wales paarlamentuku ayana ennikaina 50va vaarshikotsavam, empeega varusaga 50 samvatsaraala seva ghnaapakaartham veduka vindu jarigindi. pradhana mantri zaan curtin aayananu "taanu sarainadani namme daani kosam narakamla pooraadina vyaktigaa, mariyu daani kosam australia aayananu gouravistundi" anie abhivarninchaaru. 1951 juun loe, samakhya paarlamentu swarnothsavaalanu puraskarinchukuni jarigina vindulo hugs gourava atithigaa palgonnaru. marusati samvatsaram, "pratinidhula sabha mariyu senetloni daadaapu prati sabhyudu" athani puttinaroju vinduku hajarayyaru. pradhani robbert menjis, hugs edho oka samayamlo prati raajakeeya paarteelo sabhyudiga unnaarani gamaninchaaru, aaa samayamlo orther fadden taanu eppuduu country paarteelo cheraledani madhyavartitvam vahinchaadu. appudu hugs ilaa vyakhyaaninchaadu, "ekkado oka chota rekha gealsi vachindi, kaadaa?"anie paerkonnaaru.
maranam mariyu antyakriyalu.
hyoogs 1952 aktobaru 28naa 90 samvatsaraala vayasulo lindfieldloni thana intlo maraninchaadu. athani prabhutva antyakriyalu sidneylooni seyint andrus cathedrallo jarigaayi, mariyu australia chusina atipedda vaatilo idhi okatih sumaru 450,000 mandhi prekshakulu veedhullo varusalo nilabaddaru. taruvaata athanu thana kumarte helentho kalisi makwari park smasaanavaatika mariyu smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaadu; 1958loe aame maraninchina taruvaata athani vitantuvu dame maerii vaaritho cheraaru.
90 samvatsaraalu, oka nela mariyu moodu rojula vayassulo, kougilinchukunna vaaru australia paarlamentu sabhyudiga unna atyanta vruddhudu. ayana maranam 1952 broadfield upa ennikaku daariteesindi. athanu 51 samvatsaraala edu nelala paatu pratinidhula sabhalo sabhyudiga unnadu, victoria raani paalanalo thana sevanu praarambhinchi, raani elizabeth II paalanalo muginchaadu. dheeniki mundu nyuu south wales valasa paarlamentulo thana sevatho sahaa, hugs mottam 58 samvatsaraalu empeega gadiparu, mariyu ennadoo ennikallo odipoledu. ayana sevala kaalam australialo oka recordugane migilipoyindi. 1901loe ennikaina asalu australia paarlamentulo chivari sabhyudaina ayana, ayana maraninchinappudu kooda paarlamentulo panicheesaaru. maraninchina modati paarlamentulo chivari sabhyudu hyoogs; king oo 'maalii athani kante padnaalugu nelalu ekkuva kaalam jeevinchaadu. watson cabinetlo migili unna chivari sabhyudu, alaage andrew fisher yokka modati mariyu moodava cabinetlu kooda hyoogs.
vyaktigata jeevitam.
modati vivaham.
sidneaki cherukunna ventane, hugs thana bhuswamulalo okari kumarte elizabeth cuts thoo saadhaarana nyaya vivaham chesukunnadu. vaari sambandham ennadoo adhikarikamga namodu kaaledu ledhaa gambheeramgaa ledhu, conny vaaru bharyaabhartalugaa jeevinchaaru mariyu kalisi aruguru pillalu unnaaru-vilium (bii. 1891; baalyamlone maraninchaadu), ethel (bii. 1892), lillie (bii. 1893), dolly (bii. 1895), ernest (bii. 1897), mariyu charless (bii. 1898). vaaru orther (bii. 1885), elizabeth kumarudu, munupati sambandham nundi, athanu kougilinchukunnadu. vaari vivaham drudhamgaa undedi, ayithe konnisaarlu athani pani patla kougilinchukune bhakti mariyu inti nundi tarachugaa gairhajaravadam valla ottidi vachindi. elizabeth kuu rajakeeyaalapai antagaa aasakti undedi kaadu, aame bhartha kereer purogamistunnappudu sambhavinchina saamaajika paristhitulalo konnisaarlu anaarogyamtho baadhapadevaaru. aame sudeerghakaalam anaarogyamtho badhapaduthunna taruvaata, 1906 september 1naa 42 samvatsaraala vayasulo gundepotuto maraninchindi.
rendava vivaham.
athani modati bhaarya maranam taruvaata, cougs pedda kumarte ethel athani kosam intini unchi, chinna pillalanu chusukovadaniki sahayam chesindi. kontakaalam prema vyavaharam taruvaata, athanu 26 juun 1911naa sampanna pasuvaidyudi kumarte maerii ethel campelnu tirigi vivaham chesukunnadu. vaari vivaham samayamlo, athanu 48 samvatsaraalu mariyu aame 37 samvatsaraalu. maerii rajakeeyamgaa mariyu samajikamga telivainadi, mariyu aame bhartha tarachugaa raajakeeya vishayaalapai salaha kosam aame vaipu moggu chuupaaru. aaa samayamlo asadhaaranamgaa, athanu thana anni videshee paryatanalalo, yuddha samayamlo chesina vaatilo kooda aametho kalisi undaalani pattubattadu. thana rendava vivaham dwara, "dhi bulletin" vyavasthaapakullo okaraina zaan hanes yokka baavamaridi kooda ayyadu. athani menakodalu edith hanes athanitho mariyu athani bhaaryatho kalisi chaalaa samvatsaraalu sahacharudiga nivasinchindi.
hyoogs rendava vivaham nundi ekaika santaanam helen myphanvi hyoogs, athanu 1915loe janminchaadu (athanu pradhaanamantri kaavadaaniki konni nelala mundu). athanu aamenu "naa jeevitamlo aanandam mariyu velugu" anie pilichi, aamenu preminchaadu, 1937loe 21 samvatsaraala vayassulo prasava samayamlo aame maranamtho naasanamayyaadu. aame kumarudu praanaalatoe bayatapaddadu mariyu kutumba snehitudu dattata teesukunnadu, athani taata athani nirvahanaku todpaddaaru. aaa samayamlo aame avivaahituraalu kabatti, helen maranaaniki sambandhinchina paristhitulanu daachipettaaru mariyu 2004 varaku saadhaaranamgaa teliyadu, appudu natudu martin waghan samarpinchina karyakramanni ebisi pradarsinchindi. 1975loe vacchina "billie und persey" chitramlo billie hugs paatranu waghan pooshinchaaru, athani patla athani nirantara aasakti helen vidhini velikiteese daariteesindi.
aarogyam.
kougilinchukunevaariki teevramaina vinikidi lopam undhi, idhi athanu saapekshamgaa chinnatanamlo praarambhamai, vayassutho marinta digajaarindi. athanu oka praacheena electronic vinikidi parikarampai aadharapaddadu, idhi chaalaa sthuulamgaa undedi, daanini swalpa kaalaaniki matrame dharinchagaligedi mariyu oka pettelo teesukellavalasi vachedi. ayithe, athani chevititanam konnisaarlu ataniki prayojanakaramgaa undavacchu, endukante athanu tappugaa ardham chesukunnatlu natinchavacchu ledhaa athanu ikapai evari maata vinakuudadanukunnappudu thana parikaranni aapiveyavachhu. bhouthikamgaa, kougilintalu etthu takkuvagaa undi, konchem nirminchabadi, nilabadi, baruvugaa undevi. athanu "sahajamgaa balaheenamaina sariiraakruti" kaligi unnadu, tarachugaa jalubu mariyu itara antuvyaadhulatho baadhapadutuu, bharti cheyadaaniki "saareeraka drudhatvam yokka matabhrashta bhaktudu" ayyadu. athanu deerghakaalika ajeernamtho kooda badhapaddadu, dheeni kaaranamgaa athanu erra maamsam mariyu madyaaniki dhooramgaa unnadu mariyu arudugaa pedda bhojanam tinnadu. kougilintalu tarachugaa alasataku gurayye varaku panicheestaayi, mariyu tirigi punjukovadaniki ekkuva kaalam kolukovadam avasaram-konnisaarlu vaaralu ledhaa nelalu kooda. athanu utsaahabharitamaina kaalaalato paatu depression yokka pooraataalaku gurayye avakaasam undhi, mariyu 1924loe naadii vichchinnam taruvaata "psychosthenia" thoo baadhapadutunnaadu.
matam.
hyoogs jeevitakaala aangleyudu. athanu thana talli vaipu nundi eee anubandhaanni vaarasatvamgaa pondaadu-athani tandri landanlooni velsh baptist charchilo aadima baptist mariyu deacon, ayinappatikee athanu aangla aachaaraalato vivaham chesukunnadu. hyoogs baludiga charchi paatasaalalaku hajarayyadu, mariyu king james baibil "mundu nundi mundu" telusu. peddavaadainappudu, athanu tarachugaa thana rachanalo mariyu bahiranga prasangamlo baibil malupulanu upayoginchevaadu. athanu australiaku vellina tarvaata vyavastheekruta matamlo hyoogs palgonadam ksheeninchinatlu anipistundi, mariyu kontamandi rachayitalu athanu agneyavaadi ledhaa naastikudani suuchimchaaru. dheeniki aadharalu ekkuvagaa paristhitula aadhaaramgaa unnaayi-athanu saadhaarana charchiki vellevaadu kaadu, athani modati vivaham eppuduu charchilo jaragaledu, athanu tarachugaa daivaduushanha bhashanu upayoginchaadu.
kougilinchukunna vaari jeevita charitrakaarulandaruu aayananu vilakshanhamaina vedaantasaastram unnappatikee nijaayiteegala kraistavudigaa bhaavinchaaru. kraistava matam yokka aadhyaatmika viluvalapai saamaanyamaina vishwaasam", "maranaanantara jeevitam mariyu devuni yokka sarvavyaaptatapai lothaina nammakamtho kalipi", hugs kaligi unnaarani fitzarding raasaaru. hyoogs thana sonta rachanalalo metaphysics gurinchi arudugaa prastaavinchaaru, conny thana ghnaapakaalalo athanu chinna vayassulone mundastu nirnayam siddhaantaanni tiraskarinchaadani perkonnaduh "neenu vittina vyaktigaa athanu kosukovalani nammadu.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. "vishwaasam mariyu kriyala dwara" athanu rakshananu pondavacchu."bahirangamgaa prakatinche nammakaala yokka shraddha gurinchi manning clark kontavaraku sandehaaspadamgaa unnadu. hyoogs vyaktigata tatvasaastraaniki sambandhinchi, clark tanaku "jeevitam gurinchi aspashtamaina habician drukpatham" undani, daanini "manugada kosam krooramaina moulika poraatamgaa chushadu, dheenilo balamaina purushulu balaheenulanu anachivesaaru" anie raasaadu.
raajakeeya prayojanaala kosam tarachugaa mataanni dopidi chesevaaru. kaarmika udyamamlo thana prarambha rojullo, socialism matha vyatiraekam ledhaa naastikatvam kaadani kraistavulaku bharosa ivvadaaniki ayana grandhaalapai thana praaveenyaanni pondaaru. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo hugs teevramgaa catholic vyatiraekatagaa maararu, ayithe idhi vedaanta praatipadikana kakunda charchi sopanakramam nundi raajakeeya jokyam kaaranamgaa jarigindi. athanu catholic naayakulapai teevramaina vyaktigata daadulatoe "matatatvaanni vishaadakaramaina sthaayiki prerepinchaadu"; australia yokka modati catholic pradhana mantri james scullin, taruvaata kaugilinchukovadam yokka vibhajana "australianu daadaapu naasanam chesindani" suuchimchaadu. athanu australian charchilalo german vadakanni kooda nishedhinchaadu, ayithe idhi kaathalikkula kante lutheranlanu ekkuvagaa prabhaavitam chesindi.
vaarasatvam.
kougilinchukunna, oka chinna, telivitakkuva vyakti, oka raasee vois mariyu perugutunna telivaina mukham, oka arudaina jaateeya nayakudu, conny modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo athanu yuddha nayakudiga khyaatini pondaadu-dalaalu atanni "chinna tavvakam" anie pilichayi-idhi athani jeevitaantam nilabettindi. ayana thana atyuttama raajakeeya, dautya naipunhyaalaku, aneka chamatkaaramaina matalaku, anachiveyaleni aasaavaadam, deshabhakti kosam gurthundipotharu. adhe samayamlo, australian kaarmika udyamam sampradaayavaadula vaipu maarinanduku atanni ennadoo kshaminchaledu, inca atanni "eluka" gaa pariganistundi.
gowravaalu.
nagaram yokka swechcha.
australia yokka itara pradhana mantri kante ekkuva padihenu "city friedam" avaardulatoe hyoogs gowravinchabaddaaru. veetilo united kingdamloni eee krindi nagaralu unnaih
gourava niyaamakaalu.
eee krindi vishwavidyaalayaala nundi gourava degreelanu andukunnaruh 
kaugilaala vibhajana mariyu kaugilaala shivaaru praantam, conberraloni australia rajadhani bhuubhaagaaniki ayana paeru pettaru. laine cove, nyuu south vaelslooni oka parkuku billie mariyu dame maerii hyoogs paeru meeda 'hyoogs park' anie paeru pettaru.
1972loe australia post jaarii chesina tapala billapai aayanapai gourava mudra vaesaaru.
1911loe athani bhaarya maereeni vivaham chesukunna taruvaata, aaa janta honeymoon kosam samayam lenanduna long drive kuu vellaaru. vaari kaaru nyuu south vaelslooni albariki uttaraana unna sidney-melbourne railvenu daatutunnappudu, sidney-melbourne rahadari koolipoyindi, idhi akkada unna level crossingku athani paeru pettadaniki daariteesindi; taruvaata daani sthaanamlo billie hugs vantenanu erpaatu chesaaru.

