
feng gaifen

feng gaifen (; 1809-mae 28,1874, maryaadapuurvaka paeru linai (), kala paeru jingting (), taruvaata kala paeru denguishanren (), jinshi degree 1840) quing raajavamsam samayamlo panditudu. ayana upadhyayudu, prabhutva adhikari kooda, thana kaalamlooni pramukha raajaneetignulaku salahadaruga panicheesaaru. feng rashtraalu sampannamgaa mariyu balamgaa maarina paddhatulapai thana aasaktiki prasiddhi chendaadu, chainees saamrajyam kosam samskaranalanu pratipaadinchadaaniki athanu raasina vyaasamlo eee vishayalanu highlight chesaadu. 19va sataabdam chivaralo chepattina sweeya-balopetha udyamam yokka tatvasaastraaniki ayana muulam. 
jeevitam mariyu vrutti.
1809loe chainaalooni jainsu provinceloni wuxian loe sampanna sujou bhuswamula kutumbamlo feng janminchaadu. "jinshi" loe degree puurti chesina taruvaata, athanu 1840loe hanlin academylo compilerga panicheyadam praarambhinchaadu, taruvaata gwangsi provincelo sivil servies examination supervisor ayyadu. chivaraku ayana liang jiang, lii hangjangku vaisray kuu private kaaryadarsigaa kooda panicheesaaru.
taiping tirugubaatu samayamlo, feng tirugubaatudaarulato pooraadataaniki sthaanika sainyam erpaatu chesaadu. tirugubaatudaarulu sujouni aakraminchinappudu athanu shangaiki paaripoyaadu. taruvaata thana jeevitamlo, tangji punaruddharana (1862-1874) samayamlo feng "jingshi" paatasaalaku nayakudu ayyadu. athanu sunn yaat-sentho kooda medhoparamaina sambandhaanni yerparachukunnadu. 
chaina samskaranalu.
feng shangaiki paaripoyinappudu, athanu nagaranni rakshistunna paaschaatyulato parichayam erpadindi. eee paraspara charya aadhaaramgaa ayana aadhuneekaranapai thana aalochanalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. itara medhaavulu mariyu quing adhikaarulaina venxiang, jeng guffan mariyu juo jongtang vanti vaari maadirigaane, feng paaschaatya saanketika parignaanam mariyu sainika vyavasthalanu sweekarinchadam dwara sweeya-balopetam mariyu paarisraamikeekarana kosam vaadinchaaru, adhe samayamlo pradhana neo-confucian suutraalanu nilupukunnaru. 1857loe vii yuvan maranam taruvaata chaina anubhavinchina vipattula taruvaata, athanu "geobinlu kangyi" ledhaa "nirasana vyasalu" anae rachanala sekaranalo vistrutamaina samskaranalanu pratipaadinchaadu. videshee aayudhaala tayaareepai" anae thana vyaasamlo ayana ilaa paerkonnatlu pramukhamgaa utankinchaaruh "anagarikula nundi manam neerchukoevalasinadi oke oka vishayam-ghana noukalu mariyu samarthavanthamaina tupaakulu", vaastavaaniki athani pratipaadanalu konchem vistrutamgaa unnappatikee. 
mottam 40 sankhyala vyasalu rendu kolatalanu vivarinchaayi. modatidi pasupu nadiloe injaneering kaaryakramaala nundi saampradaaya uppu gabelle samskarana vanti aardhika samskaranala varaku bureaucracylo saanketika merugudalalu. rendava pratipaadita rajyanga maarpulu, mukhyamgaa raajakeeya adhikaram mariyu hodaanu tirigi ketayinchadam. ayana chesina aneka samskaranalu ennadoo puurtigaa amalu cheyabadanappatiki, avi taruvaati taraala raajakeeya samskartalaku pampinhee cheyabaddaayi. idhi aadhunika chaina yokka mottamodati samskaranavaada agendalalo okatigaa kooda pariganinchabadutundi mariyu 1898 naati vanda rojula samskaranaku dohadapadutundi. athani aalochanalu 1861loe udbhavinchina sweeya-balopetha udyamaaniki kooda aadharam ayyayi mariyu 1895 varaku konasaagindi.

