
tamila saahityam

tamila saahityam rendu vaela samvatsaraalaku paiga sudeerghamaina saahitya sampradaayaanni kaligi undhi. atyanta puraatanamaina rachanalu inca ekkuva kaalam parinaamaanni soochinche paripakvata sankethaalanu chuuputaayi. tamila saahityaaniki pradhanamgaa dakshina bharatadesaniki chendina tamila prajalu, prastutam tamilanadu, kerala, srilankaku chendina eelam tamilulu, alaage tamila pravaasulatoe kuudina bhoomi.
tamila saahitya charitra tamilanadu charitranu anusaristundi, vividha kaalaala saamaajika, aardhika, raajakeeya mariyu saamskrutika pokadalanu daggaragaa anusaristundi. cree. puu. 300 kii mundu naati prarambha sangam saahityamlo prema, yuddham, saamaajika viluvalu mariyu mathamtho sahaa jeevitamlooni aneka amsaalatoe vyavaharinchae vividha kavula sankalanaalu unnaayi. dheeni taruvaata shaiva, vaishnava, aajeevika, jaina, bouddha rachayitalu, cree. sha. 5va sataabdam varaku konasagina kavulu rachinchina prarambha itihaasaalu, naitika saahityam vachayi. cree. sha. 6va sataabdam nundi 12va sataabdam varaku, nayanamars (saivamata rushulu) mariyu alvars (vaishnavamata rushulu) raasina tamila bhakti kavitalu, taruvaata mottam bhaarata upakhandaanni chuttumuttina goppa bhakti udyamaanni prakatinchaayi. eee yugamlone kambaramayanam, periyapuraanam vanti goppa tamila saahitya classiclu rachinchabaddaayi, aneka mandhi kavulanu chola, paandya saamrajyaalu poeshinchaayi. taruvaati madhyayuga kaalamlo aneka rakaala chinna saahitya rachanalu mariyu kontamandi muslim mariyu european rachayitala rachanalu kooda kanipinchaayi.
19va sataabdam chivari nundi mataparamaina mariyu taatvika swabhaavam gala rachanalu saamaanya prajalaku aanandinchadaaniki sulabhataram chesina shaililo vrayabadinappudu tamila saahityam punaruddharana jarigindi. aadhunika tamila saahitya udyamam bahumukha bharatiya jaateeyavaadi kavi mariyu rachayita ayina subramania bhaaratheetho praarambhamaindi, mariyu prajalanu prabhaavitam cheyadamlo saahitya saktini upayoginchukovadam praarambhinchina chaalaa mandhi dheenini anusarinchaaru. aksharaasyata perugudalato, tamila gadyam vikasinchadam mariyu parinati chendadam praarambhinchindi. chinna kathalu, navalalu ravadam praarambhinchaayi. aadhunika tamila saahitya vimarsha kooda abhivruddhi chendindi. tamila cinema prajaadarana kooda konni paraspara susampannamaina margallo tamila saahityamto sankarshana chendindi.
sangam vayassu.
sangam saahityam, prema, sampradaayaalu, yuddham, paalana, vaanijyam mariyu shokaniki sambandhinchina konni puraatana tamila saahityaalanu kaligi undhi. duradrushtavasaattu sangam kaalaaniki chendina tamila saahityamlo chaalaa bhaagam poyindi. eee kaalam nundi prastutam andubaatulo unna saahityam bahusha tamila nagarikata yokka eee swarna yugamlo utpatti cheyabadina vastuvula sampadalo oka bhaagam matrame. eee kaalam nundi andubaatulo unna saahityam puraatana kaalamlo sthuulamgaa kalakramam aadhaaramgaa moodu vargaluga vibhajinchabadindi. ivih enimidi sankalanaalu (ettuthokai) mariyu padhi idials (pattupattu) mariyu aidu goppa itihaasaalato kuudina paddenimidella goppa vachana shreni (pathinenmelkanakku). "tholkappiyam", vyaakaranam, dhvanisaastram, vaakchaaturyaalu mariyu kavitvaalapai vyakhyanamu eee kaalam naatidi.
ivi praacheena kaalamlo dakshina bharatadesaniki dhooramgaa ippudu adrusyamaina khandamlo jarigina moodu varusa kavita samavesalalo ("sangam") kuurchabadi unnayani tamila puraanaalu chebutunnayi. vyaakarana pustakaalu saadhaaranamgaa sudeergha kaalamgaa saahityam unikilo unna tarvaata vraayabadinanduna gananeeyamaina saahityam "tholkappiyam" kii mundu undavacchu. tamila sampradaayam pannendu sahasraabdaalaku paiga puraatanamaina "sangam" kavitvaanni kaligi undhi. aadhunika bhasha paandityamu cree. puu. 3va sataabdam mariyu cree. sha. 2va sataabdam madhya kavitalanu unchutundi.
sangam yuganni tamila prajalu tamila bhasha yokka swarna yugamgaa bhaavistaaru. eee kaalamlo tamila deshaanni mugguru 'pattaabhisheka raajulu'-cheraalu, paandyulu, cholulu paalinchaaru. pedda bahya bedirimpulu lekunda bhoomi saantiyutamgaa undhi. asoka vijayalu tamila bhoomipai prabhavam chuupaleedu mariyu prajalu saahitya saadhanalo munigipooyaaru. kavulu tama paalakulatoe taruvaati kaalamlo oohinchina daanikante chaalaa ekkuva saadhaarana sambandhaanni kaligi unnaaru. vaaru neerugaa mariyu irukaina nundi tirugutunnatlu grahinchinappudu vaaru vaarini kottavachhu. sangam yugapu kavitvam yokka goppatanaanni daani puraatanataku antagaa aapaadinchakapoevachchu, conny vaari puurveekulu saahitya saadhanalalo mariyu aavasalu mariyu samajam yokka taarkika vargeekaranalo kramabaddhamaina paddhatiloo nimagnamai undatam valla desheeyamgaa ledhaa itara praantaala nundi peddagaa pondalekapoyaru. eee vargeekaranalu vyaakarana grandham "tholkappiyam" loe chaalaa prarambha teedeeloonae namodu cheyabaddaayi, idhi tamila bhasha abhivruddhi chendina vyavastheekruta vidhananni pradarsistundi. "tholkappiyam" anedi kevalam padaalu mariyu vaakyaala yokka vivarana mariyu vaakyanirmanaanni andinche tamila vyaakaranampai oka paatyapustakame kaadu, conny aavasalu, jantuvulu, mokkalu mariyu maanavula vargeekarananu kooda kaligi untundi. maanava bhavodvegalu mariyu paraspara charyalapai charcha mukhyamgaa mukhyamainadi. tholkappiyam moodu adhyayaluga vibhajinchabadindih aksharakramam, vyutpatti shaastram mariyu vishayam ("porul"). tholkappiyam yokka modati rendu adhyayalu bhashanu krodikarinchadamlo sahaayapadataayi, chivari bhaagam, "porul" anedi prajalanu mariyu vaari pravartananu suuchistumdi. vyaakaranam maanava pravartana mariyu pravartanapai saahitya sandesaanni teliyajeyadaaniki sahaayapadutundi mariyu bhashanu daani prajalatho pratyaekamgaa vileenam chestundi.
baga suuchimchabadina, samajikamga aamodinchabadina sampradaayaala chatramlo, kaavya manassulu suuryuni krinda, vyaakaranam nundi prema varaku, edainaa amsaanni charchinchadaaniki veelugaa saahityaanni 'aatmaasraya' ('aakam') mariyu 'lakshyam' ('puuram') amsaala yokka vistruta vargaluga vargeekarinchaaru. aatmaasraya vishayalu taginantagaa moukhikamgaa ledhaa puurtigaa vivarinchaleni bhavodvegala vyaktigata ledhaa maanava amsaanni suuchistaayi. idhi vyaktulu matrame anubhavinchagaladu mariyu prema mariyu laingika sambandhaanni kaligi untundi.
maanava karyakalapalu shoonyathalo jaragalevani mariyu paryaavarana kaarakaalache nirantaram prabhaavitamavutaayani gurtinchadam, maanava anubhavalu, saadhaaranamgaa, mariyu mukhyamgaa aatmaasraya vishayalu, nirdishta aavaasaalaku ketaayinchabadataayi. tadanugunamgaa, bhoomini aidu sailulugaa ("thinai") vargeekarinchaaruh "kurinji" (parvata praantaalu), "mullai" (adavulu), "marutam" (vyavasaya bhoomulu), "nital" (samudra teeram), "payalai" (banjaru bhoomi). eee prakruti drushyaalatho anubandhinchabadina chitraalu-pakshulu, jantuvulu, puvvulu, devatalu, sangeetam, prajalu, vaataavaranam, rutuvulu-jeevitamlooni oka amsamtho anubandhinchabadina manasika sthithini suukshmamgaa teliyajeyadaaniki upayoginchabaddaayi. "kuruntokai", "ettuthokai" sankalanaaniki chendina kavitala sekarana, sangam prakruti drushyam yokka prarambha chikitsanu pradarsistundi. ituvanti chikitsalu "akananuru" mariyu "paripatal" yokka taruvaati rachanalalo chaalaa suddhi cheyabadinavigaa kanugonabaddayi. "eee kavitalalo upayoginchina sangeeta "paripatal meater" nundi "paripatal" anae paeru vachindi. sangeethaaniki sett cheyabadina pani yokka modati udaaharana idhi. "akaval" mariyu "kalipa" anevi sangam yugamlo kavulu upayoginchina itara prasiddha meterlu.
sangam anantara kaalam.
upadaesaatmaka vayassu.
sangam yugam taruvaata moodu sataabdaalu upadesa yuganni suuchistaayi. tamila neethi, tatvasaastram mariyu mataaniki sambandhinchina padaalu mariyu bhavanala sankhyanu aakramanadaarulu bharti chesaaru. sumaru cree. sha. 300 loe, tamila bhoomi kalabhralu anie piluvabade prajala samuuham prabhaavamlo undedi. kalabhralu bouddhulu mariyu eee kaalamlo aneka mandhi bouddha rachayitalu abhivruddhi chendaaru. jainamatam mariyu bouddhamatam vaegamgaa vruddhi chendaayi. eee rachayitalu, bahusha vaari vishwaasaala kathinamaina swabhaavaanni pratibimbistuu, pradhanamgaa naitikata mariyu naitikatapai rachanalanu srushtinchaaru. aneka mandhi jaina, bouddha kavulu eee upadesa rachanalatho paatu vyaakaranam, nighantuvu srushtiki dohadapaddaru. eee sekarana paddenimide takkuva vachana shreni ("paathinenkilkanakku") eee kaalaaniki chendinadi.
naitikatapai eee rachanalalo atyanta prasiddhamainadi thiruvalluvar rachinchina "thirukkural". eee pustakam naitikata, raajakeeyata mariyu prema yokka samagra manueval, indulo 1,330 distichs ledhaa "kural" unnaayi, ivi prati okkati padhi distichs adhyayaluga vibhajinchabaddaayih modati muppai enimidi naitikatapai, tadupari debbai raajakeeyatapai mariyu migilinavi premapai.
eee kaalamlooni itara prasiddha rachanalu "kalavali naarpatu", "nalatiyar", "inna naarpatu" mariyu "iniyavai naarpatu". jaina grandhaalu "nalatiyar" mariyu "pajamoji nanuru" okkokkati naalugu vandala kavitalanu kaligi untaayi, veetilo prati okkati oka saametanu udaharinchi, aapai daanini oka kathatho vivaristundi.
bhakti kaalam.
cree. sha. 500 loe kaalabhraala patanam ippativaraku anachiveyabadina hinduvula nundi pratispandananu chusindi. kalabhraala sthaanamlo dakshinaana paandyulu, uttaraana pallavulu vacchaaru. kalabhraala nishkramanatho kooda, jainulu mariyu bouddhula prabhavam ippatikee tamilanadulo undipoyindi. prarambha paandya, pallava raajulu eee vishwaasaalaku anucharulu. vaari matam yokka eee spashtamaina ksheenataku hinduu pratispandana perugutuu 7va sataabdam taruvaati bhaagamlo daani sikharaaniki cherukundi. akkada vistrutamaina hinduu punarujjeevanam jarigindi, eee samayamlo vaishnava mariyu shaiva saahityam yokka bhaarii samuuham srushtinchabadindi. aneka vaishnava alvaarlu prajaadarana pondina bhakti saahityam yokka vruddhiki goppa uddeepananu andinchaayi. vaishnava alvarlu bhakti shlokaalanu utpatti chestu, vaari paatalanu taruvaata "nathamunigal" dwara naalugu vaela pavitra shlokaalalo ("nalayira divyap prabandham") sekarinchaaru. idhi samskruta vaedaalaku samaanamaina tamila vaedamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. moodu toli alwar luu poyigai alwar, bhutat alwar mariyu pae alwar. veetilo prati okkati tirukoilurlo mahaa vishnu mahimapai vanda "venpaalu" raasaaru. pallava mahendravarman I yokka samakaaleenuraalaina tirumalisai alwar "naanmugantiruvadandaadi" vanti rachanalu raasaaru. cree. sha. 8va sataabdamloo nivasinchina tirumangai alwar marinta phalavantamaina rachayita mariyu ayana rachanalu diaprabhandamlo moodinta oka vanthu unnaayi. periyalvar mariyu athani dattata kumarte andall vaishnava siddhaantaaniki daadaapu 650 shlokaalanu andinchaaru. andal swachchatanu mariyu devuni patla premanu suuchistumdi mariyu vishnuvunu premikudigaa sambodhistuu aame shlokaalanu rasindi. vaaranam airam" (veyyi enugulu) thoo praarambhamayye andal shlokam vishnuvutoe aame kalala vivaham gurinchi chebutundi mariyu netikee tamila vaishnava vivahalalo paadabadutundi. 9va sataabdamloo nivasinchina nammalvar "tiruvaimoli" anie raasaaru. idhi 1,101 shlokaalanu kaligi undhi mariyu daani upanishattulanu vivarinchinanduku goppa gowravamtho pariganinchabadutundi. eee nidhini cree. sha. 950 loe nathamuni sekarinchi, shree vaishnava mataaniki shaastreeya mariyu sthaanika aadharaanni yerparacharu. eee shlokaalu "nalayira divya prabandham" nuu shree vaishnavulu pavitrata mariyu pavitrataloo vaedaalatoe samanamga gouravistaaru, anduvalla dheenini "draveeda vaedam" ledhaa "tamil vaedam" anie pilustaaru.
vaishnava aalvaarlatoe paatu, aneka shaiva nayanamarlu bhakti shlokaalanu kooda utpatti chestu, vaari paatalanu taruvaata periya puraanamloo sekarinchaaru. cree. sha. 6va sataabdamloo nivasinchina karaikal ammaiyar eee nayanamarlalo tolivaadu. prasiddha shaiva stotrakartalu sundaramurthy, tirugnana sambantar mariyu tirunavukkarasar (upper anie kooda pilustaaru) eee kaalaaniki chendinavaaru. upper yokka shlokaalu 3066 manugadalo unnaayi. sambandar 4,169 shlokaalu padadu. ivi kalisi 10va sataabdamloo nambi mariyu nambi sekarinchina shaiva siddhaantam yokka modati aaru pustakaalanu yerparustaayi. sunder tiruttondartokai raasaaru, idhi aravai rendu nayanamars jaabitaanu istundi. dheenini taruvaata sekkilar thana periyapuraanam (4,272 shlokaalu) loe vivarinchaadu. cree. sha. 8va sataabdamloo nivasinchina manikkavasagar paandya aasthaanamlo mantrigaa panicheesaaru. 600 kii paiga shlokaalatho kuudina ayana tiruvasakam daani udvegabharitamaina bhaktiki prasiddhi chendindi. eee shaiva shlokaalanu samishtiga tirumurai anie pilustaaru.
kathana itihaasaalu.
"silappatikaram" eee kaalamlooni saadhaarana saahityamlo atyuttama rachanalalo okati. classic "silappatikaram" yokka rachayita mariyu khachitamaina thedhee khachitamgaa teliyadu. eee paniki ghanata pondina ilamgo adigal, sangam yugam chaera raaju senguttuvan sodarudigaa prasiddhi chendaadu. ayithe chaera rajupai paadina aneka kavitalalo alanti sodarudi gurinchi maaku samacharam ledhu. silappatikaaram" puraatana tamila bhoomi yokka spashtamaina chitranalo pratyekamainadi. eee kaalamlooni itara rachanalalo idhi teliyadu. "silappatikaram" mariyu daani sahachara itihaasam "manimekalai" tatvasaastramlo jainulu. "manimekalai" nuu ilango adigal samakaaleena sattanar raasaaru. manimekalailo tarkam yokka apohala yokka sudeergha vivarana undhi. kongu velir anae jaina rachayita "perunkatai" anie raasaaru. "vaalayapati" mariyu "kundaleki" anevi eee kaalaaniki chendina rendu itara kathana kavitala paerlu, veetini varusaga oka jainudu mariyu oka bouddha rachayita raasaaru. eee rachanalu poyayi mariyu ippativaraku "vaalayapati" yokka konni kavitalu matrame kanugonabaddayi.
madhyayuga saahityam.
madhyayuga kaalam mottam dakshina bharatadesam oke paripaalanalo unna saamraajya cholula kaalam. chola shakti sikharaagramlo unna 11va mariyu 13va sataabdaala madhya kaalamlo, saapekshamgaa takkuva videshee chorabaatlu jarigaayi mariyu tamila prajala jeevitam shanti mariyu sreyassuku sambandhinchinadi. cholulu dakshina bharatadesamloni chaalaa praantaalanu, srilankanu paripaalinchi, aagneya aasiyaaloni raajyaalato vyaparam chestunnanduna, idhi prajalaku tama sonta samskrutulaku minchina samskrutulatoe sambhashinche avakaasaanni kooda andinchindi. cholulu tama abhimaana devudu shivudi kosam aneka devaalayaalanu nirminchaaru, veetini aneka shlokaalalo jarupukunnaru. prabandha" kavitvam yokka prabalamaina roopamgaa maarindi. shaiva, vaishnava saakhala mataparamaina niyamaalu kramapaddhatilo sekarinchi vargeekarinchadam prarambhamayyayi. rajaraja chola I yokka samakaaleenulaina nambi andar nambi, saivamatampai pustakaalanu sekarinchi "thirumurais" anie piluvabade padakondu pustakaalalo erpaatu chesaaru. kulottunga chola II (1133-1150 CE) paalanalo nivasinchina sekkilar chetha saivamatam yokka hagi shaastram "periyapuraanam" ("tiruttondar puraanam" anie kooda pilustaaru) loe praamaanikam cheyabadindi. vaishnava saakhapai mataparamaina pustakaalu eee kaalamlo ekkuvagaa samskrutamlo rachinchabaddaayi. goppa vaishnava nayakudu ramanujudu athirajendra choludu, modati kulottunga choludi paalanalo jeevinchaadu, shaiva saakhaku chendina cholula nundi mataparamaina himsanu edurkovalasi vachindi. eee kaalamlo baga telisina tamila rachanalalo okati kulottunga III paalanalo abhivruddhi chendina kamban rachinchina "ramavataram". "ramavataram" tamila saahityamlo goppa itihaasam, mariyu rachayita athanu vaalmeekini anusarinchaadani perkonnappatiki, athani rachana kevalam anuvaadam ledhaa samskruta itihaasam yokka anusarana kooda kaadu. kamban thana kathanamlo thana kaalapu rangu mariyu prakruti drushyaanni digumati chesukuntadu. kamban yokka samakaaleena kavi prasiddha kavi aavayyar, chinna pillala kosam raayadamlo goppa aanandaanni kanugonnaru. aame rachanalu, "atichudi" mariyu "konraivanthan" ippudu kooda saadhaaranamgaa tamilanaduloni paatasaalallo chadavabadutunnayi mariyu bodhinchabadutunnaayi. aame raasina maroe rendu rachanalu, "moothuray" mariyu "nalwali" konchem pedda pillala kosam vrayabaddayi. eee naalugu rachanalu chittasuddhitho kuudinavi. praapanchika jeevitaanni paripaalinchaalsina praathamika gnaanaanni vaaru vivaristaaru.
bouddhulu mariyu jaina vishwaasaalapai raasina pustakaalalo, atyanta mukhyamainadi 10va sataabdamloo rachinchina jaina sanyasi thirutakkadevar rachinchina "jeevaka-chintamani". "eee pustakamloni padyaalaku "viruttam" kavitva sailini modatisaarigaa upayoginchaaru. aidu tamila itihaasaalu "seevaka-chintamani", "silappatikaram", "manimekalai", "kundaleki" mariyu "valayapati" samishtiga tamila saahityamlooni aidu goppa itihasaluga piluvabadataayi. tamila vyaakaranampai aneka pustakaalu vrayabaddayi. "yapperungalam" mariyu "yapperungaligaayi" anevi jaina sanyasi amritsagar rachinchina rendu rachanalu. veerarajendra chola paalanalo tamila vyaakaranampai maroka rachana ayina "veerasoliyam" nuu buddhamitra rachinchaadu. "virasolium" samskrutam mariyu tamila vyaakaranaala madhya samshlaeshanhanu kanugonadaaniki prayatnistundi. eee kaalamlooni itara vyaakarana rachanalu pavanandi rachinchina "nannul", neminatha rachinchina "vakanandi malai", mariyu ayyanaridar rachinchina puram itivruttam "purapporul venpamalai" paie ullekhanaalu.
kulottunga chola I dwara kalingapai jarigina rendu dandayaatralapai pakshika chaaritraka vruttaantam ayina jayamkondar yokka kalingattuparani vanti jeevita charitra mariyu raajakeeya rachanalu unnaayi. jayamkondar chola aasthaanamlo kavi-nyayavadiga undevaadu mariyu athani rachanalu kavulu nadavaalsina vaastavam mariyu kalpana madhya samatulyataku manchi udaaharana. kambarku sannihita samakaaleenudaina ottakuttan vikrama chola, kulottunga chola II mariyu rajaraja chola II lapai moodu "ulaalu" raasaadu.
tamila muslim saahityam enimidi sataabdaala naatidi. eee kootami yokka mottamodati saahitya rachanalanu 14va sataabdamloo enimidi shlokaala chinna rachana "palsantmalai" roopamlo kanugonavacchu. 1572loe, vanna parimala pulavar anie baga piluvabade seeku isaaku, islaamik suutraalu mariyu nammakalanu phaak aakrutilo vivaristuu "aira masala venru vajhankum adisaya puraanam" nuu prachurinchindi. 1592loe aalii pulavar "mikurasu malai" nuu rachinchaadu.
vijaynagaram mariyu nayak kaalam.
1300 CE nundi 1650 varaku tamilanadu raajakeeya paristhitiloo nirantaram maarpu vacchina kaalam. dhhillee sultanet sainyalu tamila desampai daadi chesi paandya raajyampai daadi chesaayi. idhi dhhillee sultanetnu enthavaraku vistarinchindo antha varaku adhi kuppakoolindi, aaa tarvaata dakkanulo bahamani sultanla perugudalanu prerepinchindi. hoyasallu, chaalukyula raajyaala buudida nundi udbhavinchina vijaynagar saamrajyam chivariki mottam dakshina bharatadesanni jayinchindi. vijaynagar raajulu tama raajyamlooni vividha bhuubhaagaalanu paripaalinchadaaniki praantiiya governorluga niyaminchaaru, tamilanaadunu madurai nayaklu, tanjavuru nayaklu, jinji nayaklu paalinchaaru. eee kaalamlo taatvika rachanalu, vyakhyaanaalu, itihaasaalu mariyu bhakti kavitala yokka pedda avtput kanipinchindi. aneka mathaalu ("mathaalu") vividha hinduu saakhalachae sthaapinchabaddaayi mariyu ivi prajalaku vidyanu andinchadamlo pramukha paatra pooshinchadam praarambhinchaayi. aneka mandhi rachayitalu shaiva ledhaa vaishnava saakhalaku chendinavaaru. vijaynagar raajulu, vaari nayak governorlu teevramaina hinduvulu, vaaru eee "mataalanu" pooshinchaaru. vijaynagar saamrajyam raajulu, governorlu kannada, telugu matladevaru ayinappatikee, eee kaalamlo saahitya utpatti mandaginchakapovadam valla vaaru tamila saahityam vruddhini prothsahinchaaru.
maykander rachinchina "sivanabodam" vanti taatvika mariyu mataparamaina rachanala yokka pedda utpatti undhi. 14va sataabdam chivaralo swaroopaananda deshikar "advaita" tatvasaastram meeda "sivaprakaasapperundirttu" anae rendu sankalanaalanu raasaaru. 14va sataabdamloo tiruvannamalailo nivasinchina arunagirinathar "tiruppugal" raasaaru. 1360 shlokaala pratyaekamaina vampu mariyu pratyaekamaina meterlaku sett cheyabadina eee kavitalu devudu murugapai unnaayi. madurai nayak aasthaanamlo adhikari ayina madai thiruvengadunathar advaita vedaantampai "mainanavilakkam" anie raasaaru. 17va sataabdam praarambhamlo shiva prakashar shaiva tatvasaastrampai aneka rachanalu raasaaru. veetilo mukhyamainadi naitika suuchanalatoe vyavaharinchae "naneri". aaa yugamloni mataparamaina mariyu taatvika saahityaaniki gananeeyamaina samanamga "puraanaalu" ledhaa kathana itihaasaala roopaanni teesukundi. veetilo chaalaa varaku tamilanaduloni devalayala vividha devatalapai vrayabaddayi mariyu puraanaalu mariyu jaanapada kathala aadhaaramgaa sthalaa puraanaalu anie pilustaaru. atyanta mukhyamaina itihaasaalo okati villiputturar raasina mahabharatamu. ayana vyaasa puraanaanni tamilamloki anuvadinchi daaniki "villibhaaratam" anie paeru pettaru. "murugan devunipai "kantapuranam" nuu 15va sataabdamloo nivasinchina kachiyappa shivchariyar raasaaru. eee rachana vistrutamgaa samskruta "skandapurana" paie aadharapadi undhi. aaa kaalaaniki chendina paandya raaju varatungarama paandya, arhata kaligina litterator mariyu "paaditruppattati" anie raasaaru. samskrutam nundi "kokkoha" anie piluvabade srungaara pustakaanni kooda ayana tamilamloki anuvadinchaaru.
eee kaalam puraatana tamila rachanala aneka vyakhyaanaala yugam kooda. adiarkunallar silappatikaaram paie oka ullekhanam raasaaru. senavarayyar tholkappiyam meeda vyakhyaanaanni raasaaru. appudu prasiddha parimelalagar vacchaadu, ayana thirukkural paie vyakhyaaninchadam ippatikee andubaatulo unna uttamamaina vaatilo okatigaa pariganinchabadutundi. perasiriyar, nakkinarikiniyar vanti itara prasiddha ullekhanakartalu sangam saahityamlooni vividha rachanalapai vyakhyaanaalu raasaaru. modati tamila nighantuvunu "nigaandu kudamani" anae nighantuvunu sankalanam chesina mandalapurushudu prayatninchaadu. 18va sataabdam praarambhamlo nivasinchina thayumanavar, tatvasastra swabhaavam gala aneka chinna kavitalaku prasiddhi chendaaru.
17va sataabdapu paropakari sayyad khadar, vyavaharikamgaa sitakathi anie piluvabadevaadu, tamila kavulandarikee goppa poeshakudu. athanu nabii modati jeevita charitranu rachinchadaaniki umaruppulavarnu niyaminchaadu. eee kavita sankalanaanni "seerapuranam" anie pilicheevaaru. 17va sataabdamloo modatisaarigaa kraistava rachayitala saahitya rachanalu kooda jarigaayi. veeramunivar anie baga piluvabade costanzo giusape besi (1680-1746), tamilamlo modati nighantuvunu sankalanam chesindi. ayana "chaturakarati" akshara kramamlo tamila padaalanu jabita chesina modati vyakti.
aadhunika yugam.
18va mariyu 19va sataabdaalaloo tamilanadu raajakeeya rangaalalo atyanta lothaina maarpulanu chusindi. saampradaaya tamila paalaka vamsaalanu european valasavaadulu mariyu vaari saanubhootiparulu adhigaminchaaru. paaschaatya saamskrutika prabhaavaala vidhimputho tamila samajam lothaina saamskrutika shacku guraindi. hinduu matha samsthalu maarpula aatupotlanu arikattadaaniki mariyu tamila saamskrutika viluvalanu kaapaadataaniki prayatninchaayi. veetilo mukhyamainavi tiruvaduturai, dharmapuram, thiruppananthal mariyu kundrakudi vadda unna shaiva mathaalu. meenakshi sundaram pillai (1815-1876) eee mathaalalo okadaanilo tamilaanni bodhinchina tamila panditudu. ayana 2,00,000 kavitalatoe kuudina enabhaiki paiga pustakaalanu rachinchaaru. ayithe, athanu mimmalni prothsahinchadaaniki marinta prasiddhi chendaadu.vii.swaminath ayyar satabdaalugaa kolpoyina tamila pustakaala kosam vetakadaaniki vellaaru. 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo gopalakrishna bharati jeevinchaaru. ayana karnataka sangeetamlo tune cheyadaaniki aneka kavitalu mariyu saahityaanni raasaaru. samajikamga diguva kulamlo janminchina, chidambaram alayanni sandarsinchaalane thana kalanu saadhinchadamlo saamaajika addamkulanu edurkoni adhigaminchina nandanar jeevitampai ayana chesina "nandan charitam" atyanta prasiddha rachana. eee rachana raasina kaalanni parigananaloki teesukunte idhi viplavaatmaka saamaajika vyakhyanam, ayithe gopalakrishna bharati "periyapuraanam" loe kathanu vistarinchaaru. ramalinga adigal (vallalar) (1823-1874) bhakti kavita "tiruvarutpa" nuu goppa andam mariyu saralata yokka rachanaga bhaavistaaru. maraimalai adigal (1876-1950) tamila swachchata kosam vaadinchaaru mariyu samskruta prabhaavaalato padaalanu shubhraparachaalani korukunnaru. eee kaalamlooni goppa tamila kavulalo okaru subramanian bharati. ayana rachanalu swechcha mariyu streevaadam vanti pragatiseela itivruttaalalo uttejaparustaayi. bharati tamila kavitva rachanalo kontha kathinamaina shaililo kotta kavita sailini pravesapettaadu, idhi "tholkappiyam" loe nirdesinchina niyamaalanu anusarinchindi. athani "pudhukkavidhai" (litt.: kotta kavitvam) niyamaalanu ullanghinchi kavulaku tamanu taamu vyakteekarinchukune swechhanu ichindi. ayana vyakhyaanaalu, sampaadakeeyaalu, chinna kathalu mariyu navalala roopamlo tamila gadyaanni kooda raasaaru. veetilo konni tamila dinapatrika "swadeshamitran" loe mariyu athani tamila vaarapatrika "india" loe prachurinchabaddaayi. bharati nundi prerana pondina aneka mandhi kavulu samskarana saadhanamgaa kavitvaanni aasrayinchaaru. atuvanti kavi bharatidasana. yuu.vii.swaminath ayyar, tamilanadulo sangam yugapu saahityamlo aasaktini punaruddharinchadamlo keelaka paatra pooshinchaaru. ayana tamila desham antataa paryatinchi, "silappatikaram", "kuruntokai" modalaina puraatana pustakaalanu sekarinchi, arthamayyelaa chesi, prachurinchaaru. ayana 90kii paiga pustakaalanu prachurinchaaru mariyu "enn karitam" anae aatmakathanu raasaaru.
tamila navala.
eee navala aangla rachayithalalo prachuryam pondina oka sataabdaaniki paiga kaalam taruvaata, 19va sataabdam moodava traimaasikamlo saahitya kalaa prakriyagaa tamilamloki vachindi. paaschaatya vidyatho mariyu prajaadarana pondina aangla kalpanaku gurikaavadamtoe tamilula janabha peragadam valla daani aavirbhavam sulabhataram cheyabadindi. mayavaram vaedanaayagam pillai 1879loe modati tamila navala "prataapa mudaliyar charitram" nuu rachinchindi. idhi kathalu, jaanapada kathalu mariyu greeku mariyu roman kathala kalagaluputho kuudina srungaaram, paatakula vinodamto pradhana uddesyam. aaa taruvaata 'kamalambal charitram' bii. aarr. 1893loe rajam ayyar mariyu "padmavati charitram". 1898loe madhavaiah. eee iddaroo 19va sataabdapu graameena tamilanaduloni braahmanula jeevitaanni chitreekarinchaaru, vaari acharalu, alavaatlu, nammakalu mariyu aacharalanu chitreekarinchaaru. idhi pradhanamgaa sahaja haasyamtho kuudina vaastavika shaililo samanyudi jeevitaaniki sambandhinchina saktivantamaina kathanam ayinappatikee, rajam ayyar navala aadhyaatmika mariyu taatvikamaina swaraanni kaligi undhi. unnata kula samajam, mukhyamgaa peddavaallachae baalikalapai laingika dopideepai vimarsalatoe madhavaiah kathanu marinta vaastavikamaina reetilo chebutaaru. dii. jayakantan tamila bhasha yokka saahitya sampradaayaala yokka unnata sampradaayaalanu susampannam chesindi mariyu bharatiya saahityaanni roopondinchadaaniki dohadapadindi. ayana saahityam sanklishtamaina maanava swabhaavam gurinchi lothaina mariyu sunnitamaina avagahananu andistundi mariyu bharatiya vaastavikata yokka praamaanikamaina mariyu spashtamaina suuchika. ayana raasina prasiddha navala "silaa nerangalil silaa manitargal". 1990la nundi post-madern rachayitalu jayamohan, ess. thoo sahaa pradhana vyaktulugaa udbhavinchaaru.ramakrishnan, chaaru nivedita, konangi, shaastreeya tamila saahityaanni prayogaatmaka dhwani kavulatho militam chestaaru.
itara bhashala nundi anuvadinchabadina itara takkuva prasamsalu pondina rachanalu unnaayi, ivi tarachugaa tamila panditulache gurtinchabadavu. eee rachanalalo "urumaatram" (franz kafka yokka "roopaantaram" yokka anuvaadam), "siluvayil thongam sathan" (engugi vaa teongo chetha "siluvapai deyyam" yokka anuvaadam), "thoongum azaglin illam" (yasunari kawabata dwara "nidristunna andaala illu" yokka anuvaadam) unnaayi. amaranta, lathaa ramakrishnan vanti rachayitalu eee rachanalaku baadhyata vahistaaru.
prajaadarana pondina kalpana.
1930la nundi tamilanadulo neeraalu mariyu detective fictionlaku vistruta prajaadarana undhi. swaatantyraaniki mundu samvatsaraalalo pramukha rachayithalalo kurumbur kuppusamy mariyu vaduvur duraisamy ayyangar unnaaru. 1950luu mariyu 1960laloe, tamilavanan detective heero shankar laal paatakulanu vividha rakaala videshee pradaesaalaku teesukellaaru, adhe samayamlo chaalaa takkuva hindhi ledhaa aangla runa padaalatoe swachchamaina tamilaanni upayoginchaaru. eee rachayitalu tarachugaa chaalaa samruddhiga untaaru, vandala ledhaa vaelaadi chinna navalalu vaari ghanataku, mariyu nelawari patrikalo prachurinchabadina okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva chinna navalalu. maroe pramukha aadhunika rachayita indra sounder rajan, saadhaaranamgaa hinduu puraanaala aadhaaramgaa atindriya crime thrillerlanu vraastaaru.
1940luu mariyu 1950laloe kalki krishnamoorthy thana chaaritraka mariyu saamaajika kalpanaku prasiddhi chendaaru.
1950luu mariyu 60laloe, chandilyan madhyayuga bhaaratadesamlo ledhaa malaysia, indonesia mariyu airopatho madhyayuga vaanijya margallo aneka prasiddha chaaritraka srungaara navlalanu raasaaru.
1950la nundi, aaru dasaabdaala paatu, jayakantan rendu aatmakathalatho paatu sumaru 40 navalalu, 200 chinna kathalu raasaaru. saahityam velupala, ayana rendu sinimaalu chesaaru. adanamgaa, athani naalugu itara navlalanu itarulu chitraalugaa sweekarinchaaru. ayana rachanalu riksha-pullarlu, vaesyalu mariyu raag-pikarlu vanti diguva taragati prajala jeevitaala chuttoo tirugutaayi.
iteevali tamila navala rachayithalalo arunaa nandini okaru, aame chaalaa mandhi tamila paatakula hrudayaallo pravesinchindi, mariyu aame katha kutumba vishayam, srungaaram, vaastavikatanu cover chestundi, paatakulaku vaari visraantini aasvaadinchadaaniki kontha haasyam jodinchabadindi.
aadhunika srungaara navlalanu tamila bhaashalo prastutam atyadhikamgaa ammudaina rachayita ayina ramanichandran suuchistunnaaru.
1990la madhyakaalam nundi tamila pulp fiction ammakalu ksheeninchinappatikii, chaalaa mandhi rachayitalu marinta laabhadaayakamaina television seeriyal market vaipu moggu chuupinappatikii, akkada oka abhivruddhi chendutunna drushyam migilipoyindi.
patrikalu.
aksharaasyula prajala perugutunna demand kaaranamgaa aneka patrikalu mariyu patrikalu prachurinchabaddaayi mariyu ivi rachayitalaku vaari rachanalanu prachurinchadaaniki oka vedikanu andinchaayi. "1855loe "rajaavrutti bodhisani" mariyu "dhina vardhamani" mariyu 1878loe salem pagadaala narasimhalu nayudu yokka paksham, salem "desabhimini" mariyu 1880loe "coimbotore kalanidhi", mottamodati tamila patrikalu. 1882loe, g. subramanian ayyar "swadeshamitran" anae vaartaapatrikanu praarambhinchaaru. idhi 1889loe modati tamila dinapatrikagaa maarindi. idhi aneka patrikalu anusarinchadaaniki prarambham mariyu chaalaa mandhi navala rachayitalu eee patrikalo vaari kathalanu kramabaddhikarinchadam praarambhinchaaru. haasya patrika "ananda vikatan" nuu ess.ess. 1929loe vasson goppa tamila navala rachayitalanu srushtinchadaaniki sahaayapadindi. kalki krishnamoorthy (ID1) thana chinna kathalu mariyu navlalanu "ananda vikasan" loe serialga roopondinchaaru, chivariki thana sonta vaarapatrika "kalki" nii praarambhinchaaru, dheeni kosam ayana saasvatamgaa prajaadarana pondina navalalu "partiban kanavu", "shivgamin sabadham" mariyu "ponniyin selvan" raasaaru. pudhumaipithan (1906-1948) chinna kathala goppa rachayita mariyu aayananu anusarinchina aneka mandhi rachayitalaku prerananicchaaru. thana gadya-kavitvamlo bharati maargadarsakatvam vahinchina 'kotta kavitvam ledhaa' pudukavitai 'nuu "manikkodi" mariyu "ejuttu" (sii suu chellappa sampaadakeeyam) anae saahitya patrikalu marinta abhivruddhi chesaayi. muu vanti kavulu. eee patrikalaku metha dohadapadindi. kaviko abdul rahman, pawal inkulab, manushyaputhiran, rajati salama vanti tamila muslim kavulu kooda saamaajika samskaranalaku gananeeyamaina krushi chesaaru. jaathi tamila muslim samajam yokka samasyalanu highlight cheyadaaniki mariyu teerchadaaniki 1981loe maargadarsaka paksha patrika "samarasam" sthaapinchabadindi.
maroe visaeshamaina pani tamila navala rangamlo muu chae cheyabadindi.varadarasanar.[agal vilakku] [karitundu]. mariyu chivaridi conny kaneesam oka killon, pratyaekamaina tamila navala rachayita, chinna katha rachayita mariyu saamaajika kaaryakarta 'chittirapavai' 'vengayinmaindan' 'paavivilaaku' vanti rachanalaku prasiddhi chendaaru.
tamila journalism.
modati tamila patrikanu 1831loe christian mataparamaina samajam prachurinchindi-"tamila patrika".
aksharaasyula prajala perugutunna demand kaaranamgaa aneka patrikalu mariyu patrikalu prachurinchabaddaayi mariyu ivi rachayitalaku vaari rachanalanu prachurinchadaaniki oka vedikanu andinchaayi. 1855loe rajavriti bodhini, dhina vardhamani, 1878loe salem pagadaala narasimhalu nayudu yokka paksham, salem desabhimini, 1880loe coimbotore kalanidhi, toli tamila patrikalu.
1882loe zii. praarambhinchina swadeshimitran tamilamlo modati saadhaarana vaartaapatrika.subramaniah ayyar, hinduu sampadakudu mariyu spaansar mariyu indian national congress vyavasthaapaka sabhyudu. ayana oka kotta tamila raajakeeya padajaalaanni srushtinchaaru. ayana) aangla parignaanam unnavaaru takkuva sankhyalo unnaarani, bharatiya bhashala parignaanam unnavaaru adhika sankhyalo unnaarani spruhalo unnaaru. british paalana yokka lakshyalu mariyu bharatiya bhaashalalo daani yogyatalu mariyu lopaala gurinchi mana prajalaku cheppakapothe, mana raajakeeya ghnaanam eppatikee abhivruddhi chendadani ayana bhaavinchaaru. subramania ayyar 1898loe hinduvunu vidichipettinappudu, athanu swadesheemitraannu thana puurti samayam vyapaaramgaa chesukunnadu. 1899loe, modati tamila dinapatrika. 17 samvatsaraala paatu eee hodaanu aasvaadinchavalasi vachindi.
subramania ayyar yokka "pagnasius shaili, oka vaakyam yokka padunaina padaanni mruduvugaa cheyadaaniki eppuduu arhata laeni padaalu", athani padaala upayogam "adanapu padunaina aakupaccha mirapakayala paestloo munchiveyabadindi", tamilulu vaaru prapanchamlo ekkada nivasinchinaa swadesheemitraannu korukunevaru. 1904loe subramania bharati daanilo cherinappudu dinapatrika marinta prachuryam pondindi. marusati samvatsaram, laala lajpat raay arrestu cheyabadi, punjablo aandolana jariginappudu, british patla subramania ayyar vaikhari maarindi mariyu athanu raajku teevra raajakeeya vimarsakudu ayyadu. ayana raajakeeya mantram mottaanni eee padaalatoe saaraamsam cheyavachuhu 'saantiyutamaina conny avisraantamaina mariyu nirantara prayatnam.'manam swaraj loki chemata pattudam, anie ayana anadam kanipistundi."vignaana shaastram, rajakeeyaalu mariyu paripaalanato vyavaharinchadaaniki kotta tamila padaalanu roopondinchina ghanata swadeshimitran kuu dakkutundi. aaa kaalamlooni anni praantiiya bhasha patrikalalo idhi atyanta samagramaina budget vaartalanu kaligi undhi.
1917loe, "dhesha bhaktan", maroka tamila dinapatrika tii thoo praarambhamaindi.vii. sampaadakudigaa kalyanasundara maenan. ayana taruvaata vii.vii.ess. ayyar, sawarkar sodarula sahodyogi. eee iddaru sampaadakulu sahajamaina, atyanta chadavagalige conny meruguparachabadina rachana shaili kaligina panditulu.
swaatantyra udyamam, gandhi agamanam kooda tamila journalismpy prabhavam chupayi. navashakti, tamila panditudu mariyu swaatantrya samarayodhudu v. kalyanasundaram. sii.rajagopalachari saelam jillaalooni tiruchengodloni gandhi aashramamlo nishedham pracharam cheyadaaniki ankitamaina tamila patrika ayina vimochanamnu praarambhinchaaru.
1926loe, p. tamila nyuus-cuum-views vaarapatrika 'tamilanadu' nuu nirvahistunna varadaraajulu nayudu adhe paerutoe oka dinapatrikanu praarambhinchaaru. daani saktivantamaina mariyu vyaavahaarika shaili dheeniki vistruta paatakulanu sampaadinchindi, conny patrika 1930 naati sasanollanghana udyamaaniki paksham veyadamlo viphalamaina taruvaata, congress party prakhyaata kavi subramania bharati sampaadakeeyam chesina kotta tamila dinapatrika-indianu teesukuraavaalani nirnayinchukundi. bharatadesam goppa vaagdaanaanni choopinchindi, conny aardhikamgaa tananu taanu sthaapinchukooleekapooyindi, bhaaratini pandicherry kii bahishkarinchina ventane adhi muduchukundi. eee patraalannii madrasu nundi prachurinchabaddaayi.
1933loe, modati tamila tabloid-8 paejeela jayabharati anna dharatho praarambhamaindi. daani tapala dharanu kooda nilabettukolekapovadamtho idhi 1940loe moosiveyabadindi.
1934 septembarulo, s. swatantra patrika patrikanu naduputunna dayanand tamila dinapatrika dinamanini tii thoo praarambhinchaaru.ess. sampaadakudigaa chokalingam. dheeni dhara 6 pais, prakaasavantamaina lakshanaalu kaligi undhi mariyu nirbhayamgaa klishtamainadi. idhi chaalaa vijayavantamaindi mariyu daani prasarana anni itara tamila dinapatrikalu mottam prasarananu adhigaminchindi. twaralone 'india' dinamanilo vileenam cheyabadindi. dinamani oka vaartaapatrikalooni vishayalanu kottagaa aksharasyulaina vaariki kooda ardhamayye vidhamgaa cheyadaaniki adhyayanam chesi, chetana prayatnam chesindi.
1935loe, vidutalai praarambhamaindi, conny adhi oka vaartaapatrika kante ekkuva veekshanha-patrikagaa undedi.
brahmanetara udyamam kooda tamila jarnalijaaniki oopunichindi. bharat deevi" vanti vaartaapatrikalu eee udyamaaniki balamaina maddatudaarulu.
1920luu mariyu 30laloe tamilanadulo aneka patrikalu prarambhamayyayi. haasya patrika ananda vikatan ess dwara praarambhamaindi.ess. 1929loe vasson goppa tamila navala rachayitalanu srushtinchadaaniki sahaayapadindi. idhi 80 samvatsaraala taruvaata kooda vijayavantamgaa nadustondi mariyu eee roeju vikatan samuuham chutti vikatan, juuniyar vikatan, motor vikatan mariyu itara pratyeka aasakti patrikalanu kooda prachuristundi. aarr. krishnamoorthy thana chinna kathalu, navlalanu anandavikatan loe seeriyal gaa rasaru, chivariki thana sonta vaarapatrika kalkini praarambhinchaaru. kalki anae paeru hinduu matamlo vishnuvu yokka raboye padava avataaraanni suuchistumdi, athanu kaalhi yuganni antam chestaadani mariyu praapanchika jeevulalo dharmam ledhaa dharmanni punaruddharistaadani cheppabadindi. athanu bharatadesaniki vimuktini teesukuraavaalanukunnanduna athanu eee paerunu upayoginchaadu.
1942loe, madurailo dhina taanti ("rojuvaaree telegraph") madrasu, saelam mariyu tiruchirapallilo ekakaalamlo prachuranalatho praarambhinchabadindi. dheenini ess sthaapinchaaru.pii. britainlo sikshana pondina nyaayavaadi aditanar. athanu thanthini aangla tabloid-rojuvaaree addam shaililo roopondinchaadu. saadhaarana prajalu chadive, kottagaa aksharasyulaina vaarilo kooda chadive alavaatunu prothsahinche vaartaapatrikanu teesukuraavaalani ayana lakshyamgaa pettukunnaru. gatamlo, madraasaalo mudrinche dinapatrika kaneesam oka roeju tarvaata dakshina tamila praantaaniki cherukundi. dakshina tamila praantam antataa kaagitam pampinhee cheyadaaniki thanthi praja bassu vyavasthanu upayoginchaaru mariyu singapur japaneeyulaku padipoyina taruvaata talettina yuddha vaartala kosam akalini pettubadi pettaru. aardhika parimitula kaaranamgaa, daani saelam mariyu tiruchirapalli editionlanu kontakaalam moosiveyavalasi vachindi. sthaanika vaartalanu, mukhyamgaa neeraalu mariyu kortulanu tantee nokki chepparu. idhi chaayaachitraalanu vistrutamgaa upayoginchindi mariyu tamila jarnalijaaniki mukhyaamsaalanu tecchindi. idhi mottam broadsheet pageelo oka kathanaaniki saripoyedi, pradhanamgaa chadavadaaniki sulabhamaina pedda mukhyaamsaalatoe nindi untundi. oka kumbhakona chitra patrika sampaadakudini iddaru natulu hatya cheyadam daani atipedda scooplalo okati. thanthi madraasaalo vichaarananu vivaramgaa cover chesaaru, daani vilekharulu rojuvaaree khaataanu madurailooni mudrana kendraaniki phone chesaaru. neeraalu, sinee taarala patla prajala aakarshananu ardham chesukunna modati tamila patrika thanthi. patrika prachuryam pondindi mariyu vaartaapatrika chadavadaaniki tamilulu chadavadam neerchukunnaarani cheppabadindi.
konni samvatsaraalalone dhina thanthi atipedda tamila bhasha dinapatrikallo okatigaa maarindi; idhi 1960la nundi pramukha tamila dinapatrikagaa undhi. dheeniki nedu 14 sanchikalunnaayi. idhi bengaluru mariyu pandicherilo atyadhikamgaa prasaram cheyabade tamila dinapatrika. idhi samvatsaram rendava bhaagamlo prati budhavaram naadu 10va, + 2va vidayi pustakam anae pustakaanni vidudala chestundi. 10va taragati mariyu 12va taragati vishayaala namuunaa prasna patraalu, gatha samvatsaram nirvahinchina boardu pareekshala prasna patraalatoe paatu samaadhaanaalato andinchabadataayi.
kotta media.
internet perugudala raajakeeya mariyu saamaajika samasyalaku sambandhinchina tamila blaagulu mariyu specialist portals sankhyalo naatakeeya vruddhini prerepinchindi. tamila saahityam ii-pustakaala roopamlo kooda andubaatulo undhi.

