
2008 naati adaa savaranala chattam

2008 naati adaa savaranala chattam (public laa 110-325, adaa) anedi congress yokka chattam, idhi janavari 1,2009 nundi amaluloki vachindi, idhi united states yokka samakhya sthaayilo american vikalaangula chattam 1990 (adaa) mariyu itara vaikalyam vivakshata laeni chattalanu savarinchindi.
idhi september 17,2008naa aamodinchabadindi mariyu adhyakshudu georg doubleu. santakam chesi chattamgaa maarindi. 2008 septembaru 25naa bush, adhaa yokka asalu vachananni ardham chesukunna supreenkortu teesukunna aneka nirnayaalaku adhaa anedi pratispandana. endukante U sabhyulu.ess. congress aaa nirnayaalanu vikalaangula hakkulanu parimitam chestunnatlu bhaavinchindi, adaa chattanni marchadam dwara aaa nirnayaalanu samarthavantamgaa tippikottindi. idhi adaa yokka sheershika i (upaadhi sambandhita sheershika) nuu ardham chesukune samaana upaadhi avakaasaala commission (ii. ii. oo. sii) prachurinchina nibandhanalaloni bhaagaalanu kooda tiraskarinchindi. adaa "vaikalyam" anae padaaniki nirvachanamlo maarpulu chestundi, aaa nirvachananni spashtam chesi, vistrutam chestundi-anduvalla adaa mariyu itara samakhya vaikalyam vivakshata laeni chattaala krinda rakshinchabadina vyaktula sankhya mariyu rakalu. yajamani mariyu udyogi prayojanaala madhya samatulyatanu saadhinchadaaniki idhi roopondinchabadindi.
adaa mariyu itara samakhya vaikalyam vivakshata laeni chattalanu ardham chesukune nyaayasthaanaalu, chattam yokka rakshananu korukune vyaktiki "vaikalyam" anae padam yokka saanketika nirvachanaaniki saripoye balaheenata undaa anedani kante, cover cheyabadina samstha vivaksha chupinda anae daanipai drushti pettaalani adaa korutundi."eee chattam okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva pradhana jeevita karyakalapalanu gananeeyamgaa parimitam chese balaheenatagaa" "vaikalyam" "yokka adaa yokka praathamika nirvachananni nilupukundi; atuvanti balaheenata yokka rikaardu; ledhaa atuvanti balaheenata unnatlu pariganinchabadutundi". ayithe, idhi chattabaddhamaina nibandhanalanu ardham chesukune vidhananni maarustundi.
chattabaddham cheyadaaniki kaaranaalu.
1973 naati punaravasa chattamloni section 504 nundi vaikalyam yokka kriyaatmaka nirvachananni congress upayoginchindi. kesu chattam dwara 17 samvatsaraala abhivruddhi kaaranamgaa, nirvachanam yokka avasaralu baga ardham chesukunnayani congress viswasinchindi. punaravasa chattam kinda erpaatu chesina chatramlo, nyaayasthaanaalu vaikalyam nirdhaarananu oka pravesha samasyaga pariganinchaayi, conny pradhanamgaa chattaviruddhamaina vivaksha jariginda anae daanipai drushti saarinchaayi. adaa aamodinchabadina taruvaata, kortu nirnayaala drushti prajala vivaksha vaadanalu chattam dwara rakshinchabadutunnaayaa anie nirnayinchadampai maarindi.
adaa yokka vivaranala aadhaaramgaa rendu vivaadaaspada kortu nirnayaalanu raddu cheyadaaniki congress 2008 naati adaa savaranala chattanni aamodinchindi. modati nirnayam-supreme court dwara "sutton vii. united air lines, ink."-balaheenatalanu vaati tagginchina sthithilo pariganinchaalani paerkonnaaru. toyota motor tayari, kentucky, ink loe rendava nirnayam. vii. villiams "vaikalyam" yokka nirvachananni rojuvaaree jeevita panulanu prabhaavitam chese balaheenatalaku parimitam chesaaru. eee nirnayaalanu anusarinchadamlo, diguva nyaayasthaanaalu tarachugaa vaadi vaastavaaniki vikalanguda ledhaa anae daanipai drushti saaristaayi mariyu vivaksha jariginda anae samasyanu eppuduu cherukovu.
eee teerpula dwara, supreenkortu mariyu diguva nyaayasthaanaalu saareeraka ledhaa manasika balaheenatatoo badhapaduthunna vyakti punaravasa chattam aadhaaramgaa kesu chattam prakaram "gananeeyamgaa pradhana jeevita karyakalapalanu parimitam chese" paristhitini srushtinchaayi, idhi adaa kinda rakshanaku arhata pondaledu. veerilo vichhedanam, medho vaikalyalu, muurcha, multiple sclerosis, hechaivi/aids, diabetes, kandaraala balaheenata mariyu cancer vanti balaheenatalu unna vyaktulu unnaaru.
maarpula kosam prayatninchandi.
2004loe, adhyakshudu mariyu congressku sifaarsulu chese baadhyata kaligina swatantra samakhya samstha ayina vikalaangatapai jaateeya mandali, "adaa hakkunu" anae nivedikanu vidudala chesindi."eee nivedika nyaayasthaanaalu congress uddesaanni tappugaa ardham chesukunna vividha maargaalanu vivarinchindi mariyu adaa yokka paridhini parimitam chesindi, mariyu aaa uddesaanni punaruddharinchadaaniki saasana bhashanu pratipaadinchindi. vivaksha nundi rakshinchaalani congress uddesinchina chaalaa mandhi vyaktulanu minahaayinchadaaniki "vaikalyam" yokka adaa nirvachananni sankuchitam cheyadam nivedika gurtinchina atyanta mukhyamaina tappudu vivarana.
2006 kaalamlo, vikalaangula pourula consortium (sisidi) nirvachana samasyanu parishkarinche billu yokka vyuuham mariyu saaraamsaaniki sambandhinchi vikalaangula hakkula samaajamlo ekaabhipraayaanni pempondinchadaaniki krushi chesindi. septembaru 29,2006naa, 109va congress chivari pani rojuna, appati nyaayavyavasthapai united states house kamiteeki chhairman ayina pratinidhi zim sensenbrenner (aarr-vii), appati minority leader steny hoyer (dii-emdi) hetch.aarr. 6258 ("2006 naati adaa punaruddharana chattam") "vikalanga americanlanu edurkone addamkulanu marinta puurtigaa tolaginchadaaniki 1990 naati vikalaangula chattam yokka uddesaanni punaruddharinchadaaniki"."eee billu samskaranala disagaa oka mukhyamaina modati adugugaa soochinchabadindi, conny kamitee tiraskarinchindi.
juulai 26,2007naa, adaa aamodinchina 17va vaarshikotsavam sandarbhamgaa, majority leader hoyer, representative sensenbrenner, senatorlu tomm harkin (dii-iaa) mariyu arlen spector (aarr-paa) sahacharudu "adaa punaruddharana" billulanu (hetch.aarr. 3195; luu. 1881) idhi sisidi mariyu congress sibbandi roopondinchina musaida billunu nisitamgaa pariseelinchindi. hetch pravesapettina rojuna.aarr. 3195loe, eee billuku sabhalo 143 mandhi saha-spaansarlu unnaaru. eee chattaniki house koo-spaansarla sankhya unnappatikee, vyapara sangham mariyu nyaya vibhagam adaa punaruddharana chattanni vyatiraekimchaalani congress sabhyulanu koraru. pakshapaata yuddham vaikalya hakkula chattaniki saampradayakamgaa dwaipaakshika maddatunu debbateestundani aandolana chendina, majority leader hoyarto sahaa billu yokka congress champiyanlu, vaikalya samajanni vyapara samaajamtho kalavadaniki mariyu billu bhashanu charchinchadaaniki prothsahinchaaru, idhi rendu sanghaalu mottam saasana prakriya dwara rakshinchadaaniki angeekaristaayi.
charchalu.
adaa nuu aamodinche prayatnaalaku naayakatvam vahinchina vyapara mariyu vikalanga sanghaala nyaayavaadula kootami fibravari 19,2008naa modata kalisindi. aaa prarambha samuuhamloo american association off peepul vith disabilities (eepidi), national council aann independent living (ensil), bazaran center pharr mental health laa, national disability raits network (ndrn), muurcha foundation (ef), united states chhambar off commers, society pharr human resource management (srm), national association off manufacturers (naam), mariyu hcr palasi association (hcr palasi) pratinidhulu unnaaru. prati samuuham oka patrampai santakam cheyadam dwara charchalaloki pravesinchindi, idhi yea oppandam ayina anni samuuhaalachae rakshinchabadutundani mariyu nirvahinchabadutundani daani avagahananu suuchistumdi. musaida billulo maarpulu mariyu savaranalu paraspara oppandam dwara matrame anumatinchabaddaayi.
eee sampradimpula brundam fibravari nundi mae 2008 varaku daadaapu varanikokasari samavesamaindi. vaikalyam mariyu vyapara sandhaanakartalu iddaroo eee prakriya antataa vaikalyam mariyu vyapara nyaayavaadula yokka chaalaa vistrutamaina samuuhamtoe sthiramgaa tanikhi chesaaru. vikalaangula samuuhaaniki mukhya sandhaanakartalu aandii imparato (eepidi); sandley finucane (ef); chaay feldblum (geortown laa, ef tarapuna); gennifer mathis (manasika aarogya chattam kosam bazaran center); zaan lancaster (nickle); mariyu curt decker (ndrn). poura hakkulapai nayakatva samavesaniki chendina maajee pratinidhi toney coelho mariyu nancy zirkin kooda eee prakriya antataa raajakeeya salahalanu andinchaaru. vyapara sandhaanakartalaku mike eastman mariyu randle johnson (chhambar) naayakatvam vahinchaaru, vaariki laurie larber (proscour roez), mike itken mariyu mike lehmann (srm), mike peterson (hcr palasi) mariyu jeri gillepsy (naam) sahayapaddaru. tim bartle (hcr palasi) mariyu kamille olson (seaforth shaa) kooda vyapara sandhaanakartalaku raajakeeya mariyu nyaya salahalanu andinchaaru. aapd boardu chhair ayina cheryl sensenbrenner eee prakriya antataa palgonnaru.
eee charchala brundam 2008 mae 13naa tudi oppandaaniki cherukundi. aaa oppandam congress oppandaaniki aadharam ayyindi mariyu hetch yokka munupati samskaranaku pratyamnaayamgaa erpadindi.aarr. 3195. pratyamnaayamgaa 2008 naati adaa savaranala chattam (adaa) gaa paeru maarchabadindi. hetch.aarr. 3195 taruvaata house education und laber kamitee mariyu house judiciary kamiteelo vistruta anchanaalatho aamodinchabadindi, mariyu 2008 juun 25naa pratinidhula sabhanu 402 ayes, 17 nais, 15 haajaraina/ootu veyani otlatho aamodinchindi.
juulai 2008loe senatorlu tomm harkin mariyu orrin haach "gananeeyamaina parimitula" kotta nirvachananni pratipaadinchinappudu eee sankeernam pareekshinchabadindi."senatorla aandolananu parishkarinche raajeeni kanugonadaaniki vikalaangulu mariyu vyapara sanghaala pratinidhulu tirigi kalisi vacchaaru. vaaru oka kotta teermaanaaniki cherukunnaru, idhi "gananeeyamaina parimitulu" anae nirvachananni puurtigaa tolaginchindi-daani sthaanamlo adanapu phalitaalu mariyu prayojanaalanu cherchindi.
eee oppandam ess kuu aadharam ayyindi. 3406, idhi september 11,2008naa ekagreeva sammatitoe senaetnu aamodinchindi. pratinidhula sabha oka vaaram taruvaata dheenini anusarinchindi, mariyu adhyakshudu september 25,2008naa adaa chattampai santakam chesaaru.
vikalaangulu, poura hakkulu mariyu vyapara sanghaala nundi adhaa meeda panichesina aneka mandhi vyaktulu mariyu samuuhaala puurti jabita kosam, september 17,2008naa majority leader hoyer chesina prakatnanu chudandi.
mukhyamaina maarpulu.
aadaa vivaadaaspada supreenkortu nirnayaalanu "sutton" mariyu "toyota" loe spashtamgaa raddu chestundi, aaa kesulalo kortu hakkudaarudipai vidhinchina unnata pramaanaalanu tiraskaristundi mariyu aadaa yokka paridhi vistrutamgaa mariyu sammilitamgaa undaalani congress bhaavistundani punarudghaatistundi. okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva jeevita karyakalapalanu gananeeyamgaa parimitam chese saareeraka ledhaa manasika balaheenatagaa adaa yokka vaikalyam yokka nirvachananni adaa konasaagistundi; atuvanti balaheenata yokka rikaardu; ledhaa atuvanti balaheenata unnatlu pariganinchabadutundi. ayithe, idhi eee krindi margallo nirvachanam yokka ardham mariyu anuvartanaanni spashtam chesi, vistaristundihi
modata, vikalaangata yokka nirvachanam yokka ardham mariyu anuvartanaanni parimitam cheyadaaniki supreenkortu daariteesina adaa looni rendu phalitaalanu adaa tolagistundi. eee phalitaalu emitante, "kontamandi 43,000,000 americanlaku okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva saareeraka ledhaa manasika vaikalyalu unnaayi" mariyu "vaikalyalunna vyaktulu vivikta mariyu dveepakalpa minority."kortu eee phalitaalanu adaa yokka itara nibandhanalanu elaa ardham chesukovalo parimitam chestunnatlu pariganinchindi.
rendavadi, eee chattam nibandhanala dwara anumatinchabadina garishta meraku, eee chattam kinda vyaktula vistruta kavarejeeki anukuulamgaa vaikalyam yokka nirvachanam "bhaavinchabadutundani chattam andistundi."idhi" "vaikalyam" "yokka asalu adaa nirvachanam nundi" "gananeeyamgaa parimitulu" "mariyu" "pradhana jeevita karyakalapalu" "anae padaalanu nilupukundi, ayithe toyota kesulo supreenkortu perkonna vaati kante takkuva demand pramaanaalanu vidhinchadaaniki congress eee nibandhanalanu uddesinchindani spashtam chestundi". gananeeyamaina parimitulu" anae eee. ii. oo. sii yokka niyantrana nirvachanam atigaa kathinamgaa undani kooda idhi perkondi.
moodavadi, oka balaheenata oka pradhana jeevita karyakalapalanu gananeeyamgaa parimitam chestunda anie nirnayinchetappudu mandulu, sahayaka saanketikata, vasati ledhaa maarpulu vanti upasamana charyalanu parigananaloki teesukovadam chattam nishedhistundi. chattam prakaram balaheenata anedi vaikalyam kaadaa anie nirnayinchadamlo upasamana charyalanu pariganinchavalasina sutton mariyu daani sahachara kesulalo supreenkortu yokka hakkulanu adhaa yokka sambandhita vachanam spashtamgaa tiraskaristundi. episodic ledhaa upasamanamlo unna balaheenatalanu vaati kriyaaseela sthithi prakaram anchanaa veyaalani kooda adaa andistundi.
naalgavadi, oka balaheenata vaikalyam kaavadaaniki gananeeyamgaa parimitam cheyalsina "pradhana jeevita karyakalapala" paie chattam adanapu disanu andistundihi eee chattam 1990 naati adaa chesinatlugaa, aaa padabandhaanni vivaranaku terichi unchadam kante "pradhana jeevita karyakalapala" yokka nirdishta udaaharanalanu jabita chestundi. savarinchina adaa yokka §4 (4) (eah) looni pradhana jeevita karyakalapala yokka asampoorna jaabitaalo tananu taanu chusukovadam, chethi panulu cheyadam, chudatam, vinadam, tinadam, nidrapovadam, nadavadam, nilabadatam, ettadam, vangadam, matladatam, swaasa teesukovadam, neerchukoevadam, chadavadam, ekagrata, aalochinchadam, communicate cheyadam mariyu pani cheyadam vantivi unnaayi. roganirodhaka vyavastha yokka vidhulu; saadhaarana kana perugudala; mariyu jeerna, pregu, muutraasayam, naraala, medadu, swaasakosha, prasarana, endocrine mariyu punarutpatti vidhulatho sahaa, conny veetike parimitam kakunda, "pradhana saareeraka vidhulu" kooda adaa jabita chestundi.
aidavadi, oka vyakti tanaku ledhaa aameku unna ledhaa kaligi unnatlu bhaavinche balaheenata, oka pradhana jeevita karyakalapalanu "gananeeyamgaa" bhaavinche vidhamgaa parimitam chestundani niroopinchaalsina avasaranni vaikalyam nirvachanam (nirvachanam yokka moodava bhaagam) yokka "pariganinchabade" bhaagam nundi chattam tolagistundi. anduvalla, taatkaalikam kaani, chinnadi kaani vaastavamaina ledhaa grahinchina saareeraka ledhaa manasika balaheenata kaaranamgaa athanu ledhaa aame chattam kinda nishedhinchabadina charyaku lobadi unnaarani choopinchadam dwara oka vyakti chattam kinda kavarejeeni sthaapinchavachu. vaikalyam yokka nirvachanam yokka "pariganinchabade" paridhiloki vachhe vyaktulu vivaksha nundi rakshinchabadinappatiki, adaa paridhiloki vachhe samsthalu atuvanti vyaktulaku vasati kalpinchaalsina avasaram ledhaa vidhanalu mariyu vidhaanaalanu savarinchaalsina avasaram ledani chattam spashtamgaa perkondi.
aaravadi, adaa nuu ardham chesukune nibandhanalanu jaarii cheyadaaniki moodu nirdishta samakhya agencylaku manjuru chesina adhikaaramlo aaa chattamloni 3 mariyu 4 vibhagalalo unna nirvachanaalanu amalu chese nibandhanalanu jaarii chese adhikaram undani chattam spashtam chestundi.
chivaraku, adhaa 1973 punaravasa chattamloni section 7kii anugunamgaa savaranalu chestundi mariyu adhaa yokka sheershika I. 1964 naati poura hakkula chattamloni sheershika VII yokka samaantara nibandhanalatho adaa yokka upaadhi sambandhita nibandhanalaku anugunamgaa, taruvaati savaranalu "vaikalyam aadhaaramgaa" arhata kaligina vyaktipai yea cover cheyabadina samstha vivaksha chuupakuudadani andinchadaaniki sheershika I yokka bhashanu maarustaayi."
"adhaa kalakramanni sankshiptamgaa cheppalante" eee chattam juulai 31,2008naa pravesapettabadindi; september 11,2008naa senate aamodinchabadindi; september 17,2008naa sabha aamodinchabadindi; september 25,2008naa adhyakshudu santakam chesaaru; mariyu janavari 1,2009naa amaluloki vachindi.
columbia circuit jilla kosam united states appeals kortu juulai 21,2009naa, adaa purvagaamigaa vartinchadani teerpu ichindi.

