
naano electronics

nanoelectronics anedi electronic bhagalalo nanotechnologyni upayoginchadaanni suuchistumdi. eee padam vibhina parikaraalu mariyu padaarthaala samitini kaligi untundi, avi chaalaa chinnaviga unde saadhaarana lakshanamtho, antar-paramaanu paraspara charyalu mariyu quantum yaantrika lakshanaalanu vistrutamgaa adhyayanam cheyalsina avasaram undhi. eee abhyardhulalo kondaruh hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, oka dimensional nanotubes/nanovirelu (udhaa.zii. silicon nanovirelu ledhaa carbon nanotubelu) ledhaa adhunaatana molecular electronics.
nanoelectronic parikaraalu 1 nm mariyu 100 nm madhya parimaana paridhi kaligina klishtamaina kolatalanu kaligi untaayi. iteevali silicon mosefet (metal-oxide-semiconductor feeled-effect transister, ledhaa mose transister) saanketika taraalu ippatike eee vyavasthalo unnaayi, veetilo 22 nanometers cmos (complimentary mose) nodes mariyu 14 nm, 10 nm mariyu 7 nm finfet (finn feeled-effect transister) taraalu unnaayi. nanoelectronics konnisaarlu vighaatam kaliginche saanketika parignaanamgaa pariganinchabadutundi endukante prastuta abhyardhulu saampradaaya transisterla nundi gananeeyamgaa bhinnamgaa untaaru.
praathamika bhavanalu.
1965loe, silicon transisterlu diguvaku scaling chese nirantara prakriyaloo unnayani gordan moor gamaninchaaru, eee pariseelana taruvaata moor yokka chattamgaa krodikarinchabadindi. ayana pariseelinchinappati nundi, transister kaneesa feature parimaanaalu 2019 natiki 10 micrometers nundi 10 nm shreniki taggai. saanketikata node neerugaa kaneesa feature parimaanaanni suuchimchadani gamaninchandi. nanoelectronics rangam nanoskelpai feature saijulatho electronic parikaraalanu nirminchadaaniki kotta paddhatulu mariyu saamagrini upayoginchadam dwara eee chattanni nirantaram sakaram cheyadaanni lakshyamgaa pettukundi.
yaantrika samasyalu.
oka vastuvu yokka parimaanam daani sarala kolatala yokka moodava saktigaa taggutundi, conny uparitala vaisaalyam daani rendava saktigaa matrame taggutundi. eee kontha suukshmamaina mariyu tappinchukoleni suutram bhaarii parinaamaalanu kaligi undhi. udaaharanaku, drill (ledhaa edainaa itara yantram) yokka shakti valuemku anulomaanupaatamlo untundi, ayithe drill yokka bearinglu mariyu gerla gharshana vaati uparitala vaisaalyaaniki anulomaanupaatamlo untundi. saadhaarana parimaanamlo chese drill kosam, edainaa gharshananu sulabhamgaa adhigaminchadaaniki parikaram yokka shakti saripotundi. ayithe, daani podavunu 1000 karakam dwara tagginchadam, udaaharanaku, daani saktini 10003 (oka billion karakam) taggistundi, ayithe gharshananu 10002 (oka million karakam matrame) matrame taggistundi. damasha prakaram idhi asalu drill kante prati unit gharshanaku 1000 retlu takkuva saktini kaligi untundi. asalu gharshana-shakti nishpatti 1 saatamgaa unte, adhi chinna drill shakti kante 10 retlu ekkuva gharshananu kaligi untundani suuchistumdi; drill panikiraanidi.
eee kaaranamgaa, athi-suukshma electronic integrated circuitlu puurtigaa panicheestundagaa, gharshana saktulu andubaatulo unna saktini minchipovadam praarambhinchae pramaanaalaku minchi panichese yaantrika parikaraalanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki adhe saanketikatanu upayoginchalemu. kabatti meeru sunnitamgaa chekkina silicon gerla microphotographlanu chusinappatiki, atuvanti parikaraalu prastutam parimita vaastava prapancha anuvartanaalato kuudina utsukata kante konchem ekkuva, udaaharanaku, kadile addaalu mariyu shattarlalo. uparitala udriktata adhe vidhamgaa perugutundi, tadwara chaalaa chinna vastuvulu kalisi unde dhoranini peddadi chestundi. idhi yea rakamaina "micro factory" nii ayina aacharana saadhyam kaanidigaa chestundih robotic chetulu mariyu chetulanu tagginchagaliginappatiki, vaaru teesukune deeninainaa tagginchadam asadhyam. paina perkonna vidhamgaa, paramaanu parinaamam phalitamgaa silia, flazella, kandaraala fibers mariyu rotary motorlu annee suukshmaparimaanamloo, jala vaataavaranamloo panicheesaayi. eee yantraalu suukshma ledhaa suukshma shreni vadda kanipinche perigina gharshana saktulanu upayoginchukuntaayi. chodaka saktini saadhinchadaaniki saadhaarana gharshana saktulapai (uparitalaaniki lambamgaa unde gharshana saktulu) aadhaarapade teddu ledhaa chodaka shakti vale kakunda, silia suukshma mariyu naano kolatala vadda unna atisayokti dragg ledhaa laminar saktula (uparitalaaniki samaantaramgaa unde gharshana saktulu) nundi kadalikanu abhivruddhi chestundi. nanoscale vadda ardhavantamaina "yantraalanu" nirminchadaaniki, sambandhita saktulanu parigananaloki teesukoovaali. sthuuladarshaka yantraala yokka saadhaarana punarutpattula kante antargatamgaa sambandhita yantraala abhivruddhi mariyu roopakalpananu manam edurkontunnamu.
anduvalla aacharanaatmaka anuvartanaala kosam nanotechnologyni moolyaankanam chesetappudu anni scaling samasyalanu puurtigaa anchanaa veyali.
vidhanalu.
naano fabrication.
udaaharanaku, electron transisterlu, ivi oke electron aadhaaramgaa transister operation kaligi untaayi. nanoelectromechanical vyavasthalu kooda eee vargamloki vastaayi.
nanovirelanu vyaktigatamgaa samslaeshanha cheyadaaniki pratyamnaayamgaa, nanovirela ultradence samaantara shrenulanu nirminchadaaniki naano fabrication upayoginchavacchu. eee rangamlo pratyeka praamukhyata kaligina silicon nanovirelu nanoelectronics, shakti marpidi mariyu nilvalo vibhina anuvartanaala vaipu ekkuvagaa adhyayanam cheyabadutunnayi. niyantrinchadagina mandamtho nanovirelanu utpatti cheyadaaniki pedda parimaanamlo ushna aakseekarana dwara ituvanti sinvlanu tayaaru cheyavachu.
suukshma padaardhaala electronics.
chinnadigaa undi, ekkuva traansistarlanu oke chiplo pyaak cheyadaaniki anumatinchadamtho paatu, nanovirelu mariyu/ledhaa nanotubela ekareeti mariyu samaroopa nirmaanam
idhi adhika electron chalanasheelata (padaarthamloo vegavantamaina electron kadalika), adhika vidyudvaahaka sthiraamkam (vegavantamaina pounahpunyam) mariyu sushta electron/randhra lakshanaanni anumatistundi.
suukshmakanaalanu quantum chukkaluga kooda upayoginchavacchu.
molecular electronics.
yeka-anuvu electronic parikaraalu vistrutamgaa parisoedhimchabaddaayi. eee pathakaalu molecular selph-assembleeni bhaareega upayoginchukuntaayi, parikara bhaagaalanu pedda nirmaanaanni ledhaa puurti vyavasthanu kooda nirminchadaaniki roopondistaayi. idhi punarnirminchadagina computingku chaalaa upayogakaramgaa untundi mariyu prastuta eff. pii. zii. eah. saanketikatanu puurtigaa bharti cheyavachu.
molecular electronics anedi abhivruddhi chendutunna saanketikata, idhi bhavishyat anhu-sthaayi electronic vyavasthalaku aasanu testundi. paramaanu electronics yokka aasaajanaka anuvartanaanni ibm parisoedhakudu aari aviram mariyu saiddhaantika rasayana shaastravetta maark ratner vaari 1974 mariyu 1988 patraalalo "memory, logic mariyu amplification kosam anuvulu" (paramaanu rectifier chudandi) loe pratipaadinchaaru.
aneka nanovire nirmaanaalu nanolectronic parikaraalanu parasparam anusandhaaninchadaaniki abhyardhulugaa adhyayanam cheyabaddayi carbon mariyu itara padaarthaala nanotubelu, loha anuvu golusulu, cumulane ledhaa paleen carbon anuvu golusulu mariyu polytheophenes vanti aneka polymerlu.
itara vidhanalu.
nanoscale vyavasthalalo electronla kante ayanla ravaanaanu nanoanics adhyayanam chestundi.
nanophotonics nanoscale meeda kaanti pravartananu adhyayanam chestundi mariyu eee pravartananu sadviniyogam chesukune parikaraalanu abhivruddhi cheyalane lakshyanni kaligi undhi.
naano electronic parikaraalu.
prastuta hye-technology utpatti prakriyalu saampradaaya top down vyuuhaalapai aadharapadi unnaayi, ikkada nanotechnology ippatike nissabdamgaa pravesapettabadindi. sipus ledhaa dram parikaraallo transisterla gate podavuku sambandhinchi integrated circuitla klishtamaina podavu scale ippatike nanoscale (50 nm mariyu anthakante takkuva) vadda undhi.
computerlu.
nanoelectronics sampradaaya semiconductor fabrication techniclatho saadhyamaina daanikante computer praasesarlanu marinta saktivantamgaa tayaaru cheyagala vaagdaanam kaligi undhi. nanolithography yokka kotta roopaalatho paatu, saampradaaya CMOS bhagala sthaanamlo nanovirelu ledhaa chinna anuvula vanti suukshma padaardhaala vaadakamtho sahaa aneka vidhanalu prastutam parisoedhinchabadutunnaayi. kshetra prabhava transisterlu semiconducting carbon nanotubelanu mariyu binna nirmaanaatmaka semiconductor nanovirelanu (cndableu) upayoginchi tayaaru cheyabaddaayi.
memory nilva.
gatamlo electronic memory designlu ekkuvagaa transisterla erpaatupai aadharapadi undevi. ayithe, cross baar switch aadhaarita electronicspy parisoedhanalu ultra hye density memarylanu srushtinchadaaniki niluvu mariyu kshitija samaantara wiring shrenula madhya punarnirminchadagina intarkanekshanlanu upayoginchi pratyaamnaayaanni andinchaayi. eee rangamlo iddaru nayakulu nantero, idhi naano-raam anie piluvabade carbon nanotube aadhaarita crossbar memarini abhivruddhi chesindi mariyu hevelet-packered, idhi bhavishyattulo flash memareeki pratyamnaayamgaa memister materialnu upayoginchaalani pratipaadinchindi.
atuvanti kotta parikaraalaku udaaharana spintronics meeda aadharapadi untundi. bahya kshetrampai padaartham yokka nirodhakata (electronla spin kaaranamgaa) aadharapadataanni magneto resistance antaaru. eee prabhavanni suukshma parimaana vastuvulaku gananeeyamgaa vistarinchavacchu (gmr-bhaarii ayaskanta-nirodhakata), udaaharanaku rendu ferro ayaskanta poralu ayaskanta poratho vaeru cheyabadinappudu, idhi aneka nanometers mandamgaa untundi (udhaa.zii. koo-kuu-koo). gmr prabhavam haard discla dayta nilva saandrataloo balamaina perugudalaku daariteesindi mariyu gigabite paridhini saadhyam chesindi. tunnelling magneto resistance (tmr) anie pilavabadedi gmr thoo chaalaa pooli untundi mariyu prakkane unna pheromagnetic porala dwara electronla spin aadhaarita tunnelling aadhaaramgaa untundi. magnetic random access memory ledhaa mrm anie pilavabade computerla kosam asthirata laeni pradhana memarini srushtinchadaaniki gmr mariyu tmr prabhavalu rendintinee upayoginchavacchu.
kotta optoelectronic parikaraalu.
aadhunika communication technologylo saampradaaya analog vidyut parikaraalu vaati apaaramaina bandwidth mariyu saamarthyam kaaranamgaa optical ledhaa optoelectronic parikaraala dwara ekkuvagaa bharti cheyabadutunnayi. rendu aasaajanaka udaaharanalu
photonic spatikaalu mariyu quantum chukkalu. kaanti spatikaalu anevi vakreebhavana soochikalo aavartana vaividhyam kaligina padaarthaalu, ivi upayoginchina kaanti yokka tarangadairghyamlo sagam jaalaka sthiraamkamtho untaayi. avi oka nirdishta tarangadairghyam yokka pracharam kosam enchukogalige byaand gyapnu andistaayi, anduvalla avi semikandaktarnu pooli untaayi, conny electronlaku badulugaa kaanti ledhaa photanlaku. quantum chukkalu anevi suukshmaparimaana vastuvulu, veetini aneka itara vishayaalatoe paatu, laejarla nirmaanam kosam upayoginchavacchu. saampradaaya semiconductor lazer kante quantum dott lazer yokka prayojanam emitante vaati vidudalayye tarangadairghyam chukka yokka vyaasampai aadharapadi untundi. quantum dott laejarlu choukainavi mariyu sampradaaya lazer diodla kante adhika punjam naanhyatanu andistaayi.
pradarsanalu.
takkuva shakti viniyogam kaligina pradarsanala utpattini carbon nanotubelu (cnt) mariyu/ledhaa silicon nanovirelanu upayoginchi saadhinchavachchu. ituvanti suukshma nirmaanaalu vidyut vahakamga untaayi mariyu vaati chinna vyaasam aneka nanometers kaaranamgaa, vaatini kshetra udgaara pradarsanalaku (feed) chaalaa adhika saamardhyamtho kshetra udgarakaluga upayoginchavacchu. operation suutram cathode rae tubenu pooli untundi, conny chaalaa takkuva podavaina sthaayilo untundi.
quantum computerlu.
computing kosam puurtigaa kotta vidhanalu kotta quantum computerla kosam quantum mechanics niyamaalanu upayoginchukuntaayi, ivi vegavantamaina quantum algorithamla vadakanni praarambhistaayi. quantum computerlo oke samayamlo aneka gananala kosam "cubit" anie piluvabade quantum bitt memory space untundi. nanoelectronic parikaraalalo, cubit okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva electronla spin yokka quantum sthithi dwara encode cheyabadutundi. spin semiconductor quantum dott ledhaa dopant dwara parimitam cheyabadutundi.
radiolu.
carbon nanotubela chuttoo nanoradiolu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
shakti utpatti.
sampradaaya planner silicon solar sellatho saadhyamayye daanikante choukaina mariyu marinta samarthavanthamaina solar sellanu srushtinchaalanae aasatoe nanovirelu mariyu itara nanostructured materiallanu upayoginchadaaniki parisoedhanalu konasagutunnayi. marinta samarthavanthamaina sourashakti aavishkarana prapancha indhana avasaralanu teerchadampai goppa prabhavanni chooputundani nammutaaru.
bio-naano generatorlu anie piluvabade "inn vivo" loe panichese parikaraala kosam shakti utpattipai kooda parisoedhana jarugutondi. bio-naano generator anedi indhana kanam ledhaa galvanic kanam vanti nanoscale electrochemical parikaram, conny jeevinchi unna sareeramlo raktamlo glucose nundi saktini pondutundi, sareeram aaharam nundi saktini utpatti chese vidhaanaaniki samanamga untundi. eee prabhavanni saadhinchadaaniki, daani electronla yokka glucosenu tolaginchagala saamarthyam kaligina enjaimnu upayogistaaru, idhi vaatini vidyut parikaraalalo upayoginchadaaniki vidudala chestundi. siddhaantaparamgaa, sagatu vyakti sareeram bio-naano generator upayoginchi 100 vaatla vidyuttunu (rojuku sumaru 2000 aahara kelareelu) utpatti cheyagaladu. ayithe, eee anchanaa mottam aaharaanni vidyuttugaa maarchinatlayithe, mariyu maanava sariiraaniki sthiramgaa kontha shakti avasaramaite matrame nijam, kabatti utpatti ayye shakti chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi. atuvanti parikaram dwara utpatti ayye vidyut sareeramlo ponduparachabadina parikaraalaku (pays makerlu vantivi) ledhaa chakkeratho nindina nanorobotlaku saktinistundi. bio-naano generatorlapy chesina parisoedhanaloo ekkuva bhaagam ippatikee prayogaatmakamgaa undhi, panasonic yokka nanotechnology parisoedhanaa prayogasaala mundanjalo undhi.
vaidya nirdhaarana.
vaidya roganirdhaaranagaa upayoginchadaaniki jeeva anuvula saandratalanu nija samayamlo gurtinchagala nanoelectronic parikaraalanu nirminchadamlo chaalaa aasakti undhi, tadwara idhi nanomedicine vargamloki vastundi.
praathamika jeevasastra parisoedhanaloo upayogam kosam oke kanaalatoe sankarshana chendagala nanoelectronic parikaraalanu roopondinchadaaniki samaantara parisoedhana prayatnistundi.
eee parikaraalanu nanocensorlu antaaru. nanoelectronicspy inn vivo proteomic sensing vaipu ituvanti chinnadigaa cheyadam valla aarogya paryaveekshanha, nigha mariyu rakshana saanketika parignaanam kosam kotta vidhaanaalanu praarambhinchaali.

