
carona (upagraham)

coronavirus karyakramam anedi america samyukta raashtraala nundi gananeeyamaina sahayamtho central intelligence agency (cia) directorate off sains & technology utpatti chesi, nirvahistunna american vyuuhaatmaka nigha upagrahaala shreni.ess. vaimanika dalam. soviet union (yuu. ess. ess. aarr), chaina mariyu itara praantaala chaayaachitra paryaveekshanha kosam juun 1959loe praarambhamai 1972 maeloe mugisina eee carona upagrahaalanu upayoginchaaru.
charitra.
1957loe soviet union modati krutrima bhuu upagrahamaina sputnik 1nuu prayoginchindi. adhikarikamga, sputnik antarjaateeya bhougolika bhouthika samvatsaraaniki anugunamgaa praarambhinchabadindi, idhi bhoomi mariyu soura vyavasthanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki krutrima upagrahaalanu prayoginchadaaniki anuvainadani antarjaateeya shaastreeya sanghaala mandali prakatinchina soura kaalam. ayithe, eee prayogam paschima mariyu soviet union madhya grahinchina saanketika antaram gurinchi prajala aandolanaku daariteesindi. mission yokka oohinchani vijayam sputnik sankshobhaaniki daariteesindi, mariyu adhyakshudu dwite dii. isenhover, vaimanika dalam mariyu cia samyuktamgaa nirvahinche agra praadhaanyata nigha karyakramam ayina carona kaaryakramaaniki adhikaram ivvadaaniki. antariksham nundi niraakarinchabadina praantaalanu chaayaachitram cheyadaaniki, soviet kshipani saamarthyam gurinchi samacharanni andinchadaaniki mariyu soviet bhoobhaagamlo pramaadakaramaina yuu-2 nigha vimanalanu bharti cheyadaaniki upagrahaalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
sameeksha.
yuu yokka doubleus-117ell upagraha nigha mariyu rakshana kaaryakramamlo bhaagamgaa "discover" paerutoe carona praarambhamaindi.ess. 1956loe vaimanika dalam. doublues-117ell raand corporation nundi sifaarsulu mariyu designlapy aadharapadi undhi. eee karyakramam yokka praadhamika lakshyam, soviet kshipanulu mariyu suduura bomber aastula utpatti yokka swabhaavam mariyu vegaanni nirnayistuu, sino-soviet kuutamini paryaveekshinchadamloo U-2 spipelane sthaanamlo film-return photographic upagrahanni abhivruddhi cheyadam. rakshana saakha mariyu itara yuu kosam maplu mariyu chaartulanu roopondinchadaaniki kooda carona karyakramam upayoginchabadindi.ess. prabhutva mapping karyakramalu.
1960 mae 1naa soviet union meedugaa U-2 guudachaari vimananni koolchivesina taruvaata carona project vaegamgaa munduku saagindi.
1959 nundi 1972 varaku prayoginchina enimidi ververu conny ativyaapti chendutunna upagrahaala shrenini (keyhol ledhaa kha) carona chivaraku kaligi undhi. coronaviruslu puurti cheyabaddaayi mariyu chivariki adhika resolution gala kha-7 gambit mariyu kha-8 gambit 3 shreni upagrahaalu vijayavantamayyaayi.
carona kaaryakramaaniki pratyaamnaaya ummadi karyakramam "samos". aaa kaaryakramamlo vividha rakaala chaayaachitra paddhatini upayoginchina aneka rakaala upagrahaalu undevi. indulo photographic filmpy chitraanni teeyadam, upagrahamlo filmnu abhivruddhi cheyadam, aapai chitraanni electronicga skaan cheyadam vantivi untaayi. aaa chitram telemetry dwara ground stationlaku prasaram cheyabadindi. samos ii-1 mariyu samos ii-2 upagraha karyakramalu eee vyavasthanu upayoginchaayi, conny vaaru chaalaa chitraalu teesi, aapai pratiroojuu ground stationlaku prasaram cheyalekapoyaru. ii-5 mariyu ii-6 vanti samos karyakramam yokka rendu taruvaati samskaranalu, caronatho maargadarsakatvam vahinchina bucket-return vidhananni upayoginchaayi, conny taruvaati samos siriisloo edhee vijayavantam kaaledu.
antariksha nauka.
eee carona upagrahaalanu kehech-1, kehech-2, kehech-3, kehech-4, kehech-4eah mariyu kehech-4bii gaa paerkonnaaru. kha antey "kii hole" ledhaa "kii hole" (code number 1010), eee paeru oka vyakti yokka gadiloki vaari talupu kii hole dwara chudatam dwara goodacharyam chese charyaku saaruupyatagaa untundi. perugutunna sankhya nigha parikaraalalo maarpulanu suuchimchimdi, single-panoramic nundi double-panoramic cameralaku maarpu vantivi. kha" naamakarana vyavasthanu modatisaarigaa 1962loe kha-4thoo upayoginchaaru, munupati sankhyalanu purvagaamigaa vartimpajesaaru.
united states geological survey sankalanam chesina vidhamgaa, diguva perkonna jabita loe coronavirus prayogaalu unnaayi. eee pattika prati rakamaina upagraham (sii, sii-prime, zhe-1 modalainavi) yokka prabhutva hodaanu jabita chestundi.), camera yokka spashtata, mariyu camera vyavastha yokka vivarana.
programme charitra.
anveshakudu.
1961 chivari varaku american antariksha prayogaalu vargeekarinchabadaledu kabatti, modati carona upagrahaalu "discover" anae antariksha saanketika abhivruddhi kaaryakramamlo bhaagamgaa tappudu samaachaaramtho kappabadi unnaayi. prajalaku, aavishkarta missionlu shaastreeya mariyu injaneering missionlu, biopic namuunaalanu tirigi ivvadaaniki film-return capsules upayoginchabadutunnaayi. eee moesaanni sulabhataram cheyadaaniki, oka kothi prayaanikudini unchadaaniki aneka carona capsules nirminchabaddaayi. gulika yokka life support system yokka ground testla samayamlo aneka test kothulu poyayi. saastravettala nundi pariseelananu aahvaanistuu, aavishkarta cover gajibijigaa niroopinchabadindi. 1962 janavari 13naa prayoginchina discover 37, eee aavishkarta paerunu kaligi unna chivari carona mission. tadupari coronavirus missionlu kevalam "department off defence satellite lanchlu" gaa vargeekarinchabaddaayi.
keey-1.
modati varusa carona upagrahaalu azena-eguva dasha aadhaaramgaa keyhol 1 (kehech-1) upagrahaalu, ivi gruhanirmaanam mariyu kakshyalo vaikharini niyantrinche injinnu andinchaayi. kehech-1 payload loe fairchild camera mariyu eff/5 eparcharu mariyu phokal podavutho kuudina parikaram nirminchina sii (carona kosam) single panoramic camera undhi. dheeniki ground resolution undhi. oke saadhaarana vidyut upagraham tirigi vachhe vahanam (srv) dwara kakshya nundi chalanachitram tirigi vachindi. mission mugimpulo paeloednu deoribit cheyadaaniki srvlo oka chinna onboard salid-fuel retro motaru amarchabadindi. gulikanu pratyaekamgaa amarchina vimanam dwara gaalilo tirigi pondadam jarigindi.
1959 modati ardhabhaagamlo moodu camera-laeni pareeksha prayogaalu jarigaayi, vaatilo edhee puurtigaa vijayavantam kaaledu. discover 1 anedi srv ledhaa camera laeni pariksha vahanam. 1959 fibravari 28naa prayoginchina idhi, dhruva kakshyaloki unchina modati maanava nirmita vastuvu, conny appudappudu matrame telemetreeni tirigi ichindi. aavishkarta 2 (april 14,1959) modatisaarigaa recovery capsulnu mosukelladu, conny camera ledhu. pradhana bassu baga panichesindi, conny capsule recovery viphalamaindi, srv hawai kante spitzbergen meedugaa digutondi. gulika ennadoo kanugonabadaledu. oka jeevasambandhamaina pyaakaejeeni (eee sandarbhamlo naalugu nalla elukalu) mosukellina modati aavishkarta ayina aavishkarta 3 (3 juun 1959) daani azena pasiphik mahasamudramlo koolipoyinappudu kaksyanu saadhinchadamlo viphalamayyaadu.
lockheed yuu-2 taruvaata photographic nigha upagrahanni kakshyalo kakshyalo unchadaaniki ottidi entha ekkuvagaa undho, jeeva prayaaneekula kosam life-support unit yokka vijayavantamaina pareeksha laenappatikee, 1959 juun 25naa discover 4 (vijayavantam kaani) prayogamtho kaaryaacharana, camera-amarchina kehech-1 prayogaalu prarambhamayyayi. aavishkarta 3 yokka prayatnam dwara anveshakudu shreni mariyu sajeeva paeloodla madhya sambandham sthaapinchabadinanduna eee samayaniki idhi vivaadaaspada amsamgaa niroopinchabadindi.
tadupari mugguru aavishkartalu vijayavantamgaa kakshyalo unnaaru, conny load chestunnappudu chitram debbatinnappudu vaari kemeraalu annee viphalamayyayi. acetate aadhaarita pora antarikshamloni shoonyathalo pelusugaa maarindani bhuu pareekshalu nirdharinchaayi, idhi adhika ettulo, takkuva peedana pareekshalo kooda kanugonabadaledu. eastman kodak companyki marinta sthithisthaapakamaina pratyaamnaayaanni srushtinche baadhyata appaginchabadindi. kodak dupant nundi oka rakamaina polysterpy adhika-resolution emulsionnu puusae saanketikatanu abhivruddhi chesindi. phalitamgaa vacchina polyester aadhaarita film vacuum pelusugaa undataaniki nirodhakatanu kaligi undatame kakunda, idhi munupati acetate aadhaarita film kante sagam baruvu kaligi undhi.
aavishkarta 13 (10 augustu 1960) kii mundu kehech-1 shrenilo maroe naalugu paakshikamgaa vijayavantamaina mariyu vijayavantam kaani missionlu unnaayi, ivi modatisaarigaa puurtigaa vijayavantamaina capsule recoveryni nirvahinchagaligaayi. soviet corable sputnik 2nuu tommidi rojula thedaatho oodinchi, antariksham nundi maanava nirmita vastuvu yokka modati recovery idhi. discover 13 ippudu washington, dii looni national air und space museumloni "milestones off flight" haallo pradarsinchabadindi.sii.
1960 augustu 18naa discover 14nii prayoginchina rendu rojula taruvaata, daani film bucketnu pasiphik mahasamudramlo fairchild sii-119 flying baaks kaar ravana vimanam dwara vijayavantamgaa tirigi pondaaru. soviet antariksha kukkalaina belka mariyu strelkaalanu kakshyaloki teesukoni surakshitamgaa bhoomiki tirigi teesukuvacchina biosatalite ayina corable-sputnik 2 prayogaaniki oka roeju mundu kakshya nundi payload vijayavantamgaa tirigi ravadam idhi modatidi.
american nigha sekaranapai carona prabhavam vipareetamainadi. discover 14 vijayamtho, idhi tirigi vacchi, munupati anni yuu2 vimaanaala kante soviet union gurinchi ekkuva kavarejeeni andinchindi, modatisaarigaa united states ussr yokka vyuuhaatmaka anhu saamarthyaala gurinchi spashtamaina chitraanni kaligi undhi. coronavirus mundu, cia yokka jaateeya nigha anchanaalu (nie) chaalaa anischitamgaa mariyu balamgaa charchinchabaddaayi. aavishkarta 14kii aaru nelala mundu, oka nii 1961 natiki soviyatlalo 140-200 ICBMS moharinchabadutundani anchanaa vesindi. aavishkarta 14 paaripoyina oka nela taruvaata, aaa anchanaa kevalam 10-25 kii meruguparachabadindi.
adanamgaa, modati nundi nelawari kavarejeeni andinche upagrahaalato, nigha samacharanni pondagala vegaanni kooda carona penchindi. rahasya agent nivedikala kante vislaeshakulu mariyu raajakeeya nayakulu chaayaachitraalanu marinta sulabhamgaa anchanaa vaesaaru, idhi kevalam medhassu mottaanni matrame kakunda daani praapyatanu kooda meruguparichindi.
kehech-1 syries aavishkarta 15 (13 september 1960) thoo mugisindi, dheeni gulika vijayavantamgaa ksheeninchindi conny pasiphik mahasamudramlo munigipoyindi mariyu tirigi pondabadaledu.
taruvaata kha syries.
1963loe, kehech-4 vyavasthanu dwandwa cameralatho pravesapettaaru mariyu eee karyakramanni appati adhyakshudu zaan kennedy puurtigaa rahasyamgaa unchaaru. discover label tolaginchabadindi mariyu anni prayogaalu vargeekarinchabaddaayi. upagraha dravyarashi peragadam valla, moodu caster ghana-indhana patti-aann motorlanu jodinchadam dwara praathamika thore-azena vahanam yokka saamarthyaalu perigayi. 1963 fibravari 28naa, modati kehech-4 upagrahanni mosukeltunna prayoga samudaayam 75 vadda unna wandenberg vaimanika sthaavaram nundi modati thrust augmented thore ettiveyabadindi. oka srb mandinchadamlo viphalamainanduna kotta mariyu niroopinchani booster prayogam viphalamaindi. chivariki pattipai unna motaru yokka nirjeeva baruvu thaarnu daani vimaana maargam nundi laagindi, idhi shreni bhadrata vidhvamsamku daariteesindi. oka saanketika nipunudu srbki boddu sarigga jodinchaledani anumaaninchabadindi. taruvaati konni samvatsaraallo konni vaiphalyaalu sambhavistuunae unnappatikee, kehech-4 thoo karyakramam yokka viswasaneeyata raetu gananeeyamgaa merugupadindi. 1963 nundi prayoga raaketlu kooda upagrahaaniki jodinchabaddaayi. ivi karyakramam prarambham nundi cherchabadina drukpathaanni sthireekarinche thrusterlaku bhinnamgaa undevi. daani camera vyavastha yokka spashtatanu penchadaaniki carona chaalaa takkuva kakshyalalo kakshyalo undhi. conny periji (kakshyalo atyalpa binduvu) vadda, carona bhoomi yokka vaataavaranam nundi lagadanni bharinchindi. kalakramena, idhi daani kakshya ksheeninchadaaniki kaaranamavutundi mariyu upagraham mundugaane vaataavaranamloki tirigi pravesinchamani balavantam chestundi. kotta yukti raaketlu carona adhika kakshyaloki penchadaaniki mariyu takkuva perijeelanu upayoginchinappatiki mission samayanni podiginchadaaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. oohinchani sankshobhaala samayamlo upayogam kosam, jaateeya nigha karyalayam (nro) carona "aarr-7" hodaalo unchindi, antey edu rojullo prayogaaniki siddhamgaa undhi. 1965 vesavi natiki, nro oka rojulo prayogam kosam carona nirvahinchagaligindi.
kehech-4eah mariyu kehech-4bii missionlaloo tommidi elin upa upagrahaalu unnaayi, ivi adhika kakshyaloki prayoginchabaddaayi.
konni pii-11 nigha upagrahaalanu kehech-4eah nundi prayoginchaaru.
kshipani rakshana alaram vyavastha (midas) kosam upagrahaalanu pareekshinchadaaniki kaneesam rendu aavishkaranalanu upayoginchaaru, idhi kakshyaku prayoginche prayoga vaahanaala ushna santakaanni gurtinchadaaniki paraaruna cameralanu upayoginchina prarambha kshipani-prayoga-gurtimpu karyakramam.
aavishkarta cover paerutoe chivari prayogam 26 fibravari 1962naa aavishkarta 38. daani bucket 65va kakshyalo (bucket yokka 13va recovery; madhya gaalilo tommidavadi) madhya gaalilo vijayavantamgaa tirigi pondabadindi. aavishkarta paeru yokka eee chivari upayogam taruvaata, migilina carona upagrahaala prayogaalu puurtigaa rahasyamgaa undevi. chivariga 1972 mae 25naa coronavirus prayogam jarigindi. coronavirus sthaanamlo kehech-9 shatkona karyakramam pravesapettadamto eee project mugisindi.
saanketikata.
kemeraalu.
carona upagrahaalu phokal length cameratho pratyeka 70 mimi filmnu upayoginchaayi. eastman kodak nirminchina eee chitram modatlo mandamgaa undedi, prati mimeeki 170 linela resolution kaligi undedi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa 2-nundi-1 undhi (polchi choosthe, rendava prapancha yuddhamlo nirminchina uttama vaimanika photography chitram prati mimeeki (angulaaniki 1250) kevalam 50 panktulanu matrame utpatti cheyagaladu). acetate aadhaarita film taruvaata bhoomi kakshyalo marinta mannikaina polyester aadhaarita film stackto bharti cheyabadindi. upagrahaalu mosukelle chalanachitram parimaanam kalakramena maarutuu untundi. praarambhamlo, prati upagraham prati kemeraku mottam film kosam filmnu teesukuvelutundi. conny film stock mandam taggadam valla ekkuva film teesukelladaaniki veelu kaligindi. aidava taramlo, mottam chitraaniki prati kemeraku filmku rettimpu cheyabadindi. film mandam tagginchadam dwara mariyu adanapu film capsules thoo idhi saadhinchabadindi. eee chitram chithreekaranalo ekkuva bhaagam nalupu mariyu telupu rangulo jarigindi. mission 1104loe infrared film upayoginchabadindi, mariyu mission 1105 mariyu 1008loe colour film takkuva resolution kaligi undani niroopinchabadindi, anduvalla mallee upayoginchabadaledu.
cameralanu itech corporation tayaaru chesindi. a, f/5 triple lens kemerala kosam roopondinchabadindi. prati lens vyaasamlo undedi. avi germanylo carle jees ag abhivruddhi chesina tessar katakamulanu pooli undevi. kemeraalu modatlo podavainavi, conny taruvaata podavuku vistarinchaayi. kehech-4 upagrahaalato praarambhinchi, eee katakamulanu petzwal eff/3.5 katakamutho bharti chesaaru. katakamulu vistrutamgaa undevi, mariyu kakshya disaku lambamgaa 70° vampu gundaa kadulutaayi. vistruta chitraanni pondagaladu kabatti vistruta katakam enchukunnaaru. uttama spashtata chitram madhyalo matrame pondinappatikee, 70° aark antataa camera svayamchaalakamgaa ("reciprocate") munduku venukaku tippadam dwara dheenini adhigaminchavacchu. graham meeda kadulutunna upagraham yokka aspashtamaina prabhavanni edurkovadaniki, cameraloni lens nirantaram tirugutuu undedi.
modati carona upagrahaalalo oke camera undedi, conny rendu-camera vyavastha twaragaa amalu cheyabadindi. mundu camera 15° munduku vangi undhi, venuka camera 15° munduku vangi undhi, tadwara stereoscopic chitraanni pondavacchu. taruvaata eee kaaryakramamlo, upagraham moodu cameralanu upayoginchindi. stereographicga chithreekarinchabadutunna vastuvula "index" chaayaachitraalanu teeyadaaniki moodava cameranu upayoginchaaru. 1967loe modatisaarigaa moharinchina zhe-3 camera vyavastha cameranu drumlo unchindi. eee "rotator camera" (ledhaa drum) munduku venukaku kadili, cameranu parasparam kadilinche yantraamgamlo taralinchaalsina avasaranni tolaginchindi. drum rendu filterlanu mariyu naalugu ververu exposure cheelikalanu upayoginchadaaniki anumatinchindi, idhi carona teeyagala chitraala vaividhyaanni baga meruguparichindi. modati kemeraalu neelapai unna chitraalanu vyaasam varaku parishkarinchagalavu. imaging vyavasthalo merugudalalu vaegamgaa unnaayi, mariyu kehech-3 missionlu vyaasamlo unna vastuvulanu chudagalavu. taruvaati missionlu kevalam vyaasamlo vastuvulanu parishkarinchagalavu. chitram yokka naanhyata mariyu veekshanha kshetraaniki spashtata vaanchaneeya spashtatagaa kanugonabadindi.
prarambha carona missionlu marmamaina sarihaddu pogamanchu mariyu prakaasavantamaina geetalato badhapaddayi, ivi tirigi vacchina chitramlo kramarahitamgaa kanipinchaayi. chivariki, project mariyu vidyaavaettalaku chendina saastravettalu mariyu injaneerla brundam (vaarilo luis alvarez, sidney beldner, malvin ruderman, orther glines mariyu sidney drell) cameralalo konni bhagala valla kalige sthiravidyuth utsargalu (carona utsargalu anie pilustaaru) chitraanni bahirgatam chestunnayani nirdhaarinchaaru. diddubaatu charyalalo bhagala merugaina grounding, sthiramaina vidyuttunu utpatti cheyani merugaina film rolarlu, merugaina ushnograta niyantranalu mariyu parisubhramaina antargata vaataavaranam unnaayi. carona tagginchadaaniki merugudalalu chesinappatiki, puurti load film thoo film dabbalanu load chesi, aapai camera dwara bahirgatam kaani filmnu etuvanti bahirgatam lekunda take-up reelpai nimpadam tudi parishkaram. eee bahirgatam kaani chitraanni appudu proses chesi, carona kosam tanikhi chesaaru. edhee kanugonabadaledu ledhaa gamaninchina carona aamodayogyamaina sthaayilalo unte, dabbaalu upayogam kosam dhruvikarinchabaddayi mariyu prayoga mission kosam taja film thoo load cheyabaddaayi.
calibration.
arizonaloni casa grande velupala unna kramaankanam lakshyalanu upayoginchi carona upagrahaalanu kramaankanam chesinatlu aaropanalu vachayi. lakshyalu nagaraniki dakshinaana mariyu lopala unna concreat baanaalanu kaligi undevi, mariyu upagrahaala cameralanu kramaankanam cheyadaaniki sahayapadi undavacchu. lakshyaala prayojanam gurinchi online forumlache konasaaginchabadina mariyu jaateeya bhougolika mariyu enn. pii. aarr vyasalalo pradarsinchabadina eee vaadanalu appati nundi vivadaspadamga unnaayi, vatiki marinta sambhaavya uddesyamgaa vaimanika photogrammetery pratipaadinchabadindi.
punaruddharana.
upagraham nundi vidipoyi bhoomipai padina general electric roopondinchina reantry capsule ("film bucket" anae maaruperu) dwara kakshya nundi filmnu tirigi pondaaru. tirigi pravesinche teevramaina vaedi mugisina taruvaata, vahanam chuttoo unna heat sheeldnu tolaginchi paaraachuutlanu moharinchaaru. gulikanu gaalilo eguravese vimanam gaalilo gaalilo pattukoodaaniki uddesinchabadindi, adhi daanini eguravestundi ledhaa samudramlo digestundi. bays looni uppu plug rendu rojula tarvaata karigipotundi, united states naavikaadalam daanini teesukokapothe capsule munigipotundi. 1964 madhyalo venezula raitulu tirigi pravesinche vahanam pramaadavasaattu digadam mariyu kanugonadam gurinchi reuters nivedinchina taruvaata, capsules ikapai "rahasyam" anie label cheyabadaledu, conny united statesku vaimanika footage tirigi vachinanduku enimidi bhaashalalo bahumatini andinchindi. vimaana sankhya 69 thoo praarambhinchi, rendu-gulika vyavasthanu upayoginchaaru. idhi upagrahanni nishkriyaatmaka (ledhaa "jombi") modloki velladaaniki kooda anumatinchindi, mallii chitraalu teese mundu 21 rojula varaku moosiveyabadindi. 1963loe praarambhamaina maroe merugudala "life boat", byaatareetho nadiche vyavastha, idhi vidyut vaiphalyam sambhavinchinatlayithe gulikanu bayataku teeyadaaniki mariyu tirigi pondadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. newyorkloni rochesterlo unna eastman kodak yokka hockey facilitylo eee chitram proses cheyabadindi.
carona film bucket" taruvaata kehech-7 gambit upagrahaala kosam sweekarinchabadindi, ivi adhika resolution photolanu teesaayi.
praarambhinchandi.
carona thore-azena rockett dwara prayoginchaaru, idhi carona kakshyaloki etthe rockett yokka rendava dasagaa thore modati dasha mariyu ejenaanu upayoginchindi.
eee kaaryakramamloni modati upagrahaalu bhoomi uparitalaaniki paina unna ettulo kakshyalo tirigaayi, ayithe taruvaati missionlu bhoomi yokka uparitalaaniki marinta diguvana kakshyalo tirugaayi. modata, upagraham sthiramgaa undataaniki veelugaa, vaati pradhana aksham venta tirugutuu undela carona upagrahaalanu roopondinchaaru. bhoomipai choopinchinappudu matrame kemeraalu chaayaachitraalu teestaayi. ayithe, moodu akshaala venta upagrahanni sthireekarinchaalani-cameralanu saasvatamgaa bhoomi vaipu chuupimchaalani, eetk camera company pratipaadinchindi. upagraham yokka kehech-3 versiontho praarambhinchi, horizone camera aneka keelaka nakshatraala chitraalanu teesindi. oka sensor upagraham yokka side thruster raaketlanu upayoginchi raaketnu eee "index stars" thoo samalekhanam chesindi, tadwara idhi bhoomitho sarigga samalekhanam cheyabadindi mariyu kemeraalu saraina disalo chuupabaddaayi. 1967 nundi, rendu horizone kemeraalu upayoginchabaddaayi. eee vyavasthanu dual improved stellar index camera (disk) anie pilicheevaaru.
operations.
united states vaimanika dalam sunnywell vaimanika dalam station (ippudu onizuka vaimanika dalam station) nuu "carona kaaryakramaaniki janmasthalam" gaa perkondi. 1958 maeloe, rakshana vibhagam doublues-117ell prograamnu adhunaatana parisoedhanaa prajectula agency (arpa) kii badilee cheyaalani aadesinchindi. 1958loe, doublues-117ell kuu us $108.2 million sthaayilo usf nidhulu samakuurchindi (dravyolbanam us $biliyanlanu sardubaatu chesindi). aavishkarta kosam, vaimanika dalam mariyu arpa samyuktamgaa 1959loe $132.3 millionlu (dravyolbanam maaku $biliyanlanu sardubaatu chesindi) mariyu 1960loe US $101.2 millionlu (dravyolbanam maaku $biliyanlanu sardubaatu chesindi) kharchu chesaayi. zaan enn prakaram. mcmahan, carona karyakramam yokka mottam vyayam US $850 millionlu.
carona upagrahaala sekarana mariyu nirvahananu kendra nigha samstha (cia) nirvahinchindi, idhi utpatti kosam hiller helicopter corporation yokka paalo alto plaantnu access cheyadaaniki april 1958 nundi 1969 varaku konasagina cover erpaatlanu upayoginchindi. eee soukaryam vadda, rockett yokka rendava dasha ejena, kemeraalu, film cassetlu mariyu rii-entry capsulnu bandenberg vaimanika dhala sthaavaraaniki ravana cheyadaaniki mundu sameekarinchi pareekshinchaaru. 1969loe, assembly vidhulanu californialoni sanneeveellooni lockheed soukaryaalaku marcharu. (carona dasalavaareegaa tolaginchabadinanduna, naipunhyam kaligina saanketika nipunulu tama udyogaala gurinchi aandolana chendutuu, sibbandi lekunda carona vadili, karyakramanni vidichipettataarani nro aandolana chendaaru. sanneevelku taralimpu taginanta naipunhyam kaligina sibbandi andubaatulo undela chesindi.)
denini photo teeyaalane daanipai nirnayaalu carona lakshya karyakramam dwara teesukobaddaayi. carona upagrahaalanu dhruva kakshyallo unchaaru. aann-board computer dwara nadapabade eee software, chithreekarinchaalsina nigha lakshyalu, vaataavaranam, upagraham yokka kaaryaacharana sthithi mariyu kemeraalu ippatike yea chitraalanu sangrahinchaayo daani aadhaaramgaa cameralanu operate cheyadaaniki programme cheyabadindi. coronavirus upagrahaala kosam ground controll modata californialoni paalo altoloni pages millu rodloni paarisraamika udyaanavanam stanford industrial park nundi nirvahinchabadindi. taruvaata dheenini californialoni sunnywell sameepamloni sunnywell vaimanika sthaavaraaniki marcharu.
design sibbandi.
,,, james doubleu. plummer, mariyu vaaru carona roopakalpana, abhivruddhi mariyu operationku baadhyata vahinchaaru. modati antariksha-aadhaarita bhoomi chaayaachitra pariseelana vyavasthalanu roopondinchadamlo vaari paatraku, vaariki 2005loe charless stark dropper bahumati labhinchindi.
vargeekarana.
1992 varaku eee carona karyakramam adhikarikamga atyanta rahasyamgaa vargeekarinchabadindi. 1995 fibravari 22naa, carona upagrahaalu teesina photolu, alaage rendu samakaaleena karyakramalu (orgaon mariyu kehech-6 lanyard) kooda adhyakshudu bill clinton santakam chesina karyanirvahaka uttarvu prakaram vargeekarinchabaddaayi. adhyakshudu clinton aadesam prakaram "carona" kakunda vaadukalo laeni vistruta-praanta chalanachitra-tirigi vachhe vyavasthala gurinchi photo nipunula tadupari sameeksha 2002loe kehech-7 mariyu kehech-9 takkuva-resolution kemerala nundi photolanu vargeekarinchadaaniki daariteesindi.
appati nundi australian national universityki chendina saastravettala brundam uttara syrialoni puraatana nivaasa pradaesaalu, kundala karmagaralu, pedda raathi samadhulu mariyu paleolithic puraavastu avasheshaalanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu anveshinchadaaniki vargeekarinchina chitraalanu upayoginchindi. adevidhamgaa, haarvardloni saastravettalu mesopotamialo charitrapurva prayaana maargaalanu gurtinchadaaniki chitraalanu upayoginchaaru.
yuu.ess. bhougolika survey 1960 mariyu 1972 madhyakaalamlo bhoomi yokka uparitalam yokka 8,60,000 kante ekkuva chitraalanu carona, orgaon mariyu lanyard kaaryakramaala nundi kaligi undhi.
prajaadarana pondina samskrutilo.
1963 thriller navala "ice station jeebra" mariyu daani 1968 chalanachitra anusarana, kontavaraku, 17 april 1959 nundi vacchina vaartaa khaataala dwara prerana pondindi, tappipoyina prayogaatmaka carona upagraha gulika (aavishkarta 2) gurinchi, idhi 1959 april 13naa spitzbergen sameepamlo anukokunda digindi. ayithe soviet agentlu vahananni tirigi pondavacchu, gulika neetilo digi munigipoye avakaasam undhi.

