marble vidyut kiranaalu

marble electric rae (torpedo marmorata) anedi uttara samudram nundi dakshinaafrikaa varaku thoorpu atlantic mahasamudram yokka teerapraanta jalaallo kanipinche torpedinidae kutumbamloni vidyut kiranaala jaathi. eee benthic chepalu raathi dibbalu, seagrass padakalu mariyu isuka mariyu burada chadunaina lothaina neetilo nissara nundi madhyastamgaa lothaina neetilo nivasistaayi. idhi alala kolanulu vanti chaalaa takkuva karigina praanavaayuvu unna vaataavaranamloo jeevinchagaladu. palarayi vidyut kiranamlo daadaapu vruttaakaara pectoral finn disk mariyu kandaraala thoka untundi, idhi daadaapu samaana parimaanamlo rendu dorsal rekkalu mariyu pedda kaadal rekkanu kaligi untundi. kontamandi vyaktulu saadaa rangulo unnappatikee, daani sarpilaala anchulapai podavaina, vaelu lanty anchanaala dwara, alaage daani muduru godhuma rangu macchalu gala rangu namuunaa dwara dheenini gurtinchavacchu. maga mariyu aada saadhaaranamgaa varusaga chaerataayi mariyu podavugaa untaayi.
ratriputa mariyu ontarigaa unde, palarayi vidyut kiranaanni tarachugaa daani kallu mariyu sarpilalu minaha samudrapu adugubhaagamlo khananam cheyabadi untundi. eee nemmadigaa kadile predator daadaapu pratyaekamgaa chinna emuka chepalanu tintundi, veetini idhi diguva nundi merupudaadi chesi balamaina vidyut paelullatoe anachivestundi. idhi muppu vaipu tiragadam, oka loop loe eetha kottadam ledhaa daani diguva bhaganni bayatiki edurkonadam dwara paiki vankaragaa undatam dwara tananu taanu rakshinchukuntundi, adhe samayamlo kaboye predatornu tarimikottadaaniki vidyut shacklanu vidudala chestundi. daani jatacheyabadina vidyut avayavalu 70-80 voltla vidyuttunu utpatti cheyagalavu. eee jaathi applacental viviperus, talli utpatti chese pacchasona mariyu histotrophe ("garbhasaya paalu") dwara abhivruddhi chendutunna pindaalu untaayi. sambhogam november nundi janavari varaku jarugutundi, mariyu aadavaru 9-12 nelala garbhadhaarana kaalam tarvaata prati samvatsaram 3-32 kukkapillala chettanu kaligi untaaru. navjata kiranaalu ventane vetaadataaniki vidyuttunu upayoginchagalavu.
palarayi vidyut kiranaala dwara vachhe vidyut shock teevramgaa undavacchu, conny neerugaa praanaantakam kaadu. deerghakaalika talanoppi vanti paristhitulaku chikitsa cheyadaaniki pratyaksha kiranaalanu upayoginchinappati nundi dheeni electrogenic lakshanaalu praacheena kaalam nundi telisinavi. eee mariyu itara vidyut kirana jaatulu biomedical parisoedhanaloo namuunaa jeevulugaa upayoginchabadataayi. vividha teerapraanta demersal matsyakaarulu palarayi vidyut kiranaanni baikachga teesukuntaaru; sangrahinchina kiranaalu saadhaaranamgaa takkuva vaanijya viluvanu kaligi unnanduna vaatini paaraveyabadataayi. daani janabhapai chepalu pattadam yokka prabhavam anischitamgaa undhi, anduvalla international union pharr conservation off nature (iucn) eee kiranaanni haani kaliginchedigaa jabita chesindi. madhyadhara samudramlo, idhi atyanta saadhaarana vidyut kiranamgaa migilipoyindi mariyu konni praantaalalo sankhya perugutuu undavacchu.
vargeekarana.
french prakruti shaastravetta antoin rizo thana 1810 "ectology dii nais, oo histoir naturele dess poisons du department dess alps maritimes" ("nais yokka ectiology, ledhaa alps-maaritaimsloni chepala sahaja charitra") loe palarayi vidyut kiranaanni "torpedo marmorata" gaa abhivarninchaaru. nirdishta visaeshanhamaina "marmorata" antey laatinlo "palarayi" anie ardham, mariyu idhi kiranapu rangu namuunaanu suuchistumdi. yea rakamaina namuunaalu teliyakapovadam valla, valla ronald fricay, riso yokka asalu drushtaamtaanni jaatula lectotypega paerkonnaadu.
torpedo" jaatilo, palarayi vidyut kiranaalu "torpedo" upajaatiki chendinavi, ivi itara upajaatulu "tetronars" nundi vaati surullapai anchula anchulanu kaligi undatam mariyu saadhaaranamgaa alankarinchabadina dorsal rangunu kaligi undatam loe bhinnamgaa untaayi. eee jaatiki itara saadhaarana paerlaloo saadhaarana cramp fish, marble torpedo, namb fish mariyu macchala torpedo unnaayi.
pampinhee mariyu aavasalu.
thoorpu atlantic mahasamudramlo vistrutamgaa pampinhee cheyabadina, palarayi vidyut kiranaalu scatland mariyu dakshina uttara samudram nundi dakshinaana manchi aasha yokka cape varaku mariyu uttaraana kaneesam durban varaku, bahusha marinta ekkuvagaa kanipistaayi. dakshinaafrikaa. adanamgaa idhi paschima praantaalalo adhika saandratatoe madhyadhara samudramlo undhi. idhi kante challani ushnogratalu ishtapadutundi. eee jaathi saadhaaranamgaa britton mariyu ireland, italii mariyu tunisia nundi lothulo kanipistundi. idhi antha lothu nundi namodu cheyabadindi. palarayi vidyut kiranaalu saadhaarana torpedo (tii) kante lothugaa kanipistaayi. torpedo), idhi daani paridhiloo dakshina bhaganni panchukuntundi.
prakrutilo diguva-nivaasam, palarayi vidyut kiranaalu raathi dibbalu mariyu seagrass padakalatho paatu isuka ledhaa burada diguvalu unna sameepa praantaalalo nivasistaayi. vecchani vesavi nelallo, garbhinii streelu vaayuvya fraanslooni arcachon beloki valasa vastaaru, ikkada vaaru saadhaaranamgaa gulla padakala sameepamlo chaalaa nissaaramaina, burada kolanulalo kanipistaaru. eee jaathi vesavi mariyu saradrutuvulo british deevula jalaalloki uttara disagaa valasa vellavacchu.
vivarana.
palarayi vidyut kiranaala sareeram mruduvugaa mariyu mettagaa untundi mariyu puurtigaa charma dantaalu kaligi undadu. mandapati pectoral finn disk daadaapu vruttaakaaramlo untundi mariyu mottam podavulo 59-67% kaligi untundi; jatacheyabadina moothrapindaala aakarapu vidyut avayavalu charmam kinda, chinna kalla velupala kanipistaayi. prati kantiki ventane venukavaipu oka pedda, andaakaara spiracle untundi, idhi 6-8 podavaina, vaeli lanty anchulanu kaligi untundi, ivi madhyalo daadaapu kalustaayi. sarpilaala venuka "nadumu" meeda, 5-7 pramukha shleshma randhraalu untaayi. nasika randhraala madhya, podavu kante chaalaa vedalpaina charmam yokka chatushkoniya tera untundi, idhi daadaapu chinna, vampu notiki cherukuntundi. dantaalu oke konamtho chinnaviga untaayi, mariyu rendu davadalalo kalibata lanty pattiiloo quinkanks namuunaatoe amarchabadi untaayi. aidu jatala gill cheelikalu chinnaviga untaayi mariyu disk kinda untaayi.
rendu dorsal rekkalu gundrani sikharaalanu kaligi untaayi mariyu okadaanikokati daggaragaa unchabadataayi; prati rekkala adugu daani ettulo moodinta rendu vantula kolustundi. modati dorsal rekkala bays venuka bhaagam kati rekkala bays venuka bhaagamlo untundi. rendava dorsal rekka modati rekka kante konchem chinnadigaa untundi. chinna, balamaina thokaku iruvaipula charma madatalu untaayi, mariyu moddubaarina muulalatoe tribhujam aakaaramlo unna pedda coudal rekkatho mugustundi. eguva uparitalam laetha nundi muduru godhuma rangu nepathyamlo muduru macchalu gala namuunaanu kaligi untundi; kontamandi vyaktulu ekareetigaa godhuma rangulo untaaru. diguva bhaagam muduru rekkala anchulatho saadaa off-vaitga untundi. eee jaathi ekkuva kaalam varaku perugutundi, ayithe konni magavaariki ekkuva podavu mariyu aadavaariki ekkuva podavu untaayi. streelu saadhinchina chaalaa pedda parimaanaalu punarutpattiki avasaramaina vanarula pettubadiki aapaadinchavachchu. garishta parimaanamlo bhougolika vaividhyam takkuvagaa unnatlu telustondi. recordulo unna garishta baruvu.
jeevasaastram mariyu jeevaavarana shaastram.
ontarigaa mariyu nemmadigaa kadulutunna, palarayi vidyut kiranaalu okesari aneka rojulu kadalakunda undavacchu. idhi raatri samayamlo marinta churukuga untundi mariyu rojulo ekkuva bhaagam avakshepanalo munigi, kallu mariyu sarpilalu matrame kanapadutuu gaduputundi. daani mandapati swabhaavaaniki anugunamgaa, palarayi vidyut kiranaalu takkuva rakta oxygennu mosukelle saamarthyam mariyu hridaya spandana raetu (10-15 beats/nimisham) kaligi untaayi mariyu itara sorachepalu mariyu adhe parimaanamlo unna kiranaala kante takkuva oxygennu viniyogistaayi. idhi praanavaayuvu (hypoxia) nuu kolpovadaanni chaalaa sahistundi, idhi deoxygenated diguva jalaalanu edurkovataniki ledhaa alala kaaranamgaa chinna kolanulalo chikkukupovadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. neetilo oxygen pakshika peedanam 10-15 taar kante takkuvagaa padipoyinappudu kiranaalu puurtigaa swaasanu aapivestaayi mariyu kaneesam aidu gantala paatu atuvanti sthithilo jeevinchagalavu. idhi vaayurahita glycolysisnu daani mitochondrialoni adanapu saktini utpatti chese maargaalaku kalapadam dwara teevramaina hypoxiatho vyavaharistundi, idhi daani kanaalalo haanikaramaina lactate perukupovadaanni nemmadinchadaaniki upayogapadutundi.
daani kutumbamloni itara sabhyula maadirigaane, palarayi vidyut kiranaalu kandara kanajaalam nundi utpannamaina oka jatha vidyut avayavaala dwara utpatti cheyabadina daadi mariyu rakshana kosam balamaina vidyut shacknu utpatti cheyagalavu. prati vidyut avayavam 400-600 niluvu niluvu varusalanu kaligi untundi, prati niluvu varusa battery laaga panichese sumaru 400 jellie-nindina "electropletla" stackto koodi untundi. eee kiranamu 70-80 voltla varaku utpatti cheyabadindani kolustaaru, mariyu vidyut utsarga yokka garishta sambhaavyata 200 voltla varaku untundani anchanaa veyabadindi. kiranaalu alasipoyinappudu vidyut shock yokka balam kramamga taggutundi. inn vitro" prayogaalu vidyut avayavam yokka naadeeni prerepinche naraalu tappanisarigaa diguva ushnogratala vadda panicheyadam maanestaayani kanugonnayi. adavilo neeti ushnograta sheethaakaalamlo kramam tappakunda eee parimiti kante takkuvagaa padipovadamtho, samvatsaramlo kontha bhaagam kiranaalu daani vidyut avayavanni upayoginchakapovachhu. pratyamnaayamgaa, kiranaaniki vidyut avayava paniteerunu jalubuku anugunamgaa maarchadaaniki inca teliyani saareeraka yantraangam undavacchu.
palarayi vidyut kiranaaniki chendina telisina paraannajeevulalo tape warms "anthocephalum grassil" mariyu "calyptrobothrium riggi", "junnulu" pontobdella murikata "mariyu" trachelobdella lubrica ", monogenians" amphibdella torpedinis "," amphibdelloids kechemiren ", a. makkallumi, "aaa. valli, "empruthothrema raaye", ii. torpedinis, "mariyu" squaloncocotyle torpedinis ", mariyu nematodes" ascorris torpedinis "mariyu" masonascaris pastinake ".
tinipistundi.
palarayi vidyut kiranaalu oka aakasmika daadi chese predator, ivi eranu pattukoovadaaniki vidyuttunu upayogistaayi. vaetaloe drushti takkuva praamukhyata kaligi untundi, endukante kiranaala kallu tarachugaa diguvana khananam cheyabadinanduna aspashtamgaa untaayi. badulugaa, idhi daani parshwa rekha yokka yaantrika graheetalapai aadhaarapadutundi, endukante idhi kadile erapai matrame daadi chestundi. lorenzini yokka electroreseptive yampulle kooda eranu gurtinchadaaniki dohadam cheyavachu.
chinna, benthic emuka chepalu baruvu paramgaa palarayi electric rae yokka aahaaramlo 90 saataaniki paiga untaayi; veetilo gobies, hake, sea baas, muellets, jaak mackeral, sea breams, meka fish, damselfish, rosses, kangar eels mariyu flat fish unnaayi. european squid ("loligo vulgaris") mariyu sogasaina katil fish ("sepia elegans") vanti sephalopads oka chinna dviteeya aahara vanaru. penais keraturus" anae penide royyanu mingina oka vyakti gurinchi oke oka rikaardu undhi, mariyu bandee kiranaala adhyayanamlo avi sajeeva "macropodia" peekalanu tiraskaristaayani kanugonnaru. dakshina fraanslo, ippativaraku atyanta mukhyamaina vaeta jaathi leaping muellet ("liza salians"). aahara padaarthaalu puurtigaa mingabadataayi; moodu gaddala rockling ("gydropsaurus vulgaris") podavunu tine oka deergha kiranaaniki sambandhinchina rikaardu undhi.
palarayi vidyut kiranamlo rendu vibhina rakaala vaetanu pattukune pravartana gamaninchabadindi. modatidi "jumping", dheenini rae daani talaku daggaragaa eetha kottina vaeta chepalapai daadi cheyadaaniki upayogistundi, saadhaaranamgaa daani kante ekkuva dhooram kaadu. jump" loe, kiranamu daani talanu venakki laagutundi, aapai daani disknu paiki nettivestundi, diguva nundi vetade chepa kante rendu ledhaa moodu retlu ekkuva ettuku cherukuntundi. ekakaalamlo, idhi oke thoka strokenu chestundi mariyu adhika-pounahpunya (230-430 Hz, ushnogratato perugutuu) vidyut visphotanaanni utpatti chestundi. prarambha vidyut paeludu chaalaa chinnadi, indulo 10-64 pulls matrame untaayi, conny ippatikee era chepa sareeramlo tetanic sankochaanni kaliginchenta balamgaa untundi, tarachugaa daani vennupuusa stambhaanni vichchinnam chestundi. kiranam munduku saagutunnappudu, jump yokka kadalika daani krinda ippudu pakshavaataaniki guraina eranu tudichivestundi, aaa taruvaata adhi disk thoo kappabadi notiki kadulutundi. eee prakriyaloo vidyut paelullu utpatti avtoone unnaayi; oke jump meeda vidyut pulls mottam sankhya parimaanamtho perugutundi, navjata sisuvulo 66 nundi peddavaarilo 340 varaku untundi. dookadam rendu sekanla kante ekkuva undadu.
rendava rakam eranu pattukune pravartana "creeping", dheenini sthiramaina ledhaa nemmadigaa kadile aaharam kosam kiranaalu upayogistaayi; indulo jumping daadi nundi cherukoleni digbhraantiki guraina aaharam untundi. creeping loe, kiranaalu daani disk yokka chinna paiki krindiki kadalikalanu, daani thoka yokka chinna beetlatho kalisi chestaayi. disk yokka edagadam daani kinda neetini laagutundi mariyu eranu kiranaala vaipu laagutundi, ayithe disk mariyu thoka beats taggadam valla kiranaanni chinna perugudalalo era vaipu kadilistundi. adhi vetaku cherukunnappudu, kiranaanni peelchukoovadaaniki daani noru terustundi. aaharam yokka kadalikanu batti, avasaramaina vidhamgaa chinna vidyut paelullu utpatti cheyabadataayi mariyu teesukovadam dwara konasaagutaayi.
rakshana.
daani parimaanam mariyu vidyut rakshana kaaranamgaa, palarayi vidyut kiranaalu tarachugaa sorachepalu vanti itara jantuvulaku balaipovu. eee jaathi kaboye predator daanini disk ledhaa thoka dwara pattukuntundaa anae daanipai aadharapadi vividha rakshanaatmaka pravartanalanu pradarsistundi. disk meeda taakina kiranamu vidyut shacklanu utpatti chesetappudu twaragaa muppu vaipu tirugutundi; dheeni taruvaata adhi sarala rekhalo paaripotundi, aaa taruvaata adhi tirigi tirigi raavacchu. thokapai taakina kiranaalu oka loop loki paiki munduku saagutaayi; yukti tarvaata tappinchukokapothe, kiranam pottanu bayatiki edurkontu oka valayamloki vankaragaa untundi, tadwara daani shareera praantaanni atyadhika vidyut kshetra pravanata (vidyut avayavaala diguva bhaagam) thoo muppu vaipu chooputundi; eee pravartanalu chinna, balamaina vidyut shaaklatho koodi untaayi. eee kiranamu daani disknu rakshinchetappudu kante daani thokanu rakshinchetappudu ekkuva vidyut paelullanu utpatti chestundi.
jeevita charitra.
palarayi vidyut kiranaalu applacental vaiviparitini pradarsistaayi, dheenilo abhivruddhi chendutunna pindaalu praarambhamlo pacchasona dwara pooshinchabadataayi, taruvaata talli utpatti chese poeshakaalu adhikamgaa unde histotrophe ("garbhasaya paalu") dwara bharti cheyabadataayi. vayojana streelaku rendu kriyaatmaka andaasayaalu mariyu garbhaasayaalu untaayi; garbhasayam lopali pora samaantara podavaina madatalu kaligi untundi. streelaku punarutpatti chakram bahusha dwaivaarshikam, ayithe magavaaru prati samvatsaram sambhogam cheyagalaru. november nundi janavari varaku sambhogam jarugutundi, mariyu pillalu 9-12 nelala garbhadhaarana kaalam tarvaata marusati samvatsaram janmistaaru. chettha parimaanam 3 nundi 32 varaku untundi, idhi aada parimaanamtho perugutundi.
pindam podavugaa unnappudu vidyut avayavalu modata kanipistaayi, aaa samayamlo daaniki pratyaekamaina kallu, pectoral mariyu kati rekkalu mariyu bahya moppalu untaayi. pindam podavu vadda, gill dorsalliga cheelikalu chendutundi, anni kiranaala maadirigaa disk kinda gill cheelikalu erpadataayi. adhe samayamlo, prati vidyut avayavanni tayaaru chese aadima kanaala yokka naalugu blaakulu vaegamgaa kalisipotayi. pindam yokka pectoral rekkalu mukku thoo peddavigaa mariyu fuse avtayi, idhi vilakshanhamaina vruttaakaara vidyut kirana aakaraanni istundi. pindam podavugaa unnappudu, bahya moppalu tirigi grahinchabadataayi mariyu varnadravyam abhivruddhi chendutundi. pindam yokka podavu dwara vidyut utsargalanu utpatti cheyagaladu. garbhadhaarana samayamlo utsarga balam 105 parimaanamlo perugutundi, pindam podavu dwara 47-55 voltlaku cherukuntundi, idhi peddavaariki daggaragaa untundi.
navjata sisuvulu sumaru podavugaa untaayi, mariyu ventane lakshanaalunna dopidi mariyu rakshanaatmaka pravartanalanu cheyagalavu. magavaaru daadaapu aidu samvatsaraala vayassulo laingikamgaa paripakvam chendutaaru, aadavaru pannendu samvatsaraala vayassulo gananeeyamgaa peddavaaru mariyu peddavaaru avutaaru. garishta jeevitakaalam purushulaku 12-13 samvatsaraalu mariyu mahilalaku sumaru 20 samvatsaraalu.
maanava paraspara charyalu.
palarayi vidyut kiranaala dwara vachhe shock badhakaramga untundi, conny arudugaa praanaantakam, ayinappatikee aascharyapoyina loyeethagathe neeti aduguna daari tappe pramaadam undhi. dheeni electrogenic lakshanaalu praacheena kaalam nundi telisinavi, idhi mariyu itara vidyut chepalanu vaidyamlo upayoginchadaaniki daariteesindi. puraatana greekulu mariyu romanlu deerghakaalika talanoppi mariyu gout vanti paristhithulatho badhapaduthunna vaariki pratyaksha kiranaalanu vartimpajesaaru mariyu daani mamsanni muurcha rogulu tinaalani sifaarsu chesaaru.
palarayi vidyut kiranaalu yaadrucchikamgaa diguva trolls, traumel valalu mariyu diguva podavaina rekhalalo pattubadataayi; dheeniki takkuva aardhika viluva untundi mariyu swaadheenam chesukunnappudu ekkuvagaa samudramlo paaraveyabadutundi. prakruti parirakshana kosam antarjaateeya union (iucn) dheenini haani kaliginchedigaa anchanaa vesindi. kaneesam uttara madhyadharaalo, sarvelu idhi atyanta saadhaarana vidyut kiranamgaa migilipoyindani, bahusha italian jalaallo marinta samruddhiga perugutondani kanugonnayi. eee mariyu itara vidyut kirana jaatulu biomedical parisoedhanaloo namuunaa jeevulugaa upayoginchabadataayi, endukante vaati vidyut avayavaalalo acetylcholine grahakaalu samruddhiga untaayi, ivi maanava naadii vyavasthalo mukhyamaina paatra poeshistaayi.

