mahajanapadalu

mahajanapadalu (, "mahaa", "goppa", mariyu "janapada" "prajala paadaala") cree. puu. rendava pattaneekarana kaalamlo aarava nundi nalgava sataabdaala varaku puraatana bhaaratadesamlo unikilo unna padahaaru rajyalu ledhaa alpajanarajya ganatantraalu.
cree. puu. 6va-5va sataabdaalu tarachugaa prarambha bhaarata charitralo oka pradhana malupugaa pariganhinchabadutunnaayi; eee kaalamlo indus loya nagarikata patanam taruvaata bharatadesapu modati pedda nagaralu udbhavinchaayi. idhi vaeda kaalam yokka mataparamaina sampradaayaanni savaalu chesina shramana udyamaala (bouddhamatam mariyu jainamatamto sahaa) perugudala samayam kooda.
mahajanapadalalo rendu bahusha ess (oligarchic republics) mariyu itarulu raacharika roopaalanu kaligi unnaaru. anguttara nikaya" vanti puraatana bouddha grandhaalu vaayuvyamlo gaandhaara nundi bhaarata upakhandamloni thoorpu bhaagamlo anga varaku vistarinchi unna oka beltlo abhivruddhi chendhi abhivruddhi chendina padahaaru goppa rajyalu mariyu ganatantraalanu tarachugaa suuchistaayi. avi trans-vindhyan praantamlooni konni bhaagaalanu kaligi unnaayi, mariyu annee bhaaratadesamlo bouddhamatam perugudalaku mundu abhivruddhi chendaayi.
puravastusastraparanga, eee kaalam uttara nalla palish chesina giddangula samskrutiki anugunamgaa unnatlu gurtinchabadindi.
sameeksha.
janapada" anae padaaniki aksharala "prajala paadaala" anie ardham. janapada anedi jana nundi udbhavinchi jana prajalu sthirapadina jeevana vidhanam kosam bhoomini teesukune prarambha dasaku daariteestundi. bhoomipai sthiranivaasam yokka eee prakriya buddhudu mariyu paanini kaalaaniki mundhe daani chivari dasanu puurti chesindi. bouddhamataaniki puurvapu uttara bhaarata upakhandam sarihaddula dwara okadaanikokati vaeru cheyabadina aneka janapadaalugaa vibhajinchabadindi. paanini yokka "ashtadhyayi" loe, "janapada" antey desham mariyu "janapadan" antey daani pourulu. eee janapadaalalo pratidaaniki akkada sthirapadina kshatriya prajala (ledhaa kshatriya jana) paeru pettaru. bouddhulu mariyu itara grandhaalu yaadrucchikamgaa buddhuni kaalaaniki mundu unikilo unna padahaaru goppa deshaalanu ("solasa mahajanapadalu") matrame suuchistaayi. magadha vishayamlo tappa vaaru yea anusandhaanita charitranu ivvaru. bouddha anguttara nikaya, aneka pradaesaalaloo, padahaaru goppa deshaala jaabitaanu istundih
maroka bouddha grandham, "digha nikaya", paina perkonna jabita nundi pannendu mahaajanapadaalanu prastaavinchindi mariyu vaatilo naalugu (asaka, avanti, gaandhaara mariyu kamboja) nuu vadilivesindi.
"bouddha siddhaantam yokka maroka puraatana grandham "chulla-niddesa", eee jaabitaaku kalinganu jodistundi mariyu gaandhaaraku yona sthaanamlo unchutundi, tadwara uttarapatham nundi vacchina ekaika mahajanapadaluga kamboja mariyu yonalanu jabita chestundi.
jainamata suutram ayina "vyakhyaapragnaapti" (ledhaa "bhagavati suutram") padahaaru mahajanapadala yokka bhinnamaina jaabitaanu istundih
bhagavati suutram" (ledhaa "vyakhyaapragnaapti") rachayita madhyadesha deshaalapai mariyu suduura thoorpu mariyu dakshina deshaalapai matrame drushti saarinchaaru. athanu kamboja mariyu gaandhaara vanti uttarapatham nundi deshaalanu vadilivestaadu. bhagavati" yokka marinta vistarinchina kshitijamu mariyu uttarapatham nundi anni deshaalanu tolaginchadam anedi bhagavati jabita taruvaati muulaaniki chendinadani, anduvalla takkuva nammadaginadani spashtamgaa choopistundi."
mahajanapadala jabita.
aanga.
angaala gurinchi modati prastaavana atharvavedamlo kanipistundi, akkada vaaru magadhalu, gandhareelu mariyu mujavatlatho paatu, spashtamgaa dveshinche prajalugaa prastaavinchabaddaaru. jaina pragnaapana aarya prajala modati samuuhamloo angaalu mariyu vangaalanu rank chestundi. idhi praacheena bharatadesamloni pradhana nagaralanu prastaavistundi. idhi vaanijyam mariyu vaanijyaaniki goppa kendramgaa kooda undedi mariyu daani vyaapaarulu kramam tappakunda suduura suvarnabhoomiki prayaaninchaevaaru. bimbisara kaalamlo angaanni magadha swaadheenam chesukundi. idhi bimbisara yokka ekaika vijayam.
ashmaka.
assaca ledhaa ashmaka tega desham dakshina bhaaratadesamlo "dakshinapatha" loe undhi. indulo prastuta aandhra pradesh, telamgaana mariyu maharashtra praantaalu unnaayi. gautama buddhudi kaalamlo, aneka asakalu godavari nadhi odduna (nyaya parvataalaku dakshinaana) undevi. assakula rajadhani potana ledhaa potali, idhi telamgaanalooni prastuta bodhan mariyu mahabharata poudanyaalaku anugunamgaa untundi. maharashtralo daani rajadhani prastuta nandura, buldhana jillaaku anugunamgaa unna potalilo undhi. ashmakalanu kooda paanini prastaavinchaaru. vaatini vaayuvya disalo "markendeya puraanam" mariyu "brihat samhita" loe unchaaru. godavari nadhi asaakula deshaanni mulkaala (ledhaa alakalu) nundi vaeru chesindi. asaka desham madhyadesapu laetha velupala undhi. idhi dakshinaana unna ettaina rahadari ayina "dakshinapatha" loe undhi. okanoka samayamlo, asaakalo mulka mariyu sannihita avanti undevi.
avanti.
avantis desham paschima bharatadesamloni oka mukhyamaina rajyam mariyu mahaveera mariyu buddhuni anantara yugamlo bharatadesamloni naalugu goppa racharikalalo okati, migilina moodu kosala, vatsa mariyu magadha. avanti nadhi narmada nadhi dwara uttara, dakshina praantalugaa vibhajinchabadindi. praarambhamlo, mahishamati (mahisati) dakshina avanti rajadhaanigaa undedi, mariyu ujaini (samskrutamh ujayani) uttara avanti rajadhaanigaa undedi, conny mahaveera mariyu buddula kaalamlo, ujaini samagra avanti rajadhaanigaa undedi. avanti desham aadhunika malwa, nimar mariyu neti madhya pradesh yokka prakkane unna praantaalaku anugunamgaa undhi. mahishmati mariyu ujaini rendoo dakshina ettaina rahadari "dakshinapatha" paie nilabadi unnaayi, idhi rajagruha nundi pratishtaana (aadhunika paithan) varaku vistarinchindi. avanti bouddhamataaniki oka mukhyamaina kendramgaa undedi mariyu kontamandi pramukha "theraalu" mariyu "theris" akkada janminchi nivasinchaaru. avanti raaju nandivardhanudu magadha raaju sisunaga chetilo odipoyaadu. avanti taruvaata magadha saamrajyamlo bhaagamaindi.
chedhi.
chedilu, chetilu ledhaa chetyaalaku rendu vibhina sthaavaraalu undevi, vaatilo okati nepaul parvathaalalo mariyu marokati kausambi sameepamloni bandelkhandlo undevi. paatha adhikaarula prakaram, kurulu mariyu vatsula raajyaala madhya yamuna sameepamlo chedilu undevi. madhyayuga kaalamlo, chedhi yokka dakshina sarihaddulu narmada nadhi odduku vistarinchaayi. mahaabhaarataaniki chendina sukti ledhaa suktimati ayina sotivatnagar, chedhi rajadhaanigaa undedi. chedilu bharatadesamloni puraatana prajalu, vaari raaju kashu chaidyatho rugvedamlo prastaavinchabaddaaru.
rajadhani nagaram suktimati yokka sthaanam khachitamgaa sthaapinchabadaledu. charitrakaarudu hame chandra raichoudury mariyu eff. ii. idhi uttara pradesh looni bandaaku sameepamlo undani pargitor nammadu. puraavastu shaastravetta dileep kumar chakraborthy suktimatini madhya pradesh looni reva shivaarlalooni aadhunika itaha anae paerutoe unna oka pradaesamloe oka pedda prarambha chaaritraka nagaram yokka sidhilaalugaa gurtinchavacchani pratipaadinchaaru.
gaandhaara.
gandhareela unnini rugvedamlo suuchistaaru. mahabharata yuddhamlo paandavulaku vyatiraekamgaa kurulaku balamaina mitrulugaa gandharlu mariyu vaari raaju pramukhamgaa kanipistaaru. yuddha kalalo baga sikshana pondina, ugramaina prajalu gandharlu. puraana sampradaayaala prakaram, eee janapadaanni yayati vaarasudaina, arudh kumarudu "gaandhaara" sthaapinchaadu. eee desamloni yuvarajulu rugveda kaalaaniki chendina prasiddha raaju ayina druhyuni vamsam nundi vacchaarani, chandra raajavamsaaniki chendina yayati raaju yokka aiduguru kumaarulalo okarigaa unnaarani chebutaaru. indus nadhi gaandhaara bhoomulaku neeru andinchindi. eee mahajanapadamloni rendu nagaralaina takshashila mariyu pushkalavati, ayodhya yuvaraju mariyu ramudi tammudu ayina bharata iddaru kumaarulu taksha mariyu puskara paeru pettabadindani chebutaaru. vaayu puraanam (ii.36.107) prakaram, pradhaanulu (a.keey.eah. kaalikaa) "kaalhi yugam" chivarilo. paanini thana ashtadhyaayilo vaeda roopam gaandhaareetho paatu taruvaati roopam gaandhaara rendintinee prastaavinchaadu. gaandhaara raajyamlo konnisaarlu kashmir kooda undedi. hecatius off miletus (549-468) anedi cospiros (kasyapura ledhaa purushapura, i.ii., aadhunika peshawar) oka gandharik nagaramgaa. gaandhaara jaataka prakaram, oka samayamlo gaandhaara kashmir raajyamlo oka bhaagamgaa undedi. jaataka grandham gaandhaaraku "chandahara" anae maroe paerunu kooda istundi.
bouddha sampradaayaala gaandhaara mahajanapadamlo thoorpu afghanistan, punjabku vaayuvya praantaalu (aadhunika peshawar (purushapura), ravalpindi jillaalu) unnaayi. daani taruvaata rajadhani takshashila (takshashilaku praakrutam). praacheena kaalamlo takshashila vishwavidyaalayam oka prasiddha vidya kendramgaa undedi, ikkada prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna panditulu unnata vidyanu abhyasinchadaaniki vacchaaru. paanini, bharatiya vyaakarana medhavi mariyu kautilya, takshashila vishwavidyaalayam yokka prapancha prakhyaata utpattulu. cree. puu. 6va sataabdam madhyalo gaandhaara raaju pukkusaati ledhaa puskarasarin magadha raaju bimbisaaraaku samakaaleenudu. gaandhaara goppa uttara hye road (uttarapatha) loe undhi mariyu antarjaateeya vaanijya kaaryakalaapaalaku kendramgaa undedi. panditula oka samuuham prakaram, gandharlu mariyu kambojalu ghnaanamgala prajalu. kurulu, kambojalu, gandharlu, bahlikaalu ghnaanamgala prajalu anie kooda vaadinchabadindi. doctor tii. ell. shaa, gaandhaara mariyu kambojalu oka saamraajyamloni rendu praavinsulu tappa marokati kaadu, avi okadaanikokati bhashanu prabhaavitam chestu, okadaanikokati kalisi undevi. sahajamgaane, vaaru okappudu ghnaanamgala vyaktulu ayi undavacchu. gaandhaara tarachugaa porugu praantaalu kashmir mariyu kambojaalato rajakeeyamgaa mudipadi undedi.
kamboja.
uttarapathamlo kambojalu kooda chaerchabadataayi. praacheena saahityamlo, kambojam gaandhaara, naarada mariyu bahlika (bacteria) latho vividha rakaluga mudipadi undhi. praacheena kambojalo hindukushku iruvaipula praantaalu undevi. asalu kamboja thoorpu auxus desamlo bahlikaku poruguna unnatlugaa undhi, conny kalakramena, kambojala yokka konni vamsaala hindukush daati daani dakshina bhaagamlo kooda kaalaneelanu naatinatlu kanipistundi. eee taruvaati kaambojaalu bharatiya saahityamlo daaraadaalu mariyu gandharlatho mudipadi unnaayi mariyu ashoka saasanaalalo kooda prastaavinchabaddaayi. mahabharatamlo mariyu tolemy yokka bhougolikamlo unna aadharalu rendu kamboja sthaavaraalaku spashtamgaa maddatu istayi. kaashmeerku nairuti disalo unna rajouri varaku unna sis-hindukush praantam daaraadaalatoo sarihaddulanu panchukuntundi mariyu gandharlu "kamboja" deshaanni erpaatu chesaaru. kamboja" rajadhani bahusha kaashmeerku nairutilo "rajpura" (aadhunika rajori) gaa undedi. bouddha sampradaayaala "kamboja mahajanapada" anedi puraatana kambojala yokka eee sis-hindukush saakhanu suuchistumdi.
paschimaana bahlikaalu (bactria) thoo sarihaddulanu panchukunna pamirlu, badakshaanlato sahaa trans-hindukush praantam, uttaraana sogdiana/fergana yokka lohaalu, rishikalu parama-kamboja desamgaa erpaddaayi. kambojala trans-hindukush saakha swachchamaina iranianga undipoyindi, ayithe sis-hindukush yokka kambojaalalo pedda bhaagam bharatiya saamskrutika prabhaavaaniki lonainatlu kanipistundi. kambojaalaku iranian mariyu bharatiya anubandhalu rendoo undevani telisindi.
kambojalu kooda itihaasa kaalam nundi baga telisina ganatantra prajalu. mahabharata anedi kambojala yokka aneka (ledhaa ganatantraalu) nuu suuchistumdi. kautilya yokka aardhashaastramlo kambojas ganatantra paatra mariyu ashokudi saasanam namm. xiii yavanulatho paatu kambojula unikini kooda rujuvu chestundi. paanini suutraalu, paanini yokka kamboj kshatriya racharikam anie teliyajestaayi, conny "pratyeka niyamam mariyu utpannam yokka asaadhaarana roopam" athanu kambojala palakudini suuchimchadaaniki istaadu, idhi kamboja raaju naamamaatrapu thala ("raaju consul") matrame anie suuchistumdi. bouddha grandhaala prakaram, paina perkonna mahajanapadalalo modati padnaalugu majjimadesa ("madhya bharatadesam") kuu chendinavi kaga, chivari rendu uttarapatha ledhaa jambudveepa yokka "vaayuvya" vibhaagaaniki chendinavi.
kristupurvam 6va/5va sataabdamloo jarigina aadhipatyam kosam jarigina poraatamlo, magadhala perugutunna sthithi praacheena bhaaratadesamlo pradhana saktigaa udbhavinchindi, majjimadesaloni aneka janapadaalanu vileenam chesindi. magadha chakravarthy mahapadma nanda kshatriyulandarinee nirmuulinchaadani puraanaalaloo oka chedhu pankthi vilapistundi, aaa taruvaata kshatriya anae paeruku arhulu evaruu migilipoledu. idhi thoorpu punjabloni kaasilu, kosalaalu, kurulu, panchalalu, vaatsyulu mariyu itara nava-vaeda tegalanu suuchistumdi, vaari gurinchi puraanam mariyu kavitvamlo tappa maredi vinabadaledu. (nandaalu sisunaaga raajavamsam simhasananni swaadheenam chesukuni, nanda saamrajyaanni sthaapinchaaru.)
ayithe, chandraguptudu, koutilyulu sanghatana sthalamlo udbhavinche varaku kambojanlu, gandharlu magadha raajyamtho pratyakshamgaa eppuduu sambandham pettukoledu. conny eee deshaalu sairas (558-530 bce) paalanalo ledhaa darius modati samvatsaramlo pertia yokka achemenidlaku kooda balaipoyayi. kamboja mariyu gaandhaaralu acamenid saamrajyamlo iravayyava mariyu atyanta dhanika satrapulanu yerparuchukunnayi. sairas I, kaapisi (aadhunika begram) anie piluvabade prasiddha kamboja nagaranni paropamisedlo naasanam chesinatlu chebutaaru.
kaashee.
eee rajyam daani rajadhani varanasi chuttoo unna praantamloo undhi, dheeniki uttara, dakshinaana varunaa, asi nadulu sarihaddulugaa unnaayi, ivi varanasi anae paerunu icchaayi. buddhudiki mundu, padahaaru mahajanapadalalo kaashee atyanta saktivantamainadi. aneka "jaataka kathalu" bharatadesamloni itara nagaraalapai daani rajadhani yokka aadhipatyaaniki saakshyamistaayi mariyu daani sreyassu mariyu samruddhi gurinchi ekkuvagaa matladatayi. kaashee mariyu moodu raajyaalaina kosala, anga, magadha madhya aadhipatyam kosam sudeergha poraatam gurinchi eee kathalu chebutaayi. kaashee raaju bruhadratha kosalanu jayinchinappatikii, taruvaata buddhuni kaalamlo kaasheeni raaju kamsa kosalalo chaerchaaru. kosalaalu, veediyaanlatoo paatu kaasheelu vaeda grandhaalalo prastaavinchabaddaaru, vaaru sannihitamgaa anubandham kaligina prajalugaa kanipistaaru. mathya puraanam" mariyu "alberuni" anae aksharalu kaasheeni varusaga "kausika" mariyu "kausaka" anie uchharistaayi. itara puraatana grandhaalannii kaasheeni chadivi vinipistaayi.
kosala.
kosala desham magadhaku vaayuvya disalo undhi, daani rajadhani ayodhyalo undhi. daani bhuubhaagam madhya mariyu thoorpu uttara pradaeslooni aadhunika awadh (ledhaa audh) kuu anugunamgaa undhi. daani dakshinaana gangaa nadhi, thoorpu vaipu gandak nadhi (narayani), uttara sarihaddulo himalaya parvataalu unnaayi.
taruvaata, eee rajyaanni mahaveerudu mariyu buddhudi yugamlo prasiddha raaju prasenjit paripaalinchaadu, taruvaata athani kumarudu vidudabha (virudhaka) paripaalinchaadu. raaju prasenjit unnata vidyaavantudu. magadhatho vaivahika kootami dwara athani sthaanam marinta merugupadindihi athani sodari bimbisaaraato vivaham chesukundi mariyu kaasilo kontha bhaganni katnam gaa ivvabadindi. ayithe, raajaa pasenadi (prasenjit) mariyu magadha raaju ajaatasatruvula madhya aadhipatyam kosam poraatam jarigindi, idhi chivaraku likkavis samakhya magadha chetha jayinchabadina tarvaata sthirapadindi. vidudaabha kosala palakudiga unnappudu kosala chivariki magadhalo vileenam cheyabadindi. ayodhya, saketa, banaras, sraavasti kosala pradhana nagaralu.
kuru.
puraanaalu "puru-bharata" kutumbam nundi kurula muulaanni gurtistaayi. kuru 25 taraala puru raajavamsam taruvaata janminchaadu, mariyu 15 taraala kuru taruvaata, kouravulu mariyu paandavulu janminchaaru. aitarya braahmana "madhyadesha" loe kurulanu gurtistaadu mariyu uttarakurulanu himalaya minchi jeevistunnatlu kooda suuchistaadu. bouddha grandham sumangavilaasini prakaram, kururashtra (kurulu) prajalu uttarakuru nundi vacchaaru. puru vamsaaniki chendina samvarsana kumarudu "kuru", kurulaku adhe paerutoe puurveekulu mariyu kurukshetramlo kururashtra (kuru janapada) sthaapakudu anie vaayu puraana dhruveekaristundi. kurula desham dadapuga aadhunika thanesar, dhhillee rashtram mariyu uttara pradesh looni meerut jillaaku anugunamgaa undhi. jaatakula prakaram, aadhunika dhilleeki sameepamlo unna indraprastha (indapatta) kurula rajadhani, idhi edu leaglanu vistarinchindi. buddhuni kaalamlo, kuru deshaanni koraiah anae naamamaatrapu adhipati (raaju consul) paripaalinchaadu. bouddhula kaalamlooni kurulu vaeda kaalamlo unnatle adhe sthaanaanni aakraminchaledu, conny vaaru lothaina ghnaanam mariyu aarogyakaramaina aarogyaaniki vaari puraatana khyaatini aasvaadinchadam konasaaginchaaru. kurulaku yaadavulu, bhojulu, trikratalu, panchaalaalatho vaivahika sambandhaalu undevi. yudhishtira jaathi nundi yuvarajuga parichayam cheyabadina dhananjaya raaju gurinchi oka jaataka prastaavana undhi. munupati kaalamlo baga telisina raacharika prajalu ayinappatikee, cree. puu. 6va sataabdam nundi 5va sataabdam madhya kaalamlo kurulu ganatantra prabhutva roopaaniki maaraarani telisindi. cree. puu. 4va sataabdamloo, kautilya yokka aardhashaastramlo kooda "rajashabdopajivin" (raaju consul) raajyaamgaanni anusarinchi kurulanu dhruveekarinchaaru.
magadha.
magadha mahajanapadalalo atyanta pramukhamainadi mariyu sampannamainadi. rajadhani nagaram pataliputra (prastuta patna, bihar sameepamlo) gangaa, sunn, panpun mariyu gandak vanti pradhana nadula sangamam meeda undhi. eee praantamlooni ondru maidaanaalu mariyu bihar mariyu jharkhand looni raagi mariyu inumu samruddhiga unna praantaalaku sameepamlo undatam manchi naanhyamaina aayudhalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki mariyu vyavasaya aardhika vyavasthaku maddatu ivvadaaniki raajyaaniki sahaayapadindi. aaa rojullo vaanijya rahadaarula madhyalo unna daani sthaanam daani sampadaku dohadapadindi. eee amsaalannii magadha aaa kaalamlo atyanta sampanna rashtramgaa udbhavinchadaaniki sahayapaddayi.
magadha rajyam dakshina beehaarloni aadhunika jillaalu patna mariyu gaya mariyu thoorpuna bengaul praantaalaku anugunamgaa undedi. rajadhani nagaram pataliputra uttaraana gangaa nadhi, thoorpuna champa nadhi, dakshinaana vindhya parvataalu mariyu paschimaana soonaa nadhi sarihaddulugaa undedi. buddhuni kaalamlo daani sarihaddulalo angam kooda undedi. dheeni toli rajadhani girivraja ledhaa rajghaha (bihar looni nalanda jillaalo aadhunika rajgir). nagaraniki itara paerlu magadhapura, brihadrathapura, vaasumati, kushagrapura mariyu bimbisarapuri. idhi puraatana kaalamlo jainamataaniki churukaina kendramgaa undedi. modati bouddha mandali vaibhara kondalaloni rajagahalo jarigindi. taruvaata, pataliputra magadha rajadhaanigaa maarindi.
mallah.
mallakulanu tarachugaa bouddhulu mariyu jainula rachanalalo prastaavistaaru. vaaru uttara bhaaratadesamlo nivasinche saktivantamaina prajalu. mahabharata prakaram, thoorpu bhaaratadesamlo thana dandayaatralo mallakula adhipatini panduputra bheemasena jayinchaadani chebutaaru. bouddha kaalamlo, mallaka kshatriyulu tommidi samakhya vamsaalaku anugunamgaa tommidi bhuubhaagaalatoe kuudina vaari aadhipatyamtho ganatantra prajalu. eee ganatantra rajyalanu ess anie pilicheevaaru. eee samaakhyalalo rendu-okati kushinagar (gorakh puur sameepamlo unna aadhunika kasia) daani rajadhaanigaa mariyu rendavadi paava (kushinagarku aagneyamgaa unna aadhunika fazil nagar) thoo "rajadhani" gaa-buddhudi samayamlo chaalaa mukhyamainaviga marai. buddhudu pavalo chivari bhojanam teesukunnanduna bouddhamata charitralo kushinara chaalaa mukhyamainadi. buddhudu pavalo anaarogyamtho baadhapadutuu kusinaralo maraninchaadu. kushinagarloni king sastipal maall praamganamloo lard gautam maraninchaadani vistrutamgaa nammutaaru. kushinagar ippudu bouddha teerthayaatra vruttaaniki kendramgaa undhi, dheenini uttara pradesh paryataka abhivruddhi samstha abhivruddhi chestondi.
lichchavula maadirigaane mallakulanu manusmruti vratya kshatriyulugaa paerkonnaadu. vaatini mahaparnibbana suttaamtamloo vashishtaalu (vasethaalu) anie pilustaaru. mallakulaku modata raacharika prabhutvam undedi, conny taruvaata vaaru sangha (ganatantram) loki maararu, daani sabhyulu tamanu taamu "rajalu" anie pilicheevaaru. mallakulu aatmarakshana kosam lichchavulatho pottu pettukunnatlu kanipinchaaru, conny buddhudi maranam taruvaata kontakaalam tarvaata vaari swaatantryam kolpoyi, vaari aadhipatyaalu magadhan saamrajyamlo vileenam cheyabaddaayi.
mattaa.
matsa ledhaa maccha tega desham kurulaku dakshinaana mariyu yamunaku paschimaana undhi, idhi vaarini panchaala nundi vaeru chesindi. idhi dadapuga raajasthaanloni maajee rashtram jaipurku anugunamgaa undhi, mariyu mottam alvaarnu bharatpur bhaagaalato kalipi undhi. matsa rajadhani "viratnagar" (aadhunika bairat) vadda undhi, dheeniki daani vyavasthaapakudu raaju viraata paeru pettabadindani chebutaaru. paali saahityamlo, matsialu saadhaaranamgaa surasenaalato mudipadi untaayi. paschima matsa anedi chambal uttara odduna unna konda praantam. taruvaata rojullo vaijagapatnam praantamloo kooda matsa saakha kanipistundi. buddhuni kaalamlo matsialaku vaari swantha raajakeeya praamukhyata peddagaa ledhu.
panchala.
panchaalu kurulaku thoorpuna parvataalu mariyu gangaa nadula madhya deshaanni aakramincharu. idhi dadapuga aadhunika badaun, farrukhabad mariyu uttara pradesh yokka prakkane unna jillaalaku anugunamgaa undhi. desham uttara-panchaala mariyu dakshina-panchalaluga vibhajinchabadindi. uttara panchaala daani rajadhani adhichatra ledhaa chhatravati (bareley jillaalooni aadhunika ramnagar) vadda undagaa, dakshina panchaala daani rajadhani farrukhabad jillaalooni kampilya ledhaa compil vadda undhi. prasiddha nagaram kanyakubja ledhaa kanauj panchaala raajyamlo undhi. modata raacharika vamsam ayina panchallu cree. puu. 6va mariyu 5va sataabdaalaloo ganatantra samsthaku maarinatlu telustondi. cree. puu. 4va sataabdamloo, kautilya yokka aardhashaastramlo kooda panchalalu "rajashabdopajivin" (raaju consul) raajyaamgaanni anusaristunnatlu dhruvikarinchabadindi.
suurasaena.
suurasaenala desham matsaku thoorpuna mariyu yamunaku paschimaana undhi. idhi uttara pradesh, haryana mariyu rajasthan brij praantaaniki anugunamgaa untundi. mariyu madhya pradesh looni gwalior praantam. dheeniki rajadhani madhura ledhaa mathuralo undedi. suurasaena raaju ayina avantiputra, buddhuni pradhana shishyulalo modativaadu, athani sahayam dwara bouddhamatam mathura desamlo sthirapadindi. mathura/surasena yokka aandaaklu mariyu vrushanulanu paanini yokka ashtadhyaayilo suuchistaaru. kautilya yokka aardhashaastramlo, vrushulanu "sangha" ledhaa ganatantram anie varninchaaru. vrushanheelu, aandaakkulu mariyu shoorsaineeloni itara anubandha tegalu "sangha" nuu yerparuchukunnaru mariyu vasudeva (krishna) nuu "sangha-mukhya" gaa varninchaaru. surasena rajadhani ayina mathuranu megasthenes kaalamlo krishna aaradhana kendramgaa kooda pilicheevaaru. magadhan saamrajyam swaadheenam chesukovadamto surasena rajyam thana swaatantryaanni kolpoyindi.
virgie.
 ledhaa lichchaaveelatoo sahaa porugu vamsaala samakhya mariyu puraatana bharatadesamloni pradhana mahajanapadalalo okati. vaaru paalinchina praantam nepaul mariyu uttara bihar looni mithila praantaanni kaligi undhi mariyu vaari rajadhani vaisali nagaram.
bouddha grandham "anguttaara nikaya" mariyu jaina grandham "bhagavati suutra" ("sayaa" xv "uddesa i) rendoo vaari" solasa "(padahaaru) mahajanapadala jaabitaalo vaajini cherchaayi. eee mahajanapada paeru daani paalaka vamsaalaloo okataina vrujila nundi udbhavinchindi. vajji rashtram ganatantra raajyamgaa undinattu soochinchabadindi. eee vamsaanni paanini, chaanakya mariyu juwanjang prastaavinchaaru.
vatsa (ledhaa vaamsa).
vatsaalu ledhaa vamsaalanu kurula saakha anie pilustaaru. vatsa ledhaa vamsa desham uttara pradaeslooni aadhunika allahabad bhuubhaagaaniki anugunamgaa undedi. dheeniki kausambi (allahabad nundi 38 mailla dhooramlo unna graamam kosamto gurtinchabadindi) vadda rajadhaanigaa raacharika prabhutvam undedi. kausambi chaalaa sampannamaina nagaram, ikkada pedda sankhyalo sampanna vyaapaarulu nivasinchevaaru. idhi vaayuvya mariyu dakshina praantaala nundi vachhe vastuvulu mariyu prayaaneekulaku atyanta mukhyamaina pravesam. cree. puu. 6va-5va sataabdamloo udayana vatsaaniki palakudu. athanu chaalaa saktivantamainavaadu, yuddhapriyudu mariyu vaetanu ishtapadevaadu. praarambhamlo raajaina udayana bouddhamataanni vyatirekinchaadu, conny taruvaata buddhuni anucharudayyadu mariyu bouddhamataanni rashtra matamgaa marchadu. udayana talli, raani mrugavati, bhaarata charitralo mottamodati mahilaa paalakulalo okarigaa prasiddhi chendaaru.

