
saanukuula drushya drugvishayam

drushti maargamlo gayalu andhatvam, drushya kshetra lopaalu ledhaa scotomas, drushti teekshanhata mariyu varnaandhatvam taggadam vanti lopaalu ledhaa pratikuula drugvishayaalanu srushtinchadam dwara drushtini ekkuvagaa prabhaavitam chestaayi. konni sandarbhaallo, avi saanukuula drushya drugvishayam anie piluvabade tappudu drushya chitraalanu kooda srushtinchavachu. eee chitraalu vachhe indriya samacharam vakreekarana phalitamgaa undavacchu, idhi bhrama anie piluvabade nijamaina chitram yokka tappudu avagahanaku daariteestundi. drushya vyavastha indriya input aadhaaramgaa laeni chitraalanu utpatti chesinappudu, vaatini bhraantulu anie pilustaaru. drushya drugvishayam swalpa kshanaala nundi aneka gantala varaku undavacchu, conny avi saasvatamgaa kooda undavacchu. avi saadhaaranamgaa itara lakshanaalatoo mudipadi untaayi, conny appudappudu verucheyabadataayi. eee drugvishayaaniki kaaranamayye paristhitulalo maargaala venta drushya inputlo antaraayaalu (retina, optic naraalu, chiasmal mariyu retrochiasmal gayalu) extra cartical vijuval systemlo gayalu, migrainelu, muurchalu, taxic-metabolic encephalopathy, manasika paristhitulu mariyu sleep apnea, modalainavi. saanukuula drushya drugvishayaaniki antarleenamgaa unna vidhanalu inca baga ardham kaaledu. saadhyamayye vidhaanaalu 1) drushya valkalam yokka parihara niyantranaku kaaranamayye indriya inputlo lopam, 2) inputlu saadhaaranamainavi kaani gayalu cartical excitation yokka anuchita namuunaaku daariteese doshapurita drushya prosessing, 3) saadhaarana drushya prosessing yokka vaividhyaalu. anni rakaala bhraantulaloo, drushya bhraantulu manasika rugmatalato mudipadi unde avakaasam chaalaa takkuva. udaaharanaku drushya bhraantulu unna chaalaa mandhi rogulaku schizophrenia undadu mariyu schizophrenia unna chaalaa mandhi rogulaku drushya bhraantulu undavu. 
vargeekarana.
bhramalu.
paina vivarinchinatlugaa, bhramalu nijamaina indriya input yokka tappudu vivaranalo undavacchu, punaraavrutam, pattudala, nakilee ledhaa chitraala parimaanamlo maarpu vantivi.
polynopsia.
vaastava vastuvu adrusyamaina tarvaata oka vastuvu yokka drushya chitram yokka sthirathvam. polynopsia rendu rakalu unnaayi, takshana mariyu aalasyamaina rakam. takshana rakamlo chitram vaastavaaniki adrusyamaina tarvaata drushya rangamlo nirantaram konasaagutundi. marovaipu, aalasyamaina rakamlo, adrusyamaina nimishala nundi gantala vyavadhi tarvaata chitram tirigi kanipistundi. polynopsia yokka pathophysiology aspashtamgaa undhi. takshana rakam anedi anantara chitram yokka atisayokti kaavacchu, ayithe aalasyamaina rakam anedi iktal abhivyakti ledhaa nirmaanaatmaka gaayam vanti mastishka prameyam undani suuchimchavachchu, conny mandula dwara kooda prerana cheyagaladani choopabadindi. bhedaatmaka roganirdhaaranalo vishapadaardhaalu, jeevakriya rugmatalu mariyu manasika paristhitulu untaayi.
polyopia.
vakreebhavana asaadhaaranatalanu minahayinchi, monocular diplopia dwara vargeekarinchabadina arudaina bhrama. idhi cartical sthaayilo sambhavinchinappudu, eee pathophysiology baga ardham kaaledu.
diasmetropsia (micro/macropsia).
vastuvulu vaastavikata kante chinnavi/peddavi anae bhrama. retina diasmetropsia atyanta saadhaarana rakam; ayithe, migraine sambandhita diasmetropsia prasamsimchina daanikante ekkuvagaa undavacchu. asaadhaarana kaaranaalalo valkalam gayalu mariyu muurchalu unnaayi.
metamorphopsia.
vastuvulu vakreekarinchabaddaayi anae bhrama. diasmetropsialo vale, retina methamorphopsia anedi marinta saadhaarana rakam, ayinappatikee idhi muurchalu mariyu temporo-osipital gaayaalato vivarinchabadindi.
bhraantulu.
bhranti anedi bahya prerana lekunda drushya avagahanagaa nirvachinchabadindi. aaa avagahana nijamainadi kaadani, dheenini nakilee-bhrama anie kooda pilustaaru, ledhaa vyakti daanini nijamani, dheenini bhrama anie kooda pilustaaru anie dhruvikarinchagalada anedi vyakti gurtinchagalada anie vaeru cheyali. teevramaina manasika prabhavalanu kaligi unna bhrama matrame. bhraantula yokka vishayam vistrutamgaa maarutuu untundi mariyu merustunna ledhaa sthiramaina macchalu, rangu rekhalu mariyu akaaraalu (roopankaani bhraantulu) nundi spashtamaina vastuvulu, puvvulu, jantuvulu mariyu vyaktula (erpadina bhraantulu) varaku saadhaarana chitraala varaku untundi. avakalana roganirdhaaranalo entopic drugvishayam untundi, ivi kanti lopala utpatti cheyabadina drushya chitraalu mariyu retinaku pratibimbistaayi. bhraantiki tarachugaa kaaranaalalo charless bonnet syndrome vanti vidudala drugvishayaalu (drushti lopam kaaranamgaa) unnaayi.

