
dakshinaafrikaalo saamaajika sankshema karyakramalu

prapanchamlooni abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo dakshinaafrikaa atyanta vistrutamaina saamaajika sankshema vyavasthalanu kaligi undhi. 2019loe, anchanaa prakaram 18 millionla mandhi prajalu prabhutvam andinchina edho oka rakamaina saamaajika anudaanaanni pondaaru.
dakshinaafrikaalo saamaajika sankshema kaaryakramaalaku sudeergha charitra undhi. dakshinaafrikaalo saamaajika sankshema karyakramam yokka mottamodati roopam 1657loe dutch eest india company mariyu dutch samskarinchina charchi (drc) pampinhee chesina paelavamaina upasamanam. 1806loe british vaaru cape kaalaneeni aakraminchina taruvaata samsthaagata saamaajika sankshema vyavastha sthaapinchabadindi.
ayithe, saamaajika sankshema vyavastha pradhanamgaa paedha swethajaatheeyulu mariyu nallajaateeyulanu minahaayinchadampai drushti pettindi. varnavivaksha kinda, aafrikanlu, bhaaratheeyulu mariyu rangula vaariki saamaajika sankshema sevalu swethajaatheeyula kosam vaeru cheyabaddaayi. saamaajika sankshema vanarula ketayimpu swethajaatheeyulaku anukuulamgaa undindi. varnavivaksha anantara prabhutvam 1994loe punarnirmaanam mariyu abhivruddhi karyakramanni (aarr. dii. pii) praarambhinchindi mariyu varnavivaksha anantara dakshinaafrikaalo saamaajika sankshema vyavastha yokka chatraanni sthaapinchadaaniki 1997loe saamaajika sankshemam kosam swetapatraanni prachurinchindi. saamaajika sankshema sevala pampinheelo jaathi asamaanatanu parishkarinchadam vaari lakshyam. 1996 currency sankshobhaaniki pratispandanagaa 1996loe vruddhi, upaadhi mariyu punahpampinii (gair) praarambhinchabadindi. parikaraalu prabhutva kharchulanu taggistaayi, idhi saamaajika nidhula taggudalaku daariteestundi. yajamaanulu mariyu udyogulache nidhulu samakurchabade chattabaddhamaina mariyu swachchanda nidhula maadirigaa kakunda, grantlu mariyu praja panulatho sahaa saamaajika sahayam pannu aadaayam dwara nidhulu samakuurustumdi.
dakshinaafrikaalo saamaajika sankshema karyakramalalo nagadu sahayam, nirudyoga beema, vaidya nibandhanalu mariyu gruha raayiteelu unnaayi. dakshinaafrikaa saamaajika abhivruddhi vibhagam (dsd) tarapuna dakshinaafrikaa saamaajika bhadrata samstha nagadu sahayanni pampinhee chestundi. prastutam andubaatulo unna nagadu sahaya karyakramalalo chiled support grant, pempudu pillala grant, vruddhaapya pinchanu, vaikalyam grant, samrakshana dependency grant mariyu yuddha anubhavagnula grant unnaayi.
dakshinaafrikaalo saamaajika sankshema kaaryakramaalaku sambandhinchi maddatu mariyu vimarsalu rendoo unnaayi. chiled support grant mariyu vruddhaapya pinchanu vanti grantlu paedha pillala poeshakaahaara sthithini mariyu paatasaala namodu retlanu meruguparustaayani maddatudaarulu vaadistunnaaru. ayithe, saamaajika sankshema vyavasthalo avineeti, paripaalanalo avakatavakalu, ardp housing naanhyata takkuvagaa undani vimarsakulu etthi chuupaaru.
charitra.
varnavivakshaku mundu.
dakshinaafrikaalo varnavivakshaku mundu saamaajika karyakramalu pradhanamgaa tellajati paedarikaaniki sambandhinchinavi. dakshinaafrikaalo mottamodati saamaajika sankshema karyakramalu 1657loe dutch eest india company mariyu dutch reformed charchi (drc) pampinhee chesina paelavamaina upasamanam. paedha upasamanam, pantalanu viphalamaina mariyu nallajati raitulanu upasamanam nundi minahaayinchina tella raitulaku (boers) sahayam cheyadaanni lakshyamgaa pettukundi.
1806loe british vaaru cape kaalaneeni aakraminchina taruvaata samsthaagata saamaajika sankshema vyavastha sthaapinchabadindi. pillalu mariyu vikalaangula kosam sankshema vanarulu srushtinchabaddaayi. padavee viramana tarvaata vyavastheekruta vruttiparamaina beema 1920laloe sthaapinchabadindi. ayithe, padavee viramana tarvaata vruttiparamaina beema loe ekkuvagaa naipunhyam kaligina kaarmikulu undevaaru, veerilo ekkuva mandhi swethajaatheeyulu.
1920laloe paedha tella paarisraamika kaarmikulu nirvahinchina kaarmika udyamam paedha tellajati samasyapai prabhutva drushtini aakarshinchindi. tella kaarmikulaku pani avakaasaalanu srushtinchadaaniki kaarmika saakha srushtinchabadindi. 1925loe vaetana chattam tella kaarmikulanu pedarikam nundi rakshinchadaaniki mariyu tellajati kaarmikulapai tellajati hakkulanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki "white survival line" anie piluvabade tella kaarmikulaku kaneesa vaetanaanni erpaatu chesindi.
1937loe rashtra saanghika sankshema saakhanu sthaapinchaaru. prajalaku saamaajika sankshema sevalanu andinche baadhyata saanghika sankshema saakhaku undedi, ayithe daani pradhana drushti paedha swetajaateeyulapai undedi.
varnavivaksha kinda.
1950la praarambhamlo, african, bharatiya mariyu rangu vyaktula saamaajika sankshema sevalu saamaajika sankshema vibhagam nundi vaeru cheyabaddaayi mariyu varusaga bantu paripalana, bharatiya vyavaharalu mariyu rangu vyavahaaraala vibhaagaalaku badilee cheyabaddaayi. saamaajika sankshema vanarula vibhajana jaathi aadhaaramgaa vanarula asamaana ketayinpuku daariteesindi. swethajaatheeyula sankshema sevalaku budget majority nallajaateeyula kante ekkuvagaa undhi mariyu nallajaateeyula kante swethajaatheeyulaku andubaatulo unna grantlu samruddhiga unnaayi.
antekakunda, sevalanu andinche vidhanam kooda jaathi vivakshanu pratibimbistumdih swethajaatheeyulu, bhaaratheeyulu mariyu rangulaku ichhe grantlu chekkula dwara pampinhee cheyabaddaayi, nallajaateeyulaku ichhe grantlu chetla kinda mariyu dukaanaalaloo vanti mobile saitlalo pampinhee cheyabaddaayi.
vruttiparamaina padavee viramana beema 1920laloe roopondinchabadindi. ayithe, 1960la varaku takkuva naipunhyam kaligina kaarmikulanu beema paridhiloki cherchaledu. 1960luu mariyu 1970laloe, vruttiparamaina padavee viramana beema vaegamgaa vistarinchi, chaalaa mandhi takkuva naipunhyam kaligina kaarmikulanu cherchindi, veerilo chaalaa mandhi nallajaateeyulu. intalo, tellajati kaarmikulu nirvahinchina kaarmika sanghaala udyamam vrutti padavee viramana beema kavarejeeni marinni parisramalaku vistarinchindi.
1980laloe, varnavivakshaku vyatiraekamgaa perugutunna nirasanalaku pratispandanagaa, tella minority prabhutvam nallajati dakshinaafrikaaku saamaajika sankshema sevalapai kharchunu penchindi. terreblanche prakaram, "1990 natiki swethajaatheeyulu sankshema vyayamlo kevalam 23 saatam matrame unnaaru, ayithe rangulu mariyu bhaaratheeyulu 24 saatam mariyu aafrikanlu 52 saatam pondaaru."
varnavivaksha anantara.
saanghika sankshemam kosam swetapatram.
varnavivaksha anantara prabhutvam 1995loe saanghika sankshemam kosam swetapatraanni prachurinchindi, dheenini 1997loe mantrivargam aamodinchindi. swetapatram ardplo sthaapinchabadina suutraalanu amalu cheyadaaniki vidhanalu, kaaryakramaalanu pratipaadinchindi. swetapatram pratipaadinchina karyakramalalo nirudyoga beema, garbhinii streelu mariyu chinna pillalaku uchita aarogya samrakshana karyakramalu, vidyaarthulaku uchita bhojanam mariyu kutumbaalu mariyu pillalaku kaneesa aadaayaaniki haamii ichhe paelavamaina upasamanam unnaayi. swetapatram jaathi aadhaaramgaa 14 sankshema vibhaagaalanu kooda vileenam chesi, sankshema mariyu janabha abhivruddhi mantritva saakhanu mariyu saamaajika sankshema sevalanu nirvahinchadaaniki tommidi praantiiya vibhaagaalanu sthaapinchindi.
vruddhi, upaadhi mariyu punahpampinii (sadhanam).
desheeya mariyu prapancha muuladhana marketlo vishwaasaanni tirigi pondhe prayatnamlo 1996 currency sankshobhaaniki pratispandanagaa dakshina africa prabhutvam sweekarinchina sampradaayavaada sthuula aardhika vidhanam gair. upaadhi kalpana dwara aardhika vruddhi pedarika samasyanu parishkarinchagaladani vishwasistuu aardhika vruddhiki praadhaanyata icchaaru. aardhika vruddhiki praivaetu rangam naayakatvam vahinchaalani, aardhika vyavasthalo rashtra paatranu tagginchaalani gair nokki chepparu. phalitamgaa, praja vyayam taggadam saamaajika sevala tolagimpu ledhaa kunchinchukupovadaaniki daariteesindi.
kaaryakramaala rakalu.
saamaajika bhadrataku nidhulu.
chiled support grant (csg).
pillala maddatu manjuru 1998loe pravesapettabadindi. csg anedi 6 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna paedha pillalaku nagadu sahayam mariyu 2005loe 14 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pillalaku vistarinchabadindi. csg 2022loe dakshina africa saamaajika bhadrata samstha (sassa) dwara arhata kaligina pillala samrakshakulaku prati biddaku nelaku 460 roopaayalu chellinchindi. dakshinaafrikaa jaateeya khazana prakaram, "varnavivaksha anantara dakshinaafrikaalo csg ippudu atipedda saamaajika sahaya karyakramalalo okati, idhi 2012-13, antey 11.2 millionla mandhi pillalaku cherukundi.ii., daadaapu 59 saatam mandhi pillalu."2014loe prabhutva vyayamlo csg vataa gdplo 3.4 saatamgaa undhi.
csg sweekaranapai prabhutvam modatlo etuvanti sharatulanu jodinchaledu. ayithe, 2010 nundi, pillalu csg pondadaaniki arhata pondadaaniki paatasaalaku haajaru kaavaali.
csg graheetalu merugaina poeshakaahaara sthithini, baruvu perugudala chaartulo adhika skorlanu mariyu samanamga paedha pillalatho poliste merugaina paatasaala namodu retlanu choopinchaarani adhyayanalu velladinchaayi.
pempudu pillala grant (effsigy).
15 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pillala pempudu tallidandrulu 2010loe pempudu pillala manjooruku arhulu. 2012 nundi, 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pempudu pillalanu chaerchadaaniki effsigy arhata vistarinchabadindi. 2022loe prati biddaku nelaku effsigy viluva ruu. 1050, idhi pillala maddatu manjuru kante rettimpu. eee prayojanaalu nagadu, pratyaksha deposit ledhaa paryaveekshanha samstha dwara andukuntaaru. prati 2 samvatsaraalaku okasari kortu dwara manjuru sameekshinchabadutundi, mariyu pillala tallidandrula paristhitulu maarithe, samrakshakulu kortuku anugunamgaa undakapothe ledhaa effsigy kosam daakhalu chesetappudu moesaaniki aadharalu unte, daanini nilipiveyavacchu ledhaa raddu cheyavachu.
jaateeya paatasaala poeshakaahaara karyakramam (nsnp).
jaateeya paatasaala poeshakaahaara karyakramam 1994loe feezu chellinchani anni paatasaalallo (antey.ii., dakshina africa paatasaalala vargeekarana vyavasthalo quintils 1 nundi 3 varaku vargeekarinchabaddaayi). 2020 natiki, 96 laksala mandhi paatasaala pillalu (veerilo moodinta rendu vantula mandhi praathamika paatasaala vidyaarthulu mariyu moodinta oka vanthu mandhi madhyamika paatasaala vidyaarthulu) eee karyakramam nundi prayojanam pondaaru. desamlo paatasaala vayassu gala pillalalo 72 saatam mandiki nsnp cherutundani anchanaa. aahara padaarthaalu vaidyaparamgaa konugolu cheyabadataayi, mariyu eee karyakramam puurtigaa prabhutva nidhulatho sumaru 520 million dollarla budjetto undhi. 
vruddhaapya pinchanu.
dakshinaafrikaalooni anni saamaajika sahaya karyakramalalo vruddhaapya pinchanu prabhutva kharchulo atyadhika mottaanni kaligi undhi. vruddhaapya pinchanu 1920la praarambhamloonae dakshinaafrikaalo sthaapinchabadindi. ayithe, vruddhaapya pinchanu vyavastha 1990la varaku balamaina jaathi asamaanatanu pratibimbimchimdi. udaaharanaku, 1980la praarambhamlo, nallajaateeyulu pondina prayojanaala kante 10 retlu ekkuva prayojanaalanu swethajaatheeyulu pondaaru. 1989 nundi 1993 varaku, vruddhaapya pinchanu mottam janaabhaaku vistarinchadaaniki mariyu pinchanu kaaryakramamlo jaathi asamaanatanu tolaginchadaaniki prabhutvam samskaranalu cheyadaaniki prayatnaalu chesindi. nallajaateeyulaku labhinche prayojanaalu 1980loe samvatsaraaniki 1555 roopaayala nundi 1993loe samvatsaraaniki 3081 roopaayalaku perigayi. 1993 nundi pinchanu kaaryakramamlo pedda samskaranalu jaragaledu, ayithe prabhutvam dravyolbana retlaku anugunamgaa dravya viluvanu sardubaatu chestundi. 2010loe 60 ellu, anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna mahilalu, 61 ellu, anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna purushulu samvatsaraaniki ruu. 21000 pondavacchu.
vaikalyam manjuru.
18 ellu daatina vikalaangulu vikalaangula manjooruku arhulu. vaaru prati vyaktiki nelaku 1010 roopaayalu pondavacchu.
samrakshana aadharapadatam manjuru.
vikalanga pillala tallidandrulu, samrakshakulu mariyu praathamika samrakshakulu samrakshana dependency grantku arhata pondagalugutaaru. arhata saadhinchadaaniki, ontari tallidandrulu samvatsaraaniki aarr 223 200 kante takkuva sampaadinchaali mariyu jantalu samishtiga aarr 446 400 kante takkuva sampaadinchaali, pempudu tallidandrulaku minahaayimpulu ivvabadataayi. nagadu, electronic deposit ledhaa paripalana samstha dwara graheetalaku nelaku ruu. 890 manjuru chestaaru.
yuddha anubhavagnulu manjuru chestaaru.
rendava prapancha yuddham (1939-1945) ledhaa korea yuddhamlo (1950-1953) pooraadina anubhavagnulu mariyu 60 ellu paibadina vaaru sainika anubhavagnula vibhagam andinche yuddha anubhavagnula grantku arhulu. prati anubhavagnudu dakshinaafrikaa saamaajika bhadrata samstha nundi nelaku 1,800 roopaayalu pondavacchu. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo, dakshinaafrikaa 2 squadronlo mitraraajyaala dalaalaku maddatugaa sumaru 2,00,000 mandhi dalaalanu mariyu 826 mandhi dalaalanu korea yuddhaaniki pampindi.
nirudyoga beema (ui).
modati nirudyoga beema chattam aamodinchadam dwara 1966 lone nirudyoga beema pravesapettabadindi. ayithe, modati nirudyoga beema chattam nallajati kaarmikulu, anadhikaarika rangaalloni kaarmikulu mariyu poura sevakulanu nirudyoga prayojanaalanu pondakunda minahaayinchindi. 2001loe savarinchina nirudyoga beema chattam aamodinchabadindi. prastutam, nirudyoga beema nidhiki sahakarinche yea yajamani ayina nirudyogam ayina tarvaata prati aaru rojulaku oka roeju nirudyoga prayojanaalanu pondavacchu. viraalaalu ichhevaaru 238 rojula varaku nirudyoga beemaanu pondavacchu. ayithe, nirudyoga beema anadhikaarika rangaalloni kaarmikulu, poura sevakulu mariyu intaku mundennadoo pani cheyani kaarmikulanu minahaayistundi.
nivaasam.
1994loe varnavivaksha anantara prabhutvam punarnirmaanam mariyu abhivruddhi karyakramam (aarr. dii. pii) loe bhaagamgaa vachhe 5 samvatsaraalalo oka million gruhalanu andinche pranaalikanu prakatinchindi. varnavivaksha samayamlo srushtinchabadina gruha asamaanatanu parishkarinchadam eee karyakramam yokka lakshyam. 2000 natiki prajalaku nivaasam undagala 1,155,300 gruhalanu andinchadam dwara prabhutvam thana daavaanu neraverchindi. varnavivaksha samayamlo gruha asamaanatanu parishkarinchadaaniki, varnavivaksha anantara prabhutvam 1994loe graheetala aadaayam aadhaaramgaa gruha raayiteelanu praarambhinchindi. 800 roopaayala kante takkuva nelawari aadaayam unna graheetalu 15,000 roopaayala subsidini pondavacchu; 801 nundi 1500 roopaayala varaku nelawari aadaayam unna graheetalu 12,500 roopaayalanu pondavacchu; 1501 nundi 2500 roopaayala varaku nelawari aadaayam unna graheetalu 9,500 roopaayalanu pondutaaru; 50,000 roopaayala nundi 3500 roopaayala varaku nelawari aadaayam unna graheetalu 5,000 roopaayalanu pondutaaru. 2018 naati sa ganaamkaala ghcs prakaram, "prabhutva gruha raayiteeni pondina kutumbaala saatam 2002loe 5.6 saatam nundi 2018loe 2018 samvatsaraaniki perigindi"."
maddatu.
dakshinaafrikaalooni saamaajika sankshema kaaryakramaala maddatudaarulu eee karyakramalu paedha prajala jeevitaalapai saanukuula prabhavanni chuuputaayani vaadistunnaaru. chiled support grant (csg) pondhe pillalu samanamga paedha pillalatho poliste merugaina poeshakaahaara sthithini mariyu merugaina paatasaala namodu retlanu chuupistaarani adhyayanalu suuchistunnaayi. csg graheetalu kooda peddayyaaka udyogaalu pondhe avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi. intlo oka mahila vruddhaapya pinchanu pondithe, mahilalu vruddhaapya pinchanu pondani kutumbaalalo baalikala kante intlooni baalikalu merugaina poeshakaahaara sthithini chuuputaaru. adevidhamgaa, csg pondhe mahilala netrutvamloni kutumbaalu paatasaalalo pillala namodu periginatlu chuuputaayi mariyu tallulu kaarmika marketlo palgone avakaasam ekkuvagaa undhi. graheeta kutumbaalalo gruha baala kaarmikulu taggutaarani bhaavistunnaaru.
ardp housing project paedha prajalaku 1 million kante ekkuva gruhalanu andinchindi.
saamaajika grantlu nirudyogulanu udyogaala kosam vetakadaaniki nirutsaahapariche "dependency samskruti" nii pempondistaayani kondaru aandolana chendutunnaru. ayithe, saamaajika nidhula sweekarana nirudyogula upaadhini korukune prothsaahaanni prabhaavitam cheyadani iteevali adhyayanalu suuchistunnaayi. pradhana kaaranam emitante, pillala maddatu manjuru, vruddhaapya pinchanu mariyu vaikalyam manjuru vanti saamaajika grantlu, vayassu ledhaa vaikalyam kaaranamgaa pani cheyaleni vyaktulaku maddatu ivvadam lakshyamgaa pettukunnayi. vikalaangulu laeni mariyu pani chese vayassu gala vyaktulu prastutam dakshinaafrikaalo etuvanti nidhulaku arhulu kaadu.
vimarsha.
avineeti, paripaalanalo lopam anevi dakshinaafrikaa saamaajika sankshema vyavasthalo unna bhaarii samasyalu. reddy prakaram, saamaajika nidhula pampinheelo avineeti mariyu durviniyoga paripalana dwara dakshinaafrikaa samvatsaraaniki ruu. 1,5 biliyanlanu kolpoyindi.
ardp gruhalanu andinchadaaniki prabhutvam prayatnaalu chesinappatiki, perugutunna nirudyoga sthaayi mariyu sarasamaina gruhaala korata kaaranamgaa niraasrayula sankhya perugutuunae undhi. antekakunda, ardp housing developerla kosam prabhutvam praamaanika bhavana nibandhanalanu erpaatu cheyananduna, aneka ardp housing unitlu takkuva naanhyathatho untaayi. gaali itukalu lekapovadam, paikappulu laeni paikappulu, sarigga nirminchani godalu, sarigga teravani ledhaa moosivese talupulu, gopyata lekapovadam mariyu sarigga roopondinchani vantagadi mariyu marugudodlu gurinchi nivaasitulu firyadu chesaaru. adanamgaa, dakshina africa pourulu matrame aarr. dii. pii. housingku arhulu, indulo taginantagaa laeni housinglo nivasistunna valasadaarula gananeeyamaina janabha minahaayinchabadindi. eee project samayamlo avineeti aaropanalapai daadaapu 2,000 mandhi prabhutva adhikaarulanu arrestu chesaaru mariyu contractorlu mariyu adhikaarula madhya sambandhaala kaaranamgaa aneka gruha nirmaana prajectulu akramamga nirminchabadi undavacchu.
sainika anubhavagnula vibhagam vanarula pampineeni vakreekarinchindani aaropanalu vachayi, konni praavinsulu puurtigaa seva cheyabadaledani vimarsakulu chepparu. desavyaaptamgaa karyalayalu laevu kabatti sahayam korukune anubhavagnulu seva kosam pretoriaku vellaali. 
ardp housing unitlatho itara vimarsalu emitante, pravahinche neeru, muruguneeru mariyu vidyut vanti praathamika sevalu mariyu paatasaalalu mariyu kliniklu vanti soukaryaalu lekapovadam. udaaharanaku, 1996loe sthaapinchabadina bramfisherville, sovetoloni ardp housing unitlalo okataina, shipping containerlalo oke oka taatkaalika praathamika paatasaala undedi mariyu 2002loe madhyamika paatasaala ledhaa unnata paatasaala ledhu. 2008 varaku pradhana rahadaarulu chadunu cheyabadaledu. tuphaanu neeti paarudala vyavasthanu erpaatu cheyaledu. ardp housing unitlu kooda chinna parimaanamlo untaayi. ardp gruhalu kooda chinna parimaanamlo untaayi. david potti prakaram, prabhutvam nirminchina mottam illalo kevalam 30 saatam matrame 30 chadarapu meterla kante peddavi.