
luganda tonelu

madhya ugaandaaku chendina baganda prajalu matlade bhasha luganda, bantu kutumbaaniki chendina oka swara bhasha. idhi saampradayakamgaa moodu swaraalanu kaligi unnatlu varninchabadindihi adhika ('), takkuva (') mariyu padipovadam ('). ['] vanti kramam svayamchaalakamgaa ["" "" "" avutundi kabatti, podavaina achulapai kooda, perugutunna swaraalu lugandalo kanipinchavu.
lugandalo swaraalu vividha vidhulanu nirvahistaayih avi oka padaanni maroka padam nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki sahaayapadataayi, avi oka kriyanu marokati nundi vaeru chestaayi, mariyu avi vaakya swaramlo kooda upayoginchabadataayi, udaaharanaku, oka prakatnanu prasna nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki.
luganda swara vyavastha yokka sanklishtata aneka mandhi panditula drushtini aakarshinchindi, vaaru vividha bhasha namuunaala prakaram luganda swaraalanu aardhikamgaa vivarinche maargaalanu anveshinchaaru.
sameeksha.
lugandalo konni padaalu lexical tone kaligi untayih 'nagaram', 'guruvu'. swaram padipovadam kaavachuh 'desham', 'pillavadu', 'aasupatri'. konni padaalu peethabhoomilo moodu aksharaalalo vistarinchina double tone ledhaa tone kaligi untayih 'driver', 'jailu'. konni namavachakalalo swaram 'ammai', conny 'aame oka ammai' anae sthaanaanni kadilistundi. 
pustakam', 'vyakti', 'paalu' ledhaa (pattanam paeru) vanti itara padaalu antarleenamgaa swararahitamainavi. ayithe, swararahita padaalu saadhaaranamgaa modati aksharam minaha anni aksharaalapai svayamchaalaka default tonelanu andukuntaayi, veetini padabandha tonelu anie pilustaaruh,. conny konni paristhitulalo eee padabandha swaram kanipinchadu, udaaharanaku, padam oka vaakyaaniki sambandhinchinadi ledhaa sankhya dwara arhata pondinappudu. svayamchaalaka padabandha tonelu lexical tonela vale adhika-swaram kaadu.
lexically-toned padaala chivarilo automatic padabandha swaraalu kooda jodinchabadataayi. namavachakalalo padabandha swaraalu swaram padipoyina ventane aksharampai praarambhamavutaayi, e.zii. 'hospital', 'south'. mallii, eee padaanni vaakyaaniki amsamgaa upayoginchinappudu ledhaa sankhya dwara arhata pondinappudu eee padabandha swaraalu kanipinchavu.
ayithe, konni moukhika roopaallo padabandha swaraalu yaasa tarvaata ventane prarambham kaavu, conny rendu ledhaa moodu takkuva-swara aksharaala viramam tarvaata, udhaa.zii. 'vaaru chuustaaru'. eee sanklishtata lugaandaanu saadhaarana pitch-eskent bhashaga varninchakundaa nirodhistundi.
kriyalu rendu swara vargaluga vibhajinchabaddaayi, 'chudatam' vanti swaram unnavi mariyu 'chadavadam' vanti svayamchaalaka padabandham swaram kakunda swaram laenivi. kriyalu sanklishta swara namuunaala shreniki lobadi untaayi, ivi kaalanni batti maarutuu untaayi mariyu kriyalu adhika-swaram ledhaa swaram laenivi, saanukuula ledhaa pratikuulamgaa unnaya ledhaa pradhana nibandhana ledhaa saapeksha nibandhanalo upayoginchabadutunnaya.
saadhaarana swara namuunaalu.
vivaraalalo aneka sanklishtatalu unnappatikee, konni rakaala swara namuunaa kramam tappakunda sambhavistaayi. eee krindi vidhamgaa, vakyalu modati adhika swaram nundi chivari swaraaniki kramamga digadam oka saadhaarana namunah
moodu adhika swaraalu yuu, yuu, mariyu aann itara aksharaala nundi pramukhamgaa nilustaayi, mariyu prati okkati chivari kante konchem takkuvagaa untundi, dasala shrenilo digutunnatlugaa. madhya swararahita aksharalu adhika swaraala kante pitch loe takkuvagaa untaayi. down drift, 'automatic down step' ledhaa 'catathesis' anie piluvabade eee santati, aneka african bhaashalalo tonelu oka kramamlo vachinappudalla saadhaaranam.
lugandalo chaalaa saadhaaranamaina maroe rakamaina swara namuunaa adhika swara peethabhoomi. eee namoonaalo, rendu adhika swaraalu oke sthaayilo untaayi, mariyu swaram okadaanikokati nirantaram ekkuvagaa untundi. eee krindi udaaharanalo unnatlugaa, rendu lexical tonela madhya peethabhoomi sambhavinchavachhuh
oka peethabhoomi tarachugaa padabandha swaram mariyu lexical swaram madhya ledhaa rendu padabandha swaraala madhya kooda sambhavistundihi
moodava rakam swara namuunaa, antha saadhaaranam kaadu, takkuva swaraala shrenini kaligi undatam, taruvaata adhika swaraaniki dookadamh
eee moodu swara namuunaalu luganda vakyalalo kramam tappakunda sambhavistaayi, mariyu diguva vivaranalo ekkuva bhaagam okadaanni eppudu mariyu marokadaanni eppudu upayoginchaalo aandolana chendutundi.
tone rakalu.
lugandalo vividha rakaala hye tonelu unnaayi, veetilo lexical, vyaakarana mariyu padabandha tonelu chaalaa mukhyamainavi. veetiki sarihaddu swaraalu mariyu swaraanni soochinche itara swaraalanu jodinchavachhu.
lexical tonelu.
lexical hye tonelu anevi krindi padaala vanti nirdishta padaalatoe saripoyevi
desham' vanti tudi swaram kaligina padaanni ontarigaa ledhaa vaakyam chivarilo matladinappudu, aaa swaram ellappuduu padipotunna swaramgaa vinabadutundi; conny itara sandarbhaallo, idhi saadhaaranamgaa saadhaarana adhika swaramgaa vinabadutundi.
padipotunna lexical tonelanu kooda naan-final positionlo vinavacchu
lugaandaaloni konni padaalu rendu lexical hye tonelanu kaligi untaayi. idhi jariginappudu rendu swaraalu peethabhoomiloki anusandhaaninchabadataayi; antey, madhya aksharalu kooda paiki ettabadataayi. (eee vyaasamlo, oka peethabhoomini nokkicheppadam dwara choopabadindi.)
lexical tone, idhi krindi lexical tontho peethabhoomini yerparuchukokapothe, ellappuduu takkuva tone anusaristundi. eee takkuva swaram 'nagaram' loe vale eee krindi aksharamlo ledhaa 'aasupatri' ledhaa 'desham' loe vale, padipotunna swaraanni kaligi unna aksharam yokka rendava sagam (moraa) loe undavacchu.
vyaakarana swaraalu.
vyaakarana swaram anedi oka nirdishta kaalamlo oka kriyanu upayoginchinappudu utpannamayye swaram. udaaharanaku, samyugma manasika sthithilo unna kriya ellappuduu chivari aksharampai adhika ledhaa padipoye swaraanni kaligi untundih 
eee vyaasamlo, vaatini padabandhaala adhika swaraala nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki, lexical mariyu vyaakarana swaraalu boldga gurtinchabaddaayi.
padabandha swaraalu.
padabandha swaraalu anevi konni sandarbhaallo padaalaku svayamchaalakamgaa jodinchabade adhika swaraalu. itara sandarbhaallo, adhe padaanni padabandha swaraalu lekunda uchcharinchavachhu. udaaharanaku, lexical tonelu laeni padam oka vaakyaaniki sambandhinchinadi, ledhaa taruvaata oka sankhya ledhaa parimaana padam unnappudu, adhi swararahitamgaa untundih
conny chaalaa itara sandarbhaallo, ledhaa ontarigaa matladetappudu, padam yokka modati moraa minaha anni aksharaalapai eee padam adhika swaraanni kaligi untundi (padabandha swaraalu ikkada nokkicheppadam dwara chuupabaddaayi):
["tt" "] vanti geminate hallu oka moraga lekkinchabadutundi, kabatti oka padam geminate hallutho praarambhamaite, padabandham swaram daani tarvaata ventane praarambhamavutundih
perugutunna swaram ['] lugandalo sthaayi adhika swaram ['] avutundi kabatti, eee krindi padam antataa adhika swaraanni kaligi untundih
lexical hye tone kaligina padaala chivaralo padabandha swaraalanu kooda jodinchavachhu. ayithe, lexical tone mariyu frasel tonela madhya ellappuduu kaneesam oka takkuva-tone aksharam ledhaa moraa undali
lexical tone padipotunnatlayithe, tontho unna rendava sagam aksharam takkuva-tone moraga lekkinchabadutundi, mariyu padabandha swaraalu ventane eee krindi aksharamtho praarambhamavutaayih
oka padaaniki lexical mariyu fraasal tone unnappudalla, lexical tone mariyu fraasal tone oka peethabhoomini yerparustaayi, conny badulugaa oka kramam untundi. prati kramam hchlhetch maadirigaa, rendava hetch (idhi padabandham tone) modati daanikante konchem takkuvagaa untundi.
lexical ledhaa vyaakarana tone krindi padabandha tontho peethabhoomini yerparustundi; madhyalo ellappuduu kaneesam oka takkuva-tone moraanu kaligi untundi. ayithe, oka padabandha swaram eee krindi lexical swaram ledhaa padabandha swaramtho chaalaa sulabhamgaa peethabhoomini erparustundihi
dheeniki marinni udaaharanalu krinda ivvabaddaayi, alaage peethabhoomi erpadani minahaayimpulu kooda ivvabaddaayi.
padabandha swaraalu lexical swaraala kante takkuva pramukhamgaa untaayi mariyu takkuva swaram vadda uchcharistaaru. tarachugaa oka vaakyamlo lexical tone unna padaanni fraasal tone unna padaaniki pratyamnaayamgaa unchinatlayithe, pitch ekkuvagaa untundi.
hcll ledhaa hcll kaligi unna padaalu.
saadhaaranamgaa lugandalo lexical ledhaa vyaakarana adhika tone mariyu padabandha tone madhya, kevalam oka takkuva-tone aksharam ledhaa moraa untundi. ayithe, konni padaalaloo adhika lexical ledhaa vyaakarana swaraanni okati kakunda, rendu ledhaa moodu takkuva-swara aksharalu anusaristaayih
ituvanti padaala uniki luganda swaraala vivarananu chaalaa klishtataram chestundi mariyu bhasha yokka saiddhaantika vruttaamtaalaku mukhyamaina chikkulanu kaligi untundi. veetini krinda marinta charchinchaaru.
swara swaraalu.
paina perkonna swaraala rakaalato paatu, oka prasnanu oka prakatana nundi vaeru chese swara swaraalu kooda unnaayi. udaaharanaku, oka swararahita padam avunu-kaadu prasna adigithe, adhi chivari aksharampai takkuva swaraanni kaligi untundi. eee rendintinee polchandi
eee krindi prasna chivari achupai perugudala mariyu patanam kaligi untundih
maroka rakamaina swara swaram konnisaarlu vaakyam madhyalo viramam ivvadaaniki mundu vinipinche upglide. dheenini stevic (1968) dwara 'cama swaram' anie pilustaaru, idhi oka rakamaina sarihaddu swaram.
swaraalu mariyu praadhaanyata.
luganda drushti kendreekarinchadaaniki ledhaa praadhaanyata ivvadaaniki swaraalanu upayoginchadu. peetha chettu cheppinatlugaa, 'lugandalo swaram sthaayiga untundi, anduvalla aanglamlo unnatlugaa nokki cheppadam asadhyam.'badulugaa, oka luganda speaker padaalanu nokkicheppagala konni itara maargaalanu athanu jabita chestaadu, udaaharanaku mukhyamaina padaanni modata unchadam, saadhaaranamgaa jodinchabade prarambha acchunu tolaginchadam, saapeksha nirmaanaanni upayoginchadam (udhaa.zii. 'pustakaalu naaku kaavalasindi'), pratikuula nirmaanaanni upayoginchi (udhaa.zii., 'naaku kaavalasindi, adhi pustakaalu kaadaa?') mariyu itarulu.
down drift (catathesis).
rendu padaalu lexical ledhaa vyaakarana adhika swaraanni kaligi unnappudu rendava padam yokka swaram modati padam kante takkuvagaa undatam saadhaarana namuunaa. madhyalo unna aksharalu adhika swaraala kante konchem takkuvagaa untaayi, idhi oka dip chestundih
dheenini down drift, catathesis ledhaa automatic down step anie pilustaaru.
rendu lexical tonelu oke padamlo unte, down drift jaragadu. eee sandarbhamlo oka peethabhoomi undhi.
modati padam lexical tonelo mugustundi mariyu rendava padam okadaanitoe praarambhamaite saadhaaranamgaa tone taggutundihi 
eee sandarbhamlo 'ams' loe padipotunna tone adhika toneku maarutundi, conny hchl yokka ell bhaagam ippatikee vinagaliginatlugaa oka down step inca undhi.
padabandha swaram lexical swaraanni anusarinchinappudu ellappuduu taggudala untundih
peethabhoomi.
lexical tone peethabhoomi.
paina paerkonnatlugaa, lexical tonelanu kaligi unna padaalatoe kuudina saadhaarana namuunaa, oka shreniloni prati padam munupati daanikante konchem takkuva-pitch kaligi untundi. ayithe, konni paristhitulalo rendu lexical tonelu oke sthaayilo untaayi mariyu oka peethabhoomini yerparustaayi.
off' thoo padabandhaalu.
atuvanti padabandhaala vilakshanhamainavi-'off' anae padaanni kaligi untaayi, idhi munupati adhika swaramtho matrame kakunda eee krindi daanitoe kooda peethabhoomini yerparustundi, udaaharanakuh
peethabhoomi ikkada underline dwara choopabadindi.
rendava padam swararahitamgaa unte, ayithe, oka peethabhoomi munupati padamtho matrame tayaaru cheyabadutundihi
kriya + sthaanam.
tarachugaa peethabhoomini kaligi unde maroka rakamaina padabandham 'kriya + sthaanam', udaaharanakuh 
konnisaarlu eee rakamaina padabandhamlo konchem taggimpu undavacchu, e.zii. 
conny ikkada kooda moodu antarleena adhika tonelu oke pitchlo untaayi mariyu krindiki mallavu.
ayithe, kriya saapekshamgaa unnappudu eee rakamaina padabandhamlo saadhaaranamgaa peethabhoomi undaduh
kriya pratikuulamgaa unnappudu kooda peethabhoomi undaduh
lexical tone mariyu krindi padabandha tone madhya peethabhoomi kooda leduh
kriya + kendrikruta vastuvu.
vastuvunu nokkicheppinappudu ledhaa kendrikarinchinappudu, kriya mariyu vastuvu madhya peethabhoomi kooda saadhyamavutundi. viruddhamgaah
'mariyu'.
peethabhoomi lexical tone anusarinche maroka paristhiti 'mariyu' anae padam taruvaata untundi, idhi namavachakam mundu upayoginchinappudu lexical hye tone kaligi untundih
conny eppatilaage swaram mariyu krindi padabandha swaram madhya peethabhoomi leduh
haiman (2017) prakaram, chaaritraatmakamgaa eee padam antarleenamgaa swararahitamainadi, mariyu swaram namavachakam (i.ii. prarambha "ii-" ledhaa "eah-" ledhaa "oo-"), idhi bhasha yokka prarambha dasalo adhika-tone kaligi undedi.
 vaastavaaniki eee krindi padabandhaalalo swararahitamainadi, daani taruvaata 'kathana kaalam' kriya ('kathana kaalam' kriya anedi daani prarambha acchu lekunda saapeksha nibandhana kriya yokka oka roopam, taruvaata upayoginchabadutundi):
vaaru kaligi unnaaru' (aksharala 'vaaru thoo unnaaru') anae padaaniki 'thoo' anae padam untundi. dheeni taruvaata sanukoolamgaa unnappudu peethabhoomi untundi, conny pratikuulamgaa unnappudu kaaduh
kriya + samayam.
ninna', 'ninnati mundu roeju', 'eppudu?' vanti padaala mundu peethabhoomi vinabadutundi.'eee vakyalalo
conny 'chaalaa kaalam kritam' vanti samaya kriyavisheshanam swararahitamgaa unte munupati peethabhoomi ledhu. badulugaa kriyavisheshanam yokka padabandha swaram eee krindi padamtho peethabhoomini chestundih
padabandha tone peethabhoomi.
lexical tonelaku viruddhamgaa, padabandha swaram kaligina padaalu eee krindi padamtho peethabhoomini chaalaa sulabhamgaa tayaaru chestaayi, eee krindi udaaharanalu chuuputaayi (peethabhoomulu underline cheyadam dwara suuchimchabadataayi):
memu veltunnamu' vanti padaala chivara unna padabandhaala adhika swaram kooda adhe vidhamgaa peethabhoomini yerparustundi, udaaharanakuh
eee udaaharanalalo, idhi padaala lexical tone kaadani gamaninchandi, idhi taruvaata vachhe adhika tontho peethabhoomini yerparustundi, conny padam chivarilo padabandham tone. kabatti modata diguvaku, taruvaata oka peethabhoomi untundi.
eee krindi vaakyamlo, oka 'kriya + sthaanam' vaakyamlo upayoginchina oka hchlhetch padam vantidi, aaa sthaanaaniki lexical tone unna chota, stevic prakaram, atuvanti vakyalalo peethabhoomi lexical tontho praarambhamavutundi. ayithe, eee rakamaina vakyalalo luganda praathamika course recordinglapy speaker rendava swaramtho matrame praarambhamayye peethabhoomini tayaaru chestaadu, tadwara modata oka diguva dasha, taruvaata oka peethabhoomi untundih
padabandha tone down drift.
oka padabandha swaram saadhaaranamgaa oka peethabhoomini anusaristundi, idhi tadupari adhika swaram varaku ledhaa adhika swaram lekapothe, padabandham mugimpu varaku konasaagutundi. edemaina, padabandha swaraalu padam chivara varaku matrame konasage konni rakaala padabandhaalu unnaayi, taruvaata takkuva swaram untundi. eee krindi adhika tone padabandha tone kante takkuvagaa untundi (i.ii., catathesis ledhaa down drift undhi).
eee rakamaina padabandhaalaku oka udaaharana emitante, oka namavachakam taruvaata 'ivi', 'paina perkonnavi', 'annee' ledhaa 'ontarigaa' (ledhaa itara namavachaka taragatulalo vatiki samaanamainavi) anae sarvanama padaalu, e.zii.
ayithe, "-lii" rakam yokka pradarsana visaeshanhaala mundu peethabhoomi untundih 
padabandha swara padam tarvaata taggudala unna rendu itara sandarbhaalu 'ngaa' kii mundu, 'eppudu, unte,' gaa mariyu 'enti' kii mundu antey 'adhi' anie ardham.
eee krindi padabandhaalalo vyaktigata sarvanamam tarvaata idhe vidhamaina diguva dasha untundih
takkuva tonelu appudu adhika.
lugandalo moodava saadhaarana swara namuunaa takkuva swaraala shreni, taruvaata adhika swaram. modati padam swararahitamgaa untene idhi kanugonabadutundi. swararahita padaaniki padabandha swaraalu jodinchabadanappudu, mariyu antataa takkuva swaraalu unna konni paristhitulu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaayi.
modata, idhi oka vaakyam yokka vishayam ledhaa amsam ayinappudu (idhi 'yuu esgy' vanti vyaktigata sarvanamam ayithe tappa.'):
oka swararahita padam kooda oka sankhya ledhaa parimaana padam (pratikuula kriya tarvaata tappa) mundu takkuva swaramtho untundi, e.zii. 
bully" anae padam 'prati' kooda maroka padam taruvaata vachinappudu takkuva-swaramtho untundih 
oka kriyavisheshanam ledhaa adheena nibandhana kooda oka vaakyam yokka amsaanni yerparustundi mariyu takkuva-swaram kaligi untundi, udhaa.zii. 
padipotunna tonelu.
edainaa achupai adhika ledhaa takkuva swaram kanipinchavacchu, conny padipotunna swaram eee krindi vaatipai matrame kanipistundihi
geminate moosivesina aksharampai 'paelavamgaa maaradam' vanti padipoye swaram sambhavinchinappudu, patanam chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi mariyu vinadaniki kashtam, ayinappatikee daanini parikaraala dwara kolavavacchu. ilanti padaaniki padipotunna swaram undani cheppadaniki pradhana maargam emitante, eee krindi achupai swaram ekkuvagaa untundi.
morah.
eee vaastavaalanu vivarinchadaaniki oka maargam emitante, luganda padaalanu moray ledhaa moralatho kuudinavigaa vislaeshimchadam, antey, okkokkati oka nirdishta samayam paatu konasage prasanga vibhagalu. eee vislaeshanha prakaram, oka chinna acchuku oka morah mariyu podavaina acchuku rendu moraalu untaayi. jiji", "embi" ledhaa "lye" vanti "podavaina" hallulo kooda oka moraanu kaligi untundi. anduvalla moodava aksharam "off" nuu podavainadigaa cheppavacchu, endukante dheeniki rendu moraalu unnaayi, okati tanaku chendinadi mariyu marokati 'nundi teesukunnadi' ledhaa 'panchukunnadi' anae prenasalised hallutho untundi. podavaina aksharam padipoye swaraanni kaligi untundi, modati moraa adhika mariyu rendava moraa takkuva.
namuunaanu saripoyela cheyadaaniki konni vasati soukaryaalu kalpinchaali. udaaharanaku, achutho praarambhamayye prarambha aksharam ellappuduu oka moraga lekkinchabadutundi, achutho podavaina 'desham' vanti padaalaloo kooda, taruvaata prenasolized hallu untundi.
yea aksharamloonuu rendu moralaku minchi undakudadu. udaaharanaku, 'emm. doubleu.' thoo praarambhamai, daani taruvaata prenasolized hallu unnappatikee, 'biir' yokka rendava aksharamlo rendu matrame untaayi.
chivari acchulu.
chivari acchulanu saadhaaranamgaa chinnaviga uchcharistaaru, conny konni padaalaloo (yeka akshara kaandam kaligina anni padaalatoe sahaa) acchu pratyayam kante chaalaa mundu avutundi, udaaharanaku 'yea desham?'anie paerkonnaaru. podavaina chivari acchulu rendu moraalanu kaligi unnatlu pariganistaaru. samyugma manasika sthithi yokka chivari "-é" vanti konni itara tudi acchulu oka moraanu kaligi unnatlu pariganistaaru.
anduvalla tudi acchu, adhi swararahitam kakapothe, rendava morapai adhika swaraanni kaligi undavacchu (udhaa.zii. 'okati') ledhaa modati moraalo (udhaa.zii. 'tommidi'), ledhaa daani okka morapai ('dayachesi lopaliki randi'). eee moodintinee, oka vaakyam chivarilo, padipotunna swaramtho uchcharistaaru. itara sandarbhaallo avi ververu uchchaaranalanu kaligi untaayi. udaaharanaku, 'vaat?' anae pratyayaaniki mundu?'dwimoraik chivari acchu yokka modati morapai oka swaram vastundih (' yea desham?') conny chivari morapai oka swaram ekkuvagaa untundi (' manam emi cheyali?').
oka padam padipotunna swaramtho muguste, konni paristhitulalo aaa swaram saadhaarana adhika swaramgaa maarutundi. veetilo okati, idhi oka vaakyaaniki sambandhinchina vishayam ainappudu
marokati parimaana padam mundu untundih 
prakkane unna aksharaalalo ippudu rendu adhika swaraalu unnappatikee, padipotunna swaram yokka l bhaagam ippatikee vinagaliginatlugaa oka diguva dasha ippatikee sambhavistundi, tadwara paina perkonna padabandhamlo "myuu" "gu" kante pitch loe konchem takkuvagaa untundi.
namavachakalu.
luganda namavachakalalo konni saadhaarana namuunaalu swaraparamgaa vastaayi, veetilo atyanta saadhaaranamainavi (eah) swararahita (bii) chivara nundi rendava morapai swaram (sii) chivari nundi moodava morapai swaram. eee moodu namuunaalu kalisi lugandalo namavachakalalo 83 saatam varaku unnaayi. atyanta saadhaarana namuunaalaku konni udaaharanalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaayi.
swararahita namavachakalu.
luganda basic course" chivarilo unna padaala jaabitaaloni sankhyala nundi choosthe, lugaandaaloni anni namavachakalalo (32 saatam) moodinta oka vanthu antarleenamgaa swararahitamgaa untaayi. ayithe, ontarigaa uchcharinchinappudu, avi modati moraanu tappa annintikee padabandha swaraalanu kaligi untaayi (oka padam praarambhamlo "enn-" nuu oka moraga lekkinchadam), eee krindi vidhamgaah
chivari swaram.
chaalaa saadhaaranamainavi, daadaapu 26 saatam padaalu, upanta swaramtho namavachakalu, antey padam chivara nundi rendava moraalo untaayi. sarassu' loe vale, chivari aksharam podavugaa unte, rendu moraalu adhika-swaram kaligi untaayi. eee namavachakalannintiki ummadigaa unna vishayam emitante, chivari acchu padabandha swaraanni teesukodu. udaaharanalu
antipenelimate tone.
padam chivara nundi moodava morapai adhika swaramtho namavachakalu (e.zii.saikil') kooda saadhaaranam, mariyu krinda jabita cheyabadina vividha rakalu padajaalamlo kaneesam 25 saatam vatanu kaligi untaayi.
viraamaaniki mundu ledhaa 'ivi' ledhaa 'annee' vanti sarvanama padaaniki mundu upayoginchinappudu (paina chudandi) eee padaalu tudi aksharampai padabandha swaraanni pondutayih
ayithe, itara sandarbhaallo padabandha swaram jodinchabadaledu, mariyu eee krindi padamtho peethabhoomi leduh
eee krindi udaaharanaku viruddhamgaa, ikkada 'paalu' yokka padabandha swaram eee krindi padamtho peethabhoomini chestundi.
eee rakamaina konni namavachakalu
veetiki antepenalimate aksharampai swaramtho konni namavachakalanu jodinchavachhu, ivanni stevic dwara hcll gaa gurtinchabaddaayih
haiman anae padam ('pandu') vaipu drushtini aakarshistundi, idhi taragati-upasargapai yasanu kaligi undatamlo asaadhaaranamainadi. idhi maroka ugandan bhasha, soga nundi teesukunnadi kaavacchu ledhaa idhi kriya ('pandlu pandinchu') nundi utpannam ayi undavacchu anie ayana suuchistunnaaru.
konni naamavaachakaalaku (ekkuvagaa videshee) dwandwa swaram untundi, taruvaata ll untundih
finallo fake tone.
daadaapu 9 saatam naamavaachakaalaku chivari bhaagamlo padipoye swaram untundi. eee namavachakalalo chinnadi (moodu moraala varaku) oke swaraanni kaligi untundih
podavaina naamavaachakaalaku padam mundu rendava swaram untundi, idhi peethabhoomitho anusandhaanistundih
namavachakam upanta mariyu chivari bhaagamlo swaram kaligi undatam anedi takkuva saadhaarana namunah
itara namuunaalu.
chaalaa takkuva padaalu (sumaru 2 saatam) padam chivara nundi chaalaa dhooramlo swaraanni kaligi untaayi, lexical tone yokka hclnu anusarinche rendu padabandha swaraalanu anumatistaayih
itara namuunaalu saadhyame, udaaharanaku 'budhavaram' (hcll loe mugustundi), conny eee namuunaalu namavachakalalo koddi saatam matrame untaayi.
charaswarupu swara namavachakalu.
lugaandaaloni konni padaalu moodava morapai adhika swaraanni kaligi untaayi, mariyu aaa padaanni daani prarambha acchu lekunda upayoginchinappudu swaram eee krindi moraaku marutundihi
konni kriya kalalalo adhe pratyaamnaayaalu jarugutaayani haiman mariyu katamba gamaninchandih
idhe vidhamaina pratyaamnaayam 1-5 sankhyalalo jarugutundi, mariyu 'meedi' mariyu 'athani' anae padaalaloo, rendu vyatyaasaalatoh modata swaram rendava morapai vastundi, mariyu rendavadi monocyllabic kaandam thoo, final paie swaram tolaginchabadaduh
konni videshee namavachakalu (ekkuvagaa swahili nundi) kooda kramarahitamgaa untaayi, avi bahuvachanamlo ledhaa upasargaku adanapu aksharam unna chinna aksharamlo adanapu swaraanni kaligi untayih
swaadheena sarvanamalu ('naa', 'maa' modalainavi).).
lugandalo swaadheena sarvanamalu rendu rakalu, avi 'naa', 'maa', 'mea' (pl.), (uchcharistaaru ["]) 'vaari' mariyu oka aksharam unnavaaru, avi 'mea' mariyu 'athani, aame, daani'.
rendu aksharaala swaadheenaalu vaati swantamgaa upayoginchabadataayi, avi oka hcll tone kaligi untayih 'naa okati (udhaa.zii. sthalam, pustakam modalainavi.), 'maa illu'. ayithe, vaatini naamavaachakamto upayoginchinappudu, avi enclitic avtayi, mariyu namavachakam hill ayithe eee tone namavachakam yokka chivari achupai velutundi, munupati swaramtho peethabhoomini chestundih
tudi bhaagamlo padipotunna swaramtho naamavaachakaaniki jodinchinatlayithe, tudi swaram padatam nundi paiki marutundihi
lekapothe namavachakam upanta swaraanni kaligi unte, tudi achupai swaram meussen niyamam (hetchhetch> hchl) dwara tolaginchabadutundih
ayithe, swararahita naamavaachakamto upayoginchinappudu, adhika swaram chivari aksharam nundi namavachakam yokka moodava moraaku maarutundi. dheenini anusarinche swaraalu annee l:
namavachakam 'table-vastram' ledhaa 'aksharalu' vanti videshee runamgaa unnappudu, adhika swara peethabhoomi swaram unna morapai kakunda, padam yokka rendava morapai praarambhamavutundani nivedinchabadindih
mea' ledhaa 'athani' anae ekaswamya swaadhiinatatoe, swaraalu bhinnamgaa untaayi. modati tone munupatilage adhe sthaanamlo untundi, taruvaata modati tone nundi chivari varaku oka peethabhoomi untundih
conny namavachakam tudi aksharampai oka swaraanni kaligi unnappudu, adhi adhika swaramgaa maarutundi, mariyu-yokka swaram meussen niyamam (hh> hl) dwara anachiveyabadutundih
kriyalu.
adhika mariyu takkuva-tone kriyalu.
aneka bantu bhashala maadirigaane, lugandalo adhika-swara mariyu takkuva-swara kriyalu unnaayi. anantamaina, takkuva-swara kriyalalo modati moraanu minahayinchi annintiloo saadhaarana padabandha swaraalu untayih
adhika-swara kriyalu (ivi sumaru 60 saatam kriyalu) anantamaina upasarga "oku-" nuu anusarinchi ventane morapai adhika swaraanni kaligi untaayi. padabandha swaraalu podavaina kriyala vishayamlo matrame jodinchabadataayih
meussen niyamam (hetchhetch> hchl).
lugaandaaloni kriyalu mukhyamgaa meusense ruul anie piluvabade niyamam dwara prabhaavitamavutaayi, idhi aneka african bhaashalalo saadhaaranam, dheeni dwara tonela kramam hh anedi hl avutundi. adevidhamgaa hetchhetch hcll avutundi mariyu hetchhetchhetch hcll avutundi. (eee niyamam lugaandaaloni namavachakalanu prabhaavitam cheyadu.)
anduvalla siddhaantaparamgaa 'vaaru chuustaaru' anae padaaniki moodu adhika swaraalu unnaayi, okati "baa-" "vaaru" anae upasargaku, okati bhavishyat kaala-marker "-lii-", mariyu okati kriya-stem "laba" "chudandi". ayithe, meussen niyamam amalu ayina taruvaata, mariyu oka padabandha swaraanni jodinchina taruvaata, idhi eee krindi vidhamgaa marutundihi
ikkada mukhyamaina vishayam emitante, gatamlo adhika swaram unna yea aksharanikaina padabandha swaraanni (viraamaaniki mundu chivari aksharamlo tappa) jodinchalemu. anduvalla paina perkonna padamlo "baa" paie migilina lexical tone taruvaata oka takkuva-tone aksharam kaadu, rendu aksharalu untaayi.
diguva sthaayi h padabandha swaraanni elaa pondaledo ledhaa peethabhoomini elaa yerparachukoledo vivarinchadaaniki haiman mariyu katamba eee krindi udaaharanalanu istaih
kabatti luganda kriyala swaraalanu ardham chesukovadaniki, kriya vaastavaaniki yea swaraalanu kaligi undho matrame kakunda, meussen niyamam amaluku mundu adhi kaligi unna antarleena swaraalanu kooda parigananaloki teesukovadam avasaram.
kalalalo tonelu.
vividha amsaalu kriyalaku swaraanni jodistai
eee swaraalanu jodinchina taruvaata, eee krindi niyamaalu vartistaayih
saapeksha nibandhana kriyalu.
saapeksha nibandhana kriyalu lugaandaaloni saadhaarana kriyala nundi bhinnamaina swaraanni kaligi untaayi. avi saadhaaranamgaa aanglamlo kante ekkuvagaa upayoginchabadataayi, endukante peetha chettu suuchimchinatlugaa (1902) avi praadhaanyata kosam upayoginchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, 'evaru vastuvulanu konugolu chesaaru? "anedaaniki badulugaa.'luganda matladevaru' vastuvulanu konugolu chesina vaaru evaru?'
adevidhamgaa, 'athanu bodhinchadaaniki buganda vellaadu' anae daaniki badulugaa, oka luganda matladevadu 'athanu buganda vellinadi bodhinchadame' anie cheppavachhuh
prarambha acchu saadhaaranamgaa diaphone subject-upasargala mundu jodinchabadutundi (e.zii. 'konugolu chese vaaru'), conny "a-" vanti monophonic upasargala mundu kaadu. ayithe, eee prarambha acchu paie rendava udaaharana vanti konni sandarbhaallo adrusyamavutundi.
eee krindivi vanti object classlalo, oka tone laeni upasarga oka tone pondutundihi 
conny eee krindi vaakyamlo oka vastuvu kopulaanu upayoginchinappudu, rendu rakaala upasargalu vaati swaraanni kolpotai
padam, modalainavi. saadhaaranamgaa daaniki swaram undadu. ayithe, atuvanti upavaakyaalaku niyamaalu sanklishtamgaa undavacchu.
kaalaala udaaharanalu.
taruvaata vachhe pattikalu saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche aaru kaalaala udaaharanalanu istayi, veetilo samyugma manasika sthithi mariyu pratidaanipai konni vyaakhyalu untaayi. pattikallo rendu kriyalu, 'konugolu' mariyu-'chudandi', varusaga takkuva mariyu adhika-swara kriyalaku udaaharanalugaa upayoginchabadataayi.
prastuta kaalam.
adhika-swara kriya yokka 3 va vyakti bahuvachanam yokka antarleena swaraalu meussen niyamam dwara eee krindi vidhamgaa marutaih
antey, eee kaalamlooni kriya-kaandam yokka modati "rendu" moraalu antarleenamgaa ekkuvagaa untaayi. ('vaaru vaantulu chestaaru'; 'vaaru praarambhistaaru' anie polchandi.)
-gu-" "idhi (e.zii. rotte) 'jodinchabadutundi, tonelu eee krindi vidhamgaa marutaih
eee kaalam yokka pratikuula mariyu saapeksha samskaranalu annee tudi achupai vyaakarana swaraanni kaligi untaayi, vaastavaaniki dheeniki rendu moraalu unnaayi mariyu antarleenamgaa * "-aaa". rendu-moraala adhika-swara kriyalo, eee tudi swaram meussen niyamam dwara adrusyamavutundi, conny idhi tirigi kanipistundi mariyu kriya-kaandam moodu moraalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva unnappudu peethabhoomini chestundih
oka saapeksha nibandhanalo 'undhi (oka nirdishta pradaesamloe)' anae kramarahita kriyanu upayoginchinappudu, upasarga swararahitamgaa unnappudu tudi achupai adhika swaram unchabadutundi. conny upasargalo oka tone unnappudu, meussen niyamam dwara fainallooni tone tolaginchabadutundi. anduvalla upasarga monophone ledhaa diaphone anedaanini batti tone marutundihi
rendu padaalu mariyu, rendoo adhika swaraalalo muginchinappatikii, eee krindi sandarbhaalalo bhinnamgaa uchcharistaaru, ikkada swaram ekkuvagaa untundi mariyu peethabhoomini tayaaru cheyaduh
paripuurna kaalam.
paripuurna kaalam prastutaaniki bhinnamaina kaandamnu upayogistundi (udhaa.zii. konugolu' kuu badulugaa), mariyu mugimpulo antarleenamgaa adhika tone untundi. vellandi' ledhaa 'dachandi (edainaa)' vanti podavaina (3-moraa) takkuva-tone kriyalalo, tudi tone praathamika roopamlo chivari aksharaniki kadulutundihi
eee kaalam yokka anni roopaalu tudi achupai oka swaraanni kaligi untaayi, conny praathamika roopam pratikuula mariyu saapeksha roopaaniki bhinnamgaa untundi. adhika-swara kriyalalo, meussen niyamam praathamika roopamlo vartistundi (udhaa.zii. 'vaaru chuusaaru'), conny pratikuula mariyu saapeksha roopaalalo badulugaa oka peethabhoomi undhi (vaaru chudaledu '). maroka udaaharana, 1 va vyakti pratikuula markernu upayoginchadam, idhi daani swantha swaraanni unchutundi, eee krindi vidhamgaa untundih
gatha kaalaaniki daggaragaa.
sameepa bhootakaalamu khachitamaina kaalamu vale adhe kriya-stemnu upayogistundi, conny kaala gurtuto-a-. vishaya upasargalu "yaa-" "athanu" mariyu "baa-" "vaaru" gaa marutayi. chivari acchu marosari-Â ".
takkuva-swara kriyalalo vishayam upasarga tudi achupai vyaakarana swaramtho peethabhoomini chestundih
eee kaalamlooni podavaina takkuva-swara kriyalalo tudi swaram chivari aksharam yokka rendava moraaku kadulutundihi
eee kaalamlooni adhika-swara kriyalalo kriya yokka praathamika roopamlo kooda ellappuduu oka peethabhoomi untundi (indulo idhi paina perkonna khachitamaina kaalaaniki bhinnamgaa untundi). viruddhamgaah
chaalaa gatha kaalam.
eee kaalam yokka kaala-infix "a", idhi eee krindi aksharampai oka swaraanni unchutundi.
paie pattikalooni roopaalu finallo adhika tone kaligi unnatlu kanipinchakapoyinappatiki, vaastavaaniki antarleena adhika tone undhi, idhi tirigi kanipistundi mariyu eee krindi roopaallo peethabhoomini chestundih
tudi achupai antarleenamaina adhika swaram undani maroka suuchana emitante, 'vaaru konugolu chesaaru' vanti roopaalu tudi aksharampai padabandha swaraanni jodinchavu (viramam mundu ledhaa 'annee' vanti sarvanama padaaniki mundu tappa).
sameepa bhavishyat kaalam.
sameepa bhavishyat kaalaaniki oka tens-marker untundi. saapeksha mariyu pratikuula roopaallo, tudi achupai (antarleena) vyaakarana swaram untundi. eee kaalaaniki pratikuulamgaa, tudi acchu "-e" gaa maarutundi.
rendava vyakti ekavachanamlo-- avtundi
saadhaarana bhavishyat kaalam.
eee kaalaaniki kaala-gurthupai oka swaram untundi. adhika-tone vishayam upasarga tarvaata meussen niyamam dwara dheeni tone adrusyamavutundi. eee kaalam yokka pratyekata emitante, takkuva-swara kriyatho, meussen niyamam dwara swaram tolaginchabadinappatiki, aksharam taruvaata padabandha swaraanni bharinchadu.
paina ivvabadina roopaalu stevic icchina vatiki bhinnamgaa untaayi, prastutam unnatlugaa eee kaalamlo adhika-swara kriya kaandam yokka modati rendu moraalu antarleena swaraanni kaligi unnayani ayana paerkonnaadu. ayithe, haiman mariyu katamba (udhaa.zii. 'vaaru vintaaru') adhika-swara kriya yokka modati moraaku matrame eee kaalamlo antarleena swaram undani suuchistumdi. krinda unna prastuta kaala udaaharanaku viruddhamgaa, indulo rendu aksharalu takkuvagaa untaayi, bhavishyat kaalamtho, ikkada rendava aksharam matrame padabandha swaraanni kaligi untundih
subjanctive mood.
subjanctive mood tudi achupai oke swaraanni kaligi untundi, idhi kriyalooni munupati swaraalannintinii tolagistundi. viramam ivvadaaniki mundu, eee swaram padipotunna swaramgaa maarutundi, conny 'emi?', idhi ekkuvagaa untundih
eee krindi vatiki viruddhamgaa, ikkada chivari acchulo padipoye swaram mariyu rendu moraalu untayih
err
upaamgaaniki sambandhita nibandhana ledhaa pratikuula roopam ledhu, conny 'okyulemaa' 'viphalamavadaaniki' mariyu anantamaina kriya yokka upaamgaanni upayoginchadam dwara pratikuulatanu tayaaru cheyavachu.
object infix.
athanu/aame' ledhaa 'vaaru' vanti oka vastuvunu kriya-muulaaniki mundu kriyaku jodinchavachhu. anantamaina, object infixlaku oka tone untundih
ayithe, prastuta kaalamlo, avi swararahitamgaa untayih
conny reflexive infix ellappuduu adhika-tone kaligi untundi, prastuta kaalamlo coodah
kooda chudandi.
chicheva tonelu

