
chiluka

chilukalu, citassins (σιτασινες) anie kooda pilustaaru, ivi citasiforms (σιτασιφορος) kramamlo unde pakshulu mariyu ivi ekkuvagaa ushnamandala mariyu upaushnamandala praantaalalo kanipistaayi. avi 101 jaatulalo sumaruga 410 jaatulanu kaligi unna naalugu kutumbaalato roopondinchabaddaayi. naalugu kutumbaalu citaculidae (paatha prapancha chilukalu), citacidae (african mariyu kotta prapancha chilukalu), kakatouidia (caucatouse) mariyu strigopidae (newzealand chilukalu). anni chiluka jaatulalo moodinta oka vanthu antarinchipoye pramaadam undhi, itara polchadagina pakshi samuuhaala kante ekkuva mottam vilupta pramaadam (iucn redd list index) undhi. chilukalu saadhaaranamgaa dakshina ardhagolamlo samasheetoshna praantaalalo nivasinche aneka jaatulato pantropical pampineeni kaligi untaayi. chilukalalo atyadhika vaividhyam dakshina america mariyu australialo undhi.
chilukala yokka lakshanaalalo balamaina, vakramaina nota, nitaruga unde bhangima, balamaina kaallu mariyu panjaalu gala jaigodoctyle adugulu unnaayi. aneka chilukalu spashtamaina rangulo untaayi, konni bahula rangulalo untaayi. chaalaa chilukalu drushya varnapatamlo takkuva ledhaa laingika dviruupatanu pradarsinchavu. avi podavu paramgaa atyanta vaividhyamaina parimaanamlo unde pakshi kramaanni yerparustaayi.
chaalaa chilukala aahaaramlo atyanta mukhyamaina bhagalu vittanaalu, kayalu, pandlu, moggalu mariyu itara mokkala padaarthaalu. konni jaatulu konnisaarlu jantuvulu mariyu kariyanlanu tintaayi, ayithe loreelu mariyu lorikeetlu puula thene mariyu mruduvaina pandlanu tinadaaniki pratyekamainavi. daadaapu anni chilukalu chettu bolu (ledhaa nirbandhamlo unna goodu pettelu) loe goodu kattutaayi, mariyu tellani gudlu pedataayi, veeti nundi chinna (nissahaya) pillalu podugutaayi.
chilukalu, kaakulu, kaakulu, jays mariyu maagpeelatoo paatu, atyanta telivaina pakshulalo okati, mariyu konni jaatula maanava prasamgaanni anukarinche saamarthyam pempudu jantuvulugaa vaati prajaadarananu penchutundi. pempudu jantuvula vyaparam kosam adavi chilukalanu bandhinchadam, alaage vaeta, aavasa nashtam mariyu hanikara jaatula nundi pootii, adavi janabhanu tagginchindi, itara pakshula samuuham kante chilukalu ekkuva dopideeki guravutunnayi. 2021 natiki, sumaru 50 million chilukalu (mottam chilukalalo sagam) nirbandhamlo nivasistunnaayi, veetilo ekkuva bhaagam prajala illalo pempudu jantuvulugaa nivasistunnaayi. konni unnata sthaayi aakarshanheeya jaatula aavasalanu parirakshinchadaaniki teesukunna charyalu kooda oke paryaavarana vyavasthalo nivasinche chaalaa takkuva aakarshanheeyamaina jaatulanu rakshinchaayi.
chilukalu matrame nijamaina tribhujatvaanni pradarsinche jeevulu, vaati medalu mariyu mukkulanu niluvu uparitalaalanu adhirohinchetappudu praimaetla mundu avayavaala dwara utpatti cheyabadina saktulaku samaanamaina ledhaa anthakante ekkuva chodaka saktulatoe avayavalaga upayogistaayi. vaaru ekketappudu chakriya tripedel gaitlatho prayaaninchavacchu.
vargeekarana.
muulaalu mariyu parinaamam.
dakshina america mariyu australialoni citasiform vaividhyam australialo kendrikrutamai unna gondwanalo eee kramam abhivruddhi chendhi undavacchani suuchistumdi. ayithe, shilaja recordulalo chilukala korata, parikalpananu dhruveekarinchadamlo ibbandulanu andistundi. prarambha senozoic kaalamlo uttara ardhagolamlo prastutam ekkuva sankhyalo shilaja avasheshaalu unnaayi. chilukalu sumaru 59 million samvatsaraala kritam (miah) (paridhi 66-51 miah) gondwanalo udbhavinchaayani paramaanu adhyayanalu suuchistunnaayi. neotropical chilukalu monophilatic, mariyu moodu pradhana cladelu sumaru 50 miah (paridhi 57-41 miah) nundi udbhavinchaayi.
neobrara county, vyominglo lans creak nirmaanam nundi niksheepaalaloo kanipinche pedda diguva billu (ucmp 143274) nundi oke mukka, puraatana chiluka silaajamgaa bhaavinchabadindi mariyu chivari critatius kaalam nundi udbhavinchindani bhaavinchabadutundi, idhi sumaru 70 million samvatsaraala puraatanamainadi. edemaina, itara adhyayanalu eee silaajaalu pakshi nundi kaadani, conny oka seenagnathid oviraptorosar (pakshi lanty mukkutho kuudina avian kaani dainosar) nundi anie suuchistunnaayi, endukante chilukaga daani gurtimpuku maddatugaa upayoginche silaajaala yokka aneka vivaralu vaastavaaniki chilukalaku pratyekamainavi kaavu, mariyu idhi mottamodati spashtamaina chiluka silaajaalaku bhinnamgaa untundi.
cretatius-polyogene vilupta sanghatana (keey-piji viluptam), 66 miah samayamlo citasiforms unnayani saadhaaranamgaa bhaavistaaru. avi bahusha saamaanyeekruta vruksha pakshulu, mariyu aadhunika jaatula pratyaekamaina chuurnam billulu laevu. janyu vislaeshanha chilukalu passerinla sodari samuuham anie balamaina aadhaaraalanu andistundi, idhi played citacopassera nuu yerparustundi, idhi falconla sodari samuuham.
modati vivaadaaspada chiluka silaajaalu ushnamandala eocene airopa nundi sumaru 50 mye. praarambhamlo, denmark yokka prarambha eocene bochu nirmaanamloo kanugonabadina mariyu 54 miah naati "mopsitta tanta" anae neovian, citasiformsku ketayinchabadindi. ayithe, varninchaleni emuka nissandehamgaa citasiform kaadu, mariyu idhi ibis jaathi "rainkites" kuu chendinadi kaavacchu, dheeni shilaja kaallu adhe niksheepaalaloo kanugonabaddayi.
chiluka lanty pakshula aneka puurti asthipanjaraalu ingland mariyu germanylo kanugonabaddayi. ivi bahusha puurveekula mariyu aadhunika chilukala madhya parivartana silaajaalu kaavu, conny nijamaina chilukalu mariyu kaakatuulaku samaantaramgaa abhivruddhi chendina vamsaalu
aadhunika chilukala yokka mottamodati recordulu sumaru 23-20 miah nativi. shilaja recordulo-pradhanamgaa airopaku chendina-shareera nirmaanaparamgaa aadhunika chilukalaku chendinavigaa spashtamgaa gurtinchadagina emukalu unnaayi. dakshina ardhagolamlo 20 maiae la prarambha myosene kante mundu telisina chiluka lanty avasheshaalu laevu.
vyutpatti.
citasiforms' anae paeru chilukaku puraatana greeku padam (π) nundi vachindi, dheeni muulam aspashtamgaa undhi. ctesia (kristupurvam 5va sataabdam) oka pakshiki bharatiya paeru paeru meeda eee paerunu namodu chesindi, bahusha oka chiluka (ippudu "sitaakula" jaatilo unchabadindi). pliny dhi elder (23/24-79 CE) thana "sahaja charitra" (pustakam 10, adhyayam 58) loe bhaaratheeyulu eee pakshini "siptase" anie pilichaarani paerkonnaadu; ayithe, daaniki saripoye bharatiya paeru kanugonabadaledu. popinje anedi chilukalaku paatha padam, dheenini modatisaarigaa 1500laloe aanglamlo upayoginchaaru.
phylogeny.
molecular phylogenetic adhyayanalu citasiformlu passeriformlaku sodari ayina monophilatic cladenu yerparustaayani chupinchayi time calibrated phylogeny australaves sumaru 65 maa (million samvatsaraala kritam) mariyu citasiformlu passeriformlaku sumaru 62 maa nundi vaerugaa unnayani suuchistumdi.
chaalaa mandhi vargeekarana saastravettalu ippudu citasiformlanu naalugu kutumbaluga vibhajinchaaruh strigopidae (newzealand chilukalu), kakatuide (kakatus), citacidae (african mariyu kotta prapancha chilukalu) mariyu citaculidae (paatha prapancha chilukalu). 2012loe leo joseph mariyu sahakarulu chilukalanu aaru kutumbaluga vibhajinchaalani pratipaadinchaaru. nester" jaatilooni newzealand chilukalanu pratyeka kutumbam nestoridaeloo unchaaru mariyu citaculidae kutumbamloni rendu besal jaatulanu ("citrichas" mariyu "coracopsis") pratyeka kutumbam citrichasidaeloo unchaaru. prapancha pakshula jaabitaalanu roopondinchadamlo palgonna vargeekarana saastravettalu eee rendu adanapu kutumbaalanu gurtinchaledu, badulugaa naalugu kutumbaalu matrame gurtinchabaddaayi.
eee krindi claudogram naalugu kutumbaala madhya phylogenetic sambandhaalanu chooputundi. ippudu antarjaateeya pakshula saastravettala sangham ayina antarjaateeya pakshula kamitee (aiosi) tarapuna fraank gill, pamela rasmussen mariyu david damskar nirvahinche jabita nundi jaatula sankhyalanu teesukunnaru.
citasiformlu moodu pradhana vamsaalanu kaligi untayih strigopoidia, citacoidia mariyu kakatyuidiya. strigopoidianu sitacoidialo bhaagamgaa pariganinchevaaru, conny modatidi ippudu sitacoidialoni migilina sabhyula pakkana chiluka chettu diguvana alaage kaakatyuuyidiyaaloni sabhyulandari pakkana unchabadindi. kakatyuidiya chaalaa vibhinnamgaa untundi, kadile thala sikharam, caroted dhamanula yokka bhinnamaina amarika, pittaasayamu, purre emukalalo thedaalu, mariyu dike aakruti eekalu lekapovadam-citacidaeloo-chaalaa chilukala saktivantamaina rangulanu utpatti cheyadaaniki kaantini chedaragottandi. adhika sthaayi sitacofulvin kaligina rangurangula eekalu tellati vaati kante eekalu ksheeninche bacteria "basillus licheniformis" nuu baga nirodhistaayi. lorikeetlanu gatamlo moodava kutumbam, loridega pariganinchevaaru, conny ippudu lorine upakutumbam, citaculidae kutumbamlo oka tega (lorini) gaa pariganistunnaaru. eee upakutumbamloni maroe rendu tegalu daggari sambandham unna atthi chilukalu (cyclopsitini tegaloni rendu jaatulu) mariyu badgerigarh (melopsittasini tega).
vyavastheekruta.
sitta seiforms kramamlo 101 jaatulaku chendina sumaruga 410 jaatulu kaligina naalugu kutumbaalu unnaayi.
suupar family strigopoidia newzealand chilukalu
suupar family kakatyuidiah caucatouse
suupar family sitacoidia nijamaina chilukalu
padanirmaana shaastram.
sajeeva jaatulu buff-faced piggy chiluka nundi, baruvulo mariyu podavulo, podavulo haisinth makaa varaku, mariyu baruvulo cacapo varaku untaayi. suupar familylalo, ippatike unna moodu strigopoidia jaatulu annee pedda chilukalu, kaakatuulu kooda pedda pakshulu. citacoidia chilukalu chaalaa vaividhyamgaa untaayi, ivi kutumbam chuupina parimaanaala puurti varnapataanni kaligi untaayi.
atyanta spashtamaina bhouthika lakshanam balamaina, vakramaina, visaalamaina nota. eguva mandible pramukhamgaa untundi, krindiki vangi, oka binduvuku vastundi. idhi purreku anusandhaaninchabadadu, idhi swatantramgaa kadaladaaniki veelu kalpistundi mariyu pakshulu cheyagala vipareetamaina kaatu ottidiki dohadam chestundi. udaaharanaku, oka pedda makavu, oka pedda kukkaku daggaragaa, oka kaatu saktini kaligi untundi. diguva mandible chinnadi, padunaina, paiki-edurkone cutting edjtho, idhi eguva mandible yokka chadunaina bhaagaaniki vyatiraekamgaa unville lanty paddhatiloo kadulutundi. sparsha grahakaalu caratinised billu lopali anchula venta sambhavistaayi, veetini samishtiga "billu kona avayavam" anie pilustaaru, ivi atyanta naipunhyam kaligina taarumaaru cheyadaaniki anumatistaayi. vittanaalu tine chilukalu balamaina naalukanu kaligi untaayi (bill tip aargaanloni vaati maadirigaane touch grahakalanu kaligi untaayi), idhi vittanaalanu maarchadaaniki ledhaa notlo ginjalanu unchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi, tadwara mandibles tagina pagullu kaliginche saktini vartimpajestaayi. thala peddadigaa untundi, kallu purrelo ettaina mariyu pakkaki unchabadi untaayi, kabatti chilukala drushya kshetram itara pakshula kante bhinnamgaa untundi. thala tippakunda, oka chiluka daani billu kona krinda nundi, daani thala paina mariyu daani thala venuka chaalaa dhooram nundi chudagaladu. chilukalu pakshiki chaalaa vistrutamaina mundu binacular feeldnu kaligi untaayi, ayithe idhi primate binacular vijuval fields kante peddadigaa ekkada ledhu. maanavula maadirigaa kakunda, chilukala drushti kooda atineelalohita kaantiki sunnitamgaa untundi.
chilukalu balamaina jaigodoctyle paadaalanu (rendu kaali munduki mariyu rendu venukaku edurugaa) kaligi untaayi, padunaina, podavaina panjaalu untaayi, veetini ekkadaaniki mariyu oogadaaniki upayogistaaru. chaalaa jaatulu tama paadaalanu upayoginchi aaharam mariyu itara vastuvulanu adhika sthaayi naipunhyamtho, maanavulu tama chetulanu upayoginchina vidhamgaane maarchukogalavu. australian chilukalatho nirvahinchina oka adhyayanamlo avi "handness" nuu pradarsistaayani niroopinchaayi, aaharaanni teeyadaaniki upayoginche paadaaniki sambandhinchi oka pratyaekamaina praadhaanyata, vayojana chilukalu daadaapu pratyaekamgaa "edama paadam" ledhaa "kudi paadam" kaligi untaayi, mariyu janabhalo prati praadhaanyata yokka praabalyam jaatula vaareegaa maarutuu untundi.
kaakatuu jaatulu vaati talala paibhagamlo eekalu yokka kadile sikharaanni kaligi untaayi, veetini avi pradarsana kosam penchavacchu mariyu venakki teesukovachhu. yea itara chilukalu alaa cheyalevu, conny "vini" mariyu "figgies" jaatilooni pasiphik lorikeetlu kireetam mariyu meda yokka eekalu rafful cheyagalavu, mariyu erra-fyaan chiluka (ledhaa hock-head chiluka) oka pramukha eeka meda frilnu kaligi untundi, idhi ishtanusaram penchavacchu mariyu tagginchavachhu. chilukalalo eekalu pradhana rangu aakupaccha, ayithe chaalaa jaatulu takkuva parimaanamlo konni erupu ledhaa itara rangulanu kaligi untaayi. ayithe, kaakatuulu pradhanamgaa nalupu ledhaa telupu rangulo untaayi, konni erupu, gulabi ledhaa pasupu rangulo untaayi. chilukalalo eekallo balamaina laingika dviruupata vilakshanamainadi kaadu, konni mukhyamaina minahaayimpulato, atyanta adbhutamainadi ecclectus chiluka. ayithe konni chiluka jaatulu atineelalohita varnapatamlo laingika dviruupa eekalu pradarsistaayani, ivi saadhaaranamgaa manavulaku kanipinchavani niroopinchabadindi.
pampinhee mariyu aavasalu.
chilukalu australia mariyu oshiyaniya, dakshina asea, agneyasia, madhya america, dakshina america mariyu africato sahaa anni ushnamandala mariyu upaushnamandala khandaalu mariyu praantaalalo kanipistaayi. konni carabian mariyu pasiphik dveepaalu sthaanika jaatulaku nilayamgaa unnaayi. ippativaraku atyadhika sankhyalo chiluka jaatulu australia mariyu dakshina america nundi vachayi. uttaraana sulavesi mariyu phillippeans nundi australia varaku mariyu pasiphik antataa french polynesia varaku loreelu mariyu lorikeetlu unnaayi, nyuu ginia mariyu chuttupakkala goppa vaividhyam kanipistundi. arine upakutumbam amazon, makaavlu mariyu konoorlatho sahaa anni neotropical chilukalanu kaligi undhi mariyu uttara mexico mariyu bahamas nundi dakshina america yokka dakshina konalooni tyra dell fugo varaku untundi. piggy chilukalu, tega micropsittini, kotta ginia mariyu solaman deevulaku parimitam cheyabadina oka chinna jaatini yerparustaayi. suupar family strigopoidialo nyoojilaandku chendina moodu jeevajaatula asaadhaarana chilukalu unnaayi. visaala thoka gala chilukalu, upakutumbam platisersine, australia, newzealand mariyu pasiphik deevulaku thoorpu vaipuna fiji varaku parimitam cheyabaddaayi. nijamaina chiluka suupar family, citacoidia, australia mariyu nyuu ginia nundi dakshina asea mariyu africa varaku aneka jaatulanu kaligi undhi. australia mariyu nyuu ginia kaakatuu jeevavaividhyaaniki kendramgaa unnaayi, ayithe konni jaatulu solaman dheevulu (mariyu okati gatamlo nyuu caledonialo sambhavinchindi), valasia mariyu philippeansku cherukuntaayi.
aneka chilukalu dakshina america mariyu nyoojilaandlooni challani, samasheetoshna praantaalalo nivasistaayi. moodu jaatulu-mandapati-bill chiluka, aakupaccha chiluka mariyu ippudu antarinchipothunna carolina chiluka-uttaraana dakshina united states varaku nivasinchaayi. aneka chilukalu, mukhyamgaa sanyasi chilukalu, samasheetoshna vaataavaranaalu unna praantaalaku parichayam cheyabaddaayi mariyu united states (newyork nagaramtho sahaa), united kingdom, belgium, speyin mariyu greesloni konni praantaalalo sthiramaina janabhanu sthaapinchaayi. eee pakshulu pravesapettina praantaalalo chaalaa vijayavantamavutaayi, udaaharanaku yuu. ess loe erra kireetam kaligina amazonla sthaanika janabha.ess. idhi vaari sthaanika mexicotho pootii padavacchu. alpine vaataavaranaalaloo nivasinche ekaika chiluka kiah, idhi newzealand yokka dakshina dveepamlooni dakshina alps parvata shreniki sthaanikamainadi.
konni chilukalu puurtigaa nischalamgaa ledhaa puurtigaa valasapothayi. chaalaa varaku rendu teevratala madhya ekkado vastaayi, praantiiya udyamaala gurinchi sarigga ardham chesukolekapoyaru, kondaru puurtigaa sanchaara jeevanasailini avalambinchaaru. kevalam moodu jaatulu matrame valasapothayi-narinja-boddu, neelam-rekkalu mariyu vegavantamaina chilukalu.
pravartana.
adavi chilukalanu adhyayanam cheyadamlo aneka savaallu kanipistaayi, endukante vaatini pattukovadam kashtam mariyu okasari pattukunna tarvaata, vaatini gurtinchadam kashtam. chaalaa adavi pakshula adhyayanalu banding ledhaa rekkala taggingpy aadhaarapadataayi, conny chilukalu atuvanti jodimpulanu namalutaayi. chilukalu kooda vistrutamgaa untaayi, tatphalitamgaa vaati pravartana gurinchi ghnaanamlo aneka antaraalu erpadataayi. konni chilukalu balamaina, pratyakshamgaa egurutaayi. chaalaa jaatulu tama samayanni ekkuva bhaagam chetla pandiri meeda kuurchuni ledhaa ekkadaaniki gaduputaayi. vaaru tarachugaa kommalu mariyu itara aadhaaraalanu pattukovadam ledhaa kattadam dwara ekkadaaniki tama notlanu upayogistaaru. neelapai chilukalu tarachugaa rolling nadakatho nadustaayi.
aaharam.
chilukala aahaaramlo vittanaalu, pandlu, thene, puppodi, moggalu mariyu konnisaarlu keellanoppulu mariyu itara janthu aaharam untaayi. chaalaa nijamaina chilukalu mariyu kaakatuulaku veetilo atyanta mukhyamainavi vittanaalu; pedda mariyu saktivantamaina billu kathinamaina vittanaalanu teravadaaniki mariyu tinadaaniki abhivruddhi chendindi. pesket chiluka minaha anni nijamaina chilukalu pottu nundi vittanaanni pondadaaniki oke paddhatini upayogistaayi; vittanaanni mendibles madhya unchutaaru mariyu diguva mendible mettani podini nokkutundi, aaa taruvaata vittanaanni notlo tipputaaru mariyu migilina mettani pottu tolaginchabadutundi. vaaru konnisaarlu pedda vittanaalanu pattukoovadaaniki tama paadaalanu upayoginchavacchu. chilukalu vittanaalanu chedaragottevi kakunda granaivorlu, mariyu chaalaa sandarbhaallo avi pandlanu tinadam kanipinchinappudu, avi vittanaanni pondadaaniki matrame pandlanu tintaayi. vittanaalu tarachugaa vaatini rakshinche vishalanu kaligi untaayi kabatti, chilukalu teesukune mundu vittana kotlu mariyu itara rasaayanikamgaa rakshinchabadina pandla bhaagaalanu jagrattagaa tolagistaayi. america, africa mariyu papuva nyuu giniyaaloni aneka jaatulu bankamattini tintaayi, ivi khanijalanu vidudala chestaayi mariyu pegula nundi vishapuurita sammelanaalanu grahistaayi.
 bhougolika paridhi mariyu shareera parimaanam pradhanamgaa jaatiparamainavi kakunda neotropical chilukala aahara kuurpunu vivaristaayi.
loreelu, lorikeetlu, velaadutunna chilukalu mariyu vegavantamaina chilukalu pradhanamgaa thene mariyu puppodi viniyogadaarulu, mariyu vaatini sekarinchadaaniki brush chitkaalato naalukalu, alaage konni pratyaekamaina pregu anusaranalu kaligi untaayi. aneka itara jaatulu kooda thene andubaatuloki vachinappudu daanini tintaayi.
konni chiluka jaatulu jantuvulanu, mukhyamgaa akasheruka larvalanu vetaadataayi. bangaaru rekkalu gala chilukalu neeti nattalanu vetaadataayi, newzealand kii, asadhaaranamgaa, vayojana gorrelanu vetaadagaladu, mariyu antipods chiluka, maroka newzealand chiluka, goodu katte buudida-venuka tuphaanu petrels yokka boriyaalloki pravesinchi podige peddalanu champutundi. konni kaakatuulu mariyu newzealand kakalu kommalu mariyu kalapanu travvinchi grablanu tintaayi; pasupu thoka gala nalla kaakatuu aahaaramlo ekkuva bhaagam keetakaalato tayaaravutundi.
antarinchipoyina konni chilukalu mamsahara aaharaanni kaligi undevi. sudasturidlu bahusha kokila ledhaa puff burd lanty krimisamhaaraka jantuvulu, ayithe messelasturidlu raptor lanty maamsaahaarulu.
santanotpatti.
konni minahaayimpulato, chilukalu ekaswamya pempakandaarulu, ivi kuharaalalo goodu kattutaayi mariyu vaati goodu katte pradaesaalu tappa vaerae bhuubhaagaalanu kaligi undavu. chilukalu mariyu kaakatuula janta bandhaalu balamgaa untaayi mariyu avi pedda mandalatho cherinappatiki, santanotpatti kaani kaalamlo oka jatha daggaragaa untundi. aneka pakshula maadirigaane, janta bandham erpadataaniki mundu prema vyavaharam pradarsinchabadutundi; kaakatuula vishayamlo ivi chaalaa sulabham. citacidae chilukala saadhaarana santanotpatti pradarsanalalo, saadhaaranamgaa magavaaru chepatte, "kavaatu" ledhaa "gambheeramaina nadaka" anie piluvabade nemmadigaa, uddesapurvaka dasalu mariyu "ii-blaze" untaayi, ikkada kanti yokka vidyaarthi kanureppa anchunu bahirgatam cheyadaaniki kudinchabadutundi. bandhaanni konasaginchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki janta allopreningnu upayogistundi. sahakaara pempakam, ikkada santanotpatti jatha kakunda itara pakshulu pillalanu penchadaaniki sahaayapadataayi mariyu konni pakshi kutumbaalalo saadhaaranam, chilukalalo chaalaa arudu, mariyu ell oro chiluka mariyu bangaaru chilukalo matrame spashtamgaa pradarsinchabadindi (idhi bahubhaaryaatva ledhaa samuuha santanotpatti, aneka aadavaallatoe kalayikanu kooda pradarsinchavacchu).
kevalam sanyasi chilukalu mariyu aidu jaatula lovebirdlu matrame chetlalo goollanu nirmistaayi, mariyu moodu australia mariyu newzealand naela chilukalu neelapai goodu kattutaayi. anni itara chilukalu mariyu kakatolu kuharaalalo goodu kattutaayi, chetla bolu ledhaa kuharalu sikharaalu, oddulu ledhaa neelaloo tavvabadataayi. americalo sikharaalalo randhraala vadakam sarvasaadhaaranam. aneka jaatulu chedapu goollanu upayogistaayi, bahusha goodu katte pradaesam yokka spashtatanu tagginchadaaniki ledhaa anukuulamaina suukshma vaataavaranaanni srushtinchadaaniki. chaalaa sandarbhaalalo, tallidandrulu iddaroo goodu tavvakamlo palgontaru. burra podavu jaatulanu batti maarutuu untundi, conny saadhaaranamgaa podavu madhya untundi. kaakatuula goollu tarachugaa karralu, kalapa chips mariyu itara mokkala padaarthaalatho kappabadi untaayi. pedda jaatula chilukalu mariyu kaakatoolalo, goodu katte bolu labhyata parimitam kaavacchu, idhi jaatula lopala mariyu jaatula madhya, alaage itara pakshi kutumbaalato teevramaina pooteeki daariteestundi. eee pootii teevrata konni sandarbhaallo santanotpatti vijayanni parimitam chestundi. vrukshashaastragnulu krutrimamgaa srushtinchina bolu eee praantaalalo santanotpatti retlanu penchadamlo vijayavantamayyaayi. konni jaatulu valasarajyalu, 70,000 varaku balamaina kaalaneelalo goodu katte chilukalu unnaayi. chilukalalo valasarajyam oohinchinanta saadhaaranam kaadu, bahusha chaalaa jaatulu tama sonta tavvakam kante paatha kuharaalanu dattata teesukuntaayi.
chiluka gudlu tellagaa untaayi. chaalaa jaatulalo, aadadi anni podige prakriyanu chepadutundi, ayithe podige prakriya kakatolu, neelam lorikeet mariyu vasantakaalapu velaadutunna chilukalalo panchukoobadutundi. aadadi daadaapu podige kaalam mottam goodulo untundi mariyu maga mariyu chinna viraamaala samayamlo rendinti dwara tinipinchabadutundi. podige kaalam 17 nundi 35 rojula varaku untundi, pedda jaatulu podige kaalam ekkuva untundi. kottagaa janminchina pillalu eekalu laenivi ledhaa takkuva tellati krinda unnavi. jaatulanu batti pillalu moodu vaaraala nundi naalugu nelala varaku goodulo gaduputaaru, aaa taruvaata chaalaa nelala paatu tallidandrula samrakshana pondavacchu.
keey-empika chesina jaatulaku vilakshanamainadigaa, makaavlu mariyu itara pedda chiluka jaatulu takkuva punarutpatti retlanu kaligi untaayi. avi paripakvataku cherukovadaniki chaalaa samvatsaraalu padutundi, samvatsaraaniki okati ledhaa chaalaa takkuva pillalanu utpatti chestaayi mariyu prati samvatsaram santanotpatti cheyavalasina avasaram ledhu.
telivitaetalu mariyu abhyasam.
konni buudida rangu chilukalu padaalanu vaati ardhaalatho anusandhaaninche saamarthyaanni choopinchaayi mariyu saralamaina vaakyalanu roopondinchaayi. kaakulu, kaakulu mariyu jays (corvidae kutumbam) thoo paatu chilukalu atyanta telivaina pakshuluga pariganinchabadataayi. citassins mariyu carvins yokka medadu-shareera parimaana nishpatti adhika praimaetlatoe polchavachhu. ksheeradaala vanti mastishka valkalam upayoginchadaaniki badulugaa, pakshulu ghnaanam kosam mediorostral hetch. vii. sii. nii upayogistaayi. chilukalu tama bhasha-viniyoga saamarthyaanni saastriiyamgaa pareekshinchadam dwara telivitaetalanu pradarsinchadame kakunda, kiah vanti chilukala konni jaatulu kooda saadhanaalanu upayoginchadamlo mariyu pajilsnu parishkarinchadamlo atyanta naipunhyam kaligi unnaayi.
prarambha jeevitamlo neerchukoevadam anni chilukalaku chaalaa mukhyam, mariyu aaa neerchukoevadamloo ekkuva bhaagam saamaajika abhyasam. saamaajika paraspara charyalu tarachugaa thobuttuvulatho aacharinchabadataayi, mariyu aneka jaatulalo, aneka santaanaalatoe krechlu erpadataayi. metha pravartana saadhaaranamgaa tallidandrula nundi neerchukoobadutundi, idhi chaalaa sudeerghamaina vyavaharam kaavacchu. vividha vanarulu kalanugunamga andubaatulo unnanduna deerghakaalamlo naipunhyaalanu neerchukoevalasi vachhe paakshikamgaa pratyaekamaina jaatula kante saamaanyavaadulu mariyu nipunulu saadhaaranamgaa vaari tallidandrula nundi chaalaa vaegamgaa swatantramgaa untaaru. chilukalalo neerchukoevadamloo aata pedda bhaagam; aata ontarigaa ledhaa samajikamga undavacchu. mamsaahaarula egavetanu abhyasinchadaaniki jaatulu aata poraataalu ledhaa adavi vimanalalo paalgonavacchu. uddeepanalu lekapovadam valla chinna pakshula abhivruddhini alasyam cheyavachu, 3 nelala vayassu nundi pempudu kollatho chinna bonulalo unchina vasa chilukala samuuham pradarsinchindi; 9 nelala vayassulo, eee pakshulu ippatikee 3 nelala pillala maadirigaane pravartinchaayi, conny konni kolla pravartananu avalambinchaayi. idhe paddhatiloo, jantupradarsanasaala sekaranalu ledhaa pempudu jantuvulalo bandee pakshulu, uddeepanalanu kolpoyinatlayite, sweeya-kosukovadam vanti muusapooyina mariyu haanikaramaina pravartanalanu abhivruddhi cheyavachu. chilukalatho panichese pakshivruksha nipunulu chilukalanu uttejaparachadaaniki paryaavarana susampannata avasaranni gurtinchaaru.
dhwani anukarana mariyu prasangam.
aneka chilukalu maanava prasangam ledhaa itara sabdaalanu anukarinchagalavu. shaastravetta irene pepperberg chesina oka adhyayanam alex anae buudida rangu chilukalo adhika abhyasa saamarthyaanni suuchimchimdi. vastuvulanu gurtinchadaaniki, vaatini vivarinchadaaniki, vaatini lekkinchadaaniki mariyu "enni erra chaturasraalu?" vanti sanklishta prasnalaku samadhanam ivvadaaniki kooda aleksku padaalanu upayoginchadaaniki sikshana icchaaru."80 saataaniki paiga khachitatvamto. maroe buudida rangu chiluka ayina enn 'kisi, veyyi padaala padajaalaanni kaligi unnatlu choopabadindi, mariyu saraina kalalalo sandarbhanusaramga padaalanu kanipetti upayoginchagala saamarthyaanni pradarsinchindi.
chilukalaku swara tantulu undavu, kabatti syrincs anie piluvabade avayavamloni swaasanaalam yokka noti gundaa gaalini bayataku pampadam dwara dhwani saadhinchabadutundi. swaasanaalam yokka lothu mariyu aakaraanni marchadam dwara vividha sabdaalu utpatti avtayi. buudida rangu chilukalu sabdaalu mariyu maanava prasamgaanni anukarinche unnata saamardhyaaniki prasiddhi chendaayi, idhi puraatana kaalam nundi vaatini prajaadarana pondina pempudu jantuvulugaa chesindi.
chaalaa chiluka jaatulu anukarinchagaliginappatiki, konni amazon chilukalu saadhaaranamgaa chiluka prapanchamlo tadupari uttama anukaranakartalu mariyu matladeviga pariganinchabadataayi. pakshulu enduku anukaristaayi anae prasna terichi untundi, conny tarachugaa samasya parishkara saamarthyaanni kolavadaniki roopondinchina pareekshalalo chaalaa ekkuva score chesevi. adavi buudida rangu chilukalu itara pakshulanu anukarinchadam gamaninchabadindi.
paata paadandi.
chilukalu vaati neerchukunna gaatraala kaaranamgaa pakshulalo asaadhaaranamainavi, eee lakshanam avi humming birds mariyu paatala pakshulatho matrame panchukuntaayi. chilukala syrincs (swara avayavam), idhi patanu utpatti cheyagala saamarthyaanni penchutundi, idhi swaasanaalaaniki diguvana untundi mariyu dhwani kampanaala utpattini anumatinche rendu sanklishta syrangial kandaraalanu kaligi untundi, mariyu dhwani tarachudanaanni niyantrinche oka jatha parshwa timpaniform poralu untaayi. pakshulalo syrincs yokka sthaanam gaali sanchula ottidi prakaram intercollevicular gaali sanchulloki gaali pravahanni anumatistundi, idhi pakshula paadatamlo adhika mariyu biggaraga swaraanni srushtistundi.
sahakaram.
2011 adhyayanam prakaram konni african buudida rangu chilukalu ontarigaa panicheyadaaniki ishtapadataayi, marikonni kalisi panicheyadaaniki ishtapadataayi. rendu chilukalatho, vaariki panula kramam ledhaa vaaru okesari kalisi edainaa eppudu cheyaalo telusu, conny vaariki paatrala marpidi cheyadamlo ibbandi untundi. moodu chilukalatho, oka chiluka saadhaaranamgaa itara rendintiloo okadaanitoe sahakarinchadaaniki ishtapadutundi, conny avanni eee panini parishkarinchadaaniki sahakaristunnaayi.
maanavulato sambandham.
pempudu jantuvulu.
chilukalu arustuu namaladam vanti sahaja adavi swabhaavam kaaranamgaa chaalaa mandiki manchi pempudu jantuvulanu tayaaru cheyakapovachhu. chilukalu aparipakvamainappudu chaalaa aapyayamgaa mariyu andamgaa unnappatikee, avi paripakvam chendinappudu tarachugaa dookudugaa maarataayi (paakshikamgaa tappu nirvahana mariyu paelavamaina sikshana kaaranamgaa) mariyu kaatu veyavachu, idhi teevramaina gaayaaniki kaaranamavutundi. eee kaaranamgaa, chiluka resque groupulu chaalaa chilukalu tama shaashwata gamyasthaanaalaku cherukune mundu ledhaa anukokunda ledhaa uddesapurvaka nirlakshyam mariyu durviniyogam kaaranamgaa akalamga chanipoye mundu kaneesam aidu illa dwara longipoyi punaravasam pondutaayani anchanaa vaestunnaayi. chilukalu maanava padaalanu anukarinche saamarthyam mariyu vaati prakaasavantamaina rangulu mariyu andam sandehinchani viniyogadaarula nundi konugolu cheyadaanni prerepistaayi. pempudu jantuvula pakshi jaatulalo pempudu jantuvula buggeriger anae chinna chiluka atyanta prachuryam pondindi. 1992loe, "usa tude" vaartaapatrika okka united stateslone 11 million pempudu pakshulu unnayani prachurinchindi, vaatilo chaalaa varaku chilukalu. europeanlu gulabi-valaya chiluka (ledhaa ungara-meda chiluka anie pilustaaru) yokka vivaranaku saripoye pakshulanu unchaaru, mukhyamgaa modati sataabdapu vruttaamtamloo pliny dhi elder chae namodu cheyabadindi. vaari andam mariyu matlade saamardhyaaniki vaelaadi samvatsaraalugaa viluvainaviga unnanduna, vaaru kooda tarachugaa tappugaa ardham chesukobaddaru. udaaharanaku, rachayita wolfgang dii grall thana 1987 pustakam "dhi gray chiluka" loe kontamandi digumatidaarulu chilukalanu padavalo ravana chesetappudu coffey matrame tagela chesaarani, swachchamaina neeru hanikaramani mariyu vaati charyalu ravana samayamlo manugada retlanu penchutaayani nammutunnaarani chepparu. eee rojullo, kaafeelooni kephin pakshulaku vishapuuritam anie saadhaaranamgaa angeekaristunnaaru.
pempudu chilukalanu panjaramlo ledhaa pakshula samrakshanhashaalalo unchavacchu; ayithe saadhaaranamgaa, macchika chesina chilukalanu stand ledhaa vyaayaamasaalalo kramam tappakunda anumatinchaali. sthaanika chilukalu laeni chaalaa praantaalalo, pempudu chilukalu bandeegaa-pempakam cheyabadinappatiki, sthaanika praantaanni batti, chilukalu adavi-pattabadinavi ledhaa bandee-jaathi kaavacchu. saadhaaranamgaa pempudu jantuvulugaa unche chiluka jaatulalo sankuvulu, makaavlu, amazon chilukalu, kakatolu, budidarangu, lovebirds, cacatials, badjerigarlu, kaik, chilukalu mariyu "ecclectus", "pionus" mariyu "poisphalus" jaatulu unnaayi. kukka jaatula maadirigaane, oka jaatilo kooda swabhaavaalu mariyu vyaktitvaalu maarutuu untaayi. buudida rangu chilukalu adbhutamaina vaktalugaa bhaavinchabadataayi, conny anni buudida rangu chilukalu maatlaadataaniki ishtapadavu, ayinappatikee avi alaa cheyagala saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi. sabdam sthaayi, matlade saamarthyam, prajalatho snehapuurvakamgaa undatam mariyu samrakshana avasaralu konnisaarlu pakshini elaa chusukuntaru mariyu athanu/aame kramam tappakunda teesukune shraddhapai aadharapadi untaayi.
chilukalu abhivruddhi chendadaaniki apaaramaina shraddha, samrakshana mariyu medho prerana avasaram, idhi moodu samvatsaraala biddaku avasaramainatle, chaalaa mandhi prajalu deerghakaalamlo andinchaleru. pempudu jantuvula kosam pempakam cheyabadina chilukalu chethitho tinipinchabadavacchu ledhaa chinna vayassu nundi prajalatho sambhaashinchadaaniki alavaatu padavacchu, tadwara avi longipoyela mariyu nammadaginavigaa maaradaaniki sahaayapadataayi. ayithe, chethitho tinipinchinappudu kooda, chilukalu harmonela perugudala samayamlo mariyu tappugaa nirvahinchabadithe ledhaa nirlakshyam cheyabadithe, korikadam mariyu dookudugaa marutayi. chilukalu takkuva nirvahana pempudu jantuvulu kaavu; manchi aarogyaaniki vatiki aaharam, vastradhaarana, pasuvaidya samrakshana, sikshana, bommalu, vyayamam mariyu saamaajika paraspara charya (itara chilukalu ledhaa maanavulato) dwara paryaavarana susampannata avasaram.
pedda kaakatuulu, amazon mariyu makaavlatoe sahaa konni pedda chiluka jaatulu chaalaa sudeergha jeevitakaalam kaligi untaayi, 80 samvatsaraalu nivedinchabaddaayi, mariyu 100 kante ekkuva vayassu galavi. lovebirdlu, velaadutunna chilukalu mariyu baggiilu vanti chinna chilukalu 15-20 samvatsaraala varaku takkuva jeevitakaalam kaligi untaayi. konni chiluka jaatulu chaalaa biggaraga undavacchu, mariyu chaalaa pedda chilukalu vidhvamsakamgaa undavacchu mariyu namaladaniki chaalaa pedda panjaram mariyu kotta bommalu, kommalu ledhaa itara vastuvula kramam tappakunda sarafara avasaram. chilukala telivitaetalu antey vaaru twaragaa upaayaalu mariyu itara pravartanalanu neerchukuntaaru-manchi mariyu chedu rendoo-avi vaariki kaavalasinadi pondutaayi, shraddha ledhaa treats vantivi.
aneka pedda rakaala pempudu chilukala prajaadarana, deerghaayuvu mariyu telivitaetalu mariyu arustuu undatam vanti vaati adavi lakshanaalu, aneka pakshulanu vaati sudeergha jeevitakaalamlo tirigi nivasinchaalsina avasaram erpadindi. oka saadhaarana samasya emitante, balyamlaga muddagaa mariyu sunnitamgaa unde pedda chilukalu telivainavi, sanklishtamgaa parinati chendutaayi, tarachugaa tama yajamaanulanu adhigaminchagala peddavaarini korutayi mariyu dookudugaa ledhaa pramaadakaramgaa kooda maaravacchu. niraasrayulaina chilukala sankhya peragadam valla, avi kukkalu mariyu pillula maadirigaa anayasa cheyabadutunnayi, mariyu chiluka dattata kendraalu mariyu abhayaaranyaalu marinta saadhaaranam avtunnayi. chilukalu tarachugaa cheralo baga panicheyavu, konni chilukalu picchivaadigaa maaradaaniki mariyu oogadam mariyu arustuu undatam vanti punaraavruta pravartanalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki kaaranamavutaayi, ledhaa avi teevramaina bhayamtho chikkukupotayi. eekalu naasanam mariyu sweeya-kotha, saadhaaranamgaa adavilo kanipinchakapoyinappatiki, nirbandhamlo tarachugaa sambhavistaayi.
vyaparam.
pempudu jantuvulugaa chilukalaku prajaadarana peragadam valla pakshulalo abhivruddhi chendutunna-mariyu tarachugaa chattaviruddhamaina-vaanijyam jarigindi, mariyu konni jaatulu ippudu antarinchipoye pramaadam undhi. adavi pakshulanu bandhinchadam mariyu chiluka aavaasaalaku nashtam kalayika konni jaatula chilukalaku manugada kashtataram ledhaa asadhyam chestundi. 1992loe adavi pakshula janabha chattam aamodinchabadina taruvaata america, airopaloki adavi-pattu chilukalanu digumati chesukovadam chattaviruddham.
1996 naati toney silva kesulo samasya yokka sthaayini chudavachu, dheenilo oka chiluka nipunudu mariyu teneriff yokka loro park (airopa yokka atipedda chiluka park) maajee director united stateslo 82 nelala paatu jailulo unnaaru mariyu hayasinth makaavlanu akramamga ravana chesinanduku $100,000 jarimana vidhinchaaru (ituvanti pakshulaku chaalaa ekkuva dhara untundi.)
vividha deshaalu antargata mariyu antarjaateeya vaanijyaanni nirvahinchadaaniki vividha paddhatulanu kaligi unnaayi. australia 1960 nundi thana sthaanika pakshula egumatini nishedhinchindi. juulai 2007loe, engiola pracharam mariyu avian flue vyaapti taruvaata, european union (iyu) anni adavi pakshula digumatulanu vaati digumatulapai shaashwata nishedhamtho nilipivesindi. 2005 aktobaru chivaralo taatkaalika nishedham praarambhamayye mundu, european union samvatsaraaniki sumaru rendu millionla sajeeva pakshulanu digumati chesukuntondi, idhi antarjaateeya marketlo 90 saatamha veetilo lakshalaadi chilukalu. yuu. ess loe adavi chiluka janabhanu yea jaateeya chattalu rakshinchavu.ess.
sthaanika pakshulanu pattukoodaaniki mariyu vikrayinchadaaniki mexicolo licensing vyavastha undhi. 2007 nivedika prakaram, etaa 65,000 nundi 78,500 chilukalu pattubadutunnaayi, conny konugoludaaruni cherukovadaniki mundu maranaala raetu 75 saataaniki paiga undhi, antey 50,000 nundi 60,000 varaku chanipotayi.
samskruti.
chilukalu vaelaadi samvatsaraalugaa maanava rachanalu, katha, kala, haasyam, matam mariyu sangeetamlo kanipistaayi, udaaharanaku eesopu yokka katha "chiluka mariyu pilli", "chiluka maatlaadagaladu, inca pakshi tappa marokati kaadu" anie puraatana chaina yokka "acharala pustakamlo", 1250loe pertia yokka roomy raasina "masnavi" "vyapari mariyu chiluka". maanava samskrutilo chilukala gurinchi iteevali pustakaalalo "chiluka samskruti" unnaayi.
puraatana kaalamlo mariyu prastuta kaalamlo, chiluka eekalu vedukalalo mariyu alankarana kosam upayoginchabaddaayi. vatiki pempudu jantuvulugaa sudeergha charitra undhi, vaela samvatsaraala kritam vistarinchi unnaayi, mariyu tarachugaa royalty ledhaa sampadaku chihnamgaa unchabaddaayi. 
chilukalanu deshaalu mariyu jaateeyataku chihnaluga upayogistaaru. dominica gendapai oka chiluka mariyu vaati kotu off arms meeda rendu chilukalu kanipistaayi. seyint. vincent chiluka seyint jaateeya pakshi. vincent mariyu grenadines, oka carabian desham.
chilukala gurinchi cheppabadina suuktulu aadhunika aangla bhashaku rangu vestaayi. nighantuvuloni chiluka anae kriyaku "rattu dwara punaraavrutam cheyadam" anie ardham. chilukaga anaarogyamtho" anae british vyakteekarana vanti clitchylu kooda ivvabaddaayi; idhi anaaroogyam kante teevramaina niraasanu suuchistunnappatikii, idhi sitacosis vyaadhi nundi udbhavinchi undavacchu, idhi manavulaku vyaapinchavacchu. sambandhita vyakteekarana yokka modati sanghatana afra benn yokka 1681 natakam "dhi falls count" loe undhi. jimmy buffay abhimanulanu chilukalu anie pilustaaru. chilukalu aneka madhyamalalo kanipistaayi. patrikalu chilukalanu pempudu jantuvulugaa mariyu chilukala samrakshanaku ankitam cheyabaddaayi. kaalpanika madhyamalalo monty paithan yokka "ded chiluka sketch", "home onlee 3" mariyu "reo" unnaayi; mariyu documentarylalo "telegraph hill yokka adavi chilukalu" unnaayi.
puraanaalu.
puraatana chainees shang raajavamsam (c. kristupurvam 1600-kristupurvam 1045), chilukala aakaaramlo roopondinchina jaade kalakhandalu kanugonabaddayi mariyu itara jaade vastuvulu mariyu pasuvulatoe paatu kalapapai kaalchiveyabaddaayi, bahusha 'liao' tyaagam () anie piluvabade karma baligaa, swargam, devatalu mariyu puurveekulaku poga samarpanalanu utpatti chestundi. eee aacharam munupati pooja paddhatula nundi vaarasatvamgaa vachindani, jou raajavamsam varaku konasagindani nammutaaru. yinxuloni phuu haavo samadhi nundi swaadheenam chesukunna itara kalakhandalatho paatu, oka jade chiluka eee abhyaasaaniki gananeeyamaina aadhaaraalanu andistundi.
markesas dheevulalo prastutamunna polynesian puraanamloo, heero laca/akaa thana kumarudu mariyu kumarteku bahumatulugaa erupu chiluka yokka atyanta viluvaina eekalu pondadaaniki, ippudu vanta dveepaalalo unna ayotonaku sudeerghamaina mariyu pramaadakaramaina samudrayananni chepattadani perkonabadindi. samudrayaanamlo, athani 140 mandhi padavalo prayaninchevarilo 100 mandhi daarilo aakalitho maraninchaaru, conny praanaalatoe bayatapadina vaaru ayotonaku cherukuni, 140 sanchulanu vaari eekalu nimpadaaniki taginanta chilukalanu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. 
chilukalanu kooda pavitramainavigaa bhaavistaaru. puraatana peruku chendina moche prajalu pakshulanu poojinchevaaru mariyu tarachugaa vaari kalalo chilukalanu chitreekarinchevaaru. chilukalu bouddha grandhaalalo prachuryam pondaayi mariyu vaati gurinchi aneka rachanalu unnaayi. udaaharanaku, prajalanu maarchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki amitaba okasari tananu taanu chilukaga marchukunnadu. oka adavilo mantalu chelaregina taruvaata, chiluka entha aandolana chendindo, mantalanu aarpenduku neetini elaa teesukuvellindo maroka paatha katha chebutundi. chiluka charyanu chuusi swarga palakudu enthagaa kadilipoyadante, athanu mantanu aarpenduku varsham pampaadu. chainees bouddha vigraharadhanalo, chiluka konnisaarlu eguva kudi vaipuna gwan yinn daani mukkulo mutyaanni ledhaa praarthana puusalanu pattukuni tirugutuu chithreekarinchabadindi.
krooramaina janabha.
tappinchukunna aneka jaatula chilukalu vaati sahaja shrenula velupala adavilo mariyu konni sandarbhaallo chilukala sahaja paridhi velupala sthaapinchabaddaayi. mottamodati udaaharanalalo fiji nundi vacchina pempudu jantuvula erupu rangu merise chilukalu unnaayi, ivi dakshina tonga dveepaalalo janabhanu sthaapinchaayi. eee parichayalu charitrapoorvamainavi mariyu errati merise chilukalanu 1770laloe kepten vantavaadu tongalo namodu chesaadu. tappinchukunna vaaru modata 1950laloe california, texas mariyu floridaloni nagarallo santanotpatti praarambhinchaaru (texas mariyu floridalo 1920la naati niroopinchabadani munupati vaadanalatoe). airopa mariyu uttara americaloni paristhitulaku anugunamgaa maaradamlo avi aascharyakaramgaa drudhamgaa niroopinchabaddaayi. avi konnisaarlu oka visugu ledhaa tegulugaa maare sthaayiki kooda perugutaayi, mariyu sthaanika paryaavarana vyavasthalaku muppuga maarataayi, mariyu konni adavi janabhapai niyantrana charyalu upayoginchabaddaayi.
vimaanaasrayaalu ledhaa nirbandha soukaryaala nundi kottagaa digumati chesukunna, adavi-pattubadina chilukalu saamuhikamgaa tappinchukunna tarvaata adavi chiluka mandalu yerpadavachhu. tappinchukunna pedda samuuhaalu manda rakshananu kaligi untaayi mariyu adavilo manugada saaginche mariyu santanotpatti chese naipunhyaalanu kaligi untaayi. konni adavi chilukalu tappinchukunna jantupradarsanasaala pakshula nundi udbhavinchi undavacchu. tappinchukunna ledhaa vidudala chesina pempudu jantuvulu arudugaa adavi janabhanu sthaapinchadaaniki dohadam chestaayi, endukante avi saadhaaranamgaa koddi mandhi tappinchukunnavaariki matrame daariteestaayi, mariyu chaalaa bandeegaa janminchina pakshulaku aaharaanni kanugonadaaniki ledhaa maamsaahaarulanu nivaarinchadaaniki avasaramaina manugada naipunyaalu undavu mariyu tarachugaa maanava samrakshakulu lekunda ekkuva kaalam jeevinchavu. ayithe, ippatike adavi chiluka janabha unna praantaalalo, tappinchukunna pempudu jantuvulu konnisaarlu eee mandalatho vijayavantamgaa cheravacchu. adavi chilukalu sthaanikam kaani vaataavaranaalaku vidudala cheyabadina atyanta saadhaarana samvatsaraalu 1890la nundi 1940la varaku, adavi-pattu chiluka yugamlo. 1930loe "chiluka jwaram" bhayandolanalo, oka nagara aarogya commissioner chilukanu kaligi unna prati okkaroo vaatini kinda padeyamani koraru, conny kontamandi yajamaanulu tama chilukalanu veedhullo vadilesaaru.
bedirimpulu mariyu parirakshana.
chilukala pradhana bedirimpulu aavasa nashtam mariyu ksheenata, vaeta, mariyu konni jaatulaku, adavi pakshula vyaparam. chilukalu himsimchabadutunnaayi, endukante konni praantaallo, vaatini aaharam mariyu eekalu kosam mariyu vyavasaya tegullagaa vetaadutaaru (ledhaa vetaadabadataayi). kontakaalam paatu, argentine aaa kaaranamgaa sanyasi chilukalapai bahumatini ichindi, phalitamgaa lakshalaadi pakshulu champabaddaayi, ayithe idhi mottam janabhanu peddagaa prabhaavitam cheyaledu.
chilukalu, kuharapu goollu kaavadamtho, goodu pradaesaala nashtaniki mariyu aaa pradaesaala kosam pravesapettina jaatulato pootii padataniki avakaasam undhi. konni praantaallo, mukhyamgaa australialo, paatha chetla nashtam oka pratyeka samasya, ikkada tagina goodu chetlu sataabdaala nativi ayi undaali. aneka chilukalu dveepaalalo matrame kanipistaayi mariyu elukalu mariyu adavi pilli vanti pravesapettina jaatulaku gurayye avakaasam undhi, endukante avi maamsaahaarulato vyavaharinchadaaniki avasaramaina antipredator pravartanalanu kaligi undavu. parimita aavasalalo takkuva janabha kaligina puerto rican amazon vanti dveepa jaatulu kooda tuphaanulu vanti sahaja sanghatanalaku gurayye avakaasam undhi. atavee nirmuulana kaaranamgaa, puerto rican amazon parirakshana prayatnaalu unnappatikee prapanchamlooni arudaina pakshulalo okati.
atipedda chiluka samrakshana samoohaalalo okati prapancha chiluka trust, idhi oka antarjaateeya samstha. eee brundam viluvaina prajectulaku sahayam chestundi, alaage oka patrikanu ("citassin") utpatti chestundi mariyu viraalaalu mariyu sabhyatvaala dwara nidhulanu sekaristundi, tarachugaa pempudu chiluka yajamaanula nundi. chinna sthaayilo, sthaanika chiluka clubbulu parirakshana kosam viraalam ivvadaaniki dabbunu sekaristaayi. jantupradarsanasaala mariyu vanyapraanula kendraalu saadhaaranamgaa adavi janaabhaaku nashtam kaliginche alavaatlanu maarchadaaniki praja vidyanu andistaayi. konni pramukha aakarshanheeyamaina chiluka jaatula aavasalanu parirakshinchadaaniki parirakshana charyalu paryaavarana vyavasthalo nivasinche aneka takkuva aakarshanheeyamaina jaatulanu kooda rakshinchaayi. aneka jantupradarsanasaalalu upayoginche oka prasiddha aakarshana loreelu mariyu lorikeetlaku aahara kendram, ikkada sandarsakulu vaariki kappula drava aaharaanni andistaaru. idhi saadhaaranamgaa vidya sankethaalu mariyu upanyaasaala sahakaaramtho jarugutundi. pakshula pariseelana aadhaarita paryaavarana paryatakam aardhika vyavasthalaku prayojanakaramgaa untundi.
chiluka samrakshanaku pratyaekamgaa uddesinchina aneka prajectulu vijayavantamayyaayi. haani kaliginche kakaponu badilee cheyadam, aaa taruvaata teevramaina nirvahana mariyu anubandha aaharam, 2010loe janabhanu 50 mandhi vyaktula nundi 123 mandiki penchindi. nyuu caledonialo, ovevaa chiluka pempudu jantuvula vyaparam mariyu aavasala nashtam kaaranamgaa chikkukupovadam dwara bedirinchabadindi. vaeta muppunu tolaginchina samaja aadhaarita parirakshana, 1993loe sumaru 600 pakshula nundi 2009loe 2000kuu paiga pakshulaku peragadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
2009 natiki, 1500 nundi 19 jaatula chiluka antarinchipoyinatlu iucn gurtinchindi (aadhunika viluptaalanu suuchimchadaaniki upayoginche thedhee). indulo kotta caledonian lorikeet vanti jaatulu laevu, ivi 100 samvatsaraalugaa adhikarikamga kanipinchaledu, ayinappatikee ippatikee teevramgaa antarinchipotunnavigaa jabita cheyabaddaayi.
antarinchipothunna, adavi-pattubadina jantuvulu mariyu mokkala jaatula antarjaateeya vaanijyaanni niyantrinchadaaniki 1975loe amalloki vacchina antarinchipothunna jaatula (coats) antarjaateeya vaanijyampai samavesaniki chendina deshaalalo pratyeka licenses pondina paristhitulalo matrame anni adavi-pattu chilukala vaanijyam, egumati mariyu digumati niyantrinchabadutundi. 1975loe, 24 chiluka jaatulanu anubandham 1loe chaerchaaru, tadwara eee pakshulalo vaanijya antarjaateeya vaanijyaanni nishedhinchaaru. aaa prarambha jabita nundi, antarjaateeya vaanijyam nundi konasagutunna bedirimpulu anubandham antey anubandham kosam adanamgaa 32 chiluka rakalanu jodinchadaaniki daariteesaayi. gulabi-mukha lovebird, badgerigarh, cacatial mariyu gulabi-ring chiluka (anubandhaalalo cherchabadanivi) minaha anni itara chiluka jaatulu anubandham II loe rakshinchabadataayi. adanamgaa, konni jaatula vaanijyaanni niyantrinchadaaniki vyaktigata deshaalalo chattalu undavacchu; udaaharanaku, european union chilukala vaanijyaanni nishedhinchindi, ayithe mexicolo chilukalanu pattukoovadaaniki licensing vyavastha undhi.
prapancha chiluka dinotsavam.
prati samvatsaram mae 31naa prapancha chiluka dinotsavaanni jarupukuntaaru.