
dakshinaafrikaa aardhika charitra

17va sataabdamloo european setilarlu raakamundu dakshinaafrikaagaa maraboye aardhika vyavasthalo jeevanaadhaara vyavasayam mariyu vaeta aadhipatyam kaligi undedi.
desamloni uttara, madhya, thoorpuna bantu prajala tegalu girijana adhipatula aadhvaryamlo matha praatipadikana bhoomini akraminchayi. idhi adhikamaina matasambandhamaina aardhika vyavastha, mariyu sampadanu pasuvula sankhyalo kolustaaru. janabha perugudala bhuu ottidini srushtinchindi, idhi madhya thoorpu aafrikaaloni muulaala nundi tegalu sthiramgaa kadulutuu undataanni chusindi.
desamloni dakshina mariyu paschima praantaalalo, shaan (bushmen) prajalu vaeta aadhaaramgaa sanchaara jeevitaalanu gadiparu mariyu khoikhoy (hattents) prajalu matasambandhamaina unikini konasaaginchaaru.
20va sataabdam modati ardhabhaagamlo, vyavasayam mariyu ganula tavvakam dakshina africa aardhika vyavasthalo atipedda bhagaluga undevi.
prarambha charitra.
dakshinaafrikaalo kundalu mariyu vyavasayam (gorrelu) yokka modati aadharalu 350-150 BCE kaalamlo kanugonavacchu, ayithe lohaalu 52-252 CE kaalaaniki chendinavi. pasuvula pempakam mottamodata cree. sha. 5va sataabdamloo jarigindi mariyu inupa yugam aadhunika kwa-julu natal cree. sha. 700kii cherukundi.
mapungubwe rajyam (c.11th-cree. sha. 13va sataabdam) anedi dakshinaafrikaalooni shashe mariyu limpopo nadula sangamam vadda unna madhyayuga rashtram. idhi dakshinaafrikaa yokka bangaaram mariyu dantaala vyaparam mariyu aabharanaalu mariyu kalala utpattini praarambhinchindi. mapungubwe konda pradaesamloe oka raaja samaadhilo mapungubwe bangaaru khadgamrugam kanugonabadindi, mariyu dakshinaafrikaa kalanu jarupukune pradarsanalo bhaagamgaa british museumlo pradarsinchabadindi. mapungubwe ippudu dakshinaafrikaalo raathi raathi nirmaanam yokka modati abhivruddhini kooda chusindi. gaaju puusalu mariyu chainees seramics digumati cheyabaddaayi.
european settlement.
1652loe deshaaniki nairuti disalo unna cape pattanamlo shaashwata european sthaavaram sthaapinchabadindi. idhi modata oka kaalaneega kakunda refreshment stationga pranaalika cheyabadindi. poeshakaahaara lopam, mukhyamgaa scurvy, taja pandlu mariyu kuuragaayalu lekapovadam valla utpannamayye vitamin sii lopam, netherlands mariyu dutch eest indies, aadhunika indonesia madhya vaanijyam chestunna dutch eest india company noukalaku samasyaga undedi.
samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki, company table parvatam diguvana oka thotanu erpaatu chesindi mariyu prayaanistunna noukalaku sarafara cheyadaaniki khoikhoy nundi pasuvulanu marpidi chesindi.
ayithe, cape vadda shaashwata european sthaavaram anivaryamgaa abhivruddhi chendadam taruvaati rendunnara sataabdaalaloo teevra maarpunu prerepinchindi. europeanlu mariyu shaan madhya poraatam abhivruddhi chendindi, veerini kalahari edaari praantamloki nettaru. khoikhoy (kwena) vamsaalu mariyu thegalatho sudeerghamaina kotlatalu mariyu yuddhalu phalitamgaa chaalaa mandhi banisaluga maararu mariyu oka samanvaya khoikhoy mataparamaina gurtimpunu naasanam chesaaru, idhi adrusyamaindi.
cape pattanamlooni asalu sthaavaram nundi sthiranivaasulu thoorpu vaipu valasa velladamtho bhuu aakali bantu madhya yuddhaalaku daariteesindi.
yuddhaala madhya, sthiranivaasulu mariyu sthaanika prajala madhya vaanijyam abhivruddhi chendindi. utpattulu mariyu stackla ammakalu nallajati, bhuswamula raitula abhivruddhini chushai. .
valasa naipunyaalu.
intalo europeanlu malaya nundi baanisalanu chetivruttulavaarigaa digumati chesukunnaru. vaari naipunyaalu dustulu nedu cape loe oka pradhana parisramagaa maaradaaniki dohadapaddayi. airopa nundi itara valasa taramgaalu kooda vachayi. france nundi himsimchabadina huginote luu wine utpattiki tama chetulanu marchukunnaru mariyu germanlu mariyu british vaaru noothana paarisraamika sthaavaraanni penchaaru mariyu aadhunika vyavasaya paddhatulanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. prajaadarana pondina nammakaniki viruddhamgaa, baanisalu cape polaallo ekkuvagaa panicheyaledu, endukante idhi khoi chetha oppandaparamgaa cheyabadindi, conny ekkuvagaa dutch sthiranivaasulu chesaaru. european setilarlu sthaapinchina pedda ettuna wine thotalalo pani kosam baanisalanu kooda dakshinaafrikaa praantaaniki digumati chesukunnaru. mottammeeda eee pratishtaatmaka prayatnaalu tellajati janabha jeevana pramaanaalanu gananeeyamgaa penchaayi.
british kaalanee ayina natal provins chakkera utpattiki anukuulamgaa unnatlu kanugonabadindi, ayithe sthaanika julu tegalu pani cheyadaaniki naipunhyam mariyu saamarthyam lenanduna cheraku kattarluga aakarshinchabadaledu. oppanda kaarmikulanu bharatadesam nundi teesukuvacchaaru. eee kaarmikula vaarasulu nedu vaanijyam mariyu parisramalalo churukaina paatra pooshistunnaaru.
baanisatvaaniki adanamgaa, balavantamgaa kaarmika sarafaraalo maroka roopam undih julu mariyu itara rajyalu yuvakulanu yodhulugaa mariyu pasterluga balavantamgaa shrama kosam upayoginchaayi.
european valasadaarulu vidipoyaru khandantara europeanlu dutch-udbhavinchina bhasha ayina africans maatlaadataaniki vileenam ayyaru, mariyu british deevula nundi sthirapadina vaaru aanglam matladatam konasaaginchaaru, idhi vaanijya bhashaga maarindi. raitulu pradhanamgaa africans matladevaru kaga, aanglam matlade dakshinaafrikanlu vaanijyam mariyu parisramala vaipu aakarshinchabaddaaru kabatti eee vairudhyam aardhika vyavasthalo kooda kanipinchindi.
boer republics.
aafrikanlu rendu swatantra lothattu ganatantraalanu erpaatu chesaaru, avi juid africans republic (jaar) mariyu oranje vristat (narinja rahita rashtram). teeramlo british vaaru cape kaalanee mariyu naatalnu aakramincharu.
1866loe cape provincelo vajraala aavishkarana iravai samvatsaraala taruvaata jaar looni whitwatersrand loe bangaaram aavishkarana aardhika vyavasthanu marchivesi, gananeeyamaina videshee aasaktini aakarshinchindi. taruvaati vajraalu mariyu bangaaru rushlu cornish mainarlu mariyu thoorpu european yoodulatho sahaa aneka rakaala jaateeyatala olasalanu chushai.
1899loe, british vaaru marosari boer republiclatho yuddhaaniki digaaru. aneka prarambha edurudebbalanu adhigaminchina taruvaata, british vaaru 1900 natiki chorava teesukogaligaaru; freestate mariyu jaarnu aakraminchi, tvaralo jayincharu, taruvaata 1910loe dakshinaafrikaa unionloni naalugu provinceulalo rendintigaa vaatini ekam chesaaru.
conny bahusha atipedda prabhavam maining kaaryakalaapaalaku aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki antarjaateeya muuladhanam yokka pravaham, indulo dii beers mariyu aanglo-americanlanu erpaatu chesina sessil zaan roads raaka kooda undhi. african valasarajyala yugamlo, pedda mottamlo bangaaram mariyu vajraala ganula kaaranamgaa, dakshinaafrikaa mottam african khandaniki videshee pettubadulalo ekkuva bhaagam (55,8%) aakarshinchindi.
valasa kaarmikulu.
sthaanika prajalaku ganula tavvakam aardhika vyavastha gurinchi teliyadu, idhi ganulapai kaarmikula korataku daariteesindi. ganulaku kaarmikulanu balavantam chese charyaga, dii beers companyni erpaatu cheyadam nundi raajakeeyaalloki maarina roads, 1894loe glen gray chattanni aamodinchaaru. eee chattam pannu chellimpunu nirvartinchadaaniki dabbu chellinche panini kanugonadaaniki dabbu aardhika vyavasthalo bhaagam kaani raitu raitulanu balavantam cheyalane nirdishta lakshyamtho pannu chellimpunu nirbandhinchindi. eee chattam ganulaku kaarmikulanu balavantamgaa pampinchadaaniki roadlu uddeshapoorvakamgaa teesukunna charya.
idhi valasa kaarmika vyavasthaku prarambham, dheenilo nallajaateeyulu girijana praantaalalo tama kutumbaalanu vadili pani cheyadaaniki ganulaku vellaaru.
kaarmikula sarafara taginantagaa maarindi mariyu ganula companylu tama association, chhambar off maines dwara konugolu kuutamini erpaatu chesaayi. idhi vaetanaalanu anachivese ekaswaamyaanni (oke konugoludaaru unna market paristhitulu) srushtinchadaaniki vaariki veelu kalpinchindi. eee ganulu nallajati kaarmikula vaetanaalanu tagginche porugu deshaalaina rhodesia (ippudu zambia mariyu zimbabwe), nassaland (ippudu malavi) mariyu mosambic (appudu portugees kaalanee) nundi kaarmikulanu kooda aakarshinchayi.
raand tirugubaatu.
dakshina africa bangaaru ganulu nadapadaniki lotainavi mariyu khareedainavi mariyu ganula companylu kharchulanu tagginchadaaniki prayatninchaayi. ayithe, naipunhyam kaligina udyogaala kosam nallajaateeyulaku sikshana ivvadaaniki prayatnistunnappudu, vaaru tella ganula kaarmikulatoe gharshanaku gurayyaru. jaatyahankaara tellani mainarlu 1922loe bangaaru ganula tavvakam kendram chuttoo unna praantamloo nallajati mainarla ekikarananu pratighatinchaaruh dhi whitwatersrand.
jaathi samaanatvam aalochananu prothsahistuunae, dakshinaafrikaa communistu party ganula tavvakaala pakshana cheradamto vivaadam twaragaa perigindi. eee pratishtambhana kaarmika vivaadam nundi raand tirugubaatu anie piluvabade puurti sthaayi tirugubaatuku perigindi. chivariki 20,000 kante ekkuva puurtigaa sannaddhamaina union defence fores dalaalanu pampinchaalsi vachindi. charchala prayatnaalannii viphalamayyayi mariyu tirugubaatu chivariki "gananeeyamaina sainika kaalpula shakti mariyu 200 mandiki paiga praanaalanu baligonna" kaaranamgaa anachiveyabadindi. kontamandi tella ganula kaarmikulu tirugubaatunu prerepinchadamlo, naayakatvam vahinchadamlo vaari paatralaku urisiksha vidhinchaaru. uri teeyadaaniki pampabadina vaaru carle marks mariyu friedrich angels yokka "communist manifesto" yokka ryali kekanu utamkistuu, "prapancha kaarmikulu ekam avvandi" anie annaru. 
paedha swethajaatheeyulu.
tellajati janabhalo chaalaa mandhi african panchika raitulu (addeku badulugaa tama pantalanu tama bhuuswaamitoe panchukunna kaulu raitulu) unnaaru. ayithe, mahaa maandyam prarambham, karuvutho kalipi, eee polaallo chaalaa vaatini balavantamgaa vikrayinchi, ekikrutam cheyadaaniki daariteesindi, idhi nivaasa vaataadaarulanu tolaginchadaaniki daariteesindi. eee taruvaata nirudyoga swethajaatheeyulu ganulalo udyogaalu kosam nallajaatiiyulatoo pootii paduthuu pattanaalanu munchettaaru. 
tellajati pedarikam yokka eee kotta pravaahampai pratyeka shraddha vahinchabadindi (swethajaatheeyulu kaanivaari hodaalalo evaina maarpulaku viruddhamgaa), mariyu scots-american paropakari andrew carnegie sthaapinchina carnegie corporation, tellajati pedarikampai oka adhyayanam nirvahinchindi, idhi 1932loe "dakshinaafrikaalo paedha tella samasyapai commission" gaa prachurinchabadindi. idhi tellajati pedarika nirmuulanaku daariteesindi, conny kontamandiki idhi nallajaateeyulapai jaathi vivaksha yokka lanchanapraya vyavasthaku punaadigaa kooda pariganinchabadindi, idhi varnavivakshagaa piluvabadindi. 
nallajaateeyulaku ootu ledhu mariyu swethajaatheeyulu tama raajakeeya adhikaranni upayoginchi maining companylanu swethajaatheeyulaku naipunhyam kaligina udyogaalanu rakshinchamani balavantam chesaaru.
kaarmika-african jaateeyavaada aikyata.
1920la chivari nundi, swethajaatheeyulu swethajaatheeyula kaarmikulanu, african jaateeyavaadaanni ekam chese prabhutvaalanu ennukunnaaru, ivi prabhutva oppandaalanu tiraskarinchadam vanti aankshalanu upayoginchaayi, africans matlade vyaktulanu niyaminchani vyaapaaraalaku vyatiraekamgaa. ukku, railway vanti jaateeyam cheyabadina parisramalu sthaapinchabaddaayi, ivi takkuva naipunhyam kaligina udyogaalanu kooda swethajaatheeyulaku ketayinchayi.
1930luu mariyu 1940laloe desham vaegamgaa paarisraamikeekarananu chusindi, endukante idhi ganula tavvakam parisramaku sarafara chesindi mariyu tellajati upaadhini rakshinchadaaniki prabhutvam pradhana prajectulalo pettubadi pettindi. dakshinaafrikaalo bangaaram, vajraalu matrame kakunda, inumu, boggu, aneka itara khanijalu kooda pedda mottamlo undevi. ganula tavvakam, aaa taruvaata parisramalu peragadamtho vyavasayam praamukhyata taggindi.
aanglam matlade dakshinaafrikanlu paarisraamika mariyu vaanijya jeevitamlo aadhipatyam chelayinchagaa, aafrikanlu paraspara aardhika samsthalalo kalisi panicheesaaru, avi kalakramena aardhika vyavasthalo aaa rangamlo pradhana aatagaallu avtayi. 
varnavivaksha.
1948loe, vividha jaathi samuuhaalu tama sonta praantaalalo purogati saadhinchadaaniki veelugaa varnavivaksha (vibhajana) vidhananni pravesapettina prabhutvam ennikayyindi. 
jaateeya party adhikaaramloki vacchina rendu dasaabdaalalo, swethajaatheeyulu (mukhyamgaa aafrikanlu) kaarmika marketlo vaari aadhipatya mariyu vyuuhaatmaka paniteeru dwara dakshinaafrikaalooni anni itara jaathi samuuhaala kante paiki edigaaru. 1960la antataa, dakshinaafrikaa migilina africapy aardhika aadhipatyaanni kaligi undhi mariyu aikyaraajyasamiti aardhika pramaanaala prakaram aafrikaalo ekaika abhivruddhi chendina desamgaa pariganinchabadindi. tella dakshinaafrikanlu paschima deshaalatho polchadagina ledhaa anthakante ekkuva jeevana pramaanaalanu aasvaadinchaaru. eee kaalamlo dakshinaafrikaa migilina africa khandam kante rendu retlu ekkuva vidyuttunu mariyu aaru retlu ekkuva ukkunu utpatti chesindi, adhe samayamlo, africa mottam khanija utpatti utpattilo 43 saatam vatanu kaligi undhi. 
eee kaalamlo aardhika aadhipatyam nallajati dakshina aafrikanlu mariyu malavi, lesotho mariyu portugees mosambic nundi valasa kaarmikulache saadhyamaindi, veerandaroo paelavamaina pani paristhitulu mariyu saapekshata takkuva vaetanaalanu anubhavinchaaru. 1911 mariyu 1971loe ganulu mariyu panula chattam aamodinchina madhya swethajaatheeyulu kaani dakshinaafrikaa mainarlaku nijamaina vaetanaalu taggai, ayithe tayari parisramalo swethajaatheeyulu kaani kaarmikulu tella kaarmikula vaetanaalaloo 18 saatam sampaadinchaaru. aaa samayamlo prabhutvam nallajati kaarmikulu tama aardhika vijayaniki keelakamani kooda angeekarinchindi, anduvalla aaa samayamlo jaathi praatipadikana praadaesika mariyu raajakeeya vibhajana gurinchi charchalu dakshinaafrikaaku aardhika vistaranaku muppuga pariganinchabaddaayi. 1980la prarambham natiki dakshinaafrikaalo prapanchamlone atyadhika sampada asamaanatalu undevi, janabhalo 40 saatam mandhi jaateeya aadaayamlo kevalam 6 saatam matrame sampaadistunnaaru. nallajaateeyulu mariyu rangula sisumaranaala raetu swethajaatheeyula kante 13 retlu perigindi, naaluginta oka vanthu navjata sisuvulu oka samvatsaramlone maranistunnaru.
oka charitrakaarudu paerkonnatlugaa, "puurti upaadhi, kaarmika niyantranalu, swethajaatheeyulu kaanivaari swechchaayuta kadalika mariyu upaadhiki parimitulu, mariyu company sthaayilo rangu baarla vadakam, swethajaatheeyulaku adhika sthaayi punarviniyogaparachaleni aadaayaaniki dohadapaddayi".
varnavivakshaku mundu jarigina bhaarii vivakshalo chaalaa mandhi aanglam matlade dakshinaafrikanlu palgonnaru, chattalanu vyatirekinchadaaniki pedavi vipputuu eee chattaniki nissabdamgaa maddatu icchaaru. alaa cheyadam dwara varnavivaksha sthaanika bhuu chattam, 1913 nuu vidhinchadam dwara nallajaateeyulanu vaari bhoomi anchulaku nettese vyavasthanu srushtinchagaligindi. phalitamgaa; chaalaa mandhi nallajaateeyulu naipunhyam laenivaaru, niraksharaasyulu mariyu takkuva jeevana pramaanaalu kaligi unnaaru. vaari paatasaala vyavastha, bantu bhasha vidya, takkuva medho naipunhyaala kaaranamgaa nallajaateeyulu shaastreeya vishayaalalo taginanta vaegamgaa purogati saadhinchaleru anae bhaavanapai aadharapadi undhi, dheeni phalitamgaa chaalaa mandhi naipunhyam avasaramayye pani nundi minahayinchabaddaru. 
volcaspitalism.
jaateeyavaada party aadhvaryamlo, desham iscore (ukku), sasol (krutrima indhanam), escom (vidyut), taruvaata transconnet (railu), telcom (telecommunications) thoo sahaa aneka prabhutva yaajamaanyamloni samsthala (ledhaa "parastatals" anie pilavabadevi) erpaatutho kuudina aardhika vistarana karyakramanni praarambhinchindi. ivi volkscas (banking), sunlam (beema) mariyu naspers (media) vanti party niyantrita samsthalatho kalisi perigayi. 
varnavivakshaku vyapara maddatu.
videshee muuladhanam maddatutoe, ganulu mariyu maining finance houselu, ekkuvagaa aanglam matlade dakshinaafrikanlu aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru, varnavivaksha vyavastha kinda abhivruddhi chendaayi mariyu puurti vyatiraekatanu dhooram chesaayi. vaetanaalu takkuvagaa unchina ganula kosam kaarmikula konugolu konasaaginchadaaniki, kaarmika sanghaalanu nishedhinchinanduku badulugaa, aanglam matlade ganula companylu nallajaateeyulu naipunhyaalanu pempondinchakundaa nirodhinche udyoga reservationlanu sahinchaayi. united kingdom, paschima germany mariyu united states nundi vaelaadi videshee vyaparalu swethajaatheeyulu kaani kaarmikula takkuva vaetanaalanu dopidi cheyadaaniki dakshinaafrikaalo samsthalanu praarambhinchaayi. ayithe, swethajaatheeyulaku kaarmika sarafaraanu parimitam chese vidhanalu samaana upaadhi vyavastha kante ekkuva mainer vaetanaalaku matrame daariteesaayi kabatti idhi charchaneeyaamsamgaa undhi.
kalakramena maining companylu tama kharchulanu tagginchukovadaaniki maarpulanu pravesapettaayi, conny prabhutvamtho pottu konasaagindi. 
tella kaarmika sanghaalu anumatinchabaddaayi, conny 1970la varaku nallajati kaarmika sanghaalu laevu.
aankshalu vidhinchaaru.
desampai antarjaateeya aankshala vidhimpu aardhika ottidini praarambhinchindi, idhi varnavivakshanu vippadam chusindi. chamuru aankshalu unnappatikee dakshinaafrikaa antarjaateeya marketlalo chamurunu konugolu cheyagaligindi mariyu boggunu chamuruga maarchadaaniki veelu kalpinche saanketikatanu abhivruddhi chesindi. cape teeramlo oka chinna gyaas feeled kanugonabadindi.
conny atyanta haanikaramaina ontaritanam pettubadi nidhula tiraskarana mariyu mukhyamgaa united statesloni prabhaavavantamaina vishwavidyaalayaalu mariyu foundationlache dakshinaafrikaa pettubadulanu bahishkarinchadam. eee bahishkaranalu dakshinaafrikaa vyaapaaraalaku andubaatulo unna muuladhanaanni parimitam chesaayi.
hasyaspadamga, maining company sammelanaalaku bhaarii laabhaalanu aarjinchina antarjaateeya udriktatala phalitamgaa 1980laloe bangaaram atyadhika dharaku cherukundi. ayithe, currency parimitulu mariyu konni deshaalalo crugerandla ammakaalapai nishedham kaaranamgaa, vaaru videshaalalo pettubadulu pettalekapoyaru. phalitamgaa vaaru tama migulu nidhulanu aardhika vyavasthalooni daadaapu prati karyakalapallo vyapaaraalanu konugolu cheyadaaniki upayoginchaaru.
ayithe, antarjaateeya muuladhanam desamloki pravahinchadam aagipovadamto, eee vyavasthaku maddatu ivvadam konasaginchadam valla ganula companylaku aardhika prayojanam ksheeninchindi.
aankshala yokka asthiramaina bhaaram.
1990loe rashtra adhyakshudu frederic villem (f.doubleu.) dii clerk antarjaateeya aankshala bhaaram yokka aardhika asthiratanu gurtinchi, jaateeyavaadi nayakudu nelson mandeelaanu vidudala chesi, mandela netrutvamloni african national congress (ensi) nuu nishedhinchaaru.
girijana sangharshana kaaranamgaa desham niyantrinchalenidigaa maarutundane konni bhayalu unnappatikee ledhaa tellajati aadhipatya saayudha dalaala dii clerk mariyu mandela sainyam swaadheenam chesukovadam kooda 1994loe mandela adhyakshudiga prajaasvaamya ennikalaku deshaaniki maarganirdesam chesindi.
prarambha samvatsaraallo saamyavaada vaakchaaturyaalu, saamyavaada deshaala maddatu unnappatikee, aanka mishrama aardhika vyavasthanu konasaaginchindi, videshee maaraka dravya niyantranalanu sadalinchadamtho sahaa market aardhika vyavasthanu prothsahinchindi.
1991 janavarilo, saak pradhana karyadarshi jooe slovo, dipi finance pratinidhi harry schwarz mariyu deputy finance minister org maris, institute pharr eah democratic alternative pharr south africa nirvahinchina chaaritraka charchalo varnavivaksha anantara aardhika vyavasthalo rashtra paatrapai charchinchaaru.
nalla saadhikaarata.
adhe samayamlo vaaru samaanatvaanni saadhinchadaaniki oka maargamgaa matrame nallajaateeyulaku gruhanirmaanam, vidya, aarogyamtho sahaa sevalanu meruguparachadaaniki punarnirmaanam, abhivruddhi pranaalikanu praarambhinchaaru. 
gatamlo venukabadina jaatulaku mariyu saanukuula charya dwara prastutam venukabadina jaatiki samaanatvaanni sthaapinchadame daani lakshyam ayina "nalla aardhika saadhikaarata" vyavasthanu kooda praarambhinchindi.
mallii bhoomi aakali.
bhoomi punarviniyogame ottidiki pradhana muulam. sthaanikula bhoomi chattamtho praarambhamayye varnavivaksha chattam prakaram, 1913 73% bhoomi "tella praantaalu" anie pilavabadedi mariyu neeraalu mariyu vidhvamsaka charyalanu mukhyamaina bhoomi nundi dhooramgaa unchadaaniki chaalaa mandhi nallajaateeyulanu veruchesi munupati girijana praantaalaku taralinchaaru.
nemmadigaa jarige chattaparamaina mariyu adhikara yantranga punaruddharana prakriya nallajaateeyulalo asahananni kaligistondi mariyu prabhutvam mariyu daani maddatudaarulu bhoomini ekapakshamgaa swaadheenam chesukuntunna poruguna unna zimbabwe maargamlo dakshinaafrikaa vellavacchani tella raitula madhya aandolana kaligistondi, kotta yajamaanulaku takkuva vyavasaya anubhavam unnanduna aahara korataku kaaranamavutundi.
modati prapancha moulika sadupayalu.
varnavivaksha kinda antargata bhadratanu nirvahinchadaaniki ganula avasaralu dakshinaafrikaalooni konni praantaalu nagarallo vyapaaraanni teerchadaaniki mariyu praavinsula (raashtraala) madhya anusandhanamgaa saripoye moulika sadupaayaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadam chushai. varnavivaksha anantara samvatsaraallo idhi deshaaniki baga upayogapadindi, conny paalaka prabhutvam moulika sadupaayaalanu sarigga nirvahinchananduna idhi vrudhaa avutundi.
dakshinaafrikaa nundi prapanchavyaaptamgaa videshee pettubadulu pravahinchaayih aanglo-american, paatha mutual mariyu dakshinaafrikaa saaraabattiilatoe sahaa aneka pradhana companylu ippudu london stock exchangelo jabita cheyabaddaayi. 

