
kariginchadam

kariginchadam anedi oka dhaatuvuku vaedini vartimpajese prakriya, oka muula lohanni velikiteese prakriya. idhi velikiteeta lohasastram yokka oka roopam. vendi, inumu, raagi mariyu itara kshaara lohalatho sahaa vaati khanijala nundi aneka lohalanu velikiteese pani kosam dheenini upayogistaaru. kariginchadam anedi dhaatuvunu kullipovadaniki vaedi mariyu rasayana-tagginche agentnu upayogistundi, itara muulakaalanu vaayuvulu ledhaa slagga tarimivesi, lohapu punaadini vadilivestundi. tagginche agent saadhaaranamgaa carbon yokka shilaja indhana vanaru, coque-ledhaa, munupati kaalamlo, boggu. carbon dioxide () looni bandhaala yokka rasayana sambhaavya shakti dhaatuvulooni bandhaala kante takkuvagaa unnanduna dhaatuvulooni oxygen adhika ushnogratala vadda carbontho bandhistundi.
carbon muulam dhaatuvu nundi oxygennu tolaginchadaaniki rasayana praticharyagaa panichestundi, suddhi chesina loha muulakaanni utpattigaa istundi. carbon muulam rendu dasallo aakseekarana chendutundi. modata, carbon (sii) gaalilo oxygen (oo2) thoo dahanam chesi carbon monoxide (koo) nuu utpatti chestundi. rendavadi, carbon monoxide dhaatuvutho pratispandistundi (udhaa.zii. fe2o3) mariyu daani oxygen anuvulalo okadaanni tolaginchi, carbon dioxide () nuu vidudala chestundi. carbon monaxideto varusa paraspara charyala taruvaata, dhaatuvulooni mottam praanavaayuvu tolaginchabadutundi, mudi loha moolakam (udhaa.zii. phe). chaalaa khanijalu asuddhamainavi kabatti, daanitoe paatu unna raathi mukkuni slagga tolaginchadaaniki sunnapurayi (ledhaa dolomite) vanti fluxnu upayoginchadam tarachugaa avasaram. eee calcination praticharya kooda tarachugaa carbon dioxidenu vidudala chestundi.
pig inumunu utpatti cheyadaaniki paeludu kolimilo kariginchadam chaalaa pramukhamgaa jarugutundi, idhi ukkugaa maarchabadutundi.
aluminium yokka vidyudvislaeshanha taggimpu kosam mokkalanu aluminium smelterlu anie kooda pilustaaru.
prakriya.
kariginchadamlo lohanni daani dhaatuvu nundi kariginchadam kante ekkuva untundi. chaalaa khanijalu lohaniki mariyu itara muulakaalaku chendina rasayana sammelanam, antey oxygen (oxidega), sulfur (sulfidega), ledhaa carbon mariyu oxygen kalisi (carbonatega). lohanni velikiteese prayatnam cheyadaaniki, kaarmikulu eee sammelanaalanu rasayana praticharyaku guricheyali. anduvalla, lohanni vidipinchadaaniki aaa aakseekarana muulakaalatoe kalipe tagina tagginche padaarthaalanu upayoginchadam karigimpulo untundi.
kalchadam.
sulfidelu mariyu carbonatela vishayamlo, "kalchadam" anae prakriya avaanchita carbon ledhaa sulfurnu tolagistundi, oxidenu vadilivestundi, dheenini neerugaa tagginchavachhu. kalchadam saadhaaranamgaa aakseekarana vaataavaranamloo nirvahinchabadutundi. konni aacharanaatmaka udaaharanalu
taggimpu.
taggimpu anedi kariginchadamlo chivari, adhika-ushnograta dasha, dheenilo oxide muulaka lohamgaa maarutundi. tagginche vaataavaranam (tarachugaa carbon monoxide dwara andinchabadutundi, gaali-aakalitho unna kolimilo asampoorna dahanam dwara tayaaru cheyabadutundi) mudi loham nundi tudi oxygen anuvulanu laagutundi. avasaramaina ushnograta sampoorna paramgaa mariyu bays metal yokka draveebhavana sthaanam paramgaa maarutuu untundi. udaaharanalu
taggimpu dasha puurtayina tarvaata fluxes mariyu slaag dviteeya sevanu andinchagalavuh avi suddhi chesina lohampai karigina kavarnu andistaayi, oxygentho sambandhaanni nivaaristaayi, ayithe takshaname aakseekaranaku taginanta vaedigaa untaayi. idhi lohamlo malinaalu erpadakunda nirodhistundi.
pravahalu.
loha kaarmikulu kariginchadamlo aneka prayojanaala kosam fluxes lanu upayogistaaru, vaatilo pradhaanamainavi kaavalasina praticharyalanu utprerakam chestaayi mariyu avaanchita malinaalu ledhaa praticharya utpattulaku rasaayanikamgaa bandhistaayi. calcium oxide, sunnam roopamlo, tarachugaa eee prayojanam kosam upayoginchabadindi, endukante idhi kalchadam mariyu kariginchetappudu utpatti ayye carbon dioxide mariyu sulfur dioxidetho pratispandinchi vaatini pani vaataavaranaaniki dhooramgaa unchutundi.
charitra.
puraatana kaalamlo telisina edu lohalalo, bangaaram matrame sahaja vaataavaranamloo daani sthaanika roopamlo kramam tappakunda kanipistundi. raagi, seesam, vendi, tinn, inumu mariyu paadarasam-anevi pradhanamgaa khanijaluga kanipistaayi, ayithe raagi appudappudu daani sthaanika raashtramlo vaanijyaparamgaa gananeeyamaina parimaanamlo kanipistundi. eee khanijalu pradhanamgaa carbonatelu, sulfidelu ledhaa lohapu oxidelu, ivi silika mariyu alumina vanti itara bhaagaalato militam cheyabadataayi. carbonate mariyu sulfide khanijalanu gaalilo kalchadam valla avi oxideluga marutayi. oxidelu, kramamga, lohamgaa kariginchabadataayi. carbon monoxide kariginchadaaniki empika chesina tagginche agent (mariyu). idhi vaedi chese prakriyaloo sulabhamgaa utpatti avutundi, mariyu oka vayuvu dhaatuvutho sannihita sambandhaaniki vastundi.
puraatana prapanchamlo, maanavulu 8000 samvatsaraala kritam, charitrapurva kaalamlo lohalanu vaasana chudatam neerchukunnaaru. upayogakaramaina" lohala aavishkarana mariyu upayogam-modata raagi mariyu kaamsyam, taruvaata konni sahasraabdaala taruvaata inumu-maanava samajampai apaaramaina prabhavanni chupayi. dheeni prabhavam entha vistrutamgaa undho panditulu saampradayakamgaa puraatana charitranu raathi yugam, kaamsya yugam mariyu inupa yugamgaa vibhajinchaaru.
americalo, perulooni central andis yokka puurva-inca nagarikatalu 16va sataabdamloo modati europeanlu raavadaaniki kaneesam aaru sataabdaala mundu raagi mariyu vendi kariginchadamlo praaveenyam pondaayi, ayithe aayudhaala tayaareeloo upayoginchadaaniki inumu vanti lohala karigimpulo eppuduu praaveenyam pondaledu.
tinn mariyu seesam.
paatha prapanchamlo, kariginchina mottamodati lohaalu tinn mariyu seesam. mottamodati cast led puusalu anatolia (turkey) looni acatalhöyük pradaesamloe kanugonabaddayi, ivi creepoo 6500 nativi, conny eee loham mundugaane telisi undavacchu.
rachana aavishkaranaku aneka sahasraabdaala mundu eee aavishkarana jariginanduna, idhi elaa tayaaru cheyabadindane daanipai likhitapurvaka namodu ledhu. ayithe, khanijalanu kalapa mantalo unchadam dwara tinn mariyu seesam kariginchavacchu, tadwara aavishkarana pramaadavasaattu jarigi undochu.
seesam oka saadhaarana loham, conny daani aavishkarana puraatana prapanchamlo saapekshamgaa takkuva prabhavanni choopindi. itara lohalatho poliste daani adhika saandrata sling prakshaepakaalaku anuvainadi ayinappatikee, idhi nirmaana muulakaalu ledhaa aayudhaala kosam upayoginchadaaniki chaalaa mruduvainadi. ayithe, dheenini veyadam mariyu aakaram ivvadam sulabham kabatti, puraatana grease mariyu puraatana rome yokka shaastreeya prapanchamlo kaarmikulu neetini paipu cheyadaaniki mariyu nilva cheyadaaniki dheenini vistrutamgaa upayoginchaaru. vaaru dheenini raathi bhavanaalalo gattaga kooda upayoginchaaru.
tinn seesam kante chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi mariyu konchem kashtamgaa untundi, mariyu daanikade takkuva prabhavanni kaligi untundi.
raagi mariyu kaamsyam.
tinn mariyu seesam taruvaata, kariginchina tadupari loham ragiga kanipistundi. eee aavishkarana elaa jarigindane daanipai charcha jarugutondi. campfirelu avasaramaina ushnograta kante 200 masim takkuvagaa untaayi, kabatti raagini modati kariginchadam kundala battiilaloo jarigi undavacchani kondaru pratipaadistunnaaru. (puraatana prapancham nundi swatantramgaa sambhavinchindani nammutunna aandeeslo raagi kariginchadam abhivruddhi adhe vidhamgaa jarigi undavacchu.)
kristupurvam 5500 mariyu kristupurvam 5000 madhya kaalaaniki chendina raagi karigimpuku sambandhinchina mottamodati prastuta aadharalu cerbialoni plonic mariyu belovodelo kanugonabaddayi. turkeylo kanugonabadina mariyu kristupurvam 5000 naati gada thala, okappudu puraatana saakshyamgaa bhaavinchabadindi, ippudu sthaanika raagini suttigaa unnatlu kanipistundi.
raagini tinn mariyu/ledhaa aarseniktoe saraina nishpattilo kalapadam valla kaamsyam utpatti avutundi, idhi raagi kante gananeeyamgaa kathinamaina misramam. modati raagi/arsenic kaamsyaalu cree puu 4200 nundi asea mainer nundi vachayi. inca kaamsya mishrama lohaalu kooda eee rakamainavi. arsenic tarachugaa raagi khanijaalalo asuddhata, kabatti eee aavishkarana pramaadavasaattu jarigi undavacchu. chivariki, arsenic-baring khanijalu uddeshapoorvakamgaa kariginche samayamlo jodinchabaddaayi.
raagi-tinn kaamsyaalu, kathinamainavi mariyu marinta mannikainavi, cree puu 3500 loe abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi, asea mainarlo kooda.
smiths raagi/tinn kamsyalanu utpatti cheyadam elaa nerchukunnaro teliyadu. tinn-kalushita raagi khanijala nundi ituvanti modati kaamsyaalu adrushtavasaattuu pramaadaaniki gurai undavacchu. ayithe, kristupurvam 2000 natiki, prajalu kamsyanni utpatti cheyadaaniki uddeshapoorvakamgaa tinn tavvakam chesaaru-idhi asaadhaaranamainadi, endukante tinn pakshika-arudaina loham, mariyu goppa casiterite dhaatuvulo kooda 5 saatam tinn matrame untundi. prarambha prajalu tinn gurinchi neerchukunnappatikii, cree puu 2000 natiki kaamsyam tayaareeki daanini elaa upayoginchaalo vaariki ardhamaindi.
raagi mariyu kaamsya tayari aavishkarana paatha prapancha charitrapai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni choopindi. kalapa, emuka ledhaa raathi samaanamaina vaati kante baruvaina, balamaina mariyu debbatine nashtanni nirodhinche aayudhalanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki lohaalu chaalaa kathinamgaa undevi. aneka sahasrabdaluga, kattulu, kataaralu, yuddha goddali, eete mariyu baanam paayintlu vanti aayudhaalaku, alaage shields, helmetlu, greaves (metal shinn guardlu) mariyu itara shareera kavachalu vanti rakshana parikaraalaku kaamsyam empika cheyabadina padaarthamgaa undedi. kanchu, uli, aralu, adges, gorlu, blade kothalu, kattulu, kuttu suudulu mariyu pins, jaglu, vanta kundalu mariyu kundalu, addaalu mariyu gurrapu hornesslu vanti panimutlu mariyu gruha paatralalo raayi, kalapa mariyu sendriya padaarthaalanu kooda bharti chesindi. airopa mariyu aasiyaaloni pedda praantaalalo vistarinchi unna vaanijya networkla sthaapanaku tinn mariyu raagi kooda dohadapaddayi mariyu vyaktulu mariyu deshaala madhya sampada pampineepai pradhana prabhavanni chupayi.
prarambha inumu kariginchadam.
err list iron smelting nigerialoni lejjaalo undhi. avi cree puu 2000 varaku carbon-thedhee gala slaag blacklanu kaligi unnaayi.
aagneya nigerialoni vishwavidyaalaya pattanamaina nskaku dakshinaana 15 kilometres dhooramlo unna lejjaaloni oka graama chaturasramlo, idhi prapanchamlone atyanta puraatanamaina inumu karige pradaesamgaa kanipistundi. otobo ejuna vadda visaalamaina kuurchunna praantamloo madhyalo dibbalatho ardhachandrakara aakaaramlo amarchabadi, arena anie piluvabadevi, vandalaadi karige sidhilaalu ledhaa slaglu, iteevala 2000 BCE naati carbon-teedeeni puraavastu saastravettala brundam mariyu united kingdamloni nigeria, nsukka mariyu oxford vishwavidyaalayam nundi itara nipunulu.
lejjaalo inumu kariginchinatlu rujuvu
charitrapurva kaalamlo aagneya nigerialoni lezza pradaesamloe inumu teevramgaa kariginchadam jarigindi. eee prakatana lejjaalo migilipoyina vistrutamaina inumu kariginche sidhilaala dwara dhruvikarinchabadindi. eee sidhilaalu aaa pradaesa charitralo vistrutamaina inumu kariginche kaalanni soochinchadame kakunda, okappudu abhivruddhi chendutunna parisrama avasheshaalanu kooda suuchimchagalavu. inumu kariginchadam anedi tarachugaa mottam samajanni kaligi untundi, mariyu daani prabhavalu saadhaaranamgaa chaalaa varaku undevi; kariginchevaari sthithi mariyu jeevana pramaanaalanu marchadam nundi konni african samskrutula vaastava abhivruddhi varaku.
inumu tayaareeki mottamodati sakshyam cummon-kalehoek vadda proto-hittite poralalo kanipinche tagina mottamlo carbon mishramtho kuudina chinna sankhyalo inupa sakalaalu mariyu idhi 2200-2000 BCE naatidi. soukova-seegolova (2001) cree. puu. 1800 loe madhya anatolialo chaalaa parimita parimaanamlo inupa panimutlu tayaaru cheyabaddaayani, kotta hittite saamrajyam (cree. puu. 1) samayamlo saamaanyulu kakapoyina, unnatavargaalu saadhaaranamgaa upayoginchaayani choopistundi.
puraatana egyptulo moodava madhyantara kaalam mariyu 23va raajavamsam (cree. sha.) madhya ekkado oka chota inumu panichesinatlu puraavastu saastravettalu kanugonnaru. 1100-750 bce). ayinappatikee, yea (puurva-aadhunika) kaalamlo kooda inupa khanijam karigipoyinatlu etuvanti aadharalu dorakaledu. adanamgaa, carbon ukku yokka chaalaa prarambha udaaharanalu sumaru 2000 samvatsaraala kritam (cree. sha. modati sataabdam chuttoo) utpattilo unnaayi.) vaayuvya tanzanialo, sanklishtamaina preheating suutraala aadhaaramgaa. eee aavishkaranalu lohasastra charitraku mukhyamainavi.
airopa mariyu aafrikaalo chaalaa prarambha prakriyalalo inupa khanijanni vikasinche pradaesamloe kariginchadam untundi, ikkada inumu karigipokunda undataaniki ushnograta takkuvagaa unchabadutundi. idhi pushpam anie piluvabade spongy dravyaraasini utpatti chestundi, appudu chetha inumunu utpatti cheyadaaniki sutthi thoo ekikrutam cheyali. inumu vikasinchinatlu ippati varaku mottamodati aadharalu hamme, jordan () vadda kanugonabaddayi, mariyu kristupurvam 930 nativi (c14 thedhee).
taruvaata inumu kariginchadam.
madhyayuga kaalam nundi, pushpinche mokkalalo pratyaksha taggudalanu paroksha prakriya bharti cheyadam praarambhinchindi. idhi pig iron tayaareeki oka blast furnacenu upayoginchindi, appudu idhi forgable baar iron tayaareeki tadupari prakriyaku vellavalasi vachindi. rendava dasaku sambandhinchina prakriyalalo chakkati nakileeloo jarimana veyadam untundi. 13va sataabdamloo adhika madhya yugaalalo paeludu kolimunu 200 bii nundi upayogistunna chaina pravesapettindi.sii kinn raajavamsam samayamlo. paarisraamika viplavamlo kuuda kottukupovadam pravesapettabadindi.
rendu prakriyalu ippudu vaadukalo laevu, chetha inumu ippudu chaalaa arudugaa tayaaru cheyabadutundi. badulugaa, telikapati ukku besemer convertor nundi ledhaa carex prakriya vanti kariginche taggimpu prakriyalatho sahaa itara maargaala dwara utpatti cheyabadutundi.
bays lohaalu.
kshaara lohala khanijalu tarachugaa sulfidelu. iteevali sataabdaalaloo, chaarjnu indhanam nundi vidigaa kariginchadaaniki reverberatory furnaceulu upayoginchabadutunnaayi. saampradayakamgaa, vaatini kariginche modati dasha kosam upayoginchaaruh rendu dravaalanu yerparustaayi, okati chaalaa malinalanu kaligi unna oxide slaag, mariyu marokati viluvaina loha sulfide mariyu konni malinalanu kaligi unna sulfide myaat. ituvanti "reverb" kolimulu nedu sumaru 40 meterla podavu, 3 meterla etthu mariyu 10 meterla vedalpu kaligi unnaayi. podigaa unde sulfide saandratalanu (saadhaaranamgaa paakshikamgaa kaalchina tarvaata) kariginchadaaniki indhanaanni oka chivara kaalchivestaaru, veetini kolimi paikappuloni dwaaraala dwara andistaaru. slaag bhaarii myaat meeda theeluthuu untundi mariyu tolaginchabadutundi mariyu paaraveyabadutundi ledhaa recycle cheyabadutundi. sulfide matte appudu converterku pampabadutundi. dhaatuvu yokka khanija saastraanni batti prakriya yokka khachitamaina vivaralu oka kolimi nundi maroka kolimiki maarutuu untaayi.
reverberatory furnaceulu chaalaa takkuva raagi kaligina slaglanu utpatti chesinappatiki, avi saapekshamgaa shakti asamarthamainavi mariyu sulfur dioxide yokka takkuva saandrata gala vayuvu laenivi, vaatini pattukovadam kashtam; kotta taram raagi kariginche saanketikatalu vaatini bharti chesaayi. iteevali kolimulu baath smelting, top-jetting lans smelting, flash smelting mariyu blast furnaceulanu upayoginchukuntaayi. snaanapu smelterlaku konni udaaharanalalo naranda kolimi, isasmelt kolimi, tennient reactor, vunyukov smelter mariyu ess. ess. keey. ess. saanketikata unnaayi. top-jetting lans smelterlalo mitsubishi smelting reactor unnaayi. prapanchamlooni raagi smelterlalo flash smelterley 50 saataaniki paiga unnaayi. kivset, asmelt, tamano, ef mariyu bf vanti aneka rakaala karige prakriyalu unnaayi.
paryaavarana mariyu vruttiparamaina aarogya prabhavalu.
kariginchadam paryaavaranampai teevramaina prabhavalanu chooputundi, muruguneeru mariyu slagnu utpatti chestundi mariyu raagi, vendi, inumu, cobalt mariyu selenium vanti visha lohalanu vaataavaranamloki vidudala chestundi. smelterlu vaayu sulfur dioxidenu kooda vidudala chestaayi, idhi aamla varshaniki dohadam chestundi, idhi matti mariyu neetini aamleekaristundi.
kenadaaloni flin flanloni smelter 20va sataabdamloo uttara americalo paadarasam yokka atipedda point vanarulalo okati. kariginche vidudalalu gananeeyamgaa taggina taruvaata kooda, prakruti drushyam tirigi-vidudala paadarasam yokka pradhana praantiiya vanarugaa konasaagindi. sarassulu dasabdaluga smelter nundi paadarasam kalushyanni pondutaayi, tirigi vidudalayye udgaaraalu varshapu neetila tirigi ravadam mariyu matti nundi lohaalu kaaradam rendinti nundi.
vaayu kalushyam.
aluminium smelterla dwara utpatti ayye vaayu kalushya karakalalo carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, polycyclic sammelanaalu, seesam, nickel, manganese, polychlorinated biphenyls mariyu paadarasam unnaayi. raagi karige padaarthaala udgaralalo arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, seesam, manganese mariyu nickel unnaayi. led smelterlu saadhaaranamgaa arsenic, antimony, cadmium mariyu vividha led sammelanaalanu vidudala chestaayi.
muruguneeru.
inumu mariyu ukku millulu vidudala chese muruguneeti kalushya karakalalo benzin, naftaleen, antraseen, sinide, ammonia, finals mariyu cressols vanti gasification utpattulu, samishtiga polycyclic sugandha hydrocarbonlu (paa) anie piluvabade marinta sanklishtamaina sendriya sammelanaala shreni unnaayi. suddhi saanketika parignaanaalalo muruguneeti recycling; ghanapadaarthaala tolagimpu kosam sthirapariche pareevaahaka praantaalu, clarifierlu mariyu vadapotha vyavasthalu; chamuru skimmerlu mariyu vadapotha; rasayana avapaatam mariyu karigina lohala kosam vadapotha; carbon adhishoshanam mariyu sendriya kalushya kaarakaala kosam jeeva aakseekarana; mariyu aaviri.
itara rakaala smelterla dwara utpatti ayye kalushya karakalu bays metal dhaatuvunu batti maarutuu untaayi. udaaharanaku, aluminium smelterlu saadhaaranamgaa fluoride, benzo (eah) pyrene, antimony mariyu nickel, alaage aluminiumnu utpatti chestaayi. raagi smelterlu saadhaaranamgaa raagitho paatu cadmium, seesam, jink, arsenic mariyu nikelnu vidudala chestaayi. seesam kariginche yantraalu seesam thoo paatu antimony, asbestas, cadmium, raagi mariyu jinklanu vidudala cheyavachu.
aarogya prabhavalu.
kariginche parisramalo panichese kaarmikulu swaasakosha vyaadhulu tama udyogaalu korukune saareeraka panulanu cheyagala saamarthyaanni nirodhistunnayani nivedinchaaru.
nibandhanalu.
united stateslo, paryaavarana parirakshana samstha smelterla kosam kalushya niyantrana nibandhanalanu prachurinchindi.
rmi conformant smelter programme
sangharshana khanija viniyogam perugutunna koddi, samasyanu edurkovadaniki aneka karyakramalu praarambhinchabaddaayi. sangharshana, maanava hakkula durviniyogam ledhaa kaarmika dopidi paristhitulalo praantaalalo baadhyataayutamaina khanija vanarula paddhatulanu vaaru prothsahistaaru.
baadhyataayutamaina khanija chorava, rmi, conformant smelter prograamtho sahaa smelter kosam aadarsaalu mariyu maargadarsakaala samitini abhivruddhi chesindi. eee karyakramam anedi khanijala baadhyataayutamaina sourcinglo smelterla paniteerunu anchanaa vese moodava party audit mariyu dhruvikarana karyakramam. eee karyakramam aardhika sahakaram mariyu abhivruddhi, oo. sii. dii, maargadarsakaala kosam samsthaku kattubadi untundi. sangharshana prabhaavita mariyu adhika-pramaada praantaala nundi khanijala baadhyataayutamaina sarafara golusula kosam tagina shraddha maargadarsakatvamlo prachurinchabadindi. prapancha paddhatulanu meruguparachadaaniki vidhanalapai drushti saarinche samstha oo. ii. dii.
eee karyakramam yokka drushti eee krindi vaatipai smelterlanu anchanaa veyadamh
rmi pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa unde smelterlu rmi conformant smelter & refiner jaabitaalalo gurtimpu pondutaayi. 
kariginche parisramanu niyantrinche ekaika karyakramam idhi kaadu, adanapu auditing karyakramalalo ivi unnaih
adevidhamgaa, rmi conformant smelter prograamku eee entiteelu oeseedee maargadarsakaalaku anugunamgaa untaayi mariyu naitika mariyu paryaavarana sarafara golusu nirvahananu prothsahistaayi. ayithe, paeru pettabadina samsthalu vividha adanapu maargadarsakaalanu kaligi unnaayi, anduvalla rmitho cross gurtimpu pondina aaditlu matrameh