
operation ezra mariyu nehemiah

1951 nundi 1952 varaku, operation ezra mariyu nehemia 120,000 nundi 130,000 iraqi yoodulanu iraan mariyu cyprus dwara ijraayelku vimaanamlo teesukuvacchaaru. iraqi yoodula bhaarii valasalu muslim prapancham nundi yoodula nishkramana yokka atyanta parinaamaatmaka sanghatanalalo okati.
kristupurvam 5va sataabdamloo babylonialo bahishkarinchabadina yoodula samuuhaalanu yoodaaku tirigi raavadaaniki naayakatvam vahinchina ezra mariyu nehemiah paeru meeda eee operationku paeru pettaru, vaari paerlanu kaligi unna hebru baibil pustakaalalo namodu cheyabadindi.
operation yokka $4 millionla kharchulo ekkuva bhaagam american yoodu ummadi pampinhee kamiteeche nidhulu samakuurchabadindi.
nepathyam.
1940luu.
1941 juun 1-2 teedeelaloo naajii anukuula "golden square" paalana rasheed allie all-kailani patanam taruvaata baghdad yoodulapai himsaatmaka "farhud" taruvaata iraq yoodula gurtimpulo maarpu sambhavinchindi, eee samayamlo samaajamlo rendu rojula maranakanda gumpu daadula samayamlo kaneesam 180 mandhi yoodulu maraninchaaru. konni vruttaamtaalaloo farhood iraq yoodulaku malupu tirigindi. ayithe, itara charitrakaarulu, 1948 mariyu 1951 madhya chaalaa kaalam taruvaata, 1940laloe desamloni migilina praantaalatoo paatu yoodu samajalu kooda abhivruddhi chendaayi kabatti, iraq yoodu samaajaaniki keelakamaina kshanaanni chuustaaru. mariyu farhud taruvaata iraaknu vidichipettina chaalaa mandhi yoodulu aaa taruvaata kontakaalam tarvaata deshaaniki tirigi vacchaaru mariyu shaashwata valasalu 1950-51 varaku gananeeyamgaa vegavantam kaaledu. yea vidhamgaanainaa, farhood 1940laloe iraq yoodula raajakeeya prakriya praarambhaaniki gurthugaa vistrutamgaa ardham chesukobadindi, pradhanamgaa yuva janabhalo, mukhyamgaa iraq samaajamlo deerghakaalika ekikarana aasalapai daani prabhavam phalitamgaa. farhud pratyaksha parinaamaala taruvaata, baghdad yoodulanu rakshinchadaaniki chaalaa mandhi iraq communist paarteelo cheraaru, ayinappatikee vaaru desham vidichi velladaaniki ishtapadaledu, iraaklo merugaina paristhitula kosam pooraadataaniki prayatninchaaru. adhe samayamlo farhud tarvaata swaadheenam chesukunna iraq prabhutvam iraq yoodu samaajaaniki bharosa ichindi, mariyu saadhaarana jeevitam tvaralo baghdadku tirigi vachindi, idhi rendava prapancha yuddhamlo daani aardhika paristhitiloo gananeeyamaina merugudalanu chusindi.
1940la modati ardhabhaagamlo, mosad lilia bett ijraayelku olasalanu nirvahinchadam praarambhinchadaaniki iraakku dhoothalanu pampadam praarambhinchaadu, praarambhamlo hebru bodhinchadaaniki mariyu geonismpy upanyaasaalu ivvadaaniki prajalanu niyaminchadam dwara. 1942 chivaralo, iraqi samajanni geonismga marchadam vaari pani parimaanaanni oka dhootha vivaristuu, "[valasanu nirvahinchadam mariyu prothsahinchadamlo] peddagaa ardham ledani manam angeekarinchaali.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. eee roeju manam chaalaa samvatsaraala nirlakshyam yokka falaanni tintunnam, mariyu manam cheyani vaatini ippudu pracharam dwara mariyu oka roeju naati utsahanni srushtinchadam dwara saricheyalemu."adanamgaa, noori all-sayed praarambhinchina patrika prachara prachaaraala dwara iraq prajalu geonizaniki vyatiraekamgaa prerepinchabaddaaru. iraq yoodu nayakulu 1930loe geonist vyatiraeka prakatanalu chesaaru, conny 1944loe vaaru dhairyamgaa, teevramgaa idhe vidhamaina abhyardhananu tiraskarinchaaru. vaaru yoodu samajampai adhikarulu pravartinchina pravartanaku nirasanaga alaa chesaaru, vaaru geonism gurinchi tama manasu maarchukunnanduna kaadu.oka anchanaa prakaram, iraq yokka 130,000 mandhi yoodulalo, 1.53% (2,000) matrame geonistlu.
paalastiinaa vidhi nirnayam sameepistunnanduna yoodula paristhiti pramaadakaramgaa undani kondaru bhaavinchaaru.
izrael swaatantryam taruvaata.
paalastiinaa kosam 1947 vibhajana pranaalikanu dhruveekarinchadamtho, 1948loe izrael swaatantryam pondadamtho, yoodulu tama praanaalaku muppu undani bhaavinchadam praarambhinchaaru. "izrael rashtram sthaapinchabadina ventane, iraq prabhutvam yoodula vyatiraeka vivaksha, prabhutva seva nundi saamuuhika tolagimpulu mariyu arrestla vidhananni avalambinchindi."prabhutva udyogaalalo panichestunna yoodulu tolaginchabaddaaru, mariyu vandalaadi mandhi geonist ledhaa communist kaaryakalaapaalaku arrestu cheyabaddaaru, avi vaastavamainavi ledhaa kevalam aaropinchabadinavi, sainika kortulalo vichaarana cheyabaddaayi mariyu kathinamaina jailu sikshalu ledhaa bhaarii jarimana vidhinchabaddaayi. iraq yoodulu chedu pravartanaku gurainatlu noori all-sayed angeekarinchaadu.
aktobaru 23,1948naa, gauravaneeya yoodu vyaapaaravaetta ayina shafeeq adesnu izrael mariyu iraq communist paarteeki aayudhalanu vikrayinchinanduku chaalaa anumaanaaspada aaropanalapai basraalo bahirangamgaa uriteesaaru, eee sanghatana yoodulalo abhadrata bhavanni penchindi. eee kaalamlo, iraq yoodu samajam marinta bhayapadindi. yoodula samajam yokka saadhaarana bhavana emitante, shafeeq ades vanti baga anusandhaaninchabadina mariyu saktivantamaina vyaktini prabhutvam tolaginchagaligite, itara yoodulaku bhadrata gurinchi haamii ivvalemu.
chaalaa arab leag raashtraala maadirigaane, iraq 1948 yuddham taruvaata thana yoodula olasalanu nishedhinchindi, vaarini ijraayelku velladaaniki anumatinchadam aaa rashtraanni balopetam chestundi; ayithe, 1949 natiki iraq geonist bhoogarbhamlo unna yoodulanu nelaku 1,000 choppuna iraan nundi akramamga ravana chestunnaru, akkada nundi vaarini ijraayelku taralinchaaru. aaa samayamlo, maaku nidhula sekaranalo sahaayapadataaniki mariyu "arab saranaarthula patla yoodula vaikhari valla kalige chedu abhiprayanni bharti cheyadaaniki" bhoogarbha geonist iraaklo aandolana chestunnarani british vaaru vishwasinchaaru.
iraq prabhutvam kevalam 5,000 mandhi idi1,000 paalastiiniyanlanu matrame teesukundi, vaaru idi2loe saranaarthulugaa maararu mariyu marinta oppukodaniki american mariyu british ottidiki longipovadaaniki niraakarinchaaru. 1949 janavarilo, british anukuula iraq pradhana mantri noori all-sayed, iraq yoodulanu ijraayelku bahishkarinchaalane aalochananu british adhikaarulatho charchinchaaru, vaaru atuvanti pratipaadana ijraayelku prayojanam chekuurustumdani mariyu arab deshaalanu pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chestundani vivarinchaaru. meer-glitzenstein prakaram, ituvanti suuchanalu "paalastiinaa arab saranaarthula samasyanu ledhaa iraaklooni yoodu minority samasyanu parishkarinchadaaniki uddesinchinavi kaavu, conny iraaklo paalastiinaa arab saranaarthulanu punaravasam cheyadaaniki torpedo pranaalikalanu roopondinchaayi". juulai 1949loe, british prabhutvam noorii all-sayeedku janabha maarpidini pratipaadinchindi, dheenilo iraaklo 100,000 paalastiinaa saranaarthulanu sthiraparachadaaniki iraq angeekaristundi; oka nyaayamaina erpaatunu angeekarinchagaligithe, "iraq yoodulu paalastiinaaku swachchandamgaa velladaaniki iraq prabhutvam anumatistundi" anie noorii paerkonnaaru."iraq-british pratipaadana 1949 octoberulo patrikalalo nivedinchabadindi. 1949 aktobaru 14naa noori all-sayed aardhika mission sarvelo janabha bhavana maarpidini levanettaaru. 2002loe melbornelo jarigina yoodula adhyayanala samavesamlo, phillip mendes yoodula bahishkaranapai all-sayed yokka asthiratala prabhavanni ilaa sangrahinchaaduh "adanamgaa, iraq pradhana mantri noori all-sayed tatkalikamga pracharam chesi, aapai iraq yoodulanu bahishkarinche avakaasaanni nilipivesi, samaana sankhyalo paalastiinaa arabbulaku marpidi chese avakaasam undhi."
tirogamanam yoodula olasalanu anumatinchadam.
1950 maarchilo, iraq prabhutvam ijraayelku yoodula valasalapai gatamlo vidhinchina nishedhaanni tippikottindi mariyu yoodulu tama iraq pourasatvaanni thyajinchaalane sharathupai yoodula olasalanu anumatinche oka samvatsaram vyavadhi gala pratyeka billunu aamodinchindi. abbas shiblock prakaram, chaalaa mandhi panditulu idhi taufeek all-suvaidi prabhutvampai british, american mariyu izrael raajakeeya ottidi phalitamgaa jarigindani, konni adhyayanalu rahasya charchalu jarigaayani suuchistunnaayi. eoin block prakaram, iraq prabhutvam "aardhika parigananala dwara prerepinchabadindi, veetilo pradhaanamainadi, yoodulanu vidichipettina daadaapu anni aastulu rashtra khazanaku tirigi vachayi" mariyu "yoodulanu desham nundi vimukti pondina oka ashanti kaliginche mariyu samasyaatmaka minorityga bhaavinchaaru."modata, kontamandi namodu chesukuntaru, endukante geonist udyamam aasti samasyalu mariyu chattaparamaina sthithi spashtam ayye varaku vaaru alaa cheyakudadani suuchimchimdi. yoodulu mariyu prabhutvam nundi perugutunna ottidi taruvaata, udyamam vadulukundi mariyu registrationlaku angeekarinchindi.
marchi 1950 sahajatvam tolagimpu chattam taruvaata ventane, valasa udyamam gananeeyamaina savaallanu edurkondi. praarambhamlo, sthaanika geonist kaaryakartalu iraq yoodulu iraq adhikaarulatho valasa kosam namodu chesukokunda nishedhinchaaru, endukante izrael prabhutvam inca shoshana pranaalika gurinchi charchistondi. ayithe, april 8,1950naa bagdadloni yoodula cafelo bambu pelindi. aaa roeju taruvaata jarigina geonist naayakatvam samavesam izrael prabhutvam kosam vechi undakunda namodunu anumatinchadaaniki angeekarinchindi. izrael rashtram paerita iraq antataa namodu cheyadaanni prothsahinche prakatana cheyabadindi. adhe samayamlo, valasadaarulu polland mariyu romenia nundi izrael loki pravesistunnaru, pradhana mantri david benn-gurian communist adhikarulu tvaralo "tama dwaaraalanu moosivese pramaadam undani anchanaa vesina deshaalu, anduvalla izrael iraq yoodula ravaanaanu alasyam chesindi. esther meer-glitzenstein prakaram, "paridheeya nagaraala nundi vellipoyina ledhaa bahishkarinchabadina vaelaadi mandhi paedha yoodulu, mariyu valasa vellae avakaasam kosam vechi undataaniki baghdadku vellina vaaru, mukhyamgaa chedu sthithilo unnaaru. vaaru prabhutva bhavanaalalo unchabaddaaru mariyu yoodu samajam maddatu istunnaru. paristhiti bharinchalenidigaa undindi."pedda sankhyalo yoodulu "sandigdhamlo" undatam valla rajakeeyamgaa, aardhikamgaa, desheeya bhadrata kosam samasyalanu srushtinchadamtho, noori all-sayed (1950 september madhyalo taufiq all-suvaidi sthaanamlo) iraq prabhutvaaniki alasyam oka mukhyamaina samasyaga maarindi. "samasyaku muulam izrael prabhutvam anae vaastavam iraq prabhutvaaniki "mukhyamgaa kopam teppinchindi".
eee parinaamaala phalitamgaa, yoodulanu veelainanta twaragaa thana desham nundi tarimikottaalani all-sayed nischayinchukunnaadu. 1950 augustu 21naa yoodula nishkramananu ravana chese company thana rojuvaaree 500 mandhi yoodula kotanu neraverchakapothe licensenu raddu chestamani all-sayed bedirinchaadu, 1950 septembarulo yoodula samaajaaniki chendina oka pratinidhini pilipinchi, baghdad yoodula samajanni tondarapadamani heccharinchaadu; lekapothe, yoodulanu sarihaddulaku swayamgaa teesukeltaanu. 1950 aktobaru 12naa noori all-sayed ravana samsthaku chendina senior adhikaarini pilipinchi, izrael nundi paaripotunna paalastiinaa arabbula sankhya dwara yoodulanu bahishkarinchadaanni samarthistuu ilanti bedirimpulu chesaadu.
gaat prakaram, pedda sankhyalo yoodulanu bahishkarinchadaaniki prayatninchadamlo noori-sayed uddeshaalalo okati izrael yokka aardhika samasyalanu teevrataram cheyalane korika (athanu arab prapanchaaniki alaa prakatinchaadu), ayithe eee valasadaarula shoshana anedi izrael thana bhavishyattunu aadharam chesukunna vidhanam anie nooreeki baga telusu. iraq rakshana mantri yooki chepparu.valasa vacchina yoodulu raashtraaniki haanikaramaina karyakalapalalo palgonnarani, communistu agentlatho sampradimpulu jaruputunnarani thana vadda nammadagina aadharalu unnayani rayabari chepparu.
valasa chattam amalu cheyabadina oka samvatsaram taruvaata, marchi 1951loe gaduvu mugiyalsi undhi. modata, iraq valasa chattam yoodulu tama aastulanu vikrayinchadaaniki mariyu vaari vyapaaraalanu muusivaeyadaaniki anumatinchindi. 1951 marchi 10naa, 64,000 mandhi iraq yoodulu inca valasa velladaaniki vechi unnaaru, prabhutvam oka kotta chattanni roopondinchindi, idhi valasa kaalanni podiginchindi, adhe samayamlo vaari pourasatvaanni vadulukunna yoodula aastulanu kooda nirodhinchindi. bayaludere yoodulu desham nundi $140 mariyu 66 poundla saamaanu kante ekkuva teesukelladaaniki anumatinchabaddaaru, mariyu vaaritho paatu aabharanaalu teesukelladaanni kooda nishedhinchaaru.
baghdad bambu paelullu.
1950 april mariyu 1951 juun madhya, bagdadloni yoodula lakshyalapai aidusarlu daadi chesaaru.iraq yoodulu ijraayelku valasa vellelaa prothsahinchadaaniki mosad baambulanu unchada ledhaa yoodulanu tarimikottadaaniki muslim teevravaadulu vaatini unchada anae daanipai yuddhaanantara samvatsaraallo chaalaa charcha jarigindi. idhi ijrayello vyajyalu mariyu vichaaranalaku sambandhinchina amsamgaa undhi. 
iraq adhikarulu chivariki geonist bhoogarbha gadilooni mottam 21 mandhi sabhyulanu chuttumuttaru, vaarilo mugguru sabhyulanu vichaaranaku gurichesi, shalom salaa shalom mariyu yosef ibraheem basri-iddariki maranasiksha vidhinchaaru. konni paelullaloo upayoginchina tnt saaruupya jaadalu taruvaati kaarulo kanugonabaddayi. oka nela himsimchina taruvaata athanu thana oppukolu icchaadu. moodava vyakti, yehuda tajarku 10 samvatsaraala jailu siksha vidhinchabadindi. 1951 mae mariyu juun nelallo, shalom salaa shalom andinchina suuchanalu mariyu maroka bhoogarbha sabhyudu usef khabaja intlo kanugonabadina myapnu anusarinchi, bhoogarbhamlo geonistku chendina aayudhaala nilvalu kanugonabaddayi. iraq-yoodu muulaala charitrakaarudu ayina avi schlime thana 2023 ghnaapakaalalo, 5 bambu daadulaloo, moodintini bagdadloni bhoogarbhamlo geonist sabhyudu yousuf ibraheem basri naataarani, yakov karkoukli sakshyam aadhaaramgaa thana teermaanaanni vyaktam chesaadu. 1940laloe tappanisari paalastiinaa sandarsana samayamlo jarichese kundelu dwara karkouklini niyaminchaaru. eee khaataalo basri maaks binnet nundi tnt mariyu grenadelanu pondaadu. yoodulapai daadi cheyadaaniki prayatninchinatlu nivedinchina yoodulapai prateekaaram teerchukoovaalanae korikatho prerepinchabadina, conny baghdad nagara pooliisu directorate pratyeka vibhaagamlo kepten ayina salem all-khureshi chetha oppinchabadina, oka sunni mosagadu, salih all-haidari, eee yoodula mandirampai bambu daadi chesaaru. geonistlu lancham icchina vaaru.dhaar all-bedaa vadda jarigina aidu sanghatanalalo okati adnan all-raavi aadesaala meraku istiklal ugravaadulaku chendinadigaa gurtinchabadindi. ijraayellooni sthaanabhramsham chendina iraq yoodu samaajaaniki urisikshala vaartalu cherukunnappudu, adhi gananeeyamaina ghnaapakaartham jaragaledu. iraq yoodu samajam bahishkarinchina agentlanu sikshinchadaaniki vaari vidhi devuni charya anie vistrutamaina bhavana undedi.
air lift.
1951 maarchilo izrael prabhutvam airlift operation nirvahinchindi. baghdadlo vechi undatam anedi oka udriktamaina mariyu kashtataramaina kaalam. oka nelaloo daadaapu 50,000 mandhi yoodulu namodu chesukunnaru, rendu nelala taruvaata 90,000 mandhi jaabitaalo unnaaru. eee saamuuhika udyamam iraq prabhutvaanni digbhraantiki gurichesindi, idhi valasadaarula sankhya 8,000 daate avakaasam ledani oohinchindi, yoodulache nadapabadutunna paripalana samsthalu kuulipoevachchani bhayapadindi. adhe samayamlo, geonist udyamam yoodulanu valasalaku saine up cheyamani pilupunistuu oka manifestone vidudala chesindi. idhi eee krindi vaatitho praarambhamaindih "oo, jion, paaripo, babylone kumarte", mariyu eee vidhamgaa mugisindihi "yoodulu! ishraayelu mimmalni pilustondi-babylone nundi bayataku randi!"anie paerkonnaaru.
eee operation nuu nier eest transport company mariyu izrael national airline ell all nirvahinchaayi. 1951 mae madhyalo iraq yoodulanu cypressku vimaanamlo taralinchinappudu, akkada nundi vaarini ijraayelku taralinchinappudu vimanalu prarambhamayyayi. konni nelala taruvaata, oka pedda airlift baghdad nundi neerugaa laad vimaanaasrayaaniki nadichindi. operation ezra mariyu nehemiah 1952 praarambhamlo mugisindi, iraaklo kevalam 6,000 mandhi yoodulu matrame migilaru. 2, 800 samvatsaraala naati yoodu samaajamlo ekkuva mandhi ijraayelku valasa vacchaaru.
paryavasanalu.
operation ezra mariyu nehemia varaku, baghdadlo 28 yoodu vidya samsthalu unnaayi, 16 community kamitee paryaveekshanhaloo unnaayi mariyu migilinavi praivetugaa nadustunnaayi. vidyaarthula sankhya 12,000 kuu cherukundi mariyu aneka mandhi itara videshee mariyu prabhutva paatasaalallo neerchukunnaaru. sumaru 400 mandhi vidyaarthulu medicine, laa, economics, formacy mariyu injaneering chadivaaru. 1951loe, andhula kosam yoodula paatasaala moosiveyabadindi; baghdadlo eee rakamaina ekaika paatasaala idhi. baghdad yoodulaku rendu aasupatrulu undevi, veetilo paedalu uchita chikitsa pondaaru, aneka daatrutva sevalu pondaaru. 1950loe aravai yoodula mandiraalalo, 1970 tarvaata edu matrame migili unnaayi. chaalaa varaku prabhutva bhavanalanu prabhutvam swalpamgaa ledhaa etuvanti pariharam lekunda swaadheenam chesukundi. aaa yoodu saranaarthulaku izrael aaharam ichindi, aasrayam kalpinchindi mariyu vileenam chesindi.
prarambha valasalu taruvaata, bagdadloni yoodula sankhya 100,000 nundi 5,000kii taggindi. abdul kareem khasim paalanalo vaaru kontakaalam bhadratanu anubhavinchinappatikii, taruvaati paalanalu iraq yoodula himsanu teevramgaa penchaayi. 1968loe, akkada kevalam 2,000 mandhi yoodulu matrame nivasistunnaaru. 1969 janavari 27naa, izrael kosam goodacharyam chesinanduku tommidi mandhi yoodulanu uriteesaaru, deenivalla migilina samaajamlo chaalaa mandhi desham vidichi paaripoyaaru. 2020loe marchi 2021loe iraaklo kevalam naluguru yoodulu matrame sajeevamgaa unnaaru, mugguru matrame inca sajeevamgaa unnaaru.

