
chattaparamaina sambandham

chattaparamaina sambandham ledhaa chattaparamaina sambandham anedi iddaru vyaktulu ledhaa itara samsthala madhya chattaparamaina sambandham. dheenini, mukhyamgaa bhaarata chattamlo, nyaayaparamaina sambandham anie kooda pilustaaru. udaaharanaku, iddaru vyaktula madhya ledhaa oka vyakti mariyu prabhutvam madhya chattaparamaina sambandham undavacchu. chattaparamaina sambandhaalu tarachugaa hakkulu mariyu baadhyatalanu suuchistaayi. chattaparamaina sambandhaalaku udaaharanalalo oppandaalu, vivaham mariyu pourasatvam unnaayi. itara praathamika chattaparamaina bhavanala maadirigaane, chattaparamaina sambandhaalanu nirvachinchadaaniki mariyu vargeekarinchadaaniki aneka vibhina margalu munduku vachayi.
chattaparamaina sambandhaalalo pravesinchadam anedi chattaparamaina vyaktitvam yokka nirvachinche lakshanam. udaaharanaku, united states mariyu united kingdamlo rahasyamgaa unchadaanni raddu cheyadaaniki mundu, vivaahita mahilalu chattaparamaina sambandhaalalo pravesinche saamarthyam kaligi laeru. 1865 kii mundu puraatana rome mariyu united states thoo sahaa vividha rakaala baanisatvamlo baanisala vishayamlo kooda idhe nijam. chattaparamaina vyaktitvam mariyu chattaparamaina sambandhaalloki pravesinche saamarthyam, ledhaa mukhyamgaa chattaparamaina hakkulanu kaligi unde saamarthyam madhya sambandham, modata punarujjeevanodyama maanavataavaadamlo udbhavinchindi mariyu taruvaata carle vaan savigney vanti poura nyaya panditulache abhivruddhi cheyabadindi.
poura nyaya sampradaayamlo, oka baadhyatanu "oka chattaparamaina bandham" gaa nirvachinchadaaniki "justinian samsthalalo" chattaparamaina bandham () anae bhavana upayoginchabadindi, dheenitho mana rashtra chattaala prakaram konni charyalanu nirvahinchaalsina avasaram undhi."" "leagal baand" "yokka roopakam," "leagal shackle" "ledhaa" "leagal chain" "gaa kooda anuvadinchabadindi, idhi baadhyatala chattaniki praathamikamgaa undhi".
saadhaarana nyaya adhikara paridhiloo, oppanda sambandhaanni srushtinchadaaniki, moodu amsaalu avasaramh pratipaadana mariyu angeekaaram, pariseelana mariyu chattaparamaina sambandhaalanu srushtinche uddesam. eee moodava avasaram kaaranamgaa, saamaajika erpaatlu mariyu desheeya erpaatlalo tarachugaa jarige vidhamgaa, sahetukamaina vyaktulu daanini chattabaddhamgaa kattubadi undataaniki uddesinchaledani kortu vishwasisthe, oka oppandam amalu cheyabadadu.
siddhaantaalu.
19va sataabdamloo, prabhaavavantamaina panductist leagal theorist carle vaan savigney chattaparamaina sambandhaalanu naalugu vargaluga vibhajinchaaruh aasti, baadhyatalu, vaarasatvam mariyu kutumba chattam. aaa vidhamgaa vyaktulaku, vastuvulaku madhya chattaparamaina sambandhaalanu telivigaa kaligi undedi, conny vyaktulu, prabhutvaala madhya sambandhaalanu chattaparamaina sambandhaalugaa pariganinchaledu. savigney vyavasthalo, chattanni ennukune prasna yea desham sambandhita chattaparamaina sambandhaalaku kendramgaa undhi anae prasnagaa maarindi. 
chattaparamaina sambandhaala siddhaantam oka bhaagamgaa unna savigney yokka nyaya siddhaantam khandantara nyaya sampradaayaanni matrame kakunda british mariyu american nyaya aalochananu kooda prabhaavitam chesindi. ayithe, 20va sataabdam varaku aanglam matlade nyaya vyavasthalalo nyaya sambandhaala siddhaantaalu abhivruddhi chendaledu. 
german nyaayavetta gustav rodbrooch 1903loe vraastuu, hakku mariyu vidhi madhya paraspara sambandhaanni "nairoopya chattaparamaina sambandham" gaa pariganinchaaru. rodbrooch vidhaanamlo, atyalpa-arder chattaparamaina sambandham, udaaharanaku, konugolu dharaku vikreta yokka hakku, aaa dharanu chellinchadaaniki konugoludaaru yokka vidhitho sambandham kaligi untundi. vastuvulapai konugoludaaru hakku mariyu vaatini pampinhee cheyalane vikreta yokka vidhi eee takkuva-arder chattaparamaina sambandhaalanu ammakaala oppandam yokka mishrama chattaparamaina sambandhamgaa puurti chestaayi, idhi private chattam yokka atyunnata sthaayi chattaparamaina sambandhamlo cherchabadutundi.
marxist nyaya sampradaayamlo panichestunna soviet nyaya panditudu evgeny pashukanese pettubadidaarii samajanni "antuleni nyaya sambandhaala golusu" gaa abhivarninchaaru."chattaparamaina sambandhaalu chattam nundi udbhavinchaayane aalochananu ayana tiraskarinchaaru, badulugaa chattaparamaina sambandhaalu aardhika sambandhaala nundi udbhavinchaayani, mariyu praja chattam kooda chivariki aardhika sambandhaala nundi daani nirmaanaanni udbhavinchindani vaadinchaaru. burjuwa pettubadidaarii bhouthika sambandhaala nundi chattaparamaina sambandhaalu udbhavinchinanduna, kotta aardhika vidhanam kinda vaatini kontakaalam konasaaginchaalsina avasaram undani, conny chivariki vaati sthaanamlo socialism yokka chattaviruddhata vastundani pasukaaneelu vaadinchaaru. eee sthaanam 1920laloe prabhaavavantamgaa unnappatikee 1937 naati stallinist prakshaalanalo athani khandanaku daariteesindi.
hofeldian vislaeshanha.
1913loe yuu. ess. nyaya panditudu wesley hoffeld nyaya sambandhaala yokka kramabaddhamaina siddhaantaanni munduku tecchaaru mariyu idhi vistrutamgaa prabhaavavantamgaa undhi. hoffeld yokka chatramlo, naalugu rakaala chattaparamaina sambandhaalu (ledhaa "nyaayaparamaina sahasambandhaalu") unnaayi, vaati madhyah hakku (ledhaa daavaa) mariyu vidhi; hakku (ledhaa swechcha) mariyu hakku ledhu; adhikaram mariyu baadhyata; mariyu roganirodhaka shakti mariyu vaikalyam. 
prati sandarbhamlo, oka vyakti modati sthaanam mariyu maroka vyakti rendava sthaanam kaligi untaaru. hoffeld vyavastha kinda evarikainaa "hakku" ledhaa "daavaa" unte, aaa hakkuku anugunamgaa vyavaharinchaalsina baadhyata marokariki untundi. evarikainaa "hakku" unte, marokariki "hakku ledhu", endukante modati vyakti charyanu nirodhinche hakku (ledhaa daavaa) vaariki ledhu. udaaharanaku, contract litigationlo, oka vaadi nashtalanu tagginchadamlo viphalamaithe, prativaadi aaa adanapu nashtalanu chellinchakudadane adhikaranni pondutaaru, mariyu tadanugunamgaa vaadi atuvanti nashtalaku etuvanti daavaa veyaru. 
adevidhamgaa, adhikaram unna evarainaa baadhyata unna marokari chattaparamaina sambandhaanni maarchavacchu. roganirodhaka shakti unna vyakti icchina chattaparamaina sambandhaanni marokaru marchaleru, mariyu aaa rendava vyaktiki vaikalyam undhi. 
vaastavaaniki vyaktigata chattamlo chattaparamaina sambandhaalanu vivarinchadaaniki uddesinchinappatiki, hoffeld yokka chatram rajyanga chattaniki vistarinchabadindi, mukhyamgaa german panditudu robbert alexiche.