
avakalana amplifier

differential amplifier anedi oka rakamaina electronic amplifier, idhi rendu input voltagela madhya vyatyaasaanni penchutundi, conny rendu inputlaku saadhaaranamaina edainaa voltagenu anichivestundi. idhi rendu inputla suutram _ 1 mariyu suutram _ 2 mariyu oka avtput suutram _ 3 thoo kuudina analog circuit, dheenilo avtput rendu voltagela madhya vyatyaasaaniki aadarsamgaa untundih
ikkada suutram _ 5 anedi amplifier yokka geyin.
single amplifierlu saadhaaranamgaa praamaanika opp-yampku tagina feedback resisterlanu jodinchadam dwara ledhaa antargata feedback resisterlanu kaligi unna pratyeka integrated circuitho amalu cheyabadataayi. idhi analog sankethaalanu nirvahinche pedda integrated circuitlalo oka saadhaarana upa-bhaagam kooda.
siddhaantam.
aadarsha avakalana amplifier yokka avtput ilaa ivvabadutundi
ikkada suutram _ 2 mariyu suutram _ 1 input voltagelu, mariyu suutram _ 9 avakalana labham.
ayithe, aacharanalo, rendu inputlaku labham chaalaa samanamga undadu. udaaharanaku, suutram _ 2 mariyu suutram _ 1 samanamga unte, avtput sunna kaadu, idhi aadarsha sandarbhamlo untundi. avakalana amplifier yokka avtput kosam marinta vaastavika vyakteekarana rendava padaanni kaligi untundih
ikkada formula _ 13 nii amplifier yokka common-mode geyin antaaru.
rendu inputla vadda kanipinche sabdam ledhaa bayas voltagelanu tolaginchadaaniki avakalana amplifierlanu tarachugaa upayoginchadam valana, takkuva saadhaarana-mode geyin saadhaaranamgaa avasaram.
saadhaarana-mode tiraskarana nishpatti (CMrr), saadhaaranamgaa avakalana-mode labham mariyu saadhaarana-mode labham madhya nishpattigaa nirvachinchabadutundi, idhi rendu inputlaku saadhaaranamaina voltagelanu khachitamgaa raddu cheyagala amplifier saamarthyaanni suuchistumdi. saadhaarana-mode tiraskarana nishpatti ilaa nirvachinchabadindi
sampoorna cemetric differential amplifierlo, suutram _ 13 sunna, mariyu CMrr anantam. differential amplifier anedi oke input unna amplifier kante marinta saadhaaranamaina amplifier anie gamaninchandi; differential amplifier yokka oka inputnu grounding cheyadam dwara, single-end amplifier phalitaalu vastaayi.
podavaina thoka janta.
chaaritraka nepathyam.
aadhunika avakalana amplifierlu saadhaaranamgaa "podavaina thoka" jatha ledhaa "avakalana jatha" anie piluvabade praathamika rendu-transister circuitho amalu cheyabadataayi. eee circuit modata oka jatha vacuum tubelanu upayoginchi amalu cheyabadindi. prastuta laabhamtho moodu-terminal parikaraalaku circuit adhe vidhamgaa panichestundi. long-tail" resister circuit yokka bayas paayintlu ekkuvagaa oom yokka chattam dwara nirnayinchabadataayi mariyu takkuva kriyaaseela-bhagala lakshanaala dwara nirnayinchabadataayi.
podavati thoka gala jatha push-pull circuit paddhatulu mariyu kolata vantenala gurinchi munupati ghnaanam nundi abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. podavati thoka gala jatanu pooli unde prarambha circuitnu british neurophysiologist bryan mathuse 1934loe prachurinchaaru, idhi nijamaina podavati thoka gala jatagaa uddesinchabadi undavacchu, conny droying errartho prachurinchabadindi. mottamodati khachitamaina podavati thoka gala jatha circuit 1936loe alan bluemlean samarpinchina patentlo kanipistundi. 1930la chivari natiki topology baga sthaapinchabadindi mariyu fraank offner (1937), oto schmitt (1937) mariyu zaan friedrich tonis (1938) thoo sahaa vividha rachayithalache vivarinchabadindi, mariyu idhi mukhyamgaa saareeraka preranalanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu kolichenduku upayoginchabadindi.
podavati thoka gala jatha prarambha british computinglo chaalaa vijayavantamgaa upayoginchabadindi, mukhyamgaa pailat aes modal mariyu vaarasulu, maris wilks edsack mariyu bahusha itarulu bluemlean ledhaa athani sahacharulatho kalisi panichesina vyaktulu roopondinchaaru. switchga upayoginchinatlayithe podavaina thoka gala jatha aneka anukuulamaina lakshanaalanu kaligi untundih ekkuvagaa tube (transister) vaividhyaalaku roganirodhaka shakti (yantraalu 1,000 gottalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva unnappudu goppa praamukhyata), adhika labham, labham sthirathvam, adhika input impedence, madhyastha/takkuva avtput impedence, manchi clipper (chaalaa podavaina thokatho), inverting kaani ("edsack inverterlanu kaligi ledhu!") mariyu pedda avtput voltage oogisalaatalu. oka pratikuulata emitante, avtput voltage swing (saadhaaranamgaa ± 10-20 v) adhika disi voltage (200 vii ledhaa anthakante ekkuva) paie vidhinchabadindi, dheeniki signal couplinglo jaagratta avasaram, saadhaaranamgaa wide-byaand disi coupling yokka oka roopam. eee samayamlo chaalaa computerlu esi-coupled pulls laajiknu matrame upayoginchadam dwara eee samasyanu nivaarinchadaaniki prayatninchaayi, idhi vaatini chaalaa peddavigaa mariyu athi klishtamgaa (20-ankela calculator kosam 18,000 gottalu) ledhaa nammadaganivigaa chesindi. modati taram vacuum-tube computerla taruvaata disi-coupled circutory pramaanamgaa maarindi.
aakruteekaranalu.
oka avakalana (podavati thoka, udgaaraka-jatha) jatha amplifier saadhaarana (udgaaraka, muulam ledhaa cathode) ksheenatatoo rendu vistarinche dasalanu kaligi untundi.
avakalana utpatti.
rendu inputlu mariyu rendu avutputlatho, idhi avakalana amplifier dasanu yerparustundi (chitram 2). rendu bays luu (ledhaa grids ledhaa gates) anevi transister jatha dwara vibhinnamgaa vistarinchabadina (teesivesi mariyu guninchadam) inputlu; vaatini avakalana (samatulya) input signaltho andinchavacchu, ledhaa oka inputnu faze splitter circuitnu roopondinchadaaniki ground cheyavachu. avakalana avutputto kuudina amplifier teliade lodnu ledhaa avakalana inputto maroka dasanu nadapagaladu.
single end avtput.
avakalana utpattini korukokapothe, appudu oka avutputnu matrame upayoginchavacchu (collectorlalo okadaani nundi (ledhaa anodelu ledhaa drains), itara avutputnu vismarinchi; eee aakruteekarananu "single-end avtput" gaa suuchistaaru. avakalana phalitamtho dasha kante sagam labham untundi. labham tyaagam cheyakunda undataaniki, single-end converterku bhedatmakatanu upayoginchavacchu. idhi tarachugaa prastuta addamgaa amalu cheyabadutundi (chitram 3, krinda).
single-end input.
inputlalo okati ground cheyabadina ledhaa reference voltage kuu sthiraparachabadinaa (saadhaaranamgaa, itara collector single-end avutputgaa upayoginchabadutundi) differential jatanu single-end inputto amplifierga upayoginchavacchu, eee amarikanu cascade common-collector mariyu common-bays dasalugaa ledhaa bufferred common-bays dasagaa bhaavinchavachchu.
emiter-coupled amplifier ushnograta pravaahaalaku bharti cheyabadutundi, vbe raddu cheyabadutundi mariyu miller prabhavam mariyu transister santruptata nivaarinchabadutundi. anduke idhi emiter-coupled amplifierlu (miller prabhavanni nivaarinchadam), faze splitter circuitlu (rendu inverse voltagelanu pondadam), eccleck getlu mariyu switchlu (transister santruptini nivaarinchadam) modalaina vaatini roopondinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi.
operation.
circuit operation vivarinchadaaniki, naalugu nirdishta reetulu krinda vaeru cheyabaddaayi, ayithe aacharanalo, vaatilo konni ekakaalamlo panicheestaayi mariyu vaati prabhavalu atigaa vidhinchabadataayi.
pakshapaatam.
bays vaipu nundi pakshapaatamto kuudina classic amplifying dasalaku viruddhamgaa (mariyu avi chaalaa β-aadhaaritamainavi), avakalana jatha mottam prasaantamaina karentnu munigipovadam/inject cheyadam dwara udgaarakaala vaipu nundi neerugaa pakshapaatamto untundi. syries negative feedback (emiter degeneration) traansistarlanu voltage stabilizerluga panichestundi; idhi vaari collector-emiter junctionla dwara prasaantamaina karentnu paas cheyadaaniki vaari vibi voltagelanu (bays currents) sardubaatu cheyamani vaarini balavantam chestundi. kabatti, pratikuula pratispandana kaaranamgaa, prasaantamaina current transister yokka β paie matrame koddigaa aadharapadi untundi.
prasaantamaina collector pravahalanu prerepinchadaaniki avasaramaina pakshapaata bays pravahalu saadhaaranamgaa bhoomi nundi vastaayi, input muulaala gundaa velli sthaavaraalaloki pravesistaayi. kabatti, biosing current kosam maargaalanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki muulaalu galvanic (disi) gaa undaali mariyu vaati antataa gananeeyamaina voltage droplanu srushtinchakundaa undataaniki taginanta takkuva nirodhakatanu kaligi undaali. lekapothe, adanapu disi muulakaalanu sthaavaraalu mariyu naela (ledhaa saanukuula vidyut sarafara) madhya anusandhaaninchaali.
saadhaarana mode.
saadhaarana reetilo (rendu input voltagelu oke disalo marutayi), iddaru voltage (emiter) anucharulu saadhaarana adhika-nirodhaka emiter load ("long tail") paie kalisi panicheyadaaniki okaritho okaru sahakarinchukuntaaru. avanni kalisi saadhaarana udgaara binduvu yokka voltagenu penchutaayi ledhaa taggistaayi (alankaarikamgaa cheppalante, avi kalisi daanini "paiki laagutaayi" ledhaa "krindiki laagutaayi" tadwara adhi kadulutundi). adanamgaa, dynamic load input voltagela maadirigaane daani takshana omik nirodhakatanu marchadam dwara vaariki "sahaayapadutundi" (voltage periginappudu idhi perugutundi mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa untundi.) tadwara rendu sarafara pattaala madhya sthiramaina mottam nirodhakatanu konasaagistundi. puurti (100%) pratikuula pratispandana untundi; rendu input bays voltagelu mariyu emiter voltage ekakaalamlo marutayi, ayithe collector current mariyu mottam current maaravu. phalitamgaa, avtput collector voltagelu kooda maaravu.
differential mode.
saadhaaranam. avakalana reetilo (rendu input voltagelu vyatiraeka disalalo marutayi), rendu voltage (emiter) anucharulu okarinokaru vyatiraekistaaru-vaarilo okaru saadhaarana emiter point yokka voltagenu penchadaaniki prayatnistaaru, marokaru daanini tagginchadaaniki prayatnistaaru (alankaarikamgaa cheppalante, vaarilo okaru saadhaarana paayintnu "paiki laagutaaru", marokaru daanini "krindiki laagutaaru" tadwara adhi sthiramgaa untundi) mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa. kabatti, saadhaarana point daani voltagenu maarchadu; idhi saadhaarana-mode input voltagela dwara nirnayinchabadina parimaanamtho virtual ground laaga pravartistundi. adhika-nirodhakata kaligina emiter moolakam etuvanti paatra pooshinchadu-idhi itara takkuva-nirodhakata kaligina emiter anucharulache kattirinchabadutundi. input bays voltagelu marinappudu emiter voltage assalu maaradu kabatti pratikuula pratispandana undadu. saadhaarana prasaantamaina current rendu transisterla madhya teevramgaa nadustundi mariyu avtput collector voltagelu teevramgaa marutayi. rendu transisterlu tama udgaarakaalanu parasparam ground chestaayi; kabatti, avi saadhaarana-collector dasalu ayinappatikee, avi vaastavaaniki garishta laabhamtho saadhaarana-udgaara dasalugaa panicheestaayi. saapekshamgaa chinna nirodhakatalatho cathode/emiter resisterla dwara pravesapettina pratikuula pratispandana dwara parikara paaraamitulalo vaividhyaala nundi pakshapaata sthirathvam mariyu swaatantryam meruguparachavacchu.
atigaa naduputaaru. input differential voltage gananeeyamgaa maarithe (sumaru vanda millivoltla kante ekkuva), takkuva input voltage dwara nadiche transister aapiveyabadutundi mariyu daani collector voltage saanukuula sarafara railuku cherukuntundi. adhika ovar drive samayamlo bays-emiter junction tiragabadutundi. itara transister (adhika input voltage dwara nadapabadutundi) mottam karentnu naduputundi. collector vadda resister saapekshamgaa peddadigaa unte, transister santruptamavutundi. saapekshamgaa chinna collector resister mariyu mitamaina ovardraivtoe, emiter ippatikee santruptata lekunda input signalnu anusarinchagaladu. eee mode differential switchlu mariyu eccless gatelalo upayoginchabadutundi.
vichchinnam. input voltage perugutuunae undi, bays-emiter breakdown voltagenu daatithe, takkuva input voltage dwara nadiche transister yokka bays-emiter junction vichchinnamavutundi. input muulaalu takkuva nirodhakata kaligi unte, rendu input muulaala madhya "diode vantena" dwara neerugaa aparimita current pravahistundi mariyu vaatini debbateestundi.
"saadhaarana reetilo, emiter voltage input voltage vaividhyaalanu anusaristundi; puurti pratikuula pratispandana untundi mariyu labham kaneesamgaa untundi. avakalana reetilo, emiter voltage sthiramgaa untundi (takshana saadhaarana input voltage kuu samanam); pratikuula pratispandana undadu mariyu labham garishtamgaa untundi."
avakalana amplifier merugudalalu.
sangraahaka prastuta addam.
collector resisterlanu current addam (anjoorapu bommaloni paie neelam vibhagam) dwara bharti cheyavachu. 3), dheeni avtput bhaagam kriyaaseela lodga panichestundi. eee vidhamgaa avakalana sangraahaka current signal antargata 50 saatam nashtalu lekunda single-end voltage signalga maarchabadutundi, kabatti labham rettimpu avutundi. rendu input signals parimaanaalu jodinche chota, edama nundi kudi vaipuku input collector karentnu coppy cheyadam dwara idhi saadhinchabadutundi. eee prayojanam kosam, prastuta addam yokka input edama avutputku anusandhaaninchabadi untundi mariyu prastuta addam yokka avtput avakalana amplifier yokka kudi avutputku anusandhaaninchabadi untundi.
prastuta addam edama collector karentnu coppy chesi, kudi collector karentnu utpatti chese kudi transister gundaa velutundi. avakalana amplifier yokka eee kudi avtput vadda, rendu signal currents (pose. mariyu negg. prastuta maarpulu) teesiveyabadataayi. eee sandarbhamlo (avakalana input signal), avi samanamga mariyu viruddhamgaa untaayi. anduvalla, vyatyaasam vyaktigata signal currents (δ "i" − (−δ "i") = 2δ "i") kante rettimpu, mariyu single-end conversion kuu differential labham nashtalu lekunda puurtavutumdi. fig. 4 eee circuit yokka prasaara lakshanaanni chooputundi.
emiter sthiramaina current muulam.
saadhaarana reetilo sthiramaina collector voltagelanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki prasaantamaina current sthiramgaa undaali. avakalana avtput vishayamlo eee avasaram antha mukhyamainadi kaadu, endukante vaati rendu collector voltagelu ekakaalamlo maarutuu unnappatikee vaati vyatyaasam (avtput voltage) maaradu. conny single-end avtput vishayamlo, avtput collector voltage maarutuu untundi kabatti sthiramaina karentnu unchadam chaalaa mukhyam. anduvalla anjoorapu asalu circuitlo current soars formula _ 16 yokka nirodhakata ekkuvagaa untundi. 2, takkuva (manchidi) anedi common-mode geyin formula _ 17.
shared emiter node mariyu supply rail (npn kii negitive mariyu pnp transisterlaku positive) madhya chaalaa ekkuva resistance thoo oka element (resister) nii connect cheyadam dwara avasaramaina sthiramaina karentnu utpatti cheyavachu, conny dheeniki adhika supply voltage avasaram. kabatti marinta adhunaatanamaina designlalo, adhika avakalana (dynamic) nirodhakata kaligina moolakam sthiramaina current muulam/sink (anjoorapu diguva) nuu anchanaa vestundi. 3) "podavaina thoka" kuu pratyamnaayamgaa untundi. adhika sammati voltage (avtput transister antataa chinna voltage drop) kaaranamgaa idhi saadhaaranamgaa current addam dwara amalu cheyabadutundi.
interfacing parigananalu.
floating input muulam.
rendu sthaavaraala madhya teliade muulaanni anusandhaaninchadam saadhyame, conny pakshapaata bays currents kosam maargaalanu nirdhaarinchadam avasaram. galvanic muulam vishayamlo, bays mariyu ground madhya oke oka resisternu matrame anusandhaaninchaali. biosing current neerugaa eee bays loki mariyu parokshamgaa (input soars dwara) marokati loki pravesistundi. muulam capacitive ayithe, bays currents kosam ververu maargaalanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki rendu bays luu mariyu ground madhya rendu resisterlanu anusandhaaninchaali.
input/avtput impedence.
avakalana jatha yokka input impedence input modpai ekkuvagaa aadharapadi untundi. common modlo, rendu bhagalu adhika emiter lodlatho common-collector dasalugaa pravartistaayi; kabatti, input impedencelu chaalaa ekkuvagaa untaayi. avakalana reetilo, avi grounded emitersto saadhaarana-emiter dasalugaa pravartistaayi; kabatti, input impedencelu takkuvagaa untaayi.
avakalana jatha yokka avtput impedence ekkuvagaa untundi (mukhyamgaa chitram 3loe chuupina vidhamgaa prastuta addamtho merugaina avakalana jatha kosam).
input/avtput paridhi.
rendu sarafara pattaala madhya saadhaarana-mode input voltage maaravacchu, conny konni voltage droplu (kaneesam 1 volt) rendu current addaala avtput transisterla antataa undavalasi untundi kabatti vaatini daggaragaa cherukolemu.
differential amplifierga kaaryaacharana amplifier.
kaaryaacharana amplifier ledhaa opp-amp anedi chaalaa ekkuva avakalana-mode geyin, chaalaa ekkuva input impedence mariyu takkuva avtput impedence kaligina avakalana amplifier. pratikuula" pratispandananu vartimpajeyadam dwara oohinchadagina mariyu sthiramaina laabhamtho opp-amp avakalana amplifiernu nirminchavacchu (chitram 5). konni rakaala avakalana amplifierlalo saadhaaranamgaa aneka saralamaina avakalana amplifierlu untaayi. udaaharanaku, puurtigaa avakalana amplifier, instrumentation amplifier ledhaa isolation amplifier tarachugaa aneka opp-yampla kalayikatho nirminchabadataayi.
applications.
shreni pratikuula pratispandananu (opp-amp fallover, naan-inverting amplifier modalainavi) upayoginche aneka circuitlalo avakalana amplifierlu kanipistaayi.), ikkada oka input input signal kosam, marokati feedback signal kosam upayoginchabadutundi (saadhaaranamgaa kaaryaacharana amplifierla dwara amalu cheyabadutundi). poolika kosam, 1940la prarambham nundi paatha-shaili inverting single-end opp-yamplu adanapu resister netvarklanu anusandhaaninchadam dwara samaantara pratikuula abhiprayanni matrame grahinchagalavu (opp-amp inverting amplifier atyanta prajaadarana pondina udaaharana). motorlu ledhaa sarvos niyantrana kosam, alaage signal amplification applicationla kosam oka saadhaarana application. vivikta electronicslo, avakalana amplifiernu amalu cheyadaaniki oka saadhaarana amarika podavaina thoka jatha, idhi saadhaaranamgaa chaalaa opp-amp integrated circuitlalo avakalana muulakamgaa kooda kanipistundi. podavaina thoka gala jatanu oka inputgaa avakalana voltage mariyu marokati pakshapaata current thoo analog gunakamgaa upayoginchavacchu. 
avakalana amplifier input stage emiter coupled logic getlugaa mariyu switchga upayoginchabadutundi. switchga upayoginchinappudu, "edama" bays/grid signal inputgaa upayoginchabadutundi mariyu "kudi" bays/grid ground cheyabadutundi; avtput kudi collector/plate nundi teesukobadutundi. input sunna ledhaa pratikuulamgaa unnappudu, avtput sunnaki daggaragaa untundi (conny santruptaparachabadadu); input sanukoolamgaa unnappudu, avtput atyanta sanukoolamgaa untundi, dynamic operation paina vivarinchina amplifier vadakam maadirigaane untundi.
cemetrical feedback network common-mode geyin mariyu common-mode bayasnu tolagistundi.
okavela operational amplifier (naan-ideal) input bayas current ledhaa differential input impedence gananeeyamaina prabhavam kaligi unte, common-mode input signal mariyu bayas prabhavanni merugupariche feedback netvarknu enchukovachhu. chitram 6loe, current generatorlu prati terminal vadda input bayas karentnu modal chestaayi; "i" + b mariyu "i"-b varusaga terminals "v" + mariyu "v"-vadda input bayas karentnu suuchistaayi.
v" + terminalnu nadipe netvarkku samaanamaina thevenin voltage "v" + 'mariyu impedence "r" +' kaligi untundih
ayithe "v"-terminalnu naduputunna network kosamh
opp-amp yokka avtput kevalam open-loop geyin "a" ol retlu differential input current "i" retlu differential input impedence 2 "r" d, kabatti
ekkada "aarr"|| r" yokka sagatu"+|| mariyu "r" -||.
eee sameekaranaalu goppa saralikaranaku lonavutaayi 
phalitamgaa sambandham
idhi avakalana sanketam kosam closed-loop geyin "v" + inn-"v"-inn anie suuchistumdi, conny common-mode geyin oke vidhamgaa sunna. 
idhi common-mode input bayas current raddu cheyabadindani kooda suuchistumdi, input offset current "i" δb = "i" + b − "i" − b matrame migili undhi, inca "r" i yokka gunakam undhi. idhi input offset current input nirodhakata "r" i antataa panichese input offset voltage kuu samanam, idhi input terminallaloki feedback network yokka muulam nirodhakata.
chivaraku, open-loop voltage geyin "a" ol unity kante chaalaa peddadigaa unnanta varaku, closed-loop voltage geyin "r" f/"r" i, idhi "virtual ground" anie piluvabade ruul-off-thumb vislaeshanha dwara pondavacchu.

