
britton yuddham

britton yuddham (, "ingland kosam vaimanika yuddham") rendava prapancha yuddham yokka sainika pracharam, dheenilo raayal air fores (raaf) mariyu raayal naevii yokka fleet air arm (faa) naajii germany vaimanika dalam, luftwaff pedda ettuna daadulaku vyatiraekamgaa united kingdom (yuke) nuu rakshinchaayi. idhi puurtigaa vaimanika dalaalu pooraadina modati pradhana sainika dandayaatra. british vaaru yuddham yokka vyavadhini juulai 10 nundi october 31,1940 varaku adhikarikamga gurtinchaaru, idhi blitz anie piluvabade pedda ettuna raatri daadula kaalanni ativyaapti chestundi, idhi 7 september 1940 nundi 11 mae 1941 varaku konasaagindi. german charitrakaarulu eee upavibhaagaanni anusarincharu mariyu yuddhanni juulai 1940 nundi mae 1941 varaku konasagina oke pracharamga pariganinchaaru, indulo blitz kooda undhi.
charchala dwara shanti oppandaaniki angeekarinchamani britannu balavantam cheyadame german dalaala praathamika lakshyam. 1940 joolailo, vaayu mariyu samudra digbandham praarambhamaindi, luftwaff pradhanamgaa teerapraanta ravana kaanvaaylato paatu portsmouth vanti odarevulu mariyu shipping kendraalanu lakshyamgaa chesukundi. augustu 1naa, raaf faitar kamaandnu asamartham chese lakshyamtho raaf meeda vaayu aadhipatyaanni saadhinchaalani looftwaffnu aadesinchaaru; 12 rojula taruvaata, idhi daadulanu raaf vaimanika sthaavaraalu mariyu moulika sadupaayaalaku maarchindi. yuddham munduku saagutunna koddi, luftwaff vimaanaala utpatti mariyu vyuuhaatmaka moulika sadupayalalo palgonna karmagaralanu kooda lakshyamgaa chesukunnaru. chivariki, idhi raajakeeya praamukhyata unna praantaalapai mariyu pourulapai ugravaada bambu daadini upayoginchindi.
germanlu france mariyu diguva deshaalanu vaegamgaa adhigaminchi, britton samudram dwara dandayaatra muppunu edurkovalasi vachindi. german adhishtanam samudrapu daadi yokka ibbandulanu gurtinchagaa, raayal naevii inglish chaanal mariyu uttara samudraanni niyantrinchindi. juulai 16naa, britainpai sambhaavya ubhayachara mariyu vaimanika daadigaa operation sea layan tayaareeni hitler aadesinchaadu, okasari luftwaff chaanal meeda vaayu aadhipatyaanni kaligi undataaniki. septembarulo, raaf bomber command nait raidlu german marchabadina padavala tayaareeki antaraayam kaliginchaayi, mariyu raafnu adhigaminchadamlo luftwaff viphalamainanduna hitler operation sea layannu vaida veyavalasi vachindi mariyu chivariki raddu cheyavalasi vachindi. looftwaff pagatipuuta daadulanu konasaginchalekapoyarani niroopinchabadindi, conny britainlo vaari raatri bambu daadula karyakalapalu konasagadam blitz gaa piluvabadindi.
yuddha viramananu balavantam cheyadaaniki britton yokka vaimanika rakshananu naasanam cheyadamlo germany vaiphalyam (ledhaa puurtigaa longipovadam) rendava prapancha yuddhamlo modati pradhana german otami mariyu sangharshanhalo keelakamaina malupu. juun 18naa pradhana mantri winston churchill house off commons kuu chesina prasangam nundi britton yuddham daani paerunu teesukundih "general weigand 'france yuddham' anie pilichedi mugisindi. britton yuddham praarambhamavutundani neenu aasistunnaanu."
nepathyam.
modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadi poura lakshyalanu bhayandolanaku gurichese uddesamto vaimanika daadulanu pravesapettindi, idhi 1918loe british sainyam mariyu naavikaadala vaimanika sevalanu raayal air fores (raaf) loe vileenam cheyadaaniki daariteesindi. daani modati vaimanika sibbandi adhipati, hyuu trenchard, 1920laloe sainika vyoohakartalalo okaru, giulio douhet vanti vaaru, vaayu yuddhanni kandaka yuddhamlo raktapaata pratishtambhananu adhigaminchadaaniki oka kotta maargamgaa chuusaaru. bomberla kante yuddha vimanalu vaegamgaa undadamtho antaraayam daadaapu asadhyam anie bhaavinchaaru. bomber ellappuduu vijayam saadhistundani, prateekaaraaniki saripolagala nirodhaka bomber dalam matrame rakshana anie vaari ninaadam. bomber daadi twaragaa vaelaadi mandhi maranaalaku, poura unmaadaaniki kaaranamavutundani, idhi longipovadaaniki daariteestundani anchanaalu veyabaddaayi. ayithe, modati prapancha yuddham yokka bhayanaka paristhitula taruvaata vistrutamaina saantivaadam vanarulanu andinchadaaniki ayishtataku dohadapadindi.
vaayu vyuuhaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadam.
1919 versiles oppandam dwara germany sainika vaimanika dalaanni nishedhinchindi, anduvalla vaimanika sibbandiki poura mariyu creeda vimanayana dwara sikshana ivvabadindi. 1923 memorandam taruvaata, dueche luft hansa airline junkers juulai 52 vanti vimaanaala kosam namuunaalanu abhivruddhi chesindi, ivi prayaaneekulanu mariyu saruku ravaanaanu moyagalavu, conny bomberga kooda takshaname sweekarinchabadataayi. 1926loe, rahasya lipetsk faitar-pailat paatasaala soviet unionlo germanlaku sikshana ivvadam praarambhinchindi. erhard milk vegavantamaina vistarananu nirvahinchaadu, 1933 naajii adhikaranni swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata, athani adheenamlo unna robbert naus, douhet aalochanalu mariyu tirpitz yokka "pramaada siddhaantam" nuu kaluputuu oka nirodhaka siddhaantaanni roopondinchaadu. germany puurtigaa tirigi aayudhalu samakoorchukune mundu france mariyu polland yokka nivaarana daadini nirodhinchadaaniki bhaarii bomberlanu pratipaadinchindi. oka 1933-34 yuddha aata yuddha vimanalu mariyu vimaana vidhvamsaka rakshanatho paatu bomberlu avasaramani suuchimchimdi. 1935 marchi 1naa, looftwaff adhikarikamga prakatinchabadindi, walther vever cheef off stafga unnaaru. 1935 loe "vaayu yuddham nirvahana" ("luftcrigfuhrung") siddhaantam mottam sainika vyuuhamloo vaayu saktini erpaatu chesindi, (sthaanika mariyu taatkaalika) vaayu aadhipatyaanni saadhinchadam mariyu sainyam mariyu naavikaadala dalaalaku yuddhabhoomilo maddatunu andinchadam vanti klishtamaina panulatho. parisramalu mariyu ravaanaapai vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadi anedi sainyam mariyu naavikaadalam yokka avakaasam ledhaa sannahalapai aadharapadi nirnayaatmaka deerghakaalika empikalu kaavacchu. dheenini pratishtambhananu adhigaminchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu ledhaa satruvu yokka aardhika vyavasthanu naasanam cheyadam matrame nirnayaatmakamgaa unnappudu upayoginchavacchu. eee jaabitaalo illanu naasanam cheyadaaniki ledhaa manosthairyaanni debbateesenduku pourulapai bambu daadi cheyadaanni minahaayinchaaru, endukante idhi vyuuhaatmaka prayatnam vrudhaa anie bhaavinchabadindi, ayithe german pourulapai bambu daadi chesthe prateekaara daadulanu eee siddhaantam anumatinchindi. 1940loe savarinchina sanchika jaarii cheyabadindi, mariyu satruvu saayudha dalaalanu naasanam cheyadam praathamika praamukhyata kaligi undatame luftwaff siddhaantam yokka konasagutunna kendra suutram.
1934loe daani vistarana pranaalika, punarvyavastheekarana padhakamtho luftwaff parinaamaalaku pratispandinchina raaf, 1936loe bomber command, coastal command, training command mariyu faitar kamandga punarnirminchabadindi. chivaridi hugg dowding kinda undhi, athanu bomberlu aapalenivi anae siddhaantaanni vyatirekinchaaduh aaa samayamlo radar aavishkarana mundugaane gurtinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi, mariyu namuunaa monoplane yuddha vimanalu gananeeyamgaa vaegamgaa undevi. praadhaanyatalu vivadaspadamga undevi, conny 1937 decemberulo rakshana samanvayaaniki baadhyata vahinche mantri surr thamus inskip, "mana vaimanika dalam paatra prarambha nock-avt debba kaadu", conny "germanlu mammalni padagottakunda nirodhinchadam" mariyu yuddha squadronlu bomber squadronla valene avasaramani vaadinchaaru.
spanish antaryuddham (1936-1939) luftwaff candor dalaaniki vaari kotta vimaanaalato vaimanika poraata vyuuhaalanu pareekshinche avakaasaanni ichindi. wolfram vaan richthophen itara sevalaku ground support andinche vaayu saktiki pratinidhi ayyadu. lakshyalanu khachitamgaa kottadamlo ibbandi anedi ernst udetnu anni kotta bomberlu dive bomberluga undaalsina avasaram undani prerepinchindi, mariyu raatri samayamlo navigation kosam nikibean vyavastha abhivruddhiki daariteesindi. pedda sankhyalo chinna vimanalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki praadhaanyata ivvabadindi, mariyu suduura, naalugu enginela vyuuhaatmaka bomber kosam pranaalikalu raddu cheyabaddaayi.
rendava prapancha yuddham yokka modati dasalu.
 rendava prapancha yuddham prarambha dasallo khandampai vijayavantamaina german dandayaatralu jarigaayi, luftwaff yokka vaayu shakti nirnayaatmakamgaa sahaayapadindi, idhi goppa prabhaavamtho vyuuhaatmaka vaayu aadhipatyaanni sthaapinchagaligindi. 1940 praarambhamlo germany dalaalu naarvelooni chaalaa rakshana sainyalanu oodinchina vegam britainlo gananeeyamaina raajakeeya sankshobhaanni srushtinchindi. 1940 mae praarambhamlo, norway charcha british pradhana mantri neville chamberline yokka kaaryaalayaaniki arhatanu prasninchindi. mae 10naa, adhe roeju winston churchill british pradhana mantri ayyadu, germanlu french bhuubhaagampai dookudugaa dandayaatratho france yuddhanni praarambhinchaaru. raaf faitar command sikshana pondina pailatlu mariyu vimaanaalaku chaalaa takkuvagaa undedi. fraanslo kaaryakalaapaalaku maddatu ivvadaaniki churchill british dandayaatra dalamlooni vaimanika bhaagamaina faitar squadranlanu pampaadu, akkada raaf bhaarii nashtalanu chavichusindi. thana dalaalanu mallinchadam valla inti rakshana balaanni taggistundani daani commander hyuu dowding abhyantaraalu vyaktam chesinappatiki idhi jarigindi.
1940 juun 22naa dunkirk nundi british, french sainikulanu taralinchi, french longipoyina taruvaata, hitler pradhanamgaa soviet unionpy daadi chese avakaasam meeda thana saktini kendrikarinchadu. khandamlo odipoyina mariyu european mitraraajyaalu lekunda british vaaru twaragaa raajeepadataarani ayana viswasinchaadu. germanlu aasannamaina yuddha viramana gurinchi enthagaa oppinchabaddaro, vaaru vijayavantamaina dalaala swadaesaaniki tirigi vachhe kavaatula kosam veedhi alankaranalanu nirminchadam praarambhinchaaru. british videsanga karyadarshi, lard holyphox, mariyu british prajalalo konni amsaalu adhirohana germanytho charchalu jaripi saantini yerparachukodaniki anukuulamgaa unnappatikee, churchill mariyu athani mantrivargamlo ekkuva mandhi yuddha viramananu pariganinchadaaniki niraakarinchaaru. badulugaa, churchill longipovadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa prajabhipraayaanni kathinataram cheyadaaniki mariyu sudeergha yuddhaaniki british vaarini siddham cheyadaaniki thana naipunhyam kaligina vaakchaaturyaanni upayoginchaadu.
britton yuddham anedi pooraadataaniki mundhe daani paerunu pondindane asaadhaaranamaina vyatyaasaanni kaligi undhi. yuddham praarambhaaniki saadhaaranamgaa aamodinchabadina teedeeki moodu vaaraalaku mundu juun 18naa house off commonslo winston churchill chesina "idhi vaari atyuttama ganta" prasangam nundi eee paeru vachindihi
german lakshyalu mariyu aadesaalu.
 adhikaaramloki vachinappati nundi, adolph hitler britton patla prasamsalanu vyaktam chesaadu, yuddha kaalam antataa athanu tatasthatanu ledhaa britaintho shanti oppandaanni korukunnadu. 1939 mae 23naa jarigina oka rahasya samavesamlo, hitler polandpai daadi chaalaa avasaramani, "paaschaatya saktulu daani nundi dhooramgaa untene vijayavantamavutundani" thana viruddhamaina vyuuhaanni roopondinchaadu. idhi asaadhyamaithe, paschimaana daadi cheyadam mariyu adhe samayamlo polandlo sthirapadatam manchidi "aascharyakaramaina daaditoe. "halland mariyu belgium vijayavantamgaa aakraminchi, swaadheenam chesukunte, mariyu france kooda odipothe, inglaandku vyatiraekamgaa vijayavantamaina yuddhaaniki praathamika paristhitulu bhadraparachabadi untaayi. inglaandnu paschima france nundi vaimanika dalam daggaragaa digbandham cheyavachu, ayithe naavikaadalam daani jalaantargaamulato digbandham paridhini vistaristundi."
yuddham prarambhamainappudu, hitler mariyu ook ("obercommando derr vehrmacht" ledhaa "saayudha dalaala adhishtanam") vyuuhaatmaka lakshyalanu aadesistuu, pranaalika vesukuni, paerkontuu varusa aadesaalanu jaarii chesaaru. "aadesam nem. 1939 augustu 31 naati "yuddham nirvahana kosam", pranaalika prakaram september 1naa polland dandayaatraku aadesaalu jaarii chesindi. bahusha, luftwaff "inglaandku vyatiraekamgaa karyakalapalu" ilaa undevi
france mariyu yuke rendoo germanypai yuddham prakatinchaayi; october 9naa, hitler yokka aadesam nem. 6 eee mitradeshaalanu oodinchadaaniki mariyu netherlands, belgium mariyu uttara fraanslaloo saadhyamainanta ekkuva bhoobhaganni geluchukovadaaniki daadini pranaalika chesindi, inglaandku vyatiraekamgaa vaayu mariyu samudra yuddhanni vijayavantamgaa amalu cheyadaaniki oka sthaavaramgaa upayogapadindi. november 29naa, OKw "aadesam nem. 9-satruvu yokka aardhika vyavasthaku vyatiraekamgaa yuddhaaniki suuchanalu "eee teerapraantam surakshitam ayina tarvaata, criegsmarine (german naavikaadalam) thoo kalisi looftwaff samudra ganulatho yuke naukaasrayaalanu digbandham cheyaalani perkondi. vaaru naukaayaanam mariyu yuddhanaukalapai daadi chesi, theera sthaavaraalu mariyu paarisraamika utpattipai vaimanika daadulu cheyalsi undedi. eee aadesam britton yuddham modati dasalo amalulo undindi. mae 24naa france yuddha samayamlo "directive nem. 13, taginanta balagalu andubaatulo unna ventane, aangla maatrubhoomipai puurti sthaayilo daadi cheyadaaniki "luftwaff kuu adhikaram ichindi". rur pareevaahaka praantampai aangla daadulaku vinaasakaramaina prateekaara charya dwara eee daadi praarambhamavutundi."
juun 1940 chivari natiki, germany khandamlo britton mitradeshaalanu odinchindi, juun 30naa okedablue cheef off staff, alfred jodel, charchala saantiki angeekarinchadaaniki britainpai ottidi penchadaaniki empikalapai thana sameekshanu jaarii chesaaru. modati praadhaanyata raafnu tolaginchi, vaayu aadhipatyaanni pondadam. naukaayaanaaniki mariyu aardhika vyavasthaku vyatiraekamgaa teevrataramaina vaimanika daadulu deerghakaalamlo aahara sarafara mariyu poura manosthairyaanni prabhaavitam chestaayi. ugravaada bambu daadula prateekaara daadulu vaegamgaa longipoye saamarthyaanni kaligi unnaayi, conny manosthairyampai prabhavam anischitamgaa undhi. adhe rojuna, luftwaff commander-inn-cheef, herman goring thana kaaryaacharana aadesaanni jaarii chesadu raafnu naasanam cheyadaaniki, tadwara german parisramanu rakshinchadaaniki mariyu britanku videshee sarafaraalanu kooda nirodhinchadaaniki. german supreme command eee empikala aacharanaatmakatapai vaadinchindi.
aadesam nem. 16-juulai 16naa inglaandku vyatiraekamgaa landing operationku sannahalapai, british vaaru charchalaku angeekarinchakapothe, operation sea layan anie piliche dandayaatraku avakaasam kosam hitler augustu madhya natiki samsiddhata avasaram. augustu praarambhamlo thana pedda daadini praarambhinchadaaniki siddhamgaa unnatlu luftwaff nivedinchindi. criegsmarine commander-inn-cheef, grand admiral eric reader, eee pranaalikala yokka asaadhyatanu highlight chestune, 1941 praarambhaaniki mundu samudra dandayaatra jaragaledani cheppadu. britton russia nundi sahayam aasatoe nilabadi undani, 1941 madhya natiki soviet unionpy daadi cheyavalasi undani hitler ippudu vaadinchaadu. goring thana vaimanika dhala commanderlanu kalusukunnadu, juulai 24naa modatidi vaimanika aadhipatyaanni pondadam, rendavadi dandayaatra dalaalanu rakshinchadam mariyu raayal naevii noukalapai daadi cheyadam vanti "panulu mariyu lakshyalanu" jaarii chesaadu. moodavadi, vaaru digumatulanu digbandham cheyadam, naukaasrayaalu mariyu sarafara dukaanaalapai bambu daadi cheyadam.
hitler yokka "directive nem. 17-inglaandku vyatiraekamgaa vaayu mariyu samudra yuddha nirvahana kosam augustu 1naa jaarii cheyabadina "anni empikalanu terichi unchadaaniki prayatninchindi. looftwaff yokka "adlertag" pracharam augustu 5va teedeena praarambhamavvaalsi undhi, idhi vaataavaranaaniki lobadi, dandayaatraku avasaramaina mundastu sharatuga dakshina inglandpy vaayu aadhipatyaanni pondaalane lakshyamtho, muppuku viswasaneeyatanu ivvadaaniki mariyu hitlerku dandayaatranu aadesinche empikanu ivvadaaniki. raakettu enthagaa asamarthamgaa undaalane uddesyam, tadwara UK vaimanika daadiki siddhamgaa unnatlu bhaavinchi, shanti charchalanu praarambhistundi. idhi UKnii verucheyadam mariyu yuddha utpattiki nashtam kaliginchadam, samarthavanthamaina digbandhanaanni praarambhinchadam kooda. teevramaina looftwaff nashtaala taruvaata, september 14naa jarigina OKW samavesamlo hitler, dandayaatra pranaalikalatoe sambandham lekunda vaimanika pracharam teevrataram cheyaalani angeekarinchaadu. september 16naa, goring modati swatantra vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadulaku, vyuuhamloo eee maarpuku aadesam icchaaru.
shanti ledhaa tatasthata gurinchi charchalu jaripaaru.
hitler yokka 1923 naati "maine compf" ekkuvagaa athani dveshaalanu vyaktam chesindi athanu modati prapancha yuddhamlo saadhaarana german sainikulanu mariyu britannu matrame mecchukunnadu, dheenini athanu kamyoonijaaniki vyatiraekamgaa mitraraajyamgaa chushadu. 1935loe herman goring britton, sambhaavya mitraraajyamgaa, tirigi aayudhalu andukuntondane vaartanu swaagatinchaaru. 1936loe athanu british saamrajyaanni rakshinchadaaniki sahayam chestaanani vaagdaanam chesi, thoorpu airopalo swechhanu matrame adigi, 1937loe lard holifoxku dheenini punaraavrutam chesaadu. aaa samvatsaram, vaan ribbentrope idhe vidhamaina pratipaadanatoe charchilnu kalusukunnadu; tiraskarinchinappudu, german aadhipatyamlo jokyam chesukovadam antey yuddham anie charchilku cheppadu. hitler yokka goppa chiraaku, athanu polland meeda daadi chesinappudu britton yuddham prakatinchakundaa aapadamlo athani dautyamantaa viphalamaindi. france patanam samayamlo, athanu thana sainikaadhikaarulato shanti prayatnaala gurinchi padepade charchinchaadu.
churchill adhikaaramloki vachinappudu, british dautya sampradaayamlo shanti charchala kosam, yuddham lekunda british swaatantraanni pondadaaniki videsanga kaaryadarsigaa bahirangamgaa vaadinchina holifoxku ippatikee vistruta maddatu undhi. mae 20naa, holyphox rahasyamgaa oka swedish vyaapaaravaettanu charchalu praarambhinchadaaniki goringto sampradinchamani abhyardhinchindi. kontakaalam tarvaata, mae 1940 yuddha cabinet sankshobhamlo, holyphox italianlatho kuudina charchala kosam vaadinchindi, conny dheenini churchill majority maddatutoe tiraskarinchindi. juun 22naa swedish rayabari dwara chesina vidhanam, shanti charchalu saadhyamayye vidhamgaa anipinchela, hitlerku nivedinchabadindi. juulai antataa, yuddham prarambhamainappudu, germanlu doutyaparamaina parishkaranni kanugonadaaniki vistruta prayatnaalu chesaaru. juulai 2naa, dandayaatraku praathamika pranaalikanu praarambhinchamani saayudha dalaalanu korina roeju, shanti charchalanu andinche prasamgaanni roopondinchadaaniki hitler vaan ribbentropnu teesukunnadu. juulai 19naa berlinloni german paarlamentulo hitler eee prasangam chesi, "tarkam mariyu saamaanya ghnaanaaniki" vignapti chestu, "eee yuddham enduku konasagalo tanaku etuvanti kaaranam kanipinchaledani" cheppadu. athani ghoramaina mugimpu nissabdamgaa sweekarinchabadindi, conny athanu charchalanu soochinchaledu mariyu idhi british prabhutvam samarthavantamgaa oka antima heccharikagaa bhaavinchindi, idhi pratipaadananu tiraskarinchindi. decemberlo rayabariga washingtonku pampabade varaku holyphox saantini erpaatu cheyadaaniki prayatnistuunae unnadu, mariyu 1941 janavarilo hitler britaintho shanti charchalu jarapadaniki aasaktini vyaktam chesaadu.
digbandham mariyu muttadi.
1939 mae loe luftfloat 3 pranaalika kasarattu naukaadala ganulanu veyadam kante britton yuddha aardhika vyavasthaku chaalaa nashtam kaliginche margalu luftwaff kii levani kanugondi. looftwaff intelligence incharge ayina joseph schmid 1939 november 22naa oka nivedikanu samarpinchaaru, "germany yokka anni sambhaavya satruvulalo, britton atyanta pramaadakaramainadi."eee" "vaayu yuddham nirvahana pratipaadana" "british digbandhanaaniki pratighatana kosam vaadinchindi mariyu" "british vaanijyaanni stambhimpajeyadam keelakam" "anie perkondi". french meeda vermacht daadi cheyadaaniki badulugaa, naukaadala sahayamtho luftwaff britanku digumatulanu addukovadam mariyu odarevulapai daadi cheyadam. "satruvu ugravaada charyalanu aasrayisthe, udaaharanaku, paschima germanyloni mana pattanaalapai daadi cheyadaaniki" vaaru paarisraamika kendraalu mariyu londonpy bambu daadi cheyadam dwara prateekaaram teerchukovacchu. veetilo konni bhagalu november 29naa "directive nem. 9 "tiiraanni swaadheenam chesukunna tarvaata bhavishyat charyalugaa. 1940 mae 24naa "aadesam nem. 13 "digbandham lakshyalapai adhikara daadulu, alaage ruhrloni paarisraamika lakshyalapai raaf bambu daadiki prateekaaram.
france otami taruvaata, okedablue vaaru yuddhamlo vijayam saadhinchaarani bhaavinchaaru, inca kontha ottidi britton nuu longipovadaaniki oppistundi. juun 30naa, OKW cheef off staff alfred jodel thana kaagitaanni vidudala chesi empikalanu roopondinchaaduh modatidi shipping, aardhika lakshyalu mariyu raflapy daadulanu penchadamh vaimanika daadulu mariyu aahara koratalu manosthairyaanni vichchinnam chesi longipovadaaniki daariteestaayani bhaavistunnaaru. raaf naasanam modati praadhaanyata, mariyu dandayaatra chivari upaayam avutundi. adhe roeju jaarii chesina goring yokka kaaryaacharana aadesam britanku samudrayaana sarafaraalanu nilipivese daadulaku maargam sugamam cheyadaaniki raafnu naasanam cheyaalani aadesinchindi. idhi dandayaatra gurinchi prastaavinchaledu.
dandayaatra pranaalikalu.
1939 navambarulo, OKW britainpai vaayu mariyu samudra dandayaatra sambhaavyatanu sameekshinchindih criegsmarine (german naavikaadalam) raayal naevii yokka pedda swadeshi naukaadalam inglish chaanal daatadaaniki edurayye muppunu edurkondi, mariyu german sainyamtho kalisi gaganatala niyantrananu avasaramaina mundastu sharatuga chusindi. kevalam vaayu aadhipatyam saripodani german naavikaadalam bhaavinchindi; german naavikaadala sibbandi appatike britainpai dandayaatra jarige avakaasam gurinchi oka adhyayananni (1939loe) roopondinchaaru mariyu dheeniki kooda naukaadala aadhipatyam avasaramani nirdhaarinchaaru. dandayaatra anedi "ippatike vijayavantamaina yuddhamlo tudi charya matrame" anie luftwaff chepparu."
1940 mae 21naa grand admiral eric readertho jarigina samavesamlo hitler modata dandayaatra aalochananu charchinchaadu, athanu addankula kosam ibbandulu mariyu thana swantha praadhaanyatanu nokki cheppadu. british aardhika vyavastha debbatinna tarvaata mariyu luftwaff puurti vaayu aadhipatyaanni kaligi unna tarvaata dandayaatranu chivari upayamga okedablue cheef off staff jodel yokka juun 30 nivedika varninchindi. juulai 2naa, OKW praathamika pranaalikalanu abhyardhinchindi.
britainlo, churchill "prati purushudu mariyu streeni samsiddhata yokka adhika sthaayiki anugunamgaa unchadam dwara" "goppa dandayaatra bhayam" "chaalaa upayogakaramaina uddesyaanni andistondi" anie abhivarninchaaru. charitrakaarudu lenn dieton juulai 10naa churchill yuddha mantrivargaaniki dandayaatranu vismarinchavacchani, endukante idhi "atyanta pramaadakaramaina mariyu aatmahatya charya" anie salaha icchinatlu paerkonnaadu.
juulai 11naa, hitler dandayaatra anedi chivari upaayam anie raidartho angeekarinchaadu, mariyu gaali aadhipatyaanni pondadaaniki 14 nundi 28 rojulu padutundani luftwaff salaha icchaadu. juulai 13naa berchtesgaden vadda hitler thana sainika adhipatulu vaan brachitsh mariyu haldernu kalisaaru, akkada vaaru naavikaadalam surakshitamaina ravaanaanu andistundane oohapai vivaranaatmaka pranaalikalanu samarpinchaaru. sainika karyakalapala patla thana saadhaarana vaikhariki bhinnamgaa, hitler dandayaatra pranaalikalapai aasakti chuupaleedani vaan brachitsh mariyu halder aascharyapoyaaru, conny juulai 16naa athanu aadesam namm. 16, operation sea layan kosam sannahalu aadesinchadam.
naukaadalam irukaina beach head mariyu landing dalaala kosam podiginchina vyavadhini nokki cheppindi; sainyam eee pranaalikalanu tiraskarinchindih augustulo luftwaff vaimanika daadini praarambhinchavacchu. juulai 31naa hitler thana sainyam, naavikaadala adhipatula samavesam nirvahinchaadu. septembaru 22 saadhyamainanta toli thedhee anie naavikaadalam telipindi mariyu taruvaati samvatsaram varaku vaida veyaalani pratipaadinchindi, conny hitler septembaruku praadhaanyata icchaadu. vaimanika daadi praarambhamaina enimidi nundi padnaalugu rojula tarvaata landing operationpy nirnayam teesukuntaanani athanu vaan brachitsh mariyu haldertho cheppadu. augustu 1naa ayana aadesaala nem. 17 teevramaina vaayu mariyu samudra yuddhaaniki, augustu 5naa ledhaa aaa taruvaata vaataavaranaaniki lobadi, charchalu jaripi shanti ledhaa digbandham mariyu muttadiki empikalu terichi unchadam dwara adlertagtho praarambhinchaali.
swatantra vaimanika daadi.
1935 "vaayu yuddham yokka pravartana" siddhaantam yokka nirantara prabhaavamtho, luftwaff command (goringto sahaa) yokka pradhana drushti yuddhabhoomilo shatru saayudha dalaalanu naasanam cheyadaaniki daadulanu kendrikarinchadam, mariyu sainyam yokka "blitzcrig" daggari vaimanika maddatu adbhutamgaa vijayam saadhinchindi. pratishtambhana paristhiti ledhaa prateekaara daadula kosam vaaru vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadini ketaayinchaaru, conny idhi swayamgaa nirnayaatmakamainadaa anie anumanincharu mariyu illanu naasanam cheyadaaniki ledhaa manosthairyaanni debbateesenduku pourulapai bambu daadi cheyadam vyuuhaatmaka prayatnaala vrudhaa anie bhaavinchaaru.
juun 1940loe france otami britanku vyatiraekamgaa modatisaarigaa swatantra vaimanika charyanu pravesapettindi. joolailo vacchina oka "fleegercorps I" patrika germany nirvachanam prakaram oka vaimanika shakti anie nokki cheppindih "inglaandku vyatiraekamgaa daani pradhana ayudham vaimanika dalam, taruvaata naavikaadalam, taruvaata landing dalaalu mariyu sainyam."1940loe, looftwaff oka" "vyuuhaatmaka daadi" "chestaadu"... vaari sainika mission gurinchi 1944 april german kathanam prakaram, "itara sevala nundi swatantramgaa mariyu swatantramgaa. vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadi sainyam mariyu naavikaadalaaniki minchina lakshyalanu geluchukogaladani, moodava reach loe luftwaff mariyu tanaku raajakeeya prayojanaalanu pondagaladani goring oppinchaadu. vaayu yuddham nirnayaatmakamgaa britannu charchalu jarapadaniki balavantam chestundani athanu aasinchaadu, OKW loe andaruu aasinchinatlu, mariyu looftwaff dandayaatraku maddatu ivvadaaniki pranaalika veyadamlo peddagaa aasakti chuupaleedu.
vyatiraeka saktulu.
luftwaff gatamlo edurkonna daanikante ekkuva samarthavanthamaina pratyarthini edurkondih gananeeyamaina, atyanta samanvayamtho kuudina, baga sarafara cheyabadina, aadhunika vaimanika dalam.
yodhulu.
luftwaff yokka messershmit bf 109eee mariyu bf 110sea raaf yokka work haars hariken emkei mariyu takkuva sankhyalo spitfire emkeiki vyatiraekamgaa poradayi; yuddham prarambhamainappudu raaf faitar kamaandlo tuphaanula sankhya spitfirelanu 2:1 kante ekkuvagaa undedi. bf 109ii merugaina aarohana retunu kaligi undhi mariyu ettunu batti rotol (sthiramaina vaega chodaka) amarchina hariken emkei kante sthaayi vimaanamlo gantaku 40 mailla vegamtho undhi. asalu rotol kaani tuphaanuto vegam mariyu aarohana asamaanata marinta ekkuvagaa undhi. 1940 madhya natiki, anni raaf spitfire mariyu hariken faitar squadronlu 100 octain aviation indhanamgaa marchabaddayi, idhi vaari merlin enginelu gananeeyamgaa ekkuva saktini utpatti cheyadaaniki mariyu atyavasara boost override vadakam dwara takkuva ettulo vegaanni sumaru 30 mph penchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. 1940 septembarulo, marinta saktivantamaina emm. keey. ii. ii. yea. syries 1 tuphaanulu takkuva sankhyalo sevaloki pravesinchadam praarambhinchaayi. eee version garishta vegaanni kaligi undhi, asalu (rotol kaani) mki kante sumaru 20 mph ekkuva, ayinappatikee idhi ippatikee bf 109 kante 15 nundi 20 mph nemmadigaa undhi (ettunu batti).
dunkirk meeda ummivese charya "jaggdwaff" kuu ascharyaanni kaliginchindi, ayinappatikee german pailatlu 109 atyuttama yuddha vimanam anie balamaina nammakanni konasaaginchaaru. british yodhulu enimidi braun. 303 (7.7mm) meshin ganlanu kaligi undagaa, chaalaa varaku BF 109luu rendu 20mm firangulanu kaligi unnaayi, dheeniki adanamgaa rendu 7.92mm meshin ganlu unnaayi. rendodi. 303 kante chaalaa prabhaavavantamgaa undhi; yuddha samayamlo debbatinna german bomberlu rendu vandala. 303 hitlatho intiki velladam teliyadu. konni ettulalo, bf 109 british yuddha vimananni adhigaminchagaladu. idhi injin kattirinchakundaa niluvu-plain pratikuula-"zii" yuktulalo kooda paalgonagaladu endukante daani db 601 injin indhana injectionnu upayoginchindi; idhi carburator-amarchina merlin kante daadi chesevari nundi 109 marinta sulabhamgaa dhooramgaa dive cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. marovaipu, bf 109e daani iddaru satruvula kante chaalaa pedda malupu vruttaanni kaligi undhi. ayithe, saadhaaranamgaa, alfred prais "spitfire katha" loe perkonnatlugaah
bf 109ini "jabo" ("jagdbamber", faitar-bomber) gaa kooda upayoginchaaru, ii-4/bii mariyu ii-7 namuunaalu fuselage kinda 250 kilola bambunu mosukellagalavu, taruvaata modal yuddha samayamlo vachindi. bf 109, "stuca" laaga kakunda, daani aayudhalanu vidudala chesina tarvaata raaf yodhulatho samaana nibandhanalatho pooraadagaladu.
yuddham praarambhamlo, janta injin gala messershmit bf 110sii long-range "gerstorer" ("distroyer") kooda luftwaff bomber naukaadalaaniki rakshanagaa gaalilo nundi gaalilo pooraadutundani bhaavinchaaru. 110 tuphaanu kante vaegamgaa mariyu daadaapu ummivese agni antha vaegamgaa unnappatikee, daani yukti mariyu tvaranam lekapovadam antey idhi suduura escort fighterga viphalamaindi. augustu 13 mariyu 15 teedeelaloo, padamudu mariyu muppai vimanalu kolpoyayi, idhi mottam "kathinamaina" mariyu pracharam samayamlo eee rakamaina ghoramaina nashtalaku samanam. augustu 16,17 tedeello maroe enimidi mariyu padihenu mandhi odipovadamto eee dhorani konasaagindi.
yuddha samayamlo bf 110 yokka atyanta vijayavantamaina paatra "snell bomber" (faast bomber) gaa undedi. bf 110 saadhaaranamgaa lakshyampai bambu daadi cheyadaaniki mariyu adhika vegamtho tappinchukovadaaniki nissara divenu upayogistundi. oka unit, "erprobungsgroup 210"-praarambhamlo 110 kii abhivruddhi chendutunna varasudu, mea 210 kosam servies test unit ("erprobungscomando") gaa erpadindi-chinna ledhaa "pinpoint" lakshyalapai daadi cheyadamlo bf 110 ippatikee manchi prabhaavaaniki upayogapadutundani niroopinchindi.
raaf yokka boulton paal defient tuphaanuni pooli undatam valla dunkirk meeda kontha prarambha vijayanni saadhinchindi; venuka nundi daadi chese luftwaff yodhulu daani asaadhaarana tupaki turrent chuusi aascharyapoyaaru. britton yuddha samayamlo, idhi nissahayamgaa adhigaminchabadindani niroopinchabadindi. vividha kaaranaala valla, defient yea vidhamaina forward-firing aayudhalanu kaligi ledhu, mariyu bhaarii turrent mariyu rendava sibbandi antey adhi bf 109 ledhaa bf 110 nuu adhigaminchalekapoyindi ledhaa adhigaminchalekapoyindi. augustu chivari natiki, vinaasakaramaina nashtaala taruvaata, vimanam pagatipuuta seva nundi upasamharinchabadindi.
bomberlu.
looftwaff yokka praadhamika bomberlu madhya nundi ettaina pradaesaalaloo level bambu daadulaku henkel hay 111, dornier doow 17, mariyu junkers juulai 88, mariyu dive-bambu vyuuhaala kosam junkers juu 87 "stuca". sangharshana samayamlo itarula kante ekkuva sankhyalo 111 upayoginchabadindi, mariyu daani vilakshanhamaina rekkala aakaram kaaranamgaa baga prasiddhi chendindi. prati sthaayi bomber yuddha samayamlo upayoginchina konni nigha samskaranalanu kooda kaligi undhi.
munupati luftwaff engagementlalo idhi vijayavantamainappatiki, "stuca" britton yuddhamlo, mukhyamgaa augustu 18naa, daani nemmadigaa vegam mariyu dive-bambu daadi tarvaata yuddha antaraayam kaliginche durbalatvam kaaranamgaa bhaarii nashtalanu chavichusindi. parimita payload mariyu paridhi thoo paatu nashtalu peragadamtho, "stuca" unitlu ekkuvagaa ingland paie karyakalapala nundi tolaginchabaddaayi mariyu badulugaa shippingpy drushti pettadaniki mallinchabaddaayi, chivariki 1941 loe thoorpu frontku tirigi moharinchabade varaku. konni daadula kosam, vaatini tirigi pilipinchaaru, udaaharanaku september 13 naa tangmere airfieldpy daadi cheyadaaniki.
migilina moodu bomber rakalu vaati samarthyalalo bhinnamgaa undevi; dornier doow 17 atyanta nemmadigaa mariyu athi chinna bambu lodnu kaligi undhi; juulai 88 daani pradhanamgaa bahya bambu lodnu padesina tarvaata atyanta vaegamgaa undedi; mariyu athanu 111 atipedda (antargata) bambu lodnu kaligi undhi. moodu bomber rakalu swadeshi british fiters nundi bhaarii nashtalanu chavichusai, conny juulai 88 daani ekkuva vegam mariyu ibbandi nundi bayatapade saamarthyam kaaranamgaa gananeeyamgaa takkuva nashtam retlanu kaligi undhi (idhi modata dive bomberga roopondinchabadindi). german bomberlaku luftwaff yokka yuddha dalam nundi nirantara rakshana avasaram. german escartlu taginantagaa laevu. yea rojunainaa 300-400 bomberlaku maddatu ivvamani bf 109 lanu aadesinchaaru. taruvaata sangharshanhalo, raatri bambu daadulu marinta tarachugaa jariginappudu, eee moodintinee upayoginchaaru. daani chinna bambu load kaaranamgaa, lighter doow 17 eee prayojanam kosam 111 mariyu 88 juulai kante takkuvagaa upayoginchabadindi.
british vaipu, karmagaralu, dandayaatra naukaasrayaalu mariyu railway kendraalu vanti lakshyalaku vyatiraekamgaa raatri karyakalapalalo moodu bomber rakalu ekkuvagaa upayoginchabaddaayi; armstrang whitworth vitley, handley-pages hampden mariyu wickers velingtanlanu raaf bhaarii bomberluga vargeekarinchindi, ayinappatikee hampden 111 thoo polchadagina medium bomber ayinappatikee. twin-injin bristol blenheim mariyu vaadukalo laeni single-injin fairie yuddham rendoo telikapati bomberlu; raaf bomber kamaandnu sannaddham chese vimanalalo blenheim chaalaa ekkuva mariyu pagalu mariyu raatri samayamlo khandamloni shipping, portulu, airfields mariyu factorylaku vyatiraekamgaa daadulaloo upayoginchabadindi. france yuddhamlo pagatipuuta daadulaloo bhaarii nashtalanu chavichusina fairie yuddha squadronlu, reserve vimaanaalato balaniki penchabaddaayi mariyu aktobaru 1940loe UK front line servies nundi yuddham upasamharinchukune varaku dandayaatra naukaasrayaalaku vyatiraekamgaa daadulaloo raatri samayamlo panicheestuunee unnaayi.
pailatlu.
yuddhaaniki mundu, 1936loe raaf volunteer reserve srushtinchadam dwara sambhaavya abhyardhulanu ennukune raaf prakriyalu anni saamaajika vargaala purushulaku teravabaddaayi... appeal cheyadaaniki roopondinchabadindi... yuvakulu... yea varga bhedaalu lekunda..."raayal auxillary air fores yokka paatha squadronlu tama unnata-taragati pratyaekatanu kontavaraku nilupukunnayi, conny vaari sankhyanu tvaralo rafwar yokka kottavaaru chittugaa chesaaru; 1939 september 1 natiki, 6,646 mandhi pailatlaku rafwar dwara sikshana icchaaru.
1940 madhya natiki, sumaru 5,000 vimanalanu nadapadaniki sumaru 9,000 mandhi pailatlu unnaaru, veetilo ekkuva bhaagam bomber vimanalu. faitar command pailetlaku ennadoo korata ledhu, conny 1940 augustu madhya natiki taginanta sankhyalo puurti sikshana pondina faitar pailatlanu kanugone samasya teevramgaa maarindi. prati vaaram 300 vimanalalo vimaanaala utpatti nadustunnanduna, adhe kaalamlo 200 mandhi pailatlaku matrame sikshana icchaaru. adanamgaa, vimaanaala kante ekkuva mandhi pailatlanu squadronlaku ketaayinchaaru, endukante idhi squadronlu praananashtam jariginappatikee kaaryaacharana balaanni konasaaginchadaaniki mariyu inca pailatla selavunu andinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. maroe amsam emitante, 9,000 mandhi pailatlalo kevalam 30 saatam mandhi matrame kaaryaacharana squadronlaku ketayinchabaddaru; 20 saatam mandhi pailatlu pilate sikshananu nirvahinchadamlo nimagnamai unnaaru, inca 20 saatam mandhi tadupari bodhana pondutunnaru, kenadaalo mariyu dakshina rodeshiyaalo commonwealth traineelaku andinchinatlugaa, ippatike arhata kaligi unnappatikee. injaneering vishayaalalo kooda pailatlu matrame chaalaa mandhi sibbandini mariyu kaaryaacharana command nirnayaalu teesukogalarani raaf vidhanam nirdesinchinanduna migilina vaarini sibbandi sthaanaalaku ketaayinchaaru. poraatam teevrataram ayinappudu, churchill pattubattinappatiki, kevalam 30 mandhi pailatlanu matrame paripalana vidhula nundi mundu varusaku vidudala chesaaru.
eee kaaranaala valla, mariyu france yuddhamlo matrame 435 mandhi pailatla shaashwata nashtam, inca chaalaa mandhi gayapaddaru, mariyu itarulu norwaylo odipoyaaru, britton yuddham praarambhamlo raaf loe luftwaff kante takkuva anubhavagnulaina pailatlu unnaaru. fighting squadronlalo sikshana pondina pailatlu lekapovadam, vimaanaala korata kakunda, faitar command commander air cheef marshal hugg dowdingku atipedda aandolanagaa maarindi. saadhaarana raaf dalaalu, sahayaka vaimanika dalam mariyu swachchanda sevakula nundi teesukunna british vaaru juulai 1naa 1,103 mandhi yuddha pailatlanu sameekarinchagaligaaru. takkuva vimaana sikshana mariyu tarachugaa ganneri sikshana laeni pratyaamnaaya pailatlu, adhika pramaadaala retunu edurkonnaru, tadwara samasyanu marinta teevrataram chesaaru.
marovaipu, luftwaff pedda sankhyalo (1,450) anubhavagnulaina yuddha pailatlanu sameekarinchagaligaaru. spanish poura yuddha anubhavagnula cader nundi vacchina eee pailatlu ippatike vaimanika ganneriiloo samagra korsulu mariyu faitar-verses-faitar pooraataaniki saripoye viewhalalo suuchanalanu kaligi unnaaru. sikshana niyamaavalulu veerochitatanu nirutsaahaparichaayi, asamaanatalu pailatku anukuulamgaa unnappudu matrame daadi cheyavalasina praamukhyatanu nokki chebutaayi. adhika sthaayi anubhavam unnappatikee, german yuddha nirmaanaalu nashtalu mariyu nishkramananu anumatinchadaaniki taginanta pailatla nilvanu andinchalekapoyayi, mariyu yuddham munduku saagutunna koddi kaaryaacharana balam taggakunda nirodhinchadaaniki taginanta pailatlanu utpatti cheyalekapoyayi.
antarjaateeya bhagaswamyam.
mitrulu.
yuddhamlo palgonna pailatlalo daadaapu 20 saatam mandhi british yetara deshaalaku chendinavaaru. britton yuddhaaniki raayal air fores roll off aanar 595 mandhi british yetara pailatlanu (2,936 mandhi loe) 1940 juulai 10 mariyu october 31 madhya raaf ledhaa fleet air arm yokka arhata kaligina unitto kaneesam oka adheekruta kaaryaacharana vimananni eguravesinatlu gurtinchindi. veetilo 145 stambhaalu, 127 nyoojilaandarlu, 112 kenadiyanlu, 88 chekoslovaklu, 10 airish, 32 australianlu, 28 belgianlu, 25 mandhi dakshinaafrikanlu, 13 mandhi french, 9 mandhi americanlu, 3 mandhi dakshina rhodesianlu mariyu jamaika, barbados mariyu newfoundlandku chendina vyaktulu unnaaru. "mottam meeda yuddha yuddhalu, bambu daadulu, 1940 juulai 10 mariyu october 31 madhya raayal air fores dwara eguraveyabadina vividha gasteelo, 1495 mandhi vaimanika sibbandi maraninchaaru, veerilo 449 mandhi faitar pailatlu, bomber command nundi 718 mandhi vaimanika sibbandi, mariyu 280 mandhi theera command nundi vacchaaru. maraninchina vaarilo kenadaaku chendina 47 mandhi, australiaku chendina 24 mandhi, dakshinaafrikaaku chendina 17 mandhi, polandku chendina 30 mandhi, chekoslovekiaku chendina 20 mandhi, belgianiki chendina aruguru vyomagaamulu unnaaru. 15 faitar pailatlu, 24 bomber vimanalu, enimidi teerapraanta vaimanika sibbandito sahaa nalabhai edu mandhi newzealand pourulu praanaalu kolpoyaru. eee mitraraajyaala mariyu commonwealth vaimanika dalaala paerlu westminster abbeloni britton chappel yuddhamlo unna smaaraka pustakamlo chekkabaddayi. chaapello oka tadisina gaaju kitikee undhi, indulo yuddha samayamlo panichesina faitar squadronla byaadjlu mariyu pailatlu mariyu vaimanika sibbandi chendina deshaala jendaalu unnaayi."
eee pailatlu, veerilo kondaru german dandayaatrala kaaranamgaa tama sonta deshaalanu vidichipettavalasi vachindi, vaaru vibhinnamgaa poraadaaru. nem. udaaharanaku 303 polish faitar squadron bahusha hariken squadronlalo atyadhika skoru kaligi undavacchu. "polish squadronlu andinchina adbhutamaina samagri mariyu vaari saatileni shouryam lekapothe," anie raaf faitar command adhipati air cheef marshal hyuu dowding raasaaru, "yuddham yokka phalitam okate ayi undedi anie cheppadaniki neenu venukaadanu."
aksham.
italian air corps ("carpo areo italiano" ledhaa kaii) anie piluvabade italian raayal air fores ("regia aeronatica") yokka oka bhaagam modatisaarigaa october 1940 chivarilo charyanu chusindi. idhi yuddham yokka taruvaati dasalalo paalgondi conny parimita vijayanni saadhinchindi. 1941 praarambhamlo eee unitnu tirigi niyaminchaaru.
luftwaff vyuuham.
emi cheyalane daanipai oel yokka anischiti "luftwaff" vyuuhamloo maarpulalo pratibimbimchimdi. yuddharangamlo sainyam yokka kendrikruta sannihita vaimanika maddatu siddhaantam polland, denmark mariyu norway, diguva deshaalu mariyu fraansku vyatiraekamgaa vijayam saadhinchindi, conny gananeeyamaina nashtalanu chavichusindi. luftwaff" swaadheenam chesukunna bhoobhagalalo sthaavaraalanu nirminchaalsi vachindi ledhaa marammatu cheyalsi vachindi, mariyu vaari balaanni punarnirminchaalsi vachindi. juun 1940loe vaaru kramam tappakunda saayudha nigha vimanalu mariyu pagalu mariyu raatri okati ledhaa konni bomberlanu visugu techhe "strangriff" anae chedurumaduru daadulanu praarambhinchaaru. ivi naavikaadalamloo sibbandini practies cheyadaaniki mariyu vaayu rakshananu nivaarinchadaaniki mariyu vaimanika daadi alaralanu praarambhinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchaayi, idhi pourula manosthairyaanni bhangaparichindi. 1940 chivari varaku yuddham antataa ilanti visugu puttinche daadulu konasagayi. chellacheduruga unna naukaadala ganula tolagimpu daadulu praarambhamloonae prarambhamayyayi mariyu yuddha kaalamlo kramamga perigayi.
juun 30 naati goring yokka kaaryaacharana aadesam, germanypai raaf bambu daadulanu muginchadaaniki mariyu britton yokka "luftwaff" digbandhanamlo naukaasrayaalu mariyu nilvapai daadulanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki vimaana parisramatho sahaa raafnu naasanam cheyaalani aadesinchindi. canalcomp" loe chaanal shippingpy daadulu juulai 4naa prarambhamayyayi, mariyu juulai 11naa hohns jesconec aadesaala meraku lanchanaprayamga jarigaayi, idhi aayudha parisramanu lakshyamgaa cherchindi. juulai 16naa, aadesam nem. 16 operation sea layan kosam sannahalu aadesinchaadu mariyu marusati roeju "luftwaff" puurti samsiddhatatoe nilabadaalani aadesinchabadindi. goring thana vaimanika dhala commanderlanu kalusukuni, juulai 24naa vaimanika aadhipatyaanni pondaalani, dandayaatra munduku saagithe sainyam mariyu naavikaadalaanni rakshinchaalani, raaja naavikaadala noukalapai daadi chesi, digbandhanaanni konasaaginchaalani aadesaalu jaarii chesaaru. raaf odipoyina tarvaata, "luftwaff" bomberlu yuddha vimaanaala escort avasaram lekunda london daati munduku sagalsi vachindi, sainika mariyu aardhika lakshyalanu naasanam chesindi.
augustu 1naa jarigina samavesamlo command prati "fleegercorps" roopondinchina pranaalikalanu vaimanika sthaavaraalapai bambu daadi cheyala vadda anae daanitoe sahaa lakshyaala kosam ververu pratipaadanalatoe sameekshinchindi, conny praadhaanyatanu nirnayinchadamlo viphalamaindi. guudachaara nivedikalu raaf daadaapu odipoyindane abhiprayanni kaliginchaayi, daadulu "luftwaff" nuu kaalchiveyadaaniki british yodhulanu aakarshistaayi. augustu 6naa athanu kesselring, sperl mariyu stumpfto "adlertag" (eegil day) pranaalikalanu khararu chesaadu; inglaandku dakshinaana raaf faitar command naasanam kaavadaaniki naalugu rojulu pattindi, telikapati rakshanatho chinna bomber daadulu pradhana yuddha dalaanni raaf fighterlapy daadi cheyadaaniki swechchagaa vadilivesayi. sainika mariyu aardhika lakshyalapai bambu daadi anedi britton antataa pagatipuuta daadulu addamkulu lekunda konasage varaku kramapaddhatilo midlands varaku vistarinchadam.
eee raatri samayamlo itara pattana praantaalapai "vidhvamsaka" daadulu konasaagutundagaa, london bambu daadini nilipiveyaalsi undhi, appudu, pracharam yokka parakashtalo, rajadhaanipai oka pedda daadi sankshobhaanni kaliginchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi, saranaarthulu operation sea layan praarambhinchabotunnatle london nundi paaripoyaaru. dandayaatra jarige avakaasam ledani aasalu ksheeninchadamto, september 4naa hitler vyuuhaatmaka lakshyalapai pagalu mariyu raatri daadulapai pradhana drushti pettadaniki adhikaram icchaadu, london pradhana lakshyamgaa undadamtho, idhi blitzga piluvabadindi. pagatipuuta daadulaloo bomberlanu rakshinchadamlo perugutunna kashtaalato, "luftwaff" moulika sadupayalu mariyu aahara nilvalanu debbateeyadam dwara british pratighatananu adhigaminche lakshyamtho raatri daadula vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadulaku maarindi, ayithe pourulapai uddesapurvaka ugravaada bambu daadi manjuru cheyabadaledu.
luftwaff" nuu "luft flatten" loe tirigi samuuham cheyadam.
france yuddham taruvaata britton yokka dakshina mariyu thoorpu tiiraalaku edurugaa moodu "luft flatten" (air fleetlu) gaa "luftwaff" tirigi samuuham cheyabadindi. "luftfloat" 2 ("" generalfeldmarshal "" albert kesselring), aagneya ingland mariyu london praantampai bambu daadiki baadhyata vahinchaadu ". "luftfloat" 3 ("" generalfeldmarschle "" hugo sperley) paschima desham, wales, midlands mariyu vaayuvya inglandlo kendrikrutamai undhi ". "naarvelooni thana pradhana karyalayam nundi "luftfloat" 5 ("general october" hohns-jurgen stumpf), ingland mariyu skaatlaandku uttaraana daadi chesaadu. yuddham munduku saagadamtho, command baadhyata maarindi, raatri bambu daadiki "luftfloat" 3 marinta baadhyata vahinchindi mariyu pradhana pagatipuuta karyakalapalu "luftfloat" 2 paie paddayi.
dakshina inglandlo raaf faitar kamaandnu oodinchadaaniki naalugu rojulu padutundani prarambha "luftwaff" anchanaalu unnaayi. dheeni taruvaata naalugu vaaraala daadi jarugutundi, eee samayamlo bomberlu mariyu suduura yuddha vimanalu desavyaaptamgaa anni sainika sthaavaraalanu naasanam chesi, british vimaana parisramanu dhvamsam chestaayi. eee pracharam tiiraaniki sameepamlo unna vaimanika sthaavaraalapai daadulatoe praarambhinchaalani pranaalika cheyabadindi, kramamga lothattu praantaalaku velli landannu rakshinche sector vaimanika sthaavaraala valayampai daadi cheyadaaniki pranaalika cheyabadindi. taruvaata chesina punahpariseelanalalo inglandpy taatkaalika vaayu aadhipatyaanni sthaapinchadaaniki augustu 8 nundi september 15 varaku aidu vaaraala paatu "luftwaff" kuu samayam icchaaru. faitar kamaandnu neelapai ledhaa gaalilo naasanam cheyalsi vachindi, ayinappatikee dandayaatraku maddatu ivvadaaniki "luftwaff" thana balaanni kapadukovalasi vachindi; "luftwaff" raaf yodhula kante adhika "kill nishpattini" konasaginchalsi vachindi. vaayu aadhipatyam yokka lakshyaaniki ekaika pratyaamnaayam poura janabhanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni ugravaada bambu daadi pracharam, conny idhi chivari upayamga pariganinchabadindi mariyu dheenini hitler nishedhinchaaru. luftwaff" eee pathakaanni vistrutamgaa konasaaginchaaru, conny daani commanderlaku vyuuhampai bhinnabhiprayalu unnaayi. vaimanika rakshana moulika sadupayalapai bambu daadi cheyadam dwara vaatini nirmuulinchaalani sperl korukunnadu. british prabhutvaanni longadeesukoovadaaniki ledhaa raaf yodhulanu nirnayaatmaka yuddhamloki aakarshinchadaaniki-kesselring neerugaa londonpy daadi cheyadamlo vijayam saadhinchaadu. thana commanderla madhya eee asammatini parishkarinchadaaniki goring aemee cheyaledu mariyu yuddham yokka prarambha dasalalo aspashtamaina aadesaalanu matrame icchaadu, yea vyuuhaanni anusarinchaalo nirnayinchalekapoyadu.
vyuuhaalu.
yuddha nirmaanaalu.
looftwaff nirmaanaalu oka leader ("ratenfuhrer") aadhaaramgaa rendu vadulugaa unde vibhaganni ("ratte" [pyaak] anae maaruperu) upayoginchaayi, taruvaata athani wing myaan, "ratenhund" pyaak dogg ledhaa "katshmark", bf 109 yokka malupu vyaasaartham, rendu vimanalu adhika vegamtho kalisi tiragadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. cutschmereck" konchem ettulo egiri thana naayakuditho undataaniki ellappuduu sikshana pondaadu. vaari madhya ekkuva sthalam unnanduna, iddaroo erpade samayanni nirvahinchadaaniki takkuva samayam gadapavacchu mariyu chuttoo chuusi, okari guddi macchalanu marokaru kappukovachhu. daadi chese vimanalanu rendu 109 la madhya sandwitch cheyavachu. 1916loe modati prapancha yuddham aes oswald bolke roopondinchina suutraala nundi eee nirmaanam abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. 1934loe finnish vaimanika dalam ilanti kaaranaala valla "parteo" (petrolling; rendu vimanalu) mariyu "parvi" (rendu petrolling; naalugu vimanalu) anie piluvabade saaruupya nirmaanaalanu sweekarinchindi, ayithe spanish antaryuddham samayamlo (gunthar lutzov mariyu verner moulders netrutvamloni) "luftwaff" pailatlaku saadhaaranamgaa credit ivvabadutundi. ratte" "ratenfuhrer" nuu vimananni koolchiveyadampai drushti pettadaniki anumatinchindi, conny koddimandi wingmenlaku avakaasam labhinchindi, idhi diguva rankullo kontha aagrahaaniki daariteesindi, akkada adhika skorlu vaari kharchutho vachayani bhaavinchaaru. rendu "kullinavi" oka "warm" gaa militam cheyabaddaayi, ikkada pailatlandaru tama chuttoo emi jarugutundo chudagaligaru. staffello" prati "" schwarm "asthiramaina ettulalo mariyu vaati madhya egirindi, idhi nirmaanaanni ekkuva paridhiloo gurtinchadam kashtataram chestundi mariyu chaalaa vasyatanu anumatistundi. gatti "cross-ovar" malupunu upayoginchadam dwara, oka "schwarm" twaragaa disanu maarchagaladu.
bf 110luu 109la maadirigaane adhe "squarum" formationnu sweekarinchaayi, conny arudugaa dheenini adhe prayojanaaniki upayoginchagaligaayi. bf 110 yokka atyanta vijayavantamaina daadi paddhati paie nundi "bownes". daadi chesinappudu, "gerstorergroupen" pedda rakshana vruttaalanu erpaatu cheyadaaniki ekkuvagaa aasrayinchindi, ikkada prati bf 110 daani mundu unna vimanam thokanu kaapaadindi. vaegamgaa ksheenistunna manosthairyaanni meruguparachadaaniki vyardhamaina prayatnamlo vaatini "pramaadakara vruttaalu" gaa paeru maarchaalani goring aadesinchaaru. eee spashtamaina nirmaanaalu tarachugaa raaf yodhulanu aakarshinchadamlo vijayavantamayyaayi, ivi konnisaarlu ettaina vimanalu 109 la dwara "bownes" cheyabaddaayi. idhi bf 110lanu bf 109luu rakshinchaayane tarachugaa punaraavrutamayye apohaku daariteesindi.
unnata sthaayi vaikharulu.
"luftwaff" vyuuhaalu vaari yodhulache prabhaavitamayyaayi. bf 110 churukaina single-injin raaf faitarlaku vyatiraekamgaa chaalaa haani kaligistundani niroopinchabadindi mariyu bf 109kii ketaayinchina faitar escort vidhullo ekkuva bhaagam. yuddha vyuuhaalu bomber sibbandiche klishtataram cheyabaddaayi, vaaru marinta rakshananu demand chesaaru. augustu 15 mariyu 18 naati kathinamaina poraataala taruvaata, goring thana unit nayakulanu kalisaaru. bomberlanu yuddhaveerulu sakalamlo kalise avasaranni nokki chepparu. oka bomber "group" nuu 109 la yokka aneka "group" la dwara matrame sarigga rakshinchavacchani kooda nirnayinchaaru. free jagged" ("uchita vaetalu": free-roving faitar sweep, daadi yokka maargam nundi rakshakulanu tudichiveyadaaniki prayatninchadaaniki oka daadiki mundu) veelainanta ekkuva mandhi yodhulanu swechchagaa vadiliveyaalani goring nirdesinchaadu. bhaarii praananashtam jarigina juulai 87 unitlanu anukuula paristhitulalo matrame upayoginchaalsi undhi. septembaru praarambhamlo, raaf fiters escort screen gundaa vellagalarani bomber sibbandi nundi perugutunna firyadula kaaranamgaa, goring sannihita escort vidhulanu penchaalani aadesinchaadu. eee nirnayam bomberlaku chaalaa varaku bf 109lanu sankellatho kattesindi mariyu bomberlanu rakshinchadamlo avi marinta vijayavantamainappatiki, yuddhaveerulalo praananashtam pradhanamgaa vaaru takkuva vegamtho egaraveyadam mariyu vinyasalu cheyavalasi vachinanduna jarigindi.
luftwaff" yuddha kamaandnu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki daani vyuuhaalanu maarchindi. idhi raaf yodhulanu geeyadaaniki aneka "free jagged" lanu praarambhinchindi. raaf faitar controllerlu tarachugaa veetini gurtinchagaligaaru mariyu bomber formationla kosam yuddha balaanni kaapaadataaniki dowding pranaalikanu konasaagistuu, vaatini nivaarinchadaaniki squadranlanu unchagaligaaru. luftwaff" bomberla chinna nirmaanaalanu eragaa upayoginchadaaniki kooda prayatninchindi, vaatini pedda sankhyalo escartlatho kappukundi. idhi marinta vijayavantamaindi, conny escort duty yodhulanu nemmadigaa bomberlanu kattesi unchindi, tadwara vaaru marinta haani kaliginchevaaru.
septembaru natiki, daadula kosam praamaanika vyuuhaalu saanketikatala mishramamgaa marai. oka "free jagged" pradhana daadi nirmaanaalaku mundu untundi. bomberlu madhya ettulo egurutuu, yodhulache daggaragaa rakshinchabadataaru. escartlu rendu bhagaluga vibhajinchabaddaayi (saadhaaranamgaa "groupen"), konni bomberlaku daggaragaa panicheestaayi mariyu marikonni konni vandala gajaala dhooramlo mariyu konchem paina panicheestaayi. starboard nundi formationpy daadi cheyabadithe, starboard vibhagam daadi chesevaarini nimagnam chestundi, paie vibhagam starboard mariyu port vibhaagaaniki agrasthaanaaniki maarutundi. daadi odarevu vaipu nundi vasthe vyavastha tiragabadutundi. venuka nundi vachhe british yodhulu venuka vibhagam dwara nimagnamai unnaaru mariyu rendu bayati vibhagalu adevidhamgaa venukaku kadulutunnayi. paie nundi muppu vasthe, paie vibhagam charyaloki velutundi, ayithe side vibhagalu etthu perigi raaf fiters vidipoyinappudu vaarini anusarinchagalugutaayi. daadi chesthe, anni vibhagalu rakshanaatmaka vruttaalalo egiraayi. eee vyuuhaalu naipunhyamgaa abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi mariyu amalu cheyabaddaayi mariyu edurkovadam kashtam.
adolph galland ilaa perkonnaduh
bf 109 pailatlu edurkonna atipedda pratikuulata emitante, suduura drop tankula prayojanam lekunda (ivi yuddham chivari dasalalo parimita sankhyalo pravesapettabaddaayi), saadhaaranamgaa saamarthyam, 109luu kevalam oka gantaku paiga orpu kaligi unnaayi mariyu 109eee kosam, oka paridhi. okasari britton meedugaa, oka 109 mandhi pilate instrument panelpy errati "takkuva indhanam" kaantini gamaninchavalasi vachindihi okasari idhi prakaasinchina tarvaata, athanu venakki tirigi fraansku vellavalasi vachindi. neetipai rendu podavaina vimanalu prayaaninchae avakaasam mariyu bomberlanu escort chesetappudu ledhaa poraata samayamlo vaati paridhi gananeeyamgaa taggipoyindani telusukovadamto, "jagdflieger" "kanalkrankeet" ledhaa "chaanal sickness" anae padaanni roopondinchaaru.
telivitaetalu.
british rakshana gurinchi sainika medhassu lekapovadam valla luftwaff kuu chedu sevalu andaayi. german nigha sevalu vicchinnamayyaayi mariyu satrutvamto badhapaddayi; vaari pradarsana "autsaahikamainadi". 1940 natiki, grate britainlo kontamandi german agentlu panicheestunnaaru mariyu guudachaarulanu desamloki choppinchadaaniki chesina konni tappudu prayatnaalu viphalamayyayi.
antaraayam kaliginchina radeo prasaaraala phalitamgaa, raaf fiters ground soukaryaala nundi niyantrinchabadutunnaarani germanlu grahinchadam praarambhinchaaru; udaaharanaku, juulai mariyu augustu 1939loe, raaf radeo mariyu rdf prasaralalo vinadaniki parikaraalatoe nindina air ship "graph jeppelin", britton tiiraala chuttoo egiripoyindi. looftwaff eee kotta ground controll vidhaanaalanu sarigga ardham chesukunnappatiki, avi kathinamainavi mariyu prabhaavavantam kaavani tappugaa anchanaa veyabaddaayi. yuddhaaniki mundu sekarinchina nigha nundi british radar vyavastha luftwaff kuu baga telusu, conny yuddha niyanthranatho mudipadi unna atyanta abhivruddhi chendina "dowding system" baga unchabadina rahasyam. 1939 navambarulo "abtilung vii" dwara faitar command balaalu mariyu saamardhyaalapai "abver" anchanaa vanti manchi samacharam unnappatikee, idhi sampradaaya puurvabhaava bhaavanalatho saripolakapothe vismarinchabadindi.
1940 juulai 16naa, "oberstlutenant" beppo "schmid netrutvamloni" abtilung vii ", raaf mariyu britton yokka rakshana saamardhyaalapai oka nivedikanu roopondinchindi, dheenini frontline commanderlu vaari kaaryaacharana pranaalikalaku aadhaaramgaa sweekarinchaaru. nivedika yokka atyanta spashtamaina vaiphalyaalo okati raaf yokka rdf network mariyu niyantrana vyavasthala saamardhyaalapai samacharam lekapovadam; raaf yodhulanu vaari inti sthaavaraalaku "kattadam" thoo, vyavastha drudamainadi mariyu vasyamainadigaa bhaavinchabadindi. oka aasaajanakamaina mariyu, adhi marinatluga, tappudu nirdhaaranaku cherukundih
augustu 10naa vidudala chesina maroe vivaranaatmaka nivedika dwara balopetam cheyabadina eee prakatana kaaranamgaa, frontline fiters raaf ayipotarani luftwaff rankullo oka manastatvam undhi. idhi vaastava attrussion raetu kante moodu retlu ekkuva faitar kamaandnu balaheenaparustundani luftwaff bhaavinchaaru. chaalaa saarlu, faitar command yokka balam koolipoyindani naayakatvam viswasinchindi, raaf ishtanusaram rakshanaatmaka nirmaanaalanu pampagaligindani matrame kanugonnaru.
yuddham antataa, looftwaff paelavamaina medhassunu bharti cheyadaaniki aneka nigha daadulanu upayoginchaalsi vachindi. nigha vimanalu (praarambhamlo ekkuvagaa dornier doow 17 luu, conny perugutunna bf 110 luu) british yodhulaku sulabhamaina aaharam anie niroopinchabaddaayi, endukante vaariki bf 109 la dwara rakshinchadam arudugaa saadhyamayyedi. anduvalla, looftwaff thana satruvu yokka nijamaina balaalu, saamarthyaalu mariyu moharimpula gurinchi khachitamgaa teliyaka, yuddhamlo ekkuva bhaagam "blind" gaa panichesindi. aneka faitar command vaimanika sthaavaraalapai eppuduu daadi jaragaledu, ayithe yuddha vimaana sthaavaraalaku vyatiraekamgaa daadulu bomber ledhaa teerapraanta rakshana kendraalapai jarigaayi. tappudu vaadanalu, athi-autsaahika nivedikalu mariyu satruvu bhuubhaagampai dhruvikarana kashtam kaaranamgaa bambu daadi mariyu vaimanika poraata phalitaalu sthiramgaa atisayokti cheyabaddaayi. grahinchina vijayam yokka ullasa vaataavaranamloo, luftwaff naayakatvam vaastavikata nundi marintagaa disconnect ayyindi. naayakatvam mariyu drudamaina medhassu lekapovadam antey raaf godaku venukaku unnappatikee germanlu sthiramaina vyuuhaanni avalambinchaledu. antekakunda, oka rakamaina lakshyampai (airbaslu, radar stationlu ledhaa vimaana karmagaralu vantivi) kramabaddhamaina drushti eppuduu ledhu; tatphalitamgaa, appatike astavyastamgaa unna prayatnam marinta paluchana cheyabadindi.
navigational sahayalu.
germanlu grahinchina daanikante british vaaru vaayu rakshana kosam radarnu marinta samarthavantamgaa upayogistundagaa, looftwaff aadhunika radeo navigation vyavasthalatho thana sonta daadini cheyadaaniki prayatninchaaru, dheeni gurinchi british vaariki modatlo teliyadu. veetilo okati "nikibean" ("bent legg"); eee vyavasthanu raatri samayamlo mariyu khachitatvam avasaramayye daadula kosam upayoginchaaru. britton yuddhamlo idhi chaalaa arudugaa upayoginchabadindi.
air-sea resque.
raaf kante gaali-samudra rakshana pani kosam luftwaff chaalaa baga siddham cheyabadindi, pratyaekamgaa "seadodienst" unitnu nirvahistundi, indulo sumaru 30 henkel mariyu 59 floatplanelu untaayi, uttara samudram, inglish chaanal mariyu dover jalasandhi nundi kuulipooyina vimaana sibbandini teesukuntaaru. adanamgaa, luftwaff vimanalalo life teppalu amarchabadi, vimaana sibbandiki floresin anae rasayana sanchulanu andinchaaru, idhi neetitho pratispandinchinappudu, pedda, sulabhamgaa chudagalige, prakaasavantamaina aakupaccha paachnu srushtinchindi. geniva convention prakaram, 59la vaaru nirayudhulu mariyu poura namodu gurtulu mariyu erra siluvalatoe tellagaa paint cheyabaddaaru. ayinappatikee, raaf vimanalu eee vimanalapai daadi chesaayi, endukante konni vimaanaalaku bf 109luu rakshanagaa undevi.
59 vimanalanu raaf yodhulu samudramlo dinchavalasi vacchina taruvaata, juulai 1 mariyu 9 tedeello, raaf kuu juulai 13naa vivaadaaspada uttarvu jaarii cheyabadindi; idhi juulai 20 nundi "seot deanst" vimanalanu kuulchiveeyaalani perkondi. churchill icchina kaaranaalalo okatih
tama sibbandi kanvaylapai nivedistaarani british vaaru kooda vishwasinchaaru, vaimanika mantritva saakha juulai 14naa german prabhutvaaniki oka prakatana jaarii chesindi
tellani athanu 59 luu tvaralo mabhyapette rangulalo tirigi paint cheyabaddaayi mariyu rakshanaatmaka meshin ganlatho sayudhamayyayi. raaf vimanalu maroe naalugu 59 vimanalanu koolchivesinappatiki, "seotidienst" yuddham antataa kuulipooyina luftwaff mariyu anubandha vaimanika sibbandini teesukuvelladam konasaaginchindi, vaari dhairyaniki adolph galland nundi prasamsalu andukundi.
raaf vyuuham.
dowding vyavastha.
golusu gruha vyavastha yokka prarambha pareekshala samayamlo, ch raadaarlu mariyu pariseelakula nundi vimaanaaniki samacharam nemmadigaa pravahinchadam valla vaaru tarachugaa vaari "bandipotlanu" kolpotaru. nedu "dowding system" anie piluvabade parishkaram, vividha pariseelana paayintla nundi samacharanni vaari fiters looni pailatlaku taralinchadaaniki reporting golusula samitini srushtinchadam. dheeniki daani pradhana vaastusilpi, "stuffy" dowding paeru pettaru.
ch raadaarlu mariyu abserver corps nundi nivedikalu neerugaa bentley priori vadda unna faitar command headquarters (efchique) kuu pampabaddayi, akkada oke formationla yokka bahula nivedikalanu oke tracklalo militam cheyadaaniki vaatini "filter" chesaaru. telephone operatorlu appudu aasaktigala samacharanni matrame group pradhana kaaryaalayaaniki pamputaaru, akkada mapp tirigi srushtinchabadutundi. eee prakriyanu punaraavrutam chesi, chaalaa chinna praantaanni cover chestu, ranga sthaayilo mapp yokka maroka samskarananu roopondinchaaru. vaari patalanu pariseelisthe, samuuha sthaayi commanderlu nirdishta lakshyalapai daadi cheyadaaniki squadranlanu enchukovachhu. aaa samayam nundi, sector operatorlu yuddha vimaanaalaku antaraayaanni erpaatu cheyamani, alaage vaarini sthaavaraaniki tirigi pampamani aadesistaaru. sector stationlu tama praantamlooni vimaana vidhvamsaka byaatareelanu kooda niyantrinchaayi; prati yuddha niyantrika pakkana oka armi adhikari kuurchuni, kaalpulanu eppudu praarambhinchi, aapaalani tupaki sibbandiki aadesaalu icchaaru.
diguva sthaayi vyavastha pailatlaku pravahinche samacharam yokka vegam mariyu khachitatvanni natakeeyamgaa meruguparichindi. yuddha prarambha kaalamlo, oka sagatu antaraayam mission vaari lakshyanni chuudataaniki 30 saatam avakaasam undavacchani anchanaa veyabadindi. yuddha samayamlo, downding vyavastha sagatu retunu 75 saataaniki paiga nirvahinchindi, 100% retlaku aneka udaaharanalu unnaayi-pampina prati faitar daani lakshyanni kanugoni addukundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, daadulanu addukovadaniki prayatnistunna luftwaff yodhulu yaadrucchikamgaa tama lakshyalanu vetakavalasi vachindi mariyu tarachugaa satruvu vimanalanu eppuduu chuudani intiki tirigi ravalsi vachindi. phalitamgaa ippudu "fores multiplication" kii udaaharanagaa piluvabadutundi; raaf fiters iddaru ledhaa anthakante ekkuva luftwaff fiters vale prabhaavavantamgaa undevaaru, vaastava sankhyalo asamaanatanu baga bharti chesevaaru ledhaa tippikottevaaru.
telivitaetalu.
british yuddha dalaalu mariyu vimaanaala utpattini looftwaff intelligence nivedikalu takkuvagaa anchanaa vesinappatiki, british intelligence anchanaalu vaerae vidhamgaa vellayi vaaru german vimaanaala utpatti, andubaatulo unna vimaanaala sankhya mariyu paridhini mariyu looftwaff pailatla sankhyanu atigaa anchanaa vaesaaru. charyalo, luftwaff vaari prayogaatmaka vaadanalu mariyu vaimanika nigha dwara raaf otamini sameepinchindani icchina mudra nundi nammadu, mariyu british vaaru tama pratyarthulu kaligi unna prayojanaalanu adhigaminchadaaniki kathinamaina prayatnaalu chesaaru.
adhika-bhadrata gala german radeo samachara marpidi kosam upayoginche niguuda saanketikalipi yokka british antaraayaalu yuddhanni enthagaa prabhaavitam chesayo aspashtamgaa undhi. ultra, enigma interceptla nundi pondina samacharam, british command yokka atyunnata sthaayilaku german uddeshaala gurinchi oka abhiprayanni ichindi. prakaram eff. doubleu. rahasya nigha sevalo senior air staff pratinidhigaa unna winterboatham, luftwaff yokka nirmaanaala balam mariyu kuurpunu, commanderla lakshyalanu sthaapinchadamlo ultra sahaayapadindi mariyu konni daadula gurinchi mundastu heccharikanu andinchindi. augustu praarambhamlo effsque vadda oka chinna unitnu erpaatu cheyaalani nirnayinchaaru, idhi bletchley nundi samachara pravahanni proses chestundi mariyu atyanta avasaramaina ultra material thoo matrame dowdingnu andistundi; anduvalla vaayu mantritva saakha effsecuki nirantaram samachara pravahanni pampaalsina avasaram ledhu, gopyatanu kaapaadutundi mariyu dowding anavasaramaina samaachaaramtho munigipoledu. keeth park mariyu athani kantrolarlaku kooda ultra gurinchi cheppabadindi. ultra unikini mabhyapette tadupari prayatnamlo, dowding namm anae unitnu srushtinchindi. 421 (nigha) flight raaf. eee unit (idhi taruvaata nem. 91 squadron raaf), tuphaanulu mariyu ummivese mantalatho amarchabadi, inglaandku sameepistunna luftwaff nirmaanaalanu vetakadaaniki mariyu nivedinchadaaniki vimanalanu pampindi. adanamgaa, radeo shravana seva (vai servies anie pilustaaru), luftwaff radeo traaphik namuunaalanu paryaveekshinchadam, daadula mundastu heccharikaku gananeeyamgaa dohadapadindi.
vyuuhaalu.
yuddha nirmaanaalu.
1930la chivaralo, faitar command britainpai bomberlanu matrame edurkontundani, single injin faitarlanu edurkodani bhaavinchaaru. bomberlanu kuulchivaeyadaaniki squadron yokka agnimaapaka saktini kendreekarinchadaaniki roopondinchina vinyasala shrenini kaligi unna "fighting area vyuuhaala" shrenini roopondinchi, kathinamgaa kattubadi unchaaru. raaf fiters moodu vimaanaala bigutu, vii-aakarapu vibhagalalo (wicks) eguravesaaru, atuvanti naalugu "vibhagalu" bigutugaa erpaddaayi. mundu bhaagamlo unna squadron leader matrame satruvunu gamaninche swechcha kaligi unnadu; itara pailatlu sthaavaraanni unchadampai drushti pettavalasi vachindi. sikshana kramam tappakunda vibhajinche vibhagala dwara pustaka daadulanu kooda nokki cheppindi. faitar command yuddha praarambhamlo eee nirmaanam yokka balaheenatalanu gurtinchindi, conny yuddha samayamlo vyuuhaalanu marchadam chaalaa pramaadakaramani bhaavinchabadindi, endukante takkuva egurutuu unna samayamtho bharti cheyabadina pailetnu takshaname tirigi sikshana ivvalemu, mariyu anubhavam laeni pailatlaku gaalilo drudamaina naayakatvam avasaram, kathinamaina nirmaanaalu matrame andinchagalavu. german pailatlu raaf nirmaanaalanu "ideotenrehen" ("idiots varusalu") anie pilicharu, endukante avi squadranlanu daadiki gurayye avakaasam kalpinchaayi.
front line raaf pailatlaku vaari swantha viewhalalo antarleena lopaala gurinchi baga telusu. oka raajeeni sweekarinchaaru, dheeni dwara squadron nirmaanaalu okati ledhaa iddaru "netha kaarmikulu" paina mariyu venuka swatantramgaa egurutuu, ekkuva pariseelana mariyu venuka rakshananu andinchadaaniki chaalaa vadulugaa unde nirmaanaalanu upayoginchaayi; veeru athi takkuva anubhavam unna purushulu mariyu tarachugaa itara pailatlu tamapai daadi jarugutunnatlu gamaninchakundaa kooda kalchi champabadina modativaaru. yuddha samayamlo, squadron leader adolph "navikudu" maalan aadhvaryamlo 74 squadron "phore inn line austern" anie piluvabade german nirmaanam yokka vaividhyaanni sweekarinchindi, idhi paatha moodu vimaanaala "wick" paie vistaaramaina merugudala. malan yokka nirmaanam taruvaata saadhaaranamgaa faitar command dwara upayoginchabadindi.
squadron-mariyu unnata sthaayi moharimpu.
yuddham yokka baruvu 11 samuuhaalapai padindi. daadulanu addukovadaniki vyaktigata squadranlanu pampadam keeth park yokka vyuuhaalu. takkuva sankhyalo unna yodhula nirantara daadulaku digadam, gatti german nirmaanaalanu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki prayatninchadam dheeni uddesyam. okasari nirmaanaalu vicchinnamaina tarvaata, straglerlanu okkokatigaa theeyavachhu. bahula squadronlu daadiki cherukunnappudu, bomberlanu edurkovataniki nemmadigaa vachhe tuphaanula kosam eee prakriya jarigindi, ayithe marinta churukaina ummivesi kaalpulu yuddha escartnu pattukunnayi. eee aadarsam ellappuduu saadhinchabadaledu, phalitamgaa ummivesi, tuphaanulu paatralanu tippikottina sandarbhaalu vachayi. atuvanti daadulaku ekkuvagaa gurayye bomberlaku vyatiraekamgaa mundu daadulaloo paalgonaalani park thana unitlaku suuchanalu jaarii chesindi. mallii, vaegamgaa kadile, trimiteeya vaimanika yuddhaala vaataavaranamloo, konni raaf faitar unitlu bomberlapy talapai nundi daadi cheyagaligaayi.
yuddha samayamlo, kontamandi commanderlu, mukhyamgaa lae-mallery, satruvupai "saamuhikamgaa" daadi cheyadaaniki kaneesam moodu squadranlatho kuudina "pedda rekkalu" gaa squadranlanu erpaatu cheyaalani pratipaadinchaaru, eee paddhatini douglus bader maargadarsakatvam vahinchaadu.
eee vyuuham yokka pratipaadakulu pedda sankhyalo antaraayaalu tama sonta praananastaanni tagginchukuntu ekkuva satruvu nashtalanu kaliginchaayani paerkonnaaru. pedda rekkalu erpadataaniki chaalaa samayam padutundani pratyarthulu etthi chuupaaru, mariyu eee vyuuham yuddhaveerulu naela meeda indhanam nimpadamlo pattubade pramaadam ekkuvagaa undani suuchimchaaru. pedda wing aalochana kooda marinta teevramaina yuddha praantam yokka gandaragolam kaaranamgaa pailatlu tama hatyalanu prakatinchadaaniki kaaranamaindi. idhi pedda rekkalu vaastavaaniki unna daanikante chaalaa prabhaavavantamgaa untayane nammakaniki daariteesindi.
eee samasya park mariyu lae-mallery madhya teevramaina gharshanaku kaaranamaindi, endukante 12 samuuhaalaku 11 samuuhaala vaimanika sthaavaraalanu rakshinche pani appaginchabadindi, ayithe park yokka squadronlu vachhe daadulanu addukunnayi. pedda rekkalanu erpaatu cheyadamlo jaapyam antey german bomberlu 11 samuuhaala vaimanika sthaavaraalanu taakinanta varaku nirmaanaalu tarachugaa raaledu. pedda wing paniteeru samasyanu highlight cheyadaaniki, dowding, park sankalanam chesina nivedikanu november 15naa vaimanika mantritva saakhaku samarpinchindi. septembaru 11-aktobaru 31 madhya kaalamlo, pedda rekkanu vistrutamgaa upayoginchadam valla kevalam 10 antaraayaalu sambhavinchaayani, oka german vimanam dhvamsamayyindani, conny thana nivedikanu vismarinchabadindani nivedikalo ayana pramukhamgaa paerkonnaaru. yuddhaanantara vislaeshanhaloo 11 samuuhaalaku dowding mariyu park yokka vidhanam uttamamgaa undani angeekaristundi.
1940 navambarulo dowdingnu thana padavi nundi tolaginchadam anedi park mariyu lae-malori yokka pagati vyuuham madhya eee pooraataaniki kaaranamani nindinchabadindi. prabhaavavantamaina raatri-poraata rakshana vyavasthanu utpatti cheyadamlo viphalamainanduku, mukhyamgaa, merupu samayamlo chesina teevramaina daadulu mariyu vidhvamsam dowding mariyu park rendintinee debbateesaayi, dheeni kosam prabhaavavantamaina lae-maallo chaalaa kaalamgaa vaatini vimarsinchaaru.
bomber mariyu theera command sahakaralu.
bomber command mariyu coastal command vimanalu yuddha samayamlo germany mariyu fraanslooni lakshyalapai daadi chesaayi. yuddham prakatinchina oka ganta taruvaata, bomber command pagatipuuta yuddhanaukalu mariyu naukaadala naukaasrayaalapai daadulu praarambhinchindi, mariyu ratriputa daadulaloo pourulapai prabhavam choope lakshyalapai bambu daadi cheyadam chattaviruddham anie bhaavinchinanduna karapatraalanu padesindi. yuddham yokka prarambha vipattula taruvaata, wickers wellington bomberlu wilhelmshavenpy daadi chesi pedda sankhyalo kalchi champadamtho mariyu fraansku pampina nyaayamaina yuddha squadranlanu vadhinchadamtho, chaalaa ekkuva nashtalanu nivaarinchadaaniki vaaru pradhanamgaa raatri samayamlo panicheyalsi untundani spashtamaindi. 1940 mae 10naa churchill adhikaaramloki vacchaadu, 12naa yuddha mantrivargam german charyalu "aniyantrita yuddhanni" samarthistaayani angeekarinchi, 14naa germanyloni chamuru mariyu railu lakshyalapai daadi cheyadaaniki adhikaram ichindi. clement atlee yokka vignapti meraku, 15va teedeena jarigina mantrivargam "tagina sainika lakshyalaku" vyatiraekamgaa puurti bambu daadi vyuuhaaniki adhikaram ivvavacchu, poura praananashtam sambhavinchina chota kooda. aaa saayantram, german chamuru parisrama, samachara marpidi, adavulu/pantalaku vyatiraekamgaa, pradhanamgaa rur praantamloo raatri samayamlo bomber pracharam praarambhamaindi. raaf khachitamaina raatri navigation kaligi ledhu mariyu chinna bambu bhaaraalanu mosukelledi. muppu peragadamtho, bomber command german vimaana parisramapai daadi cheyadaaniki 3 juun 1940naa lakshya praadhaanyatanu maarchindi. juulai 4naa, vaimanika mantritva saakha naukaasrayaalu mariyu naukaayaanaalapai daadi cheyadaaniki bomber command aadesaalu ichindi. september natiki, chaanal naukaasrayaalalo dandayaatra naukala nirmaanam pradhana praadhaanyata lakshyamgaa maarindi.
september 7naa, raboye koddi rojullo dandayaatra jaragavacchani prabhutvam heccharinchindi, aaa raatri bomber command chaanal naukaasrayaalu mariyu sarafara dumplupy daadi chesindi. september 13naa, vaaru chaanal naukaasrayaalapai maroe pedda daadi chesi, ostend naukaasrayamloo 80 pedda padavalanu munchivesaaru. september 17naa maroe daadi tarvaata dankirklo 84 padavalu munigipoyayi, september 19 natiki daadaapu 200 padavalu munigipoyayi. eee naukaadalaalu kolpovadam valla operation sea layannu niravadhikamgaa vaida veyaalani hitler teesukunna nirnayaaniki dohadapadi undavacchu. eee daadula vijayam kontavaraku endukante germanlu fraanslo konni freeya radar stationlanu erpaatu chesaaru, tadwara french naukaasrayaala yokka vaayu rakshana germanypai vaayu rakshana vale antagaa bagaledu; bomber command thana balamlo 60 saatam chaanal naukaasrayaalaku vyatiraekamgaa nirdesinchindi.
bristol blenheim unitlu 1940 juulai nundi december varaku pagatipuuta mariyu raatri rendintiloonuu german aakramita vaimanika sthaavaraalapai daadi chesaayi. eee daadulaloo chaalaa varaku anutpaadakamainavi ayinappatikee, konni vijayalu saadhinchaayi; augustu 1naa, hamstead mariyu evere (brassels) paie daadi cheyadaaniki pampina pannendu blenheimlalo aiduguru II yokka moodu bf 109 lanu naasanam cheyagaligaaru ledhaa bhaareega debbateesaaru./jeji 27 mariyu spashtamgaa "haptman" albrecht vaan ankum-fraank gaa gurtinchabadina "staffelcapitan" nuu champutundi. maroe rendu 109lanu blenheim gunnerlu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. augustu 7naa hamstead paie maroka vijayavantamaina daadi oke blenheim dwara jarigindi, idhi 4./jg 54loe 109nii naasanam chesindi, marokati bhaareega debbatindi mariyu maroe naalugintiki telikapati nashtanni kaliginchindi.
blenheimlalo dadapuga 100% pramaada retunu utpatti chesina konni missionlu unnaayi; atuvanti oka operation 13 augustu 1940naa eshaanya denmarklo alborg sameepamloni luftwaff airfieldku vyatiraekamgaa 82 squadranlatho kuudina 12 vimaanaala dwara jarigindi. oka blenheim mundugaane tirigi vacchaadu (pilate paie abhiyogaalu mopabaddaayi mariyu kortu marshal mundu haajaru kavalsi undhi, conny maroka operationlo champabaddadu); denmark cherukunna migilina padakondu mandhi, aiduguru fluck mariyu aruguru bf 109la dwara kalchi champabaddaru. eee daadiloo palgonna 33 mandhi sibbandilo 20 mandhi maraninchaaru mariyu 13 mandhi pattubaddaru.
bambu daadulatoe paatu, germany mariyu germany aakramita bhuubhaagaalapai suduura vyuuhaatmaka nigha karyakalapalanu nirvahinchadaaniki blenheim-amarchina unitlu erpaddaayi. eee paatralo, blenheimlu mallii chaalaa nemmadigaa mariyu luftwaff yodhulaku vyatiraekamgaa haani kaliginchevaarani niroopinchabaddaaru, mariyu vaaru nirantaram praananashtam pondaaru.
british naukayana rakshana, satruvula naukayananni naasanam cheyadam vaipu teerapraanta command thana drushtini kendrikarinchindi. dandayaatraku avakaasam peragadamtho, idhi french naukaasrayaalu mariyu vaimanika sthaavaraalapai daadulaloo paalgondi, ganulu vesindi mariyu satruvula aadheenamlo unna teeramlo aneka nigha karyakalapalanu praarambhinchindi. mottam meeda, juulai nundi october 1940 varaku bomberlu 9,180 vimanalanu eguravesaaru. idhi yuddha vimanalu eguravesina 80,000 vimaanaala kante chaalaa takkuvagaa unnappatikee, bomber sibbandi vaari yuddha sahacharulu bharinchina mottam praananashtaalalo sagam mandhi maraninchaaru. anduvalla, bomber sahakaram prati-sarty nashtanni polchinappudu chaalaa pramaadakaram.
bomber, nigha, jalaantargaami nirodhaka gastee karyakalapalu eee nelalalo chaalaa takkuva upasamanam pondadamtho paatu yuddha kamaandku etuvanti pracharam ivvabadaledu. koddimandi" gurinchi thana prasiddha augustu 20 prasangamlo, faitar kamaandnu prasamsistuu, churchill bomber command sahakaranni kooda prastaavinchaaru, bomberlu appatikee germanypai edurudaadi chestunnarani jodinchaaru; prasangamlooni eee bhaagam netikee tarachugaa vismarinchabadutundi. westminster abbeloni britton chappel yuddham gourava jaabitaalo 718 bomber command sibbandi, mariyu juulai 10 mariyu october 31 madhya champabadina kosta command nundi 280 mandhi sabhyulanu jabita chesindi.
1940 septembaru mariyu octoberulo chaanal naukaasrayaalalo dandayaatra baarjku vyatiraekamgaa bomber mariyu theera command daadulu british media dwara vistrutamgaa nivedinchabaddaayi. 'barjla yuddham' gaa piluvabade raaf daadulu british prachaaramlo pedda sankhyalo baarjlanu munchivesinatlu mariyu german dandayaatra sannaahaalaku vistrutamaina gandaragolam mariyu antaraayam kaliginchaayani cheppabaddayi. septembaru mariyu aktobaru praarambhamlo jarigina eee bomber daadulapai british prachara aasaktini batti, britton yuddham mugisina tarvaata idhi entha twaragaa vismarinchabadindo aascharyamgaa undhi. yuddham madhyalo kooda, bomber pailatla prayatnaalu chaalaa varaku kondaripai nirantara drushti pettadam dwara marugunapaddayi, idhi vaayu mantritva saakha yokka 'faitar boys' yokka nirantara shouryam phalitamgaa, marchi 1941 britton prachara karapatramtho praarambhamaindi.
air-sea resque.
mottam vyavastha yokka atipedda paryaveekshanhalaloo okati taginanta gaali-samudra rakshana samstha lekapovadam. 1940loe egurutunna padava sthaavaraalu mariyu konni videshee pradaesaala aadhaaramgaa adhika vegavantamaina prayogaalato (hcsls) oka vyavasthanu erpaatu cheyadam praarambhinchindi, ayithe cross-chaanal traaphik parimaanam antey eee praantaalanu cover cheyadaaniki resque servies avasaram ledani ippatikee nammutaaru. padipoyina pailatlu mariyu vimaana sibbandini, gundaa velutunna padavalu ledhaa oodalu ekkinchukuntaayani aasinchaaru. lekapothe, pilate neetiloki velladam evarainaa chusarani bhaavinchi sthaanika jeevana padava apramattam cheyabadutundi.
raaf aircruku "mae west" anae maaruperuto life jackett jaarii cheyabadindi, conny 1940loe dheeniki inca manueval dravyolbanam avasaram, idhi gayapadina ledhaa shacklo unnavaariki daadaapu asadhyam. inglish chaanal mariyu dover jalasandhi yokka jalaalu vesavi madhyalo kooda challaga untaayi, mariyu raaf aircruku jaarii cheyabadina dustulu eee gaddakatte paristhitulaku vyatiraekamgaa vaatini nirodhinchadaaniki peddagaa upayogapadavu. raaf floresin jaarii chese german paddhatini kooda anukarinchaaru. 1939loe jarigina oka samavesamlo air-sea rescueni teerapraanta command kinda unchaaru. chaanal yuddham" samayamlo samudramlo pailatlu kolpoyinanduna, augustu 22naa, raaf resque prayogaala niyantrananu sthaanika naavikaadala adhikaarulaku appaginchaaru mariyu samudramlo pailatla kosam vetakadaaniki sahaayapadataaniki 12 lysanderlanu faitar kamaandku icchaaru. yuddha samayamlo mottam 200 mandhi pailatlu, sibbandi samudramlo maraninchaaru. 1941 varaku saraina vaayu-samudra rakshana seva erpaatu kaaledu.
yuddham yokka dasalu.
yuddham maarutunna bhougolika praantaanni cover chesindi, mariyu mukhyamaina teedeelapai bhinnamaina abhiprayalu unnaih vaayu mantritva saakha augustu 8nii prarambhamga pratipaadinchinappudu, operations "dadapuga okadaanitoe okati vileenam ayyayani" dowding pratispandinchaaru, mariyu juulai 10nii perigina daadula prarambhamga pratipaadinchaaru. dasalu okadaanikokati mallipotayi mariyu teedeelu drudhamgaa levane heccharikatho, raayal air fores museum aidu pradhana dasalanu gurtinchavacchani perkondih
chinna taraha daadulu.
france yuddhamlo germany vaegamgaa praadaesika laabhaalanu saadhinchina taruvaata, luftwaff thana dalaalanu punarvyavastheekarinchaalsi vachindi, teeram vembadi sthaavaraalanu erpaatu chesi, bhaarii nashtaala tarvaata punarnirminchaalsi vachindi. idhi juun 5/6 raatri britainpai chinna taraha bambu daadulanu praarambhinchindi, juun mariyu juulai antataa appudappudu daadulu konasaaginchindi. modati pedda ettuna daadi juun loe raatri samayamlo jarigindi, appudu yorkshire mariyu kent madhya chellacheduruga unna chinna daadulu mottam 100 bomberlanu kaligi unnaayi. konni vimanalu, konnisaarlu kevalam oka vimananni matrame kaligi unna eee "strangriff" ("visugu daadulu") nuu bomber sibbandiki pagalu mariyu raatri daadulaloo sikshana ivvadaaniki, rakshananu pareekshinchadaaniki mariyu paddhatulanu prayatninchadaaniki, ratriputa chaalaa vimaanaalato upayoginchaaru. takkuva sankhyalo pedda paeludu baambulanu mosukelle badulu, marinta chinna baambulanu upayoginchadam marinta prabhaavavantamgaa untundani vaaru kanugonnaru, adevidhamgaa mantalu chelaregela cheyadaaniki mantalu pedda praantaanni kappi unchalsi untundi. eee sikshanaa vimanalu augustu varaku mariyu september modati vaaram varaku konasagayi. dheeniki vyatiraekamgaa, daadulu german vyuuhaalanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki british vaariki samayam icchaayi, mariyu raaf fiters mariyu anty aircraft defence kosam siddham cheyadaaniki mariyu abhyasam pondadaaniki amoolyamaina samayanni icchaayi.
daadulu vistrutamgaa jarigaih juun 30 raatri 20 counteelalo kevalam 20 bomberlu alaaramlu veyagaa, marusati roeju juulai 1naa modati pagatipuuta daadulu jarigaayi, yaarkshairlooni pottu mariyu wick, saitness rendintipai. juulai 3naa chaalaa vimanalu nigha vimanalu, conny sarreelooni gildfordnu bambulu taakinappudu 15 mandhi pourulu maraninchaaru. raaf yodhulanu yuddhaaniki teesukuraavadam, nirdishta sainika mariyu aardhika lakshyalanu naasanam cheyadam mariyu poura manosthairyaanni prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki vaimanika-daadi heccharikalanu erpaatu cheyadam vanti lakshyaalato augustu, september mariyu sheethaakaalamlo pratiroojuu pagalu mariyu raatri aneka chinna "strangriff" daadulu jarigaih augustlo naalugu pradhana vaimanika daadulu vandalaadi bomberlanu kaligi unnaayi, adhe nelaloo 1,062 chinna daadulu jarigaayi, ivi britton antataa vyaapinchayi.
chaanal yuddhalu.
canalcomp" loe aangla chaanelloni kanvaylapai varusa parugette poraataalu undevi. idhi paakshikamgaa kesselring mariyu sperleku inca emi cheyaalo teliyakapovadam valla praarambhinchabadindi, mariyu paakshikamgaa idhi german vaimanika sibbandiki kontha sikshana mariyu british rakshananu parisoedhimchae avakaasaanni ichindi. padava padatam valla kaneesa ravana rakshana matrame labhistundi, mariyu teeramlo eee yuddhalu germanlaku anukuulamgaa undevi, vaari bomber escartlu ettulo unna prayojanaanni kaligi undevi mariyu raaf yodhula kante ekkuva sankhyalo undevi. juulai 9 nundi dornier daryaaptu chestunna 17 bomberlu raaf pailatlu mariyu yantraalapai teevramaina ottidini kaliginchaaru, bf 109laku adhika raaf nashtalu sambhavinchaayi. juulai 19naa tommidi 141 squadron defients charyaloki vellinappudu, tuphaanula squadron jokyam chesukovadaniki mundu aaru mandhi 109la bf chetilo odipoyaaru. juulai 25naa stuca dive bomber daadula kaaranamgaa boggu convoy mariyu escort distroyerlu entha bhaarii nashtanni chavichusayo, admiralty kaanvaaylu ratriputa prayaaninchaalani nirnayinchindih raaf 16 mandhi ridersnu kalchivesindi, conny 7 vimanalanu kolpoyindi. augustu 8 natiki 18 boggu noukalu mariyu 4 vidhvamsaka noukalu munigipoyayi, ayithe railway dwara boggunu taralinchadaaniki badulugaa 20 naukala kanvaynu pampaalani naavikaadalam nirnayinchindi. aaa roeju padepade stuca daadula taruvaata, aaru noukalu teevramgaa debbatinnaayi, naalugu munigipoyayi mariyu naalugu matrame tama gamyasthaanaaniki cherukunnayi. raaf 19 yuddha vimanalanu kolpoyindi mariyu 31 german vimanalanu koolchivesindi. naukaadalam ippudu kaaluva dwara tadupari anni kaanvaylanu raddu chesi, saruku ravaanaanu railu dwara pampindi. ayinappatikee, eee prarambha poraata encounterlu rendu vaipula anubhavanni andinchaayi.
pradhana daadi.
raaf rakshanapai pradhana daadiki "adlerangriff" ("eegil attack") anae sanketha naamakaranam cheyabadindi. guudachaara nivedikalu raaf daadaapu odipoyindane abhiprayanni kaliginchaayi, mariyu daadulu luftwaffnu kaalchiveyadaaniki british yodhulanu aakarshistaayi. augustu 6naa angeekarinchina vyuuham emitante, inglaandku dakshinaana unna raaf faitar kamaandnu naalugu rojullo naasanam cheyadam, appudu sainika mariyu aardhika lakshyalapai bambu daadi cheyadam anedi mottam britainlo pagatipuuta daadulu addamkulu lekunda konasage varaku madhyapraantaala varaku kramapaddhatilo vistarinchadam, idhi londonpy pedda bambu daaditoe mugisindi.
raaf meeda dadih radar mariyu vaimanika sthaavaraalu.
paelavamaina vaataavaranam kaaranamgaa 1940 augustu 13 varaku "adlertag" ("eegil day") alasyam ayindi. augustu 12naa, pratyeka faitar-bomber unit "erprobungsgroup" 210 nundi vacchina vimanam naalugu radar stationlapy daadi chesinappudu, dowding vyavasthanu andhaparachadaaniki modati prayatnam jarigindi. muggurini kontakaalam prasaram nundi tolaginchaaru, conny aaru gantallo tirigi pani chesaaru. british radarlanu tarimikottadam kashtamani daadulu choopinchaayi. tadupari daadulanu mount cheyadamlo vaiphalyam raaf stationlanu tirigi prasaram cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi, mariyu phone linelu mariyu vidyut stationlu vanti sahayaka moulika sadupayalapai daadulanu looftwaff nirlakshyam chesindi, ivi radarlanu panikiraniviga chesi undavacchu, towerlu (naasanam cheyadam chaalaa kashtam) chekkuchedarakunda unnappatikee.
"raaf yuddha vimaanaala kosam forward landing maidanaluga upayoginche teerapraanta vaimanika sthaavaraalapai (manston mariyu hackingto sahaa) "erpro" 210 naayakatvamlo "adlertag" varusa daadulatoe praarambhamaindi. vaaram gadichekoddi, air feeled daadulu marinta lothattu praantaalaku kadilaayi, radar golusupai padepade daadulu jarigaayi. augustu 15 luftwaff eee prachaaramlo atyadhika sankhyalo vimanalanu ekkinchina "goppa roeju". "luftfloat" 5 ingland uttaraana daadi chesindi. dakshinaana sainikadhikara balam kendrikrutamai untundani namme vaaru, denmark mariyu norway nundi dalaalapai daadi chesi oohinchani vidhamgaa balamaina pratighatananu edurkonnaru. bf 110la (bf 109luu norway nundi daadulanu rakshinchadaaniki taginanta paridhini kaligi laevu) taginantagaa rakshinchabadakapovadam valla, bomberlanu pedda sankhyalo kalchi champaru. eshaanya inglandpy 34 messersmit 110la rakshanalo 65 henkel 111luu daadi chesaayi, mariyu raaf grate driffield meeda 50 mandhi addamkulu laeni 88la jankarlu daadi chesaaru. pampina 115 bomberlu mariyu 35 yuddha vimanalalo, 75 vimanalu dhvamsamayyaayi mariyu marenno marammatu cheyaleni vidhamgaa debbatinnaayi. inca, raaf yodhula prarambha nischitaartham kaaranamgaa, chaalaa mandhi bomberlu tama paeloedlanu samarthavantamgaa praarambhamloonae padesaru. eee praananashtam phalitamgaa, "luftfloat" 5 mallii prachaaramlo balamgaa kanipinchaledu.
irupakshaalaku atyadhika sankhyalo praananashtam jarigina augustu 18nii "atyanta kashtataramaina roeju" gaa paerkonnaaru. eee grounding yuddham taruvaata, alasata mariyu vaataavaranam oka vaaram paatu karyakalapalanu tagginchaayi, idhi looftwaff vaari paniteerunu sameekshinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. "atyanta kashtataramaina roeju" prachaaramlo juulai 87 mugimpunu suuchimchimdi. blitzcrig" yokka eee anubhavagnudu britainlo panicheyadaaniki yodhulaku chaalaa haani kaliginchevaadu. stuca" dalaanni kaapaadataaniki, goring vaarini poraatam nundi upasamharinchukunnaadu. idhi pradhana looftwaff khachitamaina bambu daadini tolaginchi, appatike vistarinchi unna "erpro" 210 paie khachitamaina daadula bharanni maarchindi. bf 110 single-injin fightersto dogfitingku chaalaa vikrutamgaa niroopinchabadindi, mariyu daani bhagaswamyam tagginchabadindi. shreni avasaramainappudu ledhaa bomberlaku taginanta single injin escort andinchalenappudu matrame idhi upayoginchabadutundi.
goring maroe mukhyamaina nirnayam teesukunnaduh free-hunting sweepla kharchutho marinni bomber escartlanu arder cheyadam. dheenini saadhinchadaaniki, daadi yokka baruvu ippudu "luftfloat" 2 paie padipoyindi, mariyu "luftfloat 3" looni bf 109 laloe ekkuva bhaagam kesselring aadesaaniki badilee cheyabaddaayi, idhi paas-dii-kalais looni yuddha sthaavaraalanu balopetam chesindi. daani yodhulanu tolaginchina "luftfloat 3" raatri bambu daadulapai drushti saarinchindi. goring, prachaaramlo ippativaraku poraata pradarsanapai niraasa vyaktam chestu, yuddha vibhagala command nirmaanamloo kooda bhaarii maarpulu chesaaru, aneka "geshwadercomodore" sthaanamlo adolph galland mariyu verner moulders vanti yuva, marinta dookudugaa unde pailatlu unnaaru.
chivaraku, goring radar golusupai daadulanu aapadu. ivi vijayavantam kaaledani bhaavinchaaru, rakshana vyavasthalaku golusu gruha kendraalu entha mukhyamainavo "reachsmarshal" ledhaa athani sahacharulu grahinchaledu. radar daadula gurinchi kontha mundastu heccharikanu andinchindani telisindi, conny german faitar pailatlalo nammakam emitante, "tommies" nuu pooraadataaniki teesukuvacche edainaa prothsahinchabadaali.
british nagaraalapai daadulu.
augustu 15 madhyahnam, "haptman" walter rubensdorfer "erprobungsgroup" 210kii naayakatvam vahistuu uddesinchina lakshyam raaf kenleeki badulugaa croydon airfieldpy (london shivaarlalo) porapaatuna bambu daadi chesaadu.
sthaanika vaayu niyantranapai aadhaarapadutundani bhaavinche raaf, sarafara samasyalu mariyu pailatla nashtaalato pooraadutunnadani german nigha nivedikalu luftwaff asajanakamga chesaayi. augustu 18naa bigzin kondapai daadi chesina oka pedda daadi taruvaata, luftwaff aircru vaaru ekagreevamgaa unnaarani, airfield "puurtigaa naasanam cheyabadindani" chepparu, mariyu "ingland ippatike puurtayindaa?" anie adigaru."augustu 6naa angeekarinchina vyuuhaaniki anugunamgaa, raaf otamini anusarinchi sainika mariyu aardhika lakshyalapai bambu daadi chesi, kramapaddhatilo midlands varaku vistarinchaali.
1940 augustu 19naa goring vimaana karmagaralapai daadulaku aadesinchaadu. augustu raatri vimaana parisrama mariyu naukaasrayaalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni aravai daadulu jarigaayi, mariyu london chuttoo unna suburban praantaalapai bambulu paddai croidon, wimbledon mariyu maldense. augustu nelaloo aberdeen, bristol mariyu south vaelsloo raatri daadulu jarigaayi. aaa roeju udayam, london shivaarlalooni haaro mariyu wieldstonepy bambulu padesaru. augustu nela raatri, bristol sameepamloni filton vadda oka vimaana karmagaram yokka utpatti juulai 88 bomberlu 16 tannulaku paiga adhika paeludu baambulanu vidudala chesina daadi valla teevramgaa prabhaavitamaindi. augustu raatri 200kii paiga bomberlu birminghamloni fort dunlup tyre factorypy daadi chesi utpattipai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chupayi. augustu 24naa nirantara bambu daadi praarambhamaindi, ippativaraku jarigina atipedda daadiloo portsmouth loe 100 mandhi maraninchaaru, aaa raatri landanlooni aneka praantaalapai bambu daadulu jarigaayi; thoorpu chivara nippu pettaru mariyu central londonlo bambulu paddayi. kontamandi charitrakaarulu eee baambulanu pramaadavasaattu 111 mandhi henkels samuuham padesi, tama lakshyanni kanugonadamlo viphalamayyaarani nammutaaru; eee kathanam vivaadaaspadamaindi.
augustu nelaloo croydon, bansted, levisham, uksbridge, haaro mariyu hays meeda bambulu padinapudu london chuttoo raatri daadulu jarigaayi. augustu raatri london redd alert loe undhi, finchley, seyint pancross, assembly, wood green, southgate, old kent road, mill hill, ilford, chigwell mariyu hendon laloe bambulu unnatlu nivedinchabadindi.
augustu 24 nundi vaimanika sthaavaraalapai daadulu.
1940 augustu 23naa jaarii chesina goring aadesam vimaana parisramapai mariyu raaf ground organisationpy nirantara daadulanu aadesinchindi, raaf thana yuddha vimanalanu upayoginchamani balavantam chesindi, vaatini naasanam cheyamani pralobhapette vyuuhaanni konasaaginchindi, mariyu raaf vaimanika sthaavaraalapai kendrikruta daadulu cheyavalasi undani jodinchindi.
augustu 24 nundi, eee yuddham kesselring yokka "luftfloat" 2 mariyu park yokka 11 samuuham madhya jarigina poraatam. luftwaff tama balaanni faitar kamaandnu padagottadampai kendrikarinchi, vaimanika sthaavaraalapai padepade daadulu chesaaru. taruvaati rendu varallo jarigina 33 bhaarii daadulaloo 24 vaimanika sthaavaraalaku vyatiraekamgaa jarigaayi. keelaka sector stationlu padepade debbatinnayi bigzin hill mariyu horn church naalugu saarlu; debden mariyu north weld rendusaarlu. croidon, gravesand, roachford, hocking mariyu monstonlapy kooda balamgaa daadi chesaaru. theera command yokka eest church paie kaneesam edusaarlu bambu daadi jarigindi, endukante idhi faitar command aerodrome anie nammutaaru. konnisaarlu eee daadulu sector stationlaku kontha nashtam kaliginchi, dowding vyavastha yokka samagratanu bedirinchaayi.
konni nashtalanu bharti cheyadaaniki, daadaapu 58 vimaanaala air arm faitar pailatla volunteerlanu raaf squadronlaku ketaayinchaaru, adhe sankhyalo maajee fairie yuddha pailatlanu upayoginchaaru. kaaryaacharana sikshanaa vibhagala (otas) nundi chaalaa pratyaamnaayaalu tommidi gantala vimaana prayaana samayanni kaligi unnaayi mariyu ganneri ledhaa gaali nundi gaaliki yuddha sikshana ledhu. eee samayamlo, faitar command yokka bahulajaati swabhaavam terapaiki vachindi. agra sthaayi commanderlu-australianlu, kenadiyanlu, nyoojilaandarlu, rhodatianlu mariyu dakshinaafrikanlu sahaa dominianla vaimanika dalaalaku chendina aneka squadronlu mariyu sibbandi ippatike rafto jatacheyabaddaaru. adanamgaa, itara jaateeyatalu praatinidhyam vahinchaayi, veetilo free french, belgian mariyu paalastiinaa yokka british aadesam nundi yoodu pilate unnaaru.
taja chekoslovak mariyu polish squadronla raakato vaaru balapaddaru. veetini dowding addukunnaru, athanu aanglam matlade vimaana sibbandi thana niyantrana vyavasthalo panicheyadamlo ibbandi padatarani bhavinchaduh polish mariyu check flyerlu mukhyamgaa prabhaavavantamgaa niroopinchabaddaayi. yuddhaaniki mundu polish vaimanika dalam sudeerghamaina mariyu vistrutamaina sikshana mariyu unnata pramaanaalanu kaligi undhi; polandnu jayinchadamtho mariyu krooramaina german aakramanalo, noo yokka pailatlu. atyadhika skoru saadhinchina anubandha vibhagam ayina 303 (polish) squadron balamgaa prerepinchabadindi. britanku raakamundu polish, taruvaata french vaimanika dalaalalo chaeradaaniki thana sonta desham aakramana nundi egirina check regular air myaan ayina joseph frantisec, 303 squadronlaku atithigaa egiraaru, chivariki britton yuddhamlo atyadhika "raaf score" thoo ghanata pondaaru.
raaf sonta bhuubhaagampai porade prayojanam kaligi unnadu. kuulipooyina tama vimaanaala nundi rakshinchabadina pailatlu gantalalopu tama vaimanika sthaavaraalaku tirigi raavacchu, ayithe indhanam mariyu/ledhaa mandugundu samagri takkuvagaa unte vaarini ventane tirigi aayudhalu cheyavachu. 1940 chivaralo interview chesina oka raaf pilate britton yuddhamlo aidusarlu kalchi champabaddadu, conny britainlo bhoomini koolchiveyagaligaadu ledhaa pratisaaree beilpai bayatiki vellagaligaadu. luftwaff aircruseku, inglandpy oka bailout antey-klishtamaina augustu kaalamlo, daadaapu chaalaa mandhi luftwaff pailatlanu champinatle khaideelugaa teesukunnaru-ayithe inglish chaanello parachute cheyadam antey tarachugaa munigipovadam ledhaa bahirgatam kavadam valla maranam. manosthairyam debbatinadam praarambhinchindi, mariyu "kanalkrankheet" ("chaanal sickness")-poraata alasata yokka oka roopam-german pailatlalo kanipinchadam praarambhinchindi. vaari pratyaamnaaya samasya british vaari kante marinta ghoramgaa maarindi.
teppanu naasanam chese prayatnaanni anchanaa veyadam.
vaimanika sthaavaraalapai german daadula prabhavam aspashtamgaa undhi. stephen bunge prakaram, dowding, aagashtu 8-september 10,1940 kaalaaniki sambandhinchina park nivedikato paatu hugg trenchardku raasina lekhalo, augustu chivari vaaramlo mariyu september modati vaaramlo luftwaff "chaalaa takkuva saadhinchindi" anie perkondi. bigajin hill matrame sector station, idhi kevalam rendu gantala paatu panicheyaledu. 11 samuuhaala saamarthyam debbatinnatlu dowding angeekarinchaaru, ayithe, konni vaimanika sthaavaraalaku teevramaina nashtam jariginappatikee, bhaareega daadi cheyabadina 13 vaimanika sthaavaraalalo rendu matrame konni gantalaku paiga neelakuulipooyaayi. londonpy german refocus vimarsanaatmakamainadi kaadu.
raaf museum adhipati, retired air vais-marshal peater dye, 2000 mariyu 2010loe yuddham yokka logistics gurinchi charchinchaaru, pratyaekamgaa single-seat fightersto vyavaharinchaaru. vimaanaala sthaanamlo british vimaanaala utpatti matrame kakunda, pratyaamnaaya pailatlu nashtalanu tagginchukuntunnaarani dye vaadinchaaru. juulai, augustu mariyu september nelallo raaf faitar kamaandlo pailatla sankhya perigindi. andubaatulo unna pailatla sankhya ennadoo taggaledani ganaamkaalu suchistunnayihi juulai nundi, 1,200 andubaatulo unnaayi, mariyu augustu 1 nundi, 1,400 andubaatulo unnaayi. septembaru natiki aaa sankhyaku paiga maidaanamlo undevi. octoberulo eee sankhya daadaapu 1,600. november 1 natiki 1,800 andubaatulo unnaayi. yuddham antataa, raflo luftwaff kante ekkuva faitar pailatlu andubaatulo unnaaru. joolailo raaf yokka single-seat fiters nilvalu padipoyinappatiki, december natiki sumaru 4,955 vimanalanu marammatu chesi tirigi sevaloki teesukuvacchina samarthavanthamaina poura marammatu samstha (crow), air servies unit (aasu) vaimanika sthaavaraalalo unchina vimaanaala dwara vyardhaalanu bharti chesindi.
richard overee rangu mariyu bangelatho ekibhavistaadu. kevalam oka airfield matrame tatkalikamga nilipiveyabadindani, 103 mandhi pailatlu matrame kolpoyarani overee nokki chepparu. british yuddha vimaanaala utpatti joolailo 496 kotta vimanalanu, augustulo 467 vimanalanu, septemberlo maroe 467 vimanalanu utpatti chesindi (marammatu chesina vimanalanu lekkinchakundaa), augustu, september nashtalanu bharti chesindi. ovaree anedi upayogapade mariyu mottam balam rabadi sankhyanu suuchistumdi, augustu 3 nundi september 7 varaku yuddha vimaanaala sankhya "perugudala" nuu, balampai 1,061 mariyu balampai 1,161 mariyu upayoginchadagina 746 kuu 708 sevalanu andistundi. antekakunda, 1940 juun mariyu augustu madhya raaf faitar pailatla sankhya moodinta oka vanthu perigindani ovaree etthi chuupaaru. yuddhamlooni keelakamaina varallo sibbandi recordulu sumaru 1,400 mandhi pailatla nirantara sarafaraanu chuuputunnaayi. septembaru dviteeyaardhamlo idhi 1,500kii cherukundi. pailatla korata eppuduu 10 saataaniki minchi ledhu. germanlaku eppuduu 1,100 nundi 1,200 mandhi pailetla kante ekkuva mandhi undevaaru, antey moodinta oka vanthu varaku lopam undedi. "faitar command 'koddi' ayithe, german faitar pailatlu takkuva".
itara panditulu eee kaalam annintikante pramaadakaramainadani nokki chepparu. 1961loe prachurinchabadina "dhi nyaaro margine" loe, charitrakaarulu derec wood mariyu derec dempster augustu 24 nundi september 6 varaku rendu vaaralu nijamaina pramaadaanni suuchistaayani vishwasinchaaru. vaari prakaram, augustu 24 nundi september 6 varaku 295 mandhi yodhulu puurtigaa naasanam cheyabaddaaru mariyu 171 mandhi teevramgaa debbatinnaru, mottam 269 kotta mariyu marammatu chesina ummi mantalu mariyu tuphaanulu vachayi. 103 mandhi pailatlu maraninchaarani ledhaa tappipoyaarani mariyu 128 mandhi gayapaddarani vaaru nokkichepparu, idhi kevalam 1,000 kante takkuva poraata balamlo vaaraaniki mottam 120 mandhi pailatla vrudhaa anie suuchistumdi. augustulo 260 kante ekkuva faitar pailatlu otas dwara bayatapadaledani mariyu adhe nelaloo 300 mandiki paiga maraninchaarani vaaru nirdhaarinchaaru. puurti squadron sthaapanalo 26 mandhi pailatlu undagaa augustulo sagatu 16 mandhi unnaaru. vaari anchanaalo, raaf yuddhamlo odipotunnarani. denis richards, 1953loe "rendava prapancha yuddham charitra" anae adhikaarika british vruttaamtaaniki thana sahakaaramlo, pailatla korata, mukhyamgaa anubhavagnulaina vaaru, raaf yokka atipedda samasya anie angeekarinchaaru. augustu 8 mariyu 18 madhya 154 mandhi raaf pailatlu maraninchaarani, teevramgaa gayapaddarani ledhaa tappipoyaarani, ayithe 63 mandhi kotta pailatlaku matrame sikshana icchaarani ayana paerkonnaaru. vimaanaala labhyata kooda teevramaina samasyaga undedi. britton yuddha samayamlo daani nilvalu ennadoo ara dozenu vimaanaalaku taggaledu, kontamandi taruvaata paerkonnatlugaa, richards augustu 24 nundi september 6 varaku klishtamaina kaalamgaa abhivarninchaaru, endukante eee rendu varalalo germany 11 samuuhaala aagneya sthaavaraalapai daadula dwara chaalaa ekkuva vimanalanu naasanam chesindi. maroe moodu vaaraala paatu ituvanti vegam valla vimaana nilvalu aipoyevi. germanylo pailatlu mariyu vimanalu kooda bhaarii nashtalanu chavichusai, tadwara septembarulo raatri-samaya daadulaku maarindi. september 7naa raaf vimaanaala nashtalu british utpatti kante takkuvagaa padipoyayi mariyu yuddham mugise varaku alaage undipoyaayi.
londonpy pagalu mariyu raatri daadulu blitz prarambham.
hitler yokka "directive nem. 17-inglaandku vyatiraekamgaa vaayu mariyu samudra yuddha nirvahana kosam 1940 augustu 1naa jaarii cheyabadina ", prateekaara charyaga ugravaada daadulapai nirnayam teesukune hakku tanaku matrame undhi. thana ekaika aadesam meraku tappa londonpy bambu daadi cheyakudadani hitler oka aadesaanni jaarii chesaadu. tayaareeloo, london naukaasrayamlooni communicationlu, power stationlu, aayudhalu mariyu revulapai daadulu cheyadaaniki code name operation logg kinda vivaranaatmaka lakshya pranaalikalu joolailo "fleegercorps" kuu pampinhee cheyabaddaayi. naukashraya praantaalu nivaasa gruhaala pakkana raddiigaa undevi mariyu pourula praananashtam anchanaa veyabadutundi, ayithe idhi sainika mariyu aardhika lakshyalanu, manosthairyampai paroksha prabhaavaalato militam chestundi. augustu 6naa angeekarinchina vyuuham emitante, pattanaalu mariyu nagaraalloni sainika mariyu aardhika lakshyalapai daadulu londonpy pedda daadiloo mugustaayi. augustu madhyalo, london shivaarlalooni lakshyalapai daadulu jarigaayi.
luftwaff siddhaantamlo nagaraalapai prateekaara daadula avakaasam undhi, mariyu mae 11 nundi raaf bomber command dwara chinna taraha raatri daadulu tarachugaa nivaasa praantaalapai bambu daadulu chesaayi. idhi uddeshapoorvakamgaa jarigindani germanlu bhaavinchaaru, daadulu mariyu vyaapti peragadamtho janabha prateekaara charyala kosam asahanam penchindi. 1940 augustu 25naa, berlinloni paarisraamika mariyu vaanijya lakshyalapai daadi cheyadaaniki bomber command yokka 81 bomberlanu pampaaru. meghalu khachitamaina gurtimpunu nirodhinchaayi mariyu bambulu nagaram antataa padipoyayi, deenivalla poura janabhalo kontha mandhi maraninchaaru alaage nivaasa praantaalaku nashtam jarigindi. berlinpy raaf daadulu konasagadam valla hitler augustu 30naa thana aadesaanni upasamharinchukunnaadu mariyu pranaalikaabaddhamaina bambu daadiki anumati icchaadu. septembaru 3naa, general albert kesselring yokka utsaahabharitamaina maddatutoe, roojuvaari londonpy bambu daadi cheyaalani goring pranaalika vaesaadu, nivedikalanu andukunna taruvaata raaf squadronla sagatu balam pannenduloo aidu ledhaa edu mandhi yodhulaku taggindi mariyu aaa praantamlooni vaari vaimanika sthaavaraalu panicheyaledu. london sahaa nagaraalapai daadi cheyaalani september 5naa hitler aadesam jaarii chesaadu. 1940 septembaru 4naa thana vistrutamgaa pracharam cheyabadina prasangamlo, berlin bambu daadini hitler khandinchaadu mariyu londonpy pranaalikaabaddhamaina daadulanu prateekaaramgaa pradarsinchaadu. modati pagatipuuta daadi "vergeltungsangriff" (prateekaara daadi) paerutoe jarigindi.
september 7naa, daadaapu naalugu vandala bomberlu mariyu aaru vandala mandiki paiga yodhulatho kuudina bhaarii varusa daadulu london thoorpu chivaralo, pagalu mariyu raatri revulanu lakshyamgaa chesukunnayi. vimaana sthaavaraalapai raaf oohinchina daadulu mariyu 11 samuuhaalu vaatini edurkovadaniki lechaayi, luftwaff oohinchina daanikante ekkuva sankhyalo. 12 samuuhaala lii-mallery yokka pedda rekka yokka modati adhikaarika moharimpu erpadataaniki iravai nimishalu pattindi, daani uddesinchina lakshyanni kolpoyindi, conny inca ekketappudu bomberla yokka maroka erpaatunu edurkondi. vaaru tirigi vacchi, tama parimita vijayam gurinchi kshamaapanalu chepparu, mariyu alasyam kaavadaaniki chaalaa alasyam ayindani nindinchaaru.
german patrikalu santoshamgaa prakatinchaayi, "eee raatri london madhya nundi thams mukhadwaram varaku oka goppa poga megham vistarinchi undhi."daadulaku mundu sibbandiki icchina vivaranalanu nivedikalu pratibimbimchaayi-" prati okkaroo german nagaraalapai chivari piriki daadula gurinchi telusukunnaru, mariyu bharyalu, tallulu mariyu pillala gurinchi aalochinchaaru. aapai 'prateekaaram! "anae padam vachindi.'london vaipu egiretappudu dhvamsamaina vaimanika sthaavaraalanu chusinatlu pailatlu nivedinchaaru, idhi intelligence nivedikalaku naasanamaina rakshana bhavanni ichindi. raaf otamini sameepinchindani, dandayaatranu saadhyamayyelaa chesindani goring paerkonnaaru.
faitar command daani atyalpa ksheenatalo undhi, purushulu mariyu yantraala korata, mariyu airfield daadula nundi viramam vaarini kolukovadaniki anumatinchindi. pagatipuuta daadulanu vichchinnam cheyadamlo 11 samuuhaalu gananeeyamaina vijayanni saadhinchaayi. 12 samuuhaalu padepade aadesaalanu dhikkarinchaayi mariyu 11 samuuha vaimanika sthaavaraalanu rakshinchaalane abhyardhanalanu neraverchadamlo viphalamayyayi, conny perugutunna pedda pedda vibhaagaalato vaari prayogaalu kontha vijayanni saadhinchaayi. looftwaff vaari udayam daadulanu vidichipettadam praarambhinchaaru, londonpy daadulu madhyahnam aalasyamgaa varusaga yaabhai-edu raatrulu prarambhamayyayi.
landannu lakshyamgaa chesukovadam valla looftwaffku atyanta haanikaramaina amsam dhooram peragadam. bf 109ii escartlu parimita indhana saamarthyaanni kaligi unnaayi, phalitamgaa kevalam antargata indhanampai 660 kimmy (410-maillu) garishta paridhi matrame undhi, mariyu vaaru vachinappudu intiki tiragadaaniki mundu 10 nimishala vimaana samayam matrame undhi, tadwara bomberlanu yuddha escortlache rakshinchabadaledu. daani antima sthiramaina, phoke-walf efdablue 190eah, 1940 madhyalo namuunaa roopamlo matrame egurutuu undhi; modati 28 efdablue 190luu november 1940 varaku pampinhee cheyabadaledu. efdablue 190eah-1 antargata indhanampai garishtamgaa 940 kimmy (584 maillu) paridhini kaligi undhi, idhi bf 109eee kante 40 saatam ekkuva. messershmit bf 109eee-7 eee lopaanni sarichesi, paridhini 1,325 kimmy (820 mye) kuu rettimpu cheyadaaniki essi 250 bambu ledhaa praamaanika 300-leater luftwaff drop tanknu teesukoovadaaniki ventral center-line ordinance raaknu jodinchindi. aayudhaala rock aktobaru 1940 varaku munupati bf 109 laku tirigi amarchabadaledu.
september 14naa, hitler oo. keey. doubleu sibbandito samavesaniki adhyakshata vahinchaadu. nirnayaatmaka yuddhaaniki goring fraanslo darsakatvam vahinchaaru, kabatti erhard milch athani kosam niyaminchabaddaadu. manam daanini puurtigaa raddu cheyala?" anie hitler adigadu."looftwaff cheef off staff general hohns jeshonek, raafnu oodinchadaaniki chivari avakaasam kosam mariyu saamuuhika bhayandolanalanu kaliginchadaaniki poura nivaasa praantaalapai daadulu cheyadaaniki anumati kosam vaedukunnaaru. poura lakshyalaku ippatike entha nashtam jarigindo teliyaka, hitler rendodaanni tiraskarinchaadu. ugravaada aayudhanni vippinche adhikaranni ayana tanakosam nilupukunnadu. badulugaa, bhouthika moulika sadupayalu, aayudha parisrama, indhanam, aahara nilvalanu naasanam cheyadam dwara raajakeeya sankalpam vichchinnam cheyavalasi vachindi.
septembaru 15naa, prati vimananni 11 samuhaluga moharinchadam dwara rendu bhaarii german daadulanu raaf nirnayaatmakamgaa tippikottindi. aravai german mariyu iravai aaru raaf vimanalu koolchiveyabaddaayi. eee charya britton yuddhaaniki parakashtaga nilichindi.
germany odipoyina rendu rojula taruvaata hitler britton dandayaatraku sannahalanu vaida vaesaadu. ika nundi, purushulu, vimanalalo perugutunna nashtalu mariyu taginanta pratyaamnaayaalu lekapovadam kaaranamgaa, looftwaff pagatipuuta bomber daadula nundi kramamga maaradam puurti chesi, raatri samayamlo bambu daadulatoe konasaagindi. september 15va teedeeni britton yuddha dinamgaa jarupukuntaaru.
raatri samayamlo blitz, faitar-bomber day daadulu.
september 14naa jarigina OKW samavesamlo, operation sea layan dandayaatraku avasaramaina vaayu aadhipatyaanni looftwaff inca pondaledani hitler angeekarinchaadu. rader yokka vraatapuurvaka sifaarsuku anugunamgaa, hitler dandayaatra pranaalikalatoe sambandham lekunda pracharam teevrataram cheyadame anie cheppadu "nirnayaatmaka vishayam vaimanika daadula nirantara konasagimpu."jesconec" "saamuuhika bhayandolana" "kaliginchadaaniki nivaasa praantaalapai daadi cheyaalani pratipaadinchaadu, conny hitler dheenini tiraskarinchaaduh athanu ugravaada bambu daadi empikanu tanaku taanugaa ketayinchukunnadu". moulika sadupayalu, aayudhaala tayari, indhanam, aahara nilvalanu naasanam cheyadam dwara british manosthairyaanni vichchinnam cheyalsi vachindi. september 16naa, goring vyuuhamloo eee maarpuku aadesam icchaaru. eee kotta dasha british vaaru vadulukovalasi vacchina raajakeeya vijayam aasatoe modati swatantra vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadi pracharamga undalsi undhi. idhi "enimidi millionla mandhi picchivaallu" (1940loe london janabhanu suuchistuu) kuu daariteeyavacchani, idhi british vaariki "vipattuku kaaranamavutundi" anie hitler bhaavinchaadu. aaa paristhitulalo, "oka chinna dandayaatra kooda chaalaa dhooram vellavacchu" anie hitler cheppadu. raddu satruvu chevulaku cherutundi mariyu athani sankalpaanni balopetam chestundi" kabatti hitler dandayaatranu raddu cheyadaanni vyatirekinchaadu. september 19naa, operation sea layan paie panini tagginchaalani hitler aadesinchaadu. vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadi daani lakshyalanu saadhinchagaladaa anie athanu anumaaninchaadu, conny vaimanika yuddhanni muginchadam anedi otamini bahirangamgaa angeekarinchadam avutundi. soviet unionpy daadi cheyalane thana rahasya lakshyanni joseph stallin nundi daachadaaniki, athanu britannu oodinchadampai drushti kendrikarinchavalasi vachindi.
yuddham antataa, chaalaa varaku looftwaff bambu daadulu raatri samayamlo jarigaayi. pagatipuuta daadulaloo vaaru ekkuva sthaayilo nilakadaleni nashtalanu chavichusaru, chivari bhaarii pagatipuuta daadulu september 15naa jarigaayi. september 18naa 70 bomber daadi kooda teevramgaa debbatindi, pagati daadulu kramamga ratriputa pradhana daadulanu vadiliveyabaddaayi. faitar command ippatikee raatri-samaya ridersnu addaginchadaaniki etuvanti vijayavantamaina maargam ledhu, raatri faitar fores ekkuvagaa blenheimlu mariyu beaufiterlu, mariyu gaalilo radar lekapovadam valla bomberlanu kanugonadaaniki maargam ledhu. vimaana vidhvamsaka tupaakulu london rakshanaku mallinchabaddaayi, conny raatri daadulaku vyatiraekamgaa chaalaa takkuva vijaya retunu kaligi unnaayi.
septembaru madhya nundi, 250 kilola bambunu teesukoovadaaniki anuvugaa, looftwaff pagatipuuta bambu daadini kramamga 109 mandhi yuddhaveerulu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. faitar-bomberla chinna samuuhaalu sumaru 200 nundi 300 mandhi poraata yodhula pedda escort formationla dwara rakshinchabadina "strangriff" daadulanu nirvahistaayi. avi ummivesi tappa, raaf fiters kante bf 109kii prayojanam unna ettulo egiraayi. eee daadulu pourulanu kalavaraparichayi, faitar kamaandku vyatiraekamgaa gharshana yuddhanni konasaginchayi. sainika ledhaa aardhika lakshyalapai khachitamaina bambu daadi cheyadaaniki eee daadulu uddesinchabaddaayi, conny oke bambutho taginanta khachitatvanni saadhinchadam kashtam. konnisaarlu, daadi chesinappudu, faitar-bomberlu faitarlugaa panicheyadaaniki bambunu tolaginchaalsi vachedi. raaf pratikuulamgaa undhi mariyu vachhe daadulanu paryaveekshinchadaaniki ettaina pradaesaalaloo ummivese mantala nilabadi gasteeni pravesapettadam dwara rakshana vyuuhaalanu maarchindi. oka veekshanhalo, takkuva ettulo unna itara gasteelu yuddhamlo chaeradaaniki egurutaayi.
londonpy daadi chesi tirigi vacchina oka junkersnu september 27naa kent loe kalchi champaru, dheeni phalitamgaa graveney marsh yuddham jarigindi, idhi british pradhana bhoobhaagamlo british mariyu videshee sainika dalaala madhya chivari charya.
1940 aktobaru mariyu navambarulo britainpai german bambu daadi garishta sthaayiki cherukundi. yuddhaanantara vichaaranalo, wilhelm kaitel eee lakshyalanu jalaantargaami yuddhamtho paatu britton sainika mariyu aardhika vanarulanu tagginchadam vanti aardhika digbandham anie abhivarninchaaru. luftwaff tanantata taanugaa vijayam saadhinchaalanukundi mariyu naavikaadalaaniki sahakarinchadaaniki ishtapadaledu. pattanaalu mariyu nagaraalloni odarevulu mariyu nilva soukaryaalanu naasanam cheyadam digbandham kosam vaari vyuuham. praadhaanyatalu vaanijyam mariyu pampinhee namuunaapai aadharapadi undevi, kabatti eee nelallo london pradhana lakshyamgaa undedi. navambarulo vaari drushti britton chuttoo unna itara odarevulu mariyu paarisraamika lakshyalapai padindi.
hitler aktobaru 13naa sealian dandayaatranu "1941 vasantakaalam varaku" vaida vaesaadu. 1940 december 18naa hitler aadesam 21 jaarii ayye varaku britton dandayaatra muppu chivaraku mugisindi.
raaja kutumbam.
yuddham samayamlo, mariyu migilina yuddha samayamlo, prajala manosthairyaanni penchadamlo oka mukhyamaina amsam king georg VI mariyu athani bhaarya queen elizabeth londonlo nirantara uniki. 1939loe yuddham prarambhamainappudu, raaju mariyu raani londonlone undaalani mariyu kenadaaku paaripokuudadani nirnayinchukunnaaru. georg VI mariyu elizabeth yuddham antataa adhikarikamga buckingham paleslone undipoyaaru, ayinappatikee vaaru tarachugaa vaaraantaallo windser kotalo tama kumartelu elizabeth (bhavishyat raani) mariyu maargaretnu sandarsinchadaaniki gadiparu. septembaru 10naa maidaanamlo padina bambulatho buckingham pales debbatindi, septembaru 13naa rendu bambula valla marinta teevramaina nashtam jarigindi, idhi raaja praarthanaa mandiraanni dhvamsam chesindi. bambulu paelina chotuku 80 gajaala dhooramlo unna oka chinna koorchune gadilo raaja dampatulu unnaaru. september 24naa, pourula dhairyasaahasaalaku gurtimpugaa, king georg VI georg cross avaardunu praarambhinchaaru.
attrussion ganaamkaalu.
mottammeeda, november 2 natiki, raaf 1,796 mandhi pailatlanu niyaminchindi, idhi juulai 1940 naati 1,259 mandhi pailatla sankhya nundi 40 saataaniki paiga perigindi. air hystorical branch anuvadinchina german muulaala aadhaaramgaa (1944 fibravarilo kejee 2kii jatacheyabadina looftwaff intelligence adhikari oto bechl nundi), german faitar mariyu bomber "balam" kolukokunda ksheeninchindani, 1940 augustu-december nundi german faitar mariyu bomber balam 30 mariyu 25 saatam taggindani stephen bangay nokki chepparu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, villiamson murre vaadistuu (air hystorical branch anuvaadaalanu upayoginchi) 1940 juun 29naa 1,380 german bomberlu, 28 september naa 1,420 bomberlu, 2 november naa 1,423 level bomberlu mariyu 30 november 1940naa 1,393 bomberlu balamgaa unnayani. juulai-septemberlo andubaatulo unna luftwaff pailatla sankhya 136 taggindi, conny kaaryaacharana pailatla sankhya september natiki 171 taggindi. looftwaff yokka sikshanaa samstha nashtalanu bharti cheyadamlo viphalamaindi. german yuddha vimaana chodakulaku, prajaadarana pondina avagahanaku viruddhamgaa, vaari british sahacharula maadirigaa kakunda, sikshana ledhaa vishraanti bhramanaalu ivvabadaledu. septembaru modati vaaram faitar kamaandlalo 25 saatam mariyu luftwaff mottam nashtaalalo 24 saatam vatanu kaligi undhi. augustu 26-september 6 teedeela madhya, kevalam oka roeju (september 1) germanlu kolpoyina daanikante ekkuva vimanalanu naasanam chesaaru. nashtapoyina vaaru 325 mandhi germanlu mariyu 248 mandhi british vaaru.
augustu nelaloo 774 vimanalu anni kaaranaala valla nashtapoyayi, idhi nela praarambhamlo anni yuddha vimaanaala 18.5% nuu suuchistumdi. augustulo faitar command yokka nashtalu 426 fiters naasanam cheyabaddaayi, idhi augustu 3naa andubaatulo unna 1,061 fiters loe 40 saatam. adanamgaa, augustu 1 mariyu 29 madhya 99 german bomberlu mariyu 27 itara rakalu naasanam cheyabaddaayi.
juulai nundi september varaku, looftwaff yokka nashtam recordulu 1,636 vimanalanu, 1,184 vimanalanu satruvu charya kaaranamgaa kolpoyinatlu suuchistunnaayi. idhi single injin fiters yokka prarambha balamlo 47 saatam, twin injin fiters yokka 66 saatam mariyu bomber la yokka 45 saatam praatinidhyam vahistundi. idhi germanlaku vimaana sibbandi mariyu vimanalu aipoyayani suuchistumdi.
yuddham antataa, germanlu raaf parimaanaanni mariyu british vimaanaala utpatti sthaayini chaalaa takkuvagaa anchanaa vaesaaru. chaanal antataa, vaayu mantritva saakha yokka vaayu nigha vibhagam german vaayu satruvu yokka parimaanaanni mariyu german vimanayana parisrama yokka utpaadaka saamarthyaanni sthiramgaa atigaa anchanaa vesindi. yuddham jarugutunnappudu, irupakshaalu okadaanikokati samanamga pedda thedaatho jarigina nashtalanu atisayokti chesaayi. yuddhaaniki mundu erpadina nigha chitram atuvanti nashtalu faitar kamaandnu otami anchuku nettivestaayani nammadaniki luftwaffnu prothsahinchindi, ayithe german vaimanika balam yokka atisayokti chitram raafnu adhi edurkonna muppu anthakante peddadi mariyu pramaadakaramainadani oppinchindi. idhi vaimanika sthaavaraalapai maroe paksham rojula daadulu faitar kamaandnu ingland dakshinam nundi tama squadranlanu upasamharinchukovaalani balavantam cheyavachani british vaaru nirdhaaranaku vacchaaru. marovaipu, german durabhiprayam modata aatmasantruptini, taruvaata vyuuhaatmaka tappudu teerpunu prothsahinchindi. yuddha command vaastavamgaa tolaginchabadindani bhaavinchinanduna lakshyalanu vaimanika sthaavaraala nundi parisrama mariyu samachara maarpidiki marcharu.
augustu 24 mariyu september 4 madhya, "stuca" unitla vadda aamodayogyamaina german sevala raetlu, bf 109 latho 75 saatam, bomberlatho 70 saatam mariyu bf 110 latho 65 saatam vadda nadustunnaayi, idhi vidibhaagaala koratanu suuchistumdi. anni unitlu sthirapadina balam kante chaalaa takkuvagaa unnaayi. eee gharshana mukhyamgaa yodhulanu prabhaavitam cheyadam praarambhinchindi. september 14 natiki, luftwaff yokka bf 109 "geshwader" vaari kaaryaacharana sibbandilo 67 saatam matrame adhikara vimaanaalaku vyatiraekamgaa kaligi undhi. 110 unitla kosam idhi 46 saatam kaga, bomberlaku idhi 59 saatam. oka vaaram taruvaata ganaamkaalu 64 saatam, 52 saatam, 52 saataaniki padipoyayi. augustu 24 mariyu september 7 madhya faitar command yokka faitar squadronlalo sevala raetlu ilaa jabita cheyabaddayi augustu 24naa 64.8%; augustu 31naa 64.7% mariyu september 7,1940naa 64.25%.
vaayu aadhipatyaanni sthaapinchadamlo luftwaff viphalamainanduna, september 14naa hitler pradhana karyalayamlo oka samavesam jarigindi. vimaana aadhipatyam inca sthaapinchabadaledani, "september 27 ledhaa october 8naa landing kosam september 17naa paristhitini sameekshistaamani haamii icchaaru" anie hitler muginchaadu. moodu rojula taruvaata, german vaimanika dalam raaf kuu vyatiraekamgaa tama vijayala paridhini chaalaa atisayokti chesindani aadharalu spashtamgaa telisinappudu, hitler "sea layan" nuu niravadhikamgaa vaida vaesaadu."
pracharam.
1940 juun 18 nundi britainlo abhivruddhi chendadam praarambhinchina vaimanika yuddhamlo pracharam oka mukhyamaina amsam, appudu looftwaff chinnadigaa praarambhinchindi, raaf rakshanalanu pareekshinchadaaniki pagatipuuta daadulanu pariseelinchindi. eee chinna taraha daadulaku aneka udaaharanalalo okati kaarnvaalloni polruan vadda oka paatasaalanu oke daadi chesevadu dhvamsam cheyadam. juulai praarambhamlo, vaayu yuddhaalapai british media drushti kramamga perigindi, patrikalu, patrikalu, bbc radeo mariyu nyuus reels pratiroojuu vaayu mantritva saakha prakatanala vishayalanu teliyajestaayi. german okv prakatanalu paicheyi saadhinchadamlo britton prayatnaalaku saripolayi.
chaanelku iruvaipula prachara yuddhaaniki vimaanaala vaadanalu kendramgaa undevi, ivi 'attrition statistics' (paina) kinda charchinchabaddaayi. eee rojuvaaree vaadanalu british home front manosthairyaanni konasaaginchadaaniki mariyu britanku maddatu ivvadaaniki americanu oppinchadaaniki mukhyamainavi, mariyu vaayu mantritva saakha yokka air intelligence saakha roopondinchindi. raaf vaadanalu nijamani niroopinchamani american paatrikeyulu mariyu prasarakula ottidilo, raaf intelligence pailatla vaadanalanu vaastavamaina vimaana sidhilaalatoe mariyu samudramlo koolipoyinatlu kanipinche vaatitho polchindi. iddari madhya vyatyaasam undani twaralone grahinchaaru, conny vaimanika mantritva saakha dheenini bahirgatam cheyakudadani nirnayinchukundi. vaastavaaniki, 1947 mae varaku vaastava ganaamkaalu prajalaku vidudala kaaledu, appatiki dheeniki chaalaa takkuva praamukhyata undedi. douglus badertho sahaa savarinchina ganaamkaalanu nammadaniki chaalaa mandhi niraakarinchaaru.
british prajaadarana pondina ghnaapakaartham britton yuddham yokka pradaesam paakshikamgaa juulai-october 1940loe vaimanika mantritva saakha yokka vijayavantamaina prachara pracharam mariyu marchi 1941 nundi defending pailatla shouryam nundi udbhavinchindi. 3dii karapatram "dhi battle off britton" antarjaateeyamgaa bhaarii sankhyalo ammudaindi, dheeni pracharam viluvanu gobels kooda mecchukunnaru. faitar pailatlapai matrame drushti saarinchi, dandayaatra noukalapai raaf bomber daadula gurinchi prastaavinchakundaa, britton yuddham tvaralo faitar kamaandku pradhana vijayamgaa sthaapinchabadindi. eee prerana pondina chalanachitraalu, pustakaalu, patrikalu, kalaakrutulu, kavitvam, radeo natakalu mariyu naa laghu chitraalu.
vaimanika mantritva saakha britton aadivaaram smaaraka yuddhanni kooda abhivruddhi chesindi, 1945loe pailatlaku jaarii cheyadaaniki britton pattu yuddhaaniki maddatu ichindi mariyu 1945 nundi britton vaara yuddham. westminster abbelo jarigina britton vindo yuddhanni vaimanika mantritva saakha, lards trunchard mariyu daani kamiteelo dowding kooda prothsahinchaaru. 1947 juulai natiki kitikeeni aavishkarinchinappudu, britton yuddham appatike faitar command yokka atyanta mukhyamaina vijayamgaa kendra praamukhyatanu pondindi, 1940loe dandayaatranu nivaarinchina ghanata faitar pailatlaku dakkindi. 1940 september mariyu octoberlo vistrutamaina media coverage ichinappatikii, raaf bomber mariyu dandayaatra barge saandratalaku vyatiraekamgaa theera command daadulu takkuvagaa gurtundipoyayi.
paryavasanalu.
britton yuddham germany sainika dalaala modati pedda otamini suuchimchimdi, vaimanika aadhipatyam vijayaniki keelakamgaa pariganinchabadindi. yuddhaaniki mundu siddhaantaalu vyuuhaatmaka bambu daadula gurinchi atisayokti bhayalaku daariteesaayi, mariyu UK prajabhiprayam agnipareeksha dwara ravadam dwara utsaahamgaa undhi. raaf kosam, yuddha command germanlu britton nuu yuddham nundi tarimikottakunda nirodhinche surr thamus inskip yokka 1937 vaimanika vidhananni vijayavantamgaa amalu cheyadamlo goppa vijayanni saadhinchindi.
eee yuddham american abhiprayanni kooda gananeeyamgaa maarchindi. yuddha samayamlo, united kingdom manugada saaginchadani viswasinchina landanlooni american rayabari joseph kennedy prothsahinchina abhiprayanni chaalaa mandhi americanlu angeekarinchaaru. roosvelt rendava abhiprayanni korukunnadu, mariyu vilium "wild bill" donovan nuu UK kii klupta sandarsanaku pampaadu; athanu UK manugada saagistundani mariyu saadhyamainanta prati vidhamgaa maddatu ivvaalani oppinchaadu. samvatsaram mugiselopu, american paatrikeyudu ralf ingersol, britton nundi tirigi vacchina taruvaata, "adolph hitler enimidellalo thana modati otamini edurkonnadu" anie mugistuu oka pustakaanni prachurinchaadu, idhi "charitralo vaatarloo ledhaa gettisburg vanti mukhyamaina yuddhamgaa pariganinchabadutundi". septembaru 15 tarvaata germanlu merupu teevratanu tagginchadam oka malupu. ingersol prakaram, "eee yuddhamlo pooraadina baadhyataayutamaina british adhikarulu majority hitler mariyu goringlaku raboye aidu rojula paatu rojuku 200 vimanalanu kolpoye dhairyam mariyu vanarulu unte, landannu aemee rakshinchalemani nammutaaru"; badulugaa, "yuddhamlo [luftwaff] manosthairyam khachitamgaa virigipoyindi, mariyu prati vaaram raaf balam punjukuntondi."
yuddhamlo irupakshaalu shatru vimaanaala sankhyanu koolchivesinatlu atisayoktigaa cheppayi. saadhaaranamgaa, vaadanalu vaastava sankhyala kante rendu nundi moodu retlu ekkuvagaa undevi. yuddhaanantara recordula vislaeshanha juulai mariyu september madhya, raaf 2,698 mandhi maraninchaarani, luftwaff yuddha vimanalu 3,198 raaf vimanalanu koolchivesinatlu paerkonnatlu choopinchindi. mottam nashtalu, namodu cheyabadina nashtaala prarambha mariyu mugimpu teedeelu, rendu vaipula maarutuu untaayi. 1940 juulai 10 nundi october 30 varaku mottam 1,977 vimanalu nashtapoyayi, veetilo 243 janta mariyu 569 single injin fiters, 822 bomberlu mariyu 343 naan-kambat rakalu unnaayi. adhe kaalamlo, raaf faitar command aircraft sankhya 1,087 nashtapoyindi, indulo 53 janta enginela yuddha vimanalu unnaayi. raaf bommaku 376 bomber command mariyu 148 theera command vimanalu dhesha rakshanalo bambu daadi, maining mariyu nigha karyakalapalanu nirvahinchadamlo nashtapovali.
looftwaff raafnu naliginchalekapoyadani charitrakaarulalo ekaabhipraayam undhi. stephen bangay, dhruvikarinchabadinatlugaa, oka pondikaina saktini konasaagistuu satruvutoe eppudu poraadaalo enchukune dowding mariyu park yokka vyuuhaanni vivarinchaadu; vaari naayakatvam, vyuuham mariyu vyuuhaala gurinchi tadupari charchalu, raaf senior commanderlalo satrutvaanni srushtinchaayi mariyu yuddham jarigina ventane vaari postula nundi tolaginchabaddaayi. anni vishayalanu parigananaloki teesukunte, raaf oka balamaina mariyu samarthavanthamaina samsthagaa niroopinchabadindi, idhi daaniki andubaatulo unna anni aadhunika vanarulanu garishta prayojanaaniki upayoginchadam. richard evans ilaa vraasaadu
germanlu mukhyamaina british parisramalapai konni adbhutamaina daadulanu praarambhinchaaru, conny vaaru british paarisraamika saamarthyaanni naasanam cheyalekapoyaru, alaa cheyadaaniki chaalaa takkuva kramabaddhamaina prayatnaalu chesaaru. faitar kamaandku muppu chaalaa nijamainadane vaastavaanni venukachuupu daachadu, mariyu paalgonevaariki vijayam mariyu otami madhya irukaina antaram unnatlu anipinchindi. ayinappatikee, aagneya inglaandku rakshanagaa unna 11 samuuha vaimanika sthaavaraalapai german daadulu mariyu londonku velle margalu konasaginappatiki, raaf german yuddha paridhi nundi midlandlaku upasamharinchukuni, akkadi nundi yuddhanni konasaginchi undavacchu. vijayam saareerakamgaa entha maanasikamgaa untundo anthe maanasikamgaa kooda undhi. alfred prais ilaa vraastunnaaruh
augustu 18 naati sanghatanala dwara bayatapadina eee vishayam yokka nijam marinta gadyamgaa undih vaimanika sthaavaraalapai daadi cheyadam dwara ledhaa londonpy daadi cheyadam dwara, luftwaff faitar kamaandnu naasanam chese avakaasam ledhu. british yuddha dalam yokka parimaanam mariyu daani parikaraalu, sikshana mariyu manosthairyamlo saadhaarana adhika naanhyatanu batti, luftwaff oka pirrick vijayam kante ekkuva sadhinchalekapoyadu. augustu 18naa jarigina charyalo, prati british faitar pailat maraninchina ledhaa gaayapadinanduku, aiduguru sikshana pondina vaimanika sibbandini champadaaniki, gaayaparichenduku ledhaa khaideelugaa teesukoovadaaniki kharchu chesindi; yuddhamlo itara rojulalo eee nishpatti samanamga undedi. mariyu 5:1 yokka eee nishpatti yuddhamlo palgonna german vaimanika sibbandi sankhya mariyu faitar kamaandlo unnavaari madhya chaalaa daggaragaa undhi. maroe maatalo cheppalante, rendu vaipula vaari mottam balaniki anugunamgaa sikshana pondina vaimanika sibbandilo daadaapu oke vidhamaina nashtalanu edurkonnaayi. britton yuddhamlo, rendava prapancha yuddhamlo modatisaarigaa, german yuddha yantram oka pradhana panini nirdesinchukundi, adhi spashtamgaa saadhinchadamlo viphalamaindi, tadwara adhi ajeyamainadi kaadani niroopinchindi. hitlarnu pratighatinchaalani nischayinchukunna vaari sankalpaanni kathinataram cheyadamlo, yuddham sangharshanhalo oka mukhyamaina malupu.
britton yuddhamlo british vijayam bhaarii vyayamtho saadhinchabadindi. juulai nundi december 1940 varaku mottam british poura nashtalu 23,002 mandhi maraninchaaru mariyu 32,138 mandhi gayapaddaru, 19 december 1940naa jarigina atipedda oke daadulaloo okati, dheenilo daadaapu 3,000 mandhi pourulu maraninchaaru. kendrikruta pagati daadula paryavasaanamtho, britton thana sainika dalaalanu punarnirminchagaligindi mariyu mitraraajyaala balamaina sthaavaramgaa sthirapadindi, taruvaata paschima airopa vimukti praarambhinchabadina sthaavaramgaa panichesindi.
britton day yuddham.
winston churchill eee yuddhanni eee padaalatoe sankshiptamgaa chepparu, "maanava sangharshana rangamlo ennadoo chaalaa mandiki antha takkuva mandiki runapadi undaledu". yuddhamlo pooraadina pailatlanu appati nundi "koddimandi" anie pilustaaru, konnisaarlu september 15naa "britton yuddham" gaa pratyaekamgaa smarinchukuntaaru. 1940loe eee rojuna, looftwaff tama atipedda bambu daadini praarambhinchindi, london mariyu agneyasia rakshanalo mottam raafnu nimagnam cheyavalasi vachindi, dheeni phalitamgaa nirnayaatmaka british vijayam britanku anukuulamgaa oka malupu tirigindi.
commonwealth loe, british chaanal deevulalooni konni praantaalalo saadhaaranamgaa septemberlo moodava aadivaaram naadu, mariyu septemberlo 2va guruvaram naadu kooda britton dinotsavaanni jarupukuntaaru.
eee rojunu chaalaa samvatsaraalugaa chaalaa mandhi kalaakaarulu jarupukuntaaru, tarachugaa yuddhanni choopinche rachanalatho. aneka mishrama media kalaakaarulu kooda britton yuddhaaniki gouravaartham chitraalanu roopondinchaaru.
smaaraka chihnalu mariyu sangrahalayalu.
lards trenchard mariyu dowding adhyakshatana jarigina kamitee, yuddha samayamlo westminster abbelo britton vindo yuddham kosam pranaalikalu prarambhamayyayi. praja viraalaalu vindo kosam chellinchabaddaayi, idhi pracharam samayamlo naasanam cheyabadina vindo sthaanamlo, dheenini adhikarikamga king georg VI 1947 juulai 10naa praarambhinchaaru. vaastavaaniki britton yuddhaaniki 'adhikaarika' smaaraka chihnam kakapoyinappatiki, prabhutvam daani kosam chellinchindi, vindo mariyu chappel appati nundi aaa vidhamgaa chudabaddayi. 1950la chivaralo mariyu 1960laloe, britton yuddhaaniki jaateeya smaaraka chihnam kosam vividha pratipaadanalu munduku vachayi, idhi "dhi times" loe aneka aksharaala drushti kooda. 1960loe sampradaayavaada prabhutvam maroe smaaraka chihnaniki vyatiraekamgaa nirnayam teesukundi, eee ghanatanu faitar command kante marinta vistrutamgaa panchukoovaalani, mariyu okadaani kosam prajala aakali takkuvagaa undani abhipraayapadindi. tadupari anni smaaraka chihnalu krinda charchinchinatlugaa, private chandha mariyu chorava phalitamgaa unnaayi.
eee yuddhaaniki aneka smaaraka chihnalu unnaayi. atyanta mukhyamainavi landanlooni britton smaaraka yuddham mariyu kent looni capell-leey-fern vadda britton smaaraka yuddham. alaage westminster abbe, seyint james charchi, paddingtonlo yuddhaaniki smaaraka kitikee kooda undhi, daani samayamlo naasanam cheyabadina kitikee sthaanamlo undhi. maajee croidon vimaanaasrayamloo oka smaaraka chihnam kooda undhi, idhi yuddha samayamlo raaf sthaavaraalalo okati, mariyu skaatlaandlooni skye dveepamlooni armadel koota vadda pailatlaku smaaraka chihnam, dheeni paina raven shilpam undhi. paschima landanlooni polish yuddha smaaraka chihnampai yuddhamlo panichesina polish pailatla paerlu unnaayi.
yuddhaaniki rendu museumlu kooda unnaih okati kent looni hocking vadda mariyu okati london looni stanmore vadda, maajee raaf bentley priori vadda.
2015loe raaf online 'britton yuddham 75va vaarshikotsava smaaraka mosaic' nuu srushtinchindi, indulo "yuddhamlo pooraadina pailatlu mariyu vaimanika sibbandi-mariyu" aneka "-'britton yuddhamlo raaf yokka vijayaniki keelaka paatra pooshinchina tarachugaa gurtuteliyani itarulu', paalgonevaaru mariyu vaari kutumbaalu samarpinchaaru.

