
muiska samakhya

uttara dakshina americapai spanish vijayaniki mundu prastuta kolambiyaaloni madhya andean ettaina praantaalalo vividha muiska paalakula (jackwess, jipas, iraka, tundama) vadulugaa unna samakhya muiska samakhya. prastutam altiplano kundiboyasense anie piluvabade eee praantamloo prastuta boyaka, kundinamarka mariyu santador yokka chinna bhagalu unnaayi.
kontamandi muiska panditula abhiprayam prakaram, muiska samakhya dakshina america khandamloni tegala uttama vyavastheekruta samaakhyalalo okati. georg gambova mendoza vanti aadhunika maanava saastravettalu, samakhya mariyu daani samstha gurinchi prastuta gnaanaanni spanish charitrakaarula pratibimbamku ekkuvagaa aapaadinchaaru, vaaru pradhanamgaa muiska swaadheenam chesukunna oka sataabdam ledhaa anthakante ekkuva kaalam tarvaata daani gurinchi raasaaru mariyu konchem bhinnamaina bhashalu mariyu nepathyaalatho vividha vyaktula vadulugaa unna sekarana aalochananu pratipaadinchaaru.
muiska samakhya.
prastuta columbia yokka madhya bhaagamaina muiskanu spanish swaadheenam chesukovadaniki mundu kaalamlo; columbian andis yokka thoorpu shrenulalo muiska prajalu nivasinchevaaru, veeru paalakula vadulugaa unna samakhyalo vyavastheekarinchabaddaaru. dakshinaana bakata mariyu uttaraana hunja kendra adhikaarulanu varusaga "zipa" mariyu "jaak" anie pilicheevaaru. itara paalakulu pavitra nagaramaina suurya sugamukseelo "iraka" poojaari, tundama yokka "tandama" mariyu aneka itara "cassic" (nayakulu). muiska prajalu "muiscubun" anie piluvabade vaari swantha bhaashalo chibcha matladevaru; "prajala bhasha".
americaloni itara moodu goppa nagarikatalaku bhinnamgaa unna mayaska prajalu; maaya, aztech mariyu inca, goppa raathi nirmaanaanni nirminchaledu. vaari sthaavaraalu saapekshamgaa chinnaviga undevi mariyu kalapa mariyu bankamatti yokka vruttaakaara gruhalu, madhyalo "cassic" house thoo kendra market square chuttoo erpaatu cheyabaddaayi. eee sthaavaraalanu okadaanitoe okati mariyu chuttupakkala unna sthaanika samuuhaalatoe anusandhaaninchadaaniki roadlu undevi, veetilo uttaraana gwane mariyu laache, paschimaana paanche mariyu muzo mariyu thoorpuna gwayoop, achagua mariyu tegualu atyanta mukhyamainavi.
charitra.
puurva charitra.
prarambha amerindian sthiranivaasulu plystocene sarassula chuttoo challani aavasalalo nivasistunna ippatikee unna megafounalalo vaetagaadu-sangraahaka jeevitaanni gadiparu, veetilo bogota, lake sueska, lake phookwen mariyu lake hereraaloni humedales mukhyamaina udaaharanalu. columbian aandeeslooni ettaina peethabhoomi ayina bogota savannah yokka chivari plistocene nundi madhya holocene janabha yokka bahula aadharalu eee roeju varaku kanugonabaddayi. saadhaaranam vale, tekvendamaalo sumaru 11,000 samvatsaraala BCE nundi nivasinchaaru, mariyu praagaitihaasika, herrera mariyu muiska kaalaala varaku konasaagindi, idhi columbialo atyanta puraatana pradaesamgaa maarindi, ell abra (12,500 bipi) thoo kalisi, zipakira mariyu tibitoku uttaraana undhi, idhi tokansipa (11,740 bipi) sarihaddulalo undhi. atyanta puraatana maanava avasheshaalu mariyu atyanta puraatanamaina puurti asthipanjaram tekwendama vadda kanugonabaddayi mariyu dheeniki "hombrey dell tekwendama" ledhaa "homo tekwendama" anie paeru pettaru. itara kalakhandalu gachala (9100 bipi), suva (junin) mariyu gpacanlalo kanugonabaddayi. altiplanoku paschimaana, puraatana puraavastu avasheshaalu kanugonabaddayi; puebensalo, tokaimalo bhaagam mariyu prastutaaniki 16,000 samvatsaraala kritam nativi.
columbia puurva kaalam.
herrera kaalam.
herrera kaalam columbia charitralo oka dasha. idhi vividha puraavastu saastravettalache thedhee cheyabadina uttara america puurva columbian nirmaanaatmaka mariyu classic dasalu mariyu yuganiki samaanamaina andean preseramic mariyu syramiclo bhaagam. herrera kaalam muiska prajala yuganiki mundu, spanish muiskanu jayinchadaaniki mundu altiplano kundiboyasenslo nivasinchevaaru mariyu kolambiyaaloni thoorpu andean praantam yokka lithic nirmaana dasha mariyu puurva charitranu anusarinchaaru. herrera kaalam saadhaaranamgaa cree. puu. 800 nundi cree. puu. 800 varaku nirvachinchabadindi, ayithe kontamandi panditulu dheenini cree. puu. 1500 naatidigaa paerkontunnaaru.
herrera kaalaaniki sambandhinchina taginanta aadharalu altiplano kundiboyasenslo kanugonabaddayi mariyu herrera kaalam gurinchi prastuta ghnaanaaniki dohadapade pradhana puraavastu saastravettalu panditulu anaa maria groot, gonjalo courreal yurego, thamus vaan derr hamen, carle henrique longbake ruda, sylvia emm. broadbent, marian cardell dii scrimpf mariyu itarulu.
mussa.
muiskaalu bahudeevataaraadhanaku chendinavaaru mariyu vaari matam mariyu puraanaalu vaaru nivasistunna sahaja praanthamtho daggari sambandham kaligi unnaayi. vaaru khagola paaraamitulapai samagra avagahana kaligi unnaaru mariyu sanklishtamaina chandra-soura calendarnu abhivruddhi chesaaru; idhi muiska calender. calender prakaram vaariki vittanaalu vaeyadaaniki, pantakota kosam, pandugala nirvahanaku nirdishta samayalu undevi, akkada vaaru paadataaru, nrutyam chestaaru, sangeetam vaayistaaru, tama jaateeya paaneeyam chicha pedda mottamlo taagutaaru.
samaajamlooni atyanta gowravaneeyulaina sabhyulanu mummify chesaaru, inca mammeelanu khananam cheyaledu, inca vaari devalayalalo, guhalu vanti sahaja pradaesaalaloo pradarsinchaaru mariyu vaari satruvulanu aakattukovadaaniki yuddha samayamlo vaari veepupai kooda teesukellaaru.
vaari kala vaari samskrutilo atyanta prasiddha avasheshamgaa undhi, endukante nivaasa sthalaalu, devalayalu mariyu ippatike unna itara nirmaanaalanu muiska bhuubhaagaalanu valasarajyaluga chesina spanish vaaru naasanam chesaaru. vaari chakkati bangaaru paniki oka praathamika udaaharana muiska teppa, bangaaram, "tumbaagaa", seramics mariyu patthi thoo tayaaru chesina marinni vastuvulu dakshina muiska yokka puraatana rajadhani bogota looni museo dell oro loe pradarsinchabaddaayi.
muiska prajalu pradhanamgaa vyavasaya samajamga undevaaru, chinna taraha vyavasaya kshetraalu, marinta vistrutamaina bhoobhagalalo bhaagamgaa undevi. tama aaharaanni vaividhyaparachadaaniki, vaaru pandlu, kuuragaayalu, coca, yopo mariyu patthi kosam montels, bangaaram, pacchalu mariyu uppunu tama poruguvaaru nivasinche takkuva ettulo unna vecchani bhoobhagalalo saagu chesevaaru, muzo, paanche, yarigui, gwane, gwayupe, achagua, tegua, laache, sutagao mariyu uu 'vaa. sierra newada dii shanta marta chuttoo unna kalima, pizao mariyu carabian teerapraanta samaajaalato marinta dhooram perige utpattula vyaparam jarigindi.
prajalu ettaina terroslapy vyavasayam yokka adhunaatana saanketika parignaanaaniki krutagnatalu, praathamika sarafaraalaku sambandhinchi muiska aardhika vyavastha swayam samruddhiga undhi. unnata saamaajika vargaalu mariyu saadhaarana janabha rendintikee bangaaram, eekalu, samudra nattalu, coca, yopo mariyu itara vilaasavantamaina vastuvulanu andinche vaanijya vyavastha baga sthirapadindi. prati naalugu nundi enimidi rojulaku okasari marketlu muiska samakhya antataa vividha sthaavaraalalo nirvahinchabadevi mariyu pandugala chuttoo pratyeka marketlu nirvahinchabadevi, ikkada andis velupala nundi vyaapaarulu tama vastuvulanu muiskaatho vartakam chesevaaru.
vyavasaayamtho paatu, chuttupakkala sthaanika prajalatho vartakam chese mudi padaarthaalanu upayoginchi vividha chetipanula utpattilo muiska baga abhivruddhi chendindi. muiska prajalu tayaaru chesina bangaaru mariyu "tumbaagaa" vastuvulu prasiddhi chendaayi. muiska mahilalu patthi montels, battalu mariyu valalu tayaaru chesi viluvaina vastuvula kosam vyaparam chesevaaru, ushnamandala pandlu mariyu chinna patthi vastraalanu dabbugaa upayoginchevaaru. tejuvelos" anie piluvabade nijamaina bangaaru naanheelanu kaligi unnanduku dakshina americalo muiska pratyekamainadi.
zipakira, nemocon mariyu tousaloni uppu ganula kaaranamgaa "uppu prajalu" anie piluvabade muiskaku ganula tavvakam oka mukhyamaina aadaaya vanarugaa undedi. vaari paaschaatya poruguvaari maadirigaane, "paccha prajalu" anie piluvabade muzo-vaaru tama bhoobhagalalo, pradhanamgaa somondokolo pacchalanu tavvaaru. muiska praantam antataa carbon eocene avakshepaalalo kanugonabadindi mariyu vanta mariyu uppu mariyu bangaaru aabharanaala utpattiki mantalaku upayoginchabadindi.
prajalu dasaamsa lekkimpu vyavasthanu upayoginchaaru mariyu vaari vellatho lekkinchaaru. vaari vyavastha 1 nundi 10 varaku vellindi mariyu adhika sankhyaakaranala kosam vaaru "kwihicha" ledhaa "khicha" anae upasarganu upayoginchaaru, dheeni ardham vaari chibcha bhaashalo "muiscubun" loe "adugu". padakondu "adugu okati", pannendu "adugu rendu" modalainavi ayyayi. kolambiyaaku puurvam unna itara nagarikatala maadirigaane, 20va sankhya pratyekamainadi. idhi mottam shareera avayavaala sankhya; vellu mariyu kaali. muiska iravaini vyakteekarinchadaaniki rendu roopaalanu upayoginchaaruh "adugu padhi"; "kwihicha ubchihika" ledhaa vaari pratyeka padam "guye" nundi udbhavinchindi, dheeni ardham "illu". 20 mariyu 30 madhya sankhyalanu "geethaa asaki ataa" ("iravai plus okati"; 21), "geethaa asaki ubchihika" ("iravai plus padhi"; 30) gaa lekkinchaaru. pedda sankhyalanu iravai gunakalaga lekkinchaaru; "guye-bosa" ("20 saarlu 2"; 40), "guye-hiska" ("20 saarlu 5"; 100). muiska lipi chitralipulanu kaligi undedi, idhi sankhyala kosam matrame upayoginchabadindi.
pavitra sthalaalu.
muiska samakhya yokka pavitra pradaesaalu muiska matam mariyu puraanaalaloo aadharapaddaayi. muiska prajalu bhoomi yokka muulam gurinchi vaari swantha nammakaalato atyanta mataparamaina prajalu mariyu manchi pantalu mariyu sreyassu kosam devullanu santoshapettadaaniki jeevitam mariyu maanava tyaagaalu minahaayimpu kaadu.
kotta "zipa" praarambhamayye pradaesam, lake gwatavita, gwatavita. idhi spanish vijetallo "ell dorado" pradaesamgaa prasiddhi chendindi, ikkada kotta zipa bangaaru dhoolitho kappabadi dakshina muiska yokka kotta palakudiga sthaapinchabadindi.
muiska puraanaalaloo, manavjati monkvira looni eguac sarassulo udbhavinchindi, appudu baachu anae devata thana chetullo oka abbayitho sarassu nundi bayataku vachindi. baaludu peddayyaaka, vaaru bhoomini nivasinchaaru. vaarini maanava jaatiki puurveekulugaa pariganistaaru. chivaraku, vaaru paamula aakaaramlo sarassulo adrusyamayyaaru.
muiska puraanaala prakaram, modati "zipa" maikuchuka thana andamaina premikudini kolpoyina pradaesam, idhi socha velupala unna tekwendama jalapaatam, athanu paamu loe maari bogota nadhi neetilo adrushyamayyaadu.
prastuta villa dii leva pattanaaniki daggaragaa unna ell infiernito, khagola paaraamitula aadhaaramgaa musca nirmaanaalanu nirminchina pavitra pradaesam.
spanish vijayalu.
vijayam mariyu prarambha valasa kaalam.
grate american nagarikatalaku naalugu spanish dandayaatralalo muiskanu jayinchadam atyanta bhaareedi. uttara muiska samakhyaku oka samvatsaram prayaanaanni praarambhinchina sainikulu mariyu gurraalalo 80 saataaniki paiga aaa pani cheyalekapoyaru. spanish vaaru mariyu madhya vividha sthaavaraalanu sthaapinchaaru.
900 mandiki paiga purushula pratinidhi brundam ushnamandala nagaramaina saantaa martha nundi bayaluderi, "ell dorado" mariyu eee viluvaina bangaaraanni utpatti chesina nagarikata kosam columbia nadibodduna kathinamaina dandayaatraku vellindi. spanish genda krinda modati mariyu pradhana dandayaatraku nayakudu gonjaalo gymenez dii kwesada, athani sodarudu hernon rendava sthaanamlo unnadu. aneka mandhi itara sainikulu eee prayaanamloo palgontunnaru, vaaru taruvaata encumenderos ayyaru mariyu kolambiyaaloni itara praantaalanu jayinchadamlo palgonnaru. andis yokka teliyani lopali bhaagamloki itara samakaaleena dandayaatralu, annee pouraanika bangaaru bhoomi kosam vetukutuu, bavarian mariyu itara german vijaetalu netrutvamloni venezuvela nundi mariyu dakshinam nundi prarambhamayyayi, gatamlo sthaapinchabadina quito raajyamlo prarambhamayyayi.
1537 april 20naa bogota savannah vadda fanja vadda jarigina yuddham tarvaata maraninchina bakata yokka chivari "zipa" ayina tiscususa meeda migilipoyina kontamandi vijaetalu vijayam saadhinchadam dwara vijayam yokka modati dasha mugisindi. spanish vijaetalu ubak graamam nundi mohan popan dwara tiscususaku vachinatlu velladaindi. vidaeseeyulu vastunnaaru, tiscususa "thana raktamlone snanam chesi" chanipotadani athanu muiska palakudiki cheppadu. spanish sainikula dandayaatra gurinchi tiscususaku samacharam andinappudu, vaari sainika balam, aayudhalu mariyu entha mandhi yodhulanu odinchavachho marinta telusukovadaaniki athanu oka guudachaarini sueskaku pampaadu. zipa" rajadhani bakata nundi bayaluderi nemoconlo aasrayam pondindi, idhi spanish dalaalanu akkadiki pampindi, eee kavaatu samayamlo 600 mandiki paiga muiska yodhulu daadi chesaaru.
tiscususa kaajikaaloni thana kotalo venakki tagginappudu, "urumulu, merupulanu" utpatti chese aayudhalanu kaligi unna balamaina spanish sainyaniki vyatiraekamgaa taanu poradalenani thana manushulaku cheppadu. athanu bakataku tirigi vellaalani nirnayinchukunnadu mariyu rajadhaanini khaalii cheyamani aadesinchaadu, phalitamgaa spanish vachinappudu oka padubadina pradaesam erpadindi. muiska palakudi kosam vetakadaaniki vijaetalu uttaraana velli facativa parisaraallo tiscususanu kanugonnaru, akkada vaaru raatri atanipai daadi chesaaru.
tiscususa dii kwesada sainikulalo okari katthi dwara kottabaddadu, conny athanu "zipa" anie teliyakundaane, palakudi khareedaina kavachanni teesukunna taruvaata atanni vidichipettadu. tiscususa gayapadina kondalaloki paaripoyi, thana gaayaalato akkada maraninchaadu. nalla raabandulu daani meeda tirugutunnanduna athani sareeram oka samvatsaram taruvaata matrame kanugonabadindi.
gonjaalo gymenez dii kwesada tanaku vyatiraekamgaa "kaasikulu" kutra pannutunnaayani telusukunnappudu, athanu sainikula aneka dandayaatralanu pampaadu. athani kepten juvan dii sespedes 1537 juulai 15naa pascanu kanugonadaaniki dakshinaana vellaadu. hernon uttaraana pampabaddaadu mariyu gonjalo swayamgaa eshaanya disagaa velli, pouraanika bangaaru bhoomi "ell dorado" kosam vetikaadu. akkada athanu bangaaru nagaralanu kanugonaledu, conny pacchalu, muiska chivor mariyu somondokolo velikiteestunnaaru. modati punaadi engativa, prastutam bogota praantam, mae 22,1537naa. suba, chia, kazika, tokansipa, gachansipa, gwatavita mariyu seskville gundaa velutuu, athanu chokontaku cherukuni, juun 9naa aadhunika pattanaanni sthaapinchaadu. prayaanam thoorpuvaipu macheta, tibirita, gwatech, sutatenza mariyu tenza dwara tenza loyaloki vellindi, idhi shaan juvaanlo sthaapinchabadindi. adhe roeju, hernon sutatousanu sthaapinchindi. gonjalo laa capilla mariyu ambita dwara vaayuvya disalo konasaagindi. athanu juulai 20naa sthaapinchina termecuki vacchaadu.
aagashtu 1537loe gonjalo gymenez dii kwesada hunja nundi paalinchina "jaak" bhuubhaagaallooki pravesinchaadu. spanish vijaetalu hanja shivaarlaloki pravesinchi, stambhaalu unna konda mrutadehaalu velaadutunnatlu kanugonappudu, vaaru daaniki "sero dii laa horka" ("gallo hill") anie paeru pettaru. vijayam samayamlo kwemuyenchatocha "jaak" gaa unnadu mariyu athanu european aakramanadaarulaku longipokunda ledhaa thana "bohio" kuu maargam choopinchavaddani thana manushulanu aadesinchaadu. athanu viluvaina shanti samarpanalatho spanish vijaetalaku dhoothalanu pampaadu. idhi jarugutunnappudu, kwemuyenchocha thana sampadanu spanish nundi dachipettadu. hunja bogota savannah vale akupacchagaa laeni loyalo undhi. spanish aayudhaala prayojanam mariyu gurraala vadakam twaragaa muiska yodhulanu oodinchaayi.
gonjalo kwemuyenchatocha yokka pradhana "bohio" vaddaku cherukunnappudu, athanu muiska palakudini thana simhaasanamlo kuurchuni, thana sannihita sahacharulatho chuttumuttadam chushadu. purushulandaruu khareedaina dustulu dharinchi bangaaru kiriitaalatoe alankarinchabaddaaru. aagashtu 20,1537naa, spanish vaaru "jaak" nuu oodinchaaru mariyu pedda mariyu balamaina muiska palakudini sueskaku bandeegaa teesukunnaru. akkada athanu himsimchabaddaadu mariyu athanu thana viluvaina aastulanu ekkada dachipettado velladistaadani spanish sainikulu aasinchaaru. kwemuyenchatocha lekapovadam athani menalludu aquiminzac uttara muiska palakudiga athani taruvaata raavadaaniki maargam sugamam chesindi, idhi muiska sampradayalalo saadhaaranam. kwemuyenchatocha chivaraku suescalo chera nundi vidudalainappudu, athanu ramirikweeki paaripoyaadu, akkada athanu koddikaalaanike maraninchaadu. spanish sainikulu tunjaalo bangaaram, pacchalu, vendi, montels mariyu itara viluvaina vastuvulanu kanugonnaru. vaaru anni viluvaina mukkalanu teesukoleru mariyu chaalaa varaku muduchukunna jinka tokkalanu upayoginchi rahasyamgaa muiska chetha teesukellabaddaaru. vaaru dachipettadu 
sameepamloni kondalalo viluvaina vastuvulu.
prarambha valasa kaalam.
spanish sthiranivaasulu matrame kakunda, yuddham mariyu vyaadhula kaaranamgaa tama manushulalo pedda saataanni kolpoyaru. 1537 mariyu 1636 madhya tunza provins yokka anchanaa vesina corregimentolu mottam muiska janabha 65 mariyu 85 saatam madhya ksheenatanu chuuputaayi. janabha vaegamgaa taggadaaniki antuvyaadhulu pradhana kaaranam. modati iravai samvatsaraala parichayamlo vividha nivedinchabaddaayi mariyu chaalaa varaku vivarinchabadaledu.
bogota punaadi mariyu spanish kireetam yokka kotta aadharapadatam sthaapinchina taruvaata, spanish vijaetalaku aneka vyuuhaalu mukhyamainavi. altiplano yokka goppa khanija vanarulanu velikiteeyaalsi vachindi, vyavasayam twaragaa samskarinchabadindi, encomindas vyavastha sthaapinchabadindi mariyu spanish yokka pradhana aandolana muiska yokka suvaarta pracharam. aktobaru 9,1549naa, carlos V, muska janabha taggimpu aavasyakata gurinchi poojaarulaku aadesistuu kotta raajyaaniki oka raaja lekhanu pampaadu. sthaanika prajalu tama matha maarpidini parimitam chesina encomindaalalo panicheestunnaaru. spanish palanaku longipoye prakriyanu vegavantam cheyadaaniki, sthaanika prajala kadalika nishedhinchabadindi mariyu prajalu resgardolalo gumigudaru. vaari matamlo gatamlo jarupukunna pandugalu adrusyamayyaayi. 1537, 1538 mariyu 1551loe raaja aadeshaalalo amalu cheyabadinatlugaa, catechis kosam nirdishta samayalu chattaala dwara niyantrinchabaddaayi. santafe yokka modati bishop juvan dii laas barrios, muiska devaalayaalanu naasanam chesi, vaati sthaanamlo catholic charchilanu erpaatu cheyaalani aadesinchaadu. muiska matam yokka chivari praja mataparamaina veduka 1563 december 27naa ubaklo jarigindi. santafe yokka rendava bishop, luis japata dii cardenas, muiska mataaniki vyatiraekamgaa dookudu vidhaanaalanu mariyu vaari pavitra sthalaalanu tagalabettadaanni teevrataram chesaaru. idhi maajee bahudevataradhana samajam yokka shavapetikalo chivari gorugaa erpadindi.
paatha prapancha pantalatho mishrama vyavasaayaaniki maaradam chaalaa vaegamgaa jarigindi, pradhanamgaa european pantalanu akkada pandinchadaaniki anumatinchina altiplano bhoomula santaanotpattiki sambandhinchi, marinta ushnamandala praantaalalo matti videshee pantalaku antagaa saripoledu. 1555loe, toka yokka muiska itara praantaalalo godhumalu, barley mariyu cheraku pandinchadam valla european pantalanu pandinchevaaru. gatamlo swayam-nilakadagala aardhika vyavastha twaragaa teevramaina vyavasayam mariyu ganula tavvakam aadhaaramgaa okatigaa maarchabadindi, idhi muiska yokka prakruti drushyam mariyu samskrutilo maarpulanu srushtinchindi.

