raagi

raagi anedi kyuu (nundi) mariyu anhu sankhya 29 chihnamtho kuudina rasayana moolakam. idhi chaalaa adhika ushna mariyu vidyut vaahakatato kuudina mruduvaina, namyamaina mariyu ductile loham. swachchamaina raagi yokka tajaga bahirgatamaina uparitalam gulabi-narinja rangulo untundi. raagini vaedi mariyu vidyut vahakamga, nirmaana samagriga mariyu aabharanaalalo upayoginche sterling vendi, samudra parikaraalu mariyu naanheelanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki upayoginche copronical mariyu ushnograta kolata kosam strain gaze mariyu thermocapullalo upayoginche sthiraamkam vanti vividha loha mishramaalalo bhaagamgaa upayogistaaru.
prakrutilo neerugaa upayoginchagala loha roopamlo (sthaanika lohaalu) sambhavinche konni lohalalo raagi okati. idhi aneka praantaalalo chaalaa prarambha maanava viniyogaaniki daariteesindi. vaela samvatsaraala taruvaata, sulfide dhaatuvula nundi kariginchina modati loham idhi; acchulo aakaaramloki veyabadina modati loham, mariyu kamsyanni srushtinchadaaniki maroka lohamto uddeshapoorvakamgaa mishramamgaa tayaaru chesina modati loham, tinn.
roman yugamlo, raagi pradhanamgaa cyprus meeda tavvabadindi, idhi loham yokka paeru yokka muulam, "aes cyprium" (cyprus yokka loham) nundi, taruvaata "kapram" (latin) gaa paadaipoyindi. "copper" (paatha aanglam) mariyu "raagi" dheeni nundi udbhavinchaayi, taruvaata spelling modata 1530 loe upayoginchabadindi.
saadhaaranamgaa kanipinche sammelanaalu raagi (ii) lavanaalu, ivi tarachugaa azurite, malachite mariyu manhi vanti khanijalaku neelam ledhaa aakupaccha rangulanu andistaayi mariyu vistrutamgaa mariyu chaaritraatmakamgaa varnadravyam vale upayoginchabadutunnaayi.
bhavanaalalo upayoginche raagi, saadhaaranamgaa paikappu kosam, verdigris anie piluvabade sammelanaala aakupaccha patinanu roopondinchadaaniki aakseekarana chendutundi. raagini konnisaarlu alankaara kalalo, daani muulaka loha roopamlo mariyu sammelanaalalo varnadravyam vale upayogistaaru. raagi sammelanaalanu bacteriastatic agentlu, sileendhranaashakaalu mariyu kalapa samrakshanakaarulugaa upayogistaaru.
raagi anni jeevulaku trace dietary mineralga avasaram endukante idhi swaasakosha enjaim complexes cytochrome sii oxidaselo keelaka bhaagam. molasklu mariyu crustatianlalo, raagi anedi rakta varnadravyam himosayanin yokka bhaagam, dheeni sthaanamlo chepalu mariyu itara sakasherukaalalo iron-sanklishta haemoglobin untundi. maanavulalo, raagi pradhanamgaa kaaleyam, kandaraalu mariyu emukalalo kanipistundi. vayojana sareeramlo shareera baruvuku kilograamuku 1.4 nundi 2.1 mii. graa. raagi untundi.
lakshanaalu.
bhouthikamgaa.
raagi, vendi mariyu bangaaram aavartana pattikalooni 11va samuuhamloo unnaayi; eee moodu lohaalu nindina dii-electron shell paina oka ess-arbital electronnu kaligi untaayi mariyu adhika ductility mariyu vidyut mariyu ushna vaahakatato vargeekarinchabadataayi. eee moolakaalalo nindina dii-shellu paraspara paraspara charyalaku chaalaa takkuvagaa dohadam chestaayi, ivi loha bandhaala dwara ess-electronla aadhipatyam kaligi untaayi. asampoornamaina dii-shellatho unna lohala maadirigaa kakunda, raagi loe loha bandhaalu samayojaneeya swabhaavam kaligi undavu mariyu saapekshamgaa balaheenamgaa untaayi. eee pariseelana raagi yokka oke sphatikaala yokka takkuva kaatinyam mariyu adhika ductilityni vivaristundi. sthuuladarshaka sthaayilo, sphatika jaalakaaniki vistarinchina lopaala parichayam, dhanyam sarihaddulu vantivi, vartimpajesina ottidilo padaartham yokka pravahanni addukuntayi, tadwara daani kaatinyaanni penchutaayi. eee kaaranamgaa, raagi saadhaaranamgaa suukshma-grained polychrystalline roopamlo sarafara cheyabadutundi, idhi monochrystalline roopaala kante ekkuva balaanni kaligi untundi.
raagi yokka mrudutvam paakshikamgaa daani adhika vidyut vaahakata () mariyu adhika ushna vaahakatanu vivaristundi, gadhi ushnograta vadda swachchamaina lohalalo rendava atyadhikam (vendi taruvaata rendavadi). endukante gadhi ushnograta vadda lohalalo electron ravaanaaku nirodhakata pradhanamgaa jaalakapu ushna companalapai electronla chedaragottadam nundi udbhavistundi, ivi mruduvaina lohamlo saapekshamgaa balaheenamgaa untaayi. bahiranga gaalilo raagi yokka garishta anumatinchadagina current saandrata sumaru cross-sectional praantam, dheeni paina adhi mitimeerina vaedini praarambhistundi.
buudida ledhaa vendi kakunda sahaja rangutho kuudina konni loha moolakaalalo raagi okati. swachchamaina raagi narinja-erupu rangulo untundi mariyu gaaliki gurainappudu errati rangu kalata chendutundi. idhi lohapu takkuva plasma frequency kaaranamgaa untundi, idhi kanipinche varnapatam yokka erupu bhaagamlo untundi, idhi adhika-frequency aakupaccha mariyu neelam rangulanu grahistundi.
itara lohala maadirigaane, raagini maroka lohamto taakithe, galvanic tuppu sambhavistundi.
rasayana.
raagi neetitho pratispandinchadu, conny adhi vaataavarana oxygentho nemmadigaa pratispandinchi godhuma-nalupu raagi oxide poranu yerparustundi, idhi thematho kuudina gaalilo inumupai erpade tuppu vale kakunda, antarleena lohanni marinta tuppu (nishkriyaatmakata) nundi rakshistundi. aneka paatha bhavanala paikappu mariyu swaatantrya vigraham vanti paatha raagi nirmaanaalapai verdigris (raagi carbonate) yokka aakupaccha poranu tarachugaa chudavachu. konni sulfur sammelanaalaku gurainappudu raagi kalankam kaligistundi, dheenitho idhi vividha raagi sulfidelanu yerparustundi.
isotopulu.
raagi yokka 29 isotopulu unnaayi. mariyu sthiramgaa untaayi, sahajamgaa labhinche raagi loe sumaru 69 saatam kaligi untaayi; rendintikee oka spin untundi. itara isotopulu rediyodhaarmikata kaligi untaayi, veetilo atyanta sthiramainavi 61.83 gantala sagam-jeevitakaalam kaligi untaayi. edu metastable isotopulu vargeekarinchabaddaayi; idhi 3.8 nimishala sagam jeevitamto ekkuva kaalam jeevinchindi. 64 kante ekkuva dravyarashi sankhya kaligina isotopulu β− dwara ksheenistaayi, ayithe 64 kante takkuva dravyarashi sankhya unnavi β + dwara ksheenistaayi. 12. 7 gantala sagam jeevitakaalam kaligi unna idhi rendu vidhaluga ksheenistundi.
 mariyu mukhyamaina anuvartanaalu unnaayi. positron emission tomography kosam rediyodhaarmika tracerga kyuu-ptsmlo upayoginchabadutundi.
sanghatana.
raagi bhaarii nakshatraalalo utpatti avutundi mariyu bhoomi yokka crustlo millionku 50 bhagala (ppm) nishpattilo untundi. prakrutilo, raagi sthaanika raagi, calcopyrite, bornite, digenite, satellite mariyu chalcosite vanti raagi sulfidelu, tetrahedite-tennantite vanti raagi sulfosaultlu mariyu enorgite, azurite mariyu malachite vanti raagi carbonatelu mariyu raagi (i) ledhaa raagi (ii) cupprite mariyu tenorite vanti oxidelu vanti vividha khanijaalalo sambhavistundi. kanugonabadina athi pedda dhaatuvu raagi baruvu 420 tannulu mariyu mariyu michigaanlooni keveena dveepakalpamlo kanugonabadindi. sthaanika raagi anedi oka polychrystal, idhi ippativaraku vivarinchina atipedda oke sphatikamtho kolustundi. raagi bhoomi yokka crustlo 25va atyanta samruddhiga unde moolakam, idhi 50 ppmnu suuchistumdi, jink kosam 75 ppm mariyu seesam kosam 14 ppm thoo poliste.
raagi yokka vilakshana nepathya saandratalu vaataavaranamloo minchavu; mattiloo; vrukshasampadalo; manchineeti mariyu samudrapu neetilo 2 microgram/lii.
utpatti.
chaalaa varaku raagini 0.40 nundi 1.00% raagini kaligi unna porphyri raagi niksheepaalaloo pedda bahiranga pitt ganula nundi raagi sulfidelugaa tavvutaaru ledhaa velikiteestaaru. eee pradaesaalaloo chileelooni chukwikamata, united states looni utaalooni bingham canyon maine, mariyu united states looni nyuu meksikoolooni ell chino maine unnaayi. british bhougolika survey prakaram, prakaram, prapancha vatalo kaneesam moodinta oka vanthu thoo chilly raagi utpattilo agrasthaanamlo undhi, taruvaata united states, indonesia mariyu peru unnaayi. ina-situ leach prakriya dwara kooda raagini tirigi pondavacchu. arizona raashtramloni aneka pradaesaalu eee paddhatiki pradhana abhyardhulugaa pariganinchabadataayi. upayogamlo unna raagi parimaanam perugutondi mariyu andubaatulo unna parimaanam anni deshaalu abhivruddhi chendina prapancha sthaayi viniyogaanni cherukovadaniki saripodu. prastutam parisoedhinchabadutunna sekarana kosam raagi yokka pratyaamnaaya muulam polymetallic nodules, ivi samudra mattaniki sumaru 3000-6500 meterla diguvana pasiphik mahasamudram yokka lotula vadda unnaayi. eee gaddalalo cobalt mariyu nickel vanti itara viluvaina lohaalu untaayi.
nilvalu mariyu dharalu.
raagi kaneesam 10,000 samvatsaraala nundi upayogamlo undhi, conny 1900 nundi ippativaraku tavvina mariyu kariginchina mottam raagi loe 95 saataaniki paiga velikiteesaaru. aneka sahaja vanarulatho paatu, bhoomipai mottam raagi mottam vistaaramainadi, bhoomi yokka crust yokka paie kilometres sumaru 1014 tannulu, idhi prastuta velikiteeta retutho sumaru 5 million samvatsaraala viluva. ayithe, eee nilvallo oka chinna bhaagam matrame prastuta dharalu mariyu saanketikatalato aardhikamgaa labhadayakamga undhi. ganula tavvakam kosam andubaatulo unna raagi nilvala anchanaalu 25 nundi 60 samvatsaraala varaku untaayi, idhi vruddhi raetu vanti pradhana oohalanu batti untundi. aadhunika prapanchamlo raagi recycling pradhana vanarugaa undhi. eee mariyu itara kaarakaala kaaranamgaa, raagi utpatti mariyu sarafara yokka bhavishyattu chaalaa charchaneeyaamsamgaa undhi, indulo garishta raagi bhavana, garishta chamuruku saaruupyata.
raagi dhara chaaritraatmakamgaa asthiramgaa undhi, mariyu daani dhara juun juun 60 samvatsaraala kanishta sthaayi ayina $0.60/lb (US $1.32/kg) nundi mae mae $3.75 prati poundku ($8.27/kg) perigindi. idhi fibravari april $2.40/lb ($5.29/kg) kuu padipoyindi, taruvaata april april $3.50/lb ($7.71/kg) kuu tirigi perigindi. fibravari fibravari, prapancha demand balaheenapadindi mariyu munupati samvatsaram garishta sthaayi ayinappati nundi vastuvula dharalalo teevramaina patanam $1.51/lb ($3.32/kg) vadda migilipoyindi. september 2010 mariyu fibravari 2011 madhya, raagi dhara metrik tannuku £5,000 nundi metrik tannuku tannuku perigindi.
paddhatulu.
dhaatuvulalo raagi saandrata sagatuna 0.6% matrame, mariyu chaalaa vaanijya khanijalu sulfidelu, mukhyamgaa chalcopyrite (kufes 2), bornite bornite 4) mariyu, kontavaraku, upagraham (cus) mariyu chalcosite (kyuu 2). dheeniki viruddhamgaa, polymetallic noduleslo raagi yokka sagatu saandrata 1.3% gaa anchanaa veyabadindi. eee gaddalalo kanipinche raagini alaage itara lohalanu velikiteese paddhatulalo sulfuric leaching, smelting mariyu kapriyan prakriya yokka application unnaayi. bhoomi khanijaalalo kanipinche khanijala kosam, avi pindichesina khanijala nundi 10-15% raagi sthaayi varaku nurugu floatation ledhaa bioleaching dwara kendrikrutamai untaayi. eee padaarthaanni flash smelting loe silikaatho vaedi cheyadam valla chaalaa inumu slagga tolaginchabadutundi. eee prakriya inupa sulfidelanu oxideluga maarchadamlo ekkuva soulabhyaanni upayoginchukuntundi, idhi silikaatho pratispandinchi vaedi cheyabadina dravyarashi paina telutunna silicate slagnu yerparustundi. phalitamgaa vachhe "raagi myaat", myaat" latho koodi, sulfidelanu oxideluga maarchadaaniki kaalchabadutundih
kappula oxide kappula sulfidetho pratispandinchi vaedi chesinappudu "pokkulu" ragiga maarchabadutundih
sudbury matte prakriya sagam sulfidenu matrame oxidega maarchindi, aapai migilina sulfurnu oxidega tolaginchadaaniki eee oxidenu upayoginchindi. appudu daanini vidyudvislaeshanhaparamgaa suddhi chesi, daanilo unna platinum mariyu bangaaram kosam anode mattini dopidi chesaaru. eee dasha raagi oxidelanu raagi lohamgaa saapekshamgaa sulabhamgaa tagginchadaanni upayoginchukuntundi. migilina praanavaayuvunu tolaginchadaaniki sahaja vayuvu pokkupai ooputaaru mariyu phalitamgaa vachhe padaarthampai swachchamaina raagini utpatti cheyadaaniki vidyudvibhajana chestaru
recycling.
aluminium maadirigaane, raagi mudi rashtram nundi mariyu tayaaru chesina utpattula nundi naanhyatanu kolpokunda punarviniyogaparachadaginadi. parimaanamlo, inumu mariyu aluminium taruvaata raagi moodava atyanta recycle cheyabadina loham. ippativaraku tavvina mottam raagi loe 80 saatam ippatikee upayogamlo undhi. antarjaateeya vanarula panel yokka metal stocks inn society nivedika prakaram, samaajamlo upayogamlo unna prapancha talasari raagi nilva 35-55 kilolu. indulo ekkuva bhaagam takkuva abhivruddhi chendina deshaalalo (talasari kii. graa.) kakunda ekkuva abhivruddhi chendina deshaalalo (talasari kii. graa.) undhi.
raagini recycling chese prakriya daadaapu raagini velikiteese prakriya maadirigaane untundi, conny dheeniki takkuva dasalu avasaram. adhika-swachchata gala scrap raagini kolimilo kariginchi, aapai tagginchi, billetlu mariyu ingaatlalo veyabadutundi; sulfuric aamlam snaanamlo electroplating dwara takkuva-swachchata gala scrap suddhi cheyabadutundi.
mishrama.
aneka raagi mishrama lohaalu roopondinchabaddaayi, veetilo chaalaa mukhyamaina upayogaalu unnaayi. ittadi anedi raagi mariyu jink misramam. kaamsyam saadhaaranamgaa raagi-tinn mishramaalanu suuchistumdi, conny aluminium kaamsyam vanti raagi misramaanni suuchimchavachchu. vendi mariyu carrett bangaaru tankaalalo raagi atyanta mukhyamaina bhagalalo okati, idhi aabharanaala parisramalo upayoginchabadutundi, phalitamgaa vachhe mishramaala rangu, kaatinyam mariyu draveebhavana sthaanaanni savaristundi. konni seesam laeni tankaalu raagi mariyu itara lohala chinna nishpattitoe mishrama tinn kaligi untaayi.
raagi mariyu nickel misramam, kapronikkal anie pilustaaru, takkuva viluva kaligina naanhelalo upayogistaaru, tarachugaa bayati clauding kosam. aidu saatam naanem (prastutam "nickel" anie pilustaaru) loe 75 saatam raagi mariyu 25 saatam nickel sajatiya kuurpuloo untaayi. 20va sataabdam chivari bhaagamlo deshaalu vistrutamgaa sweekarinchina copronical pravesapettadaaniki mundu, raagi mariyu vendi mishramaalanu kooda upayoginchaaru, samyukta rashtraalu 90 saatam vendi mariyu 10 saatam raagi misramaanni upayoginchaayi, 1965 varaku, sagam dollar minaha anni naanhela nundi vendi prasarana tolaginchabadindi-ivi 1965 mariyu 1970 madhya 40 saatam vendi mariyu 60 saatam raagi mishramamgaa tagginchabaddaayi. 90 saatam raagi mariyu 10 saatam nickel misramam, tuppu nirodhakataku visaeshamainadi, samudrapu neetiki gurayye vividha vastuvulaku upayoginchabadutundi, ayithe idhi konnisaarlu kalushita naukaasrayaalu mariyu nadeemukhaalalo kanipinche sulfidelaku gurayye avakaasam undhi. aluminiumtho (sumaru 7 saatam) raagi misramaalu bangaaru rangunu kaligi untaayi mariyu alankaranalalo upayoginchabadataayi. "shakudo" anedi takkuva saatam bangaaraanni kaligi unna raagi yokka japanese alankaara misramam, saadhaaranamgaa 4-10%, dheenini muduru neelam ledhaa nalupu ranguku pyaat cheyavachu.
sammelanaalu.
raagi saadhaaranamgaa aakseekarana sthithulu + 1 mariyu + 2 thoo samruddhiga vividha rakaala sammelanaalanu yerparustundi, veetini tarachugaa varusaga "kappas" mariyu "kapprik" anie pilustaaru. raagi sammelanaalu, avi sendriya sanklishtatalu ledhaa organometallics ayina, aneka rasayana mariyu jeeva prakriyalanu prothsahistaayi ledhaa utprerakam chestaayi.
binary sammelanaalu.
itara muulakaala maadirigaane, raagi yokka saralamaina sammelanaalu binary sammelanaalu, i.ii. kevalam rendu muulakaalanu kaligi unnavi, pradhana udaaharanalu oxidelu, sulfidelu mariyu haalaidlu. kappas mariyu kapprik oxidelu rendoo telisinave. aneka raagi sulfidelalo, mukhyamaina udaaharanalalo raagi (i) sulfide () mariyu raagi monosulfide () unnaayi.
florin, chlorin, bromine mariyu iodine thoo kuudina kappula haalaidlu, florin, chlorin mariyu bromine thoo kuudina kappula haalaidlu anie pilustaaru. raagini tayaaru cheyadaaniki chese prayatnaalu (ii) iodide raagini matrame istundi (i) iodide mariyu iodine.
samanvaya rasayana shaastram.
raagi ligandlatho samanvaya sanklishtatalanu yerparustundi. jaleeya draavanamloo, raagi (ii) untundi. eee samudaayam edainaa parivartana loha aakvo samudaayaaniki vegavantamaina neeti marpidi retunu (neeti ligandla jodimpu mariyu verucheyadam yokka vegam) pradarsistundi. jaleeya sodiyam hydroxidenu jodinchadam valla laetha neelam ghana raagi (ii) hydroxide avapaatam erpadutundi. saralikruta sameekaranamh 
jaleeya ammonia adhe avakshepamlo phalitaanni istundi. adanapu ammonianu jodinchina tarvaata, avakshepam karigi, tetraminecoper (ii) nuu erparustundihi
aneka itara oxyanianlu sanklishtatalanu yerparustaayi; veetilo raagi (ii) acetate, raagi (ii) nitrate mariyu raagi (ii) carbonate unnaayi. raagi (ii) sulfate anedi prayogasaalalo atyanta suparichitamaina raagi sammelanam ayina neelam spatikaakaara pentahydratenu yerparustundi. idhi bordo misramam anie piluvabade sileendhranaashakamlo upayoginchabadutundi.
okati kante ekkuva alkahal functional groupulanu kaligi unna polyols, saadhaaranamgaa kappika lavanaalatoe sankarshana chendutaayi. udaaharanaku, chakkeralanu tagginchadaaniki pareekshinchadaaniki raagi lavanaalanu upayogistaaru. pratyaekamgaa, benedict yokka karakamu mariyu fehling draavanaanni upayoginchi, chakkera unikini neelam kyuu (ii) nundi erupu raagi (i) oxide kuu rangu maarpu dwara suuchistaaru. ethylenediamine mariyu itara amainlatho kuudina schweiser yokka karakalu mariyu sambandhita sanklishtatalu selyulojnu karigistaayi. systeine vanti amaino aamlalu raagi (ii) thoo chaalaa sthiramaina chelet complexelanu yerparustaayi, veetilo loha-sendriya biohybrids (gumpu) roopaalu kooda untaayi. raagi ayanla kosam aneka tadi-rasayana pareekshalu unnaayi, veetilo okati potassium ferrisinide kaligi untundi, idhi raagi (ii) lavanaalatoe adbhutamaina neelam avakshepaanni istundi.
organocoper chemistry.
carbon-raagi bandham kaligi unna sammelanaalanu organocoper sammelanaalu antaaru. avi raagi (i) oxidenu roopondinchadaaniki oxygen vaipu chaalaa reactivga untaayi mariyu rasayana saastramlo aneka upayogaalanu kaligi untaayi. raagi (i) sammelanaalanu grignard karakalu, antima alkeenlu ledhaa organolithium kaarakaalato chikitsa cheyadam dwara avi samslaeshanha cheyabadataayi; mukhyamgaa, vivarinchina chivari praticharya gillman karakanni utpatti chestundi. ivi alkyl haalaidlatho pratyaamnaayam cheyabadi coupling utpattulanu yerparustaayi; anduvalla, avi sendriya samslaeshanha rangamlo mukhyamainavi. raagi (i) acetylide atyanta shock-sensitive, conny caudiot-chodkiwicz coupling mariyu sonogashira coupling vanti praticharyalalo madhyantaram. enonlaku samyogam mariyu alkinela carbocupration kooda organocoper sammelanaalato saadhinchavachchu. raagi (i) alkeenlu mariyu carbon monaxideto vividha rakaala balaheenamaina sanklishtatalanu yerparustundi, mukhyamgaa amine ligandla samakshamlo.
raagi (iii) mariyu raagi (iv).
raagi (iii) chaalaa tarachugaa oxidelalo kanipistundi. oka saadhaarana udaaharana potassium kappet, kQuo2, oka neelam-nalupu ghana. atyanta vistrutamgaa adhyayanam cheyabadina raagi (iii) sammelanaalu kapret suupar conductorlu. yatrium barium copper oxide (yba2cu3o7) loe kyuu (ii) mariyu kyuu (iii) kendraalu rendoo untaayi. oxide maadirigaane, fluoride atyanta praathamika ayan mariyu adhika aakseekarana sthithulalo loha ayaanlanu sthireekarinchadaaniki prasiddhi chendindi. raagi (iii) mariyu raagi (iv) fluoridelu kooda varusaga k3cuf6 mariyu cs2cuf6 anie pilustaaru.
konni raagi proteins oxo complexelanu yerparustaayi, veetilo raagi kooda untundi (iii). tetraptidelatho, oodaa rangu raagi (iii) complexelu deprotonated amide ligandla dwara sthireekarinchabadathaayi.
raagi (iii) yokka sanklishtatalu organocoper sammelanaala praticharyalalo madhyavartulugaa kooda kanipistaayi, udaaharanaku, kharas-sosnovsky praticharyalo.
charitra.
raagi kalakramam eee loham gatha 11,000 samvatsaraalugaa maanava nagarikatanu elaa abhivruddhi chesindo vivaristundi.
charitrapurva.
raagi yugam.
raagi sahajamgaa sthaanika loha ragiga sambhavistundi mariyu recordulo unna konni puraatana nagarikatalaku prasiddhi chendindi. raagi vadakam yokka charitra cree. puu. 9000 madhyapraachyamlo undhi; uttara iraaklo oka raagi lockettu kanugonabadindi, idhi cree. puu. 8700 naatidi. raagi kante mundu maanavulu upayoginche lohaalu bangaaram mariyu ulka inumu (kaani karigina inumu kaadu) matrame anie aadharalu suuchistunnaayi. raagi lohasastram yokka charitra eee kramaanni anusaristundani bhavistaruh modata, sthaanika raagi yokka challani pani, taruvaata unnelling, smelting mariyu chivaraku, kolpoyina-mainapu casting. aagneya anatolialo, eee naalugu paddhatulu neolithic sii praarambhamlo ekkuva ledhaa takkuva ekakaalamlo kanipistaayi. 7500 BC.
raagi kariginchadam anedi vividha pradaesaalaloo swatantramgaa kanugonabadindi. idhi bahusha cree. puu. 2800 kii mundu chainaalo, madhya americalo cree. sha. 600 kii mundu, mariyu paschima aafrikaalo cree. sha. 9va ledhaa 10va sataabdamloo kanugonabadindi. kolpoyina mainapu casting raagi yokka mottamodati aadharam paakistaanlooni mehragarhlo kanugonabadina taayettuloo nundi vachindi mariyu idhi cree puu 4000 naatidi. pettubadi casting aagneya asealo 4500-4000 BC loe kanugonabadindi mariyu carbon dating 2280 nundi 1890 BC varaku UK looni cheshairloni alderly anchulo miningnu sthaapinchindi.
3300 nundi 3200 BC varaku naati maga aisman, raagi thalatho kuudina goddalitho kanugonabadindi 99.7% swachchamainadi; athani juttulo adhika sthaayi arsenic raagi kariginchadamlo prameyam undani suuchistumdi. raagi anubhavam itara lohala abhivruddhiki sahaayapadindi; mukhyamgaa, raagi kariginchadam anedi inumu kariginchadam aavishkaranaku daariteesindi. 
michigaon mariyu wisconsinloni paatha raagi samudaayamlo utpatti cree. puu. 6500 mariyu 3000 madhya naatidi. wisconsinlo kanugonabadina raagi eete kri. puu. 6500 naatidi. uttara americaloni goppa sarassula praantam nundi paatha raagi samudaayamlooni swadeshi prajalu raagi vadakam radiometricga cree. puu. 7500 naatidi. goppa sarassula chuttoo unna uttara americaloni swadeshi prajalu kooda eee samayamlo raagi tavvakam chesi undavacchu, idhi prapanchamlo raagi velikiteetaku telisina puraatana udaaharanalalo okatigaa nilichindi. michigaanlooni sarassula nundi charitrapurva seesam kalushyam nundi eee praantamlooni prajalu raagi tavvakam praarambhinchaarani aadharalu unnaayi. kaamsya yugamlo uttara americaloni paatha raagi samudaayamlo upayogakaramaina raagi vastuvulu ekkuvagaa upayoginchabadatam ledani, alankaara raagi vastuvula utpatti vaipu maarpu jarigindani aadharalu suuchistunnaayi.
kaamsya yugam.
silicon, arsenic mariyu (arudugaa) tinn samruddhiga unna khanijaalato tayaaru cheyabadina sahaja kaamsyam, cree. puu. 5500 loe balkanlalo saadhaarana upayogamloki vachindi. raagi kariginchadam kanugonna sumaru 4000 samvatsaraala taruvaata, mariyu "sahaja kaamsyam" saadhaarana upayogamloki vacchina sumaru 2000 samvatsaraala taruvaata, kaamsyam tayaaru cheyadaaniki tinn thoo raagi misramam modatisaarigaa abhyasinchabadindi. vinsa samskruti nundi kaamsya kalakhandalu cree. puu. 4500 varaku unnaayi. sumerian mariyu eejiptu taamra mariyu kaamsya mishramaala kalakhandalu 3000 BC nativi. eejiptu neelam, ledhaa coprorivite (calcium raagi silicate) anedi raagi kaligi unna synthetic pigment, idhi cree. puu. 3250 loe puraatana egyptulo upayoginchadam praarambhinchindi. eejiptu neelam tayari prakriya romanlaku telisinadi, conny cree. sha. naalugo sataabdam natiki varnadravyam upayogam lekunda poyindi mariyu daani tayari prakriya rahasyam poyindi. raagi, silika, sunnam mariyu natron nundi neelam varnadravyam tayaaru cheyabadindani, vaariki "seerulium" anie piluvabadindani romanlu chepparu."
kaamsya yugam aagneya airopalo sumaru cree. puu. 2500 loe vaayuvya airopalo praarambhamaindi. idhi inupa yugam praarambhamtho mugisindi, sameepamlo thoorpuna 2000-1000 BC, mariyu uttara airopalo 600 BC. neolithic kaalam mariyu kaamsya yugam madhya parivartananu gatamlo taamrapu panimutlanu raathi panimutlatho upayoginchinappudu chalcolithic kaalam (raagi-raayi) anie pilicheevaaru. prapanchamlooni konni praantaalalo, chalcolithic mariyu neolithic rendu chivarlalo cotterminus ayinanduna eee padam kramamga anukuulamgaa ledhu. raagi mariyu jink misramam ayina ittadi, chaalaa iteevali muulam. idhi greekulaku telisinappatikii, roman saamrajyam samayamlo kaamsyaaniki mukhyamaina anubandhamgaa maarindi.
puraatana mariyu post-classical.
greeslo, raagini (χαλκος) anae paerutoe pilicheevaaru. romanlu, greekulu mariyu itara puraatana prajalaku idhi oka mukhyamaina vanaru. roman kaalamlo, dheenini "aes cyprium" anie pilicheevaaru, raagi mishramaalaku "aes" anae saadhaarana latin padam mariyu cyprus nundi "cyprium" anie piluvabade cyprium, ikkada chaalaa raagi tavvakam cheyabadindi. eee padabandhaanni "kapram" gaa saralikrutam chesaaru, anduvalla aanglamlo "raagi" anie pilavabadindi. kaamottejam (romlo veenus) puraanaalaloo raagini mariyu rasavaadamlo daani prakaasavantamaina andam mariyu addaalanu utpatti cheyadamlo daani puraatana upayogam kaaranamgaa suuchistumdi; raagi yokka muulam ayina cyprus devataku pavitramainadi. praacheenulaku telisina edu swargapu vastuvulu puraatana kaalamlo telisina edu lohalatho mudipadi unnaayi, mariyu devatalato sambandham kaaranamgaa mariyu suuryudu mariyu chandruni taruvaata sukrudu prakaasavantamaina swargapu sareeram kabatti bangaaram mariyu vendi taruvaata atyanta prakaasavantamaina mariyu kavalsina lohaniki anugunamgaa undatam valla, sukram raagi kii ketayinchabadindi.
cree puu 2100 natiki puraatana britainlo raagini modatisaari tavvaaru. eee ganulalo atipeddadi ayina grate orme vadda ganula tavvakam kaamsya yugam chivari varaku konasaagindi. ganula tavvakam ekkuvagaa suupar zeane khanijalaku parimitam cheyabadindani, veetini sulabhamgaa kariginchavacchu. eee praantamloo vistrutamaina tinn maining unnappatikee, saanketika kaaranaala kante saamaajika mariyu raajakeeya kaaranaala valla, cornwall yokka goppa raagi niksheepaalu ekkuvagaa taakabadaledu.
uttara americalo, sthaanika raagini cree. sha. 800 mariyu 1600 madhya praacheena raathi panimutlatho ail raayal looni pradaesaala nundi sekarinchinatlu telisindi. uttara america nagaram kahokialo 1000-1300 AD chuttoo raagi unnelling nirvahinchabadindi. uttara americalo kahokia chuttoo unna praantamloo mississippian raagi palakalu anie piluvabade aneka sunnitamaina raagi palakalu eee kaalam nundi kanugonabaddayi (1000-1300 AD). wolfing kaash mariyu etova plaetlu vanti madhyapaschima mariyu aagneya united stateslo marekkadaina mugise mundu raagi plaetlu kahokialo tayaaru cheyabadindani bhaavinchaaru.
dakshina americalo argentine mariyu aandeeslo kanugonabadina 1000 BC naati raagi musugu, aandeeslo kanugonabadina puraatana raagi kalakhandam. puurva columbian americalo prarambha raagi lohasaastraaniki muulamgaa peru pariganinchabadindi, ayithe argentine nundi vacchina raagi musugu dakshina americalo prarambha raagi panulaku dakshina mariyu ends yokka kazan loya maroka mukhyamaina kendramgaa undani suuchistumdi. raagi lohasastram dakshina americalo, mukhyamgaa 1000 AD loe perulo abhivruddhi chendindi. 15va sataabdam nundi raagi khananam alankaaraalu kanugonabaddayi, conny loham yokka vaanijya utpatti 20va sataabdam prarambham varaku prarambham kaaledu.
raagi saamskrutika paatra mukhyamainadi, mukhyamgaa currencylo. kristupurvam 6va sataabdam nundi 3va sataabdam varaku romanlu raagi gaddalanu dabbugaa upayoginchaaru. modata, raagi viluva undedi, conny kramamga raagi aakaram mariyu roopaanni marinta mukhyamainadigaa maarchindi. juuliyas seasure thana sonta naanheelanu ittaditoe tayaaru chesaadu, octavian augustus seasure naanhelu kyuu-pibi-sn misramaalato tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. sumaru 15,000 tannula vaarshika utpattini anchanaa veyadamtho, roman raagi tavvakam mariyu kariginche karyakalapalu paarisraamika viplavam kaalam varaku saatileni sthaayiki cherukunnayi; hispania, cyprus mariyu madhya airopalo atyanta teevramgaa tavvabadina praavinsulu.
jerusalem aalaya dwaaraalu corinthian kamsyanni upayoginchaayi, dheenilo ksheenatatoo kuudina bangaaru puutanu upayoginchaaru. alegzandrialo eee prakriya chaalaa prabalamgaa undhi, ikkada rasavaadam praarambhamaindani bhaavistunnaaru. praacheena bhaaratadesamlo, raagini shastrachikitsa parikaraalu mariyu itara vaidya parikaraala kosam samagra vaidya shaastra aayurvedamlo upayoginchaaru. puraatana egyptianlu (cree. puu. 2400) gayalanu krimirahitam cheyadaaniki mariyu traaguneetini traagadaaniki raagini upayoginchaaru, taruvaata talanoppi, kaalina gayalu mariyu duradaku chikitsa cheyadaaniki upayoginchaaru.
aadhunika.
10va sataabdam nundi 1992 varaku panichesina goppa raagi parvatam, sweedanlooni faaloonlo oka gani. idhi 17va sataabdamloo airopa yokka raagi viniyogamlo moodinta rendu vantulanu santrupti parachindi mariyu aaa samayamlo sweeden yokka aneka yuddhaalaku nidhulu samakuurchadaaniki sahaayapadindi. dheenini desham yokka khazana anie pilicheevaaru; sweeden raagi aadhaarita karenseeni kaligi undedi.
raagini paikappu, currency mariyu daguerotype anie piluvabade photographic technology kosam upayogistaaru. punarujjeevanodyama shilpamlo raagini upayoginchaaru, mariyu swaatantrya vigrahanni nirminchadaaniki upayoginchaaru; vividha rakaala nirmaanaalalo raagini upayoginchadam konasagutondi. 18va sataabdamloo british naukaadalam maargadarsakatvam vahinchina saanketikata ayina oodalu neeti kinda unna poralanu rakshinchadaaniki raagi puuta mariyu raagi poranu vistrutamgaa upayoginchaaru. hambergloni nordutesh affinery affinery daani utpattini praarambhinchina modati aadhunika electroplating plant. german shaastravetta gottfried osaan osaan lohapu anhu dravyaraasini nirnayinchetappudu podi lohasaastraanni kanugonnaru; appudu mishrama moolakam yokka mottam mariyu rakam (udhaa.zii.tinn) nundi raagi varaku ganta tonelanu prabhaavitam chestundi.
vidyut yuganiki raagi demand perugutunna samayamlo, 1880la nundi 1930la mahaa maandyam varaku, united states prapanchamlooni kottagaa tavvina raagi moodinta oka vanthu nundi sagam utpatti chesindi. pradhana jillaalalo uttara michigaon looni kevinav jilla, pradhanamgaa sthaanika raagi niksheepaalu unnaayi, ivi 1880la chivaralo batte, montana yokka vistaaramaina sulfide nikshepaala dwara grahinchabaddaayi, idhi nairuti united states yokka porphyri nikshepaala dwara grahinchabadindi, mukhyamgaa bingham canyon, utah mariyu morensi, arizona vadda. bahiranga pitt aaviri paara maining parichayam mariyu smelting, suddhi, floatation concentration mariyu itara prosessing dasalalo aavishkaranalu saamuuhika utpattiki daariteesaayi. iravayyava sataabdam praarambhamlo, arizona modati sthaanamlo, taruvaata montana, taruvaata utah mariyu michigaon.
flash smeltingnu finlandloni outokumpu abhivruddhi chesindi mariyu mariyu harjavaltalo modata upayoginchabadindi; prapanchamlooni praadhamika raagi utpattilo 50 saatam shakti-samarthavanthamaina prakriya.
prakriya chilly, peru, jair mariyu zambia lachae erpadina raagi egumati deshaala antar prabhutva mandali, raagi marketlo opec chamurulo chese vidhamgaa panichesindi, ayithe idhi eppuduu adhe prabhavanni saadhinchaledu, mukhyamgaa rendava atipedda utpattidaaru ayina united states ennadoo sabhyatvam pondaledu; idhi idhi raddu cheyabadindi.
applications.
raagi yokka pradhana anuvartanaalu vidyut theega (60 saatam), paikappu mariyu plumbing (20 saatam), mariyu paarisraamika yantraalu (15 saatam). raagini ekkuvagaa swachchamaina lohamgaa upayogistaaru, conny ekkuva kaatinyam avasaramainappudu, daanini ittadi mariyu kaamsyam (mottam upayogamlo 5 saatam) vanti mishramaalalo unchutaaru. rendu sataabdaalaku paiga, mokkalu mariyu shelfish perugudalanu niyantrinchadaaniki padava poralapai raagi paint upayoginchabadindi. raagi sarafaraalo oka chinna bhaagam vyavasaayamlo poeshaka padaardhaalu mariyu sileendhranaashakaala kosam upayoginchabadutundi. raagi yantram saadhyame, ayithe klishtamaina bhaagaalanu srushtinchadamlo manchi yantra saamarthyam kosam mishrama mishramaalanu ishtapadataaru.
wire mariyu cable.
itara padaarthaala nundi pootii unnappatikee, aluminium tarachugaa praadhaanyata ichhe ovar head electric power transmission minaha daadaapu anni rakaala vidyut wiringlalo raagi praadhaanyata kaligina vidyut vahakamga undhi. raagi teeganu vidyut utpatti, vidyut prasaram, vidyut pampinhee, telecommunications, electronics circutory mariyu lekkalenanni rakaala vidyut parikaraalalo upayogistaaru. raagi parisramaku vidyut wiring atyanta mukhyamaina market. indulo nirmaanaatmaka vidyut wiring, vidyut pampinhee cable, upakaranaala wire, communications cable, automotive wire mariyu cable mariyu ayaskanta wire unnaayi. mottam raagi tavvakaalalo daadaapu sagam vidyut theega mariyu cable conductorla kosam upayoginchabadutundi. aneka vidyut parikaraalu raagi wiringpy aadhaarapadataayi, endukante daani adhika vidyut vaahakata, tanyata balam, ductility, creep (vaikalyam) nirodhakata, tuppu nirodhakata, takkuva ushna vistarana, adhika ushna vaahakata, tankam yokka soulabhyam, namyatvam mariyu samsthaapana soulabhyam vanti aneka swaabhaavika prayojanakaramaina lakshanaalu unnaayi.
1960la chivari nundi 1970la chivari varaku swalpa kaalaaniki, americalo aneka gruha nirmaana prajectulalo raagi wiring sthaanamlo aluminium wiringnu upayoginchaaru. kotta wiring aneka gruha mantalalo chikkukundi mariyu parisrama raagi vaipu tirigi vachindi.
electronics mariyu sambandhita parikaraalu.
integrated circuitlu mariyu printed circuit bordulu aluminium sthaanamlo raagini ekkuvagaa kaligi untaayi endukante daani unnatamaina vidyut vaahakata kaaranamgaa; heat sinklu mariyu heat exchangerlu raagini upayogistaayi endukante daani unnatamaina ushna vedajalladam lakshanaalu. microwave ovenlalo vidyudayaskaantaalu, vacuum tubelu, cathode rae tubelu mariyu magnetronlu raagini upayogistaayi, microwave radiation kosam taranga maargadarsakaalu vantivi.
electric motorlu.
raagi yokka unnata vaahakata vidyut motorla saamarthyaanni penchutundi. idhi mukhyamainadi endukante motorlu mariyu motaru-aadhaarita vyavasthalu mottam prapancha vidyut viniyogamlo 43%-46% mariyu parisramalu upayoginche mottam vidyuttulo 69 saatam vatanu kaligi unnaayi. kaayillo raagi dravyarashi mariyu cross sekshannu penchadam valla motaru yokka saamarthyaanni penchutundi. raagi motaru rotorlu, shakti podupu pradhana roopakalpana lakshyalu ayina motaru anuvartanaala kosam roopondinchina kotta saanketikata, jaateeya vidyut tayaareedaarula sangham (nema) premium saamarthya pramaanaalanu cherukovadaniki mariyu adhigaminchadaaniki saadhaarana-prayojana prerana motorlanu anumatistunnaayi.
vaastusilpam.
puraatana kaalam nundi raagini mannikaina, tuppu nirodhakata mariyu vaataavarana nirodhaka nirmaana padaarthamgaa upayogistunnaru. paikappulu, merustunnavi, varshapu gattarlu, diguva pradaesaalu, gopuraalu, gopuraalu, khajanalu mariyu talupulu vandala ledhaa vaelaadi samvatsaraalugaa raagi nundi tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. raagi yokka nirmaana upayogam aadhunika kaalamlo antargata mariyu bahya goda clauding, building vistarana keellu, radeo frequency shielding mariyu antimicrobial mariyu alankaara indor utpattulu, aakarshanheeyamaina handrills, bathroom ficturelu mariyu counter tops vanti vaatini chaerchadaaniki vistarinchabadindi. nirmaana padaarthamgaa raagi yokka konni itara mukhyamaina prayojanaalalo takkuva ushna kadalika, telikapati baruvu, merupu rakshana mariyu punarviniyogaparachadaginavi unnaayi.
lohapu vilakshanhamaina sahaja aakupaccha patteeni vaastusilpulu mariyu designerlu chalakalamga korukuntunnaru. chivari patina anedi mukhyamgaa mannikaina pora, idhi vaataavarana tuppu kuu atyanta nirodhakatanu kaligi untundi, tadwara antarleena lohanni marinta vaataavarana viruddhamgaa rakshistundi. sulfur kaligina aamla varsham vanti paryaavarana paristhitulanu batti idhi vividha parimaanaalalo carbonate mariyu sulfate sammelanaala misramam kaavacchu. nirmaana raagi mariyu daani mishrama mishramaalanu kooda oka nirdishta roopaanni, anubhootini ledhaa rangunu teesukoovadaaniki 'puurti' cheyavachu. mugimpulalo yaantrika uparitala chikitsalu, rasayana rangu mariyu puutalu untaayi.
raagi adbhutamaina brazing mariyu tankam lakshanaalanu kaligi undhi mariyu welding cheyavachu; gyaas metal aark weldingtho uttama phalitaalu pondavacchu.
anty biofauling.
raagi biostatic, antey bacteria mariyu aneka itara jeeva roopaalu daanipai peragavu. eee kaaranamgaa idhi chaalaa kaalamgaa barnacles mariyu mussels nundi rakshinchadaaniki naukala bhaagaalanu varusalo unchadaaniki upayoginchabadutondi. idhi modata swachchamgaa upayoginchabadindi, conny appati nundi muntz metal mariyu raagi aadhaarita paint dwara bharti cheyabadindi. adevidhamgaa, ockwaculturelo raagi mishramaalalo charchinchinatlugaa, raagi misramaalu ockwaculture parisramalo mukhyamaina vala padaarthaalugaa marai, endukante avi antimicrobial mariyu biofoulingnu nirodhistaayi, teevramaina paristhitulalo kooda mariyu samudra vaataavaranaalaloo balamaina nirmaanaatmaka mariyu tuppu-nirodhaka lakshanaalanu kaligi untaayi.
antimicrobial.
raagi-mishrama sparsha uparitalaalu vistruta shreni suukshmajeevulanu naasanam chese sahaja lakshanaalanu kaligi untaayi (udhaa.zii., ii. kolai "o157: h7, methicillin-resistant" staphylococcus arius "(mrSA)," staphylococcus "," clostridium deficile ", influenzae virus, adenovirus, saars-cove-2, mariyu sileendhraalu). aadhunika shaastram daani antimicrobial lakshanaalanu grahinchadaaniki mundhe, bhaaratheeyulu puraatana kaalam nundi neetini nilva cheyadaaniki raagi naalaalanu upayogistunnaru. konni raagi misramaalu kramam tappakunda subhram chesinappudu kevalam rendu gantallone vyaadhini kaliginche bacteria kante ekkuva ekkuva champutayani niroopinchabaddaayi. united states environmental protection agency (ii. pii. eah) eee raagi mishramaala namodulanu "prajaarogya prayojanaalato antimicrobial materials" gaa aamodinchindi; aaa aamodam tayaareedaarulanu registered misramaalato chesina utpattula prajaarogya prayojanaalaku chattaparamaina daavaalu cheyadaaniki anumatistundi. adanamgaa, eee mishramaala nundi tayaaru chesina antimicrobial raagi utpattula yokka sudeergha jaabitaanu epa aamodinchindi, veetilo bedrills, handrills, ovar-bedd tables, sinklu, peepaalo nunchi neellu teese gottalu, door nobbs, toilet hardware, computer keyboardulu, health club parikaraalu mariyu shopping cart handles (samagra jabita kosam, chudandi antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#approved utpattulu). vyaadhi badileeni tagginchadaaniki aasupatrulu raagi dorknablanu upayogistaayi, mariyu plumbing vyavasthalalo raagi gottala dwara legionaires vyaadhi anachiveyabadutundi. antimicrobial raagi mishrama utpattulu ippudu yuu looni aarogya samrakshana soukaryaalalo erpaatu cheyabadutunnayi.keey.ireland, japan, korea, france, denmark mariyu brazil, alaage samyukta rashtraalalo pilavabadutunnaayi, mariyu chileelooni santiago looni sabwe ravana vyavasthalo, ikkada 2011 mariyu 2014 madhya sumaru 30 stationlalo raagi-jink mishrama chethi ravaanaalu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi.
antimicrobial rakshana battalanu roopondinchadaaniki vastra fiberlanu raagitho kalapavacchu.
oohaajanita pettubadi.
prapanchavyaaptamgaa moulika sadupayala vruddhi nundi vaadukalo anchanaa vesina perugudala mariyu wind turbinelu, solar panellu mariyu itara punarutpaadaka indhana vanarula utpattilo dheeniki unna mukhyamaina paatra kaaranamgaa raagini oohaatmaka pettubadiga upayoginchavacchu. vidyut kaarlu sampradaaya kaarla kante sagatuna 3.6 retlu ekkuva raagini kaligi untaayi, ayinappatikee raagi demand meeda vidyut kaarla prabhavam charchaneeyaamsamgaa unnappatikee, demand perugutundani anchanaa vesina maroka kaaranam. kontamandi raagi ganula nilvalu, atfs mariyu futures dwara raagi loe pettubadi pedataaru. itarulu bhouthika raagini raagi baarlu ledhaa roundla roopamlo nilva chestaaru, ayithe ivi viluvaina lohalatho poliste adhika premiyamnu kaligi untaayi. raagi bulian premiyamlanu nivaarinchaalanukune vaaru pratyamnaayamgaa 1982 kii mundu tayaaru chesina paatha raagi theega, raagi gottalu ledhaa american naanheelanu nilva chestaaru.
jaanapada vaidyam.
raagi saadhaaranamgaa aabharanaalalo upayoginchabadutundi, mariyu konni jaanapada kathala prakaram, raagi kankanaalu arthuritis lakshanaalanu taggistaayi. austio arthuritis kosam oka vichaaranalo mariyu rheumatoid arthuritis kosam oka vichaaranalo, raagi kankanam mariyu niyantrana (raagi kaani) kankanam madhya thedaalu kanugonabadaledu. raagi charmam dwara grahinchagaladani etuvanti aadharalu choopinchavu. adhi unte, adhi raagi vishaniki daariteeyavachchu.
kudimpu dustulu.
iteevala, jaanapada aushadhaala vaadanala maadirigaane aarogya daavaalato, parasparam nesina raagi thoo konni kudimpu dustulu vikrayinchabaddaayi. compression dustulu konni vyaadhulaku chellubaatu ayye chikitsa kabatti, dustulu aaa prayojanaanni kaligi undavacchu, conny jodinchina raagi placebo prabhaavaaniki minchina prayojanaanni kaligi undakapovachhu.
ksheenata.
"chromobacterium violesium" mariyu "sudomonas florescence" rendoo kooda ghana raagini sinide sammelanamgaa sameekarinchagalavu. kaluna", "erika" mariyu "vaccinium" thoo anubandhinchabadina ericoid micorizal sileendhraalu raagi kaligina metaliferous neelalaloo perugutaayi. ectomicorisal fungus "sillus luteus" yuva paine chetlanu raagi vishapuuritam nundi rakshistundi. aspergillus niger" anae fungus yokka namuunaa bangaaru ganula tavvakam draavanam nundi perugutuu, bangaaram, vendi, raagi, inumu mariyu jink vanti lohala yokka saino complexelanu kaligi unnatlu kanugonabadindi. heavy metal sulphides yokka draveekaranalo kooda eee fungus paatra poeshistumdi.
jeevasambandhamaina paatra.
jeevarasaayana shaastram.
jeevasambandhamaina electron ravana mariyu oxygen ravaanaalo raagi proteinlaku vibhina paatralu unnaayi, ivi kyuu (ii) mariyu kyuu (ii) yokka sulabhamaina paraspara maarpidini upayoginchukune prakriyalu. anni eukariotla aerobic swaasakriyaloo raagi avasaram. mitochondrialo, idhi cytochrome sii oxidaselo kanipistundi, idhi aakseekarana phosphorylationlo chivari protein. cytochrome sii oxidase anedi raagi mariyu inumu madhya madhya bandhinche protein; protein oo2 anuvuku 8 electronlanu badilee chesi daanini rendu neeti anuvulaku taggistundi. raagi aneka superoxide dismutaslalo kooda kanipistundi, suuparaaksaidlanu (asamaanatvam dwara) oxygen mariyu hydrogen peroxidega marchadam dwara kullipovadaanni utprerakam chese proteins
protein himosayanin chaalaa molasklalo mariyu harsshoe crob ("limulus polyphemus") vanti konni aarthropodlalo oxygen vahakamga untundi. himosayanin neelam rangulo unnanduna, eee jeevulu inumu aadhaarita haemoglobin yokka erra raktam kante neelam raktaanni kaligi untaayi. nirmanatmakamga haemocyaninku sambandhinchinavi laxagelu mariyu tyrosinesses. oxygennu tirigi bandhinche badulu, eee proteins hydroxylate uparitalaalu, lakkarla nirmaanamloo vaati paatra dwara vivarinchabaddaayi. raagi yokka jeevasambandhamaina paatra bhoomi yokka vaataavaranamloo praanavaayuvu roopamtho praarambhamaindi. neelam raagi proteins" vanti aneka raagi proteins uparitalaalato neerugaa sankarshana chendavu; anduvalla avi enjaimlu kaavu. eee proteins electron badilee anie piluvabade prakriya dwara electronlanu prasaram chestaayi.
nitrus-oxide reductaselo oka pratyaekamaina tetranuclear raagi kendram kanugonabadindi.
willson vyaadhi chikitsa kosam abhivruddhi cheyabadina rasayana sammelanaalu cancer chikitsalo upayogam kosam parisoedhimchabaddaayi.
poeshakaahaaram.
raagi anedi mokkalu mariyu jantuvulalo oka mukhyamaina trace element, conny anni suukshmajeevulu kaadu. maanava sareeramlo shareera dravyaraasiki kiloku 1.4 nundi 2.1 mii. graa. sthaayilo raagi untundi.
shoshana.
raagini gut loe grahinchi, aapai albuminku kattubadi unna kaaleyaaniki ravana chestaaru. kaaleyamlo proses chesina taruvaata, raagi rendava dasalo itara kanajaalaalaku pampinhee cheyabadutundi, indulo protein seruloplasmine untundi, idhi raktamlo raagini ekkuvagaa mostundi. seruloplasmine paalalo visarjinchabadina raagini kooda kaligi untundi, mariyu mukhyamgaa raagi vanarugaa baga grahinchabadutundi. sareeramlo raagi saadhaaranamgaa enterohepatic prasaranaku lonavutundi (rojuku sumaru 5 mii. graa., verses. rojuku sumaru 1 mii. graa. aahaaramlo soshinchabadutundi mariyu sareeram nundi visarjinchabadutundi), mariyu sareeram kontha adanapu raagini, avasaramaite, pittam dwara visarjinchagaladu, idhi kaaleyam nundi kontha raagini teesukuvelutundi, adhi pregu dwara tirigi grahinchabadadu.
aahara sifaarsulu.
yuu.ess. institute off medicine (iom) (iom) raagi kosam anchanaa vesina sagatu avasaralu (chevulu) mariyu sifaarsu chesina aahara bhatyaalanu (rds) naveekarinchindi. chevulu mariyu ardslanu sthaapinchadaaniki taginanta samacharam lekapothe, daaniki badulugaa taginanta teesukovadam (aii) anae anchanaa upayoginchabadutundi. raagi kosam eys unnaih 0-6 nelala maga mariyu aadavaariki 200 microgram raagi, mariyu 7-12-nela maga mariyu aadavaariki 220 microgram raagi. rendu lingaalaku, raagi kosam ardas 1-3 samvatsaraala vayassu kosam 340 microgram raagi, 4-8 samvatsaraala vayassu kosam 440 microgram raagi, 9-13 samvatsaraala vayassu kosam 700 microgram raagi, 14-18 samvatsaraala vayassu kosam 890 microgram raagi mariyu 19 samvatsaraalu mariyu anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaariki 900 microgram raagi. garbhadhaarana kosam, 1,000 microgramlu. chanubalivvadam kosam, 1,300 microgram. bhadrata kosam, aadharalu taginantagaa unnappudu vitaminlu mariyu khanijala kosam sahinchadagina adhika teesukovadam sthaayilanu (ulls) kooda ayom sett chestundi. raagi vishayamlo ull 10 mg/roeju vadda sett cheyabadutundi. samishtiga chevulu, ardas, ice mariyu ulls lanu aahara suuchana intakes anie pilustaaru.
european phud safety authority (efsa) anedi aahara suuchana viluvalugaa, ardaku badulugaa janabha suuchana teesukovadam (prai) mariyu cheviki badulugaa sagatu avasaramtho kuudina samachara samuuhaanni suuchistumdi. ii mariyu ull samyukta rashtraalalo nirvachinchinatle. 18 mariyu anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna mahilalu mariyu purushulaku ais varusaga 1.3 mariyu 1.6 mii. graa/roeju vadda sett cheyabadindi. garbham mariyu chanubalivvadam kosam ice 1.5 mii. graa/roeju. 1-17 samvatsaraala vayassu gala pillalaku vayassu 0.7 nundi 1.3 mg/rojuku perugutundi. eee ailu yuu kante ekkuvagaa untaayi.ess. aarr. dii. ess. european phud safety authority adhe bhadrata prasnanu sameekshinchi, daani ulnu 5 mg/roeju vadda sett chesindi, idhi sagam U.ess. viluva.
yuu kosam.ess. aahara mariyu aahara anubandha labeling prayojanaala kosam, oka sevalo mottam rojuvaaree viluva (% dv) saatamgaa vyakteekarinchabadutundi. raagi label prayojanaala kosam rojuvaaree viluva yokka 100% 2 mii. graa., conny daanini rda thoo oppandam kudurchukovadaniki 0.9 mii. graa. kii savarinchabadindi. paatha mariyu kotta vayojana rojuvaaree viluvala pattika rojuvaaree suuchanaloe andinchabadutundi.
lopam.
iron teesukoovadaanni sulabhataram cheyadamlo daani paatra kaaranamgaa, raagi lopam raktaheenata vanti lakshanaalu, neutropenia, emuka asaadhaaranatalu, hypopigmentation, balaheenamaina perugudala, infectionla sambhavam, bolu emukala vyaadhi, hyper thyroidism mariyu glucose mariyu collustroll metabolismlo asaadhaaranatalanu utpatti chestundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, willson vyaadhi shareera kanajaalaalo raagi perukupovadaniki kaaranamavutundi.
takkuva plasma ledhaa seeram raagi sthaayilu, takkuva seruloplasmine mariyu takkuva erra rakta kana superoxide dismutase sthaayila kosam pareekshinchadam dwara teevramaina lopaanni kanugonavacchu; ivi upanta raagi sthithiki sunnitamgaa undavu. leukocytelu mariyu plateletla cytochrome sii accidase charya" lopam yokka maroka karakamga perkonabadindi, conny phalitaalu pratiroopam dwara dhruvikarinchabadaledu.
vishapuuritam.
vividha raagi lavanaala graama parimaanaalu aatmahatya prayatnaalalo teesukobaddaayi mariyu maanavulalo teevramaina raagi vishapuuritatanu utpatti chesaayi, bahusha redox saikling mariyu DNA nuu debbatise reactive oxygen jaatula utpatti kaaranamgaa. sambandhita mottamlo raagi lavanaalu (30 mii. graa/kilolu) jantuvulalo vishapuuritamainavi. kundellalo aarogyakaramaina perugudalaku kaneesa aahara viluva aahaaramlo kaneesam 3 ppm gaa nivedinchabadindi. ayithe, kundella aahaaramlo raagi (100 ppm, 200 ppm ledhaa 500 ppm) adhika saandratalu aaharam marpidi saamarthyam, vruddhi raetlu mariyu shavam dustulu dharinche saataalanu anukuulamgaa prabhaavitam cheyavachu.
deerghakaalika raagi vishapuuritam saadhaaranamgaa maanavulalo sambhavinchadu endukante shoshana mariyu visarjanan niyantrinche ravana vyavasthalu. raagi ravana proteinlalo autosomal recessive utparivartanalu eee vyavasthalanu nilipiveyagalavu, ivi raagi perukupovadam mariyu rendu lopabhuishta janyuvulanu vaarasatvamgaa pondina vyaktulalo kaaleyam yokka syrrosis thoo willson vyaadhiki daariteestaayi.
perigina raagi sthaayilu kooda algimers vyaadhi yokka teevrataram avtunna lakshanaalatoo mudipadi unnaayi.
maanava bahirgatam.
samyukta rashtraallo, vruttiparamaina bhadrata mariyu aarogya paripalana (oshaa) pani pradaesamloe raagi dummu mariyu pogalaku anumatinchadagina bahirgata parimitini (pell) 1 mg/m3 yokka samaya-baruvunna sagatu (twa) gaa niyaminchindi. jaateeya vruttiparamaina bhadrata mariyu aarogyam samstha (niyosh) 1 mg/m3, samaya-baruvunna sagatu yokka sifaarsu chesina bahirgata parimitini (rell) nirdesinchindi. edlhetch (jeevitam mariyu aarogyaaniki ventane pramaadakaramainadi) viluva 100 mii. mii.
pogaaku pogalo raagi oka bhaagam. pogaaku mokka chuttupakkala matti nundi raagi vanti bhaarii lohalanu takshaname grahinchi, daani aakulloki perukupotundi. poga peelchina taruvaata ivi viniyogadaaru sareeramloki takshaname grahinchabadataayi. aarogyaparamaina prabhavalu spashtamgaa laevu.

