
suupar grid

suupar grid ledhaa supergrid anedi vistruta-praanta prasaara network, saadhaaranamgaa khandantara ledhaa bahulajaati, idhi chaalaa dooraalalo adhika parimaanamlo vidyut vaanijyaanni saadhyam cheyadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. dheenini konnisaarlu "mega grid" anie kooda pilustaaru. suupar gridlu saadhaaranamgaa adhika-voltage pratyaksha current (hetch. vii. dii. sii) nuu upayoginchi suduura vidyutnu prasaram cheyaalani pratipaadinchabaddaayi. taja taram hetch. vii. dii. sii vidyut linelu 1,000 kilometres 1.6 saatam nashtaalato saktini prasaram cheyagalavu.
suupar gridlu pavana shakti mariyu soura shakti yokka sthaanika hecchutaggulanu sulabhataram cheyadam dwara prapancha shakti parivartanaku maddatu ivvagalavu. eee sandarbhamlo avi global warmingnu tagginchadaaniki keelakamaina saanketika parignaanamgaa pariganhinchabadutunnaayi.
charitra.
suduuramgaa unna punarutpaadaka vanarulanu sadviniyogam chesukovadaniki suduura prasaara maargaalanu roopondinchaalane aalochana kottemi kaadu. 1950laloe samyukta rashtraallo, pasiphik vaayuvyamlo nirminchabadutunna aanakattala nundi jalavidyut saktini dakshina californialoni viniyogadaarulaku ravana cheyalane pratipaadana cheyabadindi, conny adhi vyatirekinchabadindi mariyu raddu cheyabadindi. 1961loe, yuu.ess. adhyakshudu zaan eff. sweeden nundi kotta hye-voltage, direct current technologyni upayoginchi pedda praja panula prajectuku kennedy adhikaram ichindi. eee project yuu yokka general electric madhya sannihita sahakaramga chepattabadindi.ess. mariyu sweeden yokka samudram, mariyu eee vyavastha 1970loe praarambhinchabadindi. madhya dasaabdaalalo convertor stationla aneka naveekaranalato, eee vyavastha ippudu 3,100 megawatla saamarthyaanni kaligi undhi mariyu dheenini pasiphik disi interty anie pilustaaru.
suupar grid" anae bhavana 1960la naatidi mariyu grate britton grid yokka abhivruddhi chendutunna ekikarananu vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadindi.
british gridnu niyantrinche code, grid code, supergrid prastutam nirvachinchabadindi-mariyu eee code modata 1990 loe vrayabadinappati nundi-200 kv (200,000 voltlu) kante ekkuva voltagela vadda anusandhaaninchabadina british vidyut prasaara vyavasthalooni aaa bhaagaalanu suuchistumdi. anduvalla british power system plannerlu mariyu kaaryaacharana sibbandi eee sandarbhamlo suupar grid gurinchi nirantaram matladataru; aacharanalo upayoginchina nirvachanam ingland mariyu vaelslooni jaateeya grid company yaajamaanyamloni anni parikaraalanu sangrahistundi, mariyu itara parikaraalu laevu.
gatha 40 samvatsaraalalo maarinadi suupar gridlo saadhyamayye shakti mariyu dhooraala sthaayi. airopa 1950laloe thana gridlanu ekikrutam cheyadam praarambhinchindi mariyu daani atipedda ekikruta grid 24 deshaalaku sevalu andinche khandantara airopa yokka synchronous grid. konni cis deshaala poruguna unna synchronous transmission grid, ips/ups gridto eee synchronous european grid (gatamlo ute grid anie piluvabadedi) ekikaranapai teevramaina pani jarugutondi. poortayinatlayithe, phalitamgaa vachhe bhaarii grid atlantic nundi pasiphik varaku vistarinchi unna 13 samaya mandalaalo vistarinchi untundi.
ituvanti gridlu chaalaa dhooram prayaaninchinappatikii, raddi mariyu niyantrana samasyala kaaranamgaa pedda mottamlo vidyuttunu prasaram chese saamarthyam parimitam avutundi. supermart grid (eurup) mariyu unified smart grid (us) pradhana saanketika merugudalalanu paerkontaayi, ivi aacharanaatmaka operationku bharosa ivvadaaniki avasaramani pratipaadakulu paerkontaaru mariyu atuvanti khandantara mega gridla yokka prayojanaalanu vaagdaanam chestaaru.
concept.
prastuta viniyogamlo, "suupar grid" kii rendu indriyaalu unnaayi-okati ippatike unna praantiiya transmission grid ledhaa gridlapy atigaa amarchabadina ledhaa atigaa amarchabadina uparitala pora, mariyu rendavadi atyanta adhunaatana gridlanu kooda minchina konni unnata saamardhyaalanu kaligi undatam.
mega grid.
ovarle" ledhaa "suupar structure" antey, suupar grid anedi pedda ettuna punarutpaadaka vidyuttunu prasaram cheyagala vistruta praanta samakaaleekarana netvarkku chaalaa suduura samanam. konni bhaavanalalo, hetch. vii. dii. sii. transmission linela transmission grid anedi nagara veedhulu mariyu praantiiya rahadaarula vyavastha nundi suupar haive vyavastha vaerugaa unna vidhamgaa spashtamgaa vaerugaa unde poranu yerparustundi. synchronous european grid ute mariyu cis yokka ips/ups vyavastha yokka pratipaadita ekikarana vanti marinta sampradaaya bhaavanalalo, atuvanti mega grid saadhaarana wide area synchronous transmission vyavasthalaku bhinnamgaa undadu, ikkada vidyut sthaanika utility transmission linelu ledhaa hechvidisi linela dwara neerugaa taatkaalika ravana marganni teesukuntundi.
ituvanti khandantara parimaana vyavasthala adhyayanalu network sanklishtata, prasaara raddi mariyu vegavantamaina roganirdhaarana, samanvayam mariyu niyantrana vyavasthala avasaram phalitamgaa scaling samasyalu unnayani nivedistunnaayi. rashtra, praantiiya ledhaa jaateeya ledhaa khandantara sarihaddula dwara kooda parimitulu laeni dooraalalo nirantaraayamgaa shakti vaanijyaanni prothsahinchadaaniki prastuta prasaara vyavasthala kante prasaara saamarthyam gananeeyamgaa ekkuvagaa undaalani ituvanti adhyayanalu gamaninchaayi.
aacharanaatmaka vishayamgaa, 2003 naati eshaanya blockawoot vanti pedda vidyut antaraayaalanu nivaarinchadaaniki wide area sensor netvarklu (wams) vanti smart grid lakshanaalanu kooda niraadambaramaina parimaanamlo unna praantiiya gridlalo cherchadam avasaram ayyindi. vidyut utpatti samuuhaala madhya dynamic paraspara charyalu marinta sanklishtamgaa unnaayi, mariyu porugu viniyogaalalo pravahinche taatkaalika aatamkaalu akasmaattugaa, peddavigaa mariyu himsaatmakamgaa undavacchu, operatorlu netvarknu manaveeyamgaa sthireekarinchadaaniki prayatnistunnanduna network topologylo aakasmika maarpulu untaayi.
unnata grid.
adhunaatana grid yokka rendava konamlo, suupar grid anedi vistruta praantam mega grid kabatti matrame kakunda, idhi deshaalu mariyu khandaalalo vistarinchi unna sthuula sthaayi nundi, neeti heaterlu mariyu sheetaleekarana vanti takkuva praadhaanyata lodlanu micro-sthaayi scheduling varaku atyanta samanvayamtho unnanduna kooda unnatamainadi. european suupar smart grid pratipaadana mariyu us unified smart grid conceptlo, atuvanti suupar gridlu wide-area transmission poralo intelligence lakshanaalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi sthaanika smart gridlanu oke wide-area suupar gridlo ekikrutam chestaayi. idhi internet bahula chinna netvarklanu oke sarvavyaapta networklo elaa bandhinchindo pooli untundi.
wide area transmissionnu smart grid yokka kshitija samaantara podigimpugaa chudavachu. oka namuunaa maarpulo, shakti pravaham dvidisagaa maaradamtho, prasaram mariyu pampinhee madhya vyatyaasam ekikaranato aspashtamgaa maarutundi. udaaharanaku, graameena praantaallooni pampinhee gridlu vaaru upayoginche daanikante ekkuva saktini utpatti cheyavachu, sthaanika smart gridnu virtual power plantga maarchavacchu ledhaa nagaram yokka oka million electric vaahanaala samudaayaanni smart gridku anusandhaaninchadam dwara transmission sarafaraalo sikharaalanu tagginchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu.
atuvanti bhougolikamgaa chedaragottabadina mariyu dynamicga samatulya vyavastha yokka oka prayojanam emitante, samudram, soura mariyu gaali vanti konni vanarula madhyantaraanni sunnitamgaa cheyagaladu kabatti bays load utpatti avasaram gananeeyamgaa taggutundi.
doctor dwara vivaranaatmaka modeling adhyayanala shreni. european-vyaapta punarutpaadaka saktini sweekarinchadam mariyu hetch. vii. dii. sii. kebullanu upayoginchi vidyut gridlanu anusandhaaninchadam gurinchi pariseelinchina gregor sijish, airopa yokka mottam vidyut viniyogam punarutpaadaka saktula nundi ravachani suuchistumdi, gaali nundi mottam shakti 70 saatam adhe sthaayilo untundi ledhaa prastutam unna daanikante takkuva.
kontamandi vimarsakulaku, ituvanti vistruta praanta prasaara pora kottadi kaadu; praantiiya mariyu jaateeya vidyut prasaara networkla kosam upayoginche saanketikatato poliste saanketikatalo chaalaa takkuva vyatyaasam undani vaaru etthi chuupaaru. antarjaateeya sarihaddula meedugaa taatkaalika samanvayam mariyu adapadadapa vidyut vanarula samatulyatanu anumatinche gunaatmaka smart grid lakshanaalaku minchi, parimaanaatmaka samagrataku daani swantha naanhyata undani pratipaadakulu pratispandistaaru. suupar gridlu marketlanu terustaayani vaadana cheyabadindi.
samagra adhika-saamarthyam gala netvarklu nirminchinappudu freevelu antar rashtra ravaanaalo viplavaatmaka maarpulu teesukuvacchaayi mariyu internet online vaanijyamlo viplavaatmaka maarpulu tecchina vidhamgaane, pampinhee netvarknu andinchadaaniki adhika saamarthyam gala suupar gridnu nirminchaalani vaadinchabadindi, idhi chaalaa samagramainadi mariyu andubaatulo unna saamardhyamtho, indhana vyaparam entha vidyut vyavasthaapakulanu marketloki teesukuraagaladane daanipai matrame parimitam avutundi.
saanketikata.
wide area suupar grid pranaalikalu saadhaaranamgaa adhika voltage pratyaksha current linelanu upayoginchi bhaarii prasaram kosam pilupunistaayi. airopa yokka suupar smart grid pratipaadana hetch. vii. dii. sii. paie aadharapadi untundi, mariyu samyukta rashtraallo, steven chu vanti keelaka nirnayaadhikaarulu jaateeya suduura disi grid vyavasthanu ishtapadataaru.
adhika voltage pratyaamnaaya current (hetch. vii. eah. sii) kuu parisrama maddatudaarulu unnaaru. anuvaina pratyaamnaaya current transmission systems (vaastavaalu) chaalaa dooraalaku lopaalanu kaligi unnappatikee, american electric power vaaru ii-765 anie piliche 765 kevi suupar gridnu geluchukundi, idhi midwestloni pavana kshetraala nundi 20 saatam us saktini utpatti cheyadaaniki avasaramaina 400 gigawatla adanapu transmission saamarthyaanni andistundi. (paina unna chitraanni chudandi). hetch vii dii sii vyavasthalu point tuu point bulk transmission kosam aadhaaritamainavani, vatiki bahula connectionlaku esi linelanu upayoginchinatlayithe avasaramaina saadhaarana step up transformerlaku viruddhamgaa khareedaina sanklishta communication mariyu niyantrana parikaraalu avasaramavutaayani hetch vii dii sii vyavasthala nyaayavaadulu etthi chuupaaru. prastutam, oke oka bahula binduvu suduura hetch. vii. dii. sii. prasaara vyavastha undhi.
marinta suduura bhavishyattulo, prayogaatmaka suupar conducting "supergrid" saanketika parignaanaanni upayoginchi prastuta paddhatula voltage nashtanni nivaarinchavacchu, ikkada transmission kebulnu drava hydrogen pipeline dwara challabarustaaru, idhi desavyaaptamgaa saktini taralinchadaaniki kooda upayoginchabadutundi. drava hydrojannu srushtinchadaaniki, kaligi undataaniki mariyu tirigi challabarachadaaniki shakti nashtalanu lekkinchaali.
network yokka samanvayam mariyu niyantrana anedi naveekarana yogyamaina indhana vanarulalo hecchutaggula valla networklo asamatulyatanu vaegamgaa gurtinchadaaniki fazer kolata unitlu vanti smart grid saanketika parignaanaanni upayogistundi mariyu network aatamkaalaku pratispandanagaa maargam maarchadaaniki, lodnu tagginchadaaniki ledhaa utpattini tagginchadaaniki programme cheyabadina automatic rakshana pathakaalatho takshaname pratispandistundi.
prabhutva vidhanam.
prapancha, khandantara suupar grid aalochanaku chaina maddatu istundi. samyukta rashtraallo suupar grid kosam, prastutam pranaalika dasalo unna punarutpaadaka shakti samsthaapanatho kalipi greenhouse vaayu udgaaraalanu 80 saatam taggistundani oka adhyayanam anchanaa vesindi.
gananeeyamaina sthaayi.
european suupar grid kosam oka adhyayanam anchanaa prakaram 750 gigawatla adanapu prasaara saamarthyam avasaramavutundi-idhi hetch. vii. dii. sii lainlatho 5 gigawatla incrementlalo vasati kalpistundi.
transkenada iteevala chesina pratipaadana prakaram 1,600-kimmy, 3 gdableu hechvidisi line dhara 3 billion dollarlu; dheeniki 60 meterla vedalpu gala carridar avasaram.
bhaaratadesamlo, iteevala 6 gigawatla, 1,850 kilometres pratipaadana dhara $790 millionlu mariyu dheeniki 69 meterla vedalpu gala maargam avasaram.
european suupar grid kosam 750 gigawatla kotta hetch. vii. dii. sii. prasaara saamarthyam avasaramaite, kotta prasaara maargaalaku avasaramaina bhoomi mariyu dabbu gananeeyamgaa untundi.
shakti swaatantryam.
airopalo, suupar grid yokka indhana bhadrata prabhavam kontavaraku russian shakti aadhipatyaanni nivaarinche maargamgaa charchinchabadindi.
samyukta rashtraallo, tii vanti nyaayavaadulu. boone pickenlu united states indhana swaatantryaanni prothsahinchadaaniki jaateeya prasaara grid aalochananu prothsahinchaayi. samagra suupar grid saamardhyaalanu kaligi unna ekikruta smart gridnu all gor samarthinchaaru. gor mariyu james ii vanti itara nyaayavaadulu. global warmingnu poeshinchae shilaja indhana viniyogaanni utpatti chese greenhouse vaayuvunu puurtigaa bharti cheyadaaniki suupar gridlu avasaramani hansen nammutaaru.
kaaridaarlaku anumatulu.
suupar grid yokka kotta transmission linelu upayoginche vidyut transmission kaaridaarlaku pedda mottamlo bhoomi avasaram avutundi. drushya prabhavam, grahinchina aarogya samasyalapai aandolana mariyu paryaavarana samasyala gurinchi aandolanala kaaranamgaa vidyut teegalu kuurchoevadaaniki gananeeyamaina vyatiraekata undavacchu. united states jaateeya aasakti gala electric transmission caridarlanu niyaminche prakriyanu kaligi undhi, mariyu eee prakriya aaa desamlo suupar grid kosam maargaalanu paerkonadaaniki upayoginche avakaasam undhi. european unionlo, kotta ovar head linela kosam anumatulu sulabhamgaa 10 samvatsaraalaku cherukovacchu.
konni sandarbhaallo, idhi bhoogarbha kebulnu marinta soukaryavantamgaa chesindi. bhoomi avasaram overhead kante aidava vanthu kaavacchu mariyu anumati prakriya gananeeyamgaa vaegamgaa untundi kabatti, bhoogarbha cable marinta khareedainadi, takkuva saamarthyam, takkuva kaalam jeevinchedi mariyu gananeeyamgaa ekkuva samayam pani cheyanidigaa unna balaheenatalu unnappatikee marinta aakarshanheeyamgaa untundi.
vyapara prayojanaalu.
kuurchuntaaru.
viluvaina vastuvulanu ravana cheyagala saamarthyam kaaranamgaa suupar haives bhoomi viluvalanu marchinatle, vyaparalu tama prayojanam kosam suupar grid yokka sthaanaanni prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki balamgaa prerepinchabadataayi. pratyaamnaaya vidyut kharchu anedi pampinhee cheyabadina vidyut dhara, mariyu uttara dakota wind ledhaa arizona solar nundi vidyut utpatti poteegaa undalante, wind phaam nundi interstate transmission gridku connection dhooram peddagaa undakudadu. endukante generator nundi transmission linela varaku feeder lineku saadhaaranamgaa generation yajamani chellistaaru. praja viniyoga commission vanti sthaanika niyantrana kharchutho konni praantaalu eee linela kharchunu chellinchadaaniki sahaayapadataayi. tii. boone pickens project feeder linelaku praivetugaa chellinchadaaniki enchukundi. texas vanti konni praantaalu atuvanti prajectulaku pramukha domine yokka saktini istayi, idhi companylu pranaalikaabaddhamaina nirmaana maargamlo bhoomini swaadheenam chesukovadaniki veelu kalpistundi.
saanketika praadhaanyatalu.
suupar grid hetch. vii. dii. sii saanketikatanu upayogistundaa ledhaa esini upayogistundaa anae daanipai shakti utpattidaarulu aasakti kaligi unnaaru, endukante hetch. vii. dii. sii lineku connection kharchu saadhaaranamgaa esini upayoginchinatlayithe kante ekkuvagaa untundi. pickens plaan 765 kevi esi transmissionku anukuulamgaa untundi, idhi suduura transmissionku takkuva samarthavantamgaa pariganinchabadutundi.
pootii.
1960laloe, private california vidyut companylu pasiphik intertai prajectunu vyatiraekimchaayi, saanketika abhyantaraalu raddu cheyabaddaayi. project puurtayinappudu, laas angelsloni viniyogadaarulu sumaru yuu. ess. nuu aadaa chesaaru.ess. columbia nadipai prajectula nundi vidyut saktini upayoginchadam dwara rojuku $600,000, sthaanika vidyut companylu khareedaina shilaja indhanaanni kalchadam dwara kaadu.