
roda savapetika

roda savapetika (1826-1909), oka prakampana saamaajika samskarta, rachayita, nigraha samarayodhudu mariyu mahilaa hakkula nyaayavaadi, aame jailu samskaranalo chesina prayatnaalaku prasiddhi chendindi. 1869loe mahilalu mariyu baalikala kosam indiana samskarana samsthanu sthaapinchadamlo aame samagra paatra pooshinchindi. idhi united stateslo modati mahilaa niyantrita mahilaa jailugaa maarindi. aame samskaranakartala nirvaahaka mandaliki adhyakshuraligaa kooda panicheesaaru. jailu samskaranala tarapuna savapetika chesina prayatnaalu aamenu jaateeya jailu samskarana udyamamlo pramukha vyaktigaa marchai, aame vistrutamgaa prayaaninchindi, vyasalu rasindi mariyu eee amsampai prasamgaalu chesindi. mahilalu mariyu pillalaku sahayapade itara kaaranaalalo kooda aame vijaetagaa nilichindi.
savapetika yokka swachchanda pani 1850laloe praarambhamaindi, aame mariyu aame bhartha charless savapetika, vaaru nivasinchina indianaloni richmandloni illanu sandarsinchadam mariyu baibillanu pampinhee cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. aame bhartha bhaagaswaamyamto, aame 1864loe marian streat sabbat paatasaalanu, 1866loe itara sthaanika mahilalatho kalisi home mission associationnu sthaapinchindi. adhyakshuraligaa aame naayakatvamlo, mission association 1868loe richmandlo snehaheena mahilala kosam oka gruhanni sthaapinchindi. 1870laloe mahilaa jailu samskartagaa aame vijayam saadhinchina taruvaata, savapetika temperance crusadelo cherindi. itara mahilalatho kalisi aame 1874loe mahilala kraistava nigraha sangham (doubleu. tii. yuu) loe oka sthaanika adhyayanni sthaapinchindi. saamaajika samskaranalapai savapetika aasakti kooda 1880loe indiana aasupatriki modati mahilaa vaidyudini niyaminchadamlo aameku sahaayapadataaniki daariteesindi. savapetika bhartha mariyu kumaarulato kuudina byaank kumbhakonam 1884loe chikago, illinaisku vellamani balavantam chesindi. aame jeevitamlo migilina iravai aidu samvatsaraalu savapetika chikagolo nivasinchindi, akkada aame jailu samskaranalapai rayadam mariyu matladatam konasaaginchindi mariyu thana bhartatho kalisi praanta jaillu mariyu verri aasrayaalanu sandarsinchindi.
prarambha jeevitam mariyu kutumbam.
judit mariyu zaan johnson yokka nalgava santaanam roda moorman johnson fibravari 1,1826naa ohiyoloni green kounteelooni paintersville sameepamlo janminchaaru. aame kathinamaina, sampradaaya quaker vyavasaya kutumbamlo perigindi. 1845loe, aame tallidandrulu indianaloni wine kounteeki prabhutva peethamaina richmandloni whitewater nelawari samavesa paatasaalalo cheravachani angeekarinchaaru, conny aame tandri anaaroogyaaniki guraina taruvaata kutumbaaniki sahayam cheyadaaniki 1846loe intiki tirigi vacchaaru.
johnson thana bhartha charless savapetikanu (1823-1916) richmandloni paatasaalalo chaduvutunnappudu kalusukunnaru. charless indiana vaarshika samavesaniki gumasta (presiding officer) mariyu pramukha richmond banker ayina elijah savapetika kumarudu. roda mariyu charless savapetika 1847loe vivaham chesukuni, richmandlo tama intini sthaapinchaaru, akkada charless 1858loe indiana vaarshika samavesaniki clerkga thana tandri taruvaata vacchaadu mariyu 1859loe richmond national byaank adhyakshudayyadu. savapetikalu aruguru pillala tallidandrulu ayyayi. pramukha, unnata-taragati quaker kutumbamlo sabhyuluga, vaaru richmond mariyu indianaloni indianapolis yokka sampanna kutumbaalato saanghikeekarinchaaru.
vrutti.
prarambha samvatsaraalu.
roda mariyu charless savapetika 1850laloe daatrutva karyakalapalalo nimagnamayyayi, vaaru american baibil society panitho kalisi baibillanu pampinhee cheyadaaniki richmandloni illaku velladam praarambhinchaaru. vaaru 1858loe paedalaku sahayam andinchadaaniki sthaapinchabadina richmond yokka paropakari samaajamlo kooda nayakulu ayyaru. 1860loe indiana vaarshika samavesam vaarshika samavesamlo yuvata praarthana karyakramanni erpaatu cheyadaaniki anumati korinappudu savapetikala pani marinta vistarinchindi. 2, 000 mandhi paalgonevaarini aakarshinchina eee vijayavantamaina karyakramam, vaari intlo varapu praarthana brundaanni sthaapinchadaaniki daariteesindi mariyu roda yokka daatrutva vruttiki naandi palikindi.
oka paropakari, kraistava samskartagaa, savapetika diguva saamaajika-aardhika taragatulalo unnavaariki sahayam cheyadam thana lakshyam anie nammadu. aame swachchanda karyakalapalu ekkuvagaa aame bhartha prayatnaalaku anugunamgaa unnappatikee, aame itara mahilalatho kalisi samskarana prajectulalo kooda panicheesaaru. 1864loe savapetikalu richmandlo marian streat sabbat paatasaalanu vijayavantamgaa sthaapinchi, paatasaala saha-superintendentga panicheesaayi. 1865 mae loe daani modati vaarshikotsavam natiki, paatasaala namodu 30 nundi 250 mandhi vidyaarthulaku perigindi. 1866loe savapetika mariyu itara quaker mahilalu richmandlo home mission associationnu sthaapinchaaru. adhyakshuraligaa aame naayakatvamlo, sangham yokka karyakalapalalo varapu praarthana samavesalanu spaansar cheyadam, mataparamaina tractlanu pampinhee cheyadam, aadivaaram paatasaalalanu nirvahinchadam mariyu jaillanu sandarsinchadam vantivi unnaayi, ayithe 1868loe jarigina daani pradhana vijayam, richmandlo snehapoorvaka mahilala kosam oka gruhanni sthaapinchadam. eee sadupaayamlo purushula dharmakartala boardu undedi, conny savapetika daani nirvaahakula boardu adhyakshudiga panichesindi. eee prajectula dwara savapetika aame naayakatvaanni mariyu samsthaagata naipunhyaalanu abhivruddhi chesindi, endukante aame mariyu aame bhartha tama samskarana karyakalapalanu rashtra mariyu jaateeya sthaayiki vistarinchaaru.
jailu samskarta.
jailu samskaranala tarapuna savapetika chesina prayatnam, mukhyamgaa indianalo mahilala kosam pratyeka rashtra karagaranni sthaapinchadaaniki aame chesina krushi, aamenu jaateeya jailu-samskarana udyamamlo pragatiseela nayakudiga chesindi mariyu mahilalu mariyu pillalaku sahayapade itara kaaranaalaku aamenu vijaetagaa chesindi.
richmandloni marian streat sabbat paatasaalato savapetikalu chesina pani vaarini jailu mariyu samskaranaatmaka samasyalaku parichayam chesindi. janavari 11,1867naa, indiana governor olivar p. charless savapetikaku chinnanati snehitudaina morton, baluru kosam samskaranakarta avasaram gurinchi daryaaptu chese commissionku atanni niyaminchaadu. commission kanugonna vivaraala aadhaaramgaa, rashtra prabhutvam baalura rakshakula kosam aasrayam gruhanni, indianaloni plainfieldlo baalura kosam samskarana paatasaalanu erpaatu chesindi. charless savapetika daani nirvaahaka mandaliki adhyakshudiga niyaminchabaddaadu. samskaranakartanu sthaapinche commission pani samayamlo, roda thana bhartatho kalisi eee sadupaayaanni sthaapinchadaaniki rashtra prabhutvaanni lobbying chese prayatnamlo paalgonnadi. vaari vijayavantamaina lobbying prayatnaala phalitamgaa, savapetikalu jailu samskaranalaku maddatugaa tama khyaatini sthaapinchukunnaayi. eee anubhavam roda nuu indiana raajakeeyaalaku parichayam chesi, aame paatranu vistarinchindi.
1868loe, governor kanrad baker abhyardhana meraku, savapetikalu indiana yokka rendu rashtra kaaraagaaraalanu sandarsinchi vaari paristhitini nivedinchi, merugudalalanu sifaarsu chesaayi. roda taanu chusina mariyu neerchukunna vaatini chuusi digbhraantiki guraindi, indulo indianaloni jeffersonvilleloni rashtra jailulo maga mariyu aada khaideelanu durviniyogam cheyadam mariyu durviniyogam cheyadam vanti sanghatanalu unnaayi. anubhavaala phalitamgaa aame rashtra prabhutvam purushulu mariyu mahilala kosam pratyeka jaillanu nirminchaalani sifaarsu chesindi. mahilala niyantrita mahilaa jailu soukaryam kosam kooda aame vaadinchaaru. mahilaa khaideela avasaralanu ardham chesukovadaniki mahilalu uttamamgaa sannaddhamavutaarani savapetika gattiga nammedi."
mahilala jailunu sthaapinchadaaniki chattaniki maddatu ivvadaaniki savapetikalu indiana general assembly sabhyulanu lobbying cheyadaaniki nelala tarabadi gadipayi mariyu 1869 mae 13naa billu aamodinchabadindi. mahilalu mariyu baalikala kosam indiana samskarana samsthanu indianapolislo sthaapinchaaru, sandarsakula purushulu mariyu mahilala borduche darsakatvam vahinchabadindi, daani aardhika nirvahananu purushula boardu paryaveekshistundi. governor jailu yokka modati sandarsakula mandaliki roda nuu niyaminchaadu. jaillanu punaravasa kendraalugaa chuse kotta jailu samskarana tatvaanni aame viswasinchindi, mariyu jailulo unna mahilalu kuttu mariyu gruhanirmaana naipunhyaalanu neerchukoodaaniki prothsahinchindi, tadwara vaaru jailulo unnappudu pani cheyalsi untundi.
indianalo mahilalaku pratyeka jailu sadupaayaanni kalpinchadamlo savapetika vijayam, mahilaa khaideela punaravasam kosam vaadinchadam aamenu jailu-samskarana udyamamlo prasiddha vyaktigaa marchai. 1870laloe aame vistrutamgaa paryatinchindi, 1870loe jarigina modati jaateeya jailu samavesaniki haajarayyindi, thana bhartatho kalisi airopa mariyu madhyapraachyamloni jailu vyavasthalanu sandarsinchindi.
1873 aktobaru 8naa indiana samskarana samstha praarambhamaina taruvaata, antargata nirvahana samasyalu mariyu sangharshanhalu unnappatikee, idhi jaateeya prasamsalu andukundi. savapetika mariyu sandarsakula boardu 1876loe rashtra saasanasabha drushtiki tama aandolanalanu teesukuvacchaayi. jaateeya jailu samavesamlo oka mahila chesina modati prasangamlo kooda aame eee samasyalanu prastaavinchaaru, akkada aame mahilala jaillapai mahilaa niyantrana avasaranni nokki chepparu. aame prayatnaalu vijayavantamayyaayi. 1877loe, oka daryaaptu mugisina taruvaata, indiana general assembly oka kotta, mottam-mahilaa bordunu erpaatu cheyadaaniki chattanni aamodinchindi, idhi indianapolisloni mahilala samskarananu puurtigaa mahilalache nirvahinchabadutunna united stateslo modati jailugaa chesindi. savapetikanu borduku niyaminchi, boardu adhyakshudiga niyaminchaaru. kotta nirvaahaka mandali jailu balaheenamaina aardhika paristhitini sarichesina taruvaata, itara samsthalu anusarinchadaaniki kotta pramaanaalanu erpaatu chesindi.
savapetika nirmaanamloo unnappudu samskaranakarta purogatini paryaveekshinchadamloo churukuga undhi mariyu desavyaaptamgaa jailu samskaranalanu prothsahinchadam konasaaginchindi. eee amsampai nipunudigaa gurtimpu pondina mariyu indiana maargadarsaka mahilaa jailu vyavasthaapakudu mariyu boardu adhyakshuraligaa aame paatraku, savapetika kooda vyasalu rasindi mariyu eee amsampai conferences presentations chesindi. ayithe, 1880la praarambhamlo, bhookampam kaliginchina vaari madhya vibhedaalu savapetika aame daatrutva karyakalapalanu punahpariseelinchadaaniki kaaranamayyaayi. adanamgaa, indiana mahilaa jailu boardu naayakatvaaniki vyatiraekata kaaranamgaa aame 1881loe vivaadaalu mariyu khaideela durviniyogam gurinchi firyadula taruvaata daani adhyaksha padaviki rajinama chesindi. institute doshigaa telakapoyinappatiki, vaartaa coverage jailu naayakatvam yokka uddeshaalu mariyu saamarthyam gurinchi prasnalanu levanettindi.
mahilaa hakkula nyaayavaadi.
mahilaa jailu samskaranala tarapuna savapetika chesina krushi kooda mahilala hakkula gurinchi aame drukpathaanni roopondinchindi. aame 1873 loe mahilala crusadelo paalgondi, idhi seloonlaku vyatiraekamgaa suvaarta mahilalalo attadugu sthaayi prayatnam. richmond crusaderlalo savapetika nayakudiga udbhavinchindi. 1874 navambarulo, udyamam balamaina sthaanika vyatiraekatanu aakarshinchina taruvaata, savapetika mariyu itara richmond mahilalu tama samskarana prayatnaalanu marinta munduku teesukelladaaniki "marinta saampradayakamgaa-nirmaanaatmaka nigraha samstha" ayina doubleu. tii. yuu yokka oka adhyayanni sthaapinchaaru.
mahilaa khaideela tarapuna savapetika chesina krushi, aaa taruvaata jarigina saasana yuddhalu kooda mahilala samaanatvam, raajakeeya hakkula avasaranni gurtinchadaaniki daariteesaayi.
1880loe savapetika mariyu itarulu aasrayam kosam oka mahilaa vaidyudini andinchadaaniki verrivaalla kosam indiana aasupatri bordunu oppinche panini chepattaru, conny anni purushula boardu sahakarinchadaaniki niraakarinchindi. savapetika governor albert zii nii kalisina taruvaata. porter, athanu chivariki samskarana-ganula samuuham ishtapade abhyardhini sifaarasu chesaadu mariyu doctor saaraa stackton aasrayam yokka sibbandilo cheraaru. savapetika taruvaata ilaa vyaakhyaaninchindi, "neenu aaa pootii nundi puurti sthaayi mahilaa ootu hakkudaruraliga bayataku vacchaanu."ayithe, savapetika chaalaa mandhi ootu hakkulu mariyu nigraha crusaderla vale teevramainadi kaadu mariyu mahilala ootu hakku kosam pooraadataaniki aame ennadoo ootu hakku samsthalo cheraledu. badulugaa, savapetika mariyu aame bhartha aasrayam samskaranalaku maddatu ivvadam konasaaginchaaru. 1882-83 loe vaaru france, ingland mariyu scatlandlalo vaastava-anveshana paryatanalo paryatinchaaru. aame bhartha thana pariseelanalanu governor porter mariyu mataparamaina prachuranaku nivedinchagaa, savapetika indiana manasika aasupatriki daani mahilaa rogulanu santoshapettadaaniki samagri mariyu vastuvulanu andinchindi.
mahilala hakkula samasyalaku savapetika maddatu ivvadaaniki maroka udaaharana 1881loe jarigindi. savapetika earlham kalaasaala sannahaka paatasaalalo professor ayina mahala jay vaipuga undhi, kalasalalo mahilaa professorla sankhya takkuvagaa undani, daani purushulu mariyu mahilaa adhyapaka sabhyula madhya gananeeyamaina vaetana vyatyaasaanni vimarsinchaaru. savapetika samaana vetanampai jay vaikhariki maddatu ichindi mariyu aame arhata kaligina padavulanu nirvahinchaalanae mahilala hakku aalochanaku anukuulamgaa undhi."
taruvaati samvatsaraalu.
1884loe, aame bhartha mariyu vaari kumaarulato kuudina byaanku kumbhakonam taruvaata savapetika pratishta debbatindi. richmond national byaank viphalamai, receivership loki vellinappudu, daani maranaaniki savapetika kutumbaanni samajam nindinchindi. charless savapetika thana kumaarulaku icchina pedda, asurakshita runaalu, alaage byaanku stock viluvanu tagginchadaaniki, daani aastulanu tappugaa choopinchadaaniki, nidhulanu durviniyogam cheyadaaniki chesina prayatnaala valla byaanku nirvahanalo vaiphalyam sambhavinchindani daryaptulo telindi. byaanku vaiphalyam kaaranamgaa savapetikalu tama sampadalo ekkuva bhaganni kolpoyayi mariyu eee kumbhakonam aaa janta yokka munupati vijayaalanu kappivesindi mariyu bhavishyat samskarana prayatnaalapai vaari prabhavanni parimitam chesindi.
charless nyaayasthaanamlo doshigaa nirdhaarinchabadanappatiki, byaanku vaiphalyam mariyu tadupari kumbhakonam savapetikalanu chikagoku taralinchavalasi vachindi. byaanku vaiphalyaaniki mundu roda yokka paelavamaina nirvahana paddhatula vivaralu teluso ledho spashtamgaa teliyadu, conny samaajamlooni chaalaa mandhi sabhyulu association dwara aamenu doshigaa nirdhaarinchaaru. savapetika thana migilina jeevitaanni chikagolo gadipindi, akkada aame jailu samskaranalapai rayadam mariyu matladatam konasaaginchindi. savapetika mariyu aame bhartha chikago jaillu mariyu picchi aasrayaalanu kooda sandarsinchaaru, conny vaaru intaku mundu andukunnatlu takkuva notisuto. mahilalu mariyu pillala rakshana samsthalo sabhyuraligaa, aame mahilala aasti hakkulanu parirakshinchadaaniki mariyu pillala hakkulanu parirakshinchadaaniki mariyu rakshinchadaaniki surakshitamaina chattalanu kooda roopondinchaaru.
maranam mariyu vaarasatvam.
aame chivari samvatsaraallo, savapetika aarogyam ksheeninchindi mariyu aame takkuva churukuga maarindi. aame 1909 septembaru 28naa chikagolo maraninchindi. aame antyakriyalu enimidava veedhi samavesamlo jarigaayi, aidava veedhi snehitula samavesam mariyu 1860la praarambhamlo indianalo sthaapinchabadina praarthana samuuham savapetikala varasudu; aame avasheshaalu indianaloni richmandloni earlham smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaayi.
savapetika modatisaarigaa 1864loe thana bhartatho kalisi mission paatasaalanu sthaapinchadamlo aame chesina krushiki mariyu indianaloni richmandlo itara sthaanika mahilalatho kalisi avasaramaina mahilala kosam oka nivaasaaniki prasiddhi chendindi. edemaina, mahilalu mariyu baalikala kosam indiana samskarana samsthanu vijayavantamgaa sthaapinchadaaniki aame chesina prayatnaalaku aame jaateeya khyaatini pondindi, idhi desamloni mottamodati mahilaa niyantrita jailu, mariyu daani nirvaahaka mandaliki adhyakshuraligaa kooda panichesindi. swachchanda seva mariyu saamaajika samskaranalapai aame jeevitakaala aasakti, verrivaalla kosam indiana aasupatri sibbandiki modati mahilaa vaidyudini niyaminchadamlo aame sahaayaaniki daariteesindi. 1884loe thana bhartha, kumaarulato kuudina byaanku kumbhakonam savapetikalanu chikagoku taralinchamani balavantam chesina taruvaata, roda jailu samskaranalu, mahilala hakkulu, itara kaaranaala kosam vaadinchadam konasaaginchindi.
1870luu mariyu 1880laloe aame samskaranala prayatnaala sikharagra samayamlo savapetika karyakalapala gurinchi vaari vivaranalo charitrakaarulu vibhedinchaaru. karol dii. savapetika rachana "purushula aadhipatya samaajamlo mahilala hakkula kosam streevaada poraatam" nuu suuchistumdani spensor vaadinchagaa, thamus dii. quaker punaruddharana udyamamlo aame prameyam thana bhartha bhaagaswaamyamto teravenuka prayatnamgaa haam bhaavistundi. marinta teevramaina bhookampaalaku paalpadina mahilaa samskartalu tiraskarinchina savapetika "samajikamga aamodayogyamaina mariyu adheena paatralalo undataaniki santruptigaa undhi" anie haam paerkonnaadu.