
bhaashaashaastram

bhaashaashaastram (philology) anedi moukhika mariyu likhita chaaritraka vanarulalo bhasha yokka adhyayanam; idhi sabdavyutpatti shaastramtho balamaina sambandhaalato paatya vimarsha, saahitya vimarsha, charitra mariyu bhaashaashaastram yokka kalayika. bhaashaashaastram saahitya grandhaalatho paatu moukhika mariyu vraatapuurvaka recordula adhyayanam, vaati praamaanikata mariyu vaati asalu roopaanni sthaapinchadam mariyu vaati ardhaanni nirnayinchadam anie kooda nirvachinchabadindi. eee rakamaina adhyayananni konasaginche vyaktini bhasha shaastravetta antaaru. paatha vaadukalo, mukhyamgaa british bhaashalo, bhaashaashaastram marinta saadhaaranamainadi, idhi tulanaatmaka mariyu chaaritraka bhaashaashaastraanni kaligi untundi.
shaastreeya bhaashaashaastram shaastreeya bhashalanu adhyayanam chestundi. shaastreeya bhaashaashaastram pradhanamgaa cree puu naalugo sataabdamloo pergamum library mariyu alegzandria library nundi udbhavinchindi, roman mariyu byzantine saamrajyam antataa greekulu mariyu romanlu dheenini konasaaginchaaru. idhi chivariki punarujjeevanaaniki chendina european panditulache tirigi praarambhinchabadindi, akkada tvaralo itara european (germanic, seltic), eurasian (slavistics modalainavi) bhaashaasaastraalu cheraayi.), asea (arabic, pertian, samskrutam, chainees modalainavi).), mariyu african (egyptian, nubian modalainavi.) bhashalu. indo-european adhyayanaalalo anni indo-european bhashala tulanaatmaka bhaashaashaastram untundi.
bhaashaashaastram, chaaritraka abhivruddhi (diachronic vislaeshanha) paie drushti saarinchi, synchronic vislaeshanha yokka praamukhyatapai ferdinand dii sassur pattubattadam valla bhaashaashaastramtho viruddhamgaa undhi. nirmaanavaadam aavirbhavam mariyu vaakyanirmaanampai nome chomsky praadhaanyatatoo eee vairudhyam konasaginappatiki, chaaritraka bhaashaashaastramlo parisoedhana tarachugaa bhaashaashaastra padaarthaalu mariyu phalitaalapai aadharapadi untundi.
vyutpatti.
philology" anae padam greeku ("philologia") nundi udbhavinchindi, 'prema, aapyaayata, priyamaina, priyamaina, priyamaina, snehitudu' mariyu ("logos") 'padam, uchchaarana, kaaranam' anae padaala nundi vachindi, idhi neerchukoevadampai, saahityam, alaage vaadana mariyu tarkam yokka premanu vivaristundi, idhi greeku ("philologia") anae bhaavanalo cherchabadina karyakalapala paridhini pratibimbistumdi. eee padam latin "philologia" thoo koddigaa maarindi, taruvaata 16va sataabdamloo madhya french "philology" nundi 'saahityam patla prema' anae ardhamlo aangla bhaashaloki pravesinchindi.
hellenistic greeku bhaashalo visaeshanhamu ("philolagos") antey 'charcha ledhaa vaadananu ishtapadatam, matladedi', idhi nijamaina ghnaanam yokka prema ("philosophos") kante vaadana yokka adhika ("adhunaatana") praadhaanyatanu kooda suuchistumdi.
saahitya paandityaaniki oka upamanamga, aidava sataabdapu post classical saahityamlo (martianus capella, "dii naptis philologiae ett merkuri") "philologia" kanipistundi, idhi madhyayuga saahityam (chasser, lidegate) loe punaruddharinchabadina aalochana.
19va sataabdamloo eee padaanni upayoginchinappudu "abhyasam mariyu saahityam patla prema" anae padaaniki ardham "bhashala chaaritraka abhivruddhi adhyayanam" (chaaritraka bhaashaashaastram) gaa kudinchabadindi. dhwani chattalanu ardham chesukovadamlo mariyu bhasha maarpulo vegavantamaina purogati kaaranamgaa, "bhaashaashaastram yokka swarnayugam" 19va sataabdam antataa ledhaa "giacomo chirutapulam mariyu friedrich schlegel nundi neetse varaku" konasaagindi.
saakhalu.
poolika.
bhaashaashaastram yokka tulanaatmaka bhaashaashaastra saakha bhashala madhya sambandhaanni adhyayanam chestundi. samskrutam mariyu european bhashala madhya saaruupyatalu 16va sataabdam praarambhamlo modatisaarigaa gurtinchabaddaayi, ivi oka ummadi puurveekula bhasha gurinchi oohaagaanaalaku daariteesaayi, dheeni nundi ivanni udbhavinchaayi. ippudu dheeniki proto-indo-european anie paeru pettaru. praacheena bhaashalapai bhasha shaastram yokka aasakti, 18va sataabdamloo, "anyadesa" bhashala adhyayanaaniki daariteesindi, endukante avi paatha grandhaala muulaalanu ardham chesukovadamlo mariyu ardham chesukovadamlo samasyalapai drushti pettagalavu.
vachanamu.
bhaashaashaastramlo grandhaalu mariyu vaati charitra adhyayanam kooda untundi. idhi likhita vimarsha yokka amsaalanu kaligi untundi, vraatapratula yokka vibhina kaapeela aadhaaramgaa rachayita yokka asalu vachananni punarnirminchadaaniki prayatnistundi. kristupurvam 4va sataabdapu greeku matlade prapanchamlooni puraatana panditulalo eee parisoedhanaa vibhagam udbhavinchindi, vaaru manchi vivarana mariyu surakshita prasaram rendinti prayojanaala kosam pramukha rachayitala praamaanika vachananni sthaapinchaalani korukunnaru. appati nundi, vachana vimarsha yokka asalu suutraalu meruguparachabaddayi mariyu baibil vanti vistrutamgaa pampinhee cheyabadina itara grandhaalaku vartimpajeyabaddaayi. panditulu manuscript vaividhyaala nundi baibil yokka asalu pathanaalanu punarnirminchadaaniki prayatninchaaru. eee paddhatini rachayita yokka asalu rachananu punarnirminchadaaniki oka maargamgaa shaastreeya adhyayanalaku mariyu madhyayuga grandhaalaku vartimpajesaaru. eee paddhati "klishtamaina sanchikala" anie pilavabade vaatini utpatti chesindi, idhi "klishtamaina upakaranam" thoo paatu punarnirminchina vachananni andinchindi, antey.ii.andubaatulo unna vividha manuscript vaividhyaalanu jabita chesina footnotes, panditulu mottam manuscript sampradaayampai antardrushtini pondadaaniki mariyu vaividhyaala gurinchi vaadinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
unnata vimarsha anie piluvabade sambandhita adhyayana paddhati atuvanti vachananni chaaritraka sandarbhamlo unchadaaniki grandham yokka rachayita, thedhee mariyu muulam gurinchi adhyayanam chestundi. eee bhaashaashaastra samasyalu tarachugaa vivarana samasyalaku vidadeeyaraanivi kabatti, bhaashaashaastram mariyu hermanutics madhya spashtamaina sarihaddu ledhu. paatham gananeeyamaina raajakeeya ledhaa mataparamaina prabhavanni kaligi unnappudu (baibil grandhaala punarnirmaanam vantivi), panditulu lakshya nirdhaaranalaku cherukovadamlo ibbandi kaligi untaaru.
kontamandi panditulu vachana bhaashaashaastram yokka anni klishtamaina paddhatulanu, mukhyamgaa chaaritraka bhaashaashaastramlo, asalu namodu cheyabadina padaarthaalanu adhyayanam cheyadam mukhyam, tappinchukuntaaru. kotta bhaashaashaastram anie piluvabade udyamam vachana vimarsalanu tiraskarinchindi, endukante idhi vachanamlo sampadakiya vivaranalanu choppistundi mariyu vyaktigata manuscript yokka samagratanu naasanam chestundi, tadwara dayta yokka viswasaneeyatanu debbateestundi. kotta bhaashaashaastram yokka maddatudaarulu kathinamaina "dautya" vidhananni nokki chebutaru vraatapratilo kanipinche vidhamgaa, savaranalu lekunda vachananni nammakamgaa anuvadinchadam.
abhignaa.
bhaashaashaastram yokka maroka saakha, cognitive philology, vraatapuurvaka mariyu moukhika grandhaala adhyayanalu. abhignaa bhaashaashaastram eee moukhika grandhaalanu maanava manasika prakriyala falitaalugaa pariganistundi. eee shaastram paatya shaastram yokka phalitaalanu manastatvasaastram mariyu krutrima medhassu utpatti vyavasthala prayogaatmaka parisoedhana phalitaalato polchi chustundi.
ardhavivarana.
kaamsya yugam saahityam vishayamlo, bhaashaashaastramlo adhyayanam cheyabadutunna bhasha yokka mundastu ardhavivarana untundi. eejiptu, sumerian, assyrian, hittite, ugaritic mariyu luvian bhaashalalo idhi mukhyamgaa jarigindi. 1822loe zeane-francois shampolian dwara rosetta raayi yokka prasiddha ardhavivarana mariyu anuvaadamtoe praarambhinchi, aneka mandhi vyaktulu puraatana thoorpu mariyu aegean yokka vraata vyavasthalanu ardham chesukovadaniki prayatninchaaru. paatha pertian mariyu mycenian greeku vishayamlo, ardhalekhanam konchem iteevali sampradaayaala (madhya pertian mariyu varnamaala greeku) nundi ippatike telisina bhashala yokka paatha recordulanu andinchindi.
sameepa thoorpu praantamlooni puraatana bhaashalapai pani vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendindi. 19va sataabdam madhyalo, henry rallinson mariyu itarulu prati bhashaku cuniform yokka vaividhyaanni upayoginchi, paatha pertian, elamite mariyu acadian bhaashalalo oke vachananni namodu chese behiston saasanaanni ardham chesukunnaru. cuniform yokka vivarana sumerian yokka ardhavivaranaku daariteesindi. hittite 1915loe bedrich hrojni dwara ardham cheyabadindi.
praacheena ageanlo upayoginchina linier bii lipini 1952loe maikhel ventris mariyu zaan chadwick ardham chesukunnaru, vaaru idhi greeku yokka prarambha roopaanni namodu chesindani, ippudu dheenini mycenian greeku anie pilustaaru. leanier a, minovance yokka ippatikee teliyani bhashanu namodu chese vraata vyavastha, aneka prayatnaalu chesinappatiki, ardhaanni ardham chesukovadanni nirodhistundi.
1950laloe yoori norozov mariyu itarulu swara vidhanam yokka prarambha purogati saadhinchinappati nundi maaya vanti lipulapai pani chaalaa purogati thoo konasagutondi. 20va sataabdam chivari nundi, maaya sankethaalu daadaapu puurtigaa ardham chesukobaddayi, mariyu maayan bhashalu madhyaamerikaalo atyanta namodu cheyabadina mariyu adhyayanam cheyabadina bhaashalalo okati. code oka logosyllabic shaili rachanaga varninchabadindi, idhi edainaa matlade aalochananu puurtigaa vyakteekarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi.
vivaadam.
aanglo-saxon prapanchamlo, german panditula abhyaasaalaku paryaayapadamgaa maarina bhashalu mariyu saahityaalapai rachanalanu vivarinchadaaniki "philology" anae padaanni upayoginchadam, modati prapancha yuddham taruvaata german vyatiraeka bhavana phalitamgaa raddu cheyabadindi. chaalaa khandantara european deshaalu ippatikee vibhagalu, kalaasaalalu, sthaana sheershikalu mariyu jarnallanu niyaminchadaaniki eee padaanni konasagistunnayi. zhe. aarr. aarr. tolkien bhaashaashaastra paddhatulaku vyatiraekamgaa jaateeyavaada pratispandananu vyatiraekimchaaru, "bhaashaashaastra pravrutti" "bhasha yokka upayogam vale saarvatrikamainadi" anie paerkonnaaru. british aangla vaadukalo, mariyu british vidyaasamsthalalo, "bhaashaashaastram" anedi ekkuvagaa "chaaritraka bhaashaashaastram" kii paryaayapadamgaa undhi, ayithe us inglish mariyu us academialo, "oka bhasha yokka vyaakaranam, charitra mariyu saahitya sampradaayam yokka adhyayanam" anae vistruta ardham marinta vistrutamgaa undhi. friedrich neetsche yokka kathinamaina vimarsha aadhaaramgaa, 1980la nundi kontamandi US panditulu bhasha mariyu saahityam yokka swalpa shaastreeya adhyayanaaniki philology kaaranamani bhaavinchaaru.
eee adhyayana saakha yokka aadhunika kaalamlo bhinnabhiprayalu itara panditulalo eee paddhatini elaa pariganistaaranedaanitho anusarinchabadataayi, eee rendinti gurinchi bhasha saastravettalu aarr.eee rangam" anie perkonna "eee kshetram" anae padaanni abaddhaala niroopanaku philology yokka nibaddhata "chaalaa mandhi saahitya panditulu vishwasinche daaniki viruddhamgaa undhi, endukante philology yokka uddesyam anni sahetukamaina vaatini samanamga pariganinchadam kante saadhyamayye vivaranala paridhini parimitam cheyadam". veerochita itihaasam bavelf nundi paatha aangla paatra yokka vyutpatti chuttoo unna charchalo abaddhaala vadakanni chudavachu.
james turner eee padaanni vidya prapanchamlo elaa upayoginchaalo thosipuchaarani, "vaari vishayaniki saralamaina aalochanaa vidhanam" gaa daani branding kaaranamgaa eee padam kalasalalo chaduvukunna vidyaarthulaku teliyadani, "praacheena greeku ledhaa roman grandhaala pariseelana yokka moosapotilanu marinta penchi" mariyu "bhashalu mariyu kutumbaalapai saanketika parisoedhana" matrame anie paerkonnaadu.
prajaadarana pondina samskrutilo.
sii dwara "space trayam" loe. ess. levis, pradhana paatra, elwyn ransom, oka bhasha shaastravetta-levis yokka sannihita snehitudu zhe. aarr. aarr. tolkien.
daa. sains fiction chitram "nishiddha graham" looni pradhana paatralalo okaraina edward morbius oka bhasha shaastravetta.
christopher hampton yokka 'burjuwa comedy' paropakari yokka pradhana paatra phillip, oka aangla vishwavidyaalaya pattanamlo bhaashaashaastra professor.
alegzander mccall smith yokka 1997 haasya navala "portugees kramarahita kriyalu" loe pradhana paatra ayina moritz-maria vaan egelfeld, cambridgelo chaduvukunna bhasha shaastravetta.
2012loe uttama videshee bhasha chitramgaa academy avaardu naamineelo pradhana paatra, "futnote", oka hibru bhasha shaastravetta, mariyu eee chitramlo gananeeyamaina bhaagam athani panitho mudipadi undhi.
sains fiction tv show "stargate esgy-1" looni pradhana paatra, daa. daniel jackson, bhaashaashaastramlo PhD kaligi unnatlu perkonabadindi.

