graha rakshana

grahala rakshana anedi oka antar graha mission roopakalpanalo maargadarsaka suutram, idhi namuunaa-tirigi vachhe missionla vishayamlo lakshya khagola vastuvu mariyu bhoomi rendinti jeeva kalushyanni nivaarinche lakshyamtho undhi. grahala rakshana anedi antariksha paryaavaranam yokka teliyani swabhaavam mariyu khagola vastuvula yokka sahaja swabhaavaanni vivaramgaa adhyayanam chese varaku samrakshinchaalane shaastreeya samajam korika rendintinee pratibimbistumdi.
rendu rakaala antar graha kalushyam unnaayi. munduku kalushyam anedi bhoomi nundi maroka khagola vastuvuku aacharaneeya jeevula badilee. vennupuusa kalushyam antey grahaantara jeevulu unikilo unte, avi bhoomi yokka jeevaavaranaaniki tirigi badilee kavadam.
charitra.
chandra mariyu grahala kalushyam yokka sambhaavya samasya modatisaarigaa modatisaarigaa romlo jarigina antarjaateeya vyomagaami samakhya-VIII congress loe levanettabadindi.
levanettabadindi yuu.ess. national academy off sciences (nas) oka teermaanaanni aamodinchindi, "united states off americaku chendina national academy off sciences saastravettalu chandra mariyu grahala adhyayanalanu chaalaa jagrattagaa mariyu lothaina shraddhatho plaan cheyaalani korutunnaru, tadwara prarambha karyakalapalu rajipadakudadu mariyu klishtamaina shaastreeya prayogaala tarvaata eppatikee asadhyamga maaravu.idhi grahaantara anveshana (setex) dwara kaalushyampai taatkaalika kamiteeni erpaatu cheyadaaniki daariteesindi, idhi oka samvatsaram paatu samavesamai, grahala madhya antariksha noukanu krimirahitam cheyaalani sifaarasu chesindi, mariyu" "krimirahitam avasaram taatkaalikam matrame". manushulatho kuudina naukala dwara adhyayanam saadhyamayye varaku matrame maars mariyu bahusha veenus kalushitamgaa undaalsina avasaram undhi.
undhi, grahala rakshananu antariksha parisoedhanapai kottagaa erpadina kamitee (kospar) kuu badilee chesaaru. chesaaru kospar teermaanam 26nuu jaarii chesindi, idhi dhruvikarinchindihi
dhruvikarinchindihi, yuu. ess., yuu. ess. ess. aarr, mariyu yuke aikyaraajyasamiti bahya antariksha oppandaanni aamodinchaayi. grahala rakshanaku chattaparamaina aadharam eee oppandam yokka artical Ix loe undih
appati nundi eee oppandampai 104 dhesha-rashtraalu santakam chesi aamodinchaayi. maroe 24 mandhi santakam chesaaru conny aamodinchaledu. prastuta antariksha prayaana deshaalannii, prastuta antariksha prayaana aakaankshagala anni deshaalatho paatu, eee oppandampai santakam chesi, aamodinchaayi.
bahya antariksha oppandaaniki sthiramaina mariyu vistrutamaina antarjaateeya maddatu undhi, dheeni phalitamgaa, idhi aikyaraajyasamiti jaateeya assemblylo ekaabhipraayam dwara aamodinchabadina 1963 prakatanapai aadharapadi undhi, idhi aachaarabaddhamaina antarjaateeya chattam yokka hodaanu pondindi. anduvalla bahya antariksha oppandam yokka nibandhanalu anni deshaalaku, daanipai santakam cheyani ledhaa aamodinchani vaariki kooda kattubadi untaayi.
munduku kalushyam kosam, ardham chesukovalasina padabandham "haanikaramaina kalushyam". eee nibandhanaku sambandhinchina rendu chattaparamaina sameekshalu ververu vivaranalaku vachayi (rendu sameekshalu anadhikaarikamainavi). ayithe prastutam aamodinchabadina vivarana emitante, "oka rashtra prayogaalu ledhaa kaaryakramaalaku haani kaliginche edainaa kalushyanni nivaarinchaali". nassa vidhanam spashtamgaa "grahaantara jeevula roopaalu, puurvagaamulu mariyu avasheshaala shaastreeya parisoedhanala nirvahananu pramaadamloo padeyakudadu" anie perkondi.
kospar sifaarsulu mariyu vargaalu.
antariksha parisoedhana kamitee (kospar) prati rendu samvatsaraalaku okasari 2000 nundi 3000 mandhi saastravettala samavesamlo kalustundi, mariyu daani panulalo okati grahala madhya kalushyanni nivaarinchadaaniki sifaarsulanu abhivruddhi cheyadam. dheeni chattaparamaina aadharam bahya antariksha oppandamlooni artical Ix (vivaraala kosam krinda unna charitranu chudandi).
daani sifaarsulu antariksha mission rakam mariyu anveshinchina khagola vastuvu meeda aadharapadi untaayi. kospar missionlanu 5 samuhaluga vargeekaristundih
naalugo vargam missionla kosam, mission kosam oka nirdishta sthaayi "jeeva bhaaram" anumatinchabadutundi. saadhaaranamgaa idhi 'kalushyam yokka sambhaavyata' gaa vyakteekarinchabadutundi, prati missionku 10,000 forward kaalushyamlo okati kante takkuva avakaasam undaali, conny maars vargam IV missionla vishayamlo (paina) avasaram anedi upayoginchadaaniki sulabhamaina anchanaa paddhatigaa, uparitala vaisaalyaaniki "basillus" beejaamsaala gananagaa anuvadinchabadindi.
naalugo vargaaniki marinta vistrutamaina documentation kooda avasaram. mission aadhaaramgaa avasaramaina itara vidhanalalo, patha pakshapaatam, antariksha nauka assembly mariyu pareeksha samayamlo subhramaina gadula upayogam, bioload taggimpu, lakshya shareeramtho pratyaksha sambandham unna hardware yokka pakshika sterilization, aaa hardware kosam bioshield mariyu arudaina sandarbhaallo, mottam antariksha nauka yokka puurti sterilization undavacchu.
parimitam cheyabadina vargam V missionla kosam, prastuta sifaarsu emitante, krimirahitam cheyakapothe niyantrinchani namuunaalanu tirigi ivvakudadu. tirigi vacchina namuunaalanu sterilization cheyadam valla vaati sains viluva chaalaa varaku naasanam avutundi kabatti, prastuta pratipaadanalalo niyantrana mariyu nirbandha vidhanalu untaayi. vivaraala kosam, diguva containment mariyu digbandham chudandi. lakshyam unna vastuvunu munduku kalushyam nundi rakshinchadaaniki vargam IV yokka avasaralanu kooda vargam V missionlu neraverchaali.
maars pratyeka praantaalu.
pratyeka praantam" anedi bhoogola jeevulu takshaname vyaapti chendagala ledhaa martin jeevula unikiki adhika saamarthyaanni kaligi unnayani bhaavinche kospar dwara vargeekarinchabadina praantam. idhi maars meeda drava neeru sambhavinche yea praantamloonainaa vartistundani ardham, ledhaa appudappudu sambhavinchavachhu, idhi jeevitam yokka avasaraala gurinchi prastuta avagahana aadhaaramgaa.
oka haard landing oka pratyeka praantam yokka jeeva kaalushyaaniki pramaadaanni kaligiste, appudu mottam lander vyavasthanu kospar ketagiri IVC gaa krimirahitam cheyali.
lakshya vargaalu.
konni lakshyalu sulabhamgaa vargeekarinchabadataayi. itarulaku bhavishyat aavishkaranalu mariyu parisoedhanalu pendinglo unna kospar dwara taatkaalika vargaalu ketaayinchabadataayi.
bayati graha upagrahaalu mariyu chinna soura vyavastha vastuvula kosam grahala rakshanapai 2009 kospar workshop dheenini kontha vivaramgaa cover chesindi. eee madimpulalo ekkuva bhaagam aaa nivedika nundi, konni bhavishyat merugudalalato unnaayi. eee workshop konni vargaalaku marinta khachitamaina nirvachanaalanu kooda ichindih
taatkaalika vargam II.
tatkalikamga, vaaru eee vastuvulanu vargam vargam ketaayinchaaru. ayithe, pluto mariyu chaaran yokka alala paraspara charyalu uparitalam krinda kontha neeti nilvanu nirvahinchagala suduura avakaasam unnanduna, marinta parisoedhana avasaramani vaaru paerkonnaaru. idhe vidhamaina parigananalu itara pedda kebosku vartistaayi.
triton khachitamgaa drava neeru laenidani cheppadaniki prastutam baga ardham kaaledu. ippati varaku close up pariseelanalu matrame voyager 2 yokkavi.
tyton gurinchi vivaranaatmaka charchalo, saastravettalu daani uparitalam kaalushyaaniki etuvanti pramaadam ledani nirdhaarinchaaru, swalpakaalikamgaa athi takkuva mottamlo sendriya padaarthaalanu jodinchadam tappa, tyton uparitalamtho communicate chese uparitala neeti rijarvaayarnu kaligi undavacchu, mariyu alaa ayithe, idhi kalushitamavutundi.
ganimeed vishayamlo, prasna emitante, daani uparitalam tirigi punjukune vistrutamaina sankethaalanu chooputundi, daani uparitala mahasamudramtho edainaa communication undaa? idhi jaragadaniki telisina yantraamgaanni vaaru kanugonaledu, mariyu "galileo" antariksha nauka krayovolkanijanku etuvanti aadhaaraalanu kanugonaledu. praarambhamlo, vaaru dheenini praadhaanyata b mainasga ketaayinchaaru, antey edainaa uparitala missionlaku mundu daani varganni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki puurvagaami missionlu avasaram. ayithe, tadupari charcha tarvaata vaaru daanini tatkalikamga rendava vargaaniki ketaayinchaaru, kabatti bhavishyat parisoedhananu batti puurvagaami missionlu avasaram ledhu.
ganimeed ledhaa tyton meeda cryovolcanism unte, uparitala diguva jalaasayam uparitalam krinda 50-150 kimmy untundani bhaavistaaru. uparitala karigina neetini 50 kilometres manchu dwara samudrapu diguva bhaagaaniki tirigi badilee cheyagala prakriyanu vaaru kanugonalekapoyaru. anduke ganimeed mariyu tyton iddarikee sahetukamaina sthiramaina taatkaalika vargam II ketayinchabadindi, conny bhavishyat parisoedhana phalitaalu pendinglo unnaayi.
iteevali punaruddharana sankethaalanu choopinche manchu sareeraalu marinta charcha avasaram mariyu bhavishyat parisoedhananu batti kotta vargaaniki ketayinchalsina avasaram undavacchu. eee vidhanam, udaaharanaku, siresku missionlaku vartinchabadindi. graha rakshana vargam kanugonna phalitaalanu batti seres arbiter ('daan') mission samayamlo sameekshaku lobadi untundi.
vargam vii.
namuunaa return kosam vargam v loe ippativaraku nirdhaaranaluh
coleiman-sagan sameekaranam.
prastuta nibandhanala lakshyam suukshmajeevula sankhyanu taginanta takkuvagaa unchadam, tadwara maars (mariyu itara lakshyalu) kalushitam ayye sambhaavyata aamodayogyamgaa untundi. kalushyam sambhaavyatanu sunna cheyadam lakshyam kaadu.
prati mission eguravesina 10,000 kaalushyamlo 1 avakaasam kalushyam sambhaavyatanu unchadam dheeni lakshyam. eee sankhyanu saadhaaranamgaa antariksha noukalooni suukshmajeevula sankhyanu, lakshya sareerampai perugudala sambhaavyatanu mariyu bioload taggimpu kaarakaala shrenini guninchadam dwara pondavacchu.
vivaramgaa upayoginche paddhati coleman-sagan sameekaranam.
suutram _ 1.
ekkada 
appudu avasaram suutram _ 8
suutram _ 9 anedi sagan mariyu itarulu enchukunna sankhya., kontha ekapakshamgaa. angaaraka graham yokka jeevaavarana saastraanni puurtigaa ardham chesukovadaniki mundhe angaaraka graham uparitalampai sumaru 60 missionlu jarugutaayani sagan mariyu coleiman bhaavinchaaru, vaatilo 54 vijayavantamayyaayi, mariyu 30 flybylu ledhaa arbiterlu, mariyu anveshana vyavadhilo kaneesam 99.9% kalushyam nundi grahamnu vimukti chese sambhaavyatanu bharinchadaaniki eee sankhyanu enchukunnaaru.
vimarsalanu.
coleiman-sagan sameekaranam vimarsinchabadindi endukante vyaktigata paaraamitulu tarachugaa parimaanam ledhaa anthakante ekkuva kante baga teliyadu. udaaharanaku, airopa uparitala manchu mandam teliyadu, mariyu pradaesaalaloo sannaga undavacchu, idhi sameekaranamlo adhika sthaayi anischitiki daariteestundi. rakshana kaalam mariyu bhavishyat maanava anveshanaku mugimpu palakadam gurinchi antarleenamgaa oohinchinanduna idhi vimarsinchabadindi. airopa vishayamlo, idhi anveshana vyavadhiki sahetukamaina sambhaavyatatoo matrame rakshistundi.
greenberg oka pratyaamnaayaanni suuchimchimdi, sahaja kalushya pramaanaanni upayoginchadaaniki-airopaku mana missionlu bhoomi nundi ulkalu kalushitam ayye avakaasam kante daanini kalushitam chese avakaasam ekkuvagaa undakudadu.
airopa kosam maroka vidhanam binary desition treela vadakam, idhi antariksha adhyayana boardu aadhvaryamlo "bayati soura vyavasthalo manchutho nindina vastuvula kosam grahala rakshana pramaanaalapai kamitee" dwara anukuulamgaa untundi. idhi edu dasala shreni gundaa velutundi, idhi mission thoo munduku sagala vadda anae daanipai tudi nirnayaaniki daariteestundi.
parimitam cheyabadina vargam V namuunaa return kosam niyantrana mariyu nirbandham.
parimitam cheyabadina vargam V missionla vishayamlo, inca nirminchabadani biosafety level 4 sadupaayamlo namuunaa mariyu vyomagaamula nirbandham dwara bhoomi rakshinchabadutundi. maars namuunaa tirigi vacchina sandarbhamlo, maars uparitalaanni edurkone gulikalo yea bhaagam kooda bhoomi paryaavaranaaniki gurikakunda missionlu roopondinchabadataayi. alaa cheyadaaniki oka maargam emitante, namuunaa kantainarnu bhoomi nundi pedda bayati container lopala, antariksha shoonyathalo bandhinchadam. edainaa mudrala samagrata chaalaa avasaram mariyu bhoomiki tirigi vachhe samayamlo suukshma-vaataavarana nashtam jarige avakaasam undani tanikhi cheyadaaniki vyavasthanu kooda paryaveekshinchaali.
esf nivedika sifaarsu emitante
parimitam cheyabadina vargam V returns nirvahinchabadaledu. apolo karyakramam samayamlo, namuunaa-raabadulu grahaantara bahirgata chattam dwara niyantrinchabaddaayi. idhi idhi raddu cheyabadindi, kabatti kotta nibandhanalanu amalu cheyavalasi untundi. apolo shakam digbandham vidhanalu aasakti kaligistaayi, endukante aaa samayamlo, grahaantara jeevulanu chaerchadaaniki suduura avakaasam undani bhaavinchina oka namuunaa bhoomiki tirigi raavadaaniki chesina ekaika prayatnam.
namuunaalu mariyu vyomagaamulanu chandruni sweekarinche prayogasaalalo nirbandhinchaaru. aadhunika pramaanaala prakaram, niyantranaku upayoginchina paddhatulu saripovanivigaa pariganinchabadataayi. chandruni sweekarinche prayogasaala daani swantha roopakalpana pramaanaala dwara vaiphalyamgaa nirnayinchabadutundi, endukante namuunaa tirigi raavadamlo chandra padaartham ledhu, apolo 11 return mission samayamlo rendu vaiphalya binduvulu, splashdown vadda mariyu soukaryam vadda.
ayithe chandruni sweekarinche prayogasaala prarambham nundi mugimpu varaku kevalam rendu samvatsaraalu matrame undi twaragaa nirminchabadindi, eee vyavadhi ippudu saripodani bhaavistaaru. dheeni nundi neerchukunna paataalu edainaa maars sample return receiving facility roopakalpanalo sahaayapadataayi.
pratipaadita maars sample return facility kosam mariyu return mission kosam design pramaanaalanu american national research council mariyu european space foundation abhivruddhi chesaayi. idhi biohazard 4 niyantranapai aadharapadi undavacchani, conny teliyani suukshmajeevulanu kaligi undataaniki marinta kathinamaina avasaraalatoe, bahusha atichinna bhoomi suukshmajeevulu, ultramicrobacteria kante chinnavi kaavacchu ledhaa chinnavi kaavacchu anie vaaru nirdhaarinchaaru. veelaithe chinna janyu badilee agentlanu kaligi undela roopondinchaalani kooda esf adhyayanam sifaarsu chesindi, endukante ivi martin suukshmajeevula nundi bhoogola suukshmajeevulaku dnanu badilee cheyagalavu, avi bhaagaswaamya parinaama puurveekulanu kaligi unte. namuunaalapai upayoginche sunnitamaina jeevita gurtinche pareekshalanu gandaragolaniki gurichese bhuu kalushyam nundi namuunaalanu rakshinchadaaniki idhi clean room sadupaayamgaa kooda rettimpu kaavaali.
namuunaa tirigi raavadaaniki mundu, kotta nirbandha chattalu avasaram avtayi. paryaavarana anchanaa kooda avasaram, mariyu apolo yugamlo laeni aneka itara desheeya mariyu antarjaateeya chattalu charchinchaalsina avasaram undhi.
krimisamhaaraka vidhanalu.
krimisamhaaraka avasaram unna anni antariksha nauka missionlaku, prarambha sthaanam us federal praamaanika taragati 100 cleanroomlalo clean room assembly. ivi cubic aduguki 0.5 micrometers ledhaa anthakante pedda parimaanamlo 100 kante takkuva kanaalu unna gadulu. injaneerlu kallu matrame terichi unna clean room suutlanu dharistaaru. vidibhagalu veelainanta varaku, assembleaki mundu vyaktigatamgaa krimirahitam cheyabadataayi mariyu avi assembly samayamlo alkahal vaiplatho tarachugaa uparitalaalanu subhram chestaayi. basillus subtilis" yokka bijaamsaalu beejaamsaalanu takshaname utpatti cheyagala saamarthyam kosam matrame kakunda, namuunaa jaatigaa baga sthirapadina upayogam kosam kooda empika cheyabaddaayi. vividha rakaala teevramaina paristhitulaku adhika sthitisthaapakata kaaranamgaa idhi yuvi vikiranam prabhaavaalaku upayogakaramaina tracker. anduvalla idhi grahala rakshana sandarbhamlo munduku kaalushyaaniki oka mukhyamaina suuchika jaathi.
ketagiri aiva missionla kosam (martian life kosam vetakani maars landerlu), biobardennu yea uparitalampai ayina 300,000 bacteria beejaamsaalaku tagginchadam dheeni lakshyam, dheeni nundi bijaamsaalu martian vaataavaranamloki pravesinchagalavu. edainaa ushnaanni thattukogala bhagalu 114 masim varaku ushna krimirahitam cheyabadataayi. computer thoo sahaa rover yokka core baaks vanti sunnitamaina electronics, edainaa suukshmajeevulanu lopala unchadaaniki adhika-saamarthya filterla dwara muusivaeyabadataayi mariyu vent cheyabadataayi.
aivisi vargam (maars pratyeka praantaalaku) vanti marinta sunnitamaina missionlaku, chaalaa ekkuva sthaayi sterilization avasaram. ivi wiking landerlapy amalu cheyabadina sthaayilanu pooli undaali, ivi aaa samayamlo, eee roeju maars meeda pratyeka praantaala maadirigaane jeevinchadaaniki jeevinchadaaniki bhaavinchina uparitalam kosam krimirahitam cheyabaddaayi.
suukshmajeevasaastramloo, aneka suukshmajeevulu inca adhyayanam cheyabadaledu ledhaa saagu cheyalenivi kabatti, jeevinchadaginavi aevee levani niroopinchadam saadhaaranamgaa asadhyam. badulugaa, unna suukshmajeevula sankhyanu padhi retlu tagginchadam dwara sterilization jarugutundi. taginanta sankhyalo padhi retlu taggimpu tarvaata, edainaa suukshmajeevulu migili unde avakaasam chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi.
rendu wiking maars landerlu podi vaedi sterilisation upayoginchi sterilize cheyabaddaayi. biobardennu prastuta ketagiri aiva antariksha nauka maadirigaane sthaayiki tagginchadaaniki praathamika subhraparichina taruvaata, wiking antariksha noukanu 30 gantala paatu 112 masim vadda vaedi-chikitsa chesaaru, naamamaatrapu 125 masim (112 masim vadda aidu gantalu janabhanu padiretlu tagginchadaaniki saripotundani bhaavinchaaru, antariksha nauka yokka pariveshtita bhagalaku kooda, kabatti idhi modata takkuva janabhanu oka million retlu tagginchadaaniki saripotundi).
ayithe aadhunika padaarthaalu tarachugaa atuvanti ushnogratalanu nirvahinchadaaniki roopondinchabadavu, mukhyamgaa aadhunika antariksha nauka tarachugaa "vaanijyaparamaina off dhi shelf" bhaagaalanu upayogistundi. edurkone samasyalalo nanoscale lakshanaalu konni anuvula mandam, plaastik packaging mariyu vaahaka epoxy attachment paddhatulu matrame unnaayi. aneka parikaraala sensorlu adhika ushnogrataku gurikavadam saadhyam kaadu, mariyu adhika ushnograta parikaraala klishtamaina amarikalaku antaraayam kaligistundi.
phalitamgaa, wiking maadirigaane maars kosam ketagiri aivisi vanti unnata vargaalaku aadhunika antariksha noukanu krimirahitam cheyadaaniki kotta paddhatulu avasaram. moolyaankanam cheyabadutunna ledhaa ippatike aamodinchabadina paddhatulu
graham meediki vacchina tarvaata antariksha noukanu krimirahitam cheyagala konni itara paddhatulu aasakti kaligistaayi.
biobarden gurtimpu mariyu anchanaa.
beejaamsaala sankhyanu suukshmajeevula sankhyaku paroksha kolatagaa upayogistaaru. saadhaaranamgaa jaatula vaareegaa 99 saatam suukshmajeevulu bijaamsaalu kaniviga erpadi, nidraanamaina sthithilo manugada saaginchagalavu, kabatti krimirahitam cheyabadina antariksha nowkaloo migili unna aacharaneeya nidraanamaina suukshmajeevula vaastava sankhya beejaamsam-erpade suukshmajeevula sankhya kante chaalaa retlu ekkuvagaa untundani bhaavistunnaaru.
aamodinchabadina oka kotta beejaamsa paddhati "vegavantamaina beejaamsam anchanaa". idhi vaanijya vegavantamaina anchanaa vyavasthalapai aadharapadi untundi, kevalam aacharaneeyamaina suukshmajeevulanu matrame kakunda neerugaa beejaamsaalanu gurtistundi mariyu 72 gantalaku badulugaa 5 gantallo phalitaalanu istundi.
savaallu.
antariksha nauka subhrapariche gadulu polyextremophilesnu vaatilo manugada saaginchagala ekaika suukshmajeevulugaa kaligi unnayani kooda chaalaa kaalamgaa gurtinchabadindi. udaaharanaku, iteevali adhyayanamlo, "curiousity" rover yokka swabs nundi vachhe suukshmajeevulu endabettadam, yuvi exposure, jalubu mariyu pihech teevratalaku gurayyayi. 377 jaatulalo daadaapu 11 saatam eee teevramaina paristhitulalo okati kante ekkuva nundi manugada saaginchaayi. basillus" sp nuu utpatti chese nirodhaka beejaamsam yokka janyuvulu. adhyayanam cheyabaddaayi mariyu nirodhakathatho mudipadi unna janyuparamaina sthaayi lakshanaalu nivedinchabaddaayi.
dheeni ardham eee suukshmajeevulu angaaraka grahanni kalushitam chesayani kaadu. idhi biobarden taggimpu prakriyaloo modati dasha matrame. maarsnu kalushitam cheyadaaniki avi maarsku nelala sudeergha prayaanamloo takkuva ushnograta, vacuum, yuvi mariyu ionizing radiation nundi kooda bayatapadali, aapai maars meeda aavasalanu edurkoni akkada punarutpatti praarambhinchaali. idhi jariginda ledhaa anedi sambhaavyataku sambandhinchina vishayam. eee sambhaavyatanu saadhyamainanta takkuvagaa cheyadam grahala rakshana lakshyam. prati missionloo kalushyam yokka prastutam aamodinchabadina lakshya sambhaavyata emitante, daanini 0.01% kante takkuvagaa tagginchadam, ayithe maars yokka pratyeka sandarbhamlo, saastravettalu maars meeda pratikuula paristhitulapai kooda aadhaarapadataaru, idhi wiking kosam upayoginche ushna chikitsa dasaamsa taggimpu yokka chivari dasha sthaanaanni teesukuntundi. conny prastuta saanketika parignaanamtho saastravettalu sambhaavyatanu sunnaki tagginchaleru.
kotta paddhatulu.
suukshmajeevula kalushyanni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki iteevala rendu paramaanu paddhatulu aamodinchabaddaayi. 
antariksha nauka uparitalaalu.
prabhava nivaarana.
idhi mukhyamgaa kakshya missionlaku, vargam vargam vartistundi, endukante avi uparitalampai missionla kante takkuva pramaanaaniki krimirahitam cheyabadataayi. idhi landerlaku kooda sambandhinchinadi, endukante oka prabhavam munduku kaalushyaaniki ekkuva avakaasaanni istundi, mariyu maars meeda pratyeka praantam vanti pranaalika laeni lakshyampai prabhavam undavacchu.
kakshyalo prayogam cheyadaaniki avasaramainadi emitante, idhi kaneesam 99 saatam sambhaavyatatoo maars cherukunna tarvaata kaneesam 20 samvatsaraalu mariyu kaneesam 95 saatam sambhaavyatatoo 50 samvatsaraalu kakshyalo undaali. mission wiking sterilization pramaanaaniki sterilize cheyabadithe eee avasaranni tagginchavachhu.
wiking yugamlo (1970luu), yea kakshya mission ayina maars yokka anveshana yokka prastuta anveshana dasalo 0.003% kante takkuva sambhaavyatanu kaligi undaalane avasaram oke sankhyagaa ivvabadindi.
landerlu mariyu arbiterlu rendintikee, lakshyanni cherukune samayamlo patha pakshapaata saanketikata upayoginchabadutundi. communicationlu poyinatlayithe, adhi lakshyanni kolpovataniki veelugaa antariksha nauka patham roopondinchabadindi.
prabhava nivaaranhatho samasyalu.
eee charyalu unnappatikee, prabhava nivaaranaloo oka mukhyamaina vaiphalyam undhi. moodava vargaaniki matrame krimirahitam cheyabadina maars climate arbiter, arbiter imperial mariyu metrik unitla kalayika kaaranamgaa maars meeda koolipoyindi. idhi vaataavaranamloo kalipoye avakaasam undani, conny adhi neelapai manugada saaginchinatlayithe, adhi munduku kaalushyaaniki kaaranamavutundani grahala rakshana karyalayam perkondi.
maars abserver anedi sambhaavya grahala kaalushyamto kuudina maroka vargam III mission. mission daani kakshyalo choppinche yuktiki moodu rojula mundu samachara marpidi poyindi. idhi angaaraka graham chuttoo kakshyaloki pravesinchadamlo vijayavantam kakapovachhu mariyu suryakendra kakshyalo daatipoyi undavacchani telustondi. ayithe, adhi thana svayamchaalaka prograamingnu anusarinchadamlo vijayavantamai, yuktini prayatninchinatlayite, adhi angaaraka grahampai koolipoye avakaasam undhi.
mugguru landerlu maars meeda kathinamaina landinglanu edurkonnaru. avi "shiaparelli edm lander", "maars polar lander" mariyu "deep space 2". ivanni uparitala missionla kosam krimirahitam cheyabaddaayi, conny pratyeka praantaalaku kaadu (wiking prii-sterilization matrame). "maars polar lander", mariyu "deep space 2" dhruva praantaalalo koolipoyaayi, ivi ippudu drava uppuneeru erpade avakaasam unnanduna pratyeka praantalugaa pariganhinchabadutunnaayi.
vivaadaalu.
ulka vaadana.
alberto zii. farren mariyu dirk shulz-makuch "nature" loe oka kathanaanni prachurinchaaru, idhi grahala rakshana charyalanu tagginchaalsina avasaram undani sifaarsu chesindi. dheeniki vaaru tama pradhana kaaranamgaa, bhoomi mariyu maars madhya ulkala marpidi antey maars meeda manugada saaginchagala bhoomipai yea jeevulu ayina appatike akkadiki cherukunnayani mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa unnayani chepparu.
robbert zubrin vennupuusa kalushya pramaadaaniki shaastreeya praamaanikata ledani thana abhipraayaaniki anukuulamgaa ilanti vaadanalanu upayoginchaaru.
nrc dwara khandinchaaru.
vennunoppi sandarbhamlo ulka vaadananu nrc pariseelinchindi. anni martin ulkalu prati konni million samvatsaraalaku okasari maars meeda saapekshamgaa takkuva prabhaavaalato udbhavistaayani bhaavistunnaaru. prabhaavakaarulu kilometres vyaasam kaligi untaaru mariyu avi maars meeda padula kilometres vyaasam kaligina gadulalo erpadataayi. angaaraka grahampai prabhaavaala namuunaalu eee phalitaalaku anugunamgaa untaayi.
bhoomi angaaraka graham nundi sthiramaina ulka pravahanni andukuntundi, conny avi saapekshamgaa konni asalu prabhaavaseelula nundi vastaayi, mariyu prarambha soura vyavasthalo badilee ayye avakaasam ekkuvagaa undedi. maars mariyu bhoomi rendintipai kooda aacharaneeyamaina konni jeevulu ulkapai badilee nundi manugada saaginchalekapovachhu, mariyu eee vidhamgaa maars nundi bhoomiki jeevitam badilee ayinatlu ippativaraku etuvanti pratyaksha aadharalu laevu.
badilee saadhyame ayinappatikee, ulka marpidi nundi labhinchina aadharalu vennunoppi rakshana paddhatula avasaranni tolaginchavani nrc teelchindi.
bhoomipai suukshmajeevulanu maarsku pampagala prabhavalu kooda arudugaa untaayi. 10 kimmy vedalpu ledhaa anthakante pedda prabhaavakaarulu bhoomi yokka vaataavaranam dwara angaaraka grahaniki sidhilaalanu pampagalavu, conny ivi arudugaa sambhavistaayi mariyu prarambha soura vyavasthalo sarvasadhaaranamgaa undevi.
maars kosam grahala rakshananu muginche pratipaadana.
vaari 2013 paperlo "dhi ovar protection off maars" loe, alberto farren mariyu dirk shulz-makuch tappanisarigaa zubrin yokka ulka badilee vaadananu upayoginchi, manam ikapai maarsnu rakshinchaalsina avasaram ledani suuchimchaaru. prastuta mariyu munupati grahala rakshana adhikarulu catherine conley mariyu zaan rummel "maars yokka tagina rakshana" anae tadupari vyaasamlo dheenini khandinchaaru.
vargam V niyantrana charyala vimarsha.
shaastreeya ekaabhipraayam emitante, vyadhikaaraka ledhaa paryaavarana antaraayam dwara pedda ettuna prabhaavaalaku sambhaavyata chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi. ayinappatikee, tirigi vacchina namuunaalu surakshitamainavani saastravettalu nirnayinche varaku maars nundi tirigi vacchina namuunaalanu jeeva pramadakaramainaviga pariganistaaru. angaaraka kanam vidudalayye sambhaavyatanu millionlo okati kante takkuvagaa tagginchadame lakshyam.
vidhaanaparamaina pratipaadanalu.
jeevasambandham kaani kalushyam.
kalushyam oka kospar workshop, jeevasambandham kaani kalushyam nundi praantaalanu rakshinchadaaniki sambandhinchina samasyalanu pariseelinchindi. atuvanti samasyalanu chaerchadaaniki kospar thana chellimpunu vistarinchaalani vaaru sifaarsu chesaaru. workshop yokka sifaarsulu
pratipaadita konni aalochanalalo bhavishyat shaastreeya parisoedhana kosam mariyu naitika kaaranaala kosam soura vyavastha yokka praantaalanu sahajamgaa unchadaaniki rakshita pratyeka praantaalu ledhaa "grahala paarkulu" unnaayi.
pratipaadita podigimpulu.
khagola jeevasaastravetta christopher meke, manaku maars gurinchi manchi avagahana vachhe varaku, mana anveshanalu jeevasaastraparamgaa tirogamanayogyamgaa undaalani vaadinchaaru. udaaharanaku, ippativaraku maarsku parichayam cheyabadina anni suukshmajeevulu antariksha nowkaloo nidraanamgaa unte, vaatini bhavishyattulo suutrapraayamgaa tolaginchavacchu, tadwara maars aadhunika bhuu jeevula nundi puurtigaa kalushyam lekunda untundi.
2010 varkshaaplo bhavishyattulo pariseelana kosam sifaarsulalo okati, kalushya nivaarana kaalanni grahaniki pravesapettina nidraanamaina suukshmajeevula garishta aacharaneeya jeevitakaalaaniki podiginchadam.
airopa vishayamlo, mana prastuta anveshana kaalamlo kalushyam nundi vimukti pondadaaniki idhi saripodani idhe vidhamaina aalochana soochinchabadindi. airopa taginanta shaastreeya aasakti kaligi undochu, bhavishyat taraalu kooda adhyayanam cheyadaaniki daanini prachinamga unchaalsina baadhyata maanava jaatiki undhi. airopanu pariseelistunna 2000 task fores yokka majority abhiprayam idhi, ayithe adhe task fores gurinchi atuvanti balamaina rakshana charyalu avasaram ledani minority abhiprayam undhi.
juulai juulai, national academies off sciences, injaneering und medicine "grahala rakshana vidhana abhivruddhi prakriyala sameeksha mariyu anchanaa" nuu jaarii chesindi."kontavaraku, munduku mariyu venuka kalushyam rendintinee cover chese vistruta vyuuhaatmaka pranaalikanu roopondinchaalani nivedika nassanu korutundi. prabhutva niyantrana adhikaram laeni private parisrama missionla gurinchi kooda nivedika aandolana vyaktam chestundi.
soura vyavasthaku minchina vastuvulanu rakshistundi.
german bhouthika shaastravetta claudius gross chesina pratipaadana, purogati starshot project yokka saanketikatanu ekakana jeevula jeevaavaranaanni sthaapinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu, lekapothe tatkalikamga nivasinchadagina exoplanetlapy matrame, grahala rakshananu exoplanetlaku enthavaraku vistarinchaalanae charchaku daariteesindi. gross vaadistuu, podiginchina kaalaparimitulu
grahalu mariyu bahya grahala rakshanaku ververu naitika aadharalu unnayani nakshatraala madhya missionlu suuchistunnaayi.

