
prakrutivaadam (tatvasaastram)

tatvasaastramlo, prakrutivaadam anedi vishwamlo sahaja niyamaalu mariyu saktulu (atindriya saktulaku viruddhamgaa) matrame panichestaayane aalochana ledhaa nammakam.
tatwavetta steven lockwood prakaram, prakrutivaadaanni antological sense mariyu methodological sensga vaeru cheyavachu. "antological" anedi antologyni suuchistumdi, idhi unikilo unna vaati yokka taatvika adhyayanam. tatvasastra sthaayilo, tatvavettalu tarachugaa prakrutivaadaanni bhouthikavaadamtho samanamga bhaavistaaru. udaaharanaku, tatwavetta paal kurtz bhouthika suutraalanu soochinchadam dwara prakrutini uttamamgaa lekkinchavacchani vaadinchaaru. eee suutraalaloo dravyarashi, shakti mariyu shaastreeya samajam aamodinchina itara bhouthika mariyu rasayana lakshanaalu unnaayi. inca, eee prakrutivaadam aatmalu, devatalu mariyu dayyaalu nijamainavi kaavani mariyu prakrutilo "uddesyam" ledani perkondi. prakrutivaadam yokka eee balamaina suutreekarananu saadhaaranamgaa "metaphysical naturalism" anie pilustaaru. marovaipu, balamaina adhibhouthika konamlo prakrutivaadam nijamena anae daanipai marinta pariseelana lekunda, prakrutivaadaanni okari pani paddhatulalo prastuta namoonaga bhaavinchaalane marinta mitamaina abhiprayanni "methodological naturalism" antaaru.
oka pratyaekamaina vyaktigata maanavaroopa devudini gurtinchakapoyina prakruti daivatvamtho samanamga untundani namme sarvadeevataaraadhakulu minaha-aastikulu prakruti anni vaastavaalanu kaligi undane aalochananu savaalu chestaaru. kontamandi aastikula abhiprayam prakaram, sahaja niyamaalanu devuni (la) yokka dviteeya karanaluga chudavachu.
20va sataabdamloo, villard vaan orman quin, georg saantaayana mariyu itara tatvavettalu vignaana saastramlo prakrutivaadam yokka vijayam antey tatvasaastramlo kooda shaastreeya paddhatulanu upayoginchaalani vaadinchaaru. eee drukpatham prakaram, vignaana shaastram mariyu tatvasaastram ellappuduu okadaanikokati bhinnamgaa undavu, badulugaa oka konasagimpuga erpadataayi.
prakrutivaadam yokka charitra.
puraatana mariyu madhyayuga tatvasaastram.
prakrutivaadam mukhyamgaa paaschaatya drugvishayam, conny thoorpuna samaanamaina aalochana chaalaa kaalamgaa undhi. aaru sampradaaya paatasaalallo rendintiki, oka hinduu matha binna sampradaaya paatasaalaku prakrutivaadam punaadi. bharatiya tatvasaastramlooni puraatana paatasaalallo okataina saankhya, vyaktigata devudu ledhaa eshwarudi unikini oohinchakundaa, prakrutini (prakruti) viswaaniki praathamika kaaranamgaa unchutundi. karwaka, nyaya, vaisheshika paatasaalalu cree. puu. 7va, 6va mariyu 2va sataabdaalaloo udbhavinchaayi. adevidhamgaa, paerulaeni mariyu eppuduu pondikaina vyavasthagaa vyakteekarinchabadanappatiki, confucian tatvasaastramlooni oka sampradaayam 1va sataabdamloo wang chang naati prakrutivaadam yokka oka roopaanni sweekarinchindi, antakumundu kakapoyina, conny idhi swatantramgaa udbhavinchindi mariyu aadhunika prakrutivaada tatvasaastram ledhaa thoorpu ledhaa paaschaatya samskruti abhivruddhipai takkuva prabhavanni choopindi. 
paaschaatya adhibhouthika prakrutivaadam puraatana greeku tatvasaastramlo udbhavinchindi. mottamodati puurva-socretic tatvavettalu, mukhyamgaa myelianlu (thales, anaximonder mariyu anaximens) mariyu anuvidaatalu (lucippus mariyu democritus), vaari sahacharulu mariyu vaarasulu "physicoi" (greeku φyσικος ledhaa "physicos" nundi, antey "sahaja tatwavetta" anae padaaniki φüσις ledhaa "bhouthika", antey "prakruti") anie paeru pettaru, endukante vaaru sahaja kaaranaalanu parisoedhimchaaru, tarachugaa prapancha srushti ledhaa operationlo devatala paatranu minahayinchi. idhi chivariki epicurionism vanti puurtigaa abhivruddhi chendina vyavasthalaku daariteesindi, idhi anuvulu shoonyathalo padipovadam mariyu oogadam valla utpannamayye pratidaanni vivarinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. 
aristatle thana puurveekula aalochanalanu survey chesi, prakrutini vaari mitimeerina charyala madhya madhya marganni roopondinche vidhamgaa bhaavinchaadu.
paschimaana kraistava matam yokka perugudala mariyu aadhipatyam mariyu taruvaata islam vyaapti chendadamtho, metaphysical prakrutivaadam saadhaaranamgaa medhaavulache vadaliveyabadindi. anduvalla, madhyayuga tatvasaastramlo dheeniki chaalaa takkuva aadharalu unnaayi.
aadhunika tatvasaastram.
tatvasaastram yokka prarambha aadhunika yugam mariyu ghnaanoodayam yugam varaku benedict spinoza (psychophysical samaantaravaadam yokka siddhaantaanni munduku tecchina), david hyoom mariyu french bhouthikavaadam yokka pratipaadakulu (mukhyamgaa denis dederot, juuliyan laa metri mariyu baaran dii 'holbach) vanti prakruti saastravettalu 17va mariyu 18va sataabdaalaloo mallee udbhavinchadam praarambhinchaaru. eee kaalamlo, kontamandi adhibhouthika prakruti saastravettalu oka pratyaekamaina siddhaantam, bhouthikavaadaaniki kattubadi unnaaru, idhi 19va sataabdam chivari varaku vistrutamgaa rakshinchabadina adhibhouthika prakrutivaadam yokka prabalamaina vargamgaa maarindi.
hobbs naitikatalo prakrutivaadaaniki pratipaadakudu, athanu pramaana satyaalu mariyu lakshanaalanu angeekarinchaadu. emmanuel cont adhibhouthika saastramlo (taggimpu) bhouthikavaada sthaanaalanu tiraskarinchaadu, conny athanu prakrutivaadaaniki satruvu kaadu. ayana divya tatvasaastram udaaravaada prakrutivaadam yokka oka roopamgaa pariganinchabadutundi.
aadhunika tatvasaastram chivaralo, prakruti tatvasaastram yokka oka roopam, "prakruti tatvasaastram", friedrich wilhelm joseph vaan shelling mariyu georg wilhelm friedrich hegel chetha prakrutini daani sampuurnataloo ardham chesukovadaniki mariyu daani saadhaarana saiddhaantika nirmaanaanni vivarinche prayatnamgaa abhivruddhi cheyabadindi.
carle marks mariyu friedrich engels yokka chaaritraka bhouthikavaadam, engels yokka "bhouthikavaada maandalika" prakruti tatvasaastram ("prakruti mandalikam") mariyu vaari anucarudu jiorgi plekhanov yokka maandalika bhouthikavaadam prabhaavitam chesina ludwig fureback yokka maanavasaastra bhouthikavaadam hegel taruvaata udbhavinchina prakrutivaadam yokka oka roopam.
prakrutivaadaanni samarthinche chivari aadhunika tatvasaastram yokka maroka mukhyamaina paatasaala german bhautikavaadam sabhyulalo ludwig butchner, jacob molshot mariyu carle vogt unnaaru.
prakrutivaadam" anae padam yokka prastuta upayogam 20va sataabdam modati ardhabhaagamlo americalo jarigina charchala nundi udbhavinchindi. aaa kaalaaniki chendina sweeya-prakatita 'prakruti saastravettalalo' zaan davy, ernest nagel, sidney hook mariyu raay wood saelarlu unnaaru."
samakaaleena tatvasaastram.
samakaaleena tatvasaastramlo udbhavinchina prakrutivaadam yokka raajakeeya samskarana ayan raand yokka vastunishtata. vastunishtata anedi sahajamaina chatramlo pettubadidaarii naitika aadarsavaadam yokka vyakteekarana. marinta pragatiseela sahajavaada tatvasaastraaniki loukika maanavataavaadam oka udaaharana.
prakrutivaadam" anae padam yokka prastuta upayogam gatha sataabdam modati ardhabhaagamlo americalo jarigina charchala nundi udbhavinchindi.
prastutam, metaphysical naturalism munupati sataabdaala kante vistrutamgaa sweekarinchabadindi, mukhyamgaa sahaja saastraalu mariyu aangla-american, vislaeshanhaatmaka taatvika samajalalo pratyaekamgaa kaadu. prapancha janabhalo adhika bhaagam prakrutivaada prapancha drukpathaalaku gattiga kattubadi unnappatikee, prakrutivaadam mariyu/ledhaa prakrutivaada siddhaantaalu mariyu siddhaantaala samakaaleena rakshakulu nedu kaii nielsen, zhe. zhe. sii. smart, david mallet armstrang, david papino, paal kurtz, brian leater, daniel dennet, maikhel devit, fred dretske, paal und patricia churchland, marrio banj, jonathan shaffer, hilarii cornblith, leonard olson, quentin smith, paal draper mariyu maikhel martin vanti aneka itara vidya tatvavettalu unnaaru.
david papino prakaram, samakaaleena prakrutivaadam anedi iravayyava sataabdamloo "bhouthika kaaranaala moosiveta" kosam shaastreeya aadhaaraala nirmaanam yokka parinaamam, anni bhouthika prabhavalanu bhouthika kaaranaala dwara lekkinchavacchane siddhaantam.
samakaaleena khandantara tatvasaastramlo, quentin maillasoux oohaatmaka bhouthikavaadaanni pratipaadinchaadu, idhi contian anantara david hyoomku tirigi ravadam, idhi shaastreeya bhouthikavaada aalochanalanu balopetam chestundi.
vyutpatti.
ayithe, "methodological naturalism" anae padam chaalaa iteevalidi. ronald numbers prakaram, dheenini 1983loe wheaton kalaasaala tatwavetta paal dii vrees roopondinchaaru. devuni uniki gurinchi aemee cheppani kramasikshanaa paddhati ayina "methodological naturalism", mariyu "atindriya devuni unikini khandinche" metaphysical naturalism "madhya thedaanu dii vrees gurtinchaadu. methodological naturalism" anae padaanni 1937loe edger ess. upayoginchaaru. taatvika sameeksha" looni oka vyaasamlo briteman saadhaaranamgaa "prakrutivaadam" kuu viruddhamgaa, conny akkada eee aalochana nijamgaa daani iteevali vyatyaasaalaku abhivruddhi chendaledu.
vivarana.
steven shaffersman prakaram, prakrutivaadam anedi daanini konasaginche tatvasaastram;
ledhaa, carle sagan kluptamgaa cheppinatlugaah "viswam anedi unnadi ledhaa eppuduu undhi ledhaa eppuduu untundi"."
adanamgaa orther sii. prakrutivaadam, iteevali vaadukalo, taatvika advaitavaadam yokka oka jaathi anie danto paerkonnaadu, dheeni prakaram unikilo unna ledhaa jarigedi sahaja saastraalalo udaaharanagaa perkonnappatiki, paddhatula dwara vivaranaku gurayye avakaasam unna ardhamlo "sahajamainadi", idhi domine nundi domine varaku vastuvulu mariyu sanghatanala domine. anduvalla, suutrapraayamgaa, shaastreeya vivarana paridhiki minchina edainaa entiteelu unnayane ledhaa undavachane abhiprayanni tiraskarinchadam anedi prakrutivaadam anie vivadaspadamga nirvachinchabadindi.
orther nevel strahler ilaa perkonnaduh "sahajavaada drukpatham emitante, manam gamaninche nirdishta viswam unikiloki vachindi mariyu yea atindriya samstha prerana ledhaa maargadarsakatvam lekunda anni samayaallo mariyu daani anni bhagalalo panichesindi."samakaaleena tatvavettalalo atyadhikulu aaa vaastavikata prakruti dwara ayipoindani, 'atindriya' aemee ledani, 'maanava aatma' thoo sahaa vaastavikata yokka anni rangaalanu parisoedhinchadaaniki shaastreeya paddhatini upayoginchaalani korutunnaru.tatvavettalu prakrutivaadaanni" "saanukuula" "padamgaa vistrutamgaa bhaavistaaru, mariyu" "eee rojullo kontamandi churukaina tatvavettalu tamanu taamu 'prakrutivaadulu' gaa prakatinchukovadam santoshamgaa undhi". "mataaniki sambandhinchina tatvavettalu 'prakrutivaadam' gurinchi takkuva utsaahamgaa untaaru, daani prajaadarana kaaranamgaa" "anivaaryamaina" "vibhedam unnappatikee, marinta suukshmamgaa ardham chesukunte, (udaaharanaku, zaan mcdowell, david chalmers mariyu gennifer hornby yokka badhaku), anarhata laeni vaaru 'prakrutivaadam' kosam adhika sthaayini sett cheyadaaniki santruptigaa untaaru"."
prakrutivaadam oka matam kaadani bhaavinchabadutundani alwyn planting paerkonnaadu. ayithe, oka mukhyamaina vishayamlo, idhi oka matam yokka abhignaa vidhini nirvahinchadam dwara mataanni pooli untundi. oka matam saadhaaranamgaa samadhanam andinche lothaina maanava prasnala samiti undhi. adhe vidhamgaa prakrutivaadam eee prasnalaku samadhanala samitini istundi ".
vignaana saastraaniki avasaramaina oohalanu andinchadam.
robbert priddy prakaram, anni shaastreeya adhyayanalu anivaryamgaa shaastreeya prakriyala dwara pareekshinchaleni kaneesam konni mukhyamaina oohalapai aadharapadi untaayi; antey, saastravettalu adhi vyavaharinchae vaastavaala antima vislaeshanhaku sambandhinchi konni oohalatho praarambhinchaali. eee anchanaalu appudu paakshikamgaa manaku pratyakshamgaa spruha unna sanghatanala rakalaku kattubadi undatam dwara mariyu paakshikamgaa "taatkaalika" oohalu lekunda, oka nirdishta saadhaaraneekaranhatho pariseelinchina vaastavaalanu soochinchadamlo vijayam saadhinchadam dwara samarthinchabadataayi."vignaana shaastram anthaa kevalam anubhavika vaastavaalapai kakunda viswam yokka swabhaavam gurinchi oohalapai aadharapadi undani kuhn paerkonnaadu. eee anchanaalu-oka namuunaa-icchina shaastreeya samajam kaligi unna nammakalu, viluvalu mariyu paddhatula sekarananu kaligi untaayi, ivi vaari vyavasthalanu chattabaddham chestaayi mariyu vaari parisoedhanaku parimitulanu nirdesistaayi. prakruti saastravettalaku, prakruti matrame vaastavikata, "saraina" namuunaa, mariyu "atindriya" anedemi ledhu.ii. prakruti kante, antaku minchi ledhaa velupala edainaa. maanava aatmatho sahaa anni vaastavaalanu parisoedhinchadaaniki shaastreeya paddhatini upayoginchaali.
prakrutivaadam anedi pani chese saastravettala antarleena tatvasaastram anie, shaastreeya paddhatini samarthinchadaaniki eee krindi praathamika anchanaalu avasaramani kondaru perkonnaruhu
metaphysical naturalism.
prakrutivaadaanni daani praathamika konamlo "adhibhouthika prakrutivaadam", "antological prakrutivaadam", "swachchamaina prakrutivaadam", "taatvika prakrutivaadam" mariyu "antispernaturalism" anie pilustaaru. metaphysical naturalism aneka mataalalo bhaagamaina atindriya bhavanalu mariyu vivaranalanu tiraskaristundi.
paddhatula prakrutivaadam.
prakrutivaadam" anae padaaniki sambandhinchina eee rendava bhaavam, methodological naturalism, gnaanaanni pondadaaniki oka chatraanni andinchadaaniki prayatnistundi, dheeniki saastravettalu mana chuttoo unna prapancham manam gamaninchagala, pareekshinchagala, pratiroopam cheyagala mariyu dhruveekarinchagala vaati aadhaaramgaa elaa panichestundane daani vivaranalanu vetakaali. idhi vaastavikataku abhignaa vidhaanaaniki sambandhinchina oka pratyaekamaina aalochanaa vyavastha, anduvalla idhi ghnaana tatvasaastram. idhi sahaja kaaranaalu mariyu sanghatanalaku sambandhinchi shaastreeya prayatnaalu, parikalpanalu mariyu sanghatanalanu vivarinchadaaniki mariyu pareekshinchadaaniki prayatninche shaastram yokka sweeya-vidhinchina sampradaayam. 
steven shaffersman prakaram, paddhatula prakrutivaadam antey "puurtigaa angeekarinchadam ledhaa nammakunda shaastreeya paddhatiloo taatvika prakrutivaadam yokka sweekarana ledhaa ooha... shaastram adhibhouthikamainadi kaadu mariyu daani vijayaniki yea adhibhouthika shaastram yokka antima satyampai aadhaarapadadu, conny shaastram vijayavantam kaavadaaniki paddhatigata prakrutivaadaanni oka vyuuhamgaa ledhaa pani parikalpanagaa avalambinchaali. anduvalla manam prakrutivaadam yokka antima satyam gurinchi agneyavaadigaa undavacchu, ayinappatikee daanini sweekarinchi, prakruti matrame unnatlugaa prakrutini parisoedhimchaali."
saamaajika shaastravetta eline ecclund chesina adhyayanalu matha saastravettalu aacharanalo paddhatula prakrutivaadaanni vartimpajestaarani suuchistunnaayi. tama matha vishwaasaalu tama pani yokka chikkula gurinchi-tarachugaa naitika-vaaru aalochinche vidhananni prabhaavitam chestayani, conny vaaru vignaana saastraanni abhyasinche vidhananni prabhaavitam cheyavani vaaru nivedistaaru.
1996 nundi varusa vyasalu mariyu pustakaalalo, robbert tii. pennack "methodological naturalism" anae padaanni upayoginchi shaastreeya paddhati atindriya unikini ledhaa unikini oohinchakundaa sahaja vivaranalaku parimitam ayindani, idhi pidivaada metaphysical naturalism meeda aadharapadi ledani spashtam chesaaru. kitzmiller vii vadda nipunulaina sakshiga pennack yokka sakshyam. dover area school district trialnu nyaayamuurti thana "memorandam abhiprayam" loe "methodological naturalism anedi neti sains yokka 'ground ruul' anie muginchaaru
eugeny scott ilaa perkonnaduh
chaalaa mandhi americanlu vishwaasulu anie, chaalaa mandhi americanlu tama vishwaasaanni konasaginchukovalanukuntu modata gurtinchadam dwara saastravettalu parinaamaaniki kontha vyatiraekatanu tagginchavacchani aame suuchistunnaaru. vyaktulu matha vishwaasaalanu nilupukogalarani, inca kramabaddhamaina prakrutivaadam dwara parinaamaanni angeekarinchagalarani aame nammutundi. anduvalla saastravettalu adhibhouthika prakrutivaadam gurinchi prastaavinchakundaa undaali mariyu badulugaa paddati prakrutivaadam upayoginchaali.
oka prakriyagaa vignaana saastraaniki kramabaddhamaina prakrutivaadam matrame avasaramaite, saastravettalu mariyu itarulu taarkikamgaa mariyu naitikamgaa kramabaddhamaina prakrutivaadam yokka ooha anedi siddhaantaparamaina prakrutivaadam anie neenu bhaavistunnaanu", mariyu "paddhatigata prakrutivaadam yokka abhyasam ledhaa sweekarana anedi siddhaantaparamaina prakrutivaadampai taarkika mariyu naitika nammakanni kaligi untundani neenu perkonnaanu, kabatti avi taarkikamgaa vidadeeyabadavu."strahler angeekaristaaduh" sahajavaada [antological] abhiprayam emitante, manam gamaninche nirdishta viswam unikiloki vachindi mariyu yea atindriya samstha yokka prerana ledhaa maargadarsakatvam lekunda anni samayaallo mariyu daani anni bhagalalo panichesindi. prakrutivaada drukpathaanni shaastram daani praathamika oohagaa samarthistundi." 
paddhatula prakrutivaadampai abhiprayalu.
doubleu. vii. oo. quain.
doubleu. vii. oo. prakruti shaastram kante satyaaniki goppa nyayasthaanam ledani quain prakrutivaadaanni varninchaaru. ayana drushtilo, vignaana shaastram yokka vaadanalanu teerpu cheppadaniki shaastreeya paddhati kante merugaina paddhati marokati ledhu, mariyu vignaana shaastram ledhaa shaastreeya paddhatini samarthinchagala (nairoopya) adhibhouthika shaastram ledhaa ghnaanameemaamsa vanti "modati tatvasaastram" avasaram ledhaa sthaanam ledhu.
anduvalla, tatvasaastram saastravettala parisoedhanalanu daani swantha anveshanhalo upayoginchukovadaaniki sankochinchakandi, adhe samayamlo aaa vaadanalu aadhaararahitamgaa, gandaragolamgaa ledhaa asthiramgaa unnappudu vimarsalanu andinchadaaniki sankochinchakandi. quin drushtilo, tatvasaastram vignaana shaastramtho "nirantaram", mariyu "rendoo" anubhaavikamainavi. prakrutivaadam anedi vignaana shaastram yokka aadhunika drukpatham puurtigaa sarainadani oka pidivaada nammakam kaadu. badulugaa, viswam yokka prakriyalanu anveshinchadaaniki shaastram uttama maargam anie mariyu aaa prakriyalanu aadhunika shaastram ardham chesukovadaniki prayatnistunnadani idhi kevalam perkondi.
carle popper.
carle popper prakrutivaadaanni vignaana shaastram yokka preraka siddhaantamtoe poolchaaru. preranapai thana saadhaarana vimarsha aadhaaramgaa athanu daanini tiraskarinchaadu (prerana samasyanu chudandi), ayinappatikee oohaagaanaalanu kanipettadaaniki daani upayogaanni angeekarinchaadu.
badulugaa, sarihaddula nirdhaaranaku tappudu aadhaaraala aadhaaramgaa shaastram oka paddatini avalambinchaalani popper pratipaadinchaaru, endukante enni prayogaalu eppuduu oka siddhaantaanni niroopinchalevu, conny okka prayogam okadaaniki viruddhamgaa untundi. shaastreeya siddhaantaalu abaddhalu anevi kaligi untaayani popper abhiprayapaddadu.
alwyn naatadam.
notre daam vadda philosophy emeritus professor, mariyu kraistavudu ayina alwyn planting prakrutivaadaaniki prasiddha vimarsakudigaa maararu. maanavula parinaamam maarganirdesam cheyakapothe (udaaharanaku, devudu), parinaamam nammadagina nijamaina nammakaalato maanavulanu utpatti chesina sambhaavyata takkuvagaa ledhaa gurtinchalenidani, prakrutivaadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa thana parinaamaatmaka vaadanaloo ayana suuchimchaadu. glassgo vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chendina david kahan prakaram, nammakalu elaa samarthinchabadathaayo ardham chesukovadaniki, naatadam yokka ghnaanasaastramlo vale, atindriya aastikavaadam sandarbhamlo oka samarthananu kanugonaali. "(suupar normal stimulylanu kooda chudandi)."
prakrutivaadam mariyu parinaamam kalisi mana abhignaa saamarthyaalu nammadaginavani nammadaniki adhigaminchaleni "firayinche" nii andistaayani planta vaadinchaaru.ii., descartes dushta rakshasudu ledhaa vaat loe medadu tarahaalo oka sandehaaspadamaina vaadana.
eee vaadana vivadaspadamga undhi mariyu teevramgaa lopabhooyishtamgaa undani vimarsinchabadindi, udaaharanaku, elliot sobar.
robbert tii. pennack.
robbert tii. pennack paerkonnatlugaa, atindriya agentlu mariyu saktulu "sahaja prapancham mariyu daani agentlu mariyu saktulaku paina mariyu velupala unnaayi" mariyu "sahaja chattalache parimitam kaaledu", taarkika asaadhyatalu matrame atindriya agent cheyaleni vaatini parimitam chestaayi. ayana ilaa antaadu "manam atindriya saktulanu ardham chesukovadaniki sahaja gnaanaanni vartimpajeyagaligite, nirvachanam prakaram, avi ateendriyamainavi kaavu."atindriya anedi manaku tappanisarigaa oka rahasyam kabatti, shaastreeya namuunaalanu teerpu cheppagala aadharalu aevee idhi andinchadu. "prayogaaniki chararaasula pariseelana mariyu niyantrana avasaram... conny nirvachanam prakaram manaku atindriya entiteelu ledhaa saktulapai niyantrana ledhu."shaastram ardhaalatho vyavaharinchadu; shaastreeya tarkam yokka closed systemnu tananu taanu nirvachinchukovadaaniki upayoginchalemu. pareekshinchaleni atindriya saktulanu vignaana shaastram aakarshinchadaaniki anumatinchadam valla shaastravetta yokka pani ardharahitamgaa maarutundi, vignaana shaastram purogatini anumatinche kramasikshananu balaheenaparustundi, mariyu "puraatana greeku naataka rachayita thana nayakudini kashtataramaina paristhiti nundi bayataku teeyadaaniki" dues ex meshina "paie aadharapadatam entha teevramgaa asantruptikaramgaa untundo antegaa asantruptigaa untundi."
eee vidhamaina prakrutivaadam atindriya uniki ledhaa uniki gurinchi aemee cheppadu, eee nirvachanam prakaram idhi sahaja pareekshaku minchinadi. aacharanaatmaka pariseelanagaa, atindriya vivaranalanu tiraskarinchadam kevalam aacharanaatmakamainadi, anduvalla oka antological ateendriyavaadi kramabaddhamaina prakrutivaadaanni samarthinchadam mariyu abhyasinchadam saadhyamavutundi. udaaharanaku, saastravettalu tama shaastreeya paniloo paddhatula prakrutivaadaanni abhyasistuunae devudini vishwasinchavachhu. eee sthaanam edho okavidhamgaa ateendriyamtho mudipadi unna gnaanaanni nirodhinchadu. ayithe, saadhaaranamgaa, saastriiyamgaa pariseelinchi vivarinchagala edainaa, kevalam nirvachanam prakaram, ateendriyamainadi kaadu.
vimarsha.
bhouthika viswaaniki ganita shaastram yokka vartaneeyata.
ganitasastra divangata tatwavetta maark steiner eee vishayampai vistrutamgaa raasaaru mariyu ganita shaastram yokka vartimpajeyadam "prakrutivaadam yokka sthiramaina siddhaantaaniki oka savaluga undani angeekarinchaaru."