
benn usef maseedu

benn usef maseedu (dheenini aanglamlo "ibn yousuf maseedu" anie kooda pilustaaru), moraco looni marrakesh yokka madeenaa quarterlo unna oka maseedu, dheeniki almoravid emir allie ibn yousuf paeru pettaru. idhi marrakeshloni atyanta puraatanamaina mariyu atyanta mukhyamaina maseedu.
charitra.
marrakeshloni modati maseedunu almoravid ameer yousuf ibn tashfin 1071loe nagaraniki naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki vacchina ventane nirminchaadu. idhi kotta nagaraniki kendra sangha maseedugaa panichestundi. eee modati maseedu nundi aemee bayatapadaledu mariyu daani khachitamaina sthaanaalu khachitamgaa laevu. idhi neelapai kattabadindi. ibn tashfin vyaktigatamgaa daani nirmaanamloo nimagnamai, thana chetulato mortarnu kalapadam jarigindani chaaritraka vruttaamtaalu paerkontunnaayi.
ibn tashfin kumarudu mariyu varasudu, allie ibn yusuf (ledhaa french lipyantareekarana nundi "benn yousuf"), praamganamloo palarayi pareevaahakamtho kuudina pedda founten kaaranamgaa "maseedu all-sikaya" ("founten yokka maseedu") anae paerutoe oka goppa kotta kendra maseedunu nirminchaadu. dheeniki daadaapu 60,000 bangaaru dinaarlu kharchu ayyayi, mariyu idhi 1120 mariyu 1132 madhya kontakaalam puurtayimdi. minar, idhi bahusha chivari nirmaana amsaalalo okati, 1129loe praarambhamai, 1132loe puurtayimdi. idhi almoravid saamrajyamlo nirminchina atipedda maseedu, 120 x 80 meterla deerghachaturasraakaara punaadi, mariyu daani paschima vaipuna 30 ledhaa 40 meterla ettugaa anchanaa veyabadina minar. perugutunna nagaram yokka layowoot daani chuttoo nirvahinchabadindi, mariyu poruguna unna "suuks" thoo kalisi, idhi prarambha marakesh nagara jeevitaaniki kendramgaa erpadindi. sameepamloni "kabba badiyyin" daaniki anusandhaaninchabadina smaaraka prakshaalana fountainlalo okati.
almohadlu almoravidlanu oodinchi, april 1147loe marakeshnu swaadheenam chesukunnappudu, almoravid maseedu orientation lopam undani, daanini koolchivesi ledhaa vidichipettinatlu almohad khalifa abd all-mumin paerkonnaadu. badulugaa almohadlu nagaramloni nairuti bhagalalo, benn usef maseeduku dhooramgaa, kotta goppa maseedu, qutubia maseedunu, alaage dakshinaana tama kotta raajabhavanaalaku sevalu andinchadaaniki maroka goppa maseedu, kasba maseedunu nirminchaaru. ayithe, kotta qutubia maseedu asalu nagara kendram nundi pattana karyakalapala kendraanni sthaanabhramsham cheyadamlo puurtigaa vijayavantam kaaledu.
saad rajavamsa kaalamlo (16va sataabdam) nagaram gananeeyamaina pattana maarpulaku guraindi, nagaramloni paschima praantaalalo (paatha yoodula porugu praantamloo) mousin maseedu vanti kotta porugu praantaalu mariyu kotta maseedulu srushtinchabaddaayi. benn usef maseedu chuttoo unna porugu praantaalaku kooda saadiyanlu tama prothsaahaanni icchinatlu telustondi. 1557 mariyu 1574 madhya paalinchina sultan abdullah all-galib benn usef maseedunu punarnirminchinatlu ledhaa punaruddharinchinatlu samacharam (eee saad maseedu avasheshaalu kanugonabadaledu). daani pakkana, abdullah all-galib maseeduku thoorpuna unna benn usef madrasa anae kotta madrasa (vedaanta kalaasaala) loe kooda nirminchaadu, tadwara dheeniki panditula maseedugaa kotta jeevitaanni icchaadu. shrobe oo shouf anie piluvabade alankarinchabadina veedhi founten kooda ahmed all-mansur (paripaalinchina 1578-1603) paalanalo sameepamlo nirminchabadindi.
padihedava mariyu paddenimidava sataabdaala kaalamlo naasanamaina taruvaata, 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo alavi sultan suleiman (1792-1822 nuu paripaalinchaadu) dheenini puurtigaa punarnirminchaaru, dheeniki bhinnamaina amarika undhi mariyu daani asalu amoravid ledhaa almohad roopakalpanaku etuvanti jaada migili ledhu. minar puurtayinappudu nirmaanam 1819-20 loe puurtayimdi. eee taruvaata prothsaaham unnappatikee, prastuta maseedu asalu paerunu "benn usef" gaa konasaaginchindi.
idhi nedu marrakeshloni atyanta mukhyamaina maseedulalo okatigaa konasagutondi. saampradayakamgaa, benn yousafe maseedu yokka "khadee" (mataparamaina nyaayamuurti) kuu marrakesh antataa, mariyu bayati praantaalapai kooda adhikara paridhi untundi. idhi muslimetara sandarsakulaku andubaatulo ledhu.
neti maseedu yokka vivarana.
maseeduku oka vaipuku 64 meterla kolatato chadarapu antastu pranaalika undhi. idhi 40 meterla kolatato 30 meterla kolatato, oka pedda antargata praamganam ("saahn") kaligi undhi, oka kendra founten mariyu uttara, dakshina mariyu paschimam vaipuna gallerylatho chuttabadi undhi. thoorpu vaipuna pradhana hypostyle praarthana mandiram undhi, idhi uttara-dakshinaana nadustunna rendu varusala vampula dwara moodu viloma nadavalugaa vibhajinchabadindi, idhi suduura thoorpu "kibla" godaku (praarthana disalo goda) samaantaramgaa untundi. maseedu yokka "mihrab" (thoorpu godalo "kibla" nii soochinche samuchita sthaanam) loe saadhaarana gurrapu bottu vampu oka chinna alkov loki teravabadutundi, ayithe vampu chuttoo unna goda yokka uparitalaalu rekhaganita, arab, mariyu silaasaasana alankaranatho chekkabadina gaaratho kappabadi untaayi. maseedulo unna itara mukhyamaina alankaranalu chekka paikappulu, ivi teppalatho kuudina vilakshanhamaina vaalu roopaanni kaligi untaayi, conny rangurangula chithrinchina rekhaganita mariyu arab roopakalpanalatho meruguparachabaddayi.
maseedu yokka nairuti muulaloe unna minar, oka vaipuku 8 meterla koliche chadarapu punaadi thoo saampradaaya roopaanni kaligi undhi. idhi sumaru 40 meterla etthu untundi, pradhana shaft paibhagamlo chaalaa chinna rendava shaft untundi, mariyu pradhana shaft yokka prati mukhabhagam anchula venta aakupaccha tailing yokka rendu niluvu byaandla nundi chaalaa takkuva alankarananu kaligi untundi. minar yokka rendu shrenulu satooth aakarapu merlanlatho kappabadi untaayi.
maseedu aakraminchina pattana kootami kante chinnadi kabatti (idhi asalu almoravid maseedu yokka roopurekhalaku anugunamgaa untundi), daaniki mariyu veedhiki madhya dooraanni daate rendu margalalo edainaa okadaani dwara pravesinchabadutundi. maseedu chuttoo unna migilina praantaanni daani vaayuvya vaipula oka smasaanavaatika aakraminchindi, mariyu migilina chuttukolata chuttoo vividha illu, anubandhalu mariyu soukaryaalu unnaayi. eee anubandhaalalo okati, daani aagneya muulaloe, library (benn usef ledhaa ibn yousuf library anie pilustaaru). maseedu eshaanya muulaloe unna maroka nirmaanam, oka kuleena bhavanam, dhaar raghay, idhi 1943loe munupati nirmaanaala sthalamlo puurtayimdi. idhi iteevala punaruddharinchabadindi mariyu dhaar bellarge anie piluvabade saamskrutika kendramgaa maarchabadindi.
almoravid maseedu yokka vaarasatvam.
eee goppa maseedu yokka asalu roopurekhalu mariyu amarika netikee veedhula leavutlo spashtamgaa kanipistundi, endukante prastuta maseedu chuttoo unna veedhulu ventane oka deerghachaturasraanni yerparustaayi, ivi maseedu mariyu taruvaata benn usef madrasa rendintitho amarikalo laevu. kibla" (praarthana yokka dhisha, dheenitho maseedulu samalekhanam cheyabadaali) vividha kalalalo vividha paddhatulanu upayoginchi anchanaa veyabadinanduna amarikalo eee asamatulyata undih prastuta maseedu (19va sataabdamloo nirminchabadindi) thoorpu vaipuga undagaa, asalu maseedu (12va sataabdam) dakshinaana konchem ekkuvagaa samalekhanam cheyabadindi mariyu sameepamloni benn usef madrasa (16va sataabdam) aagneya disalo undhi. puraavastu adhyayanalu prastuta maseeduku vaayuvya disalo unna almoravid maseedu yokka asalu minar avasheshaalanu gurtinchaayi, dheeni nirmaanam gurinchi kontha antardrushtini andistunnaayi.
almoravid kauba.
kabba badiyyin" ledhaa "kabba barudiyyin" anie kooda piluvabade almoravid kauba, marrakeshlo almoravid vaastusilpaaniki migili unna ekaika udaaharana. dheenini 1117loe ledhaa, bahusha, 1125loe, almoravid ameer allie ibn yusuf nirminchaaru. nedu benn usef maseeduku dakshinaana unna, idhi allie ibn yousuf nirminchina almoravid maseeduku chendinadani mariyu praarthanaku mundu aachaaraparamaina prakshaalanalaku upayoginche pevillion anie chaalaa mandhi panditulu nammutaaru. maseedu sameepamlo neetini andinchadaaniki eee rakamaina nirmaanaanni "mida" (; "prakshaalana soukaryam") anie kooda pilustaaru mariyu idhi taruvaata marakechloni maseedulalo kanipistundi.
almoravid minbar.
allie ibn yusuf speyinlooni cardoba (all-andalus) looni oka workshop nundi thana maseedu kosam vistrutamaina minbar (palpit) nuu niyaminchaadu. dheeni utpatti 1137loe praarambhamaindi mariyu dheeniki edu samvatsaraalu pattindani anchanaa. idhi "islaamik kala yokka asamaanamaina srushtulalo okati" gaa pariganinchabadutundi. daani kalaatmaka shaili mariyu naanhyata chaalaa prabhaavavantamgaa undi, moraco mariyu algerialoni konni praantaalalo tadupari minbarlalo padepade anukarinchabadina, conny ennadoo adhigaminchani pramaanaanni erpaatu chesindi. aaa samayamlo minbarnu modata benn usef maseedulo unchinatlu nammutaaru. ayithe, taruvaata dheenini almohad palakudu abd all-mumin modati qutubia maseeduku badilee chesi, taruvaata aaa maseedu yokka rendava avataaraaniki marcharu. eee kaaranamgaa, dheenini tarachugaa qutubia minbar ledhaa qutubia maseedu yokka minbar anie pilustaaru. idhi 1962 varaku akkade undipoyindi, appudu dheenini ell baadhee palescu marcharu, ikkada idhi ippudu sandarsakula kosam pradarsanalo undhi.
minbar anedi tappanisarigaa tribhujaakaara nirmaanam, hypotenues vaipu tommidi metlatho metlatho aakraminchabadindi. idhi podavugaa, vedalpugaa, podavainadigaa untundi. pradhana nirmaanam uttara african deevadaaru chekkatho tayaaru cheyabadindi, ayithe metlu valnut chettu kalapatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi mariyu minbar yokka bays pharr chettu kalapatho tayaaru cheyabadindi. uparitalaalu chekkabadina mukkalu mariyu chekkina mukkala misramam dwara alankarinchabadataayi. rendu vaipula unna minbar yokka pedda tribhujaakaara mukhalu enimidi koonaala nakshatraala chuttoo kendrikrutamai unna vistrutamaina mariyu srujanaatmaka muulaamsamtoe kappabadi untaayi, dheeni nundi dantaala puuyitoe alankaara byaandlu taruvaata parasparam kaluputaayi mariyu migilina uparitalampai adhe namuunaanu punaraavrutam chestaayi. eee byaandla madhya khaaliilu itara rekhaganita aakrutulanu yerparustaayi, ivi vividha rangula adavula (pette chekka, jujub mariyu nalla chekka) nundi tayaaru cheyabadina lothugaa chekkina arabbula palakalatho nindi untaayi. nalla chekkapai mariyu emukalapai kufik lipilo khurran saasanaala vistruta byaand undhi, idhi balastradla paie anchu venta nadustundi. minbar yokka itara uparitalaalu vividha rakaala itara muulaamsaalanu kaligi untaayi. mukhyamgaa, minbar yokka metlu murish (gurrapu bottu) vampula arcade chitraalato alankarinchabaddaayi, ivi lopala mokkala muulaamsaalanu vakramgaa untaayi, annee puurtigaa vividha rangu adavulatho marketreelo tayaaru cheyabaddaayi.

