
nivaasam

gruhanirmaanam, ledhaa marinta saadhaaranamgaa, nivaasa sthalaalu, aasrayam kosam vyaktigatamgaa ledhaa samishtiga illu ledhaa bhavanala nirmaanam mariyu ketaayinchina viniyogaanni suuchistumdi. gruhanirmaanam anedi praathamika maanava avasaram, mariyu idhi vyaktulu, kutumbaalu mariyu samaajaala jeevana naanhyatanu roopondinchadamlo keelaka paatra poeshistumdi. 
sameeksha.
illu, basa ledhaa aasrayam kosam illu ledhaa oka rakamaina bhouthika nirmaanam ayina samaajamlooni sabhyulaku nivasinchadaaniki sthalam undela gruhanirmaanam nirdhaaristundi mariyu indulo apaartmentlu mariyu gruhaala nundi taatkaalika aasrayaalu mariyu atyavasara vasati varaku aneka empikalu untaayi. oka vyakti aarogyam, bhadrata mariyu sreyassu kosam surakshitamaina, sarasamaina mariyu sthiramaina gruhaala labhyata chaalaa avasaram. vidya, upaadhi, aarogya samrakshana mariyu saamaajika netvarklaku vaari praapyatanu prabhaavitam chestunnanduna gruhanirmaanam oka vyakti yokka aardhika, saamaajika mariyu saamskrutika avakaasaalanu kooda prabhaavitam chestundi. aneka deshaalalo, sthomatha, naanhyata mariyu labhyataku sambandhinchina samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki mariyu prati okkariki manchi gruhalu labhincheelaa chuudataaniki gruha vidhanalu mariyu karyakramalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. kondariki okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva gruhanirmaana adhikarulu untaaru, konnisaarlu gruhanirmaana mantritva saakha ledhaa gruhanirmaana vibhagam anie kooda pilustaaru.
saadhaaranamgaa rendu rakaala gruhalu unnaayi, market gruhalu mariyu market kaani gruhalu. market housinglo apaartmentlu, candominiumlu, private housing modalainavi untaayi. market kaani gruhaalalo prabhutva, saamaajika mariyu sahakaara gruhalu untaayi. market housing anedi sarafara mariyu demand dwara nirnayinchabade dharalu mariyu addelatho bahiranga marketlo konugolu chesi vikrayinche gruhalanu suuchistumdi. eee rakamaina gruhalu saadhaaranamgaa private vyaktulu ledhaa corporationla yajamanyamlo untaayi, mariyu adde raetlu sthaanika market paristhitula aadhaaramgaa bhuswamiche nirnayinchabadataayi. marovaipu, takkuva nundi mitamaina aadaayam unna vyaktulu ledhaa kutumbaalaku sarasamaina gruha empikalanu andinche lakshyamtho prabhutvam ledhaa laabhaapekshaleni samsthalu andinche mariyu nirvahinche gruhalanu market kaani gruhalu suuchistaayi. eee rakamaina gruhaalaku saadhaaranamgaa subsidy untundi, antey adde market raetu kante takkuvagaa untundi, mariyu addedaarulu adde sahaya kaaryakramaalaku arhulu kaavacchu.
charitra.
united states off america.
samyukta rashtraalalo, 19va mariyu 20va sataabdaala varaku gruhanirmaanamlo prabhutva prameyam chaalaa ekkuvagaa undedi. idhi pradhanamgaa samaajamlo paedavaariki sahayam cheyadame lakshyamgaa pettukundi. prabhutva gruhanirmaanam paedalu mariyu pradhanamgaa takkuva aadaayam sampaadinche vaariki sahayam mariyu sahayanni andistundi. praja gruhaalalo chaalaa mandhi vyaktulu nivasistunnaarani oka adhyayana nivedika choopistundi. 12 laksala kutumbaalu ledhaa gruhalu unnaayi. eee rakamaina gruhalu pradhanamgaa takkuva aadaayam mariyu vruddhulaku, surakshitamaina, sarasamaina mariyu manchi gruha unitlanu andinchadaaniki nirminchabaddaayi. 
gruha nirmaana charitraku sambandhinchi, 1937loe prabhutva prameyam praarambhamaindani, adhi "united states housing act kinda" undani niroopinche adhyayanalu unnaayi. sarasamaina gruhaala samasyatho anusandhaaninche asurakshitamaina, aparisubhramaina mariyu bhayankaramaina gruha paristhitula vanti aneka vishayalanu meruguparachadam dheeni lakshyam. 1940loe abhivruddhi jarigindi, gruha nirmaana kharchula karyalayam kooda undhi. taruvaata, samvatsaraalalo, 1956loe maroka gruhanirmaana chattam jarigindi, 1960loe, "praja gruhanirmaanaaniki bhaarii malupu" gaa pariganinchabade hakkulaku gurtimpu labhinchindi. appatiki roopondinchina aneka vidhanalu eee rojullo ippatikee churukuga unnaayi. evarikainaa illu avasaramaite konni sulabhamaina dasalanu anusarinchandi mariyu meeku kavalasinappudu yea pradaesamloonainaa ledhaa edainaa dharaku londonlo vidyaarthi vasati pondandi.
appati nundi ippati varaku, praja gruhalu perugutunnaayi. 1980laloe, aneka vibhina praantaalalo, mukhyamgaa vaeru cheyabadina praantaalalo nivasinche aneka mandhi praja gruha vyaktulu mariyu addedaarulu unnaaru. konni samvatsaraala taruvaata, oka kotta karyakramam roopondinchabadindi, idhi chaalaa mandini maarchadaaniki kaaranamaindi. idhi eee roeju mana vadda unnatle, ikkada prajalu marchabaddaru. appatiki, eee karyakramanni hope vi anie pilicheevaaru.
2000la varaku munduku saagutuu, sarasamaina gruhalanu kanugone samasya peragadam praarambhinchindi, tadwara united states department off housing und urban development (hetch. yuu. dii) charyalu teesukovadam praarambhinchindi mariyu sarasamaina gruhalanu kanugonadaaniki aneka mandhi gruha yajamaanulu, vyaktulu, agencylu mariyu sanghaalaku sahayam chesindi. lekkinchetappudu, eee kaaryakramamlo tommidi laksala mandiki paiga palgontaru. gruhaala dharalu perigina taruvaata samvatsaraallo avi oka samvatsaram tarvaata taggutaayi, idhi 2005loe jarigindi, mariyu idhi khachitamgaa nedu jarugutondi, eee rojullo gruhaalapai intha ekkuva dharalu unnaayi. 2008loe, "2008 gruhanirmaana mariyu aardhika punaruddharana chattam" anie piluvabade oka chattam jarigindi mariyu eee chattam "gruhanirmaanam mariyu aardhika punaruddharana chattam yokka niyantrananu balopetam chesi, aadhuneekarinchindi...(prabhutva-praayojita samsthalu) mariyu samakhya gruha runa byaankulu "2013 nundi 2017 varaku, viraalaalu sambhavinchaayi; udaaharanaku, bayata oka muulam ayinappatikee, idhi praja gruhanirmaanaaniki, mukhyamgaa vaari muuladhana avasaralaku sahayapade aneka vibhina nidhulanu andinchadamlo sahaayapadindi. 2000 nundi 2019 varaku, mottam praja gruhanirmaana nidhula kaaranamgaa dravyolbanam taggindi. eee rojullo sarasamaina gruhalu chaalaa kutumbaalaku pedda samasyaga unnaayi, mariyu dharala perugudala kaaranamgaa 2018 nundi idhi padhi nundi padihenu saatam perigindi.  
sthuula aardhika vyavastha mariyu gruhaala dhara.
sthuula aardhika vyavastha gruhaala dharanu prabhaavitam chestundani munupati parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi. 2018 nundi jarigina parisoedhana prakaram viniyogadaarula dharala soochikalo 1 saatam perugudala gruhaala dharalalo $3,559,715 perugudalaku daariteestundi mariyu chadarapu aduguki aasti dharanu $119.3387 penchutundi. dabbu sarafara (m2) gruhaala dharalatho saanukuula sambandhaanni kaligi undhi. cubic meater oka unit peragadamtho, hankanglo nirvahinchina oka adhyayanamlo gruhaala dharalu 0.0618 perigayi. uttama runa retulo 1 saatam perugudala unnappudu, hechesi namoonaalo gruhaala dharalu $18,237.26 mariyu $28,681.17 madhya taggutaayi. tanakha tirigi chellimpulu taggimpu vindo bays raetu perugudalaku daariteestaayi. raetu 1 saatam peragadam valla gruhaala dharalu $14, $ID2 taggutaayi, mariyu sagatu ammakapu dhara $585, $ID1 taggutundi. us nijamaina vaddii raetu perige koddi, hankanglo vaddii raetlu tappaka anusarinchaali, tanakha tirigi chellimpulanu penchutundi. america samyukta rashtraallo vaastava vaddii raetu 1 saatam periginappudu, aasti dharalu $9302.845 nundi $4957.274 kuu taggutaayi, mariyu ammakaniki unna praantam $4.955206 mariyu $14.01284 taggutundi. ratriputa hankong interbank andinche retulo 1 saatam periginappudu, gruha dharalu sumaru 3455.529 kii taggutaayi, mariyu prati ft2 dhara $187.3119 taggutundi.
aarogyampai prabhavam.
gruhanirmaanam anedi aarogyaaniki saamaajika nirnayadhikaramga gurtinchabadindi. gruha nirmaanam lekapovadam ledhaa paelavamaina naanhyata gala gruhalu lekapovadam anedi oka vyakti yokka saareeraka mariyu manasika aarogyaanni pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chestundi. saareeraka aarogyaanni pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chese gruha lakshanaalalo thema, acchu, sariponi vaedi mariyu raddi unnaayi. taginanta vaedi lekapovadam, raddi, thema mariyu achutho paatu vyaktigata sthalam lekapovadam kooda manasika aarogyaanni prabhaavitam chestundi. gruha nirmaanamloo asthirata manasika aarogyaanni pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chestundi. ubbasam triggerlu ledhaa seesanku gurikavadam dwara mariyu nirmaanaatmaka lopaala kaaranamgaa gaayaala dwara (udhaa.zii. kitikee gaardulu ledhaa radiator kavarlu lekapovadam).

