
wine tayaareeloo eest

wine tayaareeloo eest paatra anedi wine nuu pandla rasam nundi vaeru chese athi mukhyamaina amsam. oxygen lenappudu, eest puliyabettadam prakriya dwara pandla chakkeralanu alkahal mariyu carbon dioxidega maarustundi. draakshalo chakkeralu entha ekkuvagaa unte, eest nuu puliyabettadaaniki anumatinchinatlayithe wine yokka sambhaavya alkahal sthaayi antha ekkuvagaa untundi. konnisaarlu wine tayaareedaarulu desert vainla vanti vainlo konni avashesha chakkeralu mariyu teepini vadiliveyadaaniki puliyabettadaanni mundugaane nilipivestaaru. eest kriyaarahitamgaa unna sthaayiki puliyabettadam ushnogratanu tagginchadam dwara, eest tolaginchadaaniki vynnu krimirahitam cheyadam dwara ledhaa eest kanaalanu champadaaniki brandy ledhaa neutral spiritlatho balaparachadam dwara dheenini saadhinchavachchu. puliyabettadam anukokunda nilipiveyabadithe, udaaharanaku eest andubaatulo unna poeshakaalu aipoinappudu mariyu wine inca podigaa lenappudu, idhi chikkukunna puliyabettadamgaa pariganinchabadutundi.
wine thayaareetho anubandhinchabadina atyanta saadhaarana eest "saccaromysis serevisia", idhi oohinchadagina mariyu saktivantamaina puliyabettadam saamarthyaalu, saapekshamgaa adhika sthaayi alkahal mariyu sulfur dioxide yokka sahanam alaage 2.8 mariyu 4 madhya saadhaarana wine piechlo vruddhi chendagala saamarthyam kaaranamgaa anukuulamgaa undhi. vistrutamgaa upayoginchinappatiki, tarachugaa cultured stock nundi uddesapurvaka teekaalu veyadam untundi. serivisia "anedi arudugaa puliyabettadamlo palgone ekaika eest jaathi. pantakota nundi teesukuvacche draakshalu saadhaaranamgaa "clockera" mariyu "kandida" jaatula nundi vividha rakaala "adavi eest" thoo nindi untaayi. panta dabbaalloni samuuhaala baruvu draakshanu nokkadam praarambhinchinappudu, chakkera adhikamgaa unde aavalanu vidudala chesinappudu, eee eest luu tarachugaa draakshanu enchukunna ventane puliyabettadam prakriyanu praarambhistaayi. sulfur dioxide (tarachugaa crusher vadda jodinchabadutundi) jodimpulu konni adavi eest karyakalapalanu parimitam cheyagalavu, eest kanaala sareeradharma saastrampai madyam vishapuuritam kaaranamgaa alkahal sthaayi 15 saataaniki cherukunna tarvaata eee eest saadhaaranamgaa nasistundi, ayithe ekkuva alkahal sahinche "saccaromyces" jaatulu swaadheenam chesukuntaayi. adanamgaa "s. serivisia, "saccaromysis bionus" anedi 17-20% alkahal sthaayilanu thattukogala eest yokka oka jaathi mariyu tarachugaa port luu mariyu adhika brics chakkera sthaayilalo pandinche ginfandel mariyu sira vanti rakaala vanti balavardhakamaina wine utpattilo upayoginchabadutundi. wine utpattilo palgone maroka saadhaarana eest "bretanomyces", dheeni wine unikini vividha wine tayaareedaarulu wine faltga ledhaa parimita parimaanamlo sanklishtata yokka adanapu gamanikaga chudavachu.
charitra.
wine charitralo chaalaa varaku, wine tayaareedaarulaku chakkera draksha rasaanni edho okavidhamgaa madya vainga marche vidhanam teliyadu. carbon dioxide vidudala kaaranamgaa wine nurugu, budagalugala roopaanni icchinanduna tarachugaa "marige", "chitlinche" ledhaa "ibbandi kaliginche" wine anie varninchabade puliyabettadam prakriyanu vaaru gamaninchavacchu. eee charitra "eest" anae padaaniki chendina sabdavyutpatti saastramlo bhadraparachabadindi, dheeni ardham "udakabettadam".
19va sataabdam madhyalo, french shaastravetta luis pasteur kuu french prabhutvam konni vainlu paadaipovadaaniki kaaranamaina vaatini adhyayanam chese baadhyatanu appaginchindi. taruvaata pasteur nuu "suukshmajeevasaastra pitaamahalalo okarigaa" pariganinchadaaniki daariteesina athani pani, suukshmadarshini eest kanaalu mariyu puliyabettadam prakriya madhya sambandhaanni velikiteestundi. eest tappanisarigaa chakkeralanu alkahal mariyu carbon dioxidega maarchutundani pasteur kanugonnadu, ayithe eest eee panini elaa saadhistundane khachitamaina vidhanalu 20va sataabdam varaku emben-mayerhoff-parnas maargamtho kanugonabadaledu.
saadhaaranamgaa "saccaromyces serevisia" anie piluvabade eest jaatulanu 19va sataabdam chivaralo anology textlo kanaala deerghavruttaakaara (vruttaakaaraaniki viruddhamgaa) aakaram kaaranamgaa "saccaromyces ellipsoidius" gaa gurtinchaaru. 20va sataabdam antataa, "saccaromysis serevisia" yokka 700 kante ekkuva vibhina jaatulu gurtinchabaddaayi. eee jaatulalo adhika bhaagam madhya thedaalu chaalaa takkuvagaa untaayi, ayithe vyaktigata wine tayaareedaarulu konni vainlanu tayaaru chesetappudu ledhaa nirdishta draksha rakaalato pani chesetappudu nirdishta jaatulaku praadhaanyata istaaru. eee vyatyaasaalalo konni "shakti" ledhaa puliyabettadam yokka vegam, ushnograta sahanam, asthira sulfur sammelanaala utpatti (hydrogen sulfide vantivi) mariyu wine yokka vasananu prabhaavitam chese itara sammelanaalu.
wine tayaareeloo paatra.
eest yokka praadhamika paatra draakshalo unde chakkeralanu (antey glucose) alcoholga marchadam. eest jeevakriya maargaala dwara glucosenu upayoginchadam dwara dheenini saadhistundi, idhi oxygen samakshamlo, kanaaniki pedda mottamlo saktini matrame kakunda, kanam panicheyadaaniki avasaramaina aneka madhyavartulanu kooda utpatti chestundi. oxygen lenappudu (mariyu konnisaarlu oxygen samakshamlo kooda), kanam konni jeevakriya vidhulanu (glycolysis vantivi) konasaagistundi, conny jeevakriyanu konasaaginchadaaniki avasaramaina saha-enjaimlanu "recharge" cheyadaaniki acetaldehydenu ethanol (puliyabettadam) loki tagginchadam vanti itara margalapai aadhaarapadutundi. puliyabettadam yokka eee prakriya dwara eest kanaalu vyardha utpattigaa ithanaalnu vidudala chestaayi. chivariki, eest kanaalu aarogyamgaa undi, puliyabettadam poortayye varaku anumatinchabadithe, puliyabettaleni pentose matrame migili undi, puliyabettaleni chakkeralanni eest dwara upayoginchabadataayi.
eest dwara utpatti cheyabadina vainlooni itara sammelanaalu.
wine tayari konam nundi eest metabolism yokka atyanta mukhyamaina upa utpatti alkahal utpatti ayinappatikee, eest utpatti chese aneka itara utpattulu kooda phalitamgaa vachhe vynnu prabhaavitam chestaayi. indulo glycolysis saikil (dihydroxyacetone) yokka madhyantaram itara jeevakriya karyakalapalanu konasaaginchadaaniki avasaramaina naad enjaimnu "recharge" cheyadaaniki tagginchinappudu utpatti ayye glycerol untundi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa kinva prakriya praarambhamlo utpatti avutundi, naad recharge cheyadaaniki acetaldehydenu ithanolga tagginche yantraamgaalu redox santulanam nirvahinchadaaniki kanam yokka praathamika maargamgaa maaradaaniki mundu. wine yokka alkahal sthaayini penchakunda glycerol sariiraanni mariyu konchem teepi ruchini penchutundi kabatti, kontamandi wine tayaareedaarulu vainlo glycerol utpattini prothsahinche paristhitulanu uddeshapoorvakamgaa anukuulamgaa cheyadaaniki prayatnistaaru. indulo glycerol utpattiki anukuulamgaa unde eest jaatulanu enchukovadam (ledhaa "kloekera" mariyu "metshnikovia" vanti konni adavi eest puliyabettadaaniki anumatinchadam), perigina oxygen bahirgatam mariyu vayuvu alaage adhika ushnogratala vadda puliyabettadam vantivi untaayi. vainlooni bisulfite anuvulatho bandhinchadam dwara chaalaa varaku andubaatulo unna acetaldehydenu andubaatulo unchakapothe, glycerol utpattini kooda prothsahistaaru, ayithe eee puliyabettadam yokka prarambha dasalanu daati glycerol utpattini podiginchadaaniki gananeeyamaina mottamlo sulfur dioxide adanamgaa (chattaparamaina parimitulaku minchi) padutundi.
eest yokka itara upa utpattuluh
lease.
eest kanaalu maraninchinappudu, avi puliyabettadam paatra diguva bhaagamlo munigipotayi, akkada avi karagani tartratelu, draksha vittanaalu, charmam mariyu gujju sakalaalatoe kalipi leasenu yerparustaayi. puliyabettadam samayamlo, chanipoyina eest kanaalanu ekkuvagaa tolaginche modati mukhyamaina rackingnu tarachugaa "sthuula lease" anie pilustaaru, wine sthirapadatam mariyu vayassu perige koddi vachhe takkuva mutaka "fine lease" kuu viruddhamgaa. wine leastho sambandhamlo gadipe samayamlo, chanipoyina eest kanaala yokka autolysis (ledhaa sweeya-jeevakriya), alaage lease gaalini peelchakapothe ledhaa kadalakapothe abhivruddhi chendagala tagginche paristhitulu (french vaaru "botanage" anie piliche prakriya) rendinti kaaranamgaa aneka maarpulu vynnu prabhaavitam chestaayi. wine daani lease kosam entha samayam gaduputundi ("surr lye" anie pilustaaru) anedi wine tayari shaili mariyu wine rakampai aadharapadi untundi.
leastho kontha sambandham gadapadaniki wine vadilivese prakriyaku wine tayaareeloo sudeergha charitra undhi, idhi puraatana romanlaku telusu mariyu cree puu 2 va sataabdamloo cato dhi elder vivarinchaadu. nedu eee abhyasam prapanchavyaaptamgaa aneka wine praantaalalo utpatti cheyabadina baarel puliyabettina, muskadet, merise wine shampine mariyu chardonne vanti edainaa redd vainlatho vistrutamgaa mudipadi undhi. saadhaaranamgaa vainlanu vaati leastho taakinappudu, eest sell godalu mariyu porallo unna mannoproteenlu, polysaccharidelu mariyu itara sammelanaalanu vidudala cheyadaaniki vaatini kramam tappakunda kadilistaaru. lease pora 10 centimeters (4 angulaalu) kante ekkuva mandamgaa mariyu oka vaaraaniki paiga ibbandi lekunda unte kanipinche mercaptans mariyu hydrogen sulfide vanti tagginche sulfur sammelanaala abhivruddhini nivaarinchadaaniki kooda eee kadilinchadam sahaayapadutundi.
lease contactto sambandham unna chaalaa prayojanaalu eest kanaala autolysis samayamlo vidudalayye mannoproteinla vainpai prabhaavamtho vyavaharistaayi. pradhanamgaa mannos mariyu proteinlatho koodi, kontha glucozto, mannoproteenlu tarachugaa eest yokka kana godalo hydrophobic sugandha sammelanaalato bandhinchabadataayi, ivi kana goda vichchinnam ayinappudu asthiramavuthaayi. manroproteinla vidudala vainlo indriya maarpulanu andinchadame kakunda avi tartrate mariyu protein sthirathvaaniki dohadam chestaayi, wine yokka sareeram mariyu noti anubhootini penchadaaniki sahaayapadataayi alaage tanninla chedhu mariyu sankocham yokka avagahananu taggistaayi.
dviteeya puliyabettadam.
shampine mariyu aneka merise vainla utpattiki sailiki avasaramaina carbonationnu utpatti cheyadaaniki seesaalo rendava puliyabettadam avasaram. chakkera dravam yokka chinna mottaanni vyaktigata seesaalaku jodistaaru, mariyu eest dheenini ekkuva alkahal mariyu carbon dioxidega maarchadaaniki anumatinchabadutundi. lease appudu seesa medalo kalchabadi, stambhimpajesi, carbonated wine ottidi dwara bahishkarinchabadutundi.
wine tayaareeloo upayoginche eest rakalu.
eest vargeekaranalo laingika dasha uniki ledhaa lekapovadam aadhaaramgaa eest jaatula vargeekarana untundi. anduvalla, konni wine tayari easts vaati alaingika anamorph (ledhaa "asampoorna" roopam) dwara vargeekarinchabadataayi, marikonni vaati laingika telemorph (ledhaa "paripuurna" roopam) dwara vargeekarinchabadavachhu. dheeniki oka saadhaarana udaaharana "bretanomyces" (ledhaa "brett"), idhi saadhaaranamgaa wine mariyu viticulture vachanamlo daani alaingika vargeekarana krinda suuchimchabadutumdi, ayithe konni shaastreeya mariyu wine tayari grandhaalu nirdishta jaatulanu ("dekkera bruxellensis" vantivi) daani chedurumaduru laingika vargeekarana "dekkera" krinda vivarinchavacchu. vaerae vidhamgaa perkonakapothe, eee vyaasam saadhaaranamgaa wine eest yokka alaingika roopaanni suuchistumdi.
saadhaaranamgaa wine thayaareetho mudipadi unde atyanta saadhaarana eest "saccaromyces serevisia", idhi rotte tayari mariyu tayaareeloo kooda upayoginchabadutundi. wine tayaareeloo palgone eest yokka itara jaatulu (prayojanakaramgaa ledhaa sambhaavya wine lopalaku kaaranam):
saccaromyces.
eest genus "saccaromyces" (chakkera acchu) wine tayaareeki anukuulamgaa untundi (draakshatoo paatu itara pandla vainlaku, alaage tayari mariyu bread tayaareeloo kooda upayoginchabadutundi) endukante idhi saadhaaranamgaa nammadagina mariyu saanukuula lakshanaalanu vainku testundi. eee easts saadhaaranamgaa glucose, sukroj mariyu rafinoselanu takshaname puliyabettutaayi mariyu glucose, sukroj, raphinose, maltose mariyu ithanaalnu jeevakriya chestaayi. ayithe, "saccaromyces" puliyabettalevu ledhaa pentoges (arabinos vantivi) nuu upayoginchalevu, ivi saadhaaranamgaa vainlalo avashesha chakkeralaga takkuva mottamlo untaayi.
saccaromysis serevisia" thoo paatu, wine thayaareetho sambandham unna "saccaromyces" jaatilooni itara jaatulu
puliyabettadampai vividha jaatula prabhavalu.
1996loe, "saccaromysis serevisia" anedi daani mottam janyuvunu kramabaddheekarinchina modati yeka-kana, eucariotic jeevi. biir, bread mariyu wine tayaareeloo upayoginche "saccaromysis serevisia" yokka vividha jaatulanu gurtinchadamlo mycologistlu mariyu analogistlu daadaapu sataabdam paatu chesina krushini dhruveekarinchadaaniki eee kramam sahaayapadindi. nedu aneka vandala vividha jaatulu unnaayi. serevisia "gurtinchabadindi. wine tayaareeki anni jaatulu anukuulamgaa undavu mariyu wine tayaareedaarulu mariyu saastravettala madhya kooda wine tayaareedaarulu mariyu wine tayaareedaarula madhya vividha jaatula madhya vyatyaasaala yokka vaastava parimaanam mariyu vainpai vaati sambhaavya prabhavam gurinchi charcha jarugutondi. yuva vainlatho polchinappudu vilakshanhamaina vyatyaasaanni pradarsinchina jaatulalo kooda, eee thedaalu masakabaarinatlu mariyu vainla vayassu perige koddi takkuva vilakshanamgaa maarataayi.
vividha jaatula madhya konni pratyaekamaina vyatyaasaalalo konni "ruchi laenivi" mariyu sugandhaalu utpatti cheyadam (conny "durvasana puliyabettadam" nuu utpatti chestundi) ledhaa vaintho paatu undagalavu mariyu itara wine tayari maargaala dwara (hydrogen sulfide vanti asthira sulfur sammelanaala uniki vantivi) ledhaa lopabhuishta wine vadiliveyadam vantivi untaayi. maroka vyatyaasamlo "shakti" ledhaa puliyabettadam yokka vegam (idhi eest empikaku minchina itara kaarakaalache kooda prabhaavitamavutundi), konni eest jaatulu "vegavantamaina puliyabettadam" chese dhoranini kaligi untaayi, marikonni konasaagadaaniki ekkuva samayam pattavacchu.
marinta charchaku mariyu wine tayaareedaarula praadhaanyata prasnalaku lobadi unde maroka takkuva kolavagala vyatyaasam emitante, savignon blanck mariyu semilan vanti khachitamgaa draksha rakaala vividha ruchulapai jaathi empika prabhavam. nirdishta jaatulalo ekkuvagaa unde enjaimla dwara konni systeine-anusandhaana sammelanaala jalavisleshana dwara utpatti ayye theols dwara eee vainlu prabhaavitamavutaayani nammutaaru. geverztraminer, raisling mariyu muscut vanti itara sugandha rakalu kooda monoterpeanlanu savarinchagala adhika sthaayi glycosidase enjaimlanu kaligi unna eest jaatulache prabhaavitamavutaayi. adevidhamgaa, chaalaa takkuva sthaayilo unnappatikee, itara rakalu aliphatics, norisoprenoids mariyu polyphenols vanti benzene utpannaalapai panichese hydrolytic enjaimla dwara prabhaavitamavutaayi.
merise wine utpattilo kontamandi wine tayaareedaarulu baga flaculate avtayi, ivi chanipoyina eest kanaalanu sulabhamgaa tolaginchadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi (fraanslooni shampine wine praantamlooni pattanam paeru meeda "eperne" anie piluvabadedi mariyu yusi-davis strain 505 anie kooda piluvabade "california shampine"). sherry utpattilo, phino mariyu manjanillah sherreela vilakshanhamaina sailini tayaaru cheyadaaniki upayoginche floor anie piluvabade eest yokka uparitala pora "saccaromyces serevisia" yokka vividha jaatula nundi vastundi, ayithe teekaalu vaeyadaaniki andubaatulo unna vaanijya floor eest tarachugaa vividha jaatula "saccaromyces", "saccaromysus beticus", "saccaromysus fermentati" mariyu "saccaromyces bionus" nundi vastundi.
adavi eest mariyu sahaja puliyabettadam.
wine tayaareeloo, "adavi eest" anae padaaniki bahula ardhaalu unnaayi. daani atyanta praathamika sandarbhamlo, idhi cultured jaathi yokka uddesapurvaka teekaalu veyadam dwara tappanisarigaa parichayam cheyabadani eestnu suuchistumdi. badulugaa, eee "adavi eest" tarachugaa pantakota parikaraalu, ravana dabbaalu, uparitala wine tayari parikaraalu mariyu wine tayari dukaanam yokka sahaja vrukshajaalamlo bhaagamgaa vaati uniki dwara tappanisarigaa sambandham kaligi untaayi. chaalaa tarachugaa ivi "saccaromysis serevisia" yokka jaatulu, ivi samvatsaraalugaa eee pradaesaalaloo nivasinchaayi, konnisaarlu gatamlo munupati vintagela teekaalu veyadam dwara pravesapettabaddaayi. eee sandarbhamlo, eee adavi eest lanu tarachugaa teekaalu vesina, enchukunna ledhaa samskarinchina eest kuu badulugaa parisara, swadeshi ledhaa sahaja eest gaa suuchistaaru. tarachugaa eee "antargata" jaatulapai matrame aadhaarapade wine tayari kendraalu konnisaarlu tama vainlanu adavi ledhaa "sahaja puliyabettadam" yokka utpattigaa vikrayistaayi. (sii. 304) "nanfang kavomu jhuwang" loe "herb ferment" ("c̃oqü" ̃) adavi eest thoo biyyam mariyu vishapuurita "gelsemium elegans" ("yege" Â) thoo sahaa vividha muulikalanu upayoginchi wine tayari gurinchi mottamodati vivarana undhi.
adavi eest" anae padam yokka maroka upayogam drakshatotalo, drakshapandla uparitalampai mariyu draakshala meeda unde "saccaromyces" kaani eest jaatulanu suuchistumdi. oka saadhaarana drakshatotalo prati berrieki 160 nundi 100,000 kaalaneelu erpade adavi eest unitlu undavacchu. eee eest lanu gaali pravahalu, pakshulu mariyu keetakaalu drakshatota gundaa mariyu wine tayari kendraalaloki (fruit flies vantivi) kooda teesukellavacchu. drakshatotalo kanipinche atyanta saadhaarana adavi eest "clockera", "kandida" mariyu "pichia" jaatulaku chendinavi, "clockera apiculata" jaathi ippativaraku atyanta prabalamaina jaatigaa undhi. "saccaromysis serevisia", vaastavaaniki, drakshatotalo ledhaa tajaga pandinchina wine draksha uparitalampai chaalaa arudugaa kanipistundi, wine tayari dukaanam tarachugaa wine tayari vyardhaalanu (lease mariyu pomase vantivi) drakshatotaloki tirigi pravesapettakapothe tappa.
parisara" "saccaromyces" adavi eest maadirigaa kakunda, eee adavi eest yokka jaathi alkahal mariyu sulfur dioxide rendintikee chaalaa takkuva sahanam kaligi untundi. avi puliyabettadam praarambhinchagalavu mariyu tarachugaa eee prakriyanu pantakota dabbaalone praarambhistaayi, draksha samuuhaalu vaati swantha baruvutho koddigaa naligipoyinappudu. kontamandi wine tayaareedaarulu eee eest lanu sulfur dioxide motaadulatoe "nock avt" cheyadaaniki prayatnistaaru, chaalaa tarachugaa draakshanu nokkadaaniki ledhaa charmamtho taakadaaniki anumatinchadaaniki mundu crusher vadda. itara wine tayaareedaarulu adavi eest luu avi utpatti chese alkahal vishapuuritam ayye varaku puliyabettadam konasaaginchadaaniki anumatinchavacchu, idhi tarachugaa parimaanam prakaram 3-5% alkahal madhya untundi, aapai teekaalu vesina ledhaa "parisara" saccaromyces "jaatulanu puliyabettadam puurti cheyadaaniki anumatistundi.
parisara" mariyu "saccaromyces kaani" adavi eest rendinti upayogam sambhaavya prayojanaalu mariyu pramaadam rendintinee kaligi untundi. kontamandi wine tayaareedaarulu nivaasa/swadeshi eest vadakam vainlooni "terroir" yokka pratyaekamaina vyakteekaranaku dohadam chestundani bhaavistaaru. bordiaux vanti wine praantaalalo, vargeekarinchabadina mariyu atyanta gouravaneeyamaina estatelu tarachugaa vaari nivaasa "chaateyu" jaatula naanhyatanu teliyajestaayi. eee meraku, wine tayari kendraalu tarachugaa wine tayari nundi migilipoyina pomase mariyu leasenu teesukoni, anukuulamaina jaatula nirantara unikini prothsahinchadaaniki vaatini compostga upayoginchadaaniki drakshatotaku tirigi istayi. conny teekaalu vesina eest thoo poliste, eee parisara eest luu marinta anoohyamaina puliyabettadam pramaadaanni kaligi untaayi. eee oohinchalenidi ruchulu laenivi/sugandhaalu mariyu adhika asthira aamlata undatam matrame kakunda, desheeya eest jaatulu anni chakkeralanu puurtigaa marchentha balamgaa lekapothe, chikkukunna puliyabettadaaniki kooda avakaasam untundi.
vaastavamgaa prati wine yokka puliyabettadaanni praarambhinchadamlo "saccaromyces" kaani adavi eest paatra undatam daadaapu anivaryam, conny eee eest lanu puliyabettadam konasaaginchadaaniki mariyu vaati prabhavanni tagginchadaaniki anumatinche wine tayari kendraalaku jeeva vaividhyam dwara sanklishtatanu penche uddesyamto alaa cheyandi. eee naan-saakkaromaislu glucose mariyu fructoselanu alcoholga puliyabettinappatiki, avi wine yokka vaasana mariyu ruchi profilenu prabhaavitam chese itara madhyavartulanu kooda srushtinche saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi. eee madhyavartulalo konni sanukoolamgaa undavacchu, phinelethanol vantivi, ivi gulabi lanty vasananu andistaayi. ayithe, parisara eest la maadirigaane, eee eest la utpattulu chaalaa anoohyamgaa untaayi-mukhyamgaa eee eest luu utpatti cheyagala ruchulu mariyu sugandhaala paramgaa.
teekaalu vesina eest.
wine tayaareedaarulu cultured eest jaatini enchukunnappudu, wine tayaareedaaru viswasaneeyata yokka track record unna jaathi dwara puurti cheyadaaniki oohinchadagina puliyabettadam korukuntaru kabatti idhi ekkuvagaa jarugutundi. wine tayaareedaarulaku tarachugaa mukhyamaina pratyeka parigananalalo eest yokka dhoranih
teekaalu veyabadina (ledhaa "swachchamaina cultured") easts anevi "saccaromyces serevisia" yokka jaatulu, ivi prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna wine tayari kendraala nundi gurtinchabaddaayi mariyu puyabaddaayi (bordiaux, burgundi, napa loya mariyu barosa loya vanti prasiddha wine praantaala nundi pramukha utpattidaarulato sahaa). eee jaatulu oka jaathi yokka shakti, sulfur dioxide mariyu alkahal sahanam, acetic aamlam mariyu sulfur sammelanaala utpatti sthaayilu, tirigi puliyabettagala saamarthyam (merise vainku sanukoolamgaa conny teepi aalasyamgaa pandinche vainlaku pratikuula lakshanam), vainpai uparitala pora abhivruddhi (konni sherry sailulaku sanukoolamgaa conny aneka itara vainlaku pratikuula lakshanam), eest kanaalu mariyu eest dwara utpatti cheyabadina itara jeevakriya utpattulaloni enjaimla dwara wine yokka rangu ledhaa konni vaividhya lakshanaalanu meruguparachadam, foaming mariyu flaculation dhoranulu, yeasticidal lakshanaalu (killer eest anie piluvabade lakshanam) mariyu chikkukunna puliyabettadaaniki daariteeyagala tappanisari poeshaka lopaalanu sahinchadam.
rehydrating freeze endina eest cultures.
prayogasaalalo pandinche swachchamaina culture easts tarachugaa freeze chesi endabetti, vaanijya upayogam kosam pyaak cheyabadataayi. vaatini tappanisarigaa jodinchadaaniki mundu, eee eest lanu "starter cultures" loe tirigi hydrate cheyali, veetini jagrattagaa paryaveekshinchaali (mukhyamgaa ushnogrataku sambandhinchi) eest kanaalu colled shock valla champabadakunda chusukovali. aadarsavantamgaa wine tayaareedaarulu millilitreku 5 million kanaala aacharaneeya kana janabha saandratanu kaligi undataaniki taginanta inoculamnu jodinchalanukuntunnaru. freeze-dried culture yokka khachitamaina mottam tayaareedaaru mariyu eest yokka jaatini batti maarutuu untundi, ayithe idhi tarachugaa gaalanku 1 graamu (ledhaa 100 liitarlaki 25 graamulu) untundi. samasyaatmaka puliyabettadam kaligi unde vainlu (adhika chakkera sthaayi aalasyamgaa panta ledhaa bottriced vainlu vantivi) ekkuva eest jodinchabadavachhu.
adevidhamgaa, tayaareedaaru mariyu vainareeni batti rii-hydration vidhanalu kooda maarutuu untaayi. eest tarachugaa neetilo ledhaa draakshalo teekaalu veyabadutundi, idhi podi eest baruvuku 5-10 retlu undaali. eee dravaanni eest pravesapettadaaniki mundu tarachugaa 40 masim (104 efo) ushnogrataku teesukuvastaaru (konni eest jaatulaku 38 masim (100 efo) kante takkuva ushnogratalu avasaram kaavacchu), kanaalu sulabhamgaa chedaragottadaaniki veelugaa, guttaga kakunda, container diguvaku munigipotayi. ushna kriyaaseelata anedi kanaalu karige cytoplasmic bhagalu kanaala nundi tappinchukune mundu kanaalu tama pora addankini twaragaa tirigi sthaapinchadaaniki kooda anumatistundi. 15°sii (60°eff) vadda eestnu rehydrate chesthe, takkuva ushnogratala vadda rehydration eest yokka saadhyatanu 60 saatam varaku kanaala maranamtho baga taggistundi. aaa taruvaata kalcharnu kadilinchi, gaalilo gaalini poesukuni, kalcharlo oxygennu cherchabadutundi, dheenini eest avasaramaina manugada kaarakaala samshlaeshanhaloo upayogistundi.
starter culture yokka ushnograta nemmadigaa taggutundi, tarachugaa culture jodinchavalasina avasaram kante 5-10 °C (9-18 °F) lopala pondadaaniki tappanisari yokka graduated jodimpu dwara. starter culture nii neerugaa tappanisari culture kii jodiste eest kanaalu anubhavinche aakasmika jalubu shacknu nivaarinchadaaniki idhi jarugutundi, idhi culture loe 60 saatam varaku champagaladu. adanamgaa, colled shacku guraina manugadalo unna kanaalu hydrogen sulfide utpattilo perugudalanu chustayi.
wine eest yokka poeshaka avasaralu.
vainku kaneesam pratikuula lakshanaalu jodinchakunda puliyabettadaanni vijayavantamgaa puurti cheyadaaniki, eest daani poeshaka avasaralanu puurti kalagaluputho teerchaali. veetilo andubaatulo unna shakti vanaru (glucose vanti chakkerala roopamlo carbon) mariyu eest kalisipoleni natrajani (ammonia mariyu amaino aamlalu ledhaa yaan) matrame kakunda, khanijalu (magnitium vantivi) mariyu vitaminlu (thiamine mariyu riboflavin vantivi) kooda mukhyamaina perugudala mariyu manugada karakaluga panicheestaayi. wine eest yokka itara poeshaka avasaraalalo
eee poeshakaalu chaalaa varaku draksha yokka tappanisari mariyu charmalalo labhistaayi, conny konnisaarlu wine tayaareedaarulu diamonium fasfate (dop), freeze-dried micro-nutrients (goo-ferm mariyu ferm-keey vantivi) mariyu chanipoyina ledhaa velikiteesina eest kanaala avasheshaalu kooda andubaatulo unna natrajani mariyu poeshakaala kosam puliyabettadam eest mukkalaipotundi. konni italian wine praantaalalo ippatikee aacharinchabadutunna oka chaaritraka wine tayari sampradaayam emitante, itara vainlanu nokkadam dwara migilipoyina pomesnu eest kosam adanapu aahara vanarugaa kottagaa puliyabettina wine byaachlo jodinche "ripaso" paddhati.
"saccaromysis serevisia" akarbana (ammonia mariyu ammonium) mariyu sendriya roopaala (amaino aamlalu, mukhyamgaa arjinin) nundi natrajanini grahinchagaladu. eest kanaalu maraninchinappudu, kanaalalooni enjaimlu amaino aamlaalatoe sahaa kanaanni vichchinnam cheyadam dwara autolizing praarambhistaayi. kanam yokka eee autolysis ippatikee puliyabettagala mariyu aacharaneeyamaina eest kanaalaku andubaatulo unna natrajani vanarunu andistundi. edemaina, eee autoalysis sulfur-link sammelanaalanu (amaino assid systeine vichchinnam vantivi) kooda vidudala cheyagaladu, ivi itara anuvulatho kalipi alcoholtho pratispandinchi asthira theolsnu srushtinchagalavu, ivi "durvasana puliyabettadam" ledhaa taruvaata vividha wine faltluga abhivruddhi chendadaaniki dohadam chestaayi.
oxygen paatra.
eest luu adhyapaka vaayurahita kanaalu, antey avi oxygen uniki mariyu lekapovadam rendintiloonuu undagalavu. kinva prakriya saampradayakamgaa oxygen lenappudu chese vaayurahita prakriyagaa bhaavinchabadutunnappatiki, aaa kinva prakriyanu vijayavantamgaa puurti cheyadamlo eest nuu mundugaa oxygennu bahirgatam cheyadam keelaka bhaagam. endukante ergosterol mariyu lanosterol vanti kana "manugada kaarakaala" samshlaeshanhaloo oxygen mukhyamainadi. eest sell membrane yokka empika cheyabadina paaragamyatanu nirvahinchadamlo eee sterols mukhyamainavi, idhi eest perugutunna asmotic ottidi mariyu vainlooni alkahal sthaayilaku gurikavadam valana keelakam avutundi. daani swantha jeevakriya yokka vyardha utpattigaa, madyam vaastavaaniki eest kanaalaku chaalaa vishapuuritam. balaheenamaina manugada karakalu mariyu sterols lekapovadam unna eest puurtigaa podigaa undataaniki wine puliyabettadaaniki mundu eee paristhitulaku longipovacchu, idhi oka chikkukunna puliyabettadam vadilivestundi.
freeze-endina mariyu wine teekaalu vaeyadaaniki andubaatulo unna cultured easts eee manugada kaarakaala abhivruddhiki anukuulamgaa unde adhika oxygen/takkuva chakkera paristhitulalo vaanijya prayogasaalalo uddeshapoorvakamgaa penchaali. kontamandi wine tayaareedaarulu teekaalu vesina eestnu upayoginchadaaniki ishtapade kaaranaalalo okati, adhika sthaayi manugada kaarakaala kaaranamgaa puliyabettadam yokka anchanaa, idhi cultured eest vynnu adanapu sthaayi oxygennu bahirgatam cheyalsina avasaram lekunda untundani haamii ivvabadutundi. tama winerylo nivasinche "parisara" eest lanu upayoginche wine tayaareedaarulu manugada kaarakaala gurinchi idhe haameeni kaligi undakapovachhu mariyu itara wine tayari paddhathulatho bharti cheyavalasi raavacchu.
adavi kaani "saccaromyces" eestsku manugada kaarakaalanu nirminchadaaniki tarachugaa praanavaayuvuku ekkuva bahirgatam avasaram, anduke eee eest laloe chaalaa varaku tarachugaa tankullo ledhaa baarellalo vainla uparitalampai "film eest" gaa aakseekaranhatho jeevistunnatlu kanugonabadindi.
eest kuu sambandhinchina wine lopaalu.
pratyakshamgaa ledhaa parokshamgaa, wine eest aneka rakaala wine lopaala venuka aparaadhi kaavacchu. veetilo "kloekera" mariyu "kandida" jaatulaloni jaatula vaareegaa konni "adavi eest" puliyabettadam yokka upa utpatti kaavacchu, ivi "ruchulu laenivi" mariyu sugandhaalu kaligi undavacchu. saadhaarana wine eest "saccaromysis serevisia" kooda konni wine faults venuka undavacchu, konni eest jaatulu acetic aamlam, acetaldehyde mariyu theols vanti asthira sulfur sammelanaala aadarsha sthaayila kante ekkuva utpatti chestaayi. edainaa eest poeshaka lopaalu, ushnograta hecchutaggulu ledhaa teevratalu mariyu adhika ledhaa takkuva chakkera sthaayilaku takkuva sahanam kaligi untundi, idhi chikkukunna puliyabettadaaniki daariteeyavachchu.
oxygen samakshamlo aneka jaatula "kandida" mariyu "pichia" baarel tankloni wine paina film uparitalaanni srushtinchagalavu. tanikhi cheyakunda undataaniki anumatinchabadina eee eest luu, wine nuu aakseekarana mariyu itara suukshmajeevula daadi nundi rakshinche andubaatulo unna uchita sulfur sammelanaalanu vaegamgaa tagginchagalavu. eee easts unikini tarachugaa asthira aamlata, mukhyamgaa acetic aamlam yokka adhika sthaayila dwara gurtistaaru. pichia" yokka konni jaatulu acetic aamlanni (alaage ethyl acetate mariyu isomile acetate kooda utpatti cheyabadataayi) jeevakriya chestaayi, dheeni dushprabhaavamto titrate cheyagala aamlata gananeeyamgaa taggutundi mariyu wine yokka pihech nuu itara chedipoye suukshmajeevula daadi chese avakaasam unna sthaayiki paiki maarustundi. saadhaaranamgaa "film eest" anie piluvabade eee eest luu, sunnitamaina phino-shaili vainlanu utpatti cheyadamlo wine tayaareedaarulu saadhaaranamgaa swaagathinche floor sherry eest nundi vaeru cheyabadataayi.
aneka ananukoola adavi eest perugudala saadhaaranamgaa takkuva neelamaaliga ushnogratala vadda mandaginchabadutundi, kabatti marinta anukuulamaina "saccaromyces" eest kick kick cheyadaaniki mundu eee eest karyakalapalanu nirodhinchaalanukune chaalaa mandhi wine tayaareedaarulu, tarachugaa vaari avasaranni challabarustaaru, udaaharanaku 4-15 °C (39-50 °F) madhya ushnogratala vadda prii-fermentation meseration samayamlo tappanisarigaa "colled nanabettadam" abhyasam. bretanomyces" vanti konni jaatulu nirodhinchabadavu mariyu challani nanabettadam yokka sudeergha kaalamlo kooda vruddhi chendavacchu.
bretanomysis.
wine eest "bretanomyces" (ledhaa "brett") chaalaa vilakshanhamaina sugandha sammelanaalanu utpatti chestundi, 4-ethylphenol (4-epi) mariyu 4-ethylguacol (4-iji), ivi wine nuu "baarn yard", "tadi jeenu" ledhaa "byaand-aid" vanti vasanaga varninchavachhu. kontamandi wine tayaareedaarulaku mariyu konni wine sailulatoe (bargandi nundi vacchina pinot noir vantivi), eee sammelanaala parimita mottaanni wine sanklishtatanu penche saanukuula lakshanamgaa pariganinchavacchu. itara wine tayaareedaarulaku mariyu itara wine sailulatoe (mosel nundi raisling vantivi), edainaa brett undatam anedi tappugaa pariganinchabadutundi. tankulu mariyu sameepamloni wine tayari kendraala madhya "bretanomyces" badileeloo fruit flies saadhaarana vahakalu.
puliyabettadam eestga, "bretanomyces" saadhaaranamgaa wine chanipoye mundu 10-11% alkahal sthaayila varaku puliyabettavacchu. konnisaarlu "sacaromysis serevisia" thoo teekaalu veyabadina vainlo ippatike unna "bretanomyces" poeshakaalu kosam "sacaromyces" jaatito pootii padataayi mariyu acetic aamlam, decanoic aamlam mariyu octoic aamlam adhika sthaayila kaaranamgaa kooda nirodhistaayi, idhi "bretanomyces" yokka aneka jaatulu utpatti cheyagalavu.
okasari brett oka wine tayaareesaalalo unte, kathinamaina parisubhrata mariyu gatamlo "bretti" vaintho sambandham unna barrells mariyu parikaraalanu paaraveyadam dwara kooda niyantrinchadam chaalaa kashtam. endukante aneka jaatula "bretanomyces" jeevakriya kosam wine mariyu draakshalo ithanaaltho sahaa aneka rakaala carbon vanarulanu upayoginchagalavu. adanamgaa, brett gatamlo charchinchina 4-ii. pii mariyu 4-ii. zii. sammelanaalaku minchi vynnu prabhaavitam cheyagala vistruta shreni upa-utpattulanu utpatti cheyagaladu. 4-ii. pii mariyu 4-ii. zii yokka "paadamudralu" vanti eee sammelanaalalo chaalaa varaku eest kanaalu maraninchina tarvaata kooda vainlo untaayi mariyu racking mariyu sterile filteration dwara tolaginchabadataayi.
bahya linkulu.