
chaarj trop flash

chaarj trop flash (ctf) anedi asthiram kaani ledhaa mariyu naan flash memarini srushtinchadaaniki upayoginche semiconductor memory technology. idhi oka rakamaina floating-gate mosefet memory technology, conny idhi sampradaaya floating-gate technologyki bhinnamgaa untundi, idhi floating-gate nirmaanaaniki vilakshanhamaina doped polychrystalline silicon kante electronlanu nilva cheyadaaniki silicon nitride filmnu upayogistundi. eee vidhanam memory tayaareedaarulaku tayari kharchulanu aidu vidhaluga tagginchadaaniki veelu kalpistundihi
chaarj-tropping concept intaku mundu undagaa, 2002 varaku AMD mariyu fujitsu adhika-valume chaarj-tropping flash memarini utpatti cheyaledu. vaaru gl naar flash memory kutumbaanni pravesapettadamto chaarj-tropping flash memory yokka vaanijya utpattini praarambhinchaaru. ippudu sponsion paerutoe panichestunna adhe vyaparam, appati nundi adhika parimaanamlo chaarj tropping parikaraalanu utpatti chesindi. 2008loe $2.5 billionla ledhaa flash marketlo chaarj tropping flash vataa 30 saatam. aneka companylaku pedda chaarj tropping technology portfolioku licenses icchina saifun semiconductorsnu marchi 2008loe vistarana dwara konugolu chesaaru. 2000la chivari nundi, ctf toshiba mariyu shamsung electronics abhivruddhi chesina 3dii vii-nand flash memarylo pradhana bhaagamgaa maarindi.
muulaalu.
asalu mosefet (metal-oxide-semiconductor feeled-effect transister, ledhaa mose transister) nuu eejiptu injanir mohmed emm kanugonnaru. atalla mariyu corian injanir davon kahang 1959loe bell lablalo, mariyu 1960loe pradarsinchaaru. kahang bell lablalo saiman minn sage thoo floating-gate mosphetnu kanugonnaru, mariyu vaaru 1967loe floating-gate (efgy) memory selga daani upayogaanni pratipaadinchaaru. idhi floating-gate mosefet loe chaarjeela injection mariyu nilva aadhaaramgaa asthirata laeni memory yokka modati roopam, idhi taruvaata eprom (erasable prome), eeprom (electrical erasable prome) mariyu flash memory technologylaku aadhaaramgaa maarindi.
chaarj-tropping bhavananu modata zaan sedon mariyu ting ell samarpinchaaru. 1967loe chu.
1967 chivaralo, hetch netrutvamloni oka sperry parisoedhanaa brundam.eah. richard vegener metal-nitride-oxide-semiconductor transister (mnos transister) nuu kanugonnadu, idhi oka rakamaina mosefet, dheenilo oxide poranu nitride mariyu oxide yokka double poratho bharti chestaaru. teliade getuku badulugaa nitridenu tropping poragaa upayoginchaaru, ayithe teliade getuku takkuvagaa pariganhinchabadutunnanduna daani upayogam parimitam cheyabadindi. mnos transister parikaranni transister yokka pravesha voltagenu prabhaavitam chese chaarjeelanu trop cheyadaaniki gate mariyu chhaanel madhya 50-volt forward ledhaa riverse bayasnu vartimpajeyadam dwara programme cheyavachu.
1960la chivaralo mnos parikaraalatoe chaarj trop (siti) memarini pravesapettaaru. idhi floating-gate (efgy) memory maadirigaane parikara nirmaanam mariyu nirvahana suutraalanu kaligi undhi, conny pradhana vyatyaasam emitante chaarjeelu efgy memarylo conducting materiallo (saadhaaranamgaa doped polycylicon pora) nilva cheyabadataayi, ayithe siti memory chaarjeelanu oka avaahaka pora (saadhaaranamgaa silicon nitridetho tayaaru cheyabadindi) lopala sthaanikeekarinchina uchchulalo nilva chestundi.
chaarj trop eepram.
1974 natiki, chaarj trop saanketikata vidyut tolaginchagala prograamable reed-onlee memory (eeprom) loe nilva yantraamgaa upayoginchabadindi mariyu praamaanika floating-gate mosefet saanketikataku pratyamnaayamgaa undhi. 1977loe, p.sii.vai. fairchild camera mariyu instrument yokka chenn, chaalaa takkuva demand unna programme mariyu erage paristhitulu mariyu ekkuva chaarj nilvatho kuudina mosefet saanketikata ayina sonos aavishkarananu vivarinche oka kaagitaanni prachurinchindi. eee merugudala 1980laloe chaarj-tropping sonola aadhaaramgaa tayaaru cheyagala eepram parikaraalaku daariteesindi.
chaarj trop flash prayogaalu.
1991loe, japanese enn. ii. sii parisoedhakulu enn. kodama, keey. oyama mariyu hiroki shiray oka rakamaina flash memarini abhivruddhi chesaaru, idhi chaarj trop paddhatini kaligi undhi. 1998loe, saifan semikandaktarlaku chendina izrael injanir bowaz eaton (taruvaata sponsion dwara konugolu cheyabadindi) nrome anae flash memory technologyki patent pondaadu, idhi sampradaaya flash memory designlalo upayoginche teliade getunu bharti cheyadaaniki chaarj tropping poranu sadviniyogam chesukundi. eee patentlo rendu mukhyamaina aavishkaranalu kanipistaayih sell yokka drain/soars terminalsku daggaragaa inject cheyabadina pratikuula mariyu saanukuula chaarjeela sthaanikeekarana, mariyu chaarj trop yokka iruvaipula sell yokka nilva chesina daetaanu gurtinchadaaniki riverse reed conceptnu upayoginchadam. eee rendu kotta aalochanalu adhika saiklingnu praarambhinchaayi, tadwara 30 samvatsaraala kritam chaarj tropping bhavana kanugonabadina taruvaata modatisaarigaa nammadagina chaarj trop flash utpattulanu utpatti cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. inca, eee bhaavanalanu upayoginchi, prati kanaaniki rendu ververu bhouthika bitsnu srushtinchadam saadhyamavutundi, idhi prati kanaaniki nilva chesina dayta saamarthyaanni rettimpu chestundi.
2000loe, richard emm netrutvamloni adhunaatana suukshma parikaraala (amd) parisoedhanaa brundam. fasto, eejiptu injanir khaled Z. ahmed mariyu jordanian injanir sameer haddad (taruvaata spaanshanlo cheraaru) flash memory kanaala kosam chaarj trop mechanismnu pradarsinchaaru. eee aavishkaranalu 2002loe AMD mariyu fujitsu vadda marinta meruguparachabaddayi (taruvaata vistarana dwara), mariyu modata eee companylu "mirrorbit flash memory" anie pilavabade parimaana utpattilo unchaayi.anie.
sponsion mirror bitt flash memory.
chaarj tropping flash (ctf) nuu 2002loe amd mariyu fujitsu vaanijyeekarinchaaru. aaa samvatsaram, amd (oka vibhaagamlo taruvaata sponsion gaa vibhajinchabadindi) "mirrorbit" anie piluvabade kotta flash memory saanketikatanu prakatinchindi. sponsion eee utpattini tayari kharchulanu tagginchadaaniki mariyu flash memory yokka saandrata paridhini sampradaaya ledhaa flash kante ekkuva vistarinchadaaniki mariyu intel tayaaru chestunna bahula-sthaayi sell ledhaa flash kharchutho saripolchadaaniki upayoginchindi.
mirror bitt sell chaarj tropping poranu sampradaaya teliade getku pratyamnaayamgaa matrame kakunda, chaarj storage nitride yokka naan-conducting swabhaavaanni kooda sadviniyogam chesukuni rendu bits oke memory selnu panchukoovadaaniki anumatistundi. chitram 1loe chuupina vidhamgaa bits sell yokka vyatiraeka chivarlalo untaayi mariyu chhaanel dwara vividha disalalo karentnu nadapadam dwara chadavavacchu.
oka kanampai naalugu bits kaligi undataaniki bahulasthayi kana saanketikatato eee vidhananni militam cheyadaaniki utpattulu vijayavantamgaa tayaaru cheyabaddaayi.
chaarj tropping operation.
floating gate memory sell maadirigaane, chaarj tropping sell transister yokka threashold voltagenu maarchadaaniki controll gate mariyu chaanal madhya variable chaarjnu upayogistundi. eee chaarjnu savarinche vidhanalu floating gate mariyu chaarj trop madhya saapekshamgaa pooli untaayi mariyu reed mechanisms kooda chaalaa pooli untaayi.
chaarj tropping verses floating gate mechanisms.
chaarj tropping flashlo, electronlu teliade gatelo praamaanika flash memory, eeprom ledhaa eepromlo nilva chesinatle tropping poralo nilva cheyabadataayi. pradhana vyatyaasam emitante chaarj tropping pora insulator kaga, floating gate conductor.
flash memarylo adhika vraata lodlu tunnell oxide porapai ottidini kaligistaayi, idhi "oxide lopaalu" anie piluvabade christal jaalakamlo chinna antaraayaalanu srushtistundi. atuvanti antaraayaalu pedda sankhyalo srushtinchabadithe, teliade dwaaram mariyu transister chaanal madhya short circuit abhivruddhi chendutundi mariyu teliade dwaaram ikapai chaarjnu kaligi undadu. flash ware-avt kuu idhi muula kaaranam (flash memory#memory ware chudandi), idhi chip yokka "orpu" gaa perkonabadindi.atuvanti short circuitla sambhavaanni tagginchadaaniki, teliade gate flash mandapati tunnell oxide (~ 100 Â) nuu upayoginchi tayaaru cheyabadutundi, ayithe idhi foular-nordheim tunnellingnu upayoginchinappudu cheripiveyadaanni nemmadistundi mariyu adhika tunnelling voltagenu upayoginchamani designu balavantam chestundi, idhi chip yokka itara bhagalapai kotta bharanni pedutundi.
chaarj tropping sell atuvanti ibbandulaku saapekshamgaa roganirodhaka saktini kaligi untundi, endukante chaarj tropping pora oka insulator. chaarj tropping pora mariyu chaanal madhya oxide lopam dwara srushtinchabadina short circuit shortho takshana sambandhamlo unna electronlanu matrame paarutundi, itara electronlanu transister yokka pravesha voltagenu niyantrinchadam konasaaginchadaaniki vadilivestundi. short circuitlu takkuva aandolana kaliginchevi kabatti, oka sannani soranga oxide poranu upayoginchavacchu (50-70 Â) tropping pora yokka chaanelku kalapadam penchutundi mariyu vegavantamaina programme vaegaaniki (sthaanikeekarinchina trop chaarjeelatoo) daariteestundi mariyu takkuva tunnelling voltejlatho cheripiveyabadutundi. takkuva tunnelling voltagelu, tunnell oxide porapai takkuva ottidini kaligistaayi, idhi takkuva jaalaka antaraayaalaku daariteestundi.
chaarj tropping selnu upayoginchadam valla kalige maroe mukhyamaina prayojanam emitante, sannani chaarj tropping pora paniteeru mariyu scalabilityni meruguparachadaaniki porugu kanaala madhya capacitive couplingnu taggistundi.
chaarj tropping porapai chaarj pondadam.
teliade gate ledhaa flash programme cheyabadina vidhamgaane electronlu chaarj tropping porapaiki taralinchabadataayi, chaanal hott electron (chey) injection mechanism dwara dheenini hott-carrier injection anie kooda pilustaaru. kluptamgaa, niyantrana dwaaram madhya adhika voltage unchabadutundi, ayithe muulam mariyu kaaluvapai madhya-adhika voltage vartinchabadutundi, ayithe muulam nundi kaaluvaku current prerepinchabadutundi. kaaluvaku sameepamlo unna ettaina kshetra praantam gundaa prayaaninchadamloo taginanta saktini pondina electronlu chaanal nundi udakabettukuni avi vishraanti teesukoovadaaniki vachhe chaarj tropping poraloki inject cheyabadataayi.
chaarj tropping pora nundi chaarjnu tolaginchadam.
chaarj tropping flash anedi hott hole injection dwara tolaginchabadutundi (hott-carrier injection chudandi), idhi nand mariyu naad flash rendintiloonuu upayoginche foular-nordheim tunnelling vidhaanaaniki viruddhamgaa untundi. chaarj tolaginchadaaniki chaarj tropping pora vaipu randhraalanu taralinchadaaniki eee prakriya fnloe upayoginche current kante feeldnu upayogistundi.
tayari chaarj tropping flash.
chaarj tropping flash tayaareeloo floating gate flash maadirigaane untundi, konni minahaayimpulu tayaareeni sulabhataram cheyadaaniki upayogapadataayi.
padaarthaalu teliade dwaaram nundi bhinnamgaa untaayi.
floating gate flash mariyu chaarj tropping flash rendoo oka paerchabadina gate nirmaanaanni upayogistaayi, dheenilo floating gate ledhaa chaarj tropping pora chaanal paina mariyu controll gate krinda untundi. teliade gate ledhaa chaarj tropping poranu chaanal nundi tunnell oxide pora dwara mariyu controll gate nundi gate oxide pora dwara insulate chestaaru. nilva pora minaha eee poralannintikee padaarthaalu okate, idhi teliade gate nirmaanaaniki vaahaka polycylicon mariyu saadhaaranamgaa chaarj trop kosam silicon nitride.
silicon nanochrystals kuu chaarj tropping yokka sambandham.
freescale semiconductor daani microcontroller ledhaa enque linelo "sannani film storage" anie piliche kontha saaruupya saanketikatanu tayaaru chestundi. freescale vidhanam silicon nanochrystalsnu silicon oxide yokka vaahaka poralo vaahaka dvipaalagaa upayogistundi.
marinta sampradaaya silicon nitride chaarj trop maadirigaane, electronlu teliade getku oka vaipu nundi maroka vaipuku pravahinchavu, idhi kanam yokka ksheenatanu vistaristundi.
eee nanochrystal vidhananni freescale dwara parimaanamlo tayaaru chestunnaru mariyu chaarj tropping nilva saadhaaranamgaa seyint microelectronics, phillips, renessas, shamsung, toshiba, atmel mariyu spaanshanlalo abhivruddhi chendutondi.
floating gate nundi prakriya thedaalu.
nitride chaarj tropping pora vaahaka rahitamainadi kabatti, daanini namuunaa cheyavalasina avasaram ledhu-anni chaarj troplu ippatike okadaanikokati insulate cheyabaddaayi. dheenini tayaareeni saralikrutam cheyadaaniki upayoginchavacchu.
teliade dwara nirmaanaalaku gatha konni prakriya taraalugaa marinta vistrutamaina dwaaram vidyudvaahakaalu avasaram mariyu nedu saadhaaranamgaa ono (oxide-nitride-oxide) nirmaanaanni upayogistunnaru, idhi tayaareeki marinta sanklishtamainadi mariyu chaarj-tropping flashlo anavasaramainadi.
nitride pora yokka oka prayojanam emitante, idhi teliade gatelo upayoginche polycylicon kante adhika ushnograta kalpana prosessingku takkuva sunnitamgaa untundi. idhi chaarj trop paina unna porala prosessingnu sulabhataram chestundi.
oka marketing brocherlo, mirror bitt ledhaa flash wafer yokka prosessing kharchu sampradaaya floating gate wafer kante takkuvagaa undani, endukante 10 saatam takkuva photolithography mask steps, mariyu 40 saatam takkuva "critical" steps (uttama resolution avasaramayyevi, anduvalla atyanta khareedaina photolithographic parikaraalu) unnayani sponsion perkondi. infinion marketing materials prakaram, chaarj tropping cheyadaaniki samaanamaina floating gate utpattini tayaaru cheyadam kante 15 saatam takkuva mask steps avasaramayyayi.
mirror bitt flash memory.
sponsion yokka mirror bitt flash mariyu saifan yokka nrome anevi rendu flash memarylu, ivi nitridelo chaarj tropping mechanismnu upayoginchi oke sello rendu bitlanu nilva chesi chip yokka memory saamarthyaanni samarthavantamgaa rettimpu chestaayi. chaarj trop poraku iruvaipula chaarjeelanu unchadam dwara idhi jarugutundi. chaarj trop yokka iruvaipula chadavadaaniki chhaanel dwara munduku mariyu riverse currentsnu upayoginchadam dwara sell chadavabadutundi.
mirror bitt operation-sell loki 2 bits pondadam.
chae prograaming samayamlo (chitram 2) vaedi electronlu chaanal nundi chaarj tropping poraloki chaanal yokka pakshapaata kaaluva chivara vaipu inject cheyabadataayi, conny chhaanel yokka teliade muulam chivara nundi kaadu. transister yokka muulam mariyu kaaluvanu chaanal yokka oka chivara nundi maroka vaipuku maaradaaniki anumatinchadam dwara, chaarjeelanu inject chesi chaanal yokka rendu chivaralapai chaarj tropping poralo nilva cheyavachu.
adhe vidhamgaa, chaarj tropping sell yokka oka chivaranu erasing feeldnu chhaanel yokka oka chivara ledhaa maroka chivara unchadam dwara cheripiveyavacchu, chitram 3loe chuupina vidhamgaa maroka chivara theeluthuu undataaniki veelu kalpistundi. byaand-tuu-byaand hott hole erage sthaanikamgaa chikkukunna randhraalanu srushtistundi, veetilo konni chaarj trop yokka aaa chivara nundi chaarjnu tolaginchadaaniki electronlatho tirigi kalapabadataayi.
sell nundi 2 bits chadavadam.
muulam mariyu paarudala parichayaalanu tippadam dwara addam bitt reed chaalaa saralamgaa nirvahinchabadutundi. kaaluva vaipu nundi vistarinchi unna junction ksheenata praantam kaaluvanu chaarj tropping sell vaipu unna chaarj nundi chaanelnu rakshistundi. dheeni nikara phalitam emitante, kaaluva-vaipu chaarj chhaanel gundaa pravahinche current meeda takkuva prabhavanni chooputundi, ayithe muulam-vaipu chaarj transister yokka pravesaanni nirnayistundi.
muulam mariyu kaaluva tiragabadinappudu, vyatiraeka vaipu yokka chaarj transister yokka parimitini nirnayistundi.
eee vidhamgaa chaarj tropping sell yokka iruvaipula rendu ververu chaarj sthaayilu current pravaham yokka disanu batti sell gundaa rendu ververu currents pravahinchelaa chestaayi.
taruvaata parinaamaalu.
chaarj tropping nand-shamsung mariyu itarulu.
2006loe shamsung electronics aaa samayamlo upayogamlo unna planner nirmaanaala maadirigaane sell nirmaanaalanu upayoginchi nand saanketika parignaanaanni nirantaram scaling cheyadaaniki chaarj tropping flash vaadakampai thana parisoedhananu velladinchindi. saanketikata nitride poralo chaarj uchchulalo samacharanni nilva chestu, sonos (silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon) ledhaa monos (metal-onos) capacitor nirmaanampai aadharapadi untundi.
shamsung rendu kana nirmaanaalanu velladinchindihi 40 nm kosam tanos (titanium, alumina, nitride, oxide, silicon), ikkada prastuta 3dii cap nirmaanaanni (eee vyaasamlo taruvaata vivaramgaa vivarinchabadindi) tayaaru cheyalemani parisoedhakulu vishwasinchaaru, mariyu thenos, dheenilo aluminium oxidenu teliyani hye-keey dialectric material thoo bharti chestaaru. aluminium oxide nirmaanam kante adhika-keey padaartham ekkuva nilupudala samayaalanu istundani anchanaa veyabadindi.
oka topi nirmaanamloo niyantrana dwaaram oka sampradaaya teliade dwaaram gadilo prakkane teliade dwaaraala madhya addankigaa vistarinchabadutundi.
taruvaati aidu samvatsaraalalo chaalaa mandhi parikara roopakartalu cap nirmaanaanni marinta kathinamaina prakriya jyaamitulaku nettadaaniki maargaalanu kanugonnaru, eee vidhaanamtho 30 nm node vadda naandnu vijayavantamgaa utpatti chesaaru.
chaarj tropping ippatikee naand flash kosam bhavishyat saanketikatagaa pariganinchabadutundi, ayithe idhi planner kanaala kante niluvu nirmaanaala kosam ekkuvagaa pariganinchabadutondi.
nand kii chaarj tropping technology enduku avasaram?
naand flash chaalaa dookudugaa scaling chestondi (chitram 4). prakriyalu valasa vellinappudu, niyantrana dwaaram yokka interfaces yokka vedalpu mariyu teliade dwaaram kudimpu yokka chadarapu nishpattilo kunchinchukupotayi, mariyu teliade dwaaraala madhya dhooram prakriyaku anugunamgaa kunchinchukupotundi, conny teliade dwaaram yokka mandam alaage untundi (teliade dwaaram sannaga maarithe, kanam electron nashtaniki takkuva sahanam kaligi untundi). dheeni ardham prakkane unna teliade getla madhya kalapadam anedi controll gate mariyu teliade gate madhya kalapadam kante peddadigaa maarutundi, idhi prakkane unna bitla madhya dayta avineetiki daariteestundi.
prakriyalu taggutuu undadamtho, idhi marinta samasyaatmakamgaa maarutundi. eee kaaranamgaa aadhunika nand flashloni controll gate teliade getunu kappadaniki punarnirminchabadindi. topi nirmaanamloo niyantrana dwaaram sampradaaya teliade dwaaram gadilo prakkane teliade dwaaraala madhya addankigaa vistarinchabadutundi (chitram 5 chudandi). idhi teliade dwaaram mariyu niyantrana dwaaram madhya anusandhananni penchutuu prakkane unna teliade dwaaraaniki anusandhananni tagginchadaaniki upayogapadutundi. oka lopam emitante, chaanelku controll gate jantalu, kabatti eee couplingnu tagginchadaaniki charyalu teesukoovaali.
eee parikaraalaku avasaramaina sanklishtamaina moodu-porala ono gate oxidenu utpatti cheyadamlo ibbandulu unnanduna 50 nm node kante chinna prakriyalalo prastuta floating gate cap nirmaanaanni tayaaru cheyalemani 2006loe nammutaaru.
2008 natiki 40 nm proses node vadda atuvanti parikaranni utpatti chestamani shamsung 2006 chivarilo prakatinchindi, conny eee prakatana taruvaata aidellalo chaalaa mandhi parikara roopakartalu cap nirmaanaanni marinta kathinamaina prakriya jyaamitulaku nettadaaniki maargaalanu kanugonnaru, eee vidhaanamtho 20 nm nodku vijayavantamgaa utpatti chesaaru.
chaarj tropping vidhanam ippatikee 20 nm kante takkuva prakriyalaku naand flashku bhavishyattugaa pariganinchabadutundi mariyu planner mariyu niluvu 3dii nirmaanaalu rendintikee pariganinchabadutondi.
eee maarpu eppudu sambhavinchavachhu.
eee roeju sandisk, sampradaaya naand nirmaanaalanu 10-19 nm paridhiloo rendava nodga upayoginchadam konasaaginchaalani company aasistunnatlu nokki chebutondi. parisrama 10 nm cherukune varaku praamaanika parikara nirmaanaalu konasagavachani idhi suuchistumdi, ayithe prati prakriya kudinchipovadamto nammadagina teliade getunu utpatti cheyadamlo savaallu marinta teevramgaa maarataayi.
marovaipu, semiconductors (ii. tii. aarr. ess) proses technology roadmap yokka 2010 proses integration, parikaraalu mariyu nirmaanaalu (pii. ii. dii) pattikalu kosam antarjaateeya saanketika roadmap 2012loe 22 enn. emm. nundi praarambhamai, 2014loe 20 enn. emm. prakriyatho pradhana sravantigaa maradanni chooputundi.
bhavishyat prakriyala kosam planner chaarj tropping sell upayoginche avakaasam undhi. 19 nm kante chinna jyaamitula kosam yea tayaareedaarulu tama prakriyalanu inca velladinchaledu.
niluvu nirmaanaala kosam chaarj tropping poralu.
niluvu nirmaanaalu naand flash kosam taarkika tadupari dasagaa chudabadatayi, okasari marinta kshitija samaantara scaling anedi abhedyamgaa maarutundi. niluvu lakshanaalanu pakkaki chekkalemu kabatti, chaarj tropping pora niluvu nand flash stringnu nirminchadaaniki chaalaa aasaktikaramaina maargamgaa maarutundi.
toshiba mariyu shamsung electronics niluvu chaarj tropping nand nirmaanaala kosam namuunaalanu velladinchaayi.
toshiba yokka bicks mariyu shamsung yokka 3dii naand.
2007loe toshiba mariyu 2009loe shamsung 3dii vii-naand abhivruddhini prakatinchaayi, idhi silicon yokka icchina praantamloo bitla sankhyanu penchadaaniki addamgaa kakunda niluvugaa praamaanika naand flash bitt stringnu nirminche sadhanam.
dheeni cross section gurinchi sthuulamaina aalochana chitram 6loe choopabadindi. eee droyinglo erupu bhagalu conductive polycylicannu suuchistaayi, neelam rangu silicon dioxide insulating poralu, mariyu pasupu rangu nitride chaarj tropping pora.
niluvu nirmaanaalu (chuupinavi matrame) cylinderlu, ivi pratyaamnaaya vidyudvaahaka mariyu chaarj tropping porala (neelam mariyu pasupu) loe chutti unna chaanelnu amalu chestaayi. atuvanti parikara poralanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki, conducting polycylicon mariyu silicon dioxide dialectric poralu modata praamaanika CMos logic elements kaligi unna silicon substrate paina jama cheyabadataayi. oka kandakaanni chekkabadi, daani godalu modata silicon dioxide (neelam), taruvaata silicon nitride (pasupu), taruvaata maroka silicon dioxide (neelam) poratho nikshiptam cheyabadataayi, idhi gate dialectric, chaarj trop mariyu sorangam dialectricnu yerparustundi. chivaraku randhram vaahaka polycylicon (erupu) thoo nindi untundi, idhi chaanelnu yerparustundi. vaahaka polycylicon yokka pratyaamnaaya poralu eee nirmaanamloo niyantrana dwaraluga panicheestaayi.
chaarj trop poranu prati niyantrana dwaaram madhya insulate cheyavalasina avasaram ledhu, kabatti daanini niluvu disalo chekkaalsina avasaram ledhu anae vaastavaanni eee nirmaanam sadviniyogam chesukuntundi.
embeded memarylalo chaarj tropping.
itara saanketika parignaanaala kante chaarj tropping flash kaligi unna oka prayojanam emitante, dheenini praamaanika tarka prakriyatho saapekshamgaa sulabhamgaa ponduparachavacchu. maroe moodu adhika voltage masklu mariyu maroe moodu core ctf maasklanu jodinchadam dwara praamaanika logic prakriyanu logic-plus-flash prakriyagaa maarchavacchu, mariyu eee aaru masklalo edhee klishtamaina pora kaadu (antey.ii. prakriyaloo atyanta adhunaatana bhaganni upayoginchaali). anni itara tarka prakriyalanu neerugaa panchukovachhu.
bandgap-injaneerd chaarj-tropping memory parikaraalu.
2013 naati pids loe, nilupudalanu parishkarinchadaaniki mariyu gandaragolaanni tolaginchadaaniki bandgap injaneerd chaarj-tropping parikaraalu avasaramani spashtamgaa prastaavinchabadindi. ayithe, oka saadhaarana soranga oxidenu upayoginche sonolu, anuvartanaaniki anukuulamgaa undavu-okasari electronlu lothaina saine trop sthaayilalo chikkukupotayi, avi adhika vidyut kshetram kinda kooda vidadeeyadam kashtam. electron chaarjnu thatastheekarinchadaaniki parikaranni twaragaa cheripiveyadaaniki uparitalamloni randhraalanu sainloki inject chestaaru. sio2 kosam randhra avarodham ekkuvagaa unnanduna (~ 4.1 ivi), randhram injection saamarthyam takkuvagaa undhi mariyu chaalaa sannani tunnell oxide (~ 2 nm) nuu upayoginchadam dwara matrame taginanta randhra pravaham saadhinchavachchu. ayithe, atuvanti sannani tunnell oxide paelavamaina dayta nilupudalaku daariteestundi, endukante nilva electronla valla kalige balaheenamaina antarnirmita kshetram kinda uparitalam nundi pratyaksha randhram tunnellingnu aapalemu (pratyaksha tunnelling raetu avarodham mandam yokka balamaina pani, conny balaheenamgaa matrame aadharapadi untundi vidyut kshetram, anduvalla chaarj nilva dwara balaheenamaina antarnirmita kshetram uparitalam nundi pratyaksha randhram tunnellingnu kaliginchadaaniki saripotundi, idhi dayta nilupudalanu naasanam chestundi). sonola yokka aneka vaividhyaalu pratipaadinchabaddaayi. tunnell dialectric injaneering bhavanalu "variable mandam" tunnell dialectricnu srushtinchadaaniki tunnelling avarodha lakshanaalanu savarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, oke oxide (bii-sonos) [hetch] sthaanamlo ono yokka moodu ultra-sannani (1-2 nm) poralu pravesapettabadataayi. tii. lyuu, mariyu itarulu, iedm 2005]. adhika vidyut kshetram kinda, oxide mariyu nitride yokka eguva rendu poralu sii valence byaand paina bharti cheyabadataayi, mariyu uparitala randhraalu diguva sannani oxide gundaa takshaname sorangam chesi, paie mandapati sinn tropping poraloki choppinchabadataayi. dayta nilva modlo, balaheenamaina vidyut kshetram triple poranu bharti cheyadu mariyu sainlooni electronlu mariyu uparitalamloni randhraalu rendoo triple pora yokka mottam mandamtho nirodhinchabadataayi. taruvaata bii-sonos nuu hye-kae (aall2oo3) mariyu metal gate nuu jodinchi, erage paniteerunu meruguparustundi, dheenini bii-manos [luu anie pilustaaru. sii. lye, mariyu itarulu, nvsmdableu 2007]. nilupudalanu meruguparachadaaniki hye-keey aall2oo3 mariyu saine madhya buffer oxidenu jodinchaalani soochinchabadindi. prastutam saamuuhika utpatti 3dii naand prati okka company dwara vivaranaatmaka vantakam tuning yokka konni vaividhyaalatoe, bii-manos yokka saaruupya nirmaanaanni avalambistundi. tunnelling avarodham kosam roopondinchina bandgap bhavana chaarj-tropping parikaraalaku avasaramaina maargamgaa gurtinchabadindi.
chaarj tropping enn. dii. zii. sii. aarr mariyu eff. zii cross tock samasyalaku sahaayapadagaladu mariyu anduvalla 20 enn. emm. kante takkuva scaling vaagdaanam chesinappatiki, idhi vard line breakdown mariyu chaalaa takkuva electronlu vanti praathamika parimitulaku sahaayapadadu. anduvalla,
roadmap dhorani idhi planner efgy mariyu 3dii naand madhya parivartana paatranu poeshistumdi. 3dii naandnu nirminchadaaniki chaarj tropping parikaraalanu upayoginchinappudu, pedda parikara parimaanam sahajamgaa electron sankhyanu mariyu vard line vicchinna samasyalanu parishkaristundi.

