
injaneering maarpu kramam

 
injaneering change arder (eko), injaneering change notice (ecn), injaneering change (isi), ledhaa injaneering vidudala notice (ern) anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi bhagalu ledhaa tudi utpattulaku maarpulanu amalu cheyadaaniki upayoginche oka kalakhandam. kalakramena abhivruddhi chendutunna utpatti roopakalpanalalo maarpulanu niyantrinchadaaniki mariyu samanvayam cheyadaaniki paryaavarana vyavastha upayoginchabadutundi. 
injaneering maarpu yokka avasaram aneka sanghatanala dwara prerepinchabadavachhu mariyu parisramanu batti maarutuu untundi. saadhaarana injaneering maarpu vargalu
upayogam mariyu vishayalu.
oka paryaavarana vyavasthanu "utpattiki injaneering maarpu mariyu daani aamodinchabadina aakruteekarana documentation amalunu vivarinche mariyu adhikaram ichhe design kaaryaacharana dwara aamodinchabadina patram" gaa nirvachinchaaru.
utpatti abhivruddhilo maarpu avasaram eee krindi kaaranaala valla sambhavistundihi
paryaavarana vyavasthalo kaneesam eee samacharam undali
chip design.
chip designlo, eko anedi oka tarka maarpunu ippatike oka svayamchaalaka sadhanam dwara proses chesina tarvaata neerugaa netlistloki choppinche prakriya. chip masklu tayaaru cheyadaaniki mundu, puurti esik logic synthesis, technology mapping, sthalam, maargam, layowoot velikiteeta mariyu samaya dhruvikarana avasaranni nivaarinchadam dwara samayanni aadaa cheyadaaniki saadhaaranamgaa ecos chestaaru. eee rakamaina paryaavaranaanni sulabhataram cheyadaaniki edaa sadhanalu tarachugaa perugutunna kaaryaacharana paddhathulatho nirminchabadataayi.
musugulu tayaaru chesina tarvaata, dabbu aadaa cheyadaaniki ecos cheyavachu. konni poralanu (saadhaaranamgaa loha) matrame savarinchadam dwara maarpunu amalu cheyagaligithe, appudu roopakalpananu modati nundi tirigi nirminchinatlayithe ayye kharchu kante chaalaa takkuva. endukante modati nundi prakriyanu praarambhinchadaaniki daadaapu ellappuduu anni poralaku kotta photomasclu avasaram, mariyu aadhunika semiconductor fabrication prakriyaloo 20 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva masklalo prati okkati chaalaa khareedainadi. konni poralanu matrame savarinchadam dwara amalu cheyabadina maarpunu saadhaaranamgaa "metal-mask" eko ledhaa "post-mask" eko anie pilustaaru. designerlu tarachugaa upayoginchani logic getlatho designu challutaaru, eee prakriyanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki edaa tools pratyeka aadesaalanu kaligi untaayi.
asea roopakalpanalo atyanta saadhaarana paryaavarana vyavasthalalo okati gate-level netlist paryaavarana vyavastha. eee pravaahamlo, injaneerlu tarka samshlaeshanhanu tirigi amalu cheyadaaniki badulugaa, gate-sthaayi nett listnu chethitho (mariyu tarachugaa sramatho) savaristaaru. netlist faillanu maarpu dwara prabhaavitamaina tarkam kosam vetakaali, sopanakramam paiki krindiki maarpulanu amalu cheyadaaniki faillanu savarinchaali, mariyu maarchaalsina avasaram emito khachitamgaa maarchabadutundani nirdhaarinchukovadaaniki maarpulanu track chesi dhruveekarinchaali mariyu anthakante ekkuva aemee ledhu. idhi chaalaa samayam mariyu vanarulatho kuudina prakriya, idhi sulabhamgaa lopalaku lobadi untundi. anduvalla savarinchina amalu savarinchina vivaranaku saripolela chuudataaniki saadhaaranamgaa adhikaarika samanatva tanikheeni ecos tarvaata upayogistaaru.
semiconductor parisramalo samayam-nundi-market ottillu mariyu perugutunna musugu kharchulatho, aneka electronic design automation (ada) companylu paryaavarana amalu prakriyaloo marinta automationnu teesukuraavadam praarambhinchaayi. atyanta prachuryam pondina sthala mariyu maarga utpattulu bhouthika-sthaayi paryaavarana vyavasthalanu amalu cheyadamlo sahaayapadataaniki kontha sthaayi antarnirmita paryaavarana marganni kaligi untaayi. cadense design systems iteevala "conformal eko designer" anae utpattini prakatinchindi, idhi functional ecos srushtini automate chestundi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa paryaavaranaanni amalu cheyadamlo atyanta sramatho kuudina prakriya. idhi marchabadina artl aadhaaramgaa gate-sthaayi paryaavarana netlistnu roopondinchadaaniki adhikaarika samanatva tanikhi mariyu tarka samslaeshanha paddhatulanu upayogistundi. gatamlo saaraamsamlo "eko compiler" anae utpatti undedi, adhi ippudu panicheyaledu. saaraamsam ippudu paryaavarana paristhithulatho vyavaharinchadaaniki "primetime-iko" kaligi undhi. tweaker-eff1 & tweaker-tii1 kooda vaari paryaavarana algorithamla kosam iteevali dock-2012loe veluguloki vachayi.
telecommunication parisrama.
telecommunication parisramalo paryaavaranam mariyu itara parigananalanu teesukoni vaatini "utpatti maarpu notice" (pcn) loe militam chese adhikaarika prakriya undhi. telecommunication utpattulu saadhaaranamgaa kontakaalam paatu andubaatulo mariyu/ledhaa sevalo unna tarvaata, sarafaraadaarulu aaa utpattulaku maarpulanu pravesapettadam tarachugaa avasaram avutundi. eee maarpulanu amalu cheyadam phalitamgaa-vaastava panini evaru nirvahistunnaarane daanitoe sambandham lekunda-kaarmika mariyu vanarulu modalaina vatiki sambandhinchi telecommunication vahakalu gananeeyamgaa prabhaavitamavutaayi. anduvalla, eee utpattullo maarpulanu vahakalu yokka avasaralu mariyu avasaralaku anugunamgaa khachitamgaa nivedinchi, puurti cheyadam dwara track cheyadam atyavasaram.
utpatti maarpu" anae padam oka utpatti yokka mottam jeevitakaalamlo sambhavinche hardware, software mariyu firmwarelaku maarpulanu kaligi untundi. utpatti maarpulalo nivedinchadaginavi mariyu nivedinchalenivigaa pariganinchabadevi untaayi. eee maarpulanu charchala oppandaalanu batti sarafaraadaaru, customer ledhaa customer unchukunna contractor vartimpajeyavachu. praathamikamgaa, utpattullo maarpulanu khachitamaina mariyu samarthavanthamaina tracking mariyu reporting unde prakriya undani nirdhaarinchukovadam viniyogadaarula lakshyam. 
oka utpatti paniteeru ledhaa jeevitakaalaanni prabhaavitam chesinappudu maarpulu nivedinchadaginavigaa pariganinchabadataayi. atuvanti maarpulalo roopam, amarika, paniteeru ledhaa utpatti saanketika vivarananu prabhaavitam chese evaina maarpulu untaayi (i.ii., utpatti yokka documentation). sarafaraadaaru ledhaa viniyogadaarula jaada kosam korika nivedinchadagina maarpuku daariteeyavachchu.
mottam pcn prakriya gr-209, sanchika 6, "utpatti maarpu noteesula (pcn) kosam saadhaarana avasaralu" loe namodu cheyabadindi.

