
cover panta

vyavasaayamlo, cover pantalu antey pantakota kosam kakunda mattini kappadaniki natabade mokkalu. cover pantalu matti kotha, matti saaravantamaina, matti naanhyata, neeru, kalupu mokkalu, tegullu, vyaadhulu, jeevavaividhyam mariyu vanyapraanulanu maanavulache nirvahinchabadutunna mariyu aakaaramlo unna vyavasaya paryaavarana vyavasthalo nirvahistaayi. cover pantalu mattiloo suukshmajeevula karyakalapalanu penchutaayi, idhi natrajani labhyata, lakshya pantalalo natrajani viniyogam mariyu panta digubadipai saanukuula prabhavanni chooputundi. cover pantalu nagadu pantanu kosina tarvaata naatina off-season panta kaavacchu. cover pantalu anevi narsu pantalu, avi pandinchabadutunna pradhana panta manugadanu penchutaayi mariyu tarachugaa sheethaakaalamlo pandinchabadataayi. samyukta rashtraalalo, cover panta ekaraaniki $35 varaku kharchu kaavacchu.
naela kotha.
cover pantalu ekakaalamlo vyavasaya paryaavarana vyavasthalo bahula vidhulanu nirvahinchagaliginappatiki, matti kothanu nivaarinche ekaika prayojanam kosam vaatini tarachugaa pandistaaru. matti kotha anedi vyavasaya paryaavarana vyavastha yokka utpaadaka saamarthyaanni kolukoleni vidhamgaa tagginchagala prakriya. cover pantalu matti nirmaanaanni meruguparachadam mariyu chorabaatlanu penchadam, matti uparitalaanni rakshinchadam, varshapu chukkala saktini chedaragottadam mariyu matti uparitalampai neeti kadalika vegaanni tagginchadam dwara matti nashtanni taggistaayi. dattamaina cover panta naela uparitalaanni taakadaaniki mundu varshapaatam vegaanni bhouthikamgaa taggistundi, matti chindatam mariyu kotha uparitala pravahanni nirodhistundi. adanamgaa, vistaaramaina cover crop vaerla netvarklu mattini langaru vaeyadaaniki mariyu matti sachchidratanu penchadaaniki sahaayapadataayi, matti sthoolajeevulaku tagina aavasa netvarklanu utpatti chestaayi. idhi tadupari konni samvatsaraalu matti susampannatanu baga unchutundi.
naela santanotpatti nirvahana.
cover pantala yokka praathamika upayogaalalo okati matti saaranni penchadam. eee rakamaina cover pantalanu "aakupaccha eruvulu" anie pilustaaru. avi matti sthuula poeshakaalu mariyu suukshma poeshakaalanu nirvahinchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi. vividha poeshakaalaloo, natrajani nirvahanapai pantalanu kappi unche prabhavam parisoedhakulu mariyu raitula nundi ekkuva drushtini aakarshinchindi, endukante panta utpattilo natrajani tarachugaa atyanta parimitamaina poeshakam.
tarachugaa, pacchani eruvula pantalanu oka nirdishta kaalaaniki pandistaaru, taruvaata matti saaranni mariyu naanhyatanu meruguparachadaaniki puurti paripakvataku cherukune mundu dunnutaaru. migili unna kaandaalu mattini ksheeninchakundaa addukuntayi.
aakupaccha eruvulu saadhaaranamgaa pappudhanyalu, antey avi bathaanee kutumbam, fabaceelo bhaagam. eee kutumbam pratyekamainadi, dheenilooni anni jaatulu bean, pappudhanyalu, lupinlu mariyu alfalfa vanti kayalanu yerparustaayi. chikkati kuuragaayala cover pantalalo saadhaaranamgaa natrajani ekkuvagaa untundi mariyu tarachugaa panta utpattiki avasaramaina natrajani parimaanaanni andistundi. sampradaaya vyavasaayamlo, eee natrajanini saadhaaranamgaa rasayana eruvula roopamlo upayogistaaru. sendriya vyavasaayamlo, natrajani inputlu sendriya eruvulu, compost, cover panta vittanaalu mariyu chikkullu cover pantala dwara sthireekarana roopamlo undavacchu. cover pantala yokka eee naanhyatanu eruvula pratyaamnaaya viluva antaaru.
chikkullugala cover pantalaku pratyaekamaina maroe lakshanam emitante avi chikkullugala muula kanupulalo unde rhizobial bacteriatho sahajeevana sambandhaalanu yerparustaayi. lupinlanu matti suukshmajeevulu "broadyrhizobium" sp dwara kandaraalu cheyabadataayi. (lupinus). madhyadhara muulaaniki chendina itara chikkati pantalalo (argirolobium, taamara, ornithopus, akeshia, lupinus) bradirhizobia suukshmasambandhigaa kanipistundi. eee bacteria jeevasambandhamaina natrajani sthireekarana prakriya dwara jeevasaastraparamgaa andubaatulo laeni vaataavarana natrajani vaayuvunu () jeevasaastraparamgaa andubaatulo unna ammonium () gaa maarustundi. saadhaaranamgaa, cover pantalu matti suukshmajeevula karyakalapalanu penchutaayi, idhi mattiloo natrajani labhyata, lakshya pantalalo natrajani viniyogam mariyu panta digubadipai saanukuula prabhavanni chooputundi.
hobber-baash prakriya raakamundu, paarisraamika natrajani sthireekarananu nirvahinchadaaniki mariyu rasayana natrajani eruvulanu srushtinchadaaniki abhivruddhi cheyabadina shakti-teevramaina paddhati, paryaavarana vyavasthalaku pravesapettina chaalaa natrajani jeeva natrajani sthireekarana dwara udbhavinchindi. bhavishyat aahara utpatti sthaayilanu nirvahinchadaaniki ledhaa penche prayatnamlo paarisraamika natrajani sthireekaranaku vistrutamaina jeeva natrajani sthireekarana, pradhanamgaa cover pantala vadakam dwara saadhinchabadutundani kontamandi saastravettalu vishwasistunnaaru. shilaja indhana saktipai aadharapadatam mariyu vyavasaayamlo rasayana natrajani eruvula viniyogamtho sambandham unna paryaavarana prabhaavaala kaaranamgaa paarisraamika natrajani sthireekarana aahara utpattiki natrajani yokka nilakadaleni vanarugaa vimarsinchabadindi. ituvanti vistrutamaina paryaavarana prabhavalalo jalamargalalo natrajani eruvula nashtalu unnaayi, ivi eutrofication (poeshakaalu load cheyadam) mariyu pedda neeti vanarula hypoxia (oxygen ksheenata) kuu daariteestaayi.
dheeniki oka udaaharana mississippi loya pareevaahaka praantamloo undhi, ikkada vyavasaya utpatti nundi varshakalamlo eruvula natrajani pareevaahaka praantamloki load kavadam valla gulph off mexico nundi vaarshika vesavi hypoxic "ded john" erpadindi, idhi 2017loe 22,000 chadarapu kilometres paiga vistiirnaaniki cherukundi. phalitamgaa eee jonelo samudra jeevula paryaavarana sanklishtata taggutondi.
jeeva natrajani sthireekarana dwara vyavasaya paryaavarana vyavasthalaloki natrajanini teesukuraavadamto paatu, "catch pantalu" anie piluvabade cover pantala rakalu ippatike unna matti natrajanini nilupukodaniki mariyu recycle cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi. catch pantalu munupati panta phaladeekaranam nundi migili unna migulu natrajanini teesukuntaayi, idhi leaching ledhaa vaayu denitrification ledhaa bashpeebhavanam dwara kolpokunda nirodhistundi.
catch pantalu saadhaaranamgaa vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna vaarshika trinadhanya jaatulu, ivi naela nundi andubaatulo unna natrajanini samarthavantamgaa tolaginchadaaniki anugunamgaa untaayi. catch panta biomaslo sthirapadina natrajanini nagadu pantanu aakupaccha eruvulugaa kalipina tarvaata ledhaa kullipovadam praarambhinchina tarvaata tirigi mattiloki vidudala chestaaru.
pacchani eruvula vaadakaaniki oka udaaharana nigeria nundi vachindi, ikkada oka raitu rock phosphatenu upayoginchina tarvaata cover panta "mucuna prurions" (velvet bean) mattiloo bhaswaram labhyatanu penchutundani kanugonabadindi.
naela naanhyata nirvahana.
cover pantala biomass kalakramena input cheyadam dwara matti sendriya padaarthaala sthaayilanu penchadam dwara cover pantalu matti naanhyatanu meruguparustaayi. perigina matti sendriya padaartham matti nirmaanamtho paatu matti yokka neeru mariyu poeshakaalu pattukune mariyu buffering saamardhyaalanu penchutundi. idhi matti carbon sequestration perugudalaku kooda daariteestundi, idhi vaataavarana carbon dioxide sthaayila perugudalanu bharti cheyadamlo sahayapade vyuuhamgaa prothsahinchabadindi.
pantala abhivruddhi kosam saraina paristhitulanu utpatti cheyadaaniki matti naanhyata nirvahinchabadutundi. matti naanhyatanu prabhaavitam chese pradhana karakalu matti lavaneekarana, pihech, suukshmajeevula samatulyata mariyu matti kalushya nivaarana. matti naanhyatanu sarigga nirvahinchi, nirvahiste, adhi aarogyakaramaina mariyu utpaadaka vaataavaranaaniki punaadi vestundani gamaninchabadindi. kontakaalam paatu aarogyakaramaina vaataavaranaanni utpatti chese pantanu roopakalpana chesi nirvahinchavacchu.
neeti nirvahana.
matti kothanu tagginchadam dwara, cover pantalu tarachugaa polamlo nundi pravahinche neeti raetu mariyu parimaanam rendintinee taggistaayi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa diguva jalamargalu mariyu paryaavarana vyavasthalaku paryaavarana pramaadaalanu kaligistundi. cover panta biomass varshapaatam mariyu matti uparitalam madhya bhouthika avarodhamgaa panichestundi, idhi matti profile dwara varshapu chukkalanu kramamga krindiki jaaradaaniki veelu kalpistundi. paina paerkonnatlugaa, cover panta vaerla perugudala phalitamgaa matti randhraalu erpadataayi, ivi matti sthuula aavasalanu penchadamtho paatu, naela uparitala pravaahamgaa polaanni paravese badulu matti profile dwara neetini filter cheyadaaniki maargaalanu andistaayi. neeti chorabaatlu peragadamtho, matti neeti nilva mariyu jalacharaala recharge saamarthyaanni meruguparachavacchu.
cover pantalanu champadaaniki mundu (kattirinchadam, dunnadam, disking, rolling ledhaa herbyside application vanti paddhatula dwara) avi pedda mottamlo temanu kaligi untaayi. cover pantanu mattiloo kalipinappudu ledhaa matti uparitalampai vadilivesinappudu, idhi tarachugaa naela temanu penchutundi. panta utpattiki neeru korata unna vyavasaya paryaavarana vyavasthalalo, matti uparitalaanni shading cheyadam mariyu challabarachadam dwara neetini samrakshinchadaaniki cover pantalanu malchga upayoginchavacchu. idhi naela thema aavirini taggistundi. itara paristhitulalo raitulu naatadam seasonloki velli veelainanta twaragaa mattini endabettadaaniki prayatnistaaru. ikkada sudeerghakaalam matti thema parirakshana samasyaatmakamgaa untundi.
cover pantalu neetini samrakshinchadaaniki sahaayapadataayi, samasheetoshna praantaalalo (mukhyamgaa sagatu kante takkuva varshapaatam unna samvatsaraalalo) avi vasantakaalamlo matti neeti sarafaraanu tagginchagalavu, mukhyamgaa vaataavarana perugutunna paristhitulu bagunte. eee sandarbhaalalo, panta naatadaaniki mundu, raitulu tarachugaa pantala perugudala valla kalige prayojanaalu mariyu aaa seasonlo nagadu panta utpattiki taggina matti thema yokka lopaala madhya maarpidini edurkontaaru. carbon mariyu natrajani nishpatti eee anuvartanaanni samatulyam chestondi.
kalupu nirvahana.
dattamaina cover panta standlu tarachugaa cover panta perugudala kaalamlo kalupu mokkalatho baga potipadatayi, mariyu chaalaa molakettina kalupu vittanaalu vaati jeevita chakranni puurti cheyakunda mariyu punarutpatti cheyakunda nirodhinchavacchu. cover panta perugudala mugisina tarvaata aakupaccha eruvulugaa mattiloo cherchakunda matti uparitalampai chadunainatlayite, adhi daadaapu abhedyamaina chapanu yerparustundi. idhi kalupu vittanaalaku kaanti prasaranni gananeeyamgaa taggistundi, idhi chaalaa sandarbhaallo kalupu vittanaalu molakettadam retunu taggistundi. antekakunda, kalupu vittanaalu molakettinappudu kooda, cover crop mulch poranu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki avasaramaina nirmaana saamarthyaanni pempondinchadaaniki mundu avi tarachugaa perugudala kosam nilva chesina saktini kolpotayi. dheenini tarachugaa "cover crop smuther effect" anie pilustaaru.
konni cover pantalu perugudala samayamlo mariyu maranam taruvaata kalupu mokkalanu anichivestaayi. perugudala samayamlo eee cover pantalu andubaatulo unna sthalam, kaanti mariyu poeshakaala kosam kalupu mokkalatho teevramgaa potipadatayi, mariyu maranam taruvaata avi matti uparitalampai oka mulch poranu yerparuchukovadam dwara tadupari kalupu mokkalanu oopiri peelchukuntaayi. udaaharanaku, merugaina paarudala vyavasthalo "melilotus officinalis" (pasupu sweet clover) nuu cover pantagaa upayogistunnappudu (ikkada cover pantala naatadamtho sahaa vividha nirvahana paddhatula dwara paadu kaalam uddeshapoorvakamgaa merugupadutundi), cover panta perugutunna season mugimpulo kalupu mokka jeevaraashi mottam nilabadi unna jeevaraashilo 1-12% madhya matrame untundi. inca, cover panta raddu chesina taruvaata, pasupu sweet clover avasheshaalu kalupu mokkalanu poduchukunna (pasupu sweet clover laeni) vyavasthala kante 75-97% sthaayiki tagginchaayi.
pootii-aadhaarita ledhaa bhouthika kalupu mokkalu anachiveyadamtho paatu, konni cover pantalu allelopati dwara kalupu mokkalanu anachivestaayi. konni jeevarasaayana cover panta sammelanaalu adhokaranam chendinappudu, avi itara mokkala jaatulaku vishapuuritamainavi ledhaa vittana molakettadaanni nirodhinchinappudu idhi sambhavistundi. allelopathic cover pantalaku konni prasiddha udaaharanalu "seacale trunadhaanyaalu" (raie), "visia villosa" (ventrukala wetch), "tripholium protense" (erra clover), "jonna bicolor" (jonna-sudangras), mariyu brassicaceae kutumbaaniki chendina jaatulu, mukhyamgaa aavalu. oka adhyayanamlo, soyabean, pogaaku, mokkajonna mariyu poddutirugudu vanti vividha vaanijya pantala utpatti samayamlo pacchika bayallugaa upayoginchinappudu raie cover panta avasheshaalu prarambha season broad leaf kalupu mokkalapai 80 saatam nundi 95 saatam niyantrananu andinchinatlu kanugonabadindi. saadhaaranamgaa, cover pantalu nagadu pantalatho pootii padaalsina avasaram ledhu, endukante vaatini itara pantalu erpaatu kaavadaaniki mundu season praarambhamlo pandinchi, muginchavacchu.
vyavasaya parisoedhana seva (rs) vidudala chesina 2010 adhyayanamlo, saastravettalu vari vittana raetlu mariyu naatadam namuunaalu cover panta utpattini elaa prabhaavitam chesayo pariseelinchaaru. ekaraaniki ekkuva poundla vari naatadam valla cover panta utpatti perigindani, kalupu mokkala parimaanam taggindani phalitaalu chuupistunnaayi. saastravettalu chikkullu mariyu votes paie vittana retlanu pareekshinchinappudu kooda idhe nijam; ekaraaniki naatina vittanaala adhika saandrata kalupu mokkala mottaanni tagginchindi mariyu chikkullu mariyu vote utpattini penchindi. saampradaaya varusalu ledhaa grid namuunaalanu kaligi unna naatadam namuunaalu, cover panta utpattipai ledhaa cover pantalo kalupu mokka utpattipai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chuupinatlu kanipinchaledu. vittanaalu vese raetlu peragadam kalupu niyantranaku samarthavanthamaina paddhati anie ars saastravettalu nirdhaarinchaaru.
vyaadhi nirvahana.
cover pantala allelopati lakshanaalu kalupu mokkalanu anachivese vidhamgaane, avi vyaadhi chakralanu kooda vichchinnam cheyagalavu mariyu bacteria mariyu shilindhra vyaadhulu mariyu paraannajeevi nematodela janabhanu tagginchagalavu. aavalu vanti brassicaceae kutumbaaniki chendina jaatulu, vaati mokkala kana kanajaalaalo glucosinolate sammelanaala ksheenata samayamlo sahajamgaa sambhavinche visha rasayanalanu vidudala cheyadam dwara shilindhra vyaadhula janabhanu anichivestaayani vistrutamgaa choopabadindi.
tegulla nirvahana.
konni cover pantalanu "trop pantalu" anie pilavabadevigaa upayogistaaru, viluvagala panta nundi tegullanu aakarshinchadaaniki mariyu tegulu marinta anukuulamaina aavasamga bhaavinche vaati vaipu. pantala lopala, polaallo ledhaa prakruti drushyaalalo ucchu panta praantaalanu erpaatu cheyavachu. chaalaa sandarbhaallo, aahara panta utpatti avtunna adhe seasonlo trop pantanu pandistaaru. tegulla sankhyanu tagginchadaaniki taginanta sankhyalo tegullanu valaloki laagina tarvaata eee ucchu pantalache aakraminchabadina parimita praantaanni purugumandulato chikitsa cheyavachu. konni sendriya vyavasthalalo, raitulu mokkala nundi mariyu polamlo nundi bhouthikamgaa tegullanu laagadaaniki pedda vacuum aadhaarita saadhanamtho ucchu pantanu naduputaaru. sendriya strawberry utpattilo lygus doshaalanu niyantrinchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki eee vyavasthanu upayoginchaalani sifaarsu cheyabadindi. ucchu pantalaku maroka udaaharana nematode-resistant white aavalu (synapis alba) mariyu mullangi (raphanus sativus). veetini pradhana (trunadhaanyaalu) panta mariyu trop nematodes tarvaata penchavacchu, udaaharanaku, beatroot sist nematode mariyu columbian ruut nott nematode. nematodlu periginappudu, avi podugutaayi mariyu muulaala vaipu aakarshinchabadataayi. verlaloki pravesinchina taruvaata, mokka yokka athi sunnitamaina pratighatana praticharya kaaranamgaa avi moolamlo punarutpatti cheyalevu. anduvalla nematode janabha jaatulu mariyu saagu samayanni batti 70-99% dwara baga taggutundi.
itara cover pantalanu vaati aavaasamlooni amsaalanu anukarinchadam dwara tegulla sahaja maamsaahaarulanu aakarshinchadaaniki upayogistaaru. idhi aavasala perugudala anie piluvabade jeeva niyantrana yokka oka roopam, conny cover pantala vaadakamtho saadhinchabadutundi. cover panta uniki mariyu predator-pest janabha dynamics madhya sambandhaanni kanugonnavi mishramamgaa unnaayi, icchina samagra tegulu nirvahana vyuuhaanni uttamamgaa puurti cheyadaaniki nirdishta cover panta rakalu mariyu nirvahana paddhatulapai vivaranaatmaka samacharam avasaramani suuchistunnaayi. udaaharanaku, predator mait "eusius tularensis" (kangdon) central california citrus pandla thotalloni tegulu citrus tripsnu niyantrinchadamlo sahaayapadutundani telisindi. aneka ververu chikkati cover pantalanu (bell bean, unnipadu wetch, newzealand white clover mariyu austrian winter bathaanee vantivi) naatadam valla kaalaanuguna perugudalaku kaaranamayye aahara vanarugaa taginanta puppodi labhinchindani parisoedhakulu kanugonnaru. tularensis janabha, idhi manchi thoo citrus trips yokka tegulla janabhanu tagginchadaaniki taginanta dopidi ottidini pravesapedutundi.
jeevavaividhyam mariyu vanyapraanulu.
cover pantalanu saadhaaranamgaa paina charchinchina prayojanaallo okadaaniki upayoginchinappatiki, tarachugaa vanyapraanulaku aavasamga panicheestaayi. cover pantala vadakam nagadu panta maarpidiki kaneesam mokkala vaividhyam yokka maroe koonaanni jodistundi. cover panta saadhaaranamgaa viluvaina panta kaananduna, daani nirvahana saadhaaranamgaa takkuva teevramgaa untundi, idhi polampai "mruduvaina" maanava prabhaavaaniki oka kitikeeni andistundi. eee saapekshamgaa "hands-off" nirvahana, cover pantala sthaapana dwara utpatti cheyabadina vyavasaayamlo perigina vaividhyamtho kalipi, adhika sthaayi vanyapraanula vaividhyaaniki maddatugaa marinta sanklishtamaina poeshaka nirmaanam abhivruddhi chendhe avakaasaanni penchutundi.
oka adhyayanamlo, parisoedhakulu dakshina united statesloni saampradayakamgaa mariyu cover panta patthi polaala madhya arthropod mariyu sangbird jaatula kuurpu mariyu kshetra viniyogaanni poolchaaru. cover panta patthi polaalu clover kosam natabaddayi, idhi prarambha patthi perugutunna season (strip cover panta) antataa patthi varusala madhya peragadaaniki vadiliveyabadindi. valasa mariyu santanotpatti kaalamlo, saampradaaya patthi polaala kante samagra clover cover pantatho kuudina patthi polaalalo sangbird saandratalu 7-20 retlu ekkuvagaa unnayani vaaru kanugonnaru. sangbird breeding seasonlo chaalaa varaku clover sii-cover polaallo keellarasam samruddhi mariyu jeevaraashi kooda ekkuvagaa undevi, dheeniki clover nundi puula thene sarafara peragadam kaaranamani cheppabadindi. clover cover panta cover saitlanu andinchadam dwara sangbird aavasalanu meruguparichindi mariyu adhika keellapandu janabha nundi aahara vanarunu penchindi.