
naakam

nakam (, 'prateekaaram') anedi 1945 taruvaata, holocast samayamlo aaru millionla yoodula hatyaku prateekaaram teerchukunna sumaru yaabhai mandhi holocast praanaalatoe bayatapadina paramilitary samstha. abba covner netrutvamloni eee brundam "oka deshaaniki oka desham" anae vichakshanaarahita prateekaara roopamlo aaru millionla mandhi german prajalanu champadaaniki prayatninchindi. pedda sankhyalo germanlanu champadaaniki neeti pradhaanaalanu vishapuuritam cheyadaaniki pedda mottamlo vishanni pondadaaniki covner tappanisari palestineku vellaadu. athani anucharulu neuremberg neeti vyavasthaloki chorabadi vacchaaru. ayithe, aakramita germanyloni british joneku cherukunna kovnernu arrestu chesi, aaa vishanni bordupaiki visireyalsi vachindi. 
eee vaiphalyam taruvaata, nakam vaari drushtini "plaan bii" vaipu mallinchi, american jonelo united states sainyam nirvahinchina yuddha khaideelanu lakshyamgaa chesukundi. vaaru sthaanikamgaa arsenic nuu pondaaru mariyu eee jailu shibiraalaku sarafara chese bekareelaloki chorabadi vacchaaru. kutradaarulu neurembergloni (viniyogadaarula sahakaara bakery) loe 3,000 rottelanu vishapuuritam chesaaru, idhi langwasar nirbandha shibiramlo 2,000 mandiki paiga german yuddha khaideelanu anaaroogyaaniki gurichesindi. ayithe, eee samuuhaaniki sambandhinchina maranaalu teliyavu. nakamnu kondaru ugravaada samsthagaa pariganinchinappatikii, german public prosecutorlu 2000loe "asaadhaarana paristhitula" kaaranamgaa daani iddaru sabhyulapai kesunu thosipuchaaru.
nepathyam.
holocast samayamlo, naajii germany, daani mitraraajyaalu mariyu sahakarulu saamuuhika kaalpulu mariyu vayuvu daadulatoe sahaa vividha paddhatula dwara sumaru aaru millionla mandhi yoodulanu hatya chesaaru. praanaalatoe bayatapadina chaalaa mandhi, vaari mottam kutumbaalanu mariyu sanghaalanu kolpoyina taruvaata, saadhaarana jeevitaaniki tirigi ravadanni oohinchukovadam kashtam. naajii yuddha nerasthulapai ledhaa mottam german prajalapai prateekaaram teerchukoovaalanae korika vistrutamgaa undedi. 1942 chivari nundi, holocast vaartalu tappanisari paalestainloki raavadamtho, yoodula vaartaapatrikalu prateekaaram teerchukoovaalani pilupulatho nindi unnaayi. warsa ghetto tirugubaatu naayakulalo okaraina yitzac jukerman taruvaata matladutu, "prateekaaraaniki makkuva laeni yoodudu tanaku teliyadani" cheppadu. ayithe, praanaalatoe bayatapadina vaaru chaalaa takkuva mandhi eee kalpanalapai panicheesaaru, badulugaa vaari jeevitaalanu mariyu sanghaalanu punarnirminchadampai mariyu maraninchina vaarini smarinchukovadampai drushti pettaru. mottam meeda, izrael charitrakaarudu dhina porat anchanaa prakaram, sumaru 200 ledhaa 250 mandhi holocast praanaalatoe bayatapadinavaru khachitamaina himsaatmaka prateekaaram teerchukoovadaaniki prayatninchaaru, indulo nakam gananeeyamaina bhaagam. mosad nirvahinchina hatyalatho sahaa, eee karyakalapalu 1,000 nundi 1,500 mandhi praanaalanu baligondi.
nirmaanam.
1945loe, abba covner, ponnari oochakotha mariyu mazdanek vadda nirmuulana sibiraanni sandarsinchina taruvaata, mariyu romanialoni ashwitz nundi praanaalatoe bayatapadinavaarini kalisina taruvaata, prateekaaram teerchukoovaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. athanu daadaapu 50 mandhi holocast praanaalatoe bayatapadinavaarini niyaminchaadu, veerilo ekkuva mandhi maajee yoodu pakshapaatulu, conny soviet unionku tappinchukunna kondaru kooda unnaaru. rahasyamgaa jeevinchagala saamarthyam kosam mariyu vidipokunda undataaniki niyaminchabadina vaarilo chaalaa mandhi iravaila praarambhamlo unnaaru mariyu vilnius, rovno, sestochova ledhaa krakov nundi vacchaaru. saadhaaranamgaa ("prateekaaram") anie piluvabade eee samstha hebru paerunu (, "teerpu") upayoginchindi, idhi (, "izrael yokka raktam prateekaaram") yokka sankshipta roopam kooda. 
naajii germany otami antey yoodulu maroka holocast sthaayi maranahomam nundi surakshitamgaa unnaarani samuuham sabhyulu vishwasinchaaru. aaru millionla mandhi germanlanu champe, damasha prateekaaram, yoodula satruvulaku vaaru siksha nundi vimukti pondalerani neerpadaaniki ekaika margamani covner nammadu "eee charya digbhraantikaramgaa undaali. ashwitz taruvaata saadhaarana sthithiki tirigi ralemani germanlu telusukovali."praanaalatoe bayatapadina vaari prakaram, covner yokka" "hypnotic" "vagdhati vaaru anubhavistunna bhavodvegalaku padaalanu istundi". aaa kaalamlooni chattalu holocast vanti teevramaina sanghatananu taginantagaa shikshinchalekapoyayani, prapanchamlooni puurti naitika diwala anedi vipattu prateekaara himsa dwara matrame nayam cheyagaladani samuuham sabhyulu vishwasinchaaru. kopamtho bayatapadinavaru "samajam mariyu chattaala jeevitaaniki tirigi raavadaaniki" siddhamgaa undataaniki mundu nakam "avasaramaina dasha" anie porat oohinchaaru. 
samuuham yokka nayakulu rendu pranaalikalanu roopondinchaaruh pedda sankhyalo germanlanu champadaaniki pranaalika a, mariyu pranaalika b, united states yuddha khaideela shibiraalalo unna aneka vaela mandhi ss khaideelaku vishaprayogam cheyadaaniki. romenia nundi covner brundam italeeki prayaaninchindi, akkada covner alia pandem (paalastiinaaku aadesinchadaaniki akrama valasalu) nirvahinchadamlo sahayam cheyaalani korukune yoodu brigade sainikula nundi aayanaku aatmeeya swaagatam labhinchindi. covner appatike prateekaaram teerchukoovadaaniki siddhamgaa unnanduna niraakarinchaadu. nakam bhoogarbha kanaala netvarknu abhivruddhi chesi, ventane dabbunu sekarinchadam, german moulika sadupaayaalaloki chorabadatam mariyu vishanni bhadraparachadam praarambhinchindi. eee samuuham oka hashomer hutzire dhootha nundi german-nakilee british karenseeni pedda mottamlo andukundi, oohaagaanakaarulanu sahakarinchamani balavantam chesindi, alaage yoodu brigedloni saanubhootiparula nundi kontha dabbunu kooda pondindi.
pranaalika a (neuremberglo pranaalikaabaddhamaina saamuuhika vishaprayogam).
maim mendele" anae polish sthaanabhramsham chendina vyakti (dipi) gaa natistuu joseph harmatz, neurembergloni munisipal neeti sarafaraalo chorabadataaniki prayatninchaadu; nakam nagaranni lakshyamgaa chesukundi endukante idhi naajii paarteeki balamaina sthaavaramgaa undedi. mitraraajyaala bambu daadula dwara nagaramlo chaalaa bhaagam naasanam kavadam valla gruhaala korata kaaranamgaa kutradaarulaku addeku ivvadaaniki gadulu dorakadam harmatzku kashtamgaa maarindi. lanchaala vadakam dwara, athanu german anargalamgaa matlade krakov kuu chendina injanir willeck schwerzrich (willeck shinar) nuu munisipal water companylo udyogam cheyagaligadu. schwarzrich neeti vyavastha pranaalikanu mariyu pradhana neeti kavaatam niyantrananu pondaadu, mariyu saadhyamainanta ekkuva sankhyalo germanlanu champadaaniki visham ekkada pravesapettaali anie pranaalika vaesaadu. paarislo, covner yokka kaboye bhaarya mariyu vilna ghettolo bhoogarbhamlo maajee sahacharudu vitka kempnertho sahaa oka nakam gadiki baadhyata vahinchaadu. germanyloni dipi shibiraniki david benn-gurian paryatanalo reachman athanitho matladadani samacharam, conny athanu holocastku prateekaaram teerchukovadam kante izrael swaatantryam kosam panicheyadaaniki ishtapaddadu.
tappanisari paalastiinaalooni yoodu naayakatvam ayina yishuvlooni nayakula nundi visham pondadaaniki adhi kovnerpai padindi. 1945 joolailo, covner yoodula brigednu vidichipetti milan vellaadu, selavupai unna yoodula brigade sainikudiga maaruveshamlo, marusati nelaloo paalastiinaaku oodaloo ekkaadu. ayana lenappudu reachman airopalo nayakudiga maaradu. paalastiinaa cherukunna taruvaata, kovnernu moodu rojula paatu oka apartmentlo mosad lilia bett unchaaru mariyu mosad cheef shaal meerav vyaktigatamgaa vichaarinchaaru. hatyanu yishuvto mudipettananduku badulugaa oka chinna prateekaara charya kosam ataniki visham ivvamani vaarini oppinchaalane aasatoe covner hagana adhipatulu moshe sneeh mariyu izrael geleeleelatoo charchalu jaripaaru.
septembarulo, covner airopaloni naakamku vishanni gurtinchadamlo tanaku etuvanti vijayam raledani teliyajesaadu, anduvalla vaaru rasayana shaastravetta mariyu maajee vilna ghetto tirugubaatudaaru ayina yitzac raatnarnu niyaminchi, plaan bii paie drushti pettali. covner chivariki jerusalemloni hebru vishwavidhyaalayamloni rasayana saastravettalu ephraim mariyu ahron katjirlaku, hagana sabhyudaina vaari vidyaarthulaloo okari dwara parichayam cheyabaddaadu. katzir sodarulu covner yokka prateekaara kutra patla saanubhooti chuupaaru mariyu hebru vishwavidhyaalayamloni rasayana nilva adhipatini ataniki visham ivvamani oppinchaaru. eee vaastavam jarigina dasaabdaala taruvaata, appati prapancha geonist samstha adhyakshudu chaim weiseman kuu taanu plaan bii nuu roopondinchaanani, athanu tananu katjir sodarula vaddaku pampinchaadani covner paerkonnaadu. ayithe, athani jeevitacharitrakaarudi prakaram, covner veejmaannu kalusukunte adhi fibravari ledhaa marchi 1946loe, endukante weiseman antaku mundu desham velupala unnadu.
aneka jaapyaala taruvaata, covner december 1945loe eejiptlooni alegzandriaku velli, selavula nundi tirigi vastunna yoodu brigade sainikudiga gurtinchina tappudu patraalanu, tooth payst gottalu mariyu vishamtho nindina dabbaalalo daachina bangaaramtho kuudina duffel sanchini teesukuvellaadu. fraanslooni tolanku velle oodaloo ekkina ventane, covner paerunu, maroe mugguri paerunu praja prasanga vyavastha dwara pilicharu. paarislooni kempnerku duffel sanchini cheraveyamani covner thana snehitudu yitzic rosenkranjto cheppi, aapai sagam vishanni padavapai padesadu. dheeni taruvaata, athanu tananu taanu maarchukuni british pooliisulu arrestu chesaaru. covner nuu hagana mosam chesindani nakam sabhyulu taruvaata paerkonnaaru, ayithe porat athanu alia pandem yokka anumaanita nirvahakudiga arrestu cheyabadi undavacchani raasaaru. inglish matladevadu kaani yoodula brigade sikshanaku haajaru kaani covner, nakam gurinchi prashninchabadaledu; eejipt mariyu paalastiinaa jaillalo rendu nelala taruvaata, athanu vidudala cheyabaddaadu. aaa samayamlone naakamlo athani prameyam mugisindi.
plaan bii (ss khaideelaku saamuuhika vishaprayogam).
covner avasaramaina vishanni pondalekapoyinanduna, 1946 modati nelallo neuremberg sell khachitamgaa vishapuurita ss khaideelaku maaraalani nirnayinchukundi. nakam action groupulu chaalaa varaku aadesinchina vidhamgaa raddu cheyabaddaayi mariyu vaari sabhyulu nirvaasitula shibiraalloki chedaragottaaru, bhavishyattulo pranaalikanu amalu cheyadaaniki vaaru tirigi sakriyam cheyabadatarani nayakulu vaagdaanam chesaaru. sameepamloni pedda united states yuddha khaideela shibiraala kaaranamgaa neuremberg mariyu dachouloni gadulu churukuga undipoyaayi. sthaanikamgaa visham pondadaaniki yitzac raatnarnu samuuhamlooki niyaminchaaru. 1945 octoberulo, athanu paarislooni nakam pradhana karyalayamlo oka prayogasaalanu erpaatu chesaadu, akkada athanu alasyam chese prabhavalanu kaligi unde ruchileni, vaasana laeni vishanni kanugonadaaniki vividha suutreekaranalanu pareekshinchaadu. ratner chivariki arsenic, jiguru mariyu itara sankalanaala misramaanni roopondinchaadu, veetini rottela meeda paint cheyavachu; pillulapai chesina pareekshalu eee misramam yokka praanaantakatanu niroopinchaayi. germanyloki akramamga ravana cheyabadina charmasuddhi parisramalo panichesina snehitula nundi athanu arsenic kante ekkuva pondaadu.
nakam neuremberg (gatamlo stallog XIII-D) sameepamloni langwasar nirbandha shibirampai drushti pettindi, ikkada 12,000 nundi 15,000 mandhi khaideelu, pradhanamgaa maajee ss adhikarulu ledhaa pramukha naajeelanu united states khaidu chesindi. praarambhamlo, iddaru nakam sabhyulanu shibiram niyaminchindi, okaru driverga, marokaru store house varkarga. langwasar kosam rotte nuremberg looni oke bakery nundi vachindi, idhi (viniyogadaarula sahakaara bakery). aneka naajii concentration shibiraalalo praanaalatoe bayatapadina leepke distell, kenadaaloni oka maama yokka bekareelo pani cheyadaaniki veesa kosam eduruchustunna polish sthaanabhramsham chendina vyaktigaa kanipinchaadu. athanu managernu uchitamgaa pani cheyagalara anie adigadu, chivariki sigaretlu, madyam mariyu chaakletlatho lancham icchina taruvaata bakery store roomku praapyatanu pondaadu. nakam kaaryakartalu prati raatri farth looni adde gadilo samavesamai, vaari parisoedhanalanu charchinchaaru, mukhyamgaa vaari daadini german khaideelaku elaa parimitam cheyali mariyu american gaardulaku haani kaliginchakundaa elaa nivaarinchaali. harmatz kontamandi kaarmikulanu shibiramlo mataadhikaari padavullo unchinappudu, american gaardulaku pratyaekamgaa tella rotte jaarii cheyabadinanduna, aadivaaram naadu, nalla rottenu german khaideelu matrame tintaarani vaaru kanugonnaru. anduvalla, vaaru sanivaaram raatri daadini amalu cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru. 
dachou sameepamloni jailu shibiram mariyu daaniki sarafara chese bekareeki sambandhinchi ilanti sannahalu jarigaayi, warsa ghetto tirugubaatu anubhavagnudaina sincha rotum netrutvamloni prayatnam. bekareelo panichese stambhaalato sneham chesina taruvaata, rotem managernu traagi, athani taalaala kaapeelu tayaaru chesi, athanu nidraloki vachhe mundu vaatini tirigi icchaadu. pranaalikaabaddhamaina daadiki konni rojula mundu, united states sainyamlooni yoodu nigha adhikari nundi iddaru kaaryakartalanu pooliisulu koorutunnaarani reachmanku oka rahasya samacharam andindi. aadesinchinatlugaa, dachou nakam kaaryakartalu 1946 april 11naa garbhasravam chesaaru. oka daadi viphalamaithe united states jailu shibiraallo thana bhadrata charyalanu penchutundani, rendava daadini nirodhistundani reachman bhayapaddadu.
eee samayaniki, aruguru nakam sabhyulu neuremberglo panicheesaaru. aahara dongatanaanni nivaarinche lakshyamtho gatti bhadratanu addukuni, vaaru aarseniknu chaalaa rojullo akramamga ravana chesi, rainkotla kinda daachi, floor bordula kinda daachipettaaru. arsenic misramam samanamga vyaapinchalaedani prayogaalu choopinchinanduna, operatives prati rotte diguvana paint cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru. april 13 sanivaaram naadu, bakery kaarmikulu sammelo unnaaru, naakam kaaryakartalanu alasyam chesi, vaarilo muggurini bekareeloki pravesinchakundaa addukunnaru. phalitamgaa, distell mariyu athani iddaru sahacharulu modata pranaalika prakaram 14,000 rottelaku badulugaa sumaru 3,000 rottelanu vishapuuritam cheyadaaniki matrame taginanta samayam kaligi unnaaru. rottelaku painting chesina taruvaata, vaaru chekoslovekiaku paaripoyaaru, yuhuda maimon anae ashwitz praanaalatoe bayatapadina vaari sahayamtho, italii gundaa dakshina fraansku vellaaru.
1946 april 23naa, "dhi newyork times" 2,283 mandhi german yuddha khaideelu vishaprayogam kaaranamgaa anaaroogyaaniki gurainatlu nivedinchindi, 207 mandhi aasupatrilo cheraaru mariyu teevramgaa anaarogyamtho unnaaru. ayithe, operation chivariki etuvanti maranaalaku kaaranam kaaledu. jaateeya archives mariyu records administrationku samachara swechcha abhyardhana dwara pondina patraala prakaram, bekareelo dorikina arsenic mottam sumaru 60,000 mandini champadaaniki saripotundi. vishaprayogam enduku viphalamaindoo teliyadu, conny vaaru vishanni chaalaa sannaga vyaapti chesaarani, ledhaa rotte vishapuuritam ayindani, ekkuva tinaledani khaideelu grahinchaarani anumaanistunnaaru.
parinaamaalu mariyu vaarasatvam.
sumaru 30 mandhi maajee naakam kaaryakartalu 1946 juun 23naa "biria" oodaloo ekkaaru, british adhikarulu kontakaalam nirbandhamlo unchina taruvaata juulai chivari natiki vacchaaru. covner kibbutz, ine hahoresh vadda vaariki hagana mariyu izrael laber paarteelooni pramukha sabhyula nundi aatmeeya swaagatam labhinchindi mariyu desham antataa prayaaninchadaaniki aahvaaninchabaddaru. covner, mariyu ekkuva mandhi kaaryakartalu prateekaara samayam gadichindani bhaavinchinappatikii, boleck benn-yaa 'acv netrutvamloni oka chinna samuuham missionu konasaaginchadaaniki airopaku tirigi vachindi. 1947 vasantakaalamlo maroe tommidi mandhi nakam kaaryakartalu vidipoyaaru, marusati samvatsaram laber party raajakeeyavetta abba hushi sahayamtho airopaku tirigi vacchaaru.
vidipoyina samuuhaalu ravana mariyu aardhika rendintiloonuu perugutunna savaallanu edurkonnaayi, 1949loe federal republic off germany sthaapana chattaviruddha karyakalapalanu marinta kashtataram chesindi. chaalaa mandhi sabhyulu tamanu taamu pooshinchukoevadaaniki naera jeevitam vaipu moggu chuupaaru, aapai maajee french pratighatana sabhyula sahayamtho german jailla nundi tappinchukovadaaniki prayatninchaaru. 1950 mariyu 1952 madhya chaalaa mandhi ijraayelku tirigi vacchaaru. benn-yaa 'acv oka interviewlo matladutu, taanu prateekaaram teerchukoovadaaniki prayatninchakapothe "addamlo tananu taanu chudalenu", mariyu adhi vijayavantam kakapovadaniki taanu inca teevramgaa chintistunnanani annaru. ijraayelku vacchina taruvaata, maajee nakam sabhyulu aneka dasabdaluga tama anubhavaala gurinchi maatlaadataaniki niraakarinchaaru, 1980laloe matrame eee samasya gurinchi charchinchadam praarambhinchaaru. nakamlo palgonadam dwara covner "raajakeeya aatmahatya chesukunnadu" anie porat raasaaru; aame daani vaiphalyaanni "adbhutam" gaa varninchindi."samuuham yokka sabhyulu etuvanti paschaattaapam chuupaleedu, germanlu" "daaniki arhulu" "anie, mariyu vaari charyalaku kshamaapana kante gurtimpunu korukuntunnarani chepparu".
1999loe, hermatz mariyu distell oka documentarylo kanipinchaaru mariyu nakamlo vaari paatra gurinchi charchinchaaru. nakam charyalu naitikamainavani, yoodulaku "germanlapy prateekaaram teerchukune hakku undani distell paerkonnaaru."german prosecutorlu hatyayatnam kosam vaaripai daryaaptu praarambhinchaaru, conny" "asaadhaarana paristhitula" "kaaranamgaa 2000loe praathamika daryaaptunu nilipivesaaru".", eee brundamlooni naluguru sabhyulu inca sajeevamgaa unnatlu samacharam.
charitra mariyu prajaadarana pondina samskruti.
nakam yokka mission yokka prarambha patrikeya vruttaantam maikhel baar-johar yokka 1969 pustakam "dhi avengers" loe undhi. eee kathaku 1971loe maikhel elkins "forged inn fair" anae kaalpanika varnana icchaaru. jonathan friedland navala "dhi final accounting" eee katha aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi. nakam katha german prajaadarana pondina samskrutiloki kooda pravesinchindi. 2009loe, germanyki chendina clezmare byaand ayina daniel cohn & dhi painted burd, "six million germans (nakam)" anae patanu record chesindi. nakamlo thana karyakalapalanu vivaristuu thana maranasayyapai covner chesina tepula aadhaaramgaa, chhaanel 4 daani "rahasya charitra" syries "holocast-dhi revenge plaat" kosam oka television documentaryni nirminchindi, idhi holocast memorial day, 27 janavari 2018naa modatisaari prasaram cheyabadindi.
izrael ugravaada nipunulu ehud sprinzac mariyu idith gertle prakaram, nakam yokka prapancha drukpatham messianic samuuhaalu ledhaa aaraadhanalatho samanamga undhi, endukante prapancham chaalaa cheddadani, pedda ettuna vipattuku arhamainadani daani nammakam. raajakeeya kaaranaala valla himsaku palpade, ugravaadam dwara kotta, merugaina bhavishyattu kosam aasinche chaalaa ugravaada samsthala maadirigaa kakunda, nakam vichakshanaarahitamgaa champalani anukundi. nakam kaaryakartalu "bhaareega krooramaina samaajaala" nundi vacchaaru, ivi sprinzac mariyu gertle prakaram, konnisaarlu vipattu himsagaa pariganinchabadataayi.
praanaalatoe bayatapadina vaarilo chaalaa mandini kalusukuni, vaari vyaktigata patraalanu pondadam dwara, eee samuuhaanni kramapaddhatilo adhyayanam chesina modati vidya charitrakaarudu dhina porat. daadi vaiphalyam uddeshapoorvakamgaa jarigi undavacchani aame oohinchindi, endukante covner mariyu itara nayakulu idhi yoodu prajalaku chaalaa haani kaliginchi undavacchani grahinchadam praarambhinchaaru. nakam sabhyula vyaktitvaalanu vaaru nirvahinchadaaniki prayatninchina charyalatho punaruddarinchadaaniki aame chaalaa kashtapadindi. chaalaa mandhi amayaka prajalu champabade daadini elaa plaan cheyagalarani adiginappudu, praanaalatoe bayatapadina oka vyakti "yuddham mugise samayaniki meeru naatho undi unte, meeru aaa vidhamgaa matladevaru kaadu" anie vivarinchaadu. nakampai porat yokka 2019 pustakam "prateekaaram mariyu prateekaaram naadhi" () anae sheershikato undhi, idhi deuteronomy nundi vacchina padabandham, idhi yoodu prajalu prateekaaram teerchukoovadaanni izrael devuni chetilo vadiliveyadam uttamam anae aame nammakanni vyaktam chestundi.
2021loe, dorran paaj mariyu yov paaj darsakatvam vahinchi nirminchina "plaan eah" chitram, kathaamsaanni cinema kosam sweekarinchindi.

