
sakshyaadhaara chattam 2006

saakshyaala chattam 2006 anedi saakshyaala chattalanu krodikarinche newzealand paarlamentu chattam. chattam amalu chesinappudu, saakshyaaniki sambandhinchina saadhaarana chattam mariyu chattabaddhamaina nibandhanalanu oka samagra pathakamgaa eee chattam roopondinchindi, kortu karyakalapalalo sakshyam yokka aamodayogyata mariyu upayogampai munupati sakshyam chattam yokka chaalaa bhaganni bharti chesindi.
1989 augustulo laa commission desham yokka mukkalu mukkaluga saakshya chattalanu sameekshinche panini praarambhinchinappudu eee chattam yokka punaadulu prarambhamayyayi. 1999 augustulo commission sakshyaadhaara chattam aadhaaramgaa oka musaida sakshyaadhaara kodnu roopondinchadamtho oka dasaabdam pani mugisindi. sakshyaadhaara billu mae 2006loe pravesapettabadindi mariyu 23 november 2006naa daani moodava mariyu chivari patanaanni aamodinchindi. eee chattamlo ekkuva bhaagam 2007 augustu 1naa amalloki vachindi.
saasanaparamaina lakshanaalu.
1 mariyu 2 vibhagalu varusaga chattam yokka sheershika mariyu praarambhaaniki sambandhinchinavi.
praathamika nibandhanalu.
eee chattam kiriitaanni bandhistundani 3va vibhagam andistundi. section 4 chattamlo upayoginchina padaalanu nirvachistundi.
section 5 chattam yokka anuvartanaaniki sambandhinchinadi. chattam mariyu edainaa itara chattam madhya asthirata unte, itara chattam prabalamgaa untundi. ayithe, eee chattam mariyu haikortu niyamaalu ledhaa jilla kortu niyamaala madhya asamaanata unte, chattam prabalamgaa untundi.
section 6 chattam yokka uddesyaanni nirdesistundi.
billulooni 7va vibhagam sambandhita suutraaniki sambandhinchinadi. saadhaarana niyamam emitante, lekapothe andinchinatlayithe, sambandhita sakshyam vichaaranalo aamodayogyamainadi. sambandhitamgaa laeni sakshyalu aamodayogyam kaadu. vichaarana nirnayaaniki paryavasanamga edainaa niroopinche ledhaa niroopinche dhorani unte sakshyam sambandhitamgaa untundi.
edainaa vichaaranalo, vichaarana phalitampai sakshyam anyayamgaa pakshapaata prabhavanni chooputundane ledhaa anavasaramgaa vichaarananu podiginche pramaadamtoe daani sambhaavya viluvanu minchipothe nyaayamuurti sakshyanni minahaayinchaalani section 8 oka saadhaarana niyamanni nirdesistundi.
section 9 sammati dwara sakshyalanu angeekarinchadam gurinchi vyavaharistundi. idhi anni paarteela sammatitoe aamodayogyam kaani sakshyalanu angeekarinchadaaniki mariyu anni paarteelu angeekarinchina yea vidhamgaanainaa ledhaa roopamlo sakshyalanu angeekarinchadaaniki anumatistundi. idhi prosecution mariyu prativaadi edainaa vaastavaanni angeekarinchadaaniki anumatistundi, tadwara edainaa criminal proseedinglalo aaa vaastavaaniki rujuvu avasaranni tolagistundi.
chattam yokka vivaranaku sambandhinchi section 10 3 pratyeka niyamaalanu nirdesistundi. eee chattanni oka loe ardham chesukovali
daani uddesyam mariyu daani suutraalanu prothsahinche maargam. saadhaarana chattanni avamaaninche saasanaalanu khachitamgaa ardham chesukovalane nibandhanaku kooda eee chattam lobadi undadu. ayithe, eee chattanni saadhaarana chattaniki sambandhinchi ardham chesukovacchu, conny saadhaarana chattam daani nibandhanalaku, daani prayojanam mariyu daani suutraalanu prothsahinchadaaniki mariyu section 12 looni niyamam yokka anuvartanaaniki anugunamgaa untundi.
chattamlo andinchina meraku tappa, daani vidhana durviniyogaanni niyantrinchadaaniki mariyu nirodhinchadaaniki nyaayasthaanamlo antarleenamgaa unna adhikaralu billu dwara prabhaavitam kaavani 11va vibhagam andistundi.
nirdishta saakshya vastuvula pravesaanni niyantrinche chattam ledhaa edainaa itara chattamlo nibandhanalu lekapothe, ledhaa sambandhita nibandhanalu aaa prasnaku paakshikamgaa matrame vyavaharistae, 6 nundi 8 varaku unna vibhagalalo perkonna uddesyam mariyu suutraalanu mariyu saadhaarana chattanni parigananaloki teesukuni, aaa prayojanam mariyu aaa suutraala prachaaraaniki anugunamgaa mariyu teesukovalasina nirnayaalaku sambandhinchinanta varaku nirnayaalu teesukoovaali.
edainaa patram yokka auchityaanni sthaapinchadamlo vartimpajeyavalasina niyamaalanu section 13 nirdesistundi.
section 14 taatkaalika praatipadikana sakshyalanu angeekarinchadaaniki andistundi.
gananeeyamaina vichaaranalo edainaa nirdishta sakshyam aamodayogyamainada anie sthaapinche prayojanaala kosam icchina sakshyam yokka aamodayogyatanu niyantrinche niyamaalanu section 15 nirdesistundi.
aamodayogyata niyamaalu, hakku mariyu gopyata.
vinabade aadharalu.
section 16 paristhitulu anae padaala ardhaanni spashtam chestundi mariyu sakshiga andubaatulo ledhu. eee nibandhanalu section 18loe perkonna vinikidi nibandhanaku minahaayimpuku sambandhinchinavi.
section 17 vinabade prakatanala aamodayogyataku vyatiraekamgaa niyamanni perkondi. prastutam unna niyamam yokka paridhi, saakshulu kaani vaaru chesina prakatanalaku vinikidi prakatanalanu parimitam chese 4va vibhaagamlo vinikidi prakatana yokka nirvachanam dwara parimitam cheyabadindi. anduvalla, billu kinda, maroka sakshi cheppina vaatini saakshyamgaa vivarinchadam saakshiki vinabadadu. oka sakshi thana sonta kortu velupala prakatanalanu vivaristhe adhi vinabadadu (conny atuvanti sakshyam itara kaaranaala valla aamodayogyam kakapovachhu, udaaharanaku section 35loe perkonna munupati sthiramaina prakatanala niyamam prakaram). section 17 kinda, oka vinikidi prakatana, section 18 dwara ledhaa maroka chattamloni nibandhana dwara andinchinatlayithe tappa, ledhaa chattam yokka nibandhana vinikidiki vyatiraekamgaa niyamanni vartinchadani mariyu prakatana sambandhitamgaa mariyu aamodayogyamgaa unte tappa aamodayogyam kaadu.
modata, daaniki sambandhinchina paristhitula kaaranamgaa nammadaginadani sahetukamaina haamii unte, mariyu rendavadi, prakatana yokka tayaareedaaru sakshiga andubaatulo lekunte, vinikidi prakatana aamodayogyamani section 18 andistundi. prakatana tayaareedaaru saakshyamichae avasaram valla anavasaramaina kharchu mariyu alasyam jarugutundani nyaayamuurti bhaavisthe rendava sharatu raddu cheyabadavachhu. eee vibhagam 1989 kesu "aarr vii baker" loe srushtinchabadina saadhaarana chatta minahaayimpunu krodikaristundi.
viswasaneeyata pareekshanu vidigaa santrupti parachakunda vyapara recordulo unna vinikidi prakatnanu anumatinchadaaniki 19va vibhagam anumatistundi.
pratipaadita vinikidi prakatana gurinchi itara paarteelaku notice ivvakapothe ledhaa prati itara paksham notice avasaralanu maafee chesinatlayithe ledhaa nyaayamuurti aaa avasaralanu teerchinatlayithe, criminal proceedinglo etuvanti vinikidi prakatnanu andincharaadani section 22 andistundi. criminal proseedinglalo pratipaadinchina vinikidi prakatanalaku notice avasaralanu kooda eee vibhagam nirdesistundi.
abhiprayam mariyu nipunula sakshyam yokka prakatanalu.
section 23 abhiprayam niyamanni perkondi, antey section 24 ledhaa 25 dwara andinchinavi tappa abhiprayam yokka prakatanalu aamodayogyam kaadu.
sakshyam teliyajeyadaaniki ledhaa ardham chesukovadaniki avasaramaite saakshyamlo abhiprayanni teliyajeyadaaniki yea saakshiki (nipunudu ayina ledhaa kakapoyina) section 24 veelu kalpistundi. udaaharanaku, oka vahanam prayaanistunnatlu gamaninchina vegaanni saakshyamgaa paerkonavacchu, aaa prakatanalo abhipraya bhaagam unnappatikee.
nyaayamuurti ledhaa nyaayanirnaeta vaari nundi gananeeyamaina sahayam pondhe avakaasam unte nipunula saakshyamlo bhaagamgaa nipunulu vyaktam chesina abhipraayaalanu section 25 aamodayogyamgaa chestundi. nipunula saakshyaala pravaesaaniki vyatiraekamgaa konni saadhaarana chatta niyamaalu vartinchavani kooda idhi spashtam chestundi. nyaayamuurti ledhaa jurie nirnayinche antima samasyapai sakshyam ivvakunda mariyu saadhaarana ghnaanam unna vishayaalapai sakshyam ivvakunda nipunulanu nirodhinche niyamaalu ivi. nipunulu tama nipunatvaaniki velupala unna vaastavaalapai tama abhipraayaalanu aadharam chesukunnappudu, vaastavaalanu niroopinchinappudu ledhaa nyayaparamgaa gamaninchinappudu matrame abhiprayalapai aadhaarapadavacchani kooda eee vibhagam andistundi.
prativaadula prakatanalu, akramamga pondina sakshyam, vichaaranalo paarteela nissabdam mariyu sivil proseedinglalo pravaesaalu.
section 27 criminal proseedinglaku sambandhinchinadi. aaa prakatanala viswasaneeyata (section 28) gurinchi prasna unnanduna ledhaa avi anachiveta pravartana (section 29) dwara prabhavitamayyaya anae prasna unnanduna ledhaa avi sarigga pondabadaledu (section 30) kabatti nyaayamuurti aaa prakatanalanu minahayinchakapothe prosecution prativaadi chesina prakatanala sakshyanni andinchavacchu.
section 28, sakshyaadhaara punaadi aadhaaramgaa, prosecution proceedinglo andinche ledhaa andinchaalani bhaavinche prativaadi prakatana yokka viswasaneeyata gurinchi ledhaa nyaayamuurti eee samasyanu levanettina chota, oka kesunu levanette kesutho vyavaharistundi. atuvanti sandarbhamlo, prakatana chesina paristhitulu daani viswasaneeyatanu pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam cheyaledani santrupti chendakapothe nyaayamuurti prakatnanu minahaayinchaali. nyaayamuurti santrupti chendaalsina pramaanam sambhaavyata samatulyata. viswasaneeyata pareekshanu vartimpajese uddesyamto nyaayamuurti (sambandhitamaite) parigananaloki teesukovalasina vishayaala jaabitaanu upavibhaagam (4) nirdesistundi. eee jabita itara vishayalanu parigananaloki teesukokunda nyaayamuurtini nirodhinchadu. jaabitaalo parigananaloki teesukovalasina vishayaalalo, prakatana chesina samayamlo prativaadi yokka edainaa saareeraka, manasika ledhaa manasika paristhiti, prativaadi yokka edainaa sambandhita lakshanaalu (udaaharanaku, medho vaikalyam), prativaadi adigina evaina prasnala swabhaavam mariyu prativaadi ledhaa yea itara vyaktiki chesina edainaa bedirimpu, vaagdaanam ledhaa praatinidhyam yokka swabhaavam untaayi.
prosecution andinche ledhaa andinchaalani uddesinchina prativaadi prakatana anachiveta, himsaatmaka, amaanaveeya ledhaa avamaanakaramaina pravartana ledhaa chikitsa ledhaa atuvanti pravartana ledhaa chikitsa yokka bedirimpu dwara pondabadinda ledhaa anae samasyanu defence oka saakshya punaadi aadhaaramgaa levanette kesutho section 29 vyavaharistundi. atuvanti sandarbhamlo, prakatana atuvanti pravartana, chikitsa ledhaa bedirimpula dwara prabhaavitam kaaledani sahetukamaina sandeham lekunda santrupti chendakapothe nyaayamuurti prakatnanu minahaayinchaali. prakatnanu minahayinchala vadda anie nirnayinche uddesyamto, prakatana nijamo kaadho asambaddham. viswasaneeyata pareekshanu vartimpajese uddesyamto nyaayamuurti (sambandhitamaite) parigananaloki teesukovalasina vishayaala jaabitaanu upavibhaagam (4) nirdesistundi. eee jabita 28 (4) va vibhaagamlo perkonnatle untundi.
prosecution andinche ledhaa andinchaalani uddesinchina sakshyam sarikani reetilo pondabadinda ledhaa nyaayamuurti eee samasyanu levanettina chota anae amsaanni defence, saakshya punaadi aadhaaramgaa levanette kesutho section 30 vyavaharistundi. eee vibhagam prakatanalaku matrame kakunda, patraalu mariyu akramamga pondina vishayaalaku kooda vartistundi. newzealand hakkula billu chattam 1990kii kattubadi unna vyakti edainaa chattam ledhaa chatta niyamaala ullanghana phalitamgaa pondabadina anuchitamgaa pondina margalu; nyaayavaadiki vyatiraekamgaa samarpana nundi minahaayinchabadindani oka prakatana phalitamgaa pondabadindi
prativaadihi ledhaa anyayamgaa pondabadindi. sakshyam sarigga pondabadaledani nyaayamuurti kanugonte, sakshyam minahaayimpu anedi anuchitataku tagina baruvunu ichhe samatulya prakriya dwara asamanjasamainadaa anie nyaayamuurti nirnayinchavacchu, conny samarthavanthamaina mariyu viswasaneeya nyaya vyavastha avasaranni kooda saraina gananalo unchutundi. aaa samatulya vyayamam chepattadamlo, nyaayamuurti, itara vishayaalatoe paatu, anuchitata dwara ullanghinchabadina edainaa hakku yokka praamukhyata, anuchitata yokka swabhaavam, mukhyamgaa, adhi uddeshapoorvakamgaa ledhaa nirlakshyamgaa ledhaa chedu vishwaasamtho jarigina, mariyu prativaadi abhiyogaalu mopabadina neram yokka teevratanu parigananaloki teesukovachhu.
section 31, section 28,29 ledhaa 30 kaaranamgaa prosecution statementnu upayoginchakundaa nirodhinchabadinatlayite maroka paksham sakshyalu istundani prativaadi chesina prakatanapai aadharapadakunda prosecutionnu nirodhistundi.
vichaaranaku mundu adhikaarika prasninchadam samayamlo prativaadi nissabdam kaaranamgaa ledhaa vichaaranaku mundu prativaadi rakshananu bahirgatam cheyadamlo viphalamainanduku prativaadi doshi anie nirdhaarinchadaaniki criminal vichaaranalo nyaayamuurti ledhaa jurici yea ahvaanaanni section 32 nishedhistundi. aaa rakamaina vaiphalyala nundi aparaadha bhavananu teesukokunda undamani nyaayamuurti jyooreeni aadesinchaali.
prativaadi thana vichaaranalo sakshyam ivvaledani vaastavam meeda vyakhyaninchakunda nyaayamuurti ledhaa prativaadi kakunda migataa vyaktulandarinee section 33 nishedhistundi.
sivil proceedingslo pravaesaala aamodayogyatanu section 34 andistundi. ayithe, pravaesaaniki sambandhinchina paristhitulu pravesam nammadaginadani ledhaa moodava paksham sammatistundani sahetukamaina haameeni andiste tappa, moodava pakshaaniki vyatiraekamgaa vinikidi pravaesaalanu upayoginchakapovachhu.
sakshi chesina munupati sthiramaina prakatanalu.
saakshulu kortulo ichhe sakshyalanu dhruvikarinchinatlayite, gatamlo kortu nundi chesina saakshiki aamodayogyam kaadani 35va vibhagam oka prakatana chestundi. eee niyamam 2 minahaayimpulaku lobadi untundi. modata, aaa rakamaina prakatana sakshi yokka nijayiti ledhaa khachitatvaniki savaalunu khandinchadaaniki aamodayogyamainadi. rendavadi, sakshyam aadharaniki sambandhinchina vishayanni gurtuchesukolekapothe ledhaa aaa vishayanni gurtuchesukovadam asampuurnamgaa unte, aaa prakatanaku sambandhinchina paristhitulu adhi nammadaginadani sahetukamaina haameeni isthe, aaa rakamaina prakatana aamodayogyamainadi.
nijayiti mariyu dhorani.
section 36 eee upabhaagam yokka anuvartanaaniki sambandhinchinadi. prativaadi yokka nijayiti lekapovadam anedi prosecution (tappudu sakshyam kosam prosecution loe vale) ledhaa sivil charya (haanikaramaina abaddham kosam charyalo vale) loe oka bhaagam ayithe oka vyakti yokka nijayiti gurinchi sakshyam ivvadampai parimitulu vartinchavani vibhagam spashtam chestundi.
sakshyam gananeeyamgaa upayogakaramgaa undani nyaayamuurti nirnayinchakapothe, oka vyakti yokka nijayiti gurinchi naera ledhaa poura charyalalo ivvabadani sakshyalanu section 37 nirodhistundi. aaa anchanaa vesetappudu nyaayamuurti pariganinchagala aneka amsaalanu eee vibhagam nirdesistundi. udaaharanaku, pratipaadita sakshyam sambandhita ullanghinche ledhaa munupati asthiramaina prakatanala kaaranamgaa ledhaa asatya vyaktigaa vyakti yokka keerti kaaranamgaa nijayiti lekapovadam chuupistumdaa anedi veetilo unnaayi. nyaayamuurti saakshini satruvugaa prakatinchakapothe, party sonta sakshi yokka nijaayitiini savaalu cheyakunda kooda eee vibhagam oka paarteeni nirodhistundi.
section 38 criminal proseedinglaku sambandhinchinadi. section 37loe perkonna gananeeyamaina sahaayaaniki sambandhinchina pareekshaku lobadi, prativaadi athani ledhaa aame nijayiti gurinchi sakshyanni andinchavacchu. prativaadi alaa chesthe, aaa prativaadi gurinchi nijayiti sakshyalanu andinchadaaniki nyaayamuurti prosecutionnu anumatinchavacchu.
section 39 bahula prativaadulapai criminal charyalaku sambandhinchinadi. prativaadi thana saha-prativaadi yokka nijayiti gurinchi aaa sakshyam prativaadi levanette rakshanaku sambandhinchinadi ayithe mariyu pratipaadita sakshyam yokka mundastu notice anni saha-prativaadi laku ichinatlayithe matrame prativaadi athani ledhaa aame saha-prativaadi yokka nijayiti gurinchi sakshyanni ivvavacchu. notice avasaranni nyaayamuurti ledhaa saha-prativaadulu raddu cheyavachu.
section 40 anedi oka sivil ledhaa criminal proceedinglo pravrutti sakshyanni (oka vyakti oka nirdishta maargamlo vyavaharinchadaaniki ledhaa oka nirdishta manasika sthithini kaligi undataaniki idhi sakshyam) ivvavacchani saadhaarana niyamanni nirdesistundi. aaa niyamam 41 nundi 44 varaku unna vibhagalalo perkonna minahaayimpulaku lobadi untundi.
section 41 criminal proseedinglaku sambandhinchinadi. prativaadi thana gurinchi ledhaa thana gurinchi pravrutti sakshyanni andinchavacchu. prativaadi alaa chesthe, aaa prativaadi gurinchi pravrutti sakshyanni andinchadaaniki nyaayamuurti prosecutionnu anumatinchavacchu mariyu aaa sandarbhamlo, prosecution netrutvamloni pravrutti saakshyampai section 43 vidhinchina parimitulaku prosecution lobadi undadu.
section 42 bahula prativaadulapai criminal charyalaku sambandhinchinadi. prativaadi levanettina rakshanaku aaa sakshyam sambandhitamgaa unte mariyu pratipaadita sakshyam yokka mundastu notice saha-prativaadulandarikii ichinatlayithe matrame prativaadi saha-prativaadi gurinchi pravrutti sakshyanni ivvavacchu. notice avasaranni saha-prativaadulu ledhaa nyaayamuurti raddu cheyavachu.
criminal proceedinglo prosecution andinche pravrutti saakshyaaniki vartinche parimitulanu section 43 nirdesistundi. prativaadipai anyayamgaa pakshapaata prabhavam kante ekkuva sambhaavyata viluvanu kaligi untene atuvanti sakshyam aamodayogyamgaa untundi. eee vibhagam nyaayamuurti pariganinchagala aneka vishayalanu perkontundi. perkonna vishayaalalo aaropinchabadina pravartana yokka tarachudanam, pravartana yokka samayam, pravartana mariyu abhiyogaalu mopina neram madhya saaruupyata, prativaadipai aaropanalu chese vyaktula sankhya mariyu kutra ledhaa soochinche pramaadam mariyu pravartana mariyu abhiyogaalu mopabadina neram enthavaraku asaadhaaranamainavi. prativaadipai pravrutti sakshyam yokka pakshapaata prabhavanni anchanaa vesetappudu, sakshyam prativaadiki vyatiraekamgaa nyaayanirnaetalanu anyayamgaa mundastugaa nirnayinche avakaasam undaa, mariyu nyaayanirnaeta thana teerpunu saadhinchadamlo asamaanamaina praamukhyatanu istunda anie aneka itara vishayaalatoe paatu, nyaayamuurti pariganinchaali.
section 44 laingika neeraalaku sambandhinchina vichaaranalo firyaadudaarulanu vaari laingika anubhavam mariyu keerti gurinchi konni prasnalu mariyu saakshyaala nundi rakshistundi. prarambha sthaanam laingika vishayaalalo firyadudarudi pratishtaku sambandhinchina sakshyalu ledhaa prasnalanu ledhaa prativaadi kakunda vaerae vyaktitoe firyadudarudi laingika anubhavaniki sambandhinchina prasnalanu minahaayinchadam. ayithe, nyaya prayojanaalaku viruddhamgaa untundani santrupti chendinatlayithe, nyaayamuurtiki aaa anubhavam gurinchi edainaa sakshyam ledhaa prasnanu anumatinchavacchu, endukante idhi samasyaloni vaastavaalaku ledhaa tagina siksha prasnaku pratyaksha sambandham kaligi unnanduna daanini minahaayinchavacchu.
pratipaadita prakatanaku sambandhinchi itara pakshaalaku notice ivvakapothe ledhaa prati itara paksham notice avasaralanu maafee chesthe ledhaa nyaayamuurti aaa avasaralanu teerchinatlayithe tappa firyadudarudi laingika anubhavaniki sambandhinchina etuvanti aadharaanni criminal proceedinglo andinchalemani section 44eah andistundi. criminal proseedinglalo pratipaadita saakshyaala kosam notice avasaralanu kooda eee vibhagam nirdesistundi.
gurtimpu aadharalu.
section 45 criminal proseedinglaku sambandhinchinadi, dheenilo enforcement agency adhikarulu pondina nerasthudi yokka munupati drushya gurtimpula gurinchi sakshyalu ivvaalani pratipaadinchabadindi. sakshyam nammadaganidani prativaadulu sambhaavyata samatulyatapai rujuvu cheyakapothe, adhikaarika prakriyanu anusarinchinatlayithe ledhaa daanini anusarinchakapovadaaniki manchi kaaranam unte atuvanti sakshyam aamodayogyamainadi. saraina kaaranam lekunda, adhikaarika vidhananni anusarinchakapothe, sakshyam
gurtimpu yokka paristhitulu nammadagina gurtimpunu utpatti chesi undavacchani prosecution sambhaavyata samatulyatapai rujuvu cheyakapothe aamodayogyam kaadu.
section 46 criminal charyalaku sambandhinchinadi, dheenilo prosecution vois identification sakshyanni andinchaalani pratipaadinchabadindi. gurtimpu yokka paristhitulu nammadagina gurtimpunu utpatti chesi undavacchani prosecution sambhaavyata samatulyatapai rujuvu cheyakapothe atuvanti sakshyam aamodayogyam kaadu.
neraropanalu mariyu poura teerpula rujuvu.
asaadhaaranamaina paristhitulalo, nyaayamuurti oka pakshanni vyatiraeka sakshyalanu andinchadaaniki anumatinchakapothe, oka neeraaniki oka vyaktini doshigaa nirdhaarinchina rujuvu anedi oka neeraaniki aaa vyakti neeraaniki paalpaddaadani nirdhaarinche rujuvu anie section 47 andistundi.
oka vyakti neram chesadane prakatanapai paruvu nashtam daavaa vesinatlayithe, aaa vyakti neeraaniki paalpaddaadani nirdhaarinche rujuvu aaa vyakti neeraaniki paalpaddaadani nirdhaarinche rujuvunu andistundi anie section 48 andistundi.
section 49 oka vyakti yokka neraropanaku sakshyanni saadhaaranamgaa criminal proseedinglalo aamodayogyamgaa chestundi mariyu asaadhaaranamaina paristhitulalo, nyaayamuurti oka pakshanni vyatiraeka sakshyalanu andinchadaaniki anumatinchakapothe, oka neeraaniki vyakti yokka neraropanaku rujuvu aaa vyakti neeraaniki paalpaddaadani nischayaatmaka rujuvu. oka vyakti yokka neraropanaku sakshyanni andinchaalanukune paksham modata sakshyanni enduku andinchaalo nyaayamuurtiki teliyajeyali.
aaa teerpu dwara sthaapinchabadina vaastavam unikini niroopinchadaaniki sivil proceedinglo teerpu maroka proceedinglo aamodayogyam kaadani section 50 andistundi.
pratyeka hakku mariyu gopyata.
eee upabhaagam yokka prayojanaala kosam chattaparamaina salahaadaaru anae padaanni 51va vibhagam nirvachistundi. eee padam registered patent attarneyni kaligi untundi, conny chattaparamaina vruttiparamaina hakkulaku daariteese registered patent attarney sevalu section 54 (2) dwara parimitam cheyabaddaayi. upabhaagam yokka prayojanaala kosam, oka samachara marpidi ledhaa samaachaaraaniki sambandhinchina suuchanaloe patramlo unna samachara marpidi ledhaa samaachaaraaniki sambandhinchina suuchana kooda untundani spashtam cheyabadindi. upa vibhagam (3) 60 nundi 63 varaku unna prayojanaala kosam samacharam anae padaaniki pratyeka ardhaanni nirdesistundi. aaa nirvachanam yokka prabhavam aaa upavaakyaalu (sweeya-neraropanaku vyatiraekamgaa hakku, videshee chattam prakaram neraropanaku sambandhinchina abheeshtaanusaaram, mariyu anton pillar arderla vishayamlo sweeya-neraropanaku vyatiraekamgaa hakku bharti) nundi minahaayinchadam, sambandhita vyakti samacharanni andinchadaaniki mundu roopondinchina patraalu. adhikara pratinidhulu pratyeka samachara marpidi chesi, sweekarinchavacchani kooda eee vibhagam andistundi. ayithe, matha mantrulatho communicationla hakku, vaidya nipunulu mariyu clinical manastatvavettalu pondina samacharam kosam hakku ledhaa samaachaaradaatalaku hakku vanti vatiki idhi vartinchadu.
52va vibhagam pratyaekamaina samacharam yokka rakshana kosam vidhaanaparamaina yantraamgaalanu andistundi.
53va vibhagam vividha adhikaaraala prabhavalanu vivaristundi. oka samachara maarpidiki sambandhinchi (nyaya salahaadaarulatoo samachara marpidi hakku vantivi) hakku unte, oka charyalo samachara maarpidini alaage samachara maarpidilo unna edainaa samacharanni mariyu samachara marpidi ledhaa samacharam aadhaaramgaa oka vyakti roopondinchina edainaa abhiprayanni bahirgatam cheyadaaniki niraakarinche hakku hakku hakkudaaruniki untundi.
okavela hakku anedi samacharam ledhaa patraaniki sambandhinchi unte, hakku holderku oka vichaaranalo samacharam ledhaa patram mariyu samacharam ledhaa patram aadhaaramgaa oka vyakti roopondinchina edainaa abhiprayanni bahirgatam cheyadaaniki niraakarinche hakku untundi. samachara marpidi, samacharam, abhiprayam ledhaa patraaniki sambandhinchi oka pratyeka hakku vishayamlo (sweeya-neraropanaku vyatiraekamgaa pratyeka hakku kakunda) adhikara hakku kaligina vyakti, samachara marpidi, samacharam, abhiprayam ledhaa patraanni samachara marpidi ledhaa samacharam graheeta, ledhaa abhiprayam icchina ledhaa samacharam ledhaa patraanni siddham chesina vyakti ledhaa adhikara hakku gala vyakti adhikaaramtho, vishwaasamtho mariyu adhikaaraaniki daariteesina paristhitulaku sambandhinchi pratyeka hakkunu pondina yea itara vyakti ayina bahirgatam cheyakudadani koravachu. conny pratyaekamaina vishayalanu bahirgatam cheyakunda nishedhinchabadina vyakti varganni kortu podiginchavacchu.
vruttiparamaina nyaya sevalanu pondadam ledhaa andinchadam kosam chesina rahasya samachara maarpidilo chatta salahaadaarula khaataadaarulaku vibhagam 54 oka pratyeka hakkunu andistundi. section 54 prakaram, atuvanti samachara maarpidini bahirgatam cheyakudadane hakku kaaryakalaapaalaku matrame parimitam cheyabadindi. saadhaarana chattam dwara gurtinchabadina sambandhita chattaparamaina vruttiparamaina hakku kooda itara paristhitulalo bahirgatam cheyakunda atuvanti samachara maarpidini rakshistundi.
section 55, nyaayavaadula trust khaataalu ledhaa naaminee companylaku sambandhinchina accounting recordulanu section 54 dwara pradaanam cheyabadina hakku paridhi nundi minahaayistundi.
section 56 oka vyaktiki, ledhaa sahetukamaina praatipadikana, oka vichaaranalo paksham kaavadaaniki, chesina, sweekarinchina, sankalanam chesina ledhaa vichaaranaku siddham chese aadhipatya prayojanam kosam siddham chesina samachara marpidi ledhaa samaachaaraaniki sambandhinchi oka pratyeka hakkunu istundi. oramgaa tamaarikee chattam 1989 looni paart 2 kinda ledhaa pillala samrakshana chattam 2004 (criminal proceeding kakunda) kinda vichaarana vishayamlo, adhi pillala uttama prayojanaala kosam anie nyaayamuurti santrupti chendinatlayithe, aaa hakku sthaanabhramsham chendavacchu.
section 57 samachara marpidi mariyu vishwaasamtho tayaaru chesina ledhaa tayaaru chesina patraalaku sambandhinchi mariyu vivaadaanni parishkarinche prayatnaaniki sambandhinchi poura vivaadaaniki sambandhinchina paarteelaku oka pratyeka hakkunu andistundi.
mataparamaina ledhaa aadhyaatmika salaha, prayojanam ledhaa soukaryaanni pondadam kosam chesina samachara maarpidiki sambandhinchi matha mantrini vishwasinche vyaktiki 58va vibhagam oka pratyeka hakkunu andistundi.
maadakadravya vyasanam ledhaa naera pravartanalo vyaktamayye itara paristhiti ledhaa pravartanaku chikitsa chese uddesyamto vaidya nipunudini ledhaa clinical psychologistnu chuse vyaktiki criminal proseedinglalo section 59 oka pratyeka hakkunu andistundi. aaa prayojanam kosam vaidya abhyasakudu ledhaa clinical psychologistku chesina communicationlaku sambandhinchi, aaa prayojanam kosam vaidya abhyasakudu ledhaa clinical psychologist pondina samaachaaraaniki sambandhinchi mariyu aaa prayojanam kosam vaidya abhyasakudu ledhaa clinical psychologist jaarii chesina prescriptionlalo vyaktiki hakku untundi.
samacharam andinchadam anedi newzealand chattam (i.ii. sweeya-neraropana). oka chattam dwara tolaginchabadinaa ledhaa parimitam cheyabadina, spashtamgaa ledhaa avasaramaina suuchana dwara, aaa vyakti samacharanni samarpinchaalsina avasaram ledhu ledhaa alaa cheyakapoyinanduku jarimana vidhinchabadadu (hakku pondala vadda). section 51 (3) kaaranamgaa, samacharam avasaramainappudu unikilo unna patraalaku eee hakku vartinchadu. eee hakkunu corporations pondalevu.
videshee chattam prakaram shikshaarhamaina neeraaniki palpade vyaktini (kevalam jarimana vidhinchadagina neram kakunda) sikshinchadagina neeraaniki palpade vyaktini shikshinche samacharanni andinchakundaa oka vyaktini kshaminchamani 61va vibhagam nyaayamuurtini aadesistundi.
aaa paksham ledhaa saakshiki aaa hakku pondadaaniki hakku undani nyaayamuurti kii anipiste, oka paksham ledhaa saakshiki sweeya-neraropanaku vyatiraekamgaa unna hakku gurinchi telusani nirdhaarinchukovadaaniki 62va vibhagam oka nyaayamuurtini korutundi. hakkunu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki veelugaa tagina sakshyalanu andinchadaaniki hakku hakkudaaruniki kooda eee vibhagam avasaram.
anton pillar aadesaalaku sambandhinchina paarteelu sweeya-neraropanaku vyatiraekamgaa hakkunu pondakunda section 63 nirodhistundi. anton pillar aadesaalu sivil proceedinglo oka nyaayamuurtichae cheyabadataayi mariyu konni vastuvula unikini sthaapinchadaaniki, mariyu avasaramaite, vaatini surakshitamgaa unchadaaniki tolaginchadaaniki vaadini athani ledhaa aame praamganamloki pravesinchadaaniki anumatinchamani prativaadini aadesistaaru. arder paridhi vistarinchindi mariyu ippudu shodhana dwara matrame dorakani samacharam mariyu patraalanu party bahirgatam cheyalane disanu kaligi undavacchu. eee billu kinda, mundugaa unna patraalaku etuvanti hakku ledhu. ayithe, party sweeya-neraropana prasnalaku samadhanam ivvaalsina avasaram unte eee hakkunu pondavacchu. oka paksham uttarvu korina samacharanni andinchinatlayithe sweeya-neraropana sahetukamgaa undavacchani santrupti chendinatlayithe, andinchina samacharanni samacharanni andinche vyaktiki vyatiraekamgaa yea criminal charyaloonuu upayogincharaadani nyaayamuurti tappanisarigaa aadesinchaali.
thana gurtimpu bahirgatam cheyabadadani sahetukamaina nireekshanhato saadhyamayye neeraala gurinchi amalu samsthaku teliyajese vyaktiki mariyu sakshiga pilavabadani vyaktiki vyakti gurtimpunu bahirgatam chese samaachaaraaniki sambandhinchi hakku untundani section 64 andistundi.
section 65 hakkula maafeeki sambandhinchinadi. oka pratyeka hakkunu spashtamgaa ledhaa parokshamgaa maafee cheyavachani, gopyata daavaaku viruddhamaina paristhitulalo pratyeka hakkunu kaligi unna vyakti pratyeka hakkunu kaligi unna samacharanni bahirgatam chesthe, saadhaaranamgaa, oka pratyeka hakkunu raddu cheyavachani, mariyu pratyeka hakkunu kaligi unna vyakti pratyeka hakkunu kaligi unna samacharanni oka vichaaranalo jaarii cheyadaaniki charya teesukunnappudu minahaayimpu yokka nirdishta udaaharana sambhavistundani eee vibhagam andistundi.
section 66 aneka mandhi holderlu samyuktamgaa kaligi unna pratyeka hakkulaku mariyu vaarasulu pondina pratyeka hakkulaku sambandhinchinadi. ummadi hakkula holder moodava paarteelaku vyatiraekamgaa hakkunu nokki cheppavacchu, pratyeka hakkula vastuvulaku praapyata kaligi undavacchu, itara holderlu pratyeka hakkula vastuvulanu bahirgatam cheyavaddani koravachu mariyu pratyeka hakkula vastuvulanu bahirgatam cheyavaddani nyaayamuurti aadesinchavacchu. maraninchina hakkula holderla vyaktigata pratinidhulu mariyu hakkuku sambandhinchina aastini sampaadinche vyaktulaku oke vidhamaina hakkulu untaayi, ayithe access hakku nyaayamuurti samardhinchadaginadigaa bhaavinche meraku parimitam cheyabadindi.
pratyeka hakku pondina vishayam nijayiti laeni prayojanam kosam teliyajeyabadindani ledhaa siddham cheyabadindani ledhaa neram cheyadaaniki veelugaa undani praathamikamgaa kesu unte santrupti chendinatlayithe, hakku daavaanu anumatinchakudadani 67va vibhagam oka nyaayamuurtini korutundi. criminal proceedinglo prativaadi samarthavanthamaina rakshananu andinchadaaniki veelugaa pratyaekamaina vishayaala aadharalu avasaramani nyaayamuurti bhaavisthe, oka pratyeka hakkunu anumatinchakudadani eee vibhagam oka nyaayamuurtiki adhikaram istundi. conny atuvanti anumatilekunda velladinchina samacharanni oka vichaaranalo hakku kaligina vyaktiki vyatiraekamgaa upayoginchalemu. eee vibhagam sweeya-neraropanaku vyatiraekamgaa unna hakkuku vartinchadu.
journalistlu tama gurtimpunu bahirgatam cheyabomani vaagdaanam chesina sandarbhaallo journalistla muulaala gurtimpunu section 68 rakshistundi. muulaanni bahirgatam cheyamani paatrikeyudini balavantam cheyalemu anedi prarambha sthaanam. ayithe, ilaa cheyadamlo praja prayojanam muulam ledhaa itarulapai edainaa pratikuula prabhavam kante, alaage vaartala madhyamam yokka vaastavaalanu mariyu abhipraayaalanu prajalaku teliyajeyagala saamardhyampai praja prayojanaanni minchipotundani santrupti chendinatlayithe gurtimpunu bahirgatam cheyaalani haikortu nyaayamuurti aadesinchavacchu.
section 69 oka vichaaranalo bahirgatam cheyakunda rahasya samachara marpidi ledhaa samacharanni rakshinchadaaniki nyaayamuurtipai saadhaarana abheeshtaanusaaram andistundi. ilaa cheyadaaniki, samacharanni bahirgatam cheyadamlo praja prayojanam anedi, gopya samacharam dwara prabhaavitamaina ledhaa pondadamlo, communicate cheyadamlo ledhaa sweekarinchadamlo palgonna vyaktulaku haani kaliginchakundaa nirodhinchadamlo praja prayojanam ledhaa gopyata sambandhaalaku haani kaliginchakundaa nirodhinchadamlo praja prayojanam ledhaa samachara swechhanu konasaginchadamlo praja prayojanam dwara ekkuvagaa untundani nyaayamuurti abhiprayam kaligi undaali. gopyatalo prayojanaalaku vyatiraekamgaa karyakalapalalo bahirgatam chese aasaktini samatulyam cheyadamlo nyaayamuurti pariganinchavalasina aneka amsaalanu eee vibhagam nirdesistundi.
praja prayojanaala drishtya samarthinchabadithe rashtra vishayalanu bahirgatam cheyakudadani aadesinchadaaniki section 70 oka nyaayamuurtiki abheeshtaanusaaram andistundi. adhikaarika samachara chattam 1982 dwara gurtinchabadina kaaranaala valla rakshana avasaramayye samacharam rashtra vishayaalalo untundani eee vibhagam spashtam chestundi.
vichaarana prakriya.
arhata mariyu balavantam.
saakshulu sakshyam ivvadaaniki arhata mariyu balavantam cheyadaanni niyantrinche saadhaarana niyamanni 71va vibhagam nirdesistundi. saadhaaranamgaa, yea vyakti ayina
sivil ledhaa criminal proceedinglo sakshyam ivvadaaniki arhata kaligi untaaru mariyu aaa sakshyanni ivvamani balavantam cheyavachu. 72 nundi 75 varaku unna vibhagam saadhaarana niyamaaniki aneka minahaayimpulanu nirdesistundi.
oka vichaaranalo nyayamurthiga vyavaharinchae vyakti aaa vichaaranalo sakshyam ivvadaaniki arhulu kaadani 72va vibhagam andistundi. nyaayamuurti anumatitoe tappa, oka vichaaranalo nyaayanirnaetagaa ledhaa nyayavadiga vyavaharistunna vyakti aaa vichaaranalo sakshyam ivvadaaniki arhulu kaadani kooda idhi andistundi.
criminal proceedinglo prativaadi prosecution ledhaa aaa proceedinglo defence kosam balavantamgaa sakshi kaadani section 73 andistundi. anubandha prativaadini prativaadi nundi vidigaa vichaaristunnatlayite ledhaa sambandhita prativaadipai vichaarana nirnayinchakapothe, sambandhita prativaadi criminal proceedinglo prativaadi tarapuna ledhaa vyatiraekamgaa sakshyam ivvadaaniki balavantam cheyabadadu.
saarvabhouma, governor general, oka videshee desham yokka saarvabhoumaadhikaari ledhaa deshadhinetha, mariyu nyaayamuurti (nyayamurthiga nyaayamuurti pravartanaku sambandhinchi) sakshyalu ivvadaaniki balavantam cheyabadaru anie section 74 andistundi.
banking recordulanu samarpinchamani byaanku adhikaarulanu balavantam cheyalemani section 75 andistundi.
chaalaa parimita paristhitulalo tappa, jurie charcha gurinchi sakshyalu ivvadam 76va vibhagam nishedhistundi. nyaayanirnaeta nyaayanirnaeta yokka vidhini ullanghinchi vyavaharinchaadani rujuvu niroopinchadaaniki sakshyalu moggu chooputunnayane avasaramtho paatu, nyaayanirnaeta yokka gopyatanu kapadadamlo praja prayojanam nirdishta kesu paristhitulalo nyaayanirnaeta charchala anedi nyayanni tappinchukovadamlo ledhaa parishkarinchadamlo praja prayojanaanni adhigamistundi.
pramaanaalu mariyu dhruveekaranalu.
section 77 prakaram, 12 samvatsaraalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna sakshi pramaanam cheyavalasi untundi ledhaa sakshyam ichhe mundu dhruveekarinchaali. 12 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna vichaaranalo sakshi sakshyam ichhe mundu nijam chebutanani vaagdaanam cheyali. saakshulu pramaanam cheyakunda, dhruvikarinchakunda ledhaa nijam chebutanani vaagdaanam cheyakunda sakshyanni ivvadaaniki anumatinchadaaniki section 77 (3) oka vichaaranalo nyaayamuurtini anumatistundi.
78va vibhagam prakaram, vyakhyaatagaa vyavaharinchae vyakti vyakhyaatagaa vyavaharinchae mundu pramaanam cheyavalasi untundi ledhaa dhruvikarinchavalasi untundi. vyaakhyaatalo communication sahayam andinche vyakti untaaru.
maddatu, communication sahayam mariyu abhiprayalu.
section 79 firyadulu, baala saakshulu mariyu criminal proseedinglalo itara saakshulaku sahayaka vyaktula kosam erpaatu chestundi mariyu vaari pravartananu niyantristundi.
criminal proceedingslo prativaadiki communication sahayam eppudu andinchabadutundo 80 mariyu 81 sectionlu vivaristaayi mariyu aaa sahayam yokka nibandhananu niyantristaayi. communication sahayanni andinche vyakti uddeshapoorvakamgaa tappudu ledhaa tappudova pattinche prakatanalu ivvadam anedi tappudu saakshyaaniki samanamani section 80 (5) rujuvu chestundi.
section 82 oka abhiprayanni kaligi undataaniki ledhaa, oka jurie unte, oka abhiprayanni aadesinchadaaniki nyaayamuurtini adhikaram istundi, nyaayamuurti abhiprayam nyayam yokka prayojanaala kosam anie bhaavisthe. nyayasthaanam loe laeni pradaesam ledhaa vastuvu yokka nyaayamuurti ledhaa jurie unte, nyaayamuurti mariyu jurie dwara tanikhi cheyabadatam anedi oka drukpathamgaa nirvachinchabadindi.
saakshulanu prasninchadam.
saakshiki sakshyam ivvadaaniki saadhaarana maargam moukhikamgaa nyaayasthaanamlo ledhaa konni paristhitulalo, affidavit roopamlo sakshyam ivvadam dwara ledhaa nyaayasthaanamlo vraatapuurvaka prakatnanu chadavadam dwara anie section 83 andistundi.
sakshi sakshyalu ichhe kramaanni 84va vibhagam nirdesistundi. oka sakshi modata pradhana sakshyanni istaadu, aapai cross examine cheyabadavachhu, chivaraku tirigi vichaarinchabadavachchu.
nyaayamuurti bhayapette, anuchitamaina, anyaayamaina, tappudova pattinche, anavasaramgaa punaraavrutamayye ledhaa saakshiki chaalaa sanklishtamaina bhaashalo vyakteekarinchabadina yea prasnakainaa samadhanam ivvadaaniki niraakarinchadaaniki yea vichaaranaloonainaa nyaayamuurtini anumatinchadaaniki ledhaa anumatinchadaaniki 85va vibhagam anumatistundi.
ardham chesukondi.
oka vyakti oka prasnaku sambandhinchina vishayalanu mudrinche ledhaa prachurinche kortu dhikkaranaku paalpadataarani section 86 andistundi.
oka sakshi samadhanam ivvaalsina avasaram laeni prasnaku sambandhinchi nyaayamuurti icchina yea uttarvunu anumatinchabadadu ledhaa ullanghistundi.
87 mariyu 88va sectionlu prasninchadam, sakshyam ivvadam ledhaa edainaa vyakti yokka khachitamaina chirunama gurinchi prakatanalu ledhaa vyaakhyalu cheyadaanni parimitam chestaayi.
laingika kesulo sakshi mariyu firyaadudaaruni vrutti, varusaga. saadhaaranamgaa, minahaayimpu anedi nyaya prayojanaalaku viruddhamgaa untundani nyaayamuurti bhaavisthe tappa, atuvanti prasninchadam, sakshyam mariyu atuvanti prakatanalu ledhaa vyaakhyalu cheyadam nishedhinchabadindi.
section 89 pradhana pareekshalo ledhaa sakshi yokka punahpareekshalo pradhana prasnala vadakanni parimitam chestundi.
saakshulanu prasninchadamlo vraatapuurvaka prakatanala vadakanni section 90 niyantristundi.
nyaayamuurti aamodayogyam kaadani teerpu icchina sakshyalanu minahaayinchadaaniki 91va vibhagam pakshaala prakatanalanu savarinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
section 92 paarteela cross examination vidhulanu nirdesistundi. sakshi aaa vishayaalapai aamodayogyamaina sakshyanni ichhe sthithilo unte ledhaa unte, sakshi yokka saakshyaaniki viruddhamaina gananeeyamaina vishayaalapai oka paksham sakshyanni cross examine cheyali. oka paksham thana ledhaa aame cross examination vidhulanu mariyu nyaayamuurti cheyagala aadesaalanu paatinchadamlo viphalamaina prabhaavamtho kooda eee vibhagam vyavaharistundi.
vichaaranalo vichaarana chese paksham maadirigaane ledhaa gananeeyamgaa adhe aasakti unna sakshi yokka edainaa vichaaranalo vichaarananu parimitam cheyadaaniki section 93 oka nyaayamuurtiki veelu kalpistundi.
sakshi satruvani nyaayamuurti nirnayinchi, prati vichaaranaku anumati isthe, aaa paksham pilichina saakshini prati vichaaranaku anumatinchadaaniki 94va vibhagam oka pakshanni anumatistundi.
laingika kesu ledhaa gruha himsaku sambandhinchina charya ayina criminal proceedinglo prativaadini firyaadudaaruni ledhaa sakshi ayina pillavaadini vyaktigatamgaa cross examine cheyakunda section 95 nishedhistundi. eee vibhagam, vichaaranalo oka paksham oka nirdishta saakshini vyaktigatamgaa addamgaa vichaarinchakundaa nirodhinche edainaa sivil ledhaa criminal proceedinglo oka uttarvu ivvadaaniki kooda nyaayamuurtini anumatistundi.
aaa sakshi chesina munupati prakatanapai sakshi yokka cross examinationnu 96va vibhagam niyantristundi.
97va vibhagam yea sakshi ayina tirigi vichaaranaku gurayye vishayalanu niyantristundi.
nyaayamuurti anumatitoe tappa, aaa paksham yokka kesunu moosivesina tarvaata tadupari sakshyalanu andinchakundaa oka pakshamnu section 98 nishedhistundi.
nyaayamuurti nyaya prayojanaala drishtya bhaavisthe, vichaaranalo sakshyam icchina saakshini venakki pilipinchadaaniki 99va vibhagam oka nyaayamuurtiki adhikaram istundi.
nyaayamuurti abhiprayam prakaram, nyaayamuurti adige evaina prasnalanu saakshini adagadaniki, nyaayamuurti prasnalu levanettina yea vishayamloonainaa marinta paraspara vichaarana mariyu punahpareekshaku veelu kalpinchadaaniki, 100va vibhagam nyaayamuurtini adhikaram istundi.
101va vibhagam jyooreelu saakshiki prasna vese vidhananni niyantristundi.
sakshyam ivvadaaniki pratyaamnaaya margalu.
102va vibhagam upabhaagam yokka anuvartanaaniki sambandhinchinadi. sakshyam ivvadaaniki pratyaamnaaya maargaalato vyavaharinchae saadhaarana niyamaalu nirdishta paristhithulatho vyavaharinchae aneka nibandhanalaku lobadi untaayani idhi andistundi.
oka sakshi pradhana sakshyanni ivvaalani, 105va vibhaagamlo andinchina vidhamgaa saadhaarana paddhatiloo ledhaa pratyaamnaaya paddhatiloo addamgaa vichaarinchaalani edainaa vichaaranalo aadesaalu ivvadaaniki 103va vibhagam oka nyaayamuurtiki adhikaram istundi.
section 104 prakaram, section 103 kinda aadesaalu kosam darakhaastu chesthe, prati paksham vinadaniki avakaasam unna chhambar vichaarana avasaram.
105va vibhagam sakshi sakshyanni ivvadaaniki pratyaamnaaya maargaalanu nirdesistundi. indulo screen venuka, sii. sii. tii. vii ledhaa veediyo conferences coll dwara ledhaa veediyo record dwara untundi.
section 106, section 105 dwara adhikaram pondina veediyo record sakshyam (idhi sakshyam ivvadaaniki pratyaamnaaya margalalo okati) vadakanni niyantristundi.
section 107, criminal proceedingslo chiled sakshi pratyaamnaaya maargamlo sakshyam ichhe svayamchaalaka hakkunu andistundi. 107eah mariyu 107bii vibhagalu nyaya prayojanaala drishtya unte, baala saakshulanu saadhaarana maargamlo ledhaa saadhaarana maargamlo mariyu pratyaamnaaya maargamlo sakshyanni ivvamani abhyardhinchadaaniki paarteelanu anumatistaayi.
108 mariyu 109 sectionlu rahasya pooliisu adhikarulu sakshyalu ivvadaaniki sambandhinchina pratyeka nibandhanalanu punaraavrutam chestaayi. chaalaa parimita paristhitulalo tappa, rahasya pooliisu adhikari gurtimpu mariyu nivaasa sthalam rahasyamgaa unchabadela aaa nibandhanalu roopondinchabaddaayi.
pooliisu saakshula rakshana kaaryakramamlo anamaka saakshulu mariyu saakshulu sakshyam ivvadaaniki sambandhinchina pratyeka nibandhanalanu 110 nundi 118 varaku gala sectionlu nirdesinchaayi.
section 120 oka rahasya pooliisu adhikari ledhaa anamaka vyaktini anumatistundi.
oohinchina paerutoe prakatanalapai santakam cheyadaaniki sakshi.
dhruvikarana, nyaya aadesaalu mariyu nyaya heccharikalu.
121va vibhagam dhruvikarana amsamtho vyavaharistundi. tappudu sakshyam, tappudu pramaanaalu, tappudu prakatanalu ledhaa prakatanalu mariyu rajadroham vanti neeraalaku sambandhinchi tappa, prosecution dhruveekarinchavalasina sakshyam kosam criminal proceedinglo idhi avasaram ledani idhi andistundi. dhruvikarana lekapovadam gurinchi eppudu heccharika ledhaa aadesaalu ivvali anae prasnatho kooda eee vibhagam vyavaharistundi.
jyooreetho vichaaranalo naera vichaaranalo icchina edainaa sakshyam nammadaganidigaa pariganinchinatlayithe, sakshyanni angeekarinchala ledhaa daaniki ivvaalsina baruvunu angeekarinchala anie nirnayinchadamlo jaagratta avasaram gurinchi jyooreeni heccharinchadaaniki 122va vibhagam nyaayamuurtini korutundi.
pratyaamnaaya maargamlo ledhaa sakshi anamaka aadesaaniki anugunamgaa sakshyam ivvabadina sandarbhamlo ledhaa prativaadi vyaktigatamgaa prativaadini cross-exam cheyadaaniki anumatinchani sandarbhamlo, jurici aadesam ivvadaaniki section 123 andistundi. itara vishayaalatoe paatu, sakshyam ivvadam ledhaa prasninchadam valla prativaadi meeda jurie etuvanti pratikuula nirdhaarana teesukokudadani aadesam suuchimchaali.
vichaaranaku mundu ledhaa samayamlo prativaadi abaddham cheppinatlu aadharalu unna nyaayanirnaeta mundu vichaaranalo vichaaranalo, abaddhalu mariyu edainaa aadesam yokka roopam gurinchi nyaayaparamaina heccharika eppudu ivvali anae prasnatho 124va vibhagam vyavaharistundi.
pillala saakshyaaniki sambandhinchi nyaayaparamaina aadesaalu ivvadaaniki 125va vibhagam vyavaharistundi. saadhaaranamgaa, pillalu icchina sakshyalanu, dheeniki viruddhamgaa nipunula aadharalu lenappudu, peddalu icchina saakshyaala maadirigaane pariganinchaali.
prativaadi ledhaa maray itara vyakti yokka 1 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva drushya ledhaa swara gurtimpula khachitatvampai puurtigaa ledhaa gananeeyamgaa aadhaarapade nyaayamuurtitoe vichaaranalo nyaayamuurtiki, atuvanti gurtimpu yokka khachitatvampai aadhaarapadina prativaadini doshigaa nirdhaarinche mundu pratyeka jaagratta avasaram gurinchi nyaayamuurtulanu heccharinchadaaniki 126va vibhagam avasaram.
neeraaniki sambandhinchi firyadu cheyadamlo jaapyam ledhaa cheyadamlo vaiphalyam gurinchi jurie mundu vichaarinchina laingika kesulo samasyalu talettite jurici ivvagala aadesaalaku section 127 sambandhinchinadi.
aniyantrita vaastavaalanu teliyajeyadam mariyu nammadagina praja patraalanu soochinchadam.
konni vaastavaalaku sambandhinchi nyaayaparamaina notice teesukovacchani 128va vibhagam andistundi.
129va vibhagam, praja charitra, saahityam, vignaana shaastram ledhaa kala vishayaalalo, vinikidi sakshyam mariyu abhipraya saakshyaaniki sambandhinchina niyamaalaku anugunamgaa lekunda konni prachurinchina patraalanu angeekarinchadaaniki nyaayamuurtini anumatistundi.
yantram, parikaram ledhaa saanketika prakriya dwara utpatti cheyabadina documentary sakshyam mariyu sakshyam.
section 130 oka prakriyanu nirdesistundi, idhi oka paksham, itara paarteelaku notice icchina tarvaata, patraanni samarpinchadaaniki saakshini pilavakunda saakshyamgaa patraanni andinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
itara pakshaalaku notice icchina taruvaata mariyu nyaayamuurti anumatitoe saaraamsam ledhaa chaart dwara bhaarii patram ledhaa patraala sankalanam yokka sakshyanni ivvadaaniki 133va vibhagam veelu kalpistundi.
section 135 patraala anuvaadaala pravaesaaniki sambandhinchinadi.
mariyu samacharam ledhaa itara vishayaala pratilaekhanaalu.
dhruveekarinchabadina patraalapai santakaalu chesina rujuvuku sambandhinchinadi 136va vibhagam.
section 137 andinchina edainaa sakshyam yokka sthithiki sambandhinchinadi
yantram, parikaram ledhaa saanketika prakriya.
section 138 prakaram, atuvanti patraala nundi public documentlu ledhaa kaapeelu ledhaa extractlu anie bhaavinche patraalu, oka nirdishta paddhatiloo seelu cheyabadina ledhaa dhruvikarinchabadina, daaniki viruddhamgaa rujuvu lenappudu, pramaanikamainavigaa bhaavinchabadataayi.
139va vibhaagamlo neraropanalu, nirdoshulugaa prakatinchadam mariyu itara nyaayaparamaina kaaryakalaapaalaku sambandhinchina nibandhanalu unnaayi.
section 140 velimudrala vadakam dwara neraropana rujuvuku sambandhinchinadi.
section 141 prakaram, vibhaagamlo perkonna paddhatiloo mudrinchabadina ledhaa prachurinchabadina newzealand ledhaa videshee adhikaarika patraalugaa bhaavinche konni patraalu, dheeniki viruddhamgaa rujuvu lenappudu, pramaanikamainavigaa bhaavinchabadataayi.
sectionlo perkonna paddhatiloo notify cheyabadina ledhaa prachurinchabadina konni adhikaarika chattalaku sambandhinchi section 142 idhe vidhamaina nibandhananu chestundi.
143va vibhaagamlo newzealand mariyu videshee adhikaarika mudralu mariyu santakaalaku sambandhinchi section 142kii samaanamaina niyamaalu unnaayi.
oka videshee desham yokka saasanam ledhaa itara vraatapuurvaka chattam, prakatana, oppandam ledhaa rashtra chattanni saakshyamlo angeekarinchadaaniki 144va vibhagam oka vidhananni nirdesistundi.
videshee praja patraalaku chattabaddhata avasaranni raddu chestu 145 nundi 147 varaku unna vibhagalu hage conventionnu amalu chestaayi.
148 mariyu 149 sectionlu australia chattam prakaram aamodayogyamaina konni patraalanu nyoojilaandlo saakshyamgaa chaerchadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi.
vividha nibandhanalu.
chattam yokka prayojanaala kosam avasaramaina nibandhanalanu roopondinchadaaniki 201va vibhagam adhikaram istundi.
chattam yokka kaaryaacharanapai nyaya sangham aavartana sameekshanu 202va vibhagam andistundi.
203 nundi 214 varaku unna vibhagalu parivartana nibandhanalanu nirdesinchaayi.
schedule 1loe perkonna chattalu raddu cheyabadatayani section 215 andistundi. indulo sakshyaadhaara chattam 1908, alaage neeraala chattam 1961, jyooreela chattam 1981, saaraamsa karyakalapala chattam 1957 looni konni vibhagalu unnaayi.
2va scheduello perkonna chattalu paryavasanamga savarinchabadataayani claz 216 andistundi.
charitra.
eee chattaniki mundu, nyoojilaandlo sakshyaadhaara chattam ekkuvagaa nyaayamuurthulachae roopondinchabadindi, indulo nirdishta kesula paristhitulaku pratispandanagaa teesukunna nirnayaalu untaayi. saakshyaalato vyavaharinchae chattabaddhamaina nibandhanalu aneka saasanaalalo unnaayi, mariyu avi talette samasyalaku pratispandistuu mukkaluga samskarinchabaddaayi. phalitamgaa vachhe sanklishtata mariyu sakshyam yokka chattam yokka asthirata kaaranamgaa aamodayogyata samasyalapai vaadanalaku anugunamgaa anavasaramaina chattaparamaina vaadana, kharchu mariyu vichaaranalo jaapyam jarugutundi.
1989 augustulo, nyaya mantri geophrey pamar saakshyaala chattanni spashtamaina, saralamaina mariyu aacharaneeyamainanta andubaatulo unchaalani mariyu vivaadaala nyaayamaina, nyaayamaina mariyu vegavantamaina nyaya parishkaranni sulabhataram cheyaalani nyaya kamishannu aadesinchaaru. eee uddesyaanni drushtilo unchukuni nyaayasthaanaalu mariyu tribunalla mundu karyakalapalalo sakshyalanu niyantrinche chattabaddhamaina mariyu saadhaarana chattanni pariseelinchaalani mariyu krodeekarana drushtitoe daani samskarana kosam sifaarsulu cheyaalani laa kamishannu koraru.
1991 eprillo, nyaya sangham sakshyaadhaara chattam yokka amsaalapai varusa charcha patraalalo modatidaanni prachurinchindi. eee kaagitam samskarana, krodeekarana mariyu vinikidi suutraalatoe vyavaharinchindi. appati nundi 1997 madhya, nyaya sangham sakshyam chattam yokka pradhana amsaalapai aneka tadupari charcha patraalanu prachurinchindih nipunula sakshyam mariyu abhipraya sakshyam, hakku, documentary sakshyam, paatra mariyu viswasaneeyata, pillalu mariyu itara balaheena saakshula sakshyam. sameekshato paatu, naera prakriyapai sameekshaku sambandhinchi sweeya-neraropanaku vyatiraekamgaa hakku mariyu pooliisu prashninchadampai commission charcha patraalanu prachurinchindi.
nyaya sangham yokka pani 24 augustu 1999naa mugisindi, commission "sakshyam-chatta samskarana" anae sheershikato thana tudi nivedikanu prachurinchindi. indulo chattam aadhaaramgaa roopondinchina sakshyaadhaaraala code musaida cherchabadindi.
sakshyaadhaara billu 2005 mae 3naa pratinidhula sabhalo pravesapettabadindi. billu oka vaaram taruvaata mae 10naa daani modati patanaanni aamodinchindi. justice und electoral select kamitee eee billunu pariseelinchi, 24 october 2006naa savaranalatho billunu aamodinchaalani nivedinchindi. eee billu 15 november 2006naa daani rendava patanam mariyu 23 november 2006naa daani moodava mariyu chivari patanam aamodinchindi. billu moodu reedingulanu ekagreevamgaa aamodinchindi.
eee billu 4 december 2006naa raaja aamodam pondhi, sakshyaadhaara chattam 2006gaa maarindi. konni parivartana nibandhanalu 18 juulai 2007naa amalloki vachayi, migilina chattam 1 augustu 2007naa amalloki vachindi.
sameekshalu mariyu savaranalu.
eee chattamloni 202va section prakaram nyaya mantri prati 5 samvatsaraalaku okasari eee chattanni sameekshinchaalani nyaya sanghaaniki aadesinchaali. kaneesa suuchana nibandanalalo chivari sameeksha nundi chattam yokka nibandhana yokka amalunu pariseelinchadam mariyu nibandhananu konasaginchala, savarinchala ledhaa raddu cheyala anedi untaayi.
modati sameeksha fibravari 2012loe praarambhinchabadindi, laa commission marchi 2013loe nivedinchindi. phalitamgaa vacchina sifaarsulanu sakshyaadhaara savarana chattam 2016loe chaerchaaru.
rendava sameeksha fibravari 2017loe praarambhinchabadindi, nyaya sangham fibravari 2019 natiki tirigi nivedinchaalsi undhi.