
zaan holt (prachuranakarta)

 zaan holt (1721-1784) oka valasarajyala american vaartaapatrika prachuranakarta, printer, post master mariyu united states looni varjeeniyaaloni williamsburg mayer. ayana "connecticut gazit", "newyork gazit" mariyu "newyork journal" vaartaapatrikalanu prachurinchadamlo nimagnamai unnaaru. athanu benzin franklin, pramukha prachuranakarta james parker mariyu vyavasthaapaka tandri shamyul aadamsto kalisi panicheesaadu. aayanaku matam, freemasonary, aardhikasaastram, charitra, puraavastu shaastram, kavitvam mariyu jeevita charitralatho sahaa vividha vishayaalapai vividha samagri, sira, kaagitam mariyu pustakaalanu vikrayinche dukaanam undedi.
holt mudrinchina prachuranalu kaalaneelu mariyu ingland madhya athani paatakula poraataanni pratibimbimchaayi. chattaparamaina patraalu, patrikalu, kaardulu mariyu vaartaapatrikalato sahaa upayoginche aneka rakaala patraalaku americaloni kaalaneelapai pratyaksha british pannu ayina 1765 naati stamp chattanni ayana bahirangamgaa savaalu chesaaru. valasavaadula hakkulanu munduku teesukelladaaniki mariyu british prabhutvam dwara pannulapai pooraadataaniki sthaapinchabadina padamudu american kaalaneelalo churukuga unna raajakeeya samstha ayina suns off liberteaki holt ishtamaina mudrakudu.
prarambha jeevitam.
holt 1721loe (khachitamaina thedhee teliyadu), virginia kaalaneelooni valasarajyala williamsburglo janminchaadu. athanu valasarajyala pattanamlo vyapaarigaa thana adhikaarika paatasaala vidya mariyu sikshananu pondaadu. athani baava, vilium hunter, "public printer", bahusha ataniki akkada mudrana vyapaaraanni neerpinchaaru.
holt modata valasarajyala williamsburgloni duke off gloucester streetlo 49 mariyu 50 laatlalo 1745 loe nirminchina "kotta store" loe dukaana dukaana vyapari ayyadu, ippudu veedhiki eshaanya bhaagamlo "holts store house" anie pilustaaru. vilium nelson 1745loe holt nundi runam pondhi, thana pattana lots sankhyalu 266,267,268kii anushangikamgaa tanakha icchaadu. aneka runaala taruvaata, nelson, chivariki 1763loe printer prachuranakarta joseph roilku appati prastuta dabbulo 500 poundla mottaaniki laatlanu vikrayinchaadu. nicholson mariyu boat tart veedhula muulaloe 267 mariyu 268 laatlalo roil oka intini kaligi undhi, dheenini nedu "raven craft sait" anie pilustaaru.
madhya jeevitam.
1752 navambarulo valasarajyala williamsburg mayer ayina holt 1752 nundi 1753 varaku oka padaveekaalam panicheesaaru. athanu varjiniyaaloni yark kounteeki shanti nyayamga panicheesaadu mariyu 1748 nundi 1754 varaku itara praja padavulanu kooda nirvahinchaadu. 1754loe holt thana williamsburg storehouselo pratikuula nagadu pravaaha samasyanu edurkonnadu, akkada athanu saadhaarana sarukulanu nilva chesaadu (antey.ii. kirana vastuvulu, podi vastuvulu, kuttu vastuvulu, chaina), kabatti athanu aaa vyapaaraanni vadulukunnadu.
connecticut gazit" prarambha charitralo holt paatra pooshinchindi. 1755loe yael kalaasaala adhyakshudu thamus chappatlu kottadamtho benjamin franklin kanektikatloni kotta swargadhaamamlo printing presnu erpaatu cheyamani aahvaninchaaru. chappatlu kottina menalludu benzin mccome patrikanu prachurinchadaaniki patrikanu nadapalsi undhi. paristhitulu marai mariyu mccom prachurananu nirvahinchadaaniki niraakarinchindi. franklin aaa padaarthaalanu 1755 april 12naa "connecticut gazit" nuu praarambhinchina prasiddha printer james parkarku vikrayinchaadu; idhi connecticut kaalaneelo mudrinchina modati vaartaapatrika.
1755 vesavilo holt thana naipunhyaala gurinchi itarula nundi sifaarsu lekhatho parker vaddaku vellaadu. parker ataniki "connecticut gazit" prachurinchadaaniki sahayapade mudrana vyaparamlo udyogam icchaadu. modati paejee december 13,1755naa "james parker und company" anae saha-bhaagaswaamya paerutoe kanipinchindi. holt kotta pradaesamloe vaartaapatrika prachurana yokka mudrana vyapaaraanni nirvahinche juuniyar bhagaswamy mariyu resident editor ayyadu. adhe samayamlo ayana kotta swarga tapala karyalayanni kooda nadiparu. parker thana ekkuva samayanni newyork nagaramloni thana printing houselo gadipadu, kabatti tarachugaa thana kotta vyaapaaraalaku dhooramgaa undevaadu, adhi puurtigaa nirvahinchedi. newyorklo unnappudu, holt vilium goddard, printer mariyu prachuranakartanu nissabda bhagaswamiga teesukunnaru. goddard, benzin franklin thoo kalisi taruvaata yuu nii sthaapinchaaru.ess. post office.
aaa taruvaata british american kaalaneelaku chendina iddaru deputy post masters-generallo holt okaru ayyaru. athanu paarkartho kalisi kotta swargadhaamamaina kanektikatlo juuniyar deputyga panicheesaadu. 1760 vesavi praarambhamlo parker yokka vaartaapatrika "newyork gazit mariyu weakley post-baay" prachurananu nirvahinchadaaniki holt newyork nagaraniki vellaaru, aaa taruvaata "james parker & company" mudratho kanipinchindi, holt mallee juuniyar bhagaswamiga mariyu "company" gaa soochinchabadindi. iddaroo newyork nagaram nundi hartford varaku postriderlanu kooda niyantrinchaaru, vaaru boston nagaram nundi meyilnu teesukuvelle raidarlu kalusukunnaru.
postal vyavastha gurinchi holt chaalaa aandolana chendaadu mariyu janavari 29,1776naa shamyul aadamsku raasina lekhalo vistrutamaina merugudala salahalanu icchaadu. deputy postmasterga athanu pondina aacharanaatmaka anubhavam aadhaaramgaa eee suuchanalu vachayi. khandantara congress viswasaneeya tapala sevalanu andinchadaaniki avasaramaina vaatini taginantagaa sarafara cheyaalani lekhalo kontha bhaagam suuchimchimdi. vidhullo unna sainikulaku mariyu vaari nundi vacchina anni lekhalanu baga pampinhee cheyadam mariyu vaaru tapala rahitamgaa vellavacchani holt sifaarsu chesina maroka suuchana. newyork journal ledhaa general advertiser" vaartaapatrikalo holt, postriderlanu upayoginchadaaniki badulugaa vaartaapatrikala pampinhee kosam nyuus dealers vyavasthanu sifaarasu chesina modati vyakti, idhi pramaadakaramainadi.
1762 mae 6naa eee bhagaswamyam vidipoyindi. aaa tarvaata holt vaartaapatrikaku ekaika prachuranakarta mariyu general manager ayyadu mariyu paerunu "newyork journal ledhaa general advertiser" gaa marchadu."athanu naalugu samvatsaraala leejuku parker nundi prachurana soukaryaalanu addeku teesukunnadu. aaa taruvaata athanu 1766 maeloe exchange edurugaa unna broad streat mariyu water streat diguva bhaagaaniki vellaadu. taruvaata holt adanamgaa pustakaalu mariyu itara vishayalanu prachurinchaadu (antey.ii. karapatraalu, chethi billulu, vistruta bhagalu) saadhaaranamgaa rajakeeyamgaa undevi.
holt mudrinchina prachuranalu kaalaneelu mariyu ingland madhya athani paatakula poraataanni pratibimbimchaayi. athanu newyork provincial congress kosam chattalu mariyu itara kortu charyalanu kooda mudrinchaadu. matam, freemasonary, aardhikasaastram, charitra, puraavastu shaastram, kavitvam mariyu jeevita charitralatho sahaa vividha vishayaalapai vividha pustakaalanu vikrayinche dukaanam kooda aayanaku undhi. idhi sira, kaagitam mariyu itara lekhana samagri saamaagrini kooda vikrayinchindi.
newyork gazit mariyu weakley post-baay" prachuranakartagaa unnappudu 1765 naati stamp chattanni holt bahirangamgaa savaalu chesaaru. athanu swaatantrya kumaarulaku ishtamaina mudrakudu. stamped kaagitam kosam aanglamlo chellinchaalsina bhaarii pannu kaaranamgaa holt eee vaartaapatrika prachurananu daadaapu nilipivesaadu. swechcha yokka kumaarulu, saareeraka haani bedirimputoe, pannunu dhikkaristuu vaartaapatrikanu konasaginchamani holtnu oppinchaaru. aaa taruvaata holt vaartaapatrikanu mudrinchani kaagitampai konasaginchadu mariyu mudrana chattaniki vyatiraekamgaa samuuhaala samavesala kosam kooda prachurinchaadu. ayana thana vaartaapatrika sheershikaku eee padaalanu jodinchaaru,
"americalo athani mahima yokka uchita mariyu viswasaneeya prajalandari aikya swaram-swechcha mariyu aasti mariyu stampulu laevu." 
holt kuu swaatantrya kumaarulato sannihita sambandham undedi, idhi ataniki mudrana parikaraalanu pondadaaniki sahaayapadindi. okasari, vaaru atanni 400 poundlaku paiga rusumutho runagraheeta jailu nundi beyiltho vidudala chesaaru. "newyork gazit mariyu varapu post-baay" nuu wig vaartapatrikagaa prachurinchadaaniki kooda swaatantrya kumaarulu ataniki subsidy icchaaru. athanu 1766 maeloe aaa patrika paerunu "newyork gazit ledhaa general advertiser" gaa marchadu, akkada athanu paarkartho thana sambandhaanni mudrinchaadu. parker "newyork gazit mariyu varapu post-baay" nuu tirigi praarambhinchadani holt telusukunnadu, kabatti athanu october 9,1766 varaku (nem. 1240). adhe samvatsaram october 16naa holt aaa sheershikanu "newyork gazit ledhaa saadhaarana prakatanadaaru" gaa marcharu (ledhu. 1241) mariyu parker adhe sankhyatho anusarinchi, "newyork gazit ledhaa saadhaarana prakatanadaaru" yokka thana samskarananu mudrinchaaru. parker thana swantha vaartaapatrikanu holtku leejuku ichhe mundu tirigi praarambhinchaadu. aagashtu 29,1776naa newyork nagaramlo holt vaartaapatrika (sanchika sankhya 1756) nilipiveyabadindi. british dalaalu newyork nagaranni aakraminchabotunnappudu idhi jarigindi. british vaaru newyork nagaranni aakraminchinatle, holt nagaram nundi nyuu heaven, kanektikatku vaegamgaa nishkraminchaadu, athani mudrana parikaraalu mariyu saamagrini vadili, british vaaru naasanam chesaaru.
holt 1770loe varjiniyaaloni norphok loe thana kumarudu zaan hunter paryaveekshinchina dukaanamloo mudrana vyaapaaramloki pravesinchaadu. holt thana kumarudi paeru zaan hetch thoo mudrana vyapaaraanni nadipevaadu. holt und company."akkada athanu" "virginia gazit" "(" "norphok intelligencer" ") nuu mudrinchaadu". lard dunmore yokka kontamandi puurveekula gurinchi konni ananukuulamaina vyakhyalanu mudrinchina holt, virginia kaalanee raaja governoru ayina athanitho godava praarambhinchaadu. dunmore king georg yokka padihenu mandhi sainikulanu holt yokka printing shaapuku pampi, printing presslo anni rakaala mariyu bhaagaalanu teesukunnadu. rendu nundi moodu vandala mandhi prekshakula samakshamlo sainikulu eee mudrana upakaranaalanu teesukoni tirigi dunmore oodaloo samudrateeraaniki teesukellaaru. dunmore swayamgaa vaartaapatrikalanu mudrinchaalani korukunnarani pukaaru vachindi. ayithe, athani daggara sira ledhu, mariyu oka patrikalooni konni bhagalu matrame unnaayi, kabatti athanu mudrinchalekapoyadu. sainikulu holt kumarudini pattukoovadaaniki vetukutunnaaru, conny athanu daakkunnanduna athani aachuukii dorakaledu, chivariki bhuubhaagam nundi tappinchukunnadu.
aaa taruvaata holt 1777loe thana kutumbamtho kalisi connecticut nundi newyorkloni kingstonku vellaaru. akkada athanu newyork kaalaneeki "public printer" ayyadu. holt juulai 7,1777naa kingstonlo thana vaartaapatrikanu punaruddharinchaadu, sanchika sankhya 1757thoo praarambhinchaadu. athanu daanini october 13,1777 varaku mudrinchaadu, sanchika sankhya 1771thoo mugisindi. idhi british vaaru kingstennu kaalchiveyadaaniki moodu rojula mundu. athanu thana vyaktigata aastini mariyu thana mudrana saamagrilo aarava vanthu matrame aadaa cheyagaligadu, indulo athani khaataa pustakaalu, kaagitam stock mariyu rendu adbhutamaina font rakam setlu unnaayi.
holt mallii mae 11,1778naa newyorkloni pougkeepseelo thana vaartaapatrikanu konasaginchadu. eee pattanamlo ayana vaartaapatrika november 6,1780 varaku mudrinchabadindi. aaa tarvaata adhi juulai 30,1781naa tirigi praarambhamai, janavari 6,1782naa aagipoyindi. esaari newyork kaalanee chattalanu mudrinchaalsina avasaram kaaranamgaa adhi aagipoyindi. 1783 november 22naa "dhi independent newyork gazit" paerutoe mallee praarambhamaindi. aaa samayamlo holt vaartaapatrika athani jeevitaantam eee paerutoe mariyu daani vaividhyaalatoe mudrinchabadindi. athanu british "nirankusa paddhatulanu" vimarsinchaadu mariyu british niyantrananu elaa pratighatinchaalo valasavaadulaku neerpinchaadu. aadhunika charitrakaarudu edwin emery american viplavam samayamlo holtnu "boston velupala atyanta mukhyamaina radikal printer" gaa paerkonnaaru. american anticarian society vyavasthaapakudu isaiah thamus, holtnu "teevramaina bhavalunna vyakti, mariyu unnata charchi vyakti, conny drudamaina wig, manchi rachayita mariyu thana desham yokka kaaranaaniki vecchani nyaayavaadi" gaa abhivarninchaaru."
daadaapu yaabhai samvatsaraalugaa vaartaapatrika rusumu vasoolu cheyadamlo holt samasyanu edurkonnadu. jonathan trumble nundi chandha rusumu mariyu prakatanala rusumu vasoolu cheyadaaniki ayana chesina prayatnam dheeniki udaaharana. trumble thana kosam vaarshika praatipadikana vaartaapatrika sabhyatvaanni arder cheyadame kakunda, maroe padakondu mandiki arder chesaadu, vaatilo dhenikee chellinchaledu.
vyaktigata jeevitam mariyu maranam.
janavari 30,1784naa deerghakaalika anaaroogyam kaaranamgaa newyork nagaramlo holt maraninchaadu. athanu seyint charchi yardlo khananam cheyabaddaadu. newyorkloni paal chappel. 1784loe holt maranam taruvaata athani vitantuvu 1788loe aame maraninche varaku "independent newyork gazit" vaartaapatrikanu konasaaginchindi, adhi itarulaku badilee cheyabadi, marchi 8,1800 varaku prachurinchabadindi. holt vitantuvu kooda viplavaatmaka yuddha samayamlo holt chesina chellinchani public printing kosam newyork raashtraaniki vyatiraekamgaa daavaa vesindi. holt newyork yokka suns off liberty mariyu valasarajyala williamsburg yokka burton parish charchilo sabhyudu.
kutumbam.
1744loe valasarajyala prachuranakarta vilium hunter sodari elizabeth hunternu holt vivaham chesukunnadu. jeevitacharitrakaarudu layton barness marfi prakaram vaariki iddaru pillalu unnaru
pani chestundi.
pradhana prachuranaluh
mudrinchina rachanala udaaharanalu holtku dohadapaddayi