
lng carrier

lng carrier anedi draveekruta sahaja vayuvu (lng) ravana kosam roopondinchina tank ship.
sameeksha.
prapanchamlooni mottamodati samudramlo pravahinche draveekruta sahaja vayuvu tanker "methane maargadarsakam", idhi 1959loe 5,500 cubic meterlu (190,000 kyuu aaa) mosukelle saamardhyamtho sevaloki pravesinchindi. appati nundi perugutunna parimaanamlo lng vahakalu nirminchabaddaayi, ivi neti naukaadalaaniki daariteesaayi, ikkada bhaarii kyuu-maaks lng noukalu prapanchavyaaptamgaa prayaanistaayi, ivi prati okkati varaku teesukellagalavu.
yuu loe oka boom.ess. sahaja vayuvu utpattini hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") dwara praarambhinchabadindi, idhi 2010 nundi sahaja vayuvu utpattilo pedda vruddhini srushtinchindi.ess. lng egumati soukaryam 2016loe puurtayimdi, marinni anusarinchabaddaayi. yuu loe sahaja vayuvu yokka perugutunna sarafara.ess. egumati soukaryaalu prapanchavyaaptamgaa lngni ravana cheyadaaniki lng carrierlaku demandnu vistarinchaayi.
2022loe ukrainpai russia dandayaatra prapanchavyaaptamgaa lng shippingku demandnu natakeeyamgaa penchindi. yuu.ess. 2022loe airopaku egumatulu rettimpu kante ekkuva, 2.7 trillion cubic adugulaki cherukunnayi.
charitra.
beuro veritas dwara vargeekarinchabadina modati lng carrier "methane payineer" (), 25 janavari 1959naa louisiana gulph teeramlo calcassiu nadini vidichipettindi. prapanchamlooni mottamodati samudra saruku lngni mosukelli, adhi saruku pampinhee cheyabadina UKkii prayaaninchindi. pratyaekamgaa savarinchina sii1-emm-evi1-rakam praamaanika ooda "normarty" vijayam, "methane payineeru" gaa paeru maarchabadindi, gyaas council mariyu shankh international methane limited kuu kaaranamaindi. methane princess" mariyu "methane purogati" anae rendu prayojanaala kosam nirminchina lng vahakalu nirminchaalani aadesinchadam. eee noukalaku shankha swatantra aluminium cargo tankulanu amarcharu mariyu 1964loe algerian lng vaanijyamloki pravesinchaaru. eee noukalaku kanchu saamarthyam undhi.
1960la chivaralo, alasca nundi japanku lng egumati chese avakaasam erpadindi, 1969loe tepco mariyu tokyolo vaayuvutho vaanijyam praarambhinchabadindi. dhruva alasca" mariyu "architic tokyo" anae rendu noukalu, okkokkati saamarthyam kaliginavi, sweedanlo nirminchabaddaayi. 1970la praarambhamlo, yuu. ess. prabhutvam yuu. ess. shipyardulanu lng carrierlanu nirminchadaaniki prothsahinchindi, mariyu mottam 16 lng noukalu nirminchabaddaayi. 1970la chivaralo mariyu 1980la praarambhamlo aneka prajectulu adhyayanam cheyabadutu architic lng naukala avakaasaanni teesukuvacchaayi.
saruku ravana saamarthyam sumaru $250 millionlaku peragadamtho, naachu rosenberg nundi technigaz maark III mariyu gaztransport no.96 varaku kotta tank namuunaalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
lng vahakalu parimaanam mariyu saamarthyam gananeeyamgaa perigindi. oka noukaku 200 million dollarlu kharchu kaavacchu. 
2005 nundi, khatargas rendu kotta taragatula lng vahakalu, kyuu-flex mariyu kyuu-maaks gaa suuchimchabadutunnaayi, vaati abhivruddhiki maargadarsakatvam vahinchindi. prati ooda madhya saruku ravana saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi mariyu rii-liquifuction plant kaligi untundi.
eee roeju manam chinna taraha lng bunker carrierlaku aasaktini chustamu. kondaru cruiz noukalu mariyu ropax naukala life teppala krinda undaali. damen ell. zii. sii 3000 mariyu seagas udaaharanalu.
2005 natiki mottam 203 noukalu nirminchabaddaayi, vaatilo 193 ippatikee sevalo unnaayi. 2016 chivari natiki, prapancha ravana naukaadalamloo 439 noukalu unnaayi. 2017loe, yea samayamloonainaa 170 noukalu upayogamlo unnayani anchanaa. 2018 chivari natiki, prapancha naukaadalam sumaru 550 noukalu.
2021-2022loe, america nundi airopaku oka lng ravana 133-200 million dollarla labhanni tirigi ivvagaladu. 5 samvatsaraala oppandaalaku kooda ravana raetlu rojuku $100,000, conny $60,000-250,000 madhya maaravacchu.
kotta bhavanam.
2021loe 90 kotta lng carrierlanu arder chesaaru. 2022 natiki, adhika demand kotta arderla pampineeni 2027kii maarchindi.
november 2018loe, dakshina korea noukalu nirminchevaaru $9 billionla viluvatho 3 samvatsaraala viluvaina pedda-sthaayi lng carrier oppandaalanu-50 kante ekkuva arderlu-kudurchukunnaru. dakshina korea builderlu 2018loe 78 saatam lng sambandhita nauka nirmaana oppandaalanu swaadheenam chesukunnaru, 14 saatam japanese builderlaki, 8 saatam chainees builderlaki velutunnaayi. kotta oppandaalu prapancha lng naukaadalaanni 10 saatam penchutaayi. prapancha naukaadalamloo, chaaritraatmakamgaa, moodinta rendu vantula noukalanu dakshina koreanlu, 22 saatam japaneeyulu, 7 saatam chaineeyulu, migilina vaatini france, speyin, united states kalayikatho nirminchaaru. dakshina korea vijayam aavishkarana mariyu dharala kaaranamgaa vachindi; dakshina korea builderlu modati ice-breaker rakam lng noukalanu pravesapettaaru mariyu dakshina korea builderlu naachu rakam kante kyuu-maaks noukalaku viniyogadaarula praadhaanyatanu penchadamlo vijayavantamayyaaru.
2018loe, dakshina koreaku chendina hyunday mipo dock yard (hchnd) prapanchamlooni mottamodati lng-indhana bulk carriernu pampinhee chesindi. idhi 50,000 dwitilatho prapanchamlone atipedda saamarthyaanni kaligi undhi.
sigto dayta prakaram, 2019loe 154 lng carrierlu arderlo unnaayi, mariyu 584 operating lng carrierlu unnaayi. 
2017loe, dhevuu naukaanirmaanam & merine injaneering 80,200 deadwaite tannula ice breaking lng tanker ayina "christophe dii margari" nuu pampinhee chesindi. aame saamarthyam oka nela paatu sweeden viniyogam. aame norway nundi architic mahasamudramloni uttara samudra maargam dwara dakshina koreaku thana modati aadaaya prayaanaanni puurti chesindi. shipyardlo maroe padnaalugu arderlu unnaayi.
chinna taraha lng vahakalu (diguva lng vahakalu) vishayamlo, parimaanam, gamyam mariyu nauka lakshanaalanu parigananaloki teesukuni, ooda yokka saraina parimaanam adhi nirminchina project dwara nirnayinchabadutundi.
chinna taraha lng carrier builderla jabita
saruku ravana nirvahana.
oka saadhaarana lng carrier nauka yokka madhya rekha venta naalugu nundi aaru tankulanu kaligi untundi. tankula chuttoo ballust tankulu, caferdamlu mariyu vaayidaala kalayika untundi; phalitamgaa, idhi noukaku double-hull rakam designu istundi.
vimaana vaahaka noukalu vanti lng vaahaka noukalu, 30 nelala varaku patte nirmaanaaniki atyanta kashtataramaina nowkalaloo okati.
prati tank lopala saadhaaranamgaa moodu munigipoyina pampulu untaayi. cargo utsarga karyakalapalalo upayoginche rendu pradhana cargo pampulu mariyu spray pampugaa piluvabade chaalaa chinna pampu unnaayi. spray pampunu drava lngni indhanamgaa (vaperiser dwara) upayoginchadaaniki ledhaa cargo tankulanu challabarachadaaniki pampu cheyadaaniki upayogistaaru. utsarga karyakalapalalo chivari sarukunu "tolaginchadaaniki" kooda dheenini upayoginchavacchu. eee pampulannee pump tower anie piluvabade lopala untaayi, idhi tank paie nundi vaelaadutuu tank yokka mottam lothunu naduputundi. pump towerloo tank gazing vyavastha mariyu tank filling line kooda unnaayi, ivanni tank diguva bhaagamlo unnaayi.
pora-rakam naalaalaloo baruvu ledhaa peedanam dwara teravagala spring-load cheyabadina phut valvto kuudina khaalii gottam kooda untundi. idhi atyavasara pump tower. rendu pradhana cargo pampulu viphalamaithe paibhaganni eee paipu nundi tolaginchavacchu mariyu atyavasara cargo pampunu paipu diguvaku tagginchavachhu. paibhagam niluvu varusalo bharti cheyabadutundi, aapai pump phut valve meeda krindiki nettadaaniki mariyu daanini teravadaaniki anumatinchabadutundi. aaa taruvaata saruku pumping cheyavachu.
anni cargo pampulu ooda yokka deck venta nadiche oka saadhaarana paipuloki vidudala avtayi; idhi oodaku iruvaipula cargo manifoldlaku saakhalu vestundi, ivi load cheyadaaniki ledhaa vidudala cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi.
anni cargo tank aaviri pradaesaalu cargo headerku samaantaramgaa nadiche aaviri header dwara anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi. idhi aneka retlu load cheyadam mariyu vidudala cheyadam pakkana unna ooda vaipula kooda anusandhanalanu kaligi untundi.
saadhaarana cargo saikil.
oka saadhaarana cargo saikil "gyaas free" sthithilo tankulatho praarambhamavutundi, antey tankullo gaali nindi untundi, idhi tank mariyu pampulapai nirvahananu anumatistundi. sarukunu neerugaa tankloki load cheyalemu, endukante oxygen undatam valla tank lopala paeludu vaataavarana paristhitini srushtistundi, mariyu lng loading valla kalige vegavantamaina ushnograta maarpu tankulanu debbateestundi.
modata, paeludu pramaadaanni tolaginchadaaniki tank 'choppinchabadaali'. oka jada vayuvu karmagaram gaalilo deejilnu kalchi vaayuvula misramaanni utpatti chestundi (saadhaaranamgaa 5 saatam kante takkuva oo2 mariyu sumaru 13 saatam carbon dioxide plus enn2). idhi oxygen sthaayi 4 saatam kante takkuvagaa unde varaku tankullo eguraveyabadutundi.
taruvaata, ooda "gyaas-up" mariyu "coole-down" kuu odarevuloki velutundi, endukante okaru ippatikee neerugaa tankloki load cheyaleru carbon dioxide stambhimpajesi pampulanu debbateestundi mariyu colled shock tank yokka pump kaalamnu debbateestundi.
lngni paatraloki teesukuvacchi, spray line venta pradhana aaviri yantraaniki teesukuvelataaru, idhi dravaanni vayuvuga marigistundi. idhi gyaas heaterlalo sumaruga vedekkutundi, aapai "jada vayuvu" nuu sthaanabhramsham cheyadaaniki tankulloki eguraveyabadutundi. tankula nundi mottam carbon dye oxide tolaginchabade varaku idhi konasaagutundi. praarambhamlo, aiji (jada vayuvu) vaataavaranamloki pravesistundi. hydrocarbon content 5 saataaniki cherukunna tarvaata (methane yokka takkuva jwalana paridhi) jada vayuvu pipeline dwara tiiraaniki mallinchabadutundi mariyu hechdi (hye duty) compressorla dwara aneka retlu anusandhaaninchabadutundi. pedda mottamlo hydrocarbonlu undi, avi pelipoye pramaadaalanu nivaarinchadaaniki theera terminal eee aavirini kaalchivestundi.
ippudu ooda vayuvu mariyu vecchagaa undhi. eee tankulu ippatikee parisara ushnograta vadda unnaayi mariyu meethentho nindi unnaayi.
tadupari dasha coole-down. spray heads dwara tankullo lngni challutaaru, idhi aavirai tanknu challabarachadam praarambhistundi. adanapu vaayuvunu mallee draveekarinchadaaniki ledhaa mantala pette vadda kaalchadaaniki mallee odduku eguraveyabadutundi. tankulanu cherukunna tarvaata, tankulanu peddamottamlo load cheyadaaniki siddhamgaa untaayi.
peddamottamlo loading praarambhamavutundi mariyu drava lngni nilva tankula nundi odduna unna nauka tankulloki pamputaaru. sthaanabhramsham chendina vayuvu hechdi compressorla dwara odduku eguraveyabadutundi. saadhaaranamgaa 98.5% puurti ayye varaku (cargo yokka ushna vistarana/sankochaanni anumatinchadaaniki) loading konasaagutundi.
nauka ippudu utsarga naukaasrayaaniki vellavacchu. prayaana samayamlo vividha boil-off nirvahana vyuuhaalanu upayoginchavacchu. boil-off vaayuvunu chodakaanni andinchadaaniki boilerlalo kaalchavacchu ledhaa ooda roopakalpananu batti daanini tirigi draveekarinchi cargo tankulaku tirigi ivvavacchu.
okasari discharge portulo, cargo pampulanu upayoginchi sarukunu odduku pamputaaru. tank khaalii ayinappudu, aaviri sthalam odduna nundi vachhe vaayuvutho ledhaa cargo vaperiserlo kontha sarukunu aaviri cheyadam dwara nimpabadutundi. oodanu veelainanta varaku bayataku pampavacchu, chivaridi spray pampulatho bayataku pampabadutundi, ledhaa kontha sarukunu bordulo "madama" gaa unchukovachhu.
oka tanklo discharge chesina tarvaata 5 saatam nundi 10 saatam sarukunu onboardloo unchadam saadhaarana paddhati. dheenini madama anie pilustaaru mariyu idhi load cheyadaaniki mundu madama laeni migilina tankulanu challabarachadaaniki upayogistaaru. idhi kramamga cheyali, lekapothe neerugaa vecchani tankullo load chesthe tankulu challaga untaayi. naachu paatra meeda challabarachadaaniki sumaru 20 gantalu pattavacchu (mariyu pora rakam paatra meeda 10-12 gantalu), kabatti madamanu mosukelladam valla paatra naukaasrayaaniki cherukune mundu challabarachadaaniki veelu kalpistundi, idhi gananeeyamaina samayanni aadaa chestundi.
anni sarukulanu odduku pampinchinatlayithe, ballust maargamlo tankulu parisara ushnograta varaku vaedekkutaayi, oodanu vayuvu mariyu vecchani sthithiki tirigi testaayi. appudu oodanu load cheyadaaniki mallee challabarachavachhu.
nauka gyaas rahita sthithiki tirigi ravalante, vecchani vaayuvunu prasarimpajeyadaaniki gyaas heaterlanu upayoginchadam dwara tankulanu vedekkinchaali. tankulanu vedekkinchina tarvaata, tankula nundi meethennu tolaginchadaaniki jada gyaas plaantnu upayogistaaru. tankulanu methane rahitamgaa chesina tarvaata, jada vayuvu karmagaram podi gaali utpattiki maarchabadutundi, idhi surakshitamaina pani vaataavaranam unde varaku tankula nundi anni jada vaayuvunu tolaginchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi.
lng roopamlo mariyu pipeline dwara sahaja vayuvu ravana greenhouse vaayu udgaaraalaku kaaranamavutundi, conny vividha margallo. paipulainlatho, chaalaa varaku udgaaraalu ukku paipu utpatti nundi utpannamavutaayi; chaalaa varaku udgaaraalu draveekarana nundi utpannamavutaayi. pipelinelu mariyu lng rendintikee, chodaka shakti adanapu udgaaraalaku kaaranamavutundi (pipeline ottidi, lng tanker chodaka shakti).
niyantrana vyavasthalu.
nedu kotta nirmaana naukala kosam naalugu niyantrana vyavasthalu upayogamlo unnaayi. rendu namuunaalu sweeya-sahayaka rakaniki chendinavi, migilina rendu pora rakaniki chendinavi mariyu nedu petentlu gaztransport & technigaz (gtt) yajamanyamlo unnaayi.
sweeya-maddatu nilva vyavasthalaku badulugaa rendu ververu pora rakalanu upayoginche dhorani undhi. prismatic membrane tankulu pottu aakaraanni marinta samarthavantamgaa upayoginchukovadam valla cargo-tankulu mariyu ballust tankula madhya takkuva khaalii sthalam undatam valla idhi chaalaa matuku jarugutundi. dheeni phalitamgaa, samaana saamarthyam kaligina pora roopakalpanatho poliste naachu-rakam roopakalpana suez kaaluvanu ravana cheyadaaniki chaalaa khareedainadigaa untundi. edemaina, swayam sahayaka tankulu marinta balamgaa untaayi mariyu sloshing saktulaku ekkuva nirodhakatanu kaligi untaayi, mariyu bhavishyattulo chedu vaataavaranam mukhyamaina karakamga unde samudrateera nilva kosam pariganinchabadataayi.
naachu tankulu (golaakaara imo rakam bii lng tankulu).
vaatini roopondinchina company paeru meeda, norwegian company naachu samudra, golaakaara imo rakam bii lng tankulu golakaramlo untaayi. chaalaa naachu rakam nowkalaloo naalugu ledhaa aidu tankulu untaayi.
tankula velupali bhaagamlo nurugu insulation yokka mandapati pora untundi, idhi pyaanellalo amarchabadi untundi ledhaa tank chuttoo marinta aadhunika designlalo untundi. eee insulation paina "tinfoil" yokka sannani pora untundi, idhi natrajani vaataavaranamtho insulationnu podigaa unchadaaniki anumatistundi. tank leak avadanni soochinche methane kosam eee vaataavaranam nirantaram tanikhi cheyabadutundi. insulation vichchinnam avadanni soochinche edainaa challani macchalu unnaya anie tank velupali bhaganni moodu nelala vyavadhilo tanikhi chestaaru.
tank daani chuttukolata chuttoo bhoomadhyarekha valayam dwara maddatu istundi, dheeniki dayta-kapul anie piluvabade pedda vruttaakaara scurt maddatu istundi, idhi aluminium mariyu ukku yokka pratyeka kalayika, idhi tank baruvunu ooda yokka nirmaanaaniki teesukuvelutundi. eee scurt coole-down mariyu sannahaka karyakalapala samayamlo tanknu vistarinchadaaniki mariyu kudinchadaaniki anumatistundi. coole-down ledhaa warmap samayamlo tank sumaruga vistarinchavacchu ledhaa kudinchavacchu. eee vistarana mariyu sankocham kaaranamgaa tankloki anni pipinglu paipulo vastaayi mariyu soukaryavantamaina gantala dwara ooda yokka linelaku anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi.
prati tank lopala spray headla samiti untundi. eee talalu bhoomadhyarekha valayam chuttoo amarchabadi, ushnogratanu tagginchadaaniki tank godalapai lng challadaniki upayogistaaru.
tankullo saadhaaranamgaa pani ottidi varaku untundi, conny atyavasara utsarga kosam dheenini penchavacchu. rendu pradhana pampulu viphalamaithe, sarukunu tolaginchadaaniki, tank yokka bhadrata kavaataalu 100 kPA (1 baar) vadda ettadaaniki sardubaatu cheyabadataayi. appudu tank diguvaku vellae filling line borduloni itara tankula filling lainlatho paatu teravabadutundi. appudu tanklo lopabhuishta pampulatho ottidi penchabadutundi, idhi sarukunu itara tankulloki nettivestundi, akkada daanini bayataku pampavacchu.
ihi (prismatic imo rakam bii lng tankulu).
ishikavajima-harima bhaarii parisramalachae roopondinchabadina "sweeya-maddatu prismatic rakam bii (espibi)" tank prastutam rendu nowkalaloo matrame upayoginchabadutondi. rakam bii tankulu sloshing samasyalanu parimitam chestaayi, membrane lng carrier tankula kante merugudala sloshing prabhavam kaaranamgaa virigipovacchu, tadwara ooda yokka pottu naasanam avutundi. idhi eff. pii. ess. oo ell. enn. zii (ledhaa eff. ell. enn. zii) kuu kooda pradhana sambandham kaligi untundi.
adanamgaa, imo rakam bii lng tankulu antargata parikaraala vidudala kaaranamgaa antargata pramaadavasaattu nashtanni kaligistaayi. pora lng tankula lopala jarigina aneka sanghatanala taruvaata idhi roopakalpanalo cherchabadindi.
tigized maark III.
technigaz roopondinchina eee tankulu pora rakaniki chendinavi. tank challabadinappudu ushna sankochaanni grahinchadaaniki poralo 'waffles' thoo kuudina steinless steel untundi. sumaru mandam gala mudatalu padina steinless steeltho tayaaru cheyabadina praadhamika avarodham cargo dravamtho (ledhaa khaalii tank sthithilo aaviri) pratyaksha sambandhamlo untundi. dheeni taruvaata oka praadhamika insulation untundi, idhi "tripulks" anae padaarthamthoo chesina dviteeya avarodhamtho kappabadi untundi, idhi praathamikamgaa gaaju unni palakala madhya sandwitch cheyabadina mariyu kalisi kudinchabadina lohapu reku. idhi mallii dviteeya insulationtho kappabadi untundi, idhi bayati nundi ooda yokka pottu nirmaanam dwara maddatu istundi.
tank lopali nundi bayatiki, poralu
jiti96.
gaztransport dwara roopondinchabadina eee tankullo daadaapu etuvanti ushna sankocham laeni padaartha invaartho tayaaru chesina praadhamika mariyu dviteeya sannani pora untundi. perlite thoo nindina plywood pettelatho insulation tayaaru cheyabadutundi mariyu nirantaram natrajani vaayuvutho flush cheyabadutundi. natrajani loe hydrocarbon nuu gurtinchadam dwara rendu poralu yokka samagrata saasvatamgaa paryaveekshinchabadutundi. oka parinaamaanni ng2 pratipaadinchindi, natrajani sthaanamlo aargannu flush cheyabadina jada mariyu insulation vayuvuga marcharu. orgaon natrajani kante merugaina insulation saktini kaligi untundi, idhi 10 saatam boil-off vaayuvunu aadaa chestundi.
cs1.
CS1 antey combined system number vann. idhi ippudu vileenam cheyabadina gaztransport & technigaz companylache roopondinchabadindi mariyu idhi emm. keey. ii. ii. ii mariyu nem. 96 vyavasthala yokka uttama bhaagaalanu kaligi undhi. praadhamika avarodham invaartho mariyu tripulks nundi dviteeya avarodham tayaaru cheyabadindi. praadhamika mariyu dviteeya insulationlo paliyurethen phome panellu untaayi.
CS1 saanketikatato kuudina moodu noukalanu oka shipyard nirminchindi, conny sthaapinchabadina shipyardulu mkiii mariyu No96 utpattini konasaaginchaalani nirnayinchukunnaayi.
tirigi punjukovadam mariyu udakabettadam.
ravaanaanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki, sahaja vayuvu vaataavarana peedanam vadda sumaruga challabadutundi, aaa samayamlo vayuvu dravamgaa ghaneebhavistundi. nilva samayamlo drava vaayuvunu challaga unchadaaniki lng carrierlo unna tankulu bhaarii thermosesga samarthavantamgaa panicheestaayi. ayithe, yea insulation sarigga undadu, anduvalla samudrayaanam samayamlo dravam nirantaram marigipotundi.
doublugi prakaram, oka saadhaarana prayaanamloo insulation saamarthyam mariyu prayaanapu kathinatvaanni batti pratiroojuu <id1>% saruku vayuvuga maarutundi. oka saadhaarana 20 rojula samudrayaanamlo, modata load chesina mottam parimaanamlo 2-6% nundi ekkadainaa kolpovachhu.
saadhaaranamgaa lng tanker baayilarlatoe kuudina aaviri turbinelatho saktini pondutundi. eee boilerlu dwandwa indhanam mariyu methane ledhaa noone ledhaa rendinti kalayikatho panicheyagalavu.
udakabettinappudu utpatti ayye vayuvu saampradayakamgaa baayilarlaku mallinchabadutundi mariyu noukaku indhanamgaa upayoginchabadutundi. boilerlalo eee vaayuvunu upayoginche mundu, gyaas heaterlanu upayoginchadam dwara sumaru 20 masim varaku vaedi cheyali. tank peedanam dwara baayilarloki gyaas nimpabadutundi ledhaa takkuva sunkam kaligina compressorla dwara peedanam penchabadutundi.
nauka yea indhanampai nadustundo, adhi prayaana podavu, challabadataaniki madamanu moyalani korika, chamuru dhara verses lng dhara mariyu parisubhramaina exast kosam port demandlu vanti aneka amsaalapai aadharapadi untundi.
moodu praathamika reetulu andubaatulo unnaih
kaneesa boil-off/garishta nooneh-eee paddhatiloo tank ottidini ekkuvagaa unchi, marige sthaayini kanishta sthaayiki taggistaaru mariyu ekkuva shakti indhana noone nundi vastundi. idhi pampinhee cheyabadina lng mottaanni penchutundi, conny aaviri lekapovadam valla tank ushnogratalu peragadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. adhika cargo ushnogratalu nilva samasyalanu mariyu off loading samasyalanu kaligistaayi.
garishtamgaa udakabettina/kaneesa nooneh-eee paddhatiloo tank ottidi takkuvagaa unchabadutundi mariyu ekkuva udakabettinappatiki pedda mottamlo indhana noone ippatikee upayoginchabadutundi. idhi pampinhee cheyabadina lng mottaanni taggistundi, conny chaalaa odarevulu ishtapade saruku challaga pampinhee cheyabadutundi.
100% vayuvu-tank ottillu garishtamgaa marige sthaayilo unchabadataayi, conny boilerla avasaralaku idhi saripodu kabatti, adanapu lng avirayyela "balavantamgaa" cheyali. oka tankloni oka chinna pampu forced veparaijarku lngni sarafara chestundi, akkada adhi vedekkinchi boilerlalo upayogapade vayuvuga tirigi aaviraipotundi. eee paddhatiloo indhana noonenu upayogincharu.
saanketika parignaana punaruddharana karmagaralalo iteevali purogatulu noukalaku amarchabadataayi, idhi mariginchi tirigi tankulaku tirigi raavadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. eee kaaranamgaa, naukala nirvaahakulu mariyu builderlu marinta samarthavanthamaina sloe-speed deasle enginela vadakanni pariseelinchagaligaaru (gatamlo chaalaa lng vahakalu aaviri turbine-saktitoe nadichevi). dheeniki minahaayimpulu emitante, lng carrier "havfru" (1973loe "venator" gaa nirminchabadindi), idhi modata dwandwa indhana deasle enginelanu kaligi undhi, mariyu daani sodari-ooda "century" (1974loe "lucian" gaa nirminchabadindi), idhi kooda 1982loe deasle injin vyavasthagaa maarchabadataaniki mundu dwandwa indhana gyaas turbinelatho nirminchabadindi.
dwandwa ledhaa tri-indhana deasle electricnu upayoginche noukalu, varusaga dii. eff. dii. ii/tii. eff. dii. ii, chodaka vyavasthalu ippudu sevalo unnaayi.
iteevala, boil-off gyaas dwara chodaka saktiki tirigi raavadaaniki aasakti undhi. flue-gyaas scrubbing plant amarchani noukalapai 0.5 saatam kante ekkuva sulfur content unna samudra indhana chamurunu upayoginchadaanni nishedhinche imo 2020 kalushya nirodhaka niyantrana phalitamgaa idhi jarigindi. sthala parimitulu mariyu bhadrata samasyalu saadhaaranamgaa lng vahakalu atuvanti parikaraalanu vyavasthaapinchadaanni nirodhistaayi, takkuva-dhara, adhika-sulfur indhana chamuru vadakanni vidichipetti, takkuva-sulfur indhanaalaku maaradaaniki balavantam chestaayi, ivi ekkuva dhara mariyu takkuva sarafaraalo untaayi. eee paristhitulalo, boil-off gyaas marinta aakarshanheeyamaina empikagaa maaravacchu.
chindatam pramaadam.
chamurutho poliste, drava sahaja vayuvu (lng) mosukelle naalaala chindatam gurinchi prajala aandolana takkuvagaa undhi, endukante vayuvu twaragaa aavirai, vaataavarana methane avutundi.
2004 varaku, daadaapu 80,000 load cheyabadina port transitlalo gananeeyamaina pramaadavasaattu lng vidudalalu jaragaledu.
aneka golaakaara vahakalu chesina vislaeshanha prakaram, eee noukalu lng cargo samagratanu kolpokunda 6.6 kii. mea. (saadhaarana port vegamlo 50 saatam) vadda idhe vidhamaina maroka lng vaahaka noukathoo 90-degreela side-aann dheekonadaanni thattukogalavu. puurtigaa load cheyabadina 300,000 didabluty chamuru tanker lng carriernu dheekonadam valla idhi 1.7 kii. mea. kuu padipotundi. ituvanti guddukovatam chaalaa arudani kooda nivedika perkondi.
hazid lng chindatam yokka pramaada anchanaanu nirvahinchaadu. jaagrattalu, sikshana, nibandhanalu mariyu saanketika maarpulanu parigananaloki teesukunte, 100,000 trips loe sumaru 1 gaa lng spill sambhaavyatanu lekkistundi.
lng ravana tank samagrata raajee padina sandarbhamlo, lopala unna sahaja vayuvu mandey pramaadam undhi, idhi paeludu ledhaa agnini kaligistundi.