
shockley-quisser parimiti

bhouthika saastramlo, vikirana saamarthya parimiti (vivaranaatmaka santulanam parimiti, shockley-quisser parimiti, shockley quisser saamarthyam parimiti ledhaa chadarapu parimiti anie kooda pilustaaru) anedi soura ghatam nundi saktini sekarinchadaaniki oke p-n junctionnu upayoginchi soura ghatam yokka garishta saiddhaantika saamarthyam, ikkada soura ghatam loe vikirana punassamyojanam matrame nashtam vidhanam. dheenini modata 1961loe vilium shockley mariyu hohns-jochim quisser dwara shockley semiconductor vadda lekkinchaaru, idhi 1.1 eevee vadda garishtamgaa 30 saatam saamarthyaanni ichindi. kaantivipeedana kanaalatoe sourashakti utpattiki eee parimiti atyanta praadhamikamainadi, mariyu eee rangamlo atyanta mukhyamaina sahakaralalo okatigaa pariganinchabadutundi.
eee modati ganana 6000k block-boddy spectramnu soura varnapataaniki sumaruga upayoginchindi. tadupari gananalu prapancha soura varnapataanni upayoginchaayi, 1.5 AM, mariyu venuka uparitala addaanni kaligi unnaayi, idhi 1.34 EV bandgapto oke-junction soura ghatam kosam garishta soura marpidi saamarthyaanni 33.16% kii penchutundi. antey, suuryarashmiloo unna mottam saktilo (sumaru 1000 doubleu/mea2) aadarsavantamaina soura ghatampai padatam, daanilo 33.7% matrame eppuduu vidyuttugaa (337 doubleu/mea2) maarchabadutundi. atyanta prajaadarana pondina soura ghata padaartham silicon, 1.1 eee. vii. takkuva anukuulamaina byaand gyapnu kaligi undhi, phalitamgaa garishta saamarthyam sumaru 32 saatam untundi. aadhunika vaanijya mono-chrystalline soura ghataalu 24 saatam marpidi saamarthyaanni utpatti chestaayi, sell mundu bhaagamlo pratibimbam mariyu sell uparitalampai sannani vairla nundi kaanti addanki vanti aacharanaatmaka aandolanala kaaranamgaa nashtalu ekkuvagaa untaayi.
oke pii-enn junction unna sampradaaya soura ghatalaku matrame shockley-quisser parimiti vartistundi; bahula poralatho kuudina soura ghataalu eee parimitini adhigaminchagalavu (mariyu cheyagalavu), kabatti soura ushna mariyu konni itara soura shakti vyavasthalu kooda cheyagalavu. vipareetamaina parimitiloo, anantamaina poralatho kuudina bahula-junction soura ghatam kosam, sambandhita parimiti saadhaarana suuryarashmiki 68.7%, ledhaa kendrikruta suuryarasmini upayoginchadam (soura ghataala saamarthyaanni chudandi).
nepathyam.
silicon vanti saampradaaya ghana-sthithi semiconductorlo, soura ghatam rendu doped sphatikaalato tayaaru cheyabadutundi, okati enn-rakam semiconductor, idhi adanapu uchita electronlanu kaligi untundi mariyu marokati pii-rakam semiconductor, idhi uchita electronlu laenidi, dheenini "holes" anie pilustaaru."praarambhamlo okadaanitoe okati sambandhamlo unnappudu, enn-rakam bhaagamlooni konni electronlu tappipoyina electronlanu" "nimpadaaniki" "pii-rakamloki pravahistaayi". chivariki rendu padaarthaala fermi sthaayilanu samanam cheyadaaniki sarihaddu meedugaa taginantagaa pravahistundi. phalitamgaa interfaces vadda oka praantam, p-n junction, ikkada chaarj carrierlu interfaces yokka prati vaipu ksheenistaayi. silicon loe, electronla eee badilee sumaru 0.6 v nundi 0.7 v varaku sambhaavya addankini utpatti chestundi.
padaarthaanni suuryuniloe unchinappudu, suuryarashmi nundi vachhe photaanlanu semiconductor yokka pii-rakam vaipu grahinchavacchu, deenivalla valence bandloni electronlu conduction byaandku saktini prothsahistaayi. eee prakriyanu photoexitation antaaru. paeru suuchimchinatlugaa, conduction bandloni electronlu semiconductor chuttoo kadaladaaniki swechchagaa untaayi. mottam sell antataa oka load unchinappudu, eee electronlu p-rakam vaipu nundi n-rakam vaipu pravahistaayi, bahya circuit gundaa kadulutunnappudu saktini kolpotayi, aapai p-rakam padaarthamloki tirigi veltaayi, akkada avi tirigi kalapavacchu avi venuka vadilivesina valence-byaand randhraalatho. eee vidhamgaa, suuryarashmi vidyut pravahanni srushtistundi.
parimiti.
vachhe suuryarashmi yokka prati photanku velikiteese vidyut shakti mottaanni pariseelinchadam dwara shockley-quisser parimitini lekkistaaru. aneka parigananalu unnaih
blockbody radiation.
sampoorna sunna (0 kelvin) vadda laeni edainaa padaartham, block boddy radiation prabhavam dwara vidyudayaskaanta vikiranaanni vidudala chestundi. gadhi ushnograta vadda oka kanamlo, idhi kanampai padee mottam saktilo sumaru 7 saataanni suuchistumdi.
oka kanamlo kolpoyina edainaa shakti vaedigaa maarutundi, kabatti kanamlo edainaa asamarthatha suuryarashmiloo unchinappudu kana ushnogratanu penchutundi. kanam yokka ushnograta perige koddi, prasarana mariyu ushnaprasarana dwara avtgoing radiation mariyu ushna nashtam kooda perugutundi, oka samathoulyam cherukune varaku. aacharanalo, eee samathoulyam saadhaaranamgaa 360 kelvin kante ekkuva ushnogratala vadda cherukuntundi, tatphalitamgaa, kanaalu saadhaaranamgaa vaati gadhi-ushnograta rating kante takkuva saamardhyamtho panicheestaayi. module datasheetlu saadhaaranamgaa eee ushnograta aadharapadataanni (noct-naamamaatrapu operating sell ushnograta) gaa jabita chestaayi.
saadhaarana ushnogratala vadda "blockbody" kosam, eee radiationlo chaalaa chinna bhaagam (unit samayaniki mariyu unit praantaaniki icchina sankhya, "sell" kosam "sii") byaand gyap kante ekkuva saktini kaligi unna phootaanlu (silicon kosam sumaru 1.1 micronla kante takkuva tarangadairghyam), mariyu eee photaanlalo kontha bhaagam (shockley mariyu quisser karakanni "tisi" nuu upayogistaaru) electronlu mariyu randhraala punassamyojana dwara utpatti cheyabadataayi, idhi lekapothe utpatti cheyagala current mottaanni taggistundi. idhi chaalaa chinna prabhavam, conny sell antataa voltage sunna (short circuit ledhaa kaanti lenappudu) blockbody radiationku anulomaanupaatamlo unnappudu mottam punassamyojana raetu (krinda chudandi) anie shockley mariyu quisser bhaavistaaru. eee punassamyojanam yokka raetu saamardhyamlo pratikuula paatra poeshistumdi. 300k vadda silicon kosam chadarapu centimeterku sekanuku 1700 phootaanlu anie shockley mariyu quisser lekkistaaru.
punassamyojanam.
photan yokka shoshana oka electron-hole jatanu srushtistundi, idhi current kuu dohadam cheyagaladu. ayithe, vivaranaatmaka samatulyata suutram prakaram, riverse prakriya kooda saadhyameh oka electron mariyu oka randhram kalusukuni tirigi kalapavacchu, idhi oka photaannu vidudala chestundi. eee prakriya kanam yokka saamarthyaanni taggistundi. itara punassamyojana prakriyalu kooda undavacchu (krinda "itara parigananalu" chudandi), conny idhi khachitamgaa avasaram.
shockley-quisser namoonaalo, punassamyojana raetu sell antataa voltage meeda aadharapadi untundi, conny sell meeda kaanti padutunda ledhaa anedi adhe. oka karakam "fc" mottam punassamyojanaaniki radiationnu utpatti chese punassamyojana nishpattini istundi, kabatti "v" = 0 "2tcqc"/"fc" ayinappudu prati unit praantaaniki punassamyojanam yokka raetu mariyu byaand-gyap shakti kante ekkuva blockbody photanla fluxes ayina "qc" paie aadharapadi untundi. kanam dwara vidudalayye radiation rendu disalalo veltundane oohapai 2 yokka karakam cherchabadindi. (needa vaipu pratibimba uparitalaanni upayoginchinatlayithe idhi vaastavaaniki charchaneeyaamsam.) voltage sunna kanippudu, chaarj carrierla (electronlu mariyu randhraalu) saandratalu marutayi (shockley diode sameekaranaanni chudandi), mariyu rachayitala prakaram, exp ("v"/"vc") karakam dwara punassamyojanam yokka raetu maarutundi, ikkada "vc" anedi sell yokka ushnogrataku samaanamaina voltage, ledhaa "thermal voltage", antey
("q" anedi oka electron yokka chaarj). eee vidhamgaa eee namoonaalo punassamyojanam yokka raetu, byaand-gyap shakti kante ekkuva blockbody radiationku ex ("vii"/"visi") retlu anulomaanupaatamlo untundih
(idhi vaastavaaniki oka ujjaayimpu, kanam nalla sareeramgaa panicheyadaaniki taginanta mandamgaa unnanta varaku, marinta khachitamaina vyakteekaranaku sarainadi.
200 meev kante takkuva unna chinna byaand gaps minaha, garishta saiddhaantika saamardhyamlo vyatyaasam chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi.)
vachhe suuryarashmi kaaranamgaa electron-hole jatala "generation" raetu "kaadu" adhe vidhamgaa untundi, kabatti punahsamyogam mainus yaadruchchika generation
suutram _ 4
suutram _ 5 ekkada
suuryarashmi kaaranamgaa electron-hole jatala utpatti raetu
ikkada suutram _ 7 anedi prati unit praantaaniki sell meeda padee byaand-gyap shakti paina unna photanla sankhya, mariyu "ts" anedi electron-hole jatanu utpatti chese veetilo bhinnam. eee utpatti retunu "ish" anie pilustaaru endukante idhi "short circuit" current (prati unit praantaaniki). oka load unnappudu, appudu "v" sunna kaadu mariyu suuryarashmi kaaranamgaa jatala utpatti retuku samaanamaina current untundi, mainus punassamyojanam mariyu aakasmika utpatti madhya vyatyaasam
anduvalla open-circuit voltage ivvabadutundi ("effsy" voltage meeda aadharapadi undadu anie bhaavinchi)
short-circuit current "ish" mariyu open-circuit voltage "voke" shockley mariyu quisser yokka utpatti "naamamaatrapu shakti" anie pilustundi. sell nundi eee mottam saktini pondadam vaastavaaniki saadhyam kaadu, conny manam daggaragaa pondavacchu (krinda "impedence matching" chudandi).
open-circuit voltage yokka nishpatti byaand-gyap voltage shockley mariyu quisser coll "vii". open-circuit paristhitulalo, maaku undhi
lakshanarahitamgaa, idhi istundi
ledhaa
ikkada suuryuni ushnogrataku samaanamaina voltage untundi. nishpatti sunnaki vellinappudu, open-circuit voltage byaand-gyap voltage kii velutundi, mariyu adhi okadaaniki vellinappudu, open-circuit voltage sunnaki velutundi. anduke kanam vedekkithe saamarthyam taggutundi. vaastavaaniki eee vyakteekarana suuryuni ushnograta vadda ushna muulam nundi pondagalige pani yokka ushnagatika eguva parimitini mariyu kanam yokka ushnograta vadda ushna sinknu suuchistumdi.
spectrum nashtalu.
valence byaand nundi conduction byaandku electronnu taralinche charyaku shakti avasaram kabatti, aaa mottam kante ekkuva shakti unna phootaanlu matrame electron-hole jatanu utpatti chestaayi. silicon loe conduction byaand valence byaand nundi sumaru 1.1 eee. vii dhooramlo untundi, idhi sumaru 1.1 micronla tarangadairghyamto paraaruna kaantiki anugunamgaa untundi. maroe maatalo cheppalante, erupu, pasupu mariyu neelam kaanti yokka phootaanlu mariyu konni sameepa-infrared vidyut utpattiki dohadam chestaayi, ayithe radeo taramgaalu, microwaves mariyu chaalaa infrared phootaanlu kaadu. idhi suuryuni nundi velikiteese shakti parimaanampai takshana parimitini unchutundi. suuryarashmiloo 1,000 doubleu/mea2 loe, sumaru 19 saatam 1.1 eevee kante takkuva saktini kaligi untundi mariyu silicon kanamlo saktini utpatti cheyadu.
nashtalaku maroka mukhyamaina dohadam chesedi bandgap shakti kante ekkuva mariyu antaku minchina shakti kolpotundi. neelam kaanti erra kaanti kante daadaapu rendu retlu ekkuva saktini kaligi undagaa, aaa saktini oke p-n junctiontho parikaraalu bandhinchavu. neelam photan taakinappudu electron adhika saktitoe bayataku pampabadutundi, conny idhi p-n junction vaipu prayaanistunnappudu eee adanapu saktini kolpotundi (shakti vaedigaa maarchabadutundi). idhi suuryarashmiloo sumaru 33 saatam varaku untundi, antey silicon kosam, spectrum nashtaala nundi matrame, anni itara kaarakaalanu vismarinchi, sumaru 48 saatam saiddhaantika marpidi saamarthyam parimiti undhi.
byaand gyap empikalo trade-off untundi. byaand gyap peddadi ayithe, chaalaa phootaanlu jantalanu srushtinchavu, ayithe byaand gyap chinnadi ayithe, electron-hole jatalalo antha shakti undadu.
antima saamarthyam function" kosam, spectrum nashtaalato sambandham unna saamarthya karakanni shockley mariyu quisser pilustaaru. suuryarashmiki uttama byaand gyap 1.1 ii. vii. gaa untundani, silicon viluva 44 saatam istundani shockley mariyu quisser lekkinchaaru. vaaru suuryarashmi kosam 6000k yokka blockbody radiationnu upayoginchaaru, mariyu vaanchaneeya byaand gyap appudu 2.2 "kts" saktini kaligi untundani kanugonnaru. (aaa viluva vadda, blockbody radiation energylo 22 saatam byaand gyap kante takkuvagaa untundi.) marinta khachitamaina varnapataanni upayoginchadam konchem bhinnamaina vaanchaneeyatanu ivvavacchu. 6000 k vadda unna oka blockbody chadarapu centimeterku 7348 doubleu nii unchutundi, kabatti 44 saatam viluva mariyu jool kuu photanla viluva (1.09 vii byaand gyap kuu anugunamgaa, shockley mariyu quisser upayoginche viluva) chadarapu centimeterku sekanuku photanlaku samanamga istundi.
impedence matching.
load yokka nirodhakata chaalaa ekkuvagaa unte, current chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi, ayithe load nirodhakata chaalaa takkuvagaa unte, daani antataa voltage drop chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi. icchina prakaasam sthaayilo soura ghatam nundi ekkuva saktini aakarshinche saraina load nirodhakata undhi. shockley mariyu quisser anevi impedence matching factorku velikiteese shakti nishpattini suuchistaayi. (dheenini puuraka karakam anie kooda pilustaaru.) vaanchaneeyata anedi vakrarekhaku vyatiraekamgaa unna aakaarampai aadharapadi untundi. chaalaa takkuva prakaasam kosam, vakrarekha ekkuva ledhaa takkuva vikarna rekha, mariyu 1/4 untundi. conny adhika prakaasam kosam, 1. shockley mariyu quisser open-circuit voltage yokka nishpatti yokka function gaa choopinche graphnu ushna voltage kii istayi. rachayitala prakaram, eee nishpatti baga anchanaa veyabadindi, ikkada kaarakaala kalayika, dheenilo suuryuni ghana konam π thoo vibhajinchabadindi. rachayitala prakaram kaanti ekagrata laeni (udaaharanaku reflectorlatho) garishta viluva kevalam, ledhaa. paina perkonna viluvalanu upayoginchi, idhi open-circuit voltage mariyu thermal voltage nishpattini 32.4 (byaand gaplo 77 saataaniki samanam) istundi. rachayitalu sameekaranaanni pondaaru
idhi kanugonadaaniki parishkarinchavacchu, saraina voltage mariyu ushna voltage nishpatti. 32. 4 yokka a kii, manam 29 kii samanamga kanugontamu. appudu suutraanni upayoginchavacchu.
impedence matching factornu kanugonadaaniki. 32. 4 kosam, idhi 86.5% kii vastundi.
andaruu kalisi.
spectrum nashtalanu matrame parigananaloki teesukunte, soura ghatam 48 saatam garishta saiddhaantika saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi (ledhaa shockley mariyu quisser prakaram 44 saatam-vaati "antima saamarthya karakam"). anduvalla spectrum nashtalu kolpoyina saktilo adhika bhaganni suuchistaayi. punassamyojanam yokka prabhavalu mariyu "i" verses "v" vakrarekhatho sahaa, saamarthyam krindi sameekaranam dwara vivarinchabadindih
thoo
ikkada, mariyu avi varusaga antima saamarthya karakam, open-circuit voltage "v" "opp" nundi byaand-gyap voltage "v" "g" nishpatti, mariyu impedence matching phyaaktar (annee paina charchinchabaddaayi), mariyu "v" "c" anedi ushna voltage, mariyu "v" "s" anedi suuryuni ushnogrataku samaanamaina voltage. 1 gaa undanivvandi, mariyu paina perkonna viluvalanu 44 saatam, 77 saatam, mariyu 86.5% moodu kaarakaalaku upayoginchadam valla mottam saamardhyamlo 29 saatam istundi. shockley mariyu quisser tama saaraamsamlo 30 saatam chebutaaru, conny vivaranaatmaka ganananu ivvaru. oka single-junction sell kosam, oka iteevali suuchana, sumaru 33.7%, ledhaa am1.5 loe sumaru 337 W/m2 yokka saiddhaantika garishta paniteerunu istundi.
reflectorlu ledhaa lensulanu upayoginchi suuryarashmi parimaanaanni penchinappudu, karakam (mariyu anduvalla) ekkuvagaa untundi. idhi rendintinee penchutundi. shockley mariyu quisser loe vividha viluvala kosam byaand gyap yokka functionga mottam saamarthyaanni choopinche graph untundi. 1 viluvaku, graph kevalam 40 saataaniki paiga garishta saamarthyaanni chooputundi, antima saamardhyaaniki (vaari ganana dwara) 44 saataaniki daggaragaa untundi.
itara parigananalu.
shockley mariyu quisser yokka pani atyanta praathamika bhouthika saastramgaa matrame pariganinchabadutundi; saiddhaantika saktini marinta tagginche aneka itara amsaalu unnaayi.
parimita chalanasheelata.
oka electron photoexitation dwara bayataku teesinappudu, adhi gatamlo kattubadi unna anuvuku nikara saanukuula chaarj untundi. saadhaarana paristhitulalo, anuvu tananu taanu thatastheekarinchukovadaaniki chuttupakkala anuvu nundi oka electronnu laagutundi. aaa anuvu appudu maroka anuvu nundi oka electronnu tolaginchadaaniki prayatnistundi, mariyu modalainavi, kanam gundaa kadile ayaneekarana golusu praticharyanu utpatti chestundi. veetini saanukuula charge yokka kadalikagaa chudavachu kabatti, vaatini "holes", oka vidhamaina virtual saanukuula electronga soochinchadam upayogakaramgaa untundi.
electronla maadirigaane, randhraalu padaartham chuttoo tirugutaayi mariyu electronla muulam vaipu aakarshinchabadataayi. saadhaaranamgaa ivi sell yokka venuka uparitalampai electrode dwara andinchabadataayi. intalo, conduction-byaand electronlu mundu uparitalampai electrodela vaipu munduku kadulutunnayi. vividha kaaranaala valla, silicon looni randhraalu electronla kante chaalaa nemmadigaa kadulutaayi. dheeni ardham parimita samayamlo electron p-n junction vaipu munduku saagutunnappudu, idhi munupati photoexitation dwara venukaku vadiliveyabadina nemmadigaa kadulutunna randhraanni kalusukovacchu. idhi sambhavinchinappudu, aaa anuvu vadda electron tirigi kalustundi, mariyu shakti kolpotundi (saadhaaranamgaa aaa shakti yokka photan yokka udgaaram dwara, conny vividha rakaala prakriyalu unnaayi).
punassamyojanam utpatti yokka "raetu" paie eguva parimitini unchutundi; oka nirdishta retunu daati, chalanamlo chaalaa randhraalu unnaayi, kotta electronlu daanini eppuduu p-n junctionku cherukovu. silicon loe idhi saadhaarana nirvahana paristhitulalo saiddhaantika paniteerunu paina perkonna ushna nashtaala kante maroe 10 saatam taggistundi. adhika electron (ledhaa randhram) chalanasheelata kaligina padaarthaalu silicon paniteerunu meruguparustaayi; gallium arsenide (gaas) kanaalu eee prabhavam vallane vaastava prapancha udaaharanalalo 5 saatam perugutaayi. prakaasavantamaina kaantiloo, udaaharanaku addaalu ledhaa katkamula dwara kendreekrutamainappudu, eee prabhavam peddadi avutundi. saadhaarana silicon kanaalu twaragaa santruptamavutaayi, ayithe gaas 1500 retlu ekkuva saandratala vadda merugupadutune untundi.
naan-radiative recombination.
soura ghatamlo electronlu mariyu randhraala madhya punassamyojanam hanikaram, kabatti designerlu daanini tagginchadaaniki prayatnistaaru. ayithe, vikirana punassamyojanam-oka electron mariyu randhram tirigi kalisi, sell nundi gaaliloki nishkraminche photaannu srushtinchinappudu-anivaaryamainadi, endukante idhi kaanti shoshana yokka samaya-tirogamana prakriya. anduvalla, shockley-quisser ganana radiative recombination parigananaloki teesukuntundi; conny idhi (asajanakamga) recombinationku itara muulam ledani bhaavistundi. shockley-quisser parimiti kante takkuvagaa unde marinta vaastavika parimitulanu, punassamyojanaaniki itara kaaranaalanu parigananaloki teesukovadam dwara lekkinchavacchu. veetilo lopaalu mariyu dhanyam sarihaddula vadda punassamyojanam unnaayi.
spatikaakaara silicon loe, spatikaakaara lopaalu laenappatikee, augar recombination ippatikee undhi, idhi radiative recombination kante chaalaa tarachugaa sambhavistundi. dheenini parigananaloki teesukovadam dwara, spatikaakaara silicon soura ghataala saiddhaantika saamarthyam 29.4% gaa lekkinchabadindi.
frequency-aadhaarita shoshana.
ojdemir-baron paddhati soura saamarthya parimitini lekkinchadamlo rendu adanapu kaarakaalanu pariganistundi, avi, konni padaarthaalalo shoshana mariyu pratibimbam yokka frequency aadharapadatam. shockley-quisser parimiti prakaram, semiconductorla soura ghataala saamarthyam padaartham yokka byaand gyap meeda aadharapadi untundi. ikkada, padaartham yokka byaand gyap paina optical shoshana praarambhamavutundani bhaavinchabadutundi. ayithe, parimita ushnograta kaaranamgaa, optical gyap krinda optical excitations saadhyamavutaayi. ushnogratanu batti optical gyap krinda unna oohaatmaka dialectric function yokka thoka nundi manam dheenini spashtamgaa chudavachu. oohaatmaka dialectric functionlu optical gyap krinda takkuva, sunna kaanivi ayinappatikee, optical gyap krinda kaanti shoshana untundi. taginanta mandapati padaarthaala kosam idhi gananeeyamaina shoshanaku kaaranamavutundi. shockley-quisser parimitiloo, 100% kaanti shoshana padaartham yokka byaand gyap paina bhaavinchabadutundi. ayithe, eee oohatho rendu samasyalu unnaayi. modata, parimita ushnogratala vadda padaartham yokka byaand gyap krinda shoshana undavacchu. rendavadi, padaartham yokka pratibimbam sunna kaanidi, anduvalla shoshana byaand gyap kante 100% gaa undakudadu. eee rendu samasyalu ojdemir-baron paddhatiloo parishkarinchabadataayi.
parimitini minchipoyindi.
shockley mariyu quisser yokka vislaeshanha eee krindi oohalapai aadharapadi undani gamaninchadam mukhyam.
eee oohalalo edhee tappanisarigaa nijam kaadu, mariyu praathamika parimitini gananeeyamgaa adhigaminchadaaniki aneka vibhina vidhanalu upayoginchabaddaayi.
bahula-kaaryaacharana kanaalu.
adhika saamarthya soura ghatalaku atyanta vistrutamgaa anveshinchabadina maargam multijunction photovoltaic kanaalu, veetini "tandum kanaalu" anie kooda pilustaaru. eee kanaalu bahula p-n junctionlanu upayogistaayi, prati okkati spectrum yokka nirdishta frequenseeki tune cheyabadutundi. idhi paina charchinchina samasyanu taggistundi, oke bandgap unna padaartham bandgap krinda suuryarasmini grahinchadu mariyu bandgap kante chaalaa ekkuva suuryarasmini puurtigaa sadviniyogam chesukodu. atyanta saadhaarana roopakalpanalo, adhika-byaand gyap soura ghatam paina kuurchuni, adhika-shakti, takkuva-tarangadairghya kaantini grahinchi, migilina vaatini prasaram chestundi. dheeni krinda takkuva-byaand gyap soura ghatam undhi, idhi takkuva-shakti, ekkuva-tarangadairghya kaantini grahistundi. aaa kanam kinda maroe kanam undavacchu, mottam naalugu poralu undavacchu.
eee bahula-function kanaala praathamika saamarthya parimitula ganana, single-junction kanaala maadirigaane panichestundi, kontha kaanti itara pounahpunyaalugaa marchabadi, nirmaanamloo tirigi vidudala cheyabadutundane heccharikatho. eee parigananalanu drushtilo unchukuni asalu shockley-quisser vislaeshanha maadirigaane paddhatulanu upayoginchadam dwara ilanti phalitaalanu utpatti chestundi; rendu-pora kanaalu 42 saatam saamarthyaanni, moodu-pora kanaalu 49 saatam saamarthyaanni mariyu kendrikruta suuryarashmiloo saiddhaantika ananta-pora kanaalu 86 saataanni cherukogalavu.
ippati varaku utpatti cheyabadina chaalaa varaku tandum kanaalu neelam (paina), pasupu (madhyalo) mariyu erupu (diguvana) moodu poralanu upayogistaayi. eee kanaalaku nirdishta pounahpunyaalaku anugunamgaa unde semiconductorla upayogam avasaram, idhi vaatilo chaalaa varaku gallium arsenide (gaas) sammelanaalato tayaaru cheyabadataaniki daariteesindi, tarachugaa erupu kosam germanium, pasupu kosam gaas mariyu neelam kosam gainpi2. microprocessor nirmaanaaniki samaanamaina paddhatulanu upayoginchi, conny aneka centimeters sthaayilo "chip" parimaanaalatoe, avi utpatti cheyadam chaalaa khareedainadi. puurti paniteeru matrame parigananaloki teesukunna sandarbhaallo, eee kanaalu saadhaaranam ayyayi; udaaharanaku, avi upagraha anuvartanaallo vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadataayi, ikkada shakti-nundi-baruvu nishpatti aacharanatmakamgaa prati itara pariseelananu adhigamistundi. vaatini kendrikruta kaantivipeedana anuvartanaalalo kooda upayoginchavacchu (krinda chudandi), ikkada saapekshamgaa chinna soura ghatam pedda praantaaniki upayogapadutundi.
tandum kanaalu adhika-paniteeru anuvartanaalaku parimitam kaaledu; avi choukaina conny takkuva-saamarthyam gala padaarthaala nundi mitamaina-saamarthyam gala kaantivipeedanaalanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki kooda upayoginchabadataayi. oka udaaharana amorphus silicon solar sels, ikkada triple-junction tandum sels yooni-solar mariyu itara companyla nundi vaanijyaparamgaa andubaatulo unnaayi.
telikapati ekagrata.
suuryarasmini katakamulu ledhaa addaalatoe chaalaa ekkuva teevratatoo kendrikarinchavachhu. suuryarashmi teevrata anedi shockley-quisser gananalo oka paramiti, mariyu ekkuva ekagratato, saiddhaantika saamarthyam parimiti kontavaraku perugutundi. ayithe, aacharanalo tarachugaa sambhavinche teevramaina kaanti kanaanni vaedi chesthe, saiddhaantika saamarthya parimiti anni vishayalanu pariganaloki teesukunte taggavacchu.
aacharanalo, kaanti yekagratanu upayoginchaalaa vadda anae empika pradhanamgaa soura ghataala saamardhyamlo chinna maarputho paatu itara karakalapai aadharapadi untundi. eee karakalalo soura ghataala yokka prati praantaaniki saapeksha vyayam, katakamulu ledhaa addaala vanti drushti kendrikarana, suuryarashmi-tracking vyavasthala vyayam, soura ghatampai vijayavantamgaa drushti kendrikarinchina kaanti nishpatti modalainavi unnaayi.
saadhaarana katakamulu mariyu vakra addaalu, fresnell katakamulu, chinna chadunaina addaala shrenulu mariyu prakaasinchae soura saandratalatoe sahaa suuryarasmini kendreekarinchadaaniki aneka rakaala optical vyavasthalanu upayoginchavacchu. maroka pratipaadana uparitalampai suukshmadarshini soura ghataala shrenini vyaapti chesi, suukshmadarshini shrenula dwara vaatipai kaantini kendreekarinchaalani suuchistumdi, maroka pratipaadana suukshmadarshini suukshmadarshini shrenilo kaanti kendrikrutamayye vidhamgaa semiconductor suukshmadarshini shrenini roopondinchamani suuchistumdi.
madhyantara byaand photovoltoics.
oke sphatika nirmaanaalalo madhya-shakti sthithulanu utpatti cheyadampai kontha pani jarigindi. eee kanaalu bahula-junction sell yokka konni prayojanaalanu ippatike unna silicon designla saralathatho militam chestaayi. anantamaina byaandlatoe eee kanaala kosam vivaranaatmaka parimiti ganana ippati varaku 77.2% yokka garishta saamarthyaanni suuchistumdi, eee saanketikatanu upayoginchi yea vaanijya kanam utpatti kaaledu.
photan upconversion.
paina charchinchinatlugaa, bandgap kante takkuva shakti kaligina phootaanlu saadhaarana single-junction soura ghataalalo vrudhaa avtayi. eee vyardhaalanu tagginchadaaniki oka maargam photan upconversion, antey.ii. moduello rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva bandgap photaanlanu grahinchi, aapai oka bandgap photaannu vidudala cheyagala anuvu ledhaa padaarthaanni cherchadam. rendu-photan shoshananu upayoginchadam maroka avakaasam, conny idhi chaalaa ekkuva kaanti gaadatatoo matrame pani chestundi.
thermal photan upconversion.
ushna upconversion anedi upconverterlo takkuva saktulatoe photanla shoshanapai aadharapadi untundi, idhi adhika saktulatoe photaanlanu vaedi chesi tirigi vidudala chestundi. shoshakam yokka sthithula optical saandratanu niyantrinchadam dwara mariyu koneeya-empika udgaara lakshanaalanu tune cheyadam dwara upconversion saamarthyaanni meruguparachavacchu. udaaharanaku, oka planner thermal upconverting platfam mundu uparitalam kaligi untundi, idhi irukaina koneeya paridhiloo takkuva-shakti photanla sanghatananu grahistundi mariyu venuka uparitalam samarthavantamgaa adhika-shakti photaanlanu matrame vidudala chestundi. ushna upconversionnu upayoginchukune hybrid thermophotovoltaic platfam ekagrata laeni suuryarashmi dwara prakaasam kinda 73 saatam garishta marpidi saamarthyaanni pradarsistundani siddhaantaparamgaa anchanaa veyabadindi. 15 saatam varaku shoshana/punah-udgaara nashtalanu anumatinche aadarsarahita hybrid platformla yokka vivaranaatmaka vislaeshanha, sii pii vii kanaalaku 45 saatam saamarthya viluvanu parimitam chesindi.
vaedi electron sangraham.
pradhana nashta vidhanalalo okati bandgap paina adanapu carrier saktini kolpovadam valla. sphatika nirmaanamloo vahakalu saktini kolpoye mundu vaatini sangrahinche margalapai gananeeyamaina parisoedhanalu jariginanduku aascharyam ledhu. dheeni kosam daryaaptu cheyabadutunna oka vyavastha quantum dots.
bahula excitone taram.
oka sambandhita bhavana emitante, byaand anchu vadda oke electronku badulugaa, soshinchabadina photanku okati kante ekkuva uttejita electronlanu utpatti chese semikandaktarlanu upayoginchadam. eee prabhavam kosam quantum chukkalu vistrutamgaa parisoedhimchabaddaayi, mariyu avi prototype soura ghataalalo soura sambandhita tarangadairghyala kosam panicheestaayani chuupimchabaddaayi.
bahula excitan utpattini upayoginchadaaniki maroka, marinta suutigaa unde maargam singlet fission (ledhaa singlet excitan fission) anie piluvabade prakriya, dheeni dwara singlet excitan takkuva shakti yokka rendu triple excitanluga maarchabadutundi. takkuva bandgap semiconductor mariyu 100% kante ekkuva quantum saamarthyaalu nivedinchabadinappudu idhi adhika saiddhaantika saamardhyaalanu anumatistundi.
(uttejita) electronlu migilina electronlatho balamgaa sankarshana chendhe padaarthaalalo kooda, mott insulatorlu vanti bahula excitanlanu utpatti cheyavachu.
fluorescent down conversion/down shifting.
perigina saamardhyaaniki maroka avakaasam emitante, kaanti yokka frequencini fluorescent materialtho bandgap energy vaipu marchadam. mukhyamgaa, shockley-quisser parimitini adhigaminchadaaniki, fluorescent material oke adhika-shakti photaannu aneka takkuva-shakti fotaanlugaa marchadam avasaram (quantum saamarthyam> 1). udaaharanaku, bandgap shakti kante rettimpu kante ekkuva unna oka photan bandgap shakti kante rendu phootaanlu kaavacchu. ayithe, aacharanalo, eee marpidi prakriya saapekshamgaa asamarthamgaa untundi. chaalaa samarthavanthamaina vyavastha kanugonabadithe, atuvanti padaarthaanni praamaanika kanam yokka mundu uparitalampai paint cheyavachu, takkuva kharchutho daani saamarthyaanni penchutundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, fluorescent down shifting anveshanhalo gananeeyamaina purogati saadhinchabadindi, idhi adhika-shakti kaantini (udhaa. zii., yuvi light) nundi takkuva-shakti kaanti (ii. zii.erra kaanti) 1 kante takkuva parimaana saamardhyamtho. eee takkuva-shakti photanlaku kanam marinta sunnitamgaa undavacchu. rangulu, arudaina-bhoomi bhaswaram mariyu quantum chukkalu fluorescent down shifting kosam churukuga parisoedhimchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, silicon quantum chukkalu down shiftingnu praarambhinchaayi, idhi atyaadhunika silicon soura ghataala saamarthyaanni penchadaaniki daariteesindi.
thermophotovoltaic down conversion.
thermophotovoltaic kanaalu phosphorocent vyavasthala maadirigaane untaayi, conny down converterga panicheyadaaniki oka plaetnu upayogistaayi. plate meeda padee sourashakti, saadhaaranamgaa nalla rangutho paint cheyabadina loham, takkuva-shakti ir gaa tirigi vidudala cheyabadutundi, taruvaata dheenini ir sello bandhinchavachhu. idhi aacharanaatmaka ir sell andubaatulo undatampai aadharapadi untundi, conny saiddhaantika marpidi saamarthyaanni lekkinchavacchu. 0. 92 eee. vii. bandgapto kuudina convertor kosam, saamarthyam single-junction seltho 54 saataaniki parimitam cheyabadindi, mariyu optical nashtalu lekunda mariyu radiative recombination matrame unna aadarsha bhagalapai prakaasinchae kendrikruta kaanti kosam 85 saatam.

