
united stateslo mahilaa ootu hakku udyamamlo kala

united states yokka mahilaa ootu hakku udyamamlo kala keelaka paatra pooshinchindi. kalanu pracharamga mariyu udyama nayakulanu chaaritraka recorduluga soochinche maargamgaa upayoginchaaru. prachaaraala kosam dabbu sekarinchadaaniki kalala ammakalu mariyu pradarsanalu kooda upayoginchabaddaayi. 
mahilalaku puurti oating hakkulanu pondaalane uddesyamto 1840laloe americalo mahilaa ootu hakku udyamam praarambhamaindi. united statesloni ootu hakkulu pondadaaniki chesina prayatnamlo 1920 augustu 26naa pantommidava savarananu rashtra saasanasabhalu aamodinchinappudu ootu hakkulanu pondadamlo ootu hakkulu pondadamlo united statesloni ootu hakkulu pondinavaaru vijayam saadhinchaaru. pourula lingam kaaranamgaa ootu hakkulanu parimitam cheyalemani ledhaa tiraskarinchalemani eee savarana perkondi. mahilaa ootu hakku udyamaaniki iruvaipula purushulu mariyu mahilalu unnaaru, mariyu itara mahilala vyatiraekata anedi vaari pracharam antataa ootu hakkulu unnavaaru edurkonna samasya.
chitralekhanam.
rangu.
united states mahilala ootu hakku udyamam ekkuvagaa bangaaram mariyu pasupu rangulatho praatinidhyam vahinchindi. consaslo mahilala ootu hakku kosam susana bii chesina prachaaramlo eee rangulanu modatisaarigaa upayoginchaaru. anthony mariyu elizabeth coddy stanton. konnisaarlu britainlo mahilaa ootu hakku udyamam upayoginche oodaa, telupu mariyu aakupaccha rangulu kooda united stateslo sweekarinchabaddaayi, pasupu tarachugaa aakupaccha sthaanamlo untundi. american ootu hakkudaaru tarachugaa vaari bahiranga samavesalaku telupu, oodaa mariyu pasupu rangulanu dharinchevaaru; telupu rangu swachchatanu suuchistumdi. 
jaateeya mahilaa party (endablyupi) tama gendaalo oodaa, telupu mariyu bangaaraanni sweekarinchindi. oodaa rangu vidheyatanu, telupu rangu swachchatanu, bangaaram rangu kaanti mariyu jeevita rangunu suuchistumdi."
19va savarana kosam dhruvikarana kosam jarigina poraatamlo, ootu hakkudaarulu pasupu gulabi pins dharinchagaa, vyatiraeka sufraajistulu erupu gulaabeelu dharinchaaru.
prateekavaadam.
oka vyaktitvamgaa swechcha yokka chitrana modata nirmuulanavaadulatoe samalekhanam cheyabadindi. mahilaa ootu hakkuku maddatu ichhe vaaritho sahaa chaalaa mandhi mahilalu eee udyamamlo palgonnaru. 1913 mahilaa ootu hakku ooregimpu samayamlo swechcha chihnanni mallee upayoginchaaru. kavaatulo, swechchagaa dustulu dharinchina oka mahila "sajeeva drushyaavali" loe paalgondi, akkada aame kotta mahila aalochananu suuchimchimdi.
itara deshabhakti chihnalu tarachugaa mahilala ootu hakku kalalo kanipinchaayi. american samskruti yokka takkuva pitruswamya samskarananu vivarinchadaaniki miss columbia maama saam yokka streelinga samskaranagaa chithreekarinchabadindi. mahilala ootu viluvalu united states yokka pradhana viluvalalo bhagamani deshabhakti chihnalu choopinchaayi."
consaslo 1867loe jarigina prachaaramlo mahilala ootu hakku chihnamgaa poddutirugudu sweekarinchabadindi.
ontarigaa chithreekarinchabadina tallulu mariyu pillalu ledhaa pillala itivruttam tarachugaa mahilala ootu hakku kalalo upayoginchabadindi. vyatiraeka sufraajistulu vaari gurinchi emi cheppina, ootu hakkudaarulu shraddhagala, premagala mahilalu anie choopinchadaaniki pillalu mariyu tallulu upayoginchabaddaaru. mahilaa otarlu mukhyamgaa "poura gruha nirvahana" aalochanatho mudipadi unnaarani, dheenilo mahilalu surakshitamaina gruhalu mariyu pillalaku aaharaanni nirdhaaristaarani eee itivruttam nokki cheppindi. mahilalu bhavishyat otarlaku tallini vishwasisthe, vaaru enduku ootu veyaleru anae aalochanatho kooda eee theem mudipadi undhi. mahilala ootu hakku kalalo pillalu mariyu tallulu pillalaku sambandhinchina samasyalapai mahilalu swaram kaligi undaalani purushulaku gurthu chesaaru.
swethajaatheeyula aadhipatyam kooda samyukta rashtraalalo mahilaa ootu hakku udyamamlo chaalaa bhaagam. otlanu geluchukovadaaniki, tellajati mahilalu tarachugaa tellajati kaani mahilala sahakaranni nirlakshyam chesaaru. tellajati mahilalu tellajati kaani vaaritho mariyu itara purushulatho kalisi ootu hakku kolpoyinatlugaa choopinche chitraalu tellajati mahilalaku ootu hakku undani choopinchadaaniki uddesinchinavi. 19va sataabdamloo tellajati mahilalanu kooda dharmam yokka chihnamgaa bhaavinchaaru.
lalita kalalu.
susana bii chitraalato, ootu hakkudaarudilo chitralekhanam anedi lalita kalala yokka atyanta phalavantamaina roopaalalo okati. atyanta prajaadarana pondina mahilagaa anthony chithreekarinchabadindi. praja rangamlo mahilala chaaritraka praamukhyatanu sandarbhochitamgaa teliyajese maargamgaa chitraalu undevi mariyu avi yuva mahilalaku aadarsapraayamgaa kooda panicheesaayi. varninchina chitraalu ootu hakkunu streelu mariyu "gouravapradamaina maatrumuurthula" madhya ekkado oka chota chitreekarinchaayi."veroka panthaalo, therissa bernstein 1914loe chesina oka rachanalo anamaka mahilaa ootu hakku speaker" "jwaram" "thoo sylhout cheyabadi, aaa kshanam yokka teevramaina manasika sthithini bandhinchindi"."
1893loe prapancha columbian pradarsanalo ootu hakku kala pradarsinchabadindi. eee kaaryakramamlo anne whitney prasiddha mahilala naalugu chitraalanu chuupimchaaru, veetilo oka mettati raathi vigraham kooda undhi. adelide johnson kooda eee pradarsanalo panini chuupimchaaru. ootu hakkulu unnavaaru dabbu sekarinchadaaniki kalaa pradarsanalanu kooda nirvahinchaaru. 1912 eprillo newyork nagaramloni noedler gallerylo pradarsanala kosam thana kalala sekaranalo kontha bhaganni appuga ivvamani luisine haasmeernu harriot stanton blatch oppinchaadu. 1915loe, newyork raashtramlo mahilala ootu hakku pracharam kosam dabbunu sekarinchadaaniki makbet gallerylo oka kalaa pradarsana jarigindi. indulo johnson, ella buchanan vanti kalaakaarulu palgonnaru. greenwitch eekwal oot raiz leag nuu elmer livingston macray nidhula sekaranakartagaa vaelam vaesaadu.
pracharam.
19va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo mahilala ootu hakku samacharanni kaligi unna prachara saahityam mariyu kala srushtinchabaddaayi. mahilala ootu hakku kosam drushya pracharam united stateslo ituvanti sudeerghamaina udyamaalalo okati. eee udyamam saamaajikamainadi kabatti daani vijayaniki pracharam keelakam. ootu hakku anukuula vaadanalaku maddatugaa sanklishtamaina aalochanalanu teliyajeyadaaniki kalanu upayoginchaaru. united stateslo mahilala ootu hakku prachaaramlo upayoginchina itivruttaalu tarachugaa nyayam mariyu samskaranalaku vignaptulanu kaligi undevi. 1890la natiki, ootu hakkulu samarthavantamgaa patrika kamiteelu mariyu nipunula upayogam dwara desavyaaptamgaa ootu hakku anukuula chitraalanu pampinhee cheyagaligaaru. mahilalu sampaadakulu ledhaa patrika yajamanuluga unnappudu, vaaru prajalatho neerugaa nimagnam ayye pratyaekamaina sthithilo undevaaru. mahilala ootu hakku patrika, "mahilaa otaru", oka pratyaekamaina kalaa sampaadakudini kaligi undhi, antey. 
udyamam yokka chivari iravai samvatsaraalalo, mahilaa ootu hakku samaajaaniki prayojanakaramgaa undaalane aalochananu ootu hakkulu nokki chepparu. 1910 natiki, ootu hakkudaarulu vaaru upayoginchaalanukunna chitraalanu roopondinchi, pampinhee chesevaaru. 
ayithe, vyatiraeka sufraajistulu, ootu hakkula vaadaalanu aneka vidhaluga vyatiraekimchaaru. streelaku, purushulaku ververu paatralu unnayani, mahilalu intlone untaarani, rajakeeyaalalo kaadani sufraajistula vyatiraekulu vishwasinchaaru. mahilalanu ootu vaeyadaaniki anumatinchinatlayithe aaa illu kooda dhvamsamavutundani vaaru paerkonnaaru.
posterlu.
mahilaa ootu hakku udyamam kosam kotta kalanu roopondinchadaaniki posterla pootiilu jarigaayi.
postcardulu.
1902 nundi 1915 varaku postcardulu baga prachuryam pondaayi kabatti, ootu hakku udyama samayamlo postcardulu chaalaa pramukhamaina prachara roopamgaa undevi. 1898 mariyu 1917 madhya kaalanni "postcardula swarna yugam" gaa suuchistaaru."mottamodati mahilaa ootu hakku postcardulalo okadaanni 1874loe yuva purushula mahilaa ootu hakku leag adhyakshudu pampaaru. newyork mahilala ootu hakku kamitee vaari december 1886 samavesaniki postcardulanu pampindi. adhikaarika" ootu hakku postcardula atipedda prachuranakarta national american umen suffrage association (navsa). 1913 natiki navasa vaari swantha prachurana samsthanu srushtinchindi. mottam meeda, mahilala ootu hakku itivruttaalato sumaru 4,500 ververu postcard namuunaalu srushtinchabaddaayi.
postcardulalo vachanalu, drushtaamtaalu ledhaa chaayaachitraalu kooda undavacchu. ootu hakku samsthalu tarachugaa tama sonta "adhikaarika kaardulanu" jaarii chesi, vaatini ootu hakku karyakramalalo vikrayistaayi. adhikaarika postcardulu vaatini icchina ledhaa vikrayinchina samsthalanu prothsahinchadaaniki sahayapaddayi. mahilaa ootu hakku postcardulu kooda selavu theemlatho mudrinchabaddaayi. aneka postcardulu ootu hakku sandeshaalanu kaligi undevi, ivi chaalaa prachuryam pondaayi. ayithe, adhikaarika ootu hakku postcardula maadirigaa kakunda, vaanijya postcardulu tarachugaa vyatiraeka sufragist sandeshaalatho mudrinchabaddaayi. vaanijya prachuranakartalu prajala demandku pratispandinchaaru mariyu vaari mudrinchina chitraalu tarachugaa vaari ootu hakku vaadanalaloo ekkuva bhavodvega aakarshananu kaligi undevi.
sangeetam.
julia ward hove raasina mariyu taruvaata "zaan braun yokka sareeram" anae paataku anugunamgaa roopondinchina prasiddha padyam "republic yokka yuddha shlokam" gaa maarindi, idhi mahilala ootu hakkutho sahaa aneka kaaranaalaku anugunamgaa maarindi. 1890loe catherine kalupu camp bell eee paata "ootu hakkula poraata shlokam" gaa maaradamtho, daanilo thana sonta spin nuu jodinchindi."udyamamlooni itara mukhyamaina paatalu" "mahilaa hakkulu" "(1853)," "aame mea biddaku talligaa undataaniki saripotundi mariyu aame meetho ootu vaeyadaaniki saripotundi", "mariyu kavi georg cooper raasina" "swechcha yokka kumartelu ballet meedhe". " eee paatalalo prati okkati ootu hakkulaku chaalaa maddatugaa unnaayi. sangeetam tarachugaa saktivantamainadi, aakarshanheeyamainadi mariyu oppinchedi kabatti idhi mahilala ootu hakku udyamaanni munduku teesukelladamlo mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchindi.
fyaashan.
19va sataabdam praarambhamlo mahilala fyaashan saareerakamgaa nirbandhinchabadindi, endukante biguvaina nadumu mariyu nirbandha sleevelatho streelinga bommalaku praadhaanyata ivvadampai balamaina drushti pettaru. mahilala rojuvaaree paddhatiloo eee lakshanaalu purushulu cheyagalige adhe ledhaa saaruupya karyakalapalalo palgonadam mahilalaku kashtataram ledhaa asadhyam kooda chesaayi. ootu hakku udyamam abhivruddhi chendadamtho, bloomers anie piluvabade oka rakamaina dustulu prajaadarana pondaayi. vaaru saapekshamgaa niraadambaramgaa undagaane mahilalaku marinta kadalika swechhanu kaligi undataaniki anumatinchaaru. vaaru pradhanamgaa ootu hakku nayakulu elizabeth coddy stanton, susanne bii. chetha prachuryam pondaaru. anthony, mariyu lucie stone. chivariki, pushpinchevaari prajaadarana ootu hakku udyamam yokka pradhana uddesyaaniki paradhyanam kaliginchindi, kabatti mahilalu vaatini takkuva mariyu takkuva tarachugaa dharinchevaaru.
mahilaa pourudu" anae patrikalo panichese mahilala kosam vividha sailulanu choopinche fyaashan paejeeni pradarsinchaaru.
ootu hakkudaarulu dharinche tellati dustulu swachchata mariyu streetvaanni suuchistaayi. kavaatula samayamlo, ootu hakkulu teesukunevaaru tarachugaa telupu dustulu dharinchi samanvayam chestaaru. 
cinema.
chalana chitraalu, nickelodian theatres mariyu chalanachitraalanu roopondinchadaaniki mariyu panchukoovadaaniki itara margalu prachuryam pondadamtho, eee paddhatulanu saadhaaranamgaa anty-suffragets upayoginchevaaru. eee samuuhaalu nirminchina chalana chitraalu tarachugaa mahilalu tama kutumbaalanu vidichipetti, anuchitamaina ledhaa "alavaataina" paddhatiloo vyavaharinchadam mariyu vaaru vidichipettina matrutva paatraloki adugu pettamani vaari bhartalanu balavantam cheyadam vantivi chitreekarinchaayi. 
aneka ootu hakku vyatiraeka chitraalu roopondinchina taruvaata, tarachugaa vyatiraekula vaadanalaku pratispandanagaa ootu hakku anukuula chitraalu nirminchabaddaayi. ivi balamaina, streelinga mariyu vidyaavantulaina mahilalugaa ootu hakkudaarula pratishtanu punaruddharinchadamlo keelaka paatra poeshinchaayi. saamaajika maarpunu srushtinchadaaniki eee kalarupanni upayoginchukunna modati vyaktulalo kontamandigaa ootu hakkulu unnavaaru gurtinchabaddaaru. aneka ootu hakku chitraalu gataanugatika linga paatralanu savaalu cheyadaaniki uddesinchabaddaayi.
kaartoonlu.
modati mahilaa hakkula samavesalu jarigina taruvaata mahilaa hakkula udyamam gurinchi kaartoonlu kanipinchadam praarambhinchaayi. vyatiraeka lingam gala purushulu mariyu mahilalanu gataanugatikamgaa poeshinchae paatralalo chithreekarinchina kaartoonlu kooda udyamam meeda prajaadarana pondina vimarsala roopamgaa unnaayi. eee rakamaina kaartoonlu 19va sataabdamloo prajaadarana pondaayi. 
hye mayer geesina "puck", "dhi awakening" nundi oka prasiddha cartoon fibravari 20,1915naa pradarsinchabadindi. idhi ootu hakku pataala nundi pondina prateekavaadaanni upayogistundi. 1908 nundi ootu hakku pataalu upayoginchabaddaayi mariyu mahilalaku ootu hakkunu manjuru chesina rashtraalanu choopinchaayi. ootu hakku rashtraalu" gaa unna rashtraalu chivariki tellagaa marchabaddayi, mahilalu rajakeeyaalanu "suddhi" chestaarane aalochananu balopetam chesindi. melkolupu" loe, mahilalaku ootu hakkunu manjuru chesina paaschaatya raashtraala gundaa nadiche oka "devata" vyakti unnaaru, mariyu desamloni migilina praantaala chitram vaipu chuuputaaru, ikkada mahilalu nallati neetilo munigipotunnaru. jaatyahamkaaraaniki sambandhinchina suuchana uddeshapoorvakamgaa undedi. 
ootu hakku vyatiraeka cartoonlalo ootu hakku mahilala pratikuula chitranalaku bhinnamaina drukpathaanni andinche uddesyamto ootu hakkudaarulu roopondinchina kaartoonlu ekkuvagaa tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. nina alendar eee yugamloni pramukha cartoonistulalo okaru, mariyu alis paal chae namodu cheyabadina taruvaata, "alendar gurl" yokka imagenu roopondinchadaaniki panicheesaaru. vidyaavanturaalu, yavvanuralu mariyu streelinguraalu, alendar ammai ootu hakku udyamaanni sanukoolamgaa pradarsistundi. 1910 mariyu 1920 madhyakaalamlo itara cartoonistulu gibson ammai chitraalanu upayoginchaaru."
eee udyamamlo aneka mandhi rangu mahilalu unnappatikee, cartoonistulu mariyu vaaru tama cartoonlalo chithreekarinchina mahilalu pradhanamgaa tellagaa undevaaru. rangugala mahilala bhagaswamyanni vyatirekinchina purushulu mariyu tella aadhipatyavaadulanu aakarshinchadaaniki ootu hakkudaarula vyuuham dheeniki kaaranam kaavacchu.
kalaakaarulu.
nina ii. aaropakudu.
nina alendar jaateeya mahilaa party (endablyupi) kii adhikaarika cartoonist. aame oka american kalaakaarini mariyu mahilaa ootu hakku udyamaaniki maddatudaaru. aame udyamaaniki aneka vidhaluga sahaayapadindi, aame pracharamga upayoginchadaaniki kaartuunlanu geesindi, aame "dhi suffragist" anae patrikaku kalaakaarini mariyu udyamaanni marinta munduku teesukelladaaniki khaidu cheyabadina mahilala kosam smaaraka pinn nuu roopondinchindi. aame prasiddha chitraalalo okadaaniki "vijayam" anae paeru pettaru."eee rekhaachitram oka mahila podavaina nilabadi, vijayam anae padamtho oka pataakaanni pattukunnatlu choopistundi.
julia ward hove.
1819loe newyorklo janminchina julia ward hovnu aame attha penchaaru, aame juuliyaanu saahitya kalalaku parichayam cheyadamlo paatra pooshinchindi. aame 20 samvatsaraala vayassulo anamakamga saahitya rachanalanu prachurinchindi, mariyu republic yokka yuddha shlokanni vraasindi. aame samyukta rashtraallo aneka ootu hakku samsthalanu sthaapinchadamlo paalgondi, veetilo american umen suffrage association (eah. doubleu. ess. yea), nyuu ingland suffrage association mariyu masachusets umen suffrage association unnaayi.
adelide johnson.
adelide johnson silpaalu aame kaalamlooni goppa mahilala chitraalanu record cheyadaaniki ankitam cheyabaddaayi."jaansanku anthony mariyu stanton vanti prarambha ootu hakku vaadulatoe mariyu alis paal vanti kotta ootu hakku vaadulatoe kooda sambandhaalu undevi.
itarulu.
mahilala ootu hakku rachanalanu roopondinchina itara pramukha kalakarulalo blanche ames ames, therissa bernstein, nell bingley, catherine drier, abastenia eberley, laura ii. pempudu jantuvu, annah hayat huntington, roez oo 'neel, mariyu alis morgaon rait.