
bermuda II oppandam

bermuda II anedi united kingdom mariyu united states prabhutvaala madhya 23 juulai 1977naa santakam chesina dwaipaakshika vimaana ravana oppandam, idhi asalu 1946 bermuda air services oppandam yokka punah sampradimpulugaa undhi. united states mariyu european union (iyu) (veetilo united kingdom bhaagam) 30 april 2007naa kotta open skye aggrement paie santakam chesaayi, idhi 30 marchi 2008naa amaluloki vachindi, tadwara bermuda II sthaanamlo vachindi.
asalu 1946 bermuda oppandam daani paerunu kotta, antar-prabhutva vaimanika sevala oppandampai charchalu jarapadaniki yuke mariyu us ravana adhikarulu samavesamaina dveepam nundi teesukundi. andarikee uchitam" kosam maaku "longipovadam" anedi appati aardhikamgaa unnatamaina us airlines yokka prapancha vaimanika ravana parisramapai mottam aadhipatyaaniki daariteestundani bhayapadina british sandhaanakartala pattubattadamtho (aadhunika oppandaalaku sambandhinchi) atyanta nirbandhinchabadina aaa oppandam, prapanchamlooni modati dwaipaakshika vimaana sevala oppandam. idhi tadupari anni vimaana sevala oppandaalaku blueprintga maarindi.
bermuda II santakam chesinappati nundi, iteevala 1995loe anekasaarlu savarinchabadindi. bermuda II adhi bharti chesina asalu bermuda oppandam kante chaalaa takkuva nirbandhitamainappatiki, idhi prapanchamlooni vividha praantaalalo vaayu ravana parisramanu niyantrinche chattaparamaina chatram yokka nirantara saralikarana nepathyamlo bahiranga suutraaniki viruddhamgaa unna atyanta nirbandha oppandamgaa vistrutamgaa pariganinchabadindi.
chaaritraka nepathyam.
juulai 1976loe, appati kotta britton vaanijya karyadarshi edmond dell, 1946 naati asalu bermuda oppandaanni thyajinchi, kotta vaimanika sevala oppandampai thana america sahacharulatho dwaipaakshika charchalanu praarambhinchaadu, dheeni phalitamgaa 1977 naati bermuda II oppandam kudirindi.
dheeniki kaaranam, asalu 1946 bermuda oppandamlo british caledonian (bcl) nuu anumatinche nibandhana ledhu, appudu yuke yokka mottamodati puurtigaa private yaajamaanyamloni, swatantra antarjaateeya scheduled airline, 1972loe yuke sivil aviation authority (caa) thana london gutwick bays nundi houseton mariyu atlanta varaku rojuvaaree schedule sevalanu praarambhinchadaaniki icchina licenselanu upayoginchadaaniki. (asalu bermuda oppandamlo eee nagaralanu "gateway cities" gaa nominate cheyaledu.) adanamgaa, asalaina bermuda oppandamlo laker airways licensenu upayoginchadaaniki anumatinche nibandhana ledhu, CAA yokka puurvagaami ayina UK yokka air transport licensing board (ATLB) adhe samvatsaram london stanstead mariyu newyork madhya rojuvaaree "skytrain" aapareshannu praarambhinchadaaniki pradaanam chesindi.
asalu oppandam (1977).
bermuda II yokka asalu 1977 version kinda, british airways, paan aam mariyu trans varald airlines matrame london heathro mariyu united states madhya vimanalanu nadapadaniki anumatinchabaddaayi.
air india, ell all, iraan air mariyu kuwait airways tama "aidava swechcha" traaphik hakkulanu heathro nundi zaan eff kennedy antarjaateeya vimaanaasrayam (jfk) varaku konasaaginchadaaniki anumatinchabaddaayi, idhi vaaru ippatike asalu bermuda oppandam prakaram aasvaadinchaaru. (ell all mariyu iraan air rendoo eee hakkulanu viniyoginchadam manesai. tell aviv mariyu newyork madhya nirantaraayamgaa vimaanamlo prayaaninchadam manchi aardhika ardhame anie modatidi nirnayinchindi. 1979 iranian bandee sankshobham taruvaata US traaphik hakkulu upasamharinchabaddaayi.) adevidhamgaa, air newzealand london mariyu laas angels madhya thana aidava swaatantrya hakkulanu upayoginchadam konasaaginchadaaniki anumatinchabadindi.
britton nundi itara european deshaalaku prayaaninchae vistrutamaina aidava swaatantrya hakkulu, german punarekeekaranaku mundu rojullo london heathro nundi paschima germany (paschima berlin thoo sahaa) varaku konni maargaalaku parimitam cheyabaddaayi. 1990la praarambhamlo, united airlines heathro, berlin, hamberg mariyu munich madhya prayaninchevi (united 1990loe us $1 billionla kosam paan aam yokka transatlantic hakkulatho paatu/nundi heathro nundi eee traaphik hakkulanu pondindi). konni samvatsaraala kritam, trans varald airlines london mariyu brassels madhya prayaaninchaayi, conny united maadirigaa kakunda, rendu nagaraala madhya sthaanika traafiknu teesukelladaaniki traaphik hakkulu laevu.
american mariyu british niyantrana adhikarulu prati operating seasonku mundu prati vimanayana samstha yokka saamarthyam mariyu dharalanu aamodinchaalsina avasaram undhi. prati desham tanaku santrupti chendani carrierku, mukhyamgaa yajamanyam mariyu/ledhaa niyantranaku sambandhinchi, traaphik hakkulanu tiraskarinchavacchu. london heathro mariyu london gotwick nundi nirdishta sankhyalo us "gateway cities" kuu matrame yooke mariyu us carrierlu sevalu andinchagalavu.
eee krindi yuu. ess. gateway nagaralaku matrame heathro nundi nirantaraayamgaa sevalu andinchavacchuhu baltimore, boston, chikago-oo 'hair, detroit, laas angels, mayami, newyork-jfk, newark, anchorage, minnepolis/seyint. paal, philadelphia, shaan francisco, seatal/tacoma mariyu washington-dulless. anchorage mariyu minnepolis/St. paal, heathronu tama london terminalga upayoginchadaaniki nidraanamaina adhikaarulanu kaligi unnaaru, asalu bermuda oppandam samayamlo upayoginchina taatagaaru; conny british carrier dwara matrame nirantaraayamgaa nirvahinchabadavachhu. anduvalla, bermuda II chivari samvatsaraallo langaru nidraanamgaa undipoyindi, mariyu minnepolis london gatwicku matrame sevalanu andinchindi, endukante daani operating carrier (vaayuvya vimanayana samsthalu) kuu heathrolo panicheyadaaniki adhikaram ledhu.
united states looni itara vimaanaasrayaalu heathro kakunda gotwick nundi sevalu andinchaalsi vachindihi veetilo chivariki atlanta, charlot, sinsinnati, cleveland, dallas/fort worth, houseton-intercontinental, laas vegas, nashville, nyuu orleans, orlaando, pitsburg, raalee/durham, seyint unnaayi. luis, mariyu tampa.
london gotwick mariyu yea yuu. ess. city madhya ekaika carrierga panichestunna edainaa heathro-adheekruta british carrier aaa nagaram mariyu london madhya kaneesam 300,000 naan-stop prayaaneekulanu (badilee mariyu point-tuu-point rendintinee) mosukelle saamarthyaanni prastuta airline pradarsinchinanta varaku aaa sevanu heathro kii maarchadaaniki anumatinche oka nibandhana unikilo undhi, mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa, varusaga rendu calender samvatsaraala kaalamlo. eee paddhatini upayoginchi, baa 2002loe denver, shaan diego mariyu phoenix sevalanu gotwick nundi heathro kii badilee cheyagaligindi.
bermuda II "dwandwa hodha" suutraanni konasaginchi, vistarinchaadu.ii. asalu bermuda oppandam prakaram london-newyork mariyu london-laas angels margallo ippatike unna oke margallo rendu yuke vimanayana samsthalanu alaage rendu us carrierlanu "flag carrierlu" gaa niyaminche hakku.
kotta oppandam prakaram, bcl thana gotwick bays nundi houseton mariyu atlanta rendintikee schedule chesina sevalanu praarambhinchadaaniki licensulanu kaligi undhi mariyu rendu margallo yuke yokka pratyeka flag carrierga niyaminchabadindi. idhi gotwick nundi dallas/fort viluva varaku schedule chesina sevalanu praarambhinchadaaniki licenses mariyu ekaika yuke flag carrier hodaanu kooda pondindi. adanamgaa, bii. sii. ell. gotwick mariyu houseton madhya schedule chesina anni cargo vimanalanu praarambhinchadaaniki licenses mariyu ekaika yuke flag carrier hodaanu pondindi-manchester ledhaa pristwick vadda rendu disalalo aapiveyadam vantivi unnaayi.
aaa vimanayana samstha aaa maargamlo thana deerghakaala pranaalikaabaddhamaina "skytrain" karyakalapalanu praarambhinchadaaniki veelugaa, UK prabhutvam newyork kuu rendava UK flag carrierga BCL kakunda laker airwaysnu niyaminchadaaniki enchukundi.
antekakunda, rendu vaipula dwandwa hodha konasaaginchadaaniki angeekarinchaaru, antey.ii. london-newyork mariyu london-laas angels margallo rendu yuke genda vahakalu alaage rendu us genda vahakalu ketayinchadam. dwandwa hodha suutram maroe rendu adhika-parimaana maargaalaku vistarinchabadindi. united kingdom paksham london-mayamilo rendava carriernu niyaminchaalani enchukundi, ayithe us paksham adhe prayojanam kosam london-bostonnu enchukundi. dheeni ardham rendava british vimanayana samstha munupati maargamlo schedule chesina sevalanu praarambhinchadaaniki anumatinchabadindi, ayithe maroka american carrier taruvaati maargamlo adhe vidhamgaa cheyagaladu. united kingdom prabhutvam laas angels mariyu mayami margallo laker airwaysnu rendava UK flag carrierga niyaminchaalani enchukundi, ayithe US prabhutvam vaayuvya praantaanni london-bostonlo rendava US flag carrierga niyaminchaalani nirnayinchindi. (paan aam mariyu twalu varusaga london mariyu newyork, alaage london mariyu laas angels madhya US flag carrierluga niyaminchabadina vaari paatranu konasaaginchaaru.)
bermuda II charchala samayamlo, UK paksham kotta vimaana sevala oppandamlo oka nibandhananu cherchadamlo vijayam saadhinchindi, idhi gotwick-heathro kante-adhe maargamlo BCL ekaika niyaminchabadina UK flag carrierga undabotunnappudalla US flag carrier yokka london gateway vimaanasrayamgaa niyaminchabadaalani perkondi. eee nibandhana gotwick vadda bii. sii. ell. yokka schedule operation vruddhiki maddatu ivvadaaniki, alaage daaniki mariyu daani chaalaa pedda, marinta saktivantamaina pratyarthulaku madhya pootii asamatulyatanu parishkarinchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi.
inca, prastuta operator kosam vaari us sahacharulatho edainaa kotta maargamlo moodu samvatsaraala "pratyeka" vyavadhini charchinchadamlo yuke paksham vijayam saadhinchindi.
gotwick aadhaarita bcl kosam, idhi hethroni upayogistunna yea pootiidaaruni edurkovalsina avasaram ledhu, idhi pedda pareevaahaka praanthamtho marinta andubaatulo unde vimaanaasrayam mariyu vimaanaala madhya anusandhaaninche chaalaa ekkuva sankhyalo prayaaneekulu, idhi americaku praarambhinchaalani yochistunna kotta margallo. dheeni ardham modati moodu samvatsaraala kaaryakalaapaalaku puurtigaa americaku edainaa kotta maargam undani, idhi kotta schedule chesina vimaana seva labhadayakamga maaradaaniki taginanta podavugaa untundani chaalaa mandhi vimanayana parisrama vislaeshakulu bhaavistunnaaru.
british pattubattadamtho bermuda II inca UK mariyu US madhya schedule chesina vimanalanu nirvahinche yea vimanayana samstha ayina dopidi dhara ledhaa saamarthyaanni dumping cheyadam chattaviruddham chese nibandhanalanu kaligi undhi. eee sevalanu andinchadaaniki vaastava kharchunu pratibimbimchinatlayitee matrame vimaana chaarjeelu aamodinchabaddaayi. adevidhamgaa, saamarthya perugudhala paraspara praatipadikana matrame manjuru cheyabaddaayi. bermuda II oppandamlo eee nibandhanalanu chaerchaalani pattubattadaaniki kaaranam, chaalaa pedda, merugaina aardhika sahayam mariyu vaanijyaparamgaa chaalaa dookudugaa unna us carrierlu aaa carrierla vistaaramaina desheeya netvarklu utpatti chesina laabhaalato cross subsiditho "nashta-pramukha" chaarjeelatoo bii. sii. ell. nii tagginchakundaa nirodhinchadam, alaage market nilabettagalige daanikante chaalaa ekkuva saamarthyaanni jodinchadam dwara yuke carriernu "attaduguna pettakunda" nirodhinchadam.
bermuda II united states mariyu bermuda, vividha carabian dheevulu mariyu hankangto sahaa vividha british videshee kaalaneela madhya vimaanaalaku rooting parimitulanu kooda andinchindi.
1981 punarvimarsha.
asalu 1946 bermuda oppandam prakaram ippatike unikilo laeni yea london-us marganikaina gatwicknu londonku gateway vimaanasrayamgaa svayamchaalakamgaa nominate cheyadaaniki irupakshaalu angeekarinchaayi. london heathro/gotwick mariyu us madhya andubaatulo unna anni maargaalanu teesukunnappudu, yuu. ess. gateway siteeki kotta marganni praarambhinchaalanukune yea carrier ayina, ruut authority kosam darakhaastu chese samayamlo landanlooni rendu pradhana vimaanaasrayaala nundi sevalu andinchanatlayithe, maroka marganni vadiliveyavalasi untundi. adanamgaa, united kingdom mariyu yuu. ess. prabhutvaala madhya ekagreeva oppandam unnappudu matrame atuvanti maarpu prabhaavavantamgaa untundi. ituvanti maarpulaku angeekarinchadamlo rendu deshaala prabhutvaalu viphalamavadam valla london mariyu honolu, portland (ledhaa) mariyu salt lake city madhya sahaa adanapu naan-stop vimaanaala pravesaanni nirodhinchindi. mexico nagaraniki lockheed ell-1011 tristar sarveeslo madhyantara stapga gotwick nundi nyuu orleensku nirantaraayamgaa panicheyadaaniki british airways 1982loe vijayavantamgaa aamodam pondindi. mexican nagaram adhika ettulo unnappatikee, kotta boying 747 la paniteeru saamarthyam vimanayana samstha round trip marganni nirantaraayamgaa nirvahinchadaaniki anumatinchinanduna eee gateway taruvaata tolaginchabadindi. bermuda II nilipivesina chaalaa kaalam tarvaata, 2017 varaku baa thana nyuu orleans nirantara karyakalapalanu tirigi praarambhinchaledu.
1991 punarvimarsha.
twa mariyu paan aam diwala teesina nepathyamlo, heathro maargaalanu nirvahinchadaaniki adhikaram pondina vahakalu UK vaipu british airways mariyu virgine atlantic mariyu US vaipu american airlines mariyu united airlines dwara bharti cheyabaddaayi.
paan aam gatamlo thana heathro traaphik hakkulanu united airlines kuu vikrayinchindi, conny british sandhaanakartalu bermuda II yokka paan aam yokka nirdishta hodaanu utamkistuu badilee cheyabadina ruut authorityni sweekarinchadaaniki unitednu anumatinchabomani modatlo paerkonnaaru; vaaru inca united varasudu vimanayana samstha kaadani paerkonnaaru endukante idhi paan aam yajamanyanni sweekarinchadam ledhu.
bermuda II kinda heetroku virgine atlantic yokka access hakkulu london yokka pradhana vimaanaasrayamloo rendu us carrierla unikiki saripoladaaniki rendava carriernu nominate cheyadaaniki yuke thana hakkunu upayoginchakapovadam nundi udbhavinchaayi. anduvalla virgine yokka london karyakalapalanu gotwick varaku parimitam chesina london [air] traaphik pampinhee nibandhanalanu raddu cheyadaanni, alaage virgine aaa vimaanaasrayamloo kooda unikini sthaapinchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki heathro vadda niyaminchabadina us flag carrierluga american und united, twa mariyu paan aamnu bharti cheyalane us prabhutva uddesaanni yuke prabhutvam sadviniyogam chesukundi.
eee pravesha parimitulu kooda baa (london mariyu houseton, dallas mariyu atlanta madhya bcl yokka chattaparamaina varasudiga) mariyu american (dallas mariyu london madhya braniff airways yokka chattaparamaina varasudiga) bermuda II amalulo unnanta varaku london mariyu houseton, dallas mariyu atlanta madhya anni nirantaraayamgaa schedule chesina kaaryakalaapaalaku gatwicknu vaari yuke getwega upayoginchadam konasaginchavalasi vachindi.
1991 oppandam prakaram code sharing kooda saadhyamaindi. taruvaata united states london heetroku vimanalu nadapadaniki continental airlinesnu aamodinchindi, conny united states sthaanaanni aamodinchadaaniki british niraakarinchadam eee maarga adhikaranni upayoginchakundaa kaantinentalnu nirodhinchindi. edemaina, continental virgine atlantic thoo code share oppandam kudurchukovadaniki UK anumati pondadamlo vijayam saadhinchindi, idhi continental yokka vimaana sankhyalatho paatu virgine yokka konni heathro mariyu gotwick vimanalalo unchindi.
1995 punarvimarsha.
london heathro ledhaa london gotwick kakunda vimaanaasrayaalaku sevalu andinche anni schedule chesina vimaana sevalaku sambandhinchina chaarjeelu mariyu maarga parimitulu ettiveyabaddaayi. (eee pakshika saralikarana yuu. ess. air thoo code-share kuutamiki aamodam pondadamlo sahaayapadataaniki yuu. ess. kuu yuke raayiteegaa vachindi. phalitamgaa, modata anni london vimaanaasrayaalanu cover chesina pravesha aankshalu luton mariyu stanstead vadda ettiveyabaddaayi. idhi, ippudu panicheyani "kotta taram", eos, maxjet mariyu sylverget vanti anni-vyapara taragati carrierlu, vaari yuke nishkramana/raaka vimaanasrayaalugaa heathro ledhaa gutwick kakunda stanstead mariyu lutaannu enchukovadam dwara laabhadaayakamaina london-newyork vyapara prayaana marketloki pravesinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi). continental airlines kooda bristol, birmingham, manchester, edinberg, glassgo mariyu belfastlatho sahaa aneka mukhyamaina praantiiya UK vimaanaasrayaalaku sevalanu praarambhinchadam dwara eee saralikarananu sadviniyogam chesukundi. khandantaram 2001loe newark nundi stanstead kuu nirantara sevanu pravesapettindi, conny september 11 ugravaada daadula taruvaata parisrama tirogamanamlo idhi upasamharinchabadindi.
1997 punarvimarsha.
1997loe hankangpai saarvabhoumaadhikaaram peeples republic off chainaku badilee cheyabadinappudu united states mariyu hankong madhya vimanalu bermuda II paridhi nundi tolaginchabaddaayi.
paryavasanalu.
bermuda II oppandaanni saralikarinchadam 1995 nundi rendu deshaala prakatita uddesam. ayithe, UK mariyu US madhya dwaipaakshika charchalu viphalamayyayi.
tadanantaram, vyaktigata european union sabhya deshaalu mariyu us madhya anni dwaipaakshika oppandaalanu chattaviruddhamgaa prakatinchaalani european court off justice icchina teerpu dwara vishayalu sanklishtamgaa marai. ituvanti oppandaalu european union yokka saadhaarana vimanayana marketnu ullanghistunnayani bhaavinchaaru.
european union mariyu us madhya kotta, atlantic daati saadhaarana vimanayana praanta oppandam mugimpunu nirodhinchina pradhana antukune amsam emitante, yuke mariyu chaalaa itara european deshaalu us version off open skainu chaalaa nirbandhamgaa bhaavinchaayi. us open skye template videshee vimanayana samsthala cabotage hakkulanu niraakarinchindi, antey.ii. us carriertho code-share oppandam kudurchukokunda us desheeya marketlo puurtigaa panichese hakku. boardu room niyantrananu amalu cheyalane uddesyamto videshee vimanayana samsthalaku vaari us sahacharulalo vaataalanu pondhe hakkunu kooda idhi niraakarinchindi.
2007 marchi 2naa european commission mariyu united states nundi sandhaanakartalu oka musaida oppandaaniki vacchaaru, idhi bermuda II yokka aankshalanu upasamharinchukovaalani pratipaadinchindi, idhi american mariyu united kakunda, us flag carrierlanu heetroku egarakunda nirodhinchindi. european union mariyu us madhya eee kotta vimaana ravana oppandaanni european union ravana mandali 2007 marchi 22naa ekagreevamgaa aamodinchindi mariyu bermuda II sthaanamlo 30 marchi 2008 nundi amaluloki vachindi. idhi itara european union deshaalalo pradhana karyalayalu kaligina vimanayana samsthalanu anumatinchadaaniki maargam sugamam chesindi. 3 october 2007naa, britton singapur thoo thana mottamodati puurtigaa udaaramaina bahiranga aakaasa oppandaanni muginchindi, dheenitho singapur vimanayana samsthalu united kingdamloni yea pradaesam nundi ayina, heathrotho sahaa, united states mariyu desheeya gamyasthaanaalato sahaa yea itara gamyasthananikaina puurtigaa aniyantritamgaa prayaaninchadaaniki anumatinchaayi, idhi 30 marchi 2008 nundi amaluloki vachindi.

