
namuunaa siddhaantam

prototype siddhaantam anedi abhignaa saastramlo, mukhyamgaa manastatvasaastram mariyu abhignaa bhaashaashaastramlo vargeekarana siddhaantam, dheenilo sambhaavita vargaaniki chendina graded degree untundi, mariyu kontamandi sabhyulu itarulakanna ekkuva kendramgaa untaaru. idhi 1971loe manastatvavetta eleanor rosh krushitho udbhavinchindi, saampradaaya aristatle vargaala nundi daani nishkramanaku vargeekarana siddhaantamlo dheenini "copernicus viplavam" gaa varninchaaru. bhasha shaastravetta eugenio koseriu mariyu nirmaanaatmaka ardhashaastram namuunaa yokka itara pratipaadakulu vanti vargaala saampradaaya siddhaantaanni ippatikee aamodinche vaaru dheenini vimarsinchaaru.
eee namuunaa siddhaantamlo, edainaa bhaashalo edainaa icchina bhavana eee bhavananu uttamamgaa soochinche vaastava prapancha udaaharananu kaligi untundi. udaaharanakuh "furniture" anae bhavanaku udaaharana ivvamani adiginappudu, "wardrobe" anie cheppadaniki badulugaa "sopha" tarachugaa udaharinchabadutundi. dhwanisastra nirmaanam nundi ardhashaastram varaku mappinglo bhaagamgaa bhaashaashaastramlo kooda namuunaa siddhaantam vartinchabadindi.
namuunaa siddhaantaanni roopondinchadamlo, rosh munupati antardrushtula nundi kontavaraku, mukhyamgaa whitzenstein (1953) dwara kutumba saaruupyata aadhaaramgaa oka varga namuunaa yokka suutreekarana, mariyu roser braun yokka "oka vastuvunu elaa pilustaaru?"(1958).
avalokanam mariyu paribhasha.
manastatvavetta eleanor rosh yokka adhyayanam "sahaja vargaalu" loe nirvachinchinatlugaa "namuunaa" anae padam, oka vargam erpadatamlo pradhana sthaanaanni aakraminche uddeepananu suuchistumdi, endukante idhi aaa vargamtho anubandhinchabadina modati uddeepana. rosh taruvaata dheenini oka vargamlooni atyanta kendra sabhyudiga nirvachinchaaru.
rosh mariyu itarulu praathamika siddhaantaanni shaastreeya siddhaantam yokka pratispandanagaa mariyu daani nundi samuulamaina nishkramanagaa abhivruddhi chesaaru, idhi avasaramaina mariyu taginanta paristhitula dwara bhaavanalanu nirvachistundi. avasaramaina paristhitulu anevi oka bhavana yokka prati sandarbham tappanisarigaa pradarsinchaalsina lakshanaala samitini suuchistaayi, mariyu taginanta paristhitulu anevi yea itara samstha kaligi laenivi. lakshanaala dwara bhaavanalanu nirvachinche badulu, namuunaa siddhaantam aaa vargam yokka nirdishta kalakhandam aadhaaramgaa ledhaa namuunaa sabhyudini soochinche vargamlooni entiteela samiti dwara vargaalanu nirvachistundi. oka vargam yokka namuunaanu aaa taragatiki chendina vastuvu ledhaa sabhyudi dwara saadhaarana padaalaloo ardham chesukovacchu. prototype anedi taragatiki kendram, itara sabhyulandaruu prototype nundi kramamga marinta munduku saagutaaru, idhi vargaala gradationku daariteestundi. taragatiloni prati sabhyudu maanava ghnaanamlo samanamga kendramgaa undaru. paina perkonna "furniture" udaaharanalo, "wardrobe" kante "sopha" marinta kendramgaa untundi. shaastreeya drukpathaaniki viruddhamgaa, namuunaalu mariyu gradations varga sabhyatvaanni anni ledhaa aemee laeni vidhanamgaa kakunda, ativyaapti chendhe interlocking vargaala valayam vale ardham chesukovadaniki daariteestaayi.
abhignaa bhaashaashaastramlo bhasha vargaalu kooda oka bhaashalooni saadhaarana padaala vargaala maadirigaa oka namuunaa nirmaanaanni kaligi unnayani vaadinchabadindi.
vargaalu.
praathamika sthaayi vargaalu.
prototypelaku sambandhinchina itara bhavana abhignaa vargeekaranalo "praathamika sthaayi". praathamika vargaalu indriya-motaru sthomathala paramgaa saapekshamgaa sajaateeyamgaa untaayi-kurchi anedi mokaallanu vanchadam, pandlanu paiki ettadam mariyu mea notilo pettadam modalaina vaatitho mudipadi untundi. adheena sthaayilo (udhaa.zii. [dantavaidyudi kurcheelu], [vantagadi kurcheelu] modalainavi.) praathamika sthaayiki konni mukhyamaina lakshanaalanu jodinchavachhu; ayithe, athi unnata sthaayilo, eee sambhaavita saaruupyatalanu gurtinchadam kashtam. kurchi chitraanni geeyadam (ledhaa drushyamaanam cheyadam) sulabham, conny furniture geeyadam marinta kashtam.
bhasha shaastravetta eleanor rosh praathamika sthaayini atyadhika sthaayi kyuu chellubaatu unna sthaayiga nirvachinchaaru. anduvalla, [jantuvu] vanti vargaaniki oka namuunaa sabhyudu undavacchu, conny abhignaa drushya praatinidhyam undadu. marovaipu, [jantuvu] looni praathamika vargaalu, i.ii. [kukka], [pakshi], [chepalu] samachara vishayaalatoe nindi untaayi mariyu gestalt mariyu ardha lakshanaala paramgaa sulabhamgaa vargeekarinchavachhu.
spashtamuga lakshana-viluva jatala aadhaaramgaa ardha namuunaalu sopanakramamlo visaesha sthaayilanu gurtinchadamlo viphalamavutaayi. kriyaatmakamgaa, praathamika sthaayi vargaalu prapanchaanni garishtamgaa samachara vargaluga kullipovalani bhaavistaaru. anduvalla, vaaru
ayithe, praathamika sthaayi bhavana samasyaatmakamainadi, udhaa.zii. praathamika vargamgaa kukka oka jaathi ayithe, pakshi ledhaa chepalu unnata sthaayilo untaayi. adevidhamgaa, frequency bhavana praathamika sthaayiki chaalaa daggaragaa mudipadi untundi, conny gurtinchadam kashtam.
namavachakam kakunda itara lexical vargaalaku namuunaa yokka bhavana vartimpajesinappudu marinni samasyalu talettutaayi. udaaharanaku, kriyalu spashtamaina namuunaanu dhikkarinchinatlu anipistundihi [amalu cheyadam] ekkuva ledhaa takkuva kendra sabhyuluga vibhajinchadam kashtam.
thana 1975 paperlo, rosh 200 mandhi american kalaasaala vidyaarthulanu, vaaru konni vastuvulanu "furniture" vargaaniki manchi udaaharanalugaa pariganistunnara anie 1 nundi 7 sthaayilo rate cheyamani adigaru. eee vastuvulu kurchi mariyu sopha nundi, number 1 rank, prema seatu (number 10), deepam (number 31) varaku, 60 rank unna telephone varaku unnaayi.
saamskrutika pratyaekatala paramgaa eee jabita nundi vaerugaa unnappatikee, vishayam emitante, atuvanti sraeneekruta vargeekarana anni samskrutulalo unde avakaasam undhi. oka vargamlooni kontamandi sabhyulu itarulakanna ekkuva pratyeka hakkulu kaligi unnaarani marinta aadharalu eee krindi prayogaala nundi vachaih
rosh yokka pani taruvaata, rangu ghnaanam vanti rangulalo namuunaa prabhavalu vistrutamgaa parisoedhimchabaddaayi, mariyu marinta nairoopya bhavanala kosamh vishayalanu adagavacchu, udhaa.zii. "eee kathanam enthavaraku abaddham cheppadaniki udaaharana?"anie paerkonnaaru. ilanti pani charyalu (chudandi, champandi, matladandi, nadavandi [palman 83] vanti kriyalu), "podavaina" vanti visaeshanhaalapai jarigindi.
prototype siddhaantam saampradaaya aristatilian vargeekarana nundi vaerugaa unna maroka amsam emitante, sahaja rakaala vargaalu (pakshi, kukka) verses kukkalu anevi kanipinchavu. kalakhandalu (bommalu, vahanalu).
oka saadhaarana poolika emitante namuunaa vadakam ledhaa varga vargeekaranalo udaaharanala vadakam. meddin, altom mariyu marphilu namuunaa mariyu udaaharana samacharam yokka misramaanni upayoginchi, paalgonevaaru vargaalanu marinta khachitamgaa nirnayinchagaligaarani kanugonnaru. nilva chesina namuunaalu mariyu nilva chesina udaaharanalatoo saaruupyata aadhaaramgaa vargeekarinchabadina namuunaa viluvalatho pradarsinchabadina paalgonevaaru, ayithe udaaharanhatho matrame anubhavam unna paalgonevaaru nilva chesina udaaharanalatoo saaruupyatapai matrame aadharapaddaru. smith mariyu minda dott-pattern ketagiri learninglo prototypes mariyu udaaharanala vadakanni pariseelinchaaru. paalgonevaaru vaaru upayoginchina udaaharanala kante ekkuva namuunaalanu upayoginchaarani vaaru kanugonnaru, namuunaalu vargaaniki kendramgaa unnaayi mariyu daani chuttoo unna udaaharanalu.
bhavanala madhya dhooram.
 prototypela bhavana whitzenstein (taruvaata) yokka saampradaaya bhavana vargamtho asoukaryaaniki sambandhinchinadi. eee prabhaavavantamaina siddhaantam phalitamgaa grandhaala ardhaaniki avasaramaina sahayakula kante ardha bhaagaalanu "saadhyamainavi" gaa chudatam jarigindi. aata" vargampai ayana chesina charcha mukhyamgaa padunainadihi udaaharanaku manam "atalu" anie piliche karyakalapalanu pariganinchandi. naa uddesyam boardu atalu, card atalu, banthi atalu, olympic atalu modalainavi. vaarandarilo ummadigaa unde vishayam emiti? edainaa ummadigaa undaali, ledhaa vaatini 'atalu' anie pilavabadavu" anie cheppakandi-conny andarikee ummadigaa edainaa undaa anie chudandi. meeru vaatini pariseelisthe, meeru andarikee ummadigaa undedaanni chudaleru, conny saaruupyatalu, sambandhaalu mariyu vaati mottam shrenini chuustaaru. mallii cheppalante aalochinchakandi, conny chudandi! udaaharanaku boardu games loe, vaari vividha sambandhaalato chudandi. ippudu card games kuu vellandi; ikkada meeru modati samuuhamtoe aneka karaspandenslanu kanugontaaru, conny aneka saadhaarana lakshanaalu vadiliveyabadataayi, mariyu itarulu kanipistaaru. manam banthi atalu pakkana paas chesinappudu, chaalaa saadhaaranam unchabadutundi, conny chaalaa kolpotundi. avanni 'vinodabharitamainavi'? chesnu nouts mariyu siluvalatoe polchandi. ledhaa ellappuduu gelavadam, odipovadam ledhaa aatagaalla madhya pootii undaa? sahanam gurinchi aalochinchandi. banthi aatalalo gelavadam, odipovadam untaayi; conny oka pillavadu thana bantini godapai visiri mallii pattukunnappudu, eee lakshanam adrusyamaindi. naipunhyam mariyu adrushtam poeshinchae paatralanu chudandi; mariyu chess loe naipunhyam mariyu tennis loe naipunhyam madhya vyatyaasaanni chudandi. ippudu ring-eah-ring-eah-rose vanti aatala gurinchi aalochinchandi; ikkada vinodam yokka amsam undhi, conny enni itara lakshana lakshanaalu adrusyamayyaayi! mariyu manam aneka itara aatala samuuhaalanu adhe vidhamgaa chudavachu; saaruupyatalu elaa perugutaayi mariyu adrusyamavutaayi anedi chudavachu. mariyu eee pareeksha phalitam emitante ativyaapti chendutunna mariyu cross-crossing saaruupyatala sanklishtamaina netvarknu manam chustamu konnisaarlu mottam saaruupyatalu, konnisaarlu vivaraala saaruupyatalu.
whitzenstein yokka kutumba saaruupyata siddhaantam, vargamlooni sabhyulandari antataa unna oka lakshanam dwara kakunda, ativyaapti chendutunna lakshanaala shreni aadhaaramgaa prajalu bhaavanalanu samuuham chesinappudu drugvishayaanni vivaristundi. udaaharanaku, basketball mariyu baseball banthi vadakanni panchukuntaayi, mariyu baseball mariyu chess vijaeta modalaina lakshanaalanu panchukuntaayi., "atalu" yokka oka nirvachinche lakshanam kante. anduvalla, vargamlooni phokal ledhaa prototypical sabhyula madhya, mariyu vaari nundi bayatiki konasage vaari madhya, bhaagaswaamya lakshanaala dwara anusandhaaninchabadina dhooram untundi.
iteevala, peater gardenforce sambhaavita pradaesaalu anie piluvabade bahula-dimensional feature spacela paramgaa namuunaa siddhaantam yokka pakshika vivarananu vivarinchaadu, ikkada oka vargam sambhaavita dhooram paramgaa nirvachinchabadindi. oka vargamlooni ekkuva mandhi kendra sabhyulu paridheeya sabhyula madhya untaaru. chaalaa "sahaja" vargaalu sambhaavita pradaesamloe kumbhakaranni pradarsistaayani, indulo x mariyu y oka vargamlooni muulakaalu ayithe, mariyu z anedi x mariyu y madhya unte, appudu z kooda aaa vargaaniki chendinadi kaavacchu.
vargaalanu kalapadam.
bhaashalo manam "podavaina manishi" ledhaa "chinna enugu" vanti ummadi vargaala udaaharanalanu kanugontamu. vargaalanu kalapadam anedi extensional semanticsku oka samasya, ikkada "erupu" vanti padam yokka semanticsnu eee lakshanaanni kaligi unna vastuvula samitigaa nirvachinchaali. idhi "chinna" vanti savarinche yantraalaku kooda vartinchadu; "chinna eluka" anedi "chinna enugu" kante chaalaa bhinnamgaa untundi.
eee kalayikalu namuunaa siddhaantam paramgaa takkuva samasyanu kaligistaayi. visaeshanhaalu unde paristhitulalo (udhaa.zii. "podavainadi"), [podavaina] namuunaa 6 adugula podavaina vyakti ledhaa 400 adugula aakaasaharmyam anae prasnanu edurkontaaru. savarinchabadutunna vastuvu paramgaa namuunaa yokka bhavananu sandarbhochitamgaa marchadam dwara parishkaram udbhavistundi. idhi "redd wine" ledhaa "redd hair" vanti sammelanaalalo marinta samuulamgaa vistaristundi, ivi prototypical konamlo "erupu" gaa undavu, conny erupu rangu kevalam wine ledhaa juttu yokka prototypical rangu nundi maarpunu suuchistumdi. erupu" jodinchadam anedi namuunaanu "juttu" nundi "erra juttu" kii maarustundi."namuunaa adanapu nirdishta samacharam dwara maarchabadutundi mariyu" "erupu" "mariyu" "wine" "namuunaa nundi lakshanaalanu militam chestundi".
dynamic nirmaanam mariyu dhooram.
mikulinasar, marrio & paaj, dove & kedem, perri namuunaala dynamic swabhaavam mariyu bhavodvega sthithula kaaranamgaa praatinidhyam vahinche ardha vargaalu vaastavaaniki elaa marutayo daanipai drushti saarinchaayi. 4va bhagapu adhyayanam paristhitula ottidi mariyu lakshanaala aandolana madhya sambandhaalanu mariyu ardha uddeepanalanu vargeekarinche kramaanugata sthaayini prajalu nirvahinche vidhanam, prajalu sahaja vastuvulanu vargeekarinche vidhanam, vargaala vedalpu taggadam mariyu marinta sammilitamaina vatiki badulugaa takkuva sammilita sthaayila vargeekarananu upayoginche praamukhyatanu anchanaa vesindi.
vimarsha.
bhasha shaastravetta eugenio koseriu mariyu nirmaanaatmaka ardhashaastram namuunaa yokka itara pratipaadakulu vanti vargaala yokka classic siddhaantaanni ippatikee aamodinche vaaru namuunaa siddhaantaanni vimarsinchaaru.
udaaharana siddhaantam.
douglus ell. meddin mariyu margurite m. vargeekarana yokka sandarbha siddhaantam puurtigaa udaaharanala nundi bhaavanalanu pondutundani shaffer prayogam dwara choopinchaadu (cf. udaaharana siddhaantam) namuunaa siddhaantaanni kaligi unna siddhaantaala taragati kante merugga panichesindi.
vargeekarinchabadina vargeekarana.
eric margolisto stephen laurence rachanatho sahaa bhasha saastravettalu, namuunaa siddhaantamtoe samasyalanu suuchimchaaru. 1999loe raasina tama patrikalo vaaru aneka samasyalanu levanettaaru. veetilo okati, namuunaa siddhaantam antargatamgaa sraeneekruta vargeekaranaku haamii ivvadu. kontamandi sabhyulu eee vargaaniki entha baga udaaharanagaa untaro rank ivvamani subjectlanu adiginappudu, vaaru kontamandi sabhyulanu itarula kante ekkuvagaa rate chesaaru. udaaharanaku, ushtrapakshula kante raabinlanu "pakshulu" gaa chuusaaru, conny eee vargaalu "annee ledhaa aemee" ledhaa aspashtamaina sarihaddulu unnaya anie adiginappudu, avi "annee ledhaa aemee" vargaalu anie nirvachinchabaddaayi. laurence mariyu margolis "subjectlu oka varganni vargeekarinchabadinaa ledhaa anedaaniki namuunaa nirmaanaaniki etuvanti chikkulu laevu" (p. 33).
mishrama bhavanalu.
daniel osherson mariyu edward smith "pempudu chepa" samasyanu levanettaaru, dheeni kosam namuunaa okari intlo oka ginnelo unchina guppy kaavacchu. pempudu jantuvu" yokka namuunaa kukka ledhaa pilli kaavacchu, mariyu "chepa" yokka namuunaa trout ledhaa salmon kaavacchu. ayithe, eee namuunaala lakshanaalu "pempudu jantuvula chepa" namoonaalo laevu, anduvalla eee namuunaanu daani bhagalu kakunda vaerae vaati nundi utpatti cheyali.
antonio lito mariyu zian luca pozato oka vilakshanhata-aadhaarita kuurpu tarkam (tii. sii. ell) nuu pratipaadinchaaru, idhi sanklishtamaina maanava-lanty bhavana kalayikalu (pempudu jantuvula-chepala samasya vantivi) mariyu sambhaavita misramam rendintikee kaaranamavutundi. anduvalla, vaari framework, prototyplaga vyakteekarinchabadina bhavanalu, bhavana kalayikalo prototypical compositionability yokka drugvishayaaniki elaa kaaranamavutaayo choopistundi.

