
keevan rus yokka dabbu'

keevan rus loe dabbu charitra rendu pradhana dasalugaa vibhajinchabadindih
9va sataabdam-12va sataabdam praarambhamlo.
chinna bochu jantuvula bochu chaalaa kaalamgaa pradhana rakaala dravya pratyaamnaayaalo okatigaa undhi. idhi itara deshaalalo atyanta viluvainadi, idhi laabhadaayakamaina vaanijyaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. dabbuku pratyamnaayamgaa kooda piluvabade chinna courie shellu (cypria). ayithe, charmalu mariyu gundla yokka aavishkaranalu antha tarachugaa kanipinchavu. eee kaalam naati anni sampadalaku aadharam videshee vendi naanhelu.
8va sataabdam chivaralo-9va sataabdam praarambhamlo modati puraatana sthaavaraala aavirbhaavamto paatu, thoorpu airopaloni slavic bhoomulapai videshee naanhelu kanipinchaayi. uttara, thoorpu airopalo califate deshaalatho churukaina vaanijyam prarambhamainappudu dabbu prasarana erpadindi. thoorpu airopa deshaalu, dravya lohaniki sambandhinchina pedda khanija nilvalanu kolpoyi, churukuga vendini digumati chesukunnayi. 9va sataabdam modati moodava bhaagamlo, califate yokka african kendraalalo mudrinchina naanhelu (dirhams) caucasus mariyu madhya asea vaanijya maargaala dwara rusku cherukunnavi keevan ruslo vistrutamgaa vyaapinchayi. dirhaamlanu chellimpu saadhanamgaa upayoginchevaaru, aabharanalugaa dharinchevaaru mariyu kariginchevaaru. uttara praantaalalo, german, aangla mariyu scandinavian naanhela paschima european denarius dirhamla sthaanamlo vachindi. avi 12va sataabdam prarambham varaku chelaamanilo unnaayi, appudu videshee naanhela prasarana aagipoyindi, bahusha vendi namuunaa taggadam valla, mariyu 14va sataabdam madhyakaalam varaku vendi baarlu (grivana) dwara bharti cheyabaddaayi.
rus loe prasarana yokka pradhana margalu (keev, chernigov, smolensk modalainavi).) 1.38 graamula (rejana) baruvunna dirhamla nundi kothalu, ivi byzantine litrala 1/200. idhe vidhamaina kothalu rus bhoomulapai upayoginchabaddaayi, conny vaati baruvu 1.40 graamulu ledhaa 1/200 vendi grivana.
10va-11va sataabdaala praarambhamlo vladimir samayamlo goppa mariyu swatopolk russia naanheelanu mudrinche prayatnam chesaaru.
grivana-kunaa dravya vyavastha.
kunu.
kunaa anedi oka baruvu mariyu dravya vibhagam, alaage 10va nundi 15va sataabdaala varaku keevan rus mariyu russian bhoomulalo upayoginchina naanhela paeru. 9va sataabdam praarambhamlo thoorpu dirham yokka 2.73 graamula baruvunna russia bhoomulloki bhaarii chochukupovadam valla 'kunaa' anae paeru vachindi. taruvaata, paschima european vendi naanhelu chalaamaniloo raavadamtho, european denariusnu kunaa anie kooda pilustaaru. phalitamgaa, dabbunu saadhaaranamgaa kuna anie pilavadam praarambhinchindi.
keevan rus yokka currenciega, 10va-11va sataabdaalaloo kunaa anedi 1/25 grivana, 13va sataabdam praarambhaaniki mundu 1/50 grivana. oka "kuna vyavastha" aakaram dalchindi 1 kuna = 2 graamula vendi = 1/25 grivna = 2 rejaanaalu = 6 vekshaalu.
griva.
keevan rus loe dravya mariyu baruvu unit grivana. idhi mukhyamgaa vendi mariyu bangaaram baruvunu kolavadaniki upayoginchabadindi (dheeni nundi daani dravya samaanamainadi kanipinchindi). vendi kante bangaaru grivana 12.5 retlu khareedainadi. idhi russia charitralalo suuchimchabadina modati baruvu unit.
veksha.
9va sataabdam nundi 12va sataabdam varaku russia loe veksha (uduta, veveritsa) athi chinna dravya unit. idhi gatha samvatsaraala kathalo modata prastaavinchabadindi; idhi "ruskaiah pravada" loe kooda prastaavinchabadindi. idhi 1/6 kunaku samanam. vendi veksha baruvu sumaru moodinta oka vanthu graamulu.
nijamaina dabbu chalaamaniloo, 2 vekshaalu paschima european denariusku samanamga undevi. byzantine rachayitala anuvaadakulu vekshanu byzantine raagi naanem "nammi" thoo gurtinchaaru. keevan rus loe dravya prasarana yokka bochu siddhaantam anie pilavabade pratipaadakulu 'vekshanu charmasuddhi gala uduta charmam anie bhaavistaaru, idhi daani naanem pratiruupamtoe (vendi arab dirhamlo bhaagam) ekakaalamlo upayoginchabadindi.
rejana.
russia mariyu porugu deshaalalo rejana dravya vibhagamga undedi. arab dirhamlo sagam bhaganni rejana anie pilicheevaaru, antey, 1 cutt 900 va namuunaa vendiloo sumaru 1.38 gramulaku samanam.
rejana anae paeru rejat anae kriya nundi udbhavinchindi mariyu paatha thoorpu slavic nundi udbhavinchindi. dirham kuu "kuna" anae paeru vachinappudu, kunaalooni oka bhaagaaniki samaanamaina bhaganni "rejana" anie pilicheevaaru. dirhamla sakalaalu (1/2,1/4, modalainavi)) tarachugaa sampadalo kanipistaayi. dirhamla vibhajana chinna vaanijya lavadevilaku mottam naanem chaalaa peddadani suuchistumdi.
9va sataabdamloo. rejana anedi grivnaku chendina 1/50 kuu samanam, 12va sataabdamloo kunaku samanam endukante kuna rettimpu kaantigaa maarindi mariyu 1/25 kaadu, conny 1/50 grivna. kuna mariyu rejana samaantaramgaa undevi, conny kramamga kunaapai lekkimpu marinta saadhaaranamaindi. 12va sataabdam varaku rejana unikilo undhi, muslim deshaala nundi vendi dirhamla pravaham chivaraku endipoyindi.
russia naanhelu.
zlatnik.
zlatnik (kooda-zolotnic)-modati bangaaru naanem, 10 va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 11 va sataabdam praarambhamlo keev loe mudrinchabadindi, vladimir dhi grate chetha keevan rus yokka kraistaveekarana taruvaata.
eee naanhela asalu paeru teliyadu, "zlatnik" anae padaanni saampradayakamgaa naanhelalo upayogistaaru mariyu idhi 911 samvatsaraaniki chendina roose-byzantine oppandam yokka vachanamu nundi telustundi. 1 zlatnik anedi keevan goaled grivnaku chendinadi. zlatnik dravyarashi (sumaru 4.2 graa) taruvaata russian baruvu unit ayina jolotnikku aadhaaramgaa upayoginchabadindi.
rus loe naanhelu kanipinchadam anedi byzantiumtho vaanijya mariyu saamskrutika sambandhaala punaruddharana phalitamgaa jarigindi. vladimir yokka jlaatnikulaku spashtamaina namuunaa chakravartula tulasi II mariyu constantine VIII yokka byzantine salidus, ivi baruvu (sumaru 4.2 graamulu) mariyu chitraala amarika dwara jlaatniklatoe samanamga untaayi.
saadhaarana samacharam.
russia loe daani swantha naanem (bangaaram mariyu vendi) yokka tankam praarambhinchadam aardhika vyavastha yokka avasaralanu antagaa teerchaledani padepade soochinchabadindi (russia loe dabbu prasarana digumati chesukunna byzantine, arab mariyu paschima european naanhela dwara andinchabadindi; russia loe dravya lohaniki muulaalu laevu) conny keevan rus rashtram yokka praamukhyata. 11va sataabdam praarambhamlo swatopolk mariyu yaroslav paalanalo vendi naanhela tayari konasaagindi, ayithe vladimir maranam taruvaata jlaatnikla naanhela tayari tirigi prarambham kaaledu. maaku vacchina kaapeela sankhyanu batti choosthe, jlaatnikla vidudala samayam chaalaa takkuvagaa (bahusha okati ledhaa rendu samvatsaraalu) mariyu parimaanamlo takkuvagaa undhi. ayithe, aaa kaalamlooni itara naanhelatho paatu, khajanalalo dorikina zlatnik yokka prastutam telisina kaapeelu annee chelaamanilo unna jadalanu kaligi unnaayi-anduvalla, eee naanhelu aacharam, avaardu ledhaa bahumati kaadu. 11va sataabdamloo, pinsk mariyu keynbergloni nidhulalo eee naanhela kanugonna vishayalanu batti choosthe, jlaatniklu kooda antarjaateeya dabbu prasaranalo palgonnaru.
naanem rakam yokka vivarana.
reverse siluvatho paina pendentlatho topeelo yuvaraju vladimir yokka chaatii chitram. vangi unna kaallu krinda kramapaddhatilo chuupabaddaayi. yuvaraju thana kudi chethitho siluvanu, thana edama chetini chaatiipai pattukuntaadu. edama bhujam paina oka vilakshanhamaina trisulam choopabadindi, idhi rurikovic yokka saadhaarana sanketam. oka vruttaakaara syrillic saasanamlo vladymyr (simhaasanampai vladymyr). telisina 11 nundi rendu nanelapai, saasanam bhinnamgaa undih vladymyr mariyu athani bangaaram.
mundu vaipu edama chetilo suvaartatoe mariyu aasiirvaadam kudi chethitho kreestu mukham. vruttaakaara saasanamlo isus christos.(yesu kreestu).
srebrenic.
srebrenic (cerebrianic kooda)-10va sataabdam chivarilo keevan rus loe mudrinchina modati vendi naanem, appudu-11va sataabdam praarambhamlo 1.73 nundi 4.68 graamula varaku ekapaksha baruvutho.
saadhaarana samacharam.
naanem yokka jaarii nijamaina aardhika avasaraala valla jaragaledu (keevan rus yokka vaanijya network byzantine mariyu arab bangaaram mariyu vendi naanhela dwara andinchabadindi) conny raajakeeya lakshyaala dwara jarigindih naanem kraistava saarvabhoumaadhikaaraaniki adanapu chihnamgaa panichesindi. srebreniclu takkuva parimaanamlo jaarii cheyabaddaayi mariyu ekkuva kaalam kaadu, anduke avi keevan rus loe dravya prasaranapai pedda prabhavanni chuupaleedu.
arabic vendi naanheelanu tankasala kosam upayoginchaaru. vladimir swyatoslavovich (978-1015), swatopolk (c. 1015) mariyu novgorod loe (1015 varaku) yaroslav telivainavaadu. oka pratyeka samuuham, 1083-1094 loe mudrinchina, timutarakan yuvaraju oleg swyatoslavich naanhelatho erpadutundi.
naanem rakam yokka vivarana.
vendi mukkala kuurpulu aneka rakaluga vibhajinchabaddaayi. modati sanchika yokka srebrenics praathamikamgaa byzantine naanhela rakanni punaraavrutam chesaaru (mundu vaipu yuvaraju chitram, venuka vaipu kreestu chitram). 11va sataabdamloo, kreestu chitram sthaanamlo pedda vaarasatva chihnamaina rurikovic vachindi. yuvaraju chitram chuttoo oka puraanam unchabadindih "vladimir simhasana meeda, mariyu ikkada athani vendi undhi".
yaroslav yokka srebrenic, telivainavaadu, varninchina roopaaniki bhinnamgaa unnadu. oka vaipu, kreestuku badulugaa, seyint yokka chitram undhi. georgia (yaroslav yokka kraistava poeshakudu), marovaipu-rurikovic yokka vaarasatva sanketam mariyu saasanamh "simhaasanampai" anae padaalu lekunda "yeroslavs vendi", idhi vladymyr swyatoslavovich jeevitamlo novgorodlo yaroslav paalana kaalaaniki kaaranamani cheppadaniki kaaranaanni istundi. 11va sataabdapu airopa naanhela utpattilo yaroslav yokka srebrenic oka naanhela stampu yokka naipunhyam kaligina amaluku sambandhinchi oka pratyaekamaina drugvishayam, konnisaarlu ivi taruvaata nakileevani anumanalanu kooda kaligistaayi. puurtigaa bhinnamaina rakanni timutarakan naanhelu suuchistaayi, dheeniki oka vaipu pradhana dhootha maikhel chitram, mariyu maroka vaipu saasanamh "lard, maikhel kuu sahayam cheyandi". srebrenic tayari saanketikata daani swantha lakshanaalanu kaligi undhi. phalakam nundi vruttaalu kattirinchabadaledu (byzantine mariyu arabic naanhelalo vale), conny achupettabaddaayi.
12va sataabdam nundi naanhelleni kaalam (vastuvu-dabbu).
kaalaaniki sambandhinchina vivarana.
naanaarahita kaalam anedi keevan rus currency charitralo oka kaalam, idhi videshee mariyu desheeya naanhelu rendinti daadaapu puurtigaa lekapovadam dwara vargeekarinchabadindi. khalifa balaheenapadatam valla russiaku thoorpu naanhela pravaham antarinchipoyina taruvaata, vaati sthaanamlo vastuvula-dabbu vachindi. eee kaalam 12va sataabdamloo praarambhamai 14va sataabdamloo mugisindi. vastuvula dabbunu prasarana maadhyamgaa upayoginchevaaru. pasuvulu mariyu vendi goolla sahayamtho pedda lekkalu cheyabaddaayi-grivnas; chinna lekkala kosam bochu, konnisaarlu gaaju kankanaalu, puusalu, kuduru mariyu keevan rus chetipanula yokka itara praamaanika utpattulu upayoginchabaddaayi. konni sandarbhaallo, cyberialo unna courie shellu kooda 19va sataabdam prarambham varaku chinna naanem roopamlo tama viluvanu nilupukunnayi.
totter-mangol kaadini sthaapinchadamtho praarambhinchi, russia samsthaanaala aardhika vyavastha sahaja lakshanaalanu ekkuvagaa pondutondi. dabbu yokka pradhana pani sekarana saadhanamlo panigaa marindi naanhelu nilva cheyadam mariyu nidhulalo jama cheyadam. 12va, 13va, 14va sataabdaalaloo eee kaalanni naanaarahita kaalam anie pilicheevaaru.
sonta vendi niksheepaalu russialo 18va sataabdamloo matrame kanugonabaddayi, anduvalla dhesha dravya aardhika vyavastha puurtigaa eee loham yokka pravaahampai, pradhanamgaa naanem roopamlo, vidaesaala nundi raavadampai aadharapadi undedi. 12va sataabdamloo, eee pravaham paschima dhisha nundi taggadam praarambhamaindi (bahusha baltic rashtraallo german gurrapu aadesaala balopetam mariyu vaariki mariyu paaschaatya raajyaalaku madhya kramam tappakunda satrutvam praarambhinchadam valla; "osteedlung" anae vyaasam chudandi), mariyu 13va sataabdamloo thoorpu nundi (bahusha, idhi totter-mangol dandayaatra valla sambhavinchindi).
naanaarahita kaalam mugimpu kramamga vaanijya sambandhaala punaruddharanatho (antargata mariyu bahya), juuchi naanhela vyaapti praarambhamtho (vendi dirhaamlu mariyu bangaaru samuuham yokka raagi kolanulu) mudipadi undhi.
ovaruch slate spindle varl.
ovaruch slate spindle varl-pink mariyu redd slate raayi (pyrophilite slate) thoo chekkabadina spindle varl, idhi 10 va-13 va sataabdaalaloo ovaruch pattanaaniki sameepamlo unna prastuta ukrain bhoobhaagamlo tavvabadindi. andaakaara masters bankamatti kuduru vole yokka atyanta vijayavantamaina roopaanni shraddhaga punaraavrutam chesaaru-biconical (baruvu vistruta punaadulatoe anusandhaaninchabadina rendu kattirinchina sankuvulanu kaligi unnatlugaa) kuduru vole sagatuna 16 graa baruvu, etthu 4 nundi 12 mimi varaku, bayati vyaasam 10 nundi 25 mimi varaku, kuduru kosam randhram yokka vyaasam 6-10 mimi. spindle sudigaali chaalaa irukainadigaa thelithe, adhi bhramana samayamlo jaripokunda undataaniki daaramtho chutti untundi. slaetu-mruduvaina raayi; puraavastu saastravettalu kanugonna namuunaalapai, daaraala nundi inca scufflu unnaayi. ovaruchlo slate kudurulu utpatti vistruta ammakaala kosam roopondinchabadindi. spindle sudigundam yokka saruku konugolu chesina vyaapaarulu vaaritho gananeeyamaina maargam chesi, vaatini vividha deshaalalo vikrayinchaaru. ovaruch spindle sudigundalanu puraavastu saastravettalu keevan rus bhoobhaagaallone kakunda, itara praantaalalo kooda kanugonnaru. spindle sudigundam utpatti vistruta ammakam kosam roopondinchabadindi. aaa prakaram. vii. artsikhovsky, "avi keev mariyu vladimir, novgorod mariyu reasonlalo, chersonlo, crimealo mariyu volgaloni bulgarialo kooda sarigga okela untaayi."andaakaarapu kuduru chuttelu entha viluvainavi antey yajamaanulu vaatipai vaari vyaktigata taglanu chekkaru, mariyu rachana vyaapti chendina taruvaata-vaari paerlanu chekkaru. 13va sataabdamloo, raathi kuduru valayalu mallee bankamattigaa maraih totter-mangol aakramanadaarulu ovaruch varkshaaplanu naasanam chesaaru.
naanaarahita kaalamlo spindle sudigundam yokka paatra.
naanhelu laeni kaalamlo, keevan rus loe vividha vendi grivanaalu undevi, conny pradhana rakalu 11va nundi 13va sataabdaala varaku 135-169 g baruvunna podavaina shatkonam aakaaramlo unna keev ingotlu mariyu 15va sataabdam varaku chelaamanilo bhadraparachabadina 197 graamula sthiramaina sagatu baruvutho unna novgorod-rekhansha baarlu. eee kaalamlo naanhelu 'rus' loe adrusyamayyaayi. pedda mottamlo chellimpula kosam grivanaalu upayoginchabaddaayi.
vastuvu-dabbu yokka asalu siddhaantaanni vii pratipaadinchaaru. ell. yanin. chinna chellimpulaku dabbu yokka paatranu keevan rus looni konni ekareeti mariyu vistrutamaina utpattula dwara neraverchavacchani shaastravetta paerkonnaaru-christal mariyu carnelian puusalu vantivi, tarachugaa naanhelu, bahula-rangu gaaju kankanaalu mariyu andaakaara slate spindle sudigundaalato nilvalalo gurtinchabadataayi. eee spindle sudigundam padepade goollatho paatu nilvalalo kalusukunnaru, udaaharanaku, pskovlo tavvakaala samayamlo, avi paschima european naanhelatho kuudina parsulo kanugonabaddayi. eppudu v. ell. yanin gaaju kankanaalu mariyu slate kuduru chuttala pampinhee patalanu militam chesi, mangol dandayaatraku mundu dravya prasarana praantam yokka sarihaddulanu kooda roopondinchaadu, vaati vivaranaatmaka yaadruchikam kanugonabadindi. slate spindle varl naanem paatranu baga pooshinchagaladu. daanini nakilee cheyadam asadhyam, endukante thoorpu airopalo ovaruchloni pink slate niksheepaalu matrame unnaayi. chainaalo, oka samskarana prakaram, kuduru chadarapu randhram kaligina modati naanhela namoonaga maarindi.
courie naanem.
mariyu maroe aavishkarana saastravettala drushtini aakarshinchindih cypria yokka shell-courie naanem. eee andamaina pingaanii gundlu hinduu mahasamudramloni maaldeevulu mariyu lakkadeevs chuttoo matrame tavvabaddaayi. puraatana kaalam nundi avi bharatadesaniki egumati cheyabaddaayi, akkadi nundi avi prapanchavyaaptamgaa vyaapinchayi. africa mariyu asealo vaelaadi samvatsaraalugaa chinna dabbugaa shellanu upayogistunnaru. russialo, kaureeni "paamu talalu" paerutoe pilustaaru. cyberialo russian vaanijyamlo, vaaru 19va sataabdam varaku tama utpatti viluvanu konasaaginchaaru.

