
tangram

tangram () anedi "tans" anie piluvabade edu chadunaina bahubhujaalato kuudina vichhedanam puzzle, ivi kalisi aakaralanu yerparustaayi. saadhaaranamgaa oka puzzle pustakamlo kanipinche oka namuunaanu (oka roopurekhalanu matrame ivvabadindi) ativyaapti lekunda mottam edu mukkalanu upayoginchi pratiroopam cheyadam dheeni lakshyam. pratyamnaayamgaa "thaan" nuu vaati swaabhaavika soundarya yogyatalaku prasamsimchabadina asalu kaneesa namuunaalanu roopondinchadaaniki ledhaa daani roopurekhalanu pratiroopam cheyadaaniki itarulanu savaalu cheyadaaniki aadhaaramgaa upayoginchavacchu. idhi 18va sataabdam chivarilo chainaalo kanugonabadi, aaa taruvaata koddikaalaanike vaanijya naukala dwara america mariyu airopaku teesukuvellabadinatlu prasiddhi chendindi. idhi kontakaalam airopalo baga prachuryam pondindi, aapai mallii modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo. idhi prapanchamlo atyanta vistrutamgaa gurtinchabadina vichhedanam puzzleslo okati mariyu vinodam, kala mariyu vidyatho sahaa vividha prayojanaala kosam upayoginchabadindi. 
vyutpatti.
tangram' anae aangla padam yokka muulam aspashtamgaa undhi. oka ooha prakaram idhi greeku moolakam '-gram' yokka sammelanam, idhi 'γράμα' ('vraatapuurvaka aksharam, aksharam, geesinadi') nundi udbhavinchindi, 'thaan-' moolakam chainees 'tonn' 'vistarinchadaaniki' ledhaa contonese 'tong' chainees 'gaa vividha rakaluga anchanaa veyabadindi. pratyamnaayamgaa, eee padam puraatana aangla padam 'tangram' nundi udbhavinchi undavacchu, dheeni ardham "oka vichitramaina, klishtamaina kalpita vishayam".
yea sandarbhamloonainaa, eee padam yokka mottamodati upayogam ganita shaastravetta mariyu bhavishyat haarvard vishwavidyaalaya adhyakshudu thamus hill 1848loe raasina "geometrical puzzle pharr dhi young" pustakamlo kanugonabadindani nammutaaru. hill bahusha adhe paniloo eee padaanni roopondinchi, vidyalo puzzle yokka upayogam kosam vaadinche aneka vyasalalo eee padaanni teevramgaa pracharam chesindi, mariyu 1864loe noah webster yokka "american dictionary" loe cherchinappudu eee padam aangla bhaashalo adhikaarika gurtimpunu pondindi.
charitra.
muulam.
paschimaana saapekshamgaa iteevali aavirbhavam unnappatikee, chainaalo vichchaedana vinodaala yokka chaalaa paatha sampradaayam undhi, idhi daani preranalo paatra pooshinchindi. mukhyamgaa, paatala raajavamsam yokka modular banket tables tangram yokka vaayinche mukkalatho asaadhaaranamaina polikanu kaligi untaayi mariyu vaatini aahlaadakaramaina namuunaalanu roopondinchadaaniki vaatini erpaatu cheyadaaniki ankitam chesina pustakaalu unnaayi.
aneka chainees muulaalu vistrutamgaa oka prasiddha paatala raajavamsam ayina palimat hwang bosi teyitnu nivedistunnaayi, athanu thana vindu atithula kosam aaru chinna tables ("vindu pattikalu" ledhaa "swaalo tables") anae srujanaatmaka erpaatla aadhaaramgaa vinoda roopaanni abhivruddhi chesaadu. oka rekhaachitram veetini deerghachaturasraakaarapu deerghachaturasraalugaa choopistundi, mariyu itara nivedikalu edava pattikanu taruvaata jodinchinatlu suuchistunnaayi, bahusha taruvaata aavishkarta dwara.
ayithe, paaschaatya muulaala prakaram, tangram yokka chaaritraka chainees aavishkarta yang-choe-chu-shih (masaka-telivaina) anae kalam paeru dwara tappa teliyadu.) reclues, reclues = Â). eee puzzle modata "chii chiao thu" anae pustakamlo pravesapettabadindani nammutaaru, idhi ippatike 1815loe shaan-chiao thana pustakam "nyuu figures off dhi tangram" loe kolpoyinatlu nivedinchabadindi. ayinappatikee, eee puzzle yokka muulaalu dheeni kante 20 samvatsaraala mundugaane undevani saadhaaranamgaa prasiddhi chendindi.
pramukha moodava sataabdapu ganita shaastravetta liu huyy thana rachanalalo nirmaana rujuvulanu upayoginchaaru mariyu kondaru taruvaata abhivruddhi chesina vindu pattikalu thoo adbhutamaina polikanu kaligi unnaaru, idhi tangramnu oohinchinatlu anipistundi. konnisaarlu nivedinchinatlugaa, pythagarian siddhaantam yokka rujuvulo tangrams upayoginchabaddaayani anumaaninchadaaniki etuvanti kaaranam laenappatikee, eee rekhaganita tarkam yokka shaili neerugaa puzzle kuu daariteese chainees saamskrutika jeevitampai prabhavam chuupi undavacchu.
tangramnu thedhee cheyadaaniki prayatninchina prarambha samvatsaraalu prakhyaata puzzle maker shamyul lloyd thana 1908 "dhi enimidava book off thaan" loe prasiddha conny mosapuuritamgaa vraasina charithratho gandaragolaniki gurayyayi. eee rachanalo aneka vichitramaina lakshanaalu unnaayi, ivi aaa kathanaanni dhruveekarinchadaaniki prayatninchina samakaaleena panditulalo aasaktini mariyu anumananni rekettinchaayi. 1910 natiki idhi nakileedani spashtamaindi. eee samvatsaram nundi oxford nighantuvu sampadakudu surr james murre nundi aneka mandhi chainees panditula tarapuna pramukha puzzlistku raasina lekha henry dudeny ilaa vraasaaru, "dheeni phalitamgaa myaan thaan, gaad thaan mariyu thaan pustakam chainees saahityam, charitra ledhaa sampradaayaaniki puurtigaa teliyavani choopinchindi."daani aneka vintha vivaraalatoe paatu" "puraatana 4000 samvatsaraala puzzle kosam thaan yokka srushtinchina thedhee yokka enimidava pustakam" "puurtigaa niraadhaaramainadi mariyu abaddham anie pariganinchaalsi vachindi".
paaschaatya prapanchaaniki cherukovadam (1815-1820 luu).
mottamodati prastuta tangram 1802loe philadelphia shipping magnet mariyu congress maan frances vaalku ivvabadindi, conny oka dasaabdam taruvaata paaschaatya prekshakulu, pedda ettuna, pajilnu bahirgatam chese varaku kaadu. 1815loe, american kepten emm. donaldson thana ooda "vyapari" akkadiki cherukunnappudu eee amsampai rachayita sang-siah-koyi yokka pustakaalu (oka samasya mariyu oka parishkaram pustakam) ivvabadindi. aaa taruvaata fibravari 1816loe vaarini odatho philadelphiaku teesukuvacchaaru. americalo prachurinchabadina modati tangram pustakam donaldson teesukuvacchina janta aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi.
eee puzzle chivariki inglaandku cherukundi, akkada adhi chaalaa fashionga maarindi. eee vyaamoham itara european deshaalaku vaegamgaa vyaapinchindi. idhi ekkuvagaa oka jatha british tangram pustakaalu, "fyaashan chainees puzzle" mariyu daanitoe paatu unna parishkara pustakam, "kii" kaaranamgaa jarigindi. tvaralo, chaina nundi gaaju nundi kalapa varaku, taabelu shell varaku vividha padaarthaalatho tayaaru chesina tangram setlu pedda sankhyalo egumati cheyabadutunnayi.
eee asaadhaaranamaina mariyu sunnitamaina tangram setlalo chaalaa varaku denmark kuu daari teesaayi. 1818 loe eee puzzle paie rendu pustakaalu prachurinchabadinappudu, tangramlapy danish aasakti aakaasaanni taakindi, chaalaa utsaahamgaa undhi. veetilo modatidi "manderine" (chainees aata gurinchi). idhi copenhagen vishwavidhyaalayamloni oka vidyaarthi raasinadi, idhi tangramla charitra mariyu prajaadarana gurinchi kalpita rachana kaadu. rendavadi, "dett nai chainisiske gadespil" (kotta chainees puzzle game), "enimidava pustakam off thaan" nundi coppy cheyabadina 339 puzzles, alaage oka asalu kaligi undhi.
airopalo aata yokka prajaadaranaku dohadapade oka amsam emitante, catholic charchi sabbaatlo aneka rakaala vinodaalanu nishedhinchinappatiki, vaaru tangram vanti puzzle atalaku etuvanti abhyantaram vyaktam cheyaledu.
germanylo rendava vyaamoham (1891-1920 luu).
1891 loe paarisraamikavetta friedrich adolph richter chetha tangrams modatisaarigaa german prajalaku parichayam cheyabaddaayi. setlu raathi ledhaa tappudu matti paatralatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi mariyu "anker puzzle" paerutoe vikrayinchabaddaayi.
marinta antarjaateeyamgaa, modati prapancha yuddham iruvaipula tangrams, home front mariyu kandakaalapai goppa aasaktini tirigi chusindi. eee samayamlo, idhi appudappudu "anker puzzle" setlaku pratyaamnaaya sheershika "spinks" paerutoe vellindi.
vairudhyaalu.
tangram paradox anedi vichchaedana bhrantih oke mukkalatho kuurchabadina rendu bommalu, veetilo okati marokadaaniki saraina upasamitigaa kanipistundi. oka prasiddha vairudhyam emitante, dudenieki aapaadinchabadina iddaru sanyaasuladi, indulo rendu saaruupya akaaraalu untaayi, okati paadamtho mariyu marokati tappipoyinadi. vaastavaaniki, paadam yokka praantam rendava chitramlo suukshmamgaa pedda sareeram dwara bharti cheyabadutundi. 
rendu-sanyaasula paradox-rendu saaruupya akaaraalu conny oka adugu tappipoyindih
dhi magic dies cup tangram paradox-saam lloyd pustakam "dhi 8thh book off thaan" (1903) nundi. eee kappulalo prati okkati adhe edu rekhaganita aakrutulanu upayoginchi roopondinchabadindi. conny modati cup mottam, mariyu itarulu vividha parimaanaala khaaliilanu kaligi untaaru. (edama vaipuna unnadi itara rendinti kante konchem chinnadigaa undani gamaninchandi. madhyalo unnadi kudivaipuna unnadaani kante konchem vedalpugaa untundi, mariyu edama vaipuna unnadi inca irukainadi.)
clip cheyabadina chadarapu tangram paradox-lloyd pustakam "dhi enimidava book off thaan" (1903) nundih
aakruteekaranala sankhya.
19va sataabdapu grandhaala nundi matrame 6500 kii paiga vividha tangram samasyalu srushtinchabaddaayi, mariyu prastuta sankhya nirantaram perugutondi. 1942loe fue traying wang mariyu chuwan-chih hsiung padamudu convex tangram configurations matrame unnayani niroopinchaayi (configuration anchuna edainaa rendu paayintla madhya geesina configure segment ellappuduu configuration lopali bhaagam gundaa velutundi, antey.ii., avtlinelo viramalu lekunda aakruteekaranalu).
mukkalu.
oka chadarapu unit vaisaalyam kaligi, oka vaipu oka unit yokka chadarapugaa erpadataaniki edu mukkalanu sameekarinchagaligela kolata yokka oka unitnu enchukovadam, edu mukkalu
eee edu mukkalalo, samaantara chaturbhujamlo pratibimbam samaruupata ledhu, conny bhramana samaruupata matrame undhi, kabatti daani addam chitraanni tippadam dwara matrame pondavacchu. anduvalla, konni aakaralanu roopondinchetappudu tippaalsina ekaika mukka idhi.