
aanglamlo srungaara saahityam

srungaaravaadam anedi 18va sataabdam chivaralo airopalo udbhavinchina oka kalaatmaka, saahitya, medho udyamam. 1798loe vilium words worth mariyu shamyul colridge yokka "lyrical ballads" prachurananu panditulu bahusha udyamaaniki prarambhamga mariyu 1837loe queen victoria pattabhishekam daani mugimpugaa bhaavistaaru. taruvaata aanglam matlade prapanchamlooni itara praantaalaku srungaaravaadam vachindi; united stateslo, idhi 1820 loe vachindi.
graameena praantaala janabha ksheenata mariyu 1798 mariyu 1832 madhya jarigina raddiigaa unna paarisraamika nagaraala vegavantamaina abhivruddhi kaaranamgaa eee srungaara kaalam inglandlo pradhana saamaajika maarpulalo okati. inglandlo chaalaa mandhi prajala kadalika rendu saktula phalitamgaa undih vyavasaya viplavam, indulo kaarmikulu mariyu vaari kutumbaalanu bhoomi nundi tarimikottina aavaranalu, mariyu vaariki upaadhi kalpinchina paarisraamika viplavam, "aaviri-saktitoe nadiche yantraalache nirvahinchabade karmagaralu mariyu millulalo". vaastavaaniki, srungaaravaadaanni kontavaraku paarisraamika viplavaniki pratispandanagaa chudavachu, ayinappatikee idhi ghnaanoodayam yuganiki chendina kuleena saamaajika mariyu raajakeeya nibandhanalaku vyatiraekamgaa tirugubaatu, alaage prakruti yokka shaastreeya hetubaddheekaranaku vyatiraekamgaa pratispandana kooda. french viplavam eee samayamlo kooda chaalaa mandhi pramukha srungaara vyaktula raajakeeya aalochanapai pratyekinchi mukhyamaina prabhavam choopindi.
ingland.
18va sataabdapu puurveekulu.
19va sataabdam praarambhamlo aangla saahityamlo srungaara udyamam 18va sataabdapu kavitvam, gothik navala mariyu sensibility navalalo muulaalanu kaligi undhi. indulo 1740laloe mariyu taruvaata vraasina aneka srungaaraaniki puurvapu aangla kavulu, vaari rachanalu maranampai vaari digulugaa unna dhyanalu, "purrelu mariyu savapetikalu, epitaflu mariyu purugulu" anevi unnaayi. dheeniki taruvaati abhyaasakulu "utkrushtamaina" mariyu asaadhaaranamaina bhavana mariyu puraatana aangla kavita roopaalu mariyu jaanapada kavitvampai aasaktini jodinchaaru. eee bhaavanalanu tarachugaa gothik sailiki puurvagaamulugaa pariganistaaru. kontamandi pradhana gothik kavulalo thamus gray (1716-71), "oka graameena charchilo vraayabadina sokasandesam" (1751) "eee rakamaina sunnitatvaaniki atyanta prasiddha utpatti"; vilium couper (1731-1800); christopher smart (1722-71); thamus chatterton (1752-70); robbert blair (1699-1746), "maranam yokka bhayanakatanu jarupukune" "samadhi" (1743) rachayita; mariyu edward young (1683-1765), "jeevitam, maranam mariyu amaratvampai firyadu, ledhaa raatri-aalochanalu" (1742-45) maroka "smasaana shaili yokka pramukha udaaharana". kavi james thamson (1700-48) mariyu james macferson (1736-96) srungaaravaadaaniki itara puurvagaamulu.
sentimental navala ledhaa "sensibility navala" anedi 18va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo abhivruddhi chendina oka shaili. idhi bhavodvega, bhavodvegavadam mariyu sunnitatvam yokka bhavodvega mariyu medho bhaavanalanu jarupukuntundi. centability nundi vaeru cheyavalasina centimentalism, kavitvam mariyu gadya kalpana rendintiloonuu oka fyaashan, idhi auguston yugam yokka hetubaddhataku pratispandanagaa praarambhamaindi. bhavodvega navalalu vaari paatakulu mariyu paatrala nundi bhavodvega pratispandanapai aadharapaddaayi. baadha mariyu sunnitatvam yokka drushyaalu saadhaaranam, mariyu kathaamsam charya kante bhavodvegalanu munduku teesukelladaaniki erpaatu cheyabadindi. phalitamgaa "chakkati anubhooti" yokka viluvanu, paatralanu suddhi chesina, sunnitamaina bhavodvega prabhaavaaniki namoonalugaa pradarsinchadam jarugutundi. bhavalanu pradarsinche saamarthyam swabhaavaanni mariyu anubhavanni choopistundani, saamaajika jeevitaanni mariyu sambandhaalanu roopondistundani bhaavinchaaru. aanglamlo atyanta prasiddha bhavodvega navalalo shamyul richardson yokka "pamela, ledhaa dharmam reward" (1740), olivar goaled smith yokka "dhi vikar off wakefield" (1766), laurence stern yokka "tristram shandy" (1759-67) mariyu "eah sentimental jarnee" (1768), henry brook yokka "dhi phool off quality" (1765-70), henry mackenzie yokka "dhi myaan off feeling" (1771) mariyu maria edjworth yokka "kazil rockrent" (1800) unnaayi.
german gothe, shiller mariyu aagashtu wilhelm schlegel mariyu french tatwavetta mariyu rachayita zeane-jackwess ruso (1712-78) mukhyamaina videshee prabhavalu kaligi unnaaru. edmond burk yokka "utkrushtamaina mariyu andamaina mana aalochanala moolampai taatvika vichaarana" (1757) maroka mukhyamaina prabhavam. nagaram yokka vistarana mariyu graameena janabha ksheenatatoo paarisraamika mariyu vyavasaya viplavaala dwara teesukuvacchina maarutunna prakruti drushyam, britainlo srungaara udyamam yokka perugudalapai maroka prabhavam choopindi. kaarmikula paelavamaina paristhiti, kotta varga sangharshanhalu mariyu paryaavarana kalushyam pattaneekarana mariyu paarisraamikeekaranaku vyatiraekamgaa pratispandanaku daariteesaayi mariyu prakruti andam mariyu viluvaku kotta praadhaanyatanichaayi.
18va sataabdam chivaralo, horace valpole yokka 1764 navala "dhi kazil off otranto" bhayanaka mariyu srungaara amsaalanu militam chese gothik kalpita sailini srushtinchindi. maargadarsaka gothik navala rachayita aann rodcliffe gothik vilan yokka chittugaa unde vyaktini parichayam chesaadu, idhi byronic heeroga abhivruddhi chendindi. aame atyanta prajaadarana pondina mariyu prabhaavavantamaina rachana, "dhi mysteries off udolfo" (1795), tarachugaa architipal gothik navalaga perkonabadindi. "vilium beckford rachinchina "wathek" (1786) mariyu mathue levis rachinchina "dhi maank" (1796) gothik mariyu bhayanaka saahitya sailulalo marinta mukhyamaina prarambha rachanalu. united kingdamlo modati chinna kathalu richard comberland yokka "visaeshamaina kathanam" "dhi poisoner off montremos" (1791) vanti gothik kathalu.
srungaara kavitvam.
eee kaalapu kavitvamlo bhouthika prakruti drushyam pramukhamgaa undhi. shrungaaravettalu, mukhyamgaa words worth, tarachugaa "prakruti kavulu" gaa varninchabaddaaru. ayithe, eee "prakruti kavitalu" vistrutamaina aandolanalanu velladistaayi, avi tarachugaa "bhavodvega samasya ledhaa vyaktigata sankshobham" paie dhyanalu.
kavi, chitrakaarudu mariyu print maker vilium blake (1757-1827) eee rakamaina prarambha rachayita. thana kaalamlooni saahityamlooni pradhana pravaahaala nundi ekkuvagaa disconnect ayina blake thana jeevitakaalamlo saadhaaranamgaa gurtinchabadaledu, conny ippudu srungaara yugamloni kavitvam mariyu drushya kalala charitralo oka mukhyamaina vyaktigaa pariganinchabaddaadu. thana vilakshanhamaina abhipraayaala kosam samakaaleenulu picchivaadani bhaavinchina blake, athani vyakteekarana mariyu srujanaatmakata kosam, mariyu athani rachanaloni taatvika mariyu aadhyaatmika antarpravaahaala kosam taruvaati vimarsakulache adhika gowravaanni pondaadu. ayana atyanta mukhyamaina rachanalalo "amaayakatvam yokka paatalu" (1789) mariyu "anubhava paatalu" (1794), "mariyu" albian kumartela darsanaalu "(1793)," dhi book off urigen "(1794)," (1804-1810) mariyu "jerusalem dhi emmanation off dhi jaint albian" (1804-1820) vanti lothaina mariyu kashtamaina 'pravachanalu' unnaayi.
blake taruvaata, sarassu kavulalo, vilium words worth (1770-1850), shamyul taylor colridge (1772-1834), robbert southee (1774-1843) mariyu journalist thamus dii quincy (1785-1859) thoo sahaa snehitula chinna samuuham unnaaru. ayithe, aaa samayamlo, walter scott (1771-1832) atyanta prasiddha kavi. 1805loe scott thana sudeergha kathana padyam "dhi lae off dhi laast minstrell" thoo takshana vijayanni saadhinchaadu, aaa taruvaata 1808loe puurti itihaasa padyam "marmian" vachindi. rendoo suduura scottish gatamlo roopondinchabaddaayi.
prarambha srungaara kavulu bhavodvegavadam mariyu aatmapariseelana yokka kotta roopaanni teesukuvacchaaru, mariyu vaari aavirbhavam aangla saahityamlo modati srungaara manifesto, "lyrical ballads" (1798) kuu "mundumaata" dwara gurtinchabadindi. indulo wordsworth "purushula nijamaina bhasha" aadhaaramgaa kotta rakamaina kavitvamloni amsaalugaa athanu chuse vaatini charchistaadu, idhi 18va sataabdapu kavitvam yokka kavita sailini nivaaristundi. ikkada, wordsworth kavitvam gurinchi thana prasiddha nirvachananni "saktivantamaina bhaavaala aakasmika pravaham" gaa istaadu, idhi "prasaantataloo gurthunchukune bhavodvegam nundi daani muulaanni teesukuntundi". lyrical ballads" looni kavitalu ekkuvagaa words worth rasinavi, ayithe aangla saahityamlooni goppa kavitalalo okataina "puraatana navikudi deerghamaina" raim "nuu colridge andinchaaru, idhi dakshina samudraala gundaa thana samudrayaanamlo oka navikudi manugada gurinchi oka vishaadakaramaina ballad, mariyu oka albatras yokka prateekaatmakamgaa mukhyamaina hatyanu kaligi untundi. colridge mukhyamgaa "kubla khaan", "ardharaatri manchu", "christabel", alaage pradhana gadya rachana "biographia literia" laku kooda gurthundipothundi. ayana chesina vimarsanaatmaka rachana, mukhyamgaa shakespearepy, atyanta prabhaavavantamainadi, mariyu athanu aanglam matlade samskrutiki german aadarsavaada tatvaanni parichayam cheyadamlo sahayapaddadu. kaarlailtho paatu, coloridge mariyu wordsworth, emerson dwara american divyatvavaadampai pradhana prabhavalu chupayi. wordsworth yokka atyanta mukhyamaina kavitalalo "maikhel", "tintern abbe nundi konni mailla dhooramlo vraayabadina panktulu", "resolution und independence", mariyu podavaina, sweeyacharitraatmaka itihaasam "dhi prelude" unnaayi. "dhi prelude" 1799loe praarambhamaindi, conny 1850loe maranaanantaram prachurinchabadindi. wordsworth kavitvam "vinayapoorvakamaina mariyu graameena jeevitaanni mariyu saadaa [...] nuu unnata sthaayiki teesukelladam dwara kavita sailulu, vishayalu mariyu shaili yokka saampradaaya sopaanakramaanni elaa tippikottindi anedaaniki gurtinchadaginadi...] saadhaaranamgaa kavitvam yokka pradhana amsam mariyu madhyamam loki, mariyu colridge maatallo cheppalante, athanu suparichitamaina, saadhaarana vastuvula chitranalo paatakulalo "anubhooti yokka taajaadanam" elaa melkolputadu.
robbert southe (1774-1843) 1813 nundi 1843loe ayana maranam varaku 30 samvatsaraala paatu "sarassu kavulu" anie pilavabade kavi, kavi graheeta, ayinappatikee ayana keertini ayana samakaaleenulu, snehitulu vilium words worth, shamyul taylor colridge chalakalamga maruguna pettaru. thamus dii quincy (1785-1859) oka aangla vyaasakarta, ayana "confessions off yaan inglish afeem-eetar" (1821) kuu prasiddhi chendaaru, idhi ayana loudanum vadakam mariyu athani jeevitampai daani prabhavam gurinchi aatmakathaatmaka kathanam. colridge mariyu words worth iddarikee snehitudaina vilium hazlit (1778-1830) eee samayamlo maroe mukhyamaina vyaasakarta, ayithe nedu ayana thana saahitya vimarsalaku, mukhyamgaa "shakespeare naatakaala paatralu" (1817-18) kuu prasiddhi chendaaru.
rendava taram.
rendava taram srungaara kavulalo lard byron (1788-1824), persey baishe shelly (1792-1822) mariyu zaan keats (1795-1821) unnaaru. ayithe, byron ippatikee 18va sataabdapu vyangyavaadulachae prabhaavitamayyaadu mariyu bahusha muggurilo athi takkuva "srungaarabharitamaina" vyakti, "pope yokka adbhutamaina telivini thana srungaara samakaaleenala 'tappudu kavita vyavastha' anie piliche daanikante ishtapadataadu". byron vaari anyadesa mariyu chaaritraka nepathyaalaloni himsa mariyu naatakaalanu dopidi chese rachanalatho airopa antataa apaaramaina keerti mariyu prabhavanni saadhinchindi. gothe byrannu "nissandehamgaa mana sataabdapu goppa medhavi" anie pilicharu. airopa paryatana phalitamgaa "chiled harrold teerthayaatra" (1812) yokka modati rendu khandaalu vachayi, idhi airopalo oka yuvakudi saahasaalaku sambandhinchina kalpita-veerochita itihaasam, conny london samaajaaniki vyatiraekamgaa padunaina vyangyamgaa kooda undhi. 1809 mariyu 1811 madhya thana prayaanaala samayamlo pondina anubhavam nundi byron kontha kathaamsaanni roopondinchinanduna, eee kavitalo aatmakathaathmakamaina amsaalu unnaayi. ayithe, "chiled harrold" mariyu itara rachanalu vijayam saadhinchinappatikii, byron 1816loe manchi kosam inglaandnu vidichipetti, khandamlo aasrayam pondavalasi vachindi, endukante, itara vishayaalatoepaatu, thana savati sodari augusta leetho athani vivaahetara sambandham kaaranamgaa. ikkada athanu persey baishe mariyu maerii shellilatho kalisi, thana karyadarshi zaan vilium paalidoritoe kalisi geneva sarassu odduna, "vesavi laeni samvatsaram" loe cheraadu. palidori yokka "dhi vampire" 1819loe prachurinchabadindi, idhi saahitya rakta pisaachi sailini srushtinchindi. eee chinna katha lard byron jeevitam mariyu athani padyam "dhi giaur" (1813) nundi prerana pondindi. 1819 mariyu 1824 madhyakaalamlo, byron thana asampoornamaina itihaasa vyangya chitram "daan juvan" nuu prachurinchaadu, dheenini modatlo vimarsakulu khandinchinappatiki, "daanilo kontha bhaganni anuvadinchina gothe dheenini chaalaa mecchukunnaru".
shelly bahusha "ojimandias", "ood tuu dhi west wind", "skye lark", "sangeetam, mruduvaina swaraalu chanipoyinappudu", "cloude", "arachakam yokka musugu" mariyu "adonis" vanti kavitalaku baga prasiddhi chendindi, idhi keats maranam meeda vraayabadina shokasandram. shelly yokka naastikatvam yokka prarambha vrutti, "naastikatvam yokka avasaram" anae padabandhamlo, oxford nundi athani bahishkaranaku daariteesindi, mariyu atanini oka teevramaina andolanakarudiga mariyu alochanaparuduga mudravesindi, athani kaalamlooni medho mariyu raajakeeya vargaala nundi anachiveta mariyu bahishkarana yokka prarambha namuunaanu erpaatu chesindi. adevidhamgaa, shelly yokka 1821 vyaasam "kavitva rakshana" kavitvam gurinchi samuulamaina drukpathaanni pradarsinchindi, dheenilo kavulu "prapanchamlooni gurtinchabadani saasanasabhyula" gaa vyavaharistaaru, endukante, kalakarulandarilo, vaaru samajam yokka under gurding nirmaanaanni baga grahistaaru. ayithe, athani abhimanula sannihita vargamlo, athani kaboye maama, tatwavetta vilium gadwin thoo sahaa aaa roeju atyanta pragatiseela aalochanaaparulu unnaaru. queen maab" (1813) vanti rachanalu shellini 1790la naati french mariyu british viplavaatmaka medhaavulaku pratyaksha varasudiga velladistaayi."robbert browning mariyu dante gabriel rosetty vanti mukhyamaina victorian mariyu prii-graphaelite kavulatho paatu taruvaati moodu ledhaa naalugu taraala kavulaku shelly oka vigrahamgaa maarindi. bii. yates. shelly yokka prabhaavavantamaina padyam "arachakam yokka musugu" (1819) nirasana mariyu raajakeeya charyalo ahimsaku pilupunistundi. idhi bahusha ahimsaatmaka nirasana suutram yokka modati aadhunika prakatana. mahatma gandhi yokka nishkriyaatmaka pratighatana shelly padyam dwara prabhaavitamai, prerana pondindi, gandhi tarachugaa eee kavitanu vistaaramaina prekshakulaku utankinchevaaru.
zaan keats byron mariyu shelly yokka radikal rajakeeyaalanu panchukunnappatiki, "athani uttama kavitvam raajakeeyamainadi kaadu", conny mukhyamgaa daani indriya sangeetam mariyu chitraalaku, bhouthika soundaryam mariyu jeevitam yokka asthirathatho patuga prasiddhi chendindi. athani atyanta prasiddha rachanalalo "dhi eev off seyint" unnaayi. ood tuu saik", "laa belle dame sance mercy", "ood tuu eah nightingale", "ood aann eah greatian aarn", "ood aann melancoli", "tuu saradrutuvu" mariyu asampoornamaina "hyperian", khaalii padyamloo "taatvika" padyam, idhi "milton yokka" swargam kolpoyina "namuunaapai roopondinchabadindi". keats aksharalu aanglamlo atyuttamamainavi mariyu 'pratikuula saamardhyamtho sahaa' athani soundarya aalochanala charchaku mukhyamainavi. keats ellappuduu oka pradhana srungaarabharitamaina vyaktigaa pariganinchabaddaadu, "mariyu faashanlooni anni maarpula dwara kaviga athani sthaayi kramamga perigindi".
itara kavulu.
eee kaalamlo maroe mukhyamaina kavi zaan clair (1793-1864). clar oka vyavasaya karmikudi kumarudu, athanu aangla graameena praantaala vedukala praatinidhyaalaku mariyu graameena inglandlo jarugutunna maarpula patla vilapinchadaaniki prasiddhi chendaadu. 20va sataabdam chivaralo ayana kavitvam pradhaanamaina punahpariseelanaku guraindi, ippudu ayana 19va sataabdapu atyanta mukhyamaina kavulalo okarigaa pariganhinchabadutunnaaru. athani jeevita charitrakaarudu jonathan bayt clar "ingland ippativaraku srushtinchina goppa kaarmika-taragati kavi" anie paerkonnaadu. prakruti gurinchi, graameena balyam gurinchi, paraayeekarana mariyu asthiramaina aatma gurinchi intha saktivantamgaa evaruu vraayalaedu ".
georg crob (1754-1832) oka aangla kavi, athanu srungaara kaalamlo, "graameena jeevitam yokka daggaragaa pariseelinchina, vaastavika chitraalanu [...]..] auguston yugamloni veerochita dvipadalalo. peetha kavitvaaniki abhimani ayina lard byron aayananu "prakruti yokka kathinamaina chitrakaarudu, inca atyuttama chitrakaarudu" gaa abhivarninchaaru. aadhunika vimarsakudu fraank whitehead ilaa annadu, "peetha, mukhyamgaa thana padya kathalalo, oka mukhyamaina-nijaaniki, oka pradhana-kavi, ayana rachanalu ippatikee teevramgaa takkuvagaa anchanaa vaeyabadutunnaayi". crob yokka rachanalalo "dhi village" (1783), "kavitalu" (1807), "dhi baroe" (1810), mariyu athani kavita sekaranalu "tales" (1812) mariyu "tales off dhi haall" (1819) unnaayi.
mahilaa kavulu.
18va sataabdam antataa mahilaa rachayitalu anni sailulalo churukuga unnaaru, 1790la natiki mahilaa kavitvam abhivruddhi chendindi. aaa kaalamlooni pramukha kavulalo annah latitia barbould, jovanna bailey, susanna blamire mariyu hannah marinni unnaaru. itara mahilaa kavulalo maerii alcock (-1798) mariyu maerii robinson (-ID2), iddaroo "dhanikulu mariyu paedala jeevitaaniki madhya apaaramaina vyatyaasaanni highlight chesaaru", mariyu felicia hemons (-ID1), aame jeevitakaalamlo pantommidi vyaktigata pustakaala rachayita mariyu 1835loe aame maranam taruvaata vistrutamgaa tirigi prachurinchabadatam konasaaginchaaru.
iteevali samvatsaraalalo vilium sodari dorothy wordsworth (1771-1855) paie marinta aasakti choopabadindi, aame "thana rachana saamardhyaala gurinchi niraadambaramgaa undedi, [conny] aame thana sonta kavitalanu roopondinchindi; mariyu aame patrikalu mariyu prayaana kathanaalu khachitamgaa aame sodarudiki prerananichaayi".
gatha dasaabdaallo, eee kaalamlooni mahilaa kavulapai gananeeyamaina paandityapoornamaina mariyu vimarsanaatmaka rachanalu jarigaayi, vaatini mudrana ledhaa aanlainlo andubaatulo unchadaaniki, mariyu rendavadi, vaatini anchanaa vaeyadaaniki mariyu saahitya sampradaayamlo unchadaaniki. mukhyamgaa, felicia hemons, daani roopaalaku kattubadi unnappatikee, srungaara sampradaayaanni anagadokkadam praarambhinchindi, eee punarnirmananni letitia elizabeth landon (1802-1838) konasaaginchaaru. landon yokka navala roopaalaina metrikal romans mariyu naatakeeya ekaswaamyaalu chaalaa coppy cheyabaddaayi mariyu victorian kavitvampai sudeerghamaina mariyu shaashwata prabhavanni chupayi. aame rachanalu ippudu tarachugaa post-romanticga vargeekarinchabaddaayi. aame moodu puurtayina navalalu, oka vishaadam mariyu aneka chinna kathalanu kooda nirminchindi.
srungaara navala.
maerii shelly (1797-1851) "frankenstein" (1818) rachayitagaa gurthunchukobaddadu. dheeni kathaamsam persey shelly, lard byron mariyu zaan polydoryla sahavaasamlo galvanism mariyu shavam ledhaa sameekarinchina shareera bhaagaalanu tirigi pondadam gurinchi sambhaashana taruvaata mariyu 18va sataabdapu sahaja tatwavetta mariyu kavi erasmus darwin yokka prayogaala gurinchi aame melkonna kala nundi vachindani chebutaaru, athanu chanipoyina padaarthaanni animate chesinatlu cheppabadindi. byron villaalo oka logg fair chuttoo kuurchuni, company german deyyam kathalanu chadavadam dwara kooda tamanu taamu aanandinchindi, byron prati okkaroo tama sonta atindriya kathanu vrayamani suuchimchamani prerepinchindi.
jaine austen rachanalu 18va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo sunnitatvapu navlalanu vimarsistaayi mariyu 19va sataabdapu vaastavikataku parivartanalo bhaagamgaa unnaayi. aame kathalu, praathamikamgaa haasyabharitamainavi ayinappatikee, saamaajika sthithini mariyu aardhika bhadratanu bhadraparachadaaniki vivaahampai mahilala aadharapadataanni highlight chestaayi. mahilalu saadhaaranamgaa dabbu vaarasatvamgaa pondalekapovadam, pani cheyalekapovadam mariyu ekkuvagaa tama bhartalapai aadharapadatam valla mahilalu edurkontunna kashtalanu austen veluguloki testundi. aame thana rojullo mahilalu edurkonna ibbandulanu matrame kakunda, purushula nundi mariyu vaaru anusarinchaalsina vruttula nundi emi aasinchabadindo kooda velladistundi. idhi aame telivi mariyu haasyamtho mariyu anni paatralu, manchi ledhaa chedu, vaaru arhulu sarigga pondadaaniki mugimpulatoe chestundi. aame rachanalu aame jeevitakaalamlo aameku chinna vyaktigata keertini tecchipettindi mariyu konni saanukuula sameekshalanu matrame tecchipettindi, conny 1869loe aame menalludu "eah memorial off jaine austen" prachurana aamenu vistruta prajalaku parichayam chesindi, 1940la natiki aame pradhana rachayitagaa aamodinchabadindi. 20va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo austen paandityamu yokka vistarana mariyu genite abhimaana samskruti aavirbhavam kanipinchindi. austen rachanalalo "sense und sensibility" (1811), "pride und predus" (1813), "mansfield park" (1814), "emma" (1815), "nartanjar abbe" (1817) mariyu "oppinchadam" (1817) unnaayi.
drama.
byron, keats mariyu persey shelly annee vedika kosam raasaaru, conny inglandlo takkuva vijayamtho, shelly yokka "dhi sensey" bahusha nirminchina uttama rachana, ayinappatikee adhi athani maranam taruvaata oka sataabdam varaku inglaandlooni public theatres pradarsinchabadaledu. byron natakalu, athani kavitalu mariyu scott navalala naatakeeyatatoo paatu, khandamlo, mukhyamgaa fraanslo baga prachuryam pondaayi, mariyu eee samskaranala dwara, anekam operaalugaa marchabaddayi, chaalaa varaku netikee pradarsinchabadutunnaayi. samakaaleena kavulu vedikapai peddagaa vijayam saadhinchakapothe, shakespeare pradarsanalaku eee kaalam oka puraana kaalam, mariyu athani asalu grandhaalanu punaruddharinchadaaniki mariyu vatiki augustan "merugudalalanu" tolaginchadaaniki kontha maargam vellindi. aaa kaalamlooni goppa natudu edmond keane, vishaadakaramaina mugimpunu "king lear" kuu punaruddharinchaadu; colridge ilaa annadu, "athani natnanu chudatam anedi shakespeare merupu merupulatho chadavadam laantidi.anie.
wales.
wales daani swantha srungaara udyamaanni kaligi undhi, mukhyamgaa velsh saahityamlo (idhi wales velupala arudugaa anuvadinchabadindi ledhaa prasiddhi chendindi). graameena praantaalu mariyu wales charitra britainla srungaara oohaashaktipai, mukhyamgaa prayaana rachanalalo mariyu wordsworth kavitvampai prabhavam chupayi.
edward villiams (1747-1826) yokka "kavitvam mariyu bardic drushti", athani bardic paeru iolo morgaong dwara baga prasiddhi chendindi, srungaaravaadam yokka lakshanaalanu kaligi undhi. "wales mariyu daani gatam gurinchi athani srungaara chitram pantommidava sataabdamloo wales vaari swantha jaateeya gurtimpunu oohinchina vidhaanampai suduura prabhavanni choopindi."
scatland.
james macferson antarjaateeya khyaatini pondina modati scottish kavi. praacheena barred ossian raasina kavitvaanni kanugonnatlu paerkontuu, athanu shaastreeya itihaasaalaku samaanamaina selticga prakatinchabadi, antarjaateeya prajaadarana pondina "anuvaadaalanu" prachurinchaadu. "1762loe vraayabadina "fingal", aneka european bhaashalaloki vaegamgaa anuvadinchabadindi, mariyu sahaja soundaryam mariyu puraatana puraanam yokka chikitsapai daani prasamsalu, yea okka rachana kante, europeanlo srungaara udyamaanni teesukuvacchina ghanata, mukhyamgaa german saahityamlo, johann gottfried vaan hearder mariyu johann wolfgang vaan gothepai daani prabhavam dwara. idhi fraanslo nepolian thoo sahaa bommala dwara kooda prachuryam pondindi. chivariki eee kavitalu galic nundi pratyaksha anuvaadaalu kaadani, conny athani prekshakula soundarya anchanaalaku anugunamgaa chesina pushpavantamaina anusaranalu anie spashtamaindi. robbert burns (1759-96) mariyu walter scott (1771-1832) rendoo kooda ossian chakram dwara baga prabhaavitamayyaayi. robbert burns (1759-1796) srungaara udyamaaniki maargadarsakudu, mariyu athani maranam taruvaata athanu scatlandlo saamskrutika chihnamgaa maaradu. kavitalu raayadamtho paatu, burns scatland antataa jaanapada paatalanu kooda sekarinchi, tarachugaa vaatini savarinchi ledhaa sweekarinchi. 1786loe prachurinchabadina athani "kavitalu, pradhanamgaa scottish maandalikamlo". prapanchavyaaptamgaa baga prasiddhi chendina kavitalu mariyu kaalina gaayaala paatalalo, "ald long sine"; "eah redd, redd roez"; "eah mans eah myaan pharr eah 'dhatt"; "tuu eah loose"; "tuu eah mouse"; "dhi battle off sheramuir"; "tomm oo' shanter" mariyu "eah fandey kiss" unnaayi.
19va sataabdam praarambhamlo atyanta mukhyamaina british navala rachayithalalo okaraina surr walter scott, atyanta prajaadarana pondadame kakunda, 19va sataabdamloo kalpanapai goppa prabhavam chuupaaru...] [mariyu] oka european vyakti ". scott yokka navala rachana vruttini 1814loe "waverley" thoo praarambhinchaaru, dheenini tarachugaa modati chaaritraka navala anie pilustaaru, aaa taruvaata "ivanho" vachindi. dhi yantikari", "old mortality", "dhi haart off midlothian", mariyu dheeni vishayam scottish charitra, vanti waverley navalalu ippudu saadhaaranamgaa scott yokka kalakhandaluga pariganhinchabadutunnaayi. athanu aaa yugamlo atyanta prajaadarana pondina navala rachayithalalo okadu, mariyu athani chaaritraka premakathalu franz shubert, felix mendelsone mariyu zhe. thoo sahaa airopa antataa chitrakaarulu, swarakartalu mariyu rachayitala taraaniki sphuurtinichaayi. emm. doubleu. turnerer. athani navalalu aneka operaalaku kooda prerananichaayi, veetilo atyanta prasiddhamainavi donijetti rachinchina "lucia dii lamermoor" (1835), mariyu bijet yokka "laa jolie filley dii perth", "dhi fair mide off perth" (1867). ayithe, nedu athani samakaaleena, jaine austen, vistrutamgaa chadavabadatadu mariyu chalanachitraalu mariyu television dhaaraavaahikaalaku muulam, ayithe scott tulanaatmakamgaa nirlakshyam cheyabaddaadu.
america.
european srungaara udyamam 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo americaku cherukundi. american romanticism airopalo unnatle bahumukha mariyu vyaktigatamainadi. europeanla maadirigaane, american romantics adhika sthaayi naitika utsaaham, vyaktivaadam mariyu sweeya aavirbhavam patla nibaddhata, sahajamaina avagahanaku praadhaanyata ivvadam mariyu sahaja prapancham swabhavikamga manchidani, maanava samajam avineetiki nindi undani bhaavinchadam pradarsinchaaru. america rajakeeyaalu, tatvasaastram mariyu kalalalo srungaaravaadam prachuryam pondindi. eee udyamam america viplavaatmaka sphuurtitoe paatu mundastu sthaavaraala yokka kathinamaina matha sampradaayaala nundi vimukti pondaalani korukune vaariki vignapti chesindi. srungaaravaadulu hetubaddhatanu, mataparamaina telivini tiraskarinchaaru. idhi calvinismnu vyatirekinchevaarini aakarshinchindi, indulo prati vyakti yokka vidhi mundugaa nirnayinchabadindane nammakam kooda undhi.
srungaarabharitamaina gothik saahityam washington irving yokka "dhi legend off sleepy haalo" (1820) mariyu "rip vaan winkley" (1819) thoo praarambhamlo kanipinchindi; washington irving yokka vyasalalo mariyu mukhyamgaa athani prayaana pustakaalalo sundaramaina "sthaanika rangu" amsaalu unnaayi. 1823 nundi, phalavantamaina mariyu prasiddha navala rachayita james fenimore cooper (1789-1851) american saahityamlo oka pratyaekamaina roopaanni srushtinchadaaniki, sarihaddu mariyu bharatiya jeevitam yokka thana chaaritraka prema kathalanu prachurinchadam praarambhinchaadu. cooper thana aneka samudra kathalaku mariyu "tholu nilva kathalu" anie piluvabade chaaritraka navalalaku baga gurtundipoyadu, veerochita saralataku praadhaanyatanistuu, "goppa kroorulu" nivasinche appatike-anyadesa pouraanika sarihaddu yokka teevramaina prakruti drushya vivaranalu, "mohikanlalo chivari" (1826) nundi "anacas" udaaharanagaa ruso (1712-78) tatvasaastram yokka prabhavanni chooputundi. 1830la praarambhamlo modatisaarigaa kanipinchina edger allan poe yokka bhayankaramaina kathalu, mariyu athani yakshagana kavitvam intlo kante fraanslo marinta prabhaavavantamgaa undhi.
19va sataabdam madhya natiki, british deevula nundi saahityam yokka praamukhyata maajee american kaalaneelaku chendina rachayithalache savaalu cheyabadatam praarambhamaindi. indulo chinna katha yokka kotta shaili srushtikartalalo okaru, mariyu detective katha edger allan poe (1809-49) aavishkarta unnaaru. eee samayamlo american rachayitalapai pradhana prabhavam srungaaravaadam.
srungaara udyamam nyuu ingland divyavaadaaniki daariteesindi, idhi devuniki mariyu viswaaniki madhya takkuva nirbandha sambandhaanni chithreekarinchindi. ralf valdo emerson yokka 1836 vyaasam "nature" prachurana saadhaaranamgaa divyavaadam oka pradhana saamskrutika udyamamgaa maarina pareevaahaka kshanamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. kotta tatvasaastram aaa vyaktiki devunito marinta vyaktigata sambandhaanni andinchindi. aadhyaatmikata mariyu srungaaravaadam americanlu idhe paddhatiloo vignapti chesaayi, kaaranam meeda pratyaekamaina bhavana, sampradaayam mariyu aacharam yokka parimitulapai vyaktigata bhaava prakatana swechcha rendintikee. idhi tarachugaa prakrutiki utsaahabharitamaina pratispandananu kaligi untundi. idhi kathinamaina, drudamaina calvinism tiraskarananu prothsahinchindi mariyu american samskruti kotta vikasistundani vaagdaanam chesindi.
romantic american navala puurtigaa nathaniel houthron (1804-1864) yokka "dhi scarlett letter" (1850) thoo abhivruddhi chendindi, idhi vyabhicharam chesinanduku thana samajam nundi bayataku teesina oka mahila yokka spashtamaina natakam. houthron yokka kalpana athani snehitudu herman melville (1819-1891) paie teevra prabhavanni choopindi. mobi-dick" (1851) loe, saahasopetamaina timingalam vaeta prayaanam anedi muttadi, chedu yokka swabhaavam mariyu muulakaalaku vyatiraekamgaa maanava poraatam vanti itivruttaalanu pariseelinchadaaniki vahanamga maarutundi. ayithe, 1880la natiki, manasika mariyu saamaajika vaastavikata eee navalalo srungaaravaadamto pootii padutondi.