
samyukta raashtraala raajyaamgaaniki padihenava savarana

united states raajyaamgaaniki padihenava savarana (savarana xv) jaathi, rangu ledhaa munupati daasyam kaaranamgaa federal prabhutvam mariyu prati rashtram pourula ootu hakkunu tiraskarinchadaanni ledhaa kudinchadaanni nishedhistundi."idhi punarnirmaana savaranalalo moodava mariyu chivaridigaa fibravari 3,1870naa aamodinchabadindi.
american antaryuddham chivari samvatsaraallo mariyu aaa taruvaata jarigina punarnirmaana yugamlo, congress lakshalaadi mandhi nallajati svaechchaayutula hakkulapai padepade charchinchindi. 1869 natiki, baanisatvaanni raddu cheyadaaniki mariyu chattaala prakaram pourasatvam mariyu samaana rakshananu andinchadaaniki savaranalu aamodinchabaddaayi, conny ulysses ess. 1868loe adhyaksha padaviki manjuru party bhavishyattuku nallajati purusha otarla ootu hakkunu parirakshinchadam mukhyamani majority republicanlanu oppinchindi. 1869 fibravari 26naa, ootu hakku savarana yokka marinta vistrutamaina samskaranalanu tiraskarinchina taruvaata, republicanlu oka raajee savarananu pratipaadinchaaru, idhi jaathi, rangu ledhaa munupati daasyam aadhaaramgaa ootu hakku parimitulanu nishedhistundi. prajaasvaamyavaadula nundi kashtataramaina dhruvikarana poraatam mariyu vyatiraekata nundi bayatapadina taruvaata, eee savarana sarigga aamodinchabadinatlu mariyu marchi 30,1870naa rajyangamlo bhaagamgaa dhruvikarinchabadindi. library off congress prakaram, pratinidhula sabhalo 144 mandhi republicanlu 15va savarananu aamodinchadaaniki ootu vaesaaru, sunna prajaasvaamyavaadulu anukuulamgaa, 39 otlu laevu mariyu edu mandhi gairhajarayyaru. senatelo, 33 mandhi republicanlu aamodinchadaaniki ootu vaesaaru, mallii sunna prajaasvaamyavaadulu anukuulamgaa unnaaru.
pantommidava sataabdam chivaralo united states supreenkortu nirnayaalu savarananu thrutilo ardham chesukunnayi. 1890 nundi 1910 varaku, dakshina united statesloni democratic party kotta rashtra raajyaamgaalanu sweekarinchindi mariyu otaru namoduku addamkulanu levanette "zim crow" chattalanu amalu chesindi. dheeni phalitamgaa chaalaa mandhi nallajati otarlu mariyu chaalaa mandhi paedha swethajaatheeyulu ennikala pannulu mariyu vivakshata aksharaasyata pareekshala dwara ootu hakkunu kolpoyaru, otingku itara addamkulatho paatu, tellajati purusha otarlaku taata upavaakyaalu minahayinchayi. kuu clucks clan (kkke) dwara prajaasvaamyavaadulu tella praathamika vyavastha mariyu himsaatmaka bedirimpu vyavastha kooda nallajati bhagaswamyanni anachivesindi.
iravayyava sataabdamloo, kortu eee savarananu marinta vistrutamgaa ardham chesukovadam praarambhinchindi, "ginn vii" looni taata upavaakyaalanu kottivesindi. united states (1915) mariyu texas praadhamika kesulalo (1927-1953) democratic party srushtinchina tella praadhamika vyavasthanu raddu cheyadam. pantommidava savarana (mahilalaku ootu hakku, 1920 nundi amaluloki), iravai naalugava savarana (samakhya ennikalaloo ennikala pannulanu nishedhinchadam, 1964 nundi amaluloki) mariyu iravai aarava savarana (1971 nundi amaluloki vacchina oating vayassunu 21 nundi 18 kii tagginchadam) loe ootu hakkulu rajyangamlo marinta cherchabaddaayi. 1965 naati oating hakkula chattam vivakshata adhikara paridhiloo ennikala samakhya paryaveekshanhanu andinchindi, aksharaasyata pareekshalu mariyu ilanti vivakshata parikaraalanu nishedhinchindi mariyu oating vivakshato prabhaavitamaina vyaktula kosam chattaparamaina parishkaralanu srushtinchindi. harper vii. loe padnaalugo savarana prakaram rashtra ennikalaloo ennikala pannulu rajyanga viruddhamani kooda kortu kanugondi. virginia state board off elections "(1966).
nepathyam.
american antaryuddham chivari samvatsaraallo, aaa taruvaata jarigina punarnirmaana yugamlo, 1863 vimukti prakatana mariyu 1865 padamuudava savarana dwara vimukti pondina nallajati maajee baanisala hakkulapai congress padepade charchinchindi, veetilo rendodi baanisatvaanni adhikarikamga raddu chesindi. ayithe, congress padamuudava savarananu aamodinchina taruvaata, prajaasvaamya-aadhipatya dakshinaadi raashtraala congress praatinidhyamlo idhi perugudalapai republicanlu aandolana chendaaru. gatha moodu-aidava vanthu raajee dwara tappanisari cheyabadina aidava vanthu kante ippudu vimukti pondina baanisala puurti janabha lekkinchabadutunnanduna, dakshinaadi rashtraalu janabha aadhaarita pratinidhula sabhalo tama adhikaranni natakeeyamgaa penchutaayi. kottagaa ootu hakku pondina nallajati janaabhaaku chendina otlanu aakarshinchadam mariyu rakshinchadam dwara eee prayojanaanni bharti cheyaalani republicanlu aasinchaaru.
1865loe, jaathi, rangu ledhaa baanisatvam ledhaa asankalpita daasyam yokka munupati paristhitiki sambandham lekunda pourasatvaaniki haamii istuu 1866 poura hakkula chattanni congress aamodinchindi. eee billu samaana prayojanaalaku mariyu chattaniki praapyataku haamii ichindi, idhi yuddhaanantara dakshinaadi rashtraalu aamodinchina nalla kodlapai pratyaksha daadi. block kodlu maajee baanisalanu vaari munupati paristhiti maadirigaane tirigi ivvadaaniki prayatninchaayi, itara vishayaalatoepaatu, vaari kadalikalanu parimitam cheyadam, edaadi podavunaa kaarmika oppandaalloki pravesinchamani balavantam cheyadam, thupaakeelanu kaligi undadaanni nishedhinchadam mariyu kortulo daavaa veyakunda ledhaa sakshyam cheppakunda nirodhinchadam dwara. eee billupai santakam cheyamani congresslo mitavaadulu gattiga korinappatiki, adhyakshudu johnson marchi 27,1866naa daanini raddu chesaaru. thana veeto sandesamlo, athanu eee charyanu vyatiraekimchaaru, endukante idhi 36 rashtraalalo 11 raashtraalaku congresslo praatinidhyam laeni samayamlo svaechchaayutulaku pourasatvaanni pradaanam chesindi, mariyu idhi african americanlaku anukuulamgaa mariyu swethajaatheeyulaku vyatiraekamgaa vivaksha choopindi. moodu vaaraala taruvaata, johnson yokka veeto raddu cheyabadindi mariyu eee charya chattamgaa maarindi. eee vijayam unnappatikee, poura hakkula chattam yokka lakshyalaku maddatu icchina kontamandi republicanlu kooda aaa lakshyalanu chattaluga maarchadaaniki congressku rajyanga adhikaram undani anumaaninchadam praarambhinchaaru. taatkaalika raajakeeya majoritylapai aadharapadatam kante nallajati hakkula kosam rajyanga haameelu pondadaaniki radikal mariyu mitavaada republicanlu iddarinee eee anubhavam prothsahinchindi.
1866 juun 18naa congress padnaalugo savarananu aamodinchindi, idhi jaatito sambandham lekunda pourasatvam mariyu chattaala prakaram samaana rakshanaku haamii istundi mariyu dhruvikarana kosam raashtraalaku pampindi. rendu raashtraala aamodam raddu prayatnaalatoe kuudina teevramaina poraatam taruvaata, padnaalugo savarananu 1868 juulai 28naa aamodinchaaru.
14va savaranaloni 2va vibhagam, 21 ellu paibadina purusha pourulaku ootu hakku niraakarinchina yea rashtramlonaina pratinidhula sabhalo praatinidhyam tagginchadam dwara sikshinchabadindi. kathinamaina jarimananu amalu cheyadamlo viphalamavadam dwara, jaathi aadhaaramgaa ballet accessnu tiraskarinche hakku ippatikee tamaku undani idhi raashtraalaku suuchimchimdi. uttaraadi rashtraalu saadhaaranamgaa dakshinaadi raashtraala maadirigaane nallajaateeyulaku ootu hakkulanu manjuru cheyadaaniki vyatiraekimchaayi. daani dhruvikarana samvatsaramlo, kevalam enimidi uttara rashtraalu matrame nallajaateeyulanu ootu vaeyadaaniki anumatinchaayi. dakshinaana, nallajaateeyulu aneka praantaalalo ootu vaeyagaligaaru, conny aakramana union sainyam jokyam dwara matrame. janavari 10,1867naa praadaesika ootu hakku chattanni aamodinchadam dwara congress bhuubhaagaallooni nallajaateeyulaku ootu hakkunu manjuru cheyadaaniki mundu (moolamh congress globe, 39va congress, 2va session, pp. 381-82), janavari 8,1867naa columbia jillaalo nallajaateeyulaku ootu hakku labhinchindi.
pratipaadana mariyu dhruvikarana.
pratipaadana.
taruvaati congresslo prajaasvaamya sabhyatvam perugutundani oohinchi, republicanlu 40va united states congress yokka kunti-duck seshannu nalla ootu hakkunu rakshinche savarananu aamodinchadaaniki upayoginchaaru. padnaalugo savarana yokka praadhamika rachayita ayina pratinidhi zaan bingham, ootu hakku parimitulapai vistruta nishedham kosam munduku vacchaaru, ayithe "jaathi, rangu, janma, aasti, vidya ledhaa matha vishwaasaala" aadhaaramgaa otaru parimitini nishedhinche vistruta pratipaadana tiraskarinchabadindi. aksharaasyata pareekshalanu pratyaekamgaa nishedhinchaalane pratipaadana kooda tiraskarinchabadindi. nativism pradhana saktigaa unna uttaraadi nundi kontamandi pratinidhulu, videshee-janminchina pourulaku ootu hakkunu niraakarinche aankshalanu konasaaginchaalani korukunnaru, alaage paschima deshaala nundi pratinidhulu, ikkada jaathi chainees prajalu ootu veyadaanni nishedhinchaaru. dakshina mariyu uttara ganatantravaadulu kooda samakhya maddatu kosam ootu hakkunu kolpoyina dakshinaadi vaariki tatkalikamga otunu tiraskarinchadam konasaaginchaalani korukunnaru, mariyu ootu hakkunu vistrutamgaa aamodinchadam eee samuuhaanni ootu hakkunu penchutundani vaaru aandolana chendaaru.
oka sabha mariyu senate samavesa kamitee savarana yokka tudi paataanni pratipaadinchindi, idhi "jaathi, rangu ledhaa munupati daasyam yokka paristhiti aadhaaramgaa matrame otaru parimitini nishedhinchindi."saadhyamainanta vistrutamaina maddatunu aakarshinchadaaniki, eee savarana ennikala pannulu ledhaa otingnu nirodhinchadaaniki itara charyala gurinchi prastaavinchaledu, alaage nallajaateeyula adhikara hakkuku haamii ivvaledu. praathamika musaida patraalalo karyalaya bhasha undedi, conny eee maarpuku kaaranam gurinchi panditulu ekibhavincharu. eee raajeepadani pratipaadananu 1869 fibravari 25naa sabha aamodinchindi, marusati roeju senate aamodinchindi.
sabhalo 144-44 otlu undagaa, 35 mandhi oating cheyaledu. sabha ootu daadaapu puurtigaa party praatipadikana jarigindi, billuku maddatu ivvani prajaasvaamyavaadulu evaruu laeru mariyu 3 mandhi republicanlu matrame dheeniki vyatiraekamgaa ootu vaesaaru, endukante kondaru savarana daani rakshanalo antagaa munduku saagaledani bhaavinchaaru. pratinidhula sabha eee savarananu aamodinchindi, 143 mandhi republicanlu mariyu oka conservative republican oating "avunu" mariyu 39 mandhi democratlu, mugguru republicanlu, oka swatantra republican mariyu oka sampradaayavaada oating "ledhu"; 26 mandhi republicanlu, enimidi mandhi democratlu mariyu oka swatantra republican ootu veyaledu. senatelo tudi ootu 39 nundi 13 varaku undagaa, 14 mandhi oating cheyaledu. senate eee savarananu aamodinchindi, 39 mandhi republicanlu "avunu" anie, enimidi mandhi democratlu mariyu aiduguru republicanlu "ledhu" anie ootu vaesaaru; 13 mandhi republicanlu mariyu vandemokraatlu ootu veyaledu. masachusets senator charless sumner vanti kontamandi radikal republicanlu, aksharaasyata pareekshalu mariyu ennikala pannulanu eee savarana nishedhinchananduna otingku dhooramgaa unnaaru. congress aamodam taruvaata, pratipaadita savarananu rashtra karyadarshi vilium henry seward dhruvikarana ledhaa tiraskarana kosam raashtraalaku pampaaru.
dhruvikarana.
savarana kosam aneka asalu pratipaadanalu kamiteelo charchala dwara niyantrinchabadinappatiki, tudi musaida naaluginta moodu vantula raashtraalache aamodinchabadatamlo gananeeyamaina addamkulanu edurkondi. charitrakaarudu vilium gillet eee prakriya gurinchi ilaa vraasaaru, "idhi chaalaa kashtamgaa undhi mariyu chivari varaku phalitam anischitamgaa undhi."
pratipaadita savaranaku vyatiraekataku oka muulam mahilaa ootu hakku udyamam, idhi antaryuddhaaniki mundu mariyu samayamlo nirmuulana udyamamtho ummadi kaaranamgaa maarindi. rashtra raajyaamgaalu tarachugaa ootu hakkunu "tellajati maga pourulaku" parimitam cheyadam dwara jaathi mariyu lingaanni anusandhaninchayi."edemaina, daani rendava vibhaagamlo purusha pourulanu matrame spashtamgaa rakshinchina padnaalugo savarana aamodamto, nallajaateeyula nundi vidaakulu teesukunna mahilala poura hakkulanu kaaryakartalu kanugonnaru. otaru chattaalalo jaathi vivakshanu nishedhinchinappatiki linga vivakshanu nishedhinchina padihenava savarana pratipaadanatoe vishayalu talakindulainaayi. ootu hakku mariyu karyalaya yajamanyam madhya sambandhaaniki sambandhinchi congress yokka atyanta spashtamaina charchalalo okati padihenava savarana gurinchi charchala samayamlo jarigindi. praarambhamlo, rendu sabalu savarana yokka oka samskarananu aamodinchaayi, indulo karyalayanni soochinche bhasha undhi, conny chivariki bhasha tolaginchabadindi. 
eee samayamlo, mahilalu tama sonta hakkula kosam vaadinchadam, samavesalanu nirvahinchadam mariyu ootu hakku mariyu padavini konasaaginchaalani demand chestu teermaanaalanu aamodinchadam konasaaginchaaru. savarana yokka konni praathamika samskaranalalo mahilalu kooda unnaaru. ayithe, tudi samskarana laingikata gurinchina suuchanalanu tolaginchindi, idhi mahilala ootu hakku udyamaanni marinta cheelchivesindi. teevramaina charcha taruvaata, desamloni pramukha ootu hakku samuuham ayina american eekwal raits association rendu pratyarthi samsthalugaa vidipoyindih national umen ootu hakku association off susanne bii. savarananu vyatirekinchina anthony mariyu elizabeth coddy stanton, mariyu dheeniki maddatu icchina american umen oating raiz association off lucie stone mariyu henry braun blockwell. 1890la varaku eee rendu samuuhaalu vibhajinchabaddaayi.
1869 marchi 1naa savarananu aamodinchina modati rashtram newada. kotta ingland rashtraalu mariyu chaalaa madhyapaschima rashtraalu kooda daani pratipaadana tarvaata ventane savarananu aamodinchaayi. uttara carolina vanti radikal punarnirmaana prabhutvaalachae ippatikee niyantrinchabadutunna dakshinaadi rashtraalu kooda vaegamgaa aamodinchabaddaayi. kottagaa ennikaina adhyakshudu ulysses ess. grant eee savarananu gattiga aamodinchindi, dheenini "mana swechhaa prabhutvam sthaapinchinappati nundi neti varaku eee rakamaina itara charyala kante goppa praamukhyata kaligina kolata" anie perkondi."eee prakriyanu vegavantam cheyadaaniki pratyeka saasanasabha samavesanni pilavamani, rashtra dhruvikarananu bhadraparachamani ayana nebrasca governornu praivetugaa koraru. april mariyu december 1869loe, congress punarnirmaana billulanu aamodinchindi, virginia, mississippi, texas mariyu georgia congress praatinidhyaanni tirigi pondadaaniki mundastu sharatuga savarananu aamodinchaalani tappanisari chesindi; naalugu rashtraalu alaa chesaayi. indiana mariyu ohiyolalo dhruvikarana kosam poraatam mukhyamgaa daggaragaa undhi, ivi varusaga 1869 mae mariyu 1870 janavarilo dhruveekarinchadaaniki ootu vaesaayi. april 14,1869naa aamodinchina newyork, janavari 5,1870naa daani dhruvikarananu upasamharinchukovadaaniki prayatninchindi. ayithe, fibravari 1870loe, georgia, ayova, nebrasca mariyu texas eee savarananu aamodinchaayi, mottam dhruveekarinche rashtraalanu iravai tommidi kii teesukuvacchaayi-muppai edu raashtraala nundi avasaramaina iravai enimidi dhruvikaranala kante okati ekkuva, mariyu daani sammatini upasamharinchukovalanna newyork teermaanaaniki edainaa kortu savaalunu nivaarinchadam.
padihenava savarananu aamodinchina modati iravai enimidi raashtraalu
rashtra karyadarshi hamilton fish marchi 30,1870naa savarananu dhruveekarinchaaru, veetilo eee krindi vaati dhruvikarana kooda unnaih
migilina edu rashtraalu taruvaata savarananu amodinchayi
eee savarananu aamodinchadam nallajati samajalu mariyu nirmuulanavaada samajalalo vistrutamgaa vedukalanu edurkondi; nallajati hakkulu bhadraparachabaddayani mariyu vaari pani puurtayindani bhaavinchi, taruvaati vaatilo chaalaa varaku raddu cheyabaddaayi. rashtrapati grant eee savarana gurinchi matladutu, idhi "goppa poura maarpunu puurti chestundi mariyu desham praanam posinappati nundi jarigina atyanta mukhyamaina sanghatana."savarana aamodamto, nallajati americanlaku ikapai samakhya rakshana avasaram ledani chaalaa mandhi republicanlu bhaavinchaaru; congress sabhyudu mariyu bhavishyat adhyakshudu james eah. eee savarana yokka aamodam "african jaatiki daani swantha vidhi yokka samrakshananu andistundi" anie garfield paerkonnaaru. idhi vaari adrushtaanni vaari chetullo unchutundi."congress sabhyudu zaan aarr. aaa rendu savaranalanu aamodinchadam valla punarnirmaanam vijayavantamaindani linch taruvaata raasaaru.
application.
columbia vishwavidyaalayam yokka padihenava savarana 150va vaarshikotsavam sandarbhamgaa professor mariyu charitrakaarudu eric phoner padihenava savarana gurinchi alaage punarnirmaana yugam mariyu punarnirmaana anantara yugamlo daani charitra gurinchi ilaa annaru
punarnirmaanam.
charitrakaarudu eric phoner thana pustakam "rendava sthaapanah poura yuddham mariyu punarnirmaanam raajyaamgaanni elaa punarnirminchaayi" loe eee savarananu desham yokka "rendava jananam" mariyu "1776 kante goppa viplavam" anie pilicharu. 
savarana aamodinchina taruvaata ootu vesina modati nallajati vyakti thamus mundy peterson, marchi 31,1870naa savarinchina nagara saasanaanni aamodinchina newjersey prajabhipraya sekarana ennikalaloo thana byaaletnu vaesaaru. african americanlu-vaarilo chaalaa mandhi kottagaa vimukti pondina baanisalu-tama kottagaa kanugonna swechhanu upayoginchadaaniki, nallajati abhyardhulaku ootu vaestaaru. punarnirmaana samayamlo, 16 mandhi nallajaateeyulu congresslo panicheesaaru mariyu 2,000 mandhi nallajaateeyulu ennikaina sthaanika, rashtra mariyu samakhya padavulalo panicheesaaru.
united states vii. rees "(1876), modati yuu.ess. padihenava savarananu vivaristuu supreenkortu icchina nirnayam, ennikala pannulu, aksharaasyata pareekshalu mariyu vaari taatalu namodu chesukunna otarlu ayithe pourulanu itara oating avasaraala nundi minahaayinche taata nibandhanatho sahaa ootu hakkupai jaathi-tatastha parimitulanu samarthistuu, savarananu nyayasthaanam suukshmamgaa ardham chesukundi. eee savarana ootu hakkunu pradaanam cheyadani, conny idhi united states pourulaku vaari jaathi, rangu ledhaa munupati daasyam kaaranamgaa ennikaina ootu hakkunu viniyoginchadamlo vivaksha nundi minahaayimpu hakkunu istundani, mariyu "tagina chattam" dwara aaa hakkunu amalu cheyadaaniki congressku adhikaram istundani kortu perkondi. kortu ilaa rasindi
kuu clucks clan (kkke) vanti tella aadhipatyavaadulu nallajaateeyulu ootu veyakunda nirodhinchadaaniki paramilitary himsanu upayoginchaaru. 1873loe coalfox oochakothalo tama ootu hakkunu kaapaadukoovadaaniki prayatnistunnappudu aneka mandhi nallajaateeyulu champabaddaru. savarananu ullanghinchina kkk mariyu itarulapai samakhya vichaaranaku adhikaram ivvadaaniki congress 1870-1871 loe amalu chattalanu aamodinchindi. ayithe, punarnirmaanam mugimpu dasaku cherukovadamto mariyu samakhya dalaalu upasamharinchukovadamtho, amalu chattaala kinda vichaaranalu gananeeyamgaa taggai. united states vii. crookshank (1876), supreenkortu coalfox oochakotaku paalpadina vaarini vichaarinche adhikaram samakhya prabhutvaaniki ledani teerpu ichindi, endukante vaaru rashtra natulu kaadu.
 
congress, kutraku vyatiraekamgaa oka nibandhananu tolaginchadam dwara, 1894loe eee chattalanu marinta balaheenaparichindi. 1877loe, republican rutherford bii. swetajaateeya prajaasvaamya prabhutvaalanu samakhya jokyam lekunda paalinchadaaniki anumatinche pratignaku badulugaa moodu dakshinaadi raashtraala nundi maddatunu andukuni, atyanta pootiitatvamtoe kuudina ennikala taruvaata hayees adhyakshudiga ennikayyaaru. adhyakshudiga, athanu samakhya poura hakkula rakshanalanu amalu cheyadaaniki niraakarinchaadu, jatiparamga vivakshatagala zim crow chattalanu amalu cheyadaaniki rashtraalanu anumatinchaadu. samakhya ennikala billu (1890 naati "ladge billu") senatelo vijayavantamgaa amalu cheyabadindi.
punarnirmaanam taruvaata.
1890 nundi 1910 varaku, dakshinaana ennikala pannulu mariyu aksharaasyata pareekshalu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi, idhi adhika sankhyalo nallajaateeyulaku samarthavantamgaa ootu hakkunu niraakarinchindi. tellajati purushulu matrame nirvahinche praathamika ennikalu kooda raajakeeya vyavasthalo nallajati purushula prabhavanni tagginchadaaniki upayogapaddaayi. perugutunna chattaparamaina addamkulatho paatu, swethajaatheeyulu himsaatmaka prateekaara bedirimpulu, kuu clucks clan ugravaada daadula dwara nallajaateeyulu raajakeeya vyavastha nundi minahayinchabaddaru. newyork kuu chendina vilium borke cacron vanti kontamandi prajaasvaamyavaadulu kooda savarananu raddu cheyaalani vaadinchaaru.
20va sataabdamloo, kortu padihenava savarananu marinta vistrutamgaa chadavadam praarambhinchindi. ginn vii. loe. united states (1915), oka ekagreeva nyayasthaanam oklahoma taata nibandhananu kottivesindi, idhi aksharaasyata pareeksha nundi tella otarlanu samarthavantamgaa minahaayinchindi, idhi vivakshatagaa gurtinchindi. sambandhita kesulo kortu teerpu ichindi "myers vii. anderson "(1915), atuvanti nibandhananu amalu chesina adhikarulu poura nashtalaku baadhyata vahistaaru.
taruvaata "texas primary kesulu" anie piluvabade nirnayaala shrenilo tella praathamika vyavasthanu kortu uddesinchindi. nixon vii. herndon "(1927), daa. laurence eah. jaathi aadhaaramgaa prajaasvaamya party praadhamika ennikalaloo ballet niraakarinchabadina taruvaata nixon samakhya poura hakkula chattaala prakaram nashtapariharam kosam daavaa vaesaadu. athani padihenava savarana daavaanu charchinchanappatikii, chattam prakaram samaana rakshanaku haamii ichhe padnaalugo savarana aadhaaramgaa kortu ataniki anukuulamgaa undani kanugondi. raajakeeya party rashtra karyanirvahaka kamitee oating arhatalanu nirnayinchadaaniki anumatinchadaaniki texas thana saasanaanni savarinchina taruvaata, nixon mallee daavaa vaesaadu; nixon v. (1932), padnaalugo savarana aadhaaramgaa kortu mallii ataniki anukuulamgaa kanugonnadi.
nixon" taruvaata, democratic party yokka rashtra samavesam daani praadhamika ennikalaloo swethajaatheeyulu matrame ootu veyagalarani oka niyamanni erpaatu chesindi; kortu eee niyamanni "grovy vii. loe rajyangabaddhamga ekagreevamgaa samarthinchindi. tounsand "(1935), munupati praadhamika kesulalo oka private samstha dwara rashtram nundi vivakshanu vaeru chestundi. ayithe, united states vii. classic "(1941), praathamika ennikalu ennikala prakriyaloo oka mukhyamaina bhagamani kortu teerpu ichindi, idhi" grovy "looni tarkaanni balaheenaparichindi. classic" aadhaaramgaa, "smith vii" looni kortu. alrite (1944), "grovy" nuu thosipuchaaru, praadhamika ennikalaloo swethajaatheeyulu kaani otarlaku byaaletnu niraakarinchadam padihenava savarananu ullanghinchadamani teerpu icchaaru. texas praadhamika kesulalo chivaridi, "terrie vii. audums (1953), democratic party adhikaarula sahayamtho swethajaatheeyulu matrame prii-primary ennikalanu nirvahinche samuuham nundi nallajati vaadulaku nashtapariharam pondhe hakku undani kortu teerpu ichindi.
kortu "gomilian vii" loe oka gerrimandarnu kottiveyadaaniki kooda savarananu upayoginchindi. lightfoot "(1960). tuskegii institute chuttoo unna nallajati praantaanni minahaayinchadaaniki tuskegii, alabama adhikarulu nagara parimitulanu tirigi geeyadam jaathi aadhaaramgaa vivaksha chooputundani eee nirnayam kanugondi. kortu taruvaata "rais vii" loe eee nirnayampai aadhaarapadindi. hawai vyavahaaraala kaaryaalayaaniki jarigina ennikalaloo puurveekula aadhaarita otingnu kottivesina kayetano (2000); eee ennikalu "puurveekulanu jaathi nirvachanamgaa mariyu jaathi prayojanam kosam" upayoginchadam dwara padihenava savarananu ullanghinchaayani teerpu perkondi.
padihenava savarana yokka nyaayaparamaina amalu taata upavaakyaalu, tella praadhamika mariyu itara vivakshata vyuuhaalanu muginchina taruvaata, dakshina nallajati otaru namodu kramamga perigindi, 1940loe aidu saatam nundi 1960loe iravai enimidi saataaniki perigindi. padihenava savarana ennikala pannulanu nishedhinchadaaniki eppuduu ardham chesukoledu, 1962loe iravai naalugava savarananu aamodinchaaru, samakhya ennikalaloo ennikala pannulanu nishedhinchaaru, 1966loe supreenkortu "harper vii" loe teerpu ichindi. virginia state board off elections "(1966) rashtra ennikala pannulu padnaalugo savarana yokka samaana rakshana nibandhananu ullanghistaayani perkondi.
congress thana adhikaranni padihenava savaranaloni section 2 prakaram 1965 naati oating hakkula chattanni aamodinchadaaniki upayoginchindi, ootingloo marinta jaathi samaanatvaanni saadhinchindi. oating hakkula chattamloni 4 mariyu 5va vibhagalalo, ootingloo jaathi vivaksha charitra kaligina rashtraalu mariyu sthaanika prabhutvaalu tama oating chattalu ledhaa paddhatullo anni maarpulanu amalu cheyadaaniki mundu aamodam kosam samakhya prabhutvaaniki samarpinchaalsi untundi, eee prakriyanu "mundastu clearance" anie pilustaaru. 1976 natiki, dakshina nallajaateeyulalo aravai moodu saatam mandhi ootu vaeyadaaniki namodu cheyabaddaaru, idhi dakshina swethajaatheeyula kante kevalam aidu saatam takkuva.
dakshina carolina v loe 4 mariyu 5 sectionla raajyaangabaddhatanu supreenkortu samarthinchindi. katzenbach "(1966). ayithe, shelby county vii. holder (2013), yea adhikara paridhi mundastu clearanceku lobadi undho nirnayinche coverage suutraanni sthaapinchina oating hakkula chattamloni section 4 (bii) ikapai raajyaangabaddham kaadani, padihenava savaranaloni section 2 kinda congress amalu adhikaranni minchipoyindani supreenkortu teerpu ichindi. padihenava savarana "jaathi ledhaa rangu kaaranamgaa ootu hakkunu tiraskarincharaadani ledhaa kudincharaadani aadesistundi, mariyu aaa aadesaanni amalu chese adhikaranni congressku istundani kortu prakatinchindi. eee savarana gataanni sikshinchadaaniki roopondinchabadaledu; merugaina bhavishyattunu nirdhaarinchadam dheeni uddesyam."kortu prakaram," rikaardunu elaa pariseelinchaalo lekkinchakundaa, 1965loe congress edurkonna 'vistruta', 'spashtamaina', 'vistrutamaina' mariyu 'prabalamaina' vivakshanu sameepistunna dheninee idhi choopistundani evaruu nyayamga cheppaleru, mariyu idhi desamloni migilina praantaala nundi cover cheyabadina adhikara paridhini spashtamgaa vaeru chesindi."asammatigaa, justice rooth bodder ginsburg ilaa vraasaaru," "idhi panichesinappudu mariyu vivakshata maarpulanu aapadaniki pani chestu unnappudu mundastu spashtatanu visireyadam anedi meeru tadavakapovadam valla varshapu tuphaanulo mea godugunu visireyadam laantidi."mundastu clearance nibandhananu raddu cheyakapoyinappatiki, congress kotta coverage suutraanni aamodinchakapothe adhi panicheyadu.
suuchanalu.
samachara gamanikalu
ullekhanaalu
grandha pattika

