
dayta link pora

dayta link pora ledhaa pora 2 anedi computer networking yokka edu-porala osi namuunaa yokka rendava pora. eee pora anedi bhouthika pora antataa network vibhaagamlooni nodla madhya daetaanu badilee chese protocol pora. dayta link pora network entiteela madhya daetaanu badilee cheyadaaniki kriyaatmaka mariyu vidhaanaparamaina maargaalanu andistundi mariyu bhouthika poralo sambhavinche lopaalanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu bahusha saricheyadaaniki maargaalanu kooda andistundi.
dayta link pora network yokka adhe sthaayilo unna nodla madhya framela sthaanika pampinheeki sambandhinchinadi. dayta-link framelu, eee protocol dayta unitlu anie pilavabadevi, lokal area network yokka sarihaddulanu daatavu. inter-network routing mariyu global addressing anevi adhika-pora vidhulu, ivi dayta-link protokaallanu sthaanika pampinhee, addressing mariyu media madhyavartitvampai drushti pettadaniki anumatistaayi. eee vidhamgaa, dayta link pora oka porugu traaphik pooliisutoe samanamga untundi; idhi vaari antima gamyam gurinchi aandolana chendakunda, oka maadhyamaaniki praapyata kosam pootii padutunna paarteela madhya madhyavartitvam cheyadaaniki prayatnistundi. parikaraalu ekakaalamlo oka madhyamanni upayoginchadaaniki prayatninchinappudu, frame guddukovatam jarugutundi. dayta-link protocols atuvanti guddukovadanni parikaraalu elaa gurtistayo mariyu tirigi pondutayo paerkontaayi mariyu vaatini tagginchadaaniki ledhaa nirodhinchadaaniki yantraamgaalanu andinchavacchu.
dayta link protokaallaku udaaharanalu eetharnet, ii. ii. eee. eee <ii. dii1> vaifai protocols, eah. tii. emm mariyu frame rile. internet protocol suut (tcp/aipi) loe, dayta link pora kaaryaacharana link poralo untundi, idhi vivaranaatmaka namuunaa yokka atyalpa pora, idhi bhouthika moulika sadupayala nundi swatantramgaa untundani bhaavinchabadutundi.
function.
bhouthika linkku anusandhaaninchabadina atidheyula madhya dayta framela badileeki dayta link andistundi. osi network nirmaanam yokka ardhashaastramlo, dayta link pora yokka protocols network pora nundi seva abhyardhanalaku pratispandistaayi mariyu bhouthika poraku seva abhyardhanalanu jaarii cheyadam dwara vaari panini nirvahistaayi. aaa badilee nammadaginadi ledhaa nammadaganidi kaavacchu; aneka dayta link protokaallaku vijayavantamaina frame reception mariyu angeekaaram yokka angeekaaraalu undavu, mariyu konni dayta link protocols prasaara lopaala kosam etuvanti tanikheeni kooda cheyakapovachhu. aaa sandarbhaallo, unnata sthaayi protocols pravaaha niyantrana, dosha tanikhi, angeekaaraalu mariyu punahprasaranni andinchaali.
frame sheershikalo muulam mariyu gamya chirunamalu untaayi, ivi framenu yea parikaram udbhavinchindani mariyu yea parikaram daanini sweekarinchi proses chestundani bhaavistunnaaru. network pora yokka kramaanugata mariyu margadarshi chirunaamaalaku viruddhamgaa, pora 2 chirunamalu chadunainavi, antey chirunama chendina taarkika ledhaa bhouthika samuuhaanni gurtinchadaaniki chirunamaloni yea bhaganni upayoginchalemu.
iee 802 lokal area netvarklu vanti konni networklalo, dayta link poranu media access controll (maak) mariyu logical link controll (llc) upa poralu thoo marinta vivaramgaa vivaristaaru; antey iee 802.2 llc protokaalnu eetharnet, token ring, iee 802.11 modalaina iee 802 maak poralannintitho upayoginchavacchu.alaage eff. dii. dii. ii vanti konni naan-802 maak poralatho. hetch dii ell sii vanti itara dayta-link-layer protocols, rendu upa poralu chaerchadaaniki perkonabaddaayi, ayithe sisko hetch dii ell sii vanti konni itara protocols, hetch dii ell sii yokka takkuva-sthaayi framingnu vaerae ell ell sii poratho kalipi maak poragaa upayogistaayi. itoo-tii zii loe.hchn standard, idhi ippatike unna home wiring (power linelu, phone linelu mariyu ekakshaka cables) nuu upayoginchi adhika-vegavantamaina (1 gigabit/seey varaku) lokal area netvarknu roopondinchadaaniki oka marganni andistundi, dayta link pora moodu upa-poralugaa vibhajinchabadindi (application protocol convergence, logical link controll mariyu media access controll).
upa poralu.
dayta link pora tarachugaa rendu upa poralugaa vibhajinchabadindih "logical link controll" (llc) mariyu "media access controll" (maak).
taarkika link niyantrana upa pora.
dayta link pora eguvana nadustunna eguva upa pora, llc, multiplexes protocols, mariyu aichhikamgaa pravaaha niyantrana, angeekaaram mariyu dosha notificationlanu andistundi. llc dayta link yokka chirunama mariyu niyantrananu andistundi. prasaara madhyamam dwara stationlanu parishkarinchadaaniki mariyu muulam mariyu graheeta yantraala madhya marpidi cheyabadina daetaanu niyantrinchadaaniki yea yantraamgaalanu upayoginchaalo idhi perkontundi.
media access controll upa pora.
yea samayamloonainaa medianu access cheyadaaniki evariki anumati undho nirnayinche upa poranu maak suuchimchavachchu (udhaa.zii. csma/sidi). itara samayaallo idhi lopala unna maak chirunamala aadhaaramgaa pampinhee cheyabadina frame nirmaanaanni suuchistumdi.
saadhaaranamgaa media access controll rendu rakalu unnaih pampinhee cheyabadinavi mariyu kendreekrutamainavi. eee rendintinee prajala madhya sambhashanhatho polchavachhu. matlade vyaktulatoe kuudina networklo, i.ii. oka sambhaashanhalo, vaaru prati okkaroo yaadrucchikamgaa kontha samayanni nilipivesi, aapai mallii maatlaadataaniki prayatnistaaru, samarthavantamgaa "ledhu, meeru modata" anie cheppe sudeerghamaina mariyu vistrutamaina aatanu sthaapistaaru.
media access controll sub layer frame synchronisation kooda nirvahistundi, idhi transmission bitstreamloni prati frame dayta yokka prarambham mariyu mugimpunu nirnayistundi. idhi aneka paddhatulalo okadaanni kaligi untundih samaya-aadhaarita gurtimpu, aksharaala lekkimpu, bite stuffing mariyu bitt stuffing.
sevalu.
dayta link pora andinche sevalu
doshaanni gurtinchadam mariyu diddubaatu cheyadam.
framingtho paatu, dayta link pora kooda prasaara lopaalanu gurtinchi, vaati nundi tirigi pondavacchu. prasaara lopaalanu graheeta gurtinchadaaniki, pampinavaaru pampina frameku doshaanni gurtinche kodga anavasaramaina samacharanni jodinchaali. receiver oka framenu pondinappudu, adhi andukunna error detection code recomputed error detection kodto saripolutundo ledho dhruveekaristundi.
doshaanni gurtinche kodnu mottam bitla sankhya yokka prati stringku anugunamgaa (anavasaramaina bitla mottam) lekkinche functionga nirvachinchavacchu. saralamaina doshaanni gurtinche code parity bitt, idhi prasaram cheyabadina bitla madhya oke bitnu prabhaavitam chesina prasaara lopaalanu gurtinchadaaniki receivernu anumatistundi. bahula tippabadina bits unte, tanikhi paddhati dheenini receiver vaipu gurtinchalekapovachhu. adhika sthaayi naanhyata mariyu lakshanaalanu andinche samaana doshaanni gurtinchadam kante marinta adhunaatana paddhatulu unnaayi.
metadetanu upayoginchi idhi elaa panichestundo cheppadaniki oka saadhaarana udaaharana, prati aksharanni varnamaalalo daani sthaanamgaa encode cheyadam dwara "halo" anae padaanni prasaram cheyadam. anduvalla, kudivaipuna unna pattikalo chuupina vidhamgaa "a" aksharam 1 ", b" 2 gaa code cheyabadindi. phalitamgaa vachhe sankhyalanu jodinchadam valla 8 + 5 + 12 + 12 + 15 = 52 vastundi, mariyu 5 + 2 = 7 metadetanu lekkistundi. chivaraku, "8 5 12 12 15 7" sankhyala kramam prasaram cheyabadutundi, prasaara lopaalu lekapothe receiver daani chivara chuustaaru. andukunna chivari sankhya error-detecting metadeta anie mariyu mundu unna mottam dayta sandesam anie receiverku telusu, kabatti receiver paina perkonna ganitaanni tirigi lekkinchavacchu mariyu metadetatho saripolithe dayta error-freega andukundani nirdhaarinchavacchu. ayithe, receiver "7 5 12 15 7" sequence (edainaa error dwara marchabadina modati element) vantidaanni choosthe, adhi 7 + 5 + 12 + 12 + 15 = 51 mariyu 5 + 1 = 6 nuu lekkinchadam dwara cheknu amalu cheyavachu, mariyu 6 anedi 7kii samanam kaananduna andukunna daetaanu lopabhooyishtamgaa vadileyavachu.
detaloni bahula prasaara lopaalu okadaanikokati raddu chesi, gurtinchabadakunda poye pramaadaanni tagginchadaaniki marinta adhunaatana dosha gurtimpu mariyu diddubaatu algorithamlu roopondinchabaddaayi. saraina baitlu andukunnaya ledhaa anie kooda gurtinchagala algorithm, conny kramam laenidi chakriya redendency check ledhaa crc. eee algorithm tarachugaa dayta link poralo upayoginchabadutundi.
TCP/IP namuunaaku sambandhinchinadi.
internet protocol suut (tcp/aipi) loe, osi yokka dayta link pora kaaryaacharana daani atyalpa pora, link poralo untundi. tcp/aipi link pora host anusandhaaninchabadina link yokka nirvahana paridhini kaligi untundi, mariyu linkpai hostsnu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu dayta framelanu linkpai prasaram cheyadaaniki hardware (maak) chirunaamaalanu pondadaaniki hardware samasyalatho matrame sambandham kaligi untundi. link-layer kaaryaacharana rfc 1122loe vivarinchabadindi mariyu osi yokka dayta link pora kante bhinnamgaa nirvachinchabadindi mariyu sthaanika linknu prabhaavitam chese anni paddhatulanu kaligi untundi.
tcp/aipi modal networkla kosam paie nundi krindiki samagra design suuchana kaadu. internet nirvahanaku avasaramaina vidhamgaa tcp/aipi yokka internet working protocols suut roopakalpanalo avasaramaina taarkika samuuhaalu mariyu vidhula paridhini vivarinche uddesyamto idhi roopondinchabadindi. saadhaaranamgaa, osi mariyu tcp/aipi namuunaala pratyaksha ledhaa kathinamaina polikalanu nivaarinchaali, endukante tcp/iplo poralu veyadam anedi pradhana roopakalpana pramaanam kaadu mariyu saadhaaranamgaa, "haanikaramainadi" gaa pariganinchabadutundi (rfc 3439). mukhyamgaa, tcp/aipi anedi osi protokaallaku aapadinchabadinatluga, encopsulation avasaraala yokka kathinamaina kramaanugata kramaanni nirdesinchadu.

