chinna-grahala paerla ardhaalu

idhi antarjaateeya khagola sangham (ii. yea. yuu) yokka chinna vastuvula naamakarana (doubleu. zii. ess. bii. enn) kosam working group adhikarikamga paeru pettina chinna grahala jabita. eee jaabitaalo pakshika paejeelu unnaayi, prati okkati prati chinna grahaniki paeru pettabadina taruvaata muulaanni udaharistuu 1,000 sareeraala shrenini kaligi untundi. ippatike unna anni pakshika paejeela avalokanam vibhaagamlo ivvabadindi.
lakshalaadi sankhyalo unna chinna grahalalo oka chinna bhaagaaniki matrame ippativaraku paeru vachindi. mottam 6,00,000 kante ekkuva sankhyalo unna chinna grahalalo 23,542 paeru pettabadina chinna grahalu unnaayi. eee sariiraalaloo chaalaa varaku prajala paeru meeda, mukhyamgaa khagola saastravettala paeru meeda, alaage puraanaalu mariyu kalpana nundi vacchina vyaktula paeru meeda pettabaddayi. aneka chinna grahalaku nagaralu, pattanaalu mariyu gramalu, parvataalu mariyu agniparvataalu vanti pradaesaala paeru pettaru; nadulu, observatorylu, alaage samsthalu, clubbulu mariyu khagola sanghaala paeru pettaru. konnintiki jantuvulu mariyu mokkala paeru pettaru. konni chinna grahalaku suupar computerlu vanti anyadesa entiteela paeru pettaru ledhaa teliyani muulam kaligi unnaayi.
modati konni vaela chinna grahalaku annintikee paerlu pettabaddayi, bhoomiki sameepamlo unna grahasakalam (4596) 1981 qubi prastutam athi takkuva sankhyalo paerulaeni chinna graham. diguva pattikalooni modati 3 pageelalo okkokkati 1,000 paeru gala entreelu unnaayi. modati 13 mariyu 33 pageelalo kaneesam 500 mariyu 100 paerlatoe kuudina entreelu untaayi. entreelu laeni modati shreni. itara khagola vastuvulatoe kooda aneka paeru vairudhyaalu unnaayi, ekkuvagaa grahala upagrahaalato mariyu vaati madhya. 
kanugonna khagola shaastravetta pratipaadananu anusarinchi, kotta chinna grahala paerlanu ii. yea. yuu. yokka doubleu. zii. ess. bii. enn. samvatsaraaniki chalasarlu aamodinchi prachuristundi. chinna grahalaku paeru pettadaniki wgsbn niyamaala samitini vartimpajestundi. ivi vaakyanirmaana parimitula nundi neerapuurita ardhaala varaku untaayi. gatha konnellugaa eee niyamaalu chalasarlu marai. udaaharanaku, praarambhamlo, chaalaa chinna grahalaku greeku mariyu roman puraanaala nundi stree paatrala paeru pettaru.
suuchika.
idhi chinna grahala (mump) ardhaalapai ippatike unna anni pakshika jaabitaala avalokanam. prati pattika 100,000 chinna grahaalanu kaligi untundi, prati kanam 1,000 varusa sankhyala vastuvula nirdishta pakshika jaabitaanu suuchistumdi. budidarangu kanaalu sambandhita sankhya paridhi kosam inca etuvanti ullekhanaalanu kaligi undavu. parichayam kosam, "chudandi".
bahya linkulu.
ullekhanaala yokka konni kramabaddhamaina vanarulu
modati rendu sandarbhaallo meeru chirunama yokka chivari vaadananu chinna graham paeru ledhaa sankhyaku matrame savarinchaali. aavishkarana paristhitula jaabitaalu 5000 chinna grahala samuhaluga vibhajinchabaddaayi, prati okkati ullekhanaalanu pradarsinche lipini access chese vyaktigata chinna grahala kosam linklanu kaligi untaayi.

