
suupar lens

superlance ledhaa suupar lens anedi vivartana parimitini daati velladaaniki metamateriallanu upayoginche lens. vivartana parimiti anedi sampradaaya katakamulu mariyu suukshmadarshinula yokka oka lakshanam, idhi prakaasa tarangadairghyam mariyu objective katakam yokka sankhya eparcharu naa aadhaaramgaa vaati spashtata yokka suukshmatanu parimitam chestundi. aneka lens namuunaalu pratipaadinchabaddaayi, avi edho oka vidhamgaa vivartana parimitini daatipotaayi, conny vaatilo prati okkati addamkulu mariyu addamkulanu edurkontaayi.
charitra.
1873loe ernst abbe, sampradaaya katakamulu yea chitram yokka konni chakkati vivaraalanu sangrahinchalevani nivedinchaaru. superlance atuvanti vivaraalanu sangrahinchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. sampradaaya katkamula parimiti jeeva saastraalalo purogatini nirodhinchindi. endukante virus ledhaa dna anuvunu atyadhika saktitoe nadiche sampradaaya suukshmadarshinulatoe parishkarinchalemu. eee parimiti jeeva kanaala suukshma kanajaalaalato paatu vaati sahaja vaataavaranamloo kadulutunna cellular proteinla suukshma prakriyalaku vistaristundi. adanamgaa, computer chips mariyu paraspara sambandhita microelectronics chinna mariyu chinna pramaanaalalo tayaaru cheyabadutunnayi. dheeniki pratyaekamaina optical parikaraalu avasaram, ivi kooda parimitam endukante ivi sampradaaya katakamulanu upayogistaayi. anduvalla, suuparlensnu niyantrinche suutraalu dna anuvulanu, cellular protein prakriyalanu imaging cheyadaaniki mariyu inca chinna computer chips mariyu microelectronics tayaareeloo sahaayapadataaniki idhi saamarthyaanni kaligi undani chuuputaayi.
antekakunda, sampradaaya katakamulu vyaapti chendutunna kaanti taramgaalanu matrame sangrahistaayi. ivi kaanti muulam ledhaa vastuvu nundi lens ledhaa maanava kantiki prayaaninchae taramgaalu. dheenini pratyamnaayamgaa suduura kshetramgaa adhyayanam cheyavachu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, oka vastuvu yokka uparitalam paina unde prakaasa taramgaalu mariyu taramgaalanu oka superlance sangrahistundi, veetini pratyamnaayamgaa, suduura kshetram mariyu sameepa kshetram rendintigaa adhyayanam cheyavachu.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo "superlance" anae padaanni dennis gabar chaalaa bhinnamainadaanni vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchaaruh oka mishrama lenslet shreni vyavastha.
siddhaantam.
chitram nirmaanam.
oka vastuvu yokka chitraanni aaa vastuvu yokka lakshanaala yokka spashtamaina ledhaa kanipinche praatinidhyamgaa nirvachinchavacchu. chitram erpadataaniki vidyudayaskaanta vikiranam yokka kshetraalato paraspara charya avasaram. inca, feature vivaralu ledhaa image resolution sthaayi radiation tarangam yokka podavuku parimitam cheyabadindi. udaaharanaku, optical microscopytho, chitra utpatti mariyu spashtata anedi kanipinche kaanti tarangam yokka podavupai aadharapadi untundi. ayithe, suuparlenstoe, eee parimitini tolaginchi, kotta taragati chitraanni utpatti cheyavachu.
electron beam lithography eee spashtata parimitini adhigaminchagaladu. marovaipu optical microscopy 200 nanometers kante ekkuva viluvaku parimitam cheyabadadu. ayithe, optical microscopytho kalipi kotta saanketikatalu feature resolutionnu penchadam praarambhinchaayi (diguva vibhaagaalanu chudandi).
spashtata avarodham dwara parimitam cheyabadataaniki oka nirvachanam, kaanti yokka sagam tarangadairghyam vadda kattirinchabadina spashtata. visible spectrum 390 nanometers nundi 750 nanometers varaku vistarinchi untundi. green light, madhyalo sagam, sumaru 500 nanometers untundi. suukshmadarshini lens eparcharu, vastuvu nundi lensku dhooram mariyu gamaninchina padaartham yokka vakreebhavana suuchika vanti paaraamitulanu parigananaloki teesukuntundi. eee kalayika resolution cutoff ledhaa microscopy optical parimitini nirvachistundi, idhi 200 nanometerlaku pattikalo untundi. anduvalla, "saadhaarana" kaanti taramgaalanu upayoginchadam dwara oka vastuvu yokka chitraanni aksharala nirminche sampradaaya katakamulu, chaalaa chakkaga utpatti chese samacharanni mariyu ksheeninche taramgaalalo unna vastuvu yokka chinna vivaraalanu vismaristaayi. eee kolatalu 200 nanometers kante takkuvagaa untaayi. eee kaaranamgaa, suukshmadarshinulu vanti sampradaaya optical vyavasthalu, vyaktigata vairaslu ledhaa dna anuvulu vanti chaalaa chinna, nanometer-parimaana nirmaanaalu ledhaa nanometer-parimaana jeevulanu vivolo khachitamgaa chitrikarinchalekapoyayi.
praamaanika optical microscopy (brait-feeled microscopy) yokka parimitulu moodu praantaalalo unnaih
jeeva jeeva kanaalu mukhyamgaa saadhaaranamgaa vijayavantamgaa adhyayanam cheyadaaniki taginanta viruddhamgaa undavu, endukante kanam yokka antargata nirmaanaalu ekkuvagaa rangulenivi mariyu paaradarsakamgaa untaayi. contrastnu penchadaaniki atyanta saadhaarana maargam vividha nirmaanaalanu empika chesina rangulatho maraka veyadam, conny tarachugaa indulo namuunaanu champadam mariyu saricheyadam untundi. marakalu kooda kalakhandalanu, namuunaa yokka prosessing valla kalige spashtamaina nirmaana vivaraalanu parichayam cheyavachu, anduvalla avi namuunaa yokka chattabaddhamaina lakshanam kaadu.
sampradaaya lens.
sampradaaya gaaju katakam mana samajam antataa mariyu vignaana saastraalalo vistrutamgaa undhi. idhi kaanti yokka praathamika sadhanalalo okati, endukante idhi kaanti yokka vividha tarangadairghyaalato sankarshana chendutundi. adhe samayamlo, kaanti yokka tarangadairghyam saadhaarana chitraalanu geeyadaaniki upayoginche pensil vedalpuku saruupyamgaa untundi. parimiti anni rakaala margallo chorabadutundi. udaaharanaku, digital veediyo vyavasthalo upayoginche lazer lazer tarangadairghyam kante chinna dvd nundi vivaraalanu chadavaledu. idhi dividila nilva saamarthyaanni parimitam chestundi.
anduvalla, oka vastuvu kaantini vidudala chesinappudu ledhaa pratibimbimchinappudu, eee drugvishayamtho sambandham unna rendu rakaala vidyudayaskaanta vikiranam untundi. ivi sameepa kshetra vikiranam mariyu suduura kshetra vikiranam. daani vivarana dwara suuchimchinatlugaa, suduura kshetram vastuvu daati tappinchukuntundi. appudu dheenini sulabhamgaa sangrahinchi, sampradaaya gaaju lens dwara maarchabadutundi. ayithe, upayogakaramaina (nanometer-parimaana) spashtata vivaralu gamaninchabadavu, endukante avi sameepa kshetramlo dachabadi untaayi. avi sthaanikeekarinchabadi, kaanti vidudala chese vastuvuku chaalaa daggaragaa untaayi, prayaninchalevu mariyu sampradaaya katakam dwara bandhinchalevu. adhika spashtata kosam sameepa kshetra vikiranaanni niyantrinchadam, prakrutilo sulabhamgaa pondaleni kotta taragati padaarthaalatho saadhinchavachchu. ivi spatikaalu vanti suparichitamaina ghanapadaarthaalaku bhinnamgaa untaayi, ivi vaati lakshanaalanu paramaanu mariyu paramaanu unitla nundi pondutaayi. metamaterials anie piluvabade kotta material class, daani krutrimamgaa pedda nirmaanam nundi daani lakshanaalanu pondutundi. dheeni phalitamgaa kotta lakshanaalu mariyu kotta pratispandanalu vachayi, ivi kaanti tarangadairghyam vidhinchina parimitulanu adhigaminche chitraala vivaraalanu anumatistaayi.
upa tarangadairghya imaging.
idhi pratyaksha jeeva kana paraspara charyalanu nija samayamlo, sahaja vaataavaranamloo chudalane korikaku mariyu "upa tarangadairghya imaging" avasaraniki daariteesindi. upa tarangadairghya imagingnu kanipinche kaanti tarangadairghyam krinda oka vastuvu ledhaa jeevi vivaraalanu chuse saamardhyamtho optical microscopyga nirvachinchavacchu (paie vibhagalalo charchanu chudandi). maroe maatalo cheppalante, nija samayamlo, 200 nanometers kante takkuva gamaninche saamarthyaanni kaligi undatam. optical microscopy anedi naan-invasive technic mariyu technology endukante rojuvaaree kaanti prasaara madhyamam. optical microscopy (upa tarangadairghyam) loe optical parimiti kante takkuva imagingnu cellular sthaayi kosam mariyu suutrapraayamgaa nanometer sthaayiki injaneering cheyavachu.
udaaharanaku, 2007loe oka metamaterials aadhaarita lens, sampradaaya optical lensto kalisi, saadhaarana optical microscopeto gamaninchaleni vidhamgaa chaalaa chinna (nanoscale) namuunaalanu chuudataaniki kanipinche kaantini marchagala oka saanketikata pradarsinchabadindi. idhi mottam jeeva kanaanni gamaninchadaaniki ledhaa kanaala nundi proteins mariyu kovvulu elaa lopaliki mariyu velupaliki kadulutaayi vanti cellular prakriyalanu gamaninchadaaniki matrame kakunda sambhaavya anuvartanaalanu kaligi undhi. saanketika rangamlo, photolithography mariyu nanolithography yokka modati dasalanu meruguparachadaaniki dheenini upayoginchavacchu, idhi ellappuduu chinna computer chipla tayaareeki avasaram.
upa tarangadairghyam vadda drushti pettadam anedi oka pratyaekamaina imaging saanketikatagaa maarindi, idhi upayogamlo unna photanla tarangadairghyam kante chinnaga unna veekshinchina vastuvupai lakshanaalanu drushyamaanam cheyadaaniki anumatistundi. photan anedi kaanti yokka kaneesa unit. gatamlo bhouthikamgaa asadhyam anie bhaavinchinappatikii, upa tarangadairghya imaging metamaterials abhivruddhi dwara saadhyamaindi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa bangaaram ledhaa vendi vanti konni anuvula mandamtho kuudina loha poranu upayoginchi saadhinchabadutundi, idhi superlensga panichestundi ledhaa 1dii mariyu 2dii photonic sphatikaala dwara panichestundi. vyaapti chendutunna taramgaalu, evanescent taramgaalu, nier feeled imaging mariyu phaar feeled imaging madhya suukshma paraspara charya krindi vibhagalalo charchinchabadindi.
prarambha upa tarangadairghya imaging.
"metamaterial lensulu" ("suupar lensulu") prati sandarbhamlo pratikuula vakreebhavana suuchikanu utpatti cheyadam dwara nanometer parimaana chitraalanu punarnirminchagalavu. idhi vaegamgaa ksheenistunna ksheenistunna taramgaalanu bharti chestundi. metamaterialsku mundu, suupar-resolution microscopyni roopondinchadaaniki aneka itara paddhatulu pratipaadinchabaddaayi mariyu pradarsinchabaddaayi. 1928 natiki, airish bhouthika shaastravetta edward hutchinson sinz, chivariki nier-feeled scanning optical microscopyga maare aalochananu garbham dharinchi abhivruddhi chesina ghanatanu pondaadu.
1974loe dvi-miteeya kalpana paddhatula kosam pratipaadanalu samarpinchabaddaayi. eee pratipaadanalalo tagina samathooka uparitalampai upasamanam, photolithography, electron lithography, ex-rae lithography ledhaa ayan bombardmentlo namuunaanu roopondinchadaaniki contact imaging unnaayi. metamaterial lens yokka bhaagaswaamya saanketika lakshyalu mariyu vividha rakaala lithography bahirgata kaanti yokka vacuum tarangadairghyam kante chaalaa chinna kolatalu kaligina lakshanaalanu opticalga parishkarinchadam lakshyamgaa pettukunnayi. 1981loe neelirangu kaanti (400 nm) thoo samathattamaina (chadunaina) upamicroscopic loha namuunaala yokka contact imaging yokka rendu ververu paddhatulu pradarsinchabaddaayi. oka pradarsana phalitamgaa 100 nm chitra spashtata mariyu marokati 50 nundi 70 nm spashtata.
1995loe, zaan gerra 50 nm linelu mariyu khaaliilu (metamaterial) kaligina paaradarsaka gratingnu sampradaaya suukshmadarshini immersion lakshyamtho militam chesaaru. phalitamgaa vacchina "superlance" 50 nm linelu mariyu khaaliilu kaligina silicon namuunaanu kooda parishkarinchindi, gaalilo 650 nm tarangadairghyam kaligina prakaasam vidhinchina shaastreeya vivartana parimitiki chaalaa minchi.
kaneesam 1998 nundi sameepa kshetra optical lithography nanometer-sthaayi lakshanaalanu roopondinchadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. prayogaatmakamgaa pradarsinchabadina modati pratikuula suuchika metamaterial 2000-2001 loe unikiloki raavadamtho eee saanketikatapai parisoedhana konasaagindi. nanometer-scale applicationla kosam kotta sahasraabdi praarambhamlo electron-beam lithography yokka prabhavam kooda parisoedhimchabadutoemdi. mudrinchina silaayudham nanometer-sthaayi parisoedhana mariyu saanketikataku kavalsina prayojanaalanu kaligi unnatlu choopabadindi.
adhunaatana lothaina yuvi photolithography ippudu sub-100 nm resolutionnu andinchagaladu, ayinappatikee kaneesa feature parimaanam mariyu namuunaala madhya antaram kaanti yokka vivartana parimiti dwara nirnayinchabadutundi. vivartana parimitini adhigaminchadaaniki evanescent nier-feeled lithography, nier-feeled interference lithography mariyu faze-shifting mask lithography vanti daani utpanna saanketikatalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
2000 samvatsaramlo, zaan pendry kaanti tarangadairghyam kante takkuvagaa drushti pettadaniki nanometer-scale imagingnu saadhinchadaaniki metamaterial lensnu upayoginchaalani pratipaadinchaaru.
vivartana parimiti yokka vislaeshanha.
paripuurna katakam yokka asalu samasyah oka muulam nundi veluvade emm feeled yokka saadhaarana vistaranalo vyaapti chendutunna taramgaalu mariyu sameepa-kshetram ledhaa evanacent taramgaalu rendoo untaayi. s-dhruveekarana kaligina vidyut kshethramtho kuudina 2-d line muulaaniki udaaharanagaa, prasaram mariyu evanacent bhaagaalato kuudina samatala taramgaalu untaayi, ivi interfaceku samaantaramgaa munduku saagutaayi. vyaapti chendutunna mariyu chinna evanescent taramgaalu rendoo medium interfaceku samaantaramgaa oka disalo munduku saagutunnappudu, evanescent taramgaalu vyaapti disalo ksheenistaayi. saadhaarana (saanukuula suuchika) optical muulakaalu pracharam chese bhaagaalanu tirigi kendrikarinchagalavu, conny ghatankamga ksheenistunna sajatiya bhagalu ellappuduu kolpotayi, idhi oka chitraaniki drushti pettadaniki vivartana parimitiki daariteestundi.
superlance anedi upa tarangadairghya imaging saamarthyam kaligina lens, idhi sameepa kshetra kiranaala magnificationku anumatistundi. saampradaayika katakamulu vivartana parimiti anie pilavabade kaaranamgaa oka tarangadairghyam kramamlo spashtata kaligi untaayi. eee parimiti kanipinche kaanti tarangadairghyam kante chaalaa chinnaviga unde vyaktigata anuvulu vanti chaalaa chinna vastuvulanu chithreekarinchadaaniki aatamkam kaligistundi. superlance vivartana parimitini adhigaminchagaladu. oka udaaharana pendry dwara vivarinchabadina prarambha lens, idhi flat lensga vakreebhavana pratikuula suuchikatoe padaartham yokka slaabnu upayogistundi. siddhaantaparamgaa, oka paripuurna lens khachitamaina phocus cheyagaladu-antey idhi image plain vadda soars plain yokka vidyudayaskaanta kshetraanni khachitamgaa punarutpatti cheyagaladu.
spashtatapai parimitigaa vivartana parimiti.
saampradaayika katkamula paniteeru parimiti vivartana parimiti kaaranamgaa untundi. pendry (2000) taruvaata, vivartana parimitini eee krindi vidhamgaa ardham chesukovacchu. oka vastuvu mariyu oka lensnu z-aksham venta unchinappudu, aaa vastuvu nundi vachhe kiranaalu + z disalo prayaanistunnaayani pariganinchandi. vastuvu nundi veluvade kshetraanni daani koneeya varnapata paddhati paramgaa, samatala taramgaala superpositionga vraayavachuhu
ikkada suutram _ 2 anedi suutram _ 3 yokka vidhih
shakti + "z" disalo velutunnanduna saanukuula vargamuulaanni matrame teesukuntaaru. chitram yokka koneeya varnapatamloni anni bhagalu, formula _ 2 nijamainavi, saadhaarana lens dwara prasaram cheyabadataayi mariyu tirigi kendrikarinchabadatayi. ayithe,
appudu suutram _ 2 oohaatmakamavutundi, mariyu tarangam oka evanacent tarangam, dheeni vyaapti "z" aksham venta tarangam vyaapti chendutunnappudu ksheenistundi. dheeni phalitamgaa tarangam yokka adhika-deerghachaturasraakaara-pounahpunya bhagalu kolpotayi, ivi chithrinchabadutunna vastuvu yokka adhika-pounahpunya (chinna-sthaayi) lakshanaala gurinchi samacharanni kaligi untaayi. pondagalige atyadhika spashtata tarangadairghyam paramgaa vyakteekarinchabadutundi
oka suupar lens parimitini adhigamistundi. pendry-rakam suuparlenlu "n" = −1 (ε = −1, μ = −1) suuchikanu kaligi untaayi, mariyu atuvanti padaarthamloo, + "z" disalo saktini ravana cheyadaaniki taranga vector yokka "z" bhaagam vyatiraeka gurtunu kaligi undali
pedda koneeya pounahpunyaala kosam, evanescent tarangam ippudu "perugutundi", kabatti saraina lens mandamtho, koneeya varnapatam yokka anni bhaagaalanu lens dwara jabita cheyabadani vidhamgaa prasaram cheyavachu. evanacent taramgaalu vruddhi disalo edhee teesukuvellavu kabatti shakti parirakshanhalo etuvanti samasyalu levuh pointing vector vruddhi disaku lambamgaa untundi. khachitamaina lens lopala taramgaalanu prayaaninchadaaniki, pointing vector faze velaasiteeki vyatiraeka disalo suuchistumdi.
vakreebhavana pratikuula suuchika yokka prabhavalu.
saadhaaranamgaa, oka tarangam rendu padaarthaala antarmukham gundaa vellinappudu, tarangam normal yokka vyatiraeka vaipuna kanipistundi. ayithe, interfaces vakreebhavanam yokka saanukuula suuchika kaligina padaartham mariyu vakreebhavanam yokka pratikuula suuchika kaligina maroka padaartham madhya unte, tarangam saadhaaranam yokka adhe vaipu kanipistundi. paripuurna lens gurinchi pendry aalochana oka chadunaina padaartham, ikkada "n" = −1. atuvanti lens, saadhaaranamgaa vivartana parimiti kaaranamgaa ksheeninche sameepa-kshetra kiranaalanu, lens lopala okasari mariyu lens velupala okasari drushti pettadaniki anumatistundi, idhi upa tarangadairghya imagingnu anumatistundi.
abhivruddhi mariyu nirmaanam.
suupar lens nirmaanam okappudu asaadhyamani bhaavinchaaru. 2000loe, edama chethi padaartham yokka saadhaarana slab pani chestundani pendry perkondi. ayithe, atuvanti lens yokka prayogaatmaka saakshaatkaaraaniki kontha samayam pattindi, endukante pratikuula anumati mariyu paaragamyata rendintitho metamateriallanu roopondinchadam antha sulabham kaadu. nijaaniki, atuvanti padaartham sahajamgaa ledhu mariyu avasaramaina metamaterials nirmaanam chinnadi kaadu. inca, padaartham yokka paaraamitulu chaalaa sunnitamainavani choopabadindi (suuchika −1kii samanamga undaali); chinna vichalanalu upa tarangadairghya spashtatanu gamaninchalenivigaa chestaayi. metamaterials yokka pratidhvani swabhaavam kaaranamgaa, suupar lensla yokka aneka (pratipaadita) amalu aadharapadi untundi, metamaterials chaalaa chedaragodataayi. material paaraamitulaku superlance yokka sunnitamaina swabhaavam metamaterials aadhaaramgaa superlance parimita upayogapade frequency paridhini kaligi undataaniki kaaranamavutundi. eee prarambha saiddhaantika suupar lens roopakalpanalo oka metamaterial undhi, idhi taranga kshayam kosam bharti chestundi mariyu sameepa kshetramlo chitraalanu punarnirmistundi. vyaapti chendutunna mariyu ksheenistunna taramgaalu rendoo chitram yokka spashtataku dohadam cheyagalavu.
oke oka pratikuula paraamitini kaligi unna lens sumaruga suupar lensnu yerparustundani pendry suuchimchimdi, ayithe indulo unna dhooraalu kooda chaalaa takkuvagaa untaayi mariyu muulam dhruveekarana taginadigaa unte. kanipinche kaantiki idhi upayogakaramaina pratyaamnaayam, endukante kanipinche kaanti yokka pounahpunyam vadda pratikuula paaragamyatato injaneering metamaterials kashtam. lohaalu pratikuula paaragamyatanu kaligi unnanduna (conny pratikuula paaragamyata kaadu) manchi pratyaamnaayam. anchanaa vesina operation tarangadairghyam (356 nm) vadda saapekshamgaa takkuva nashtam kaaranamgaa vendini upayoginchaalani pendry suuchimchimdi. 2003loe pendry siddhaantam modatisaarigaa rf/microwave frequenciela vadda prayogaatmakamgaa pradarsinchabadindi. 2005loe, rendu swatantra samuuhaalu yuvi paridhiloo pendry lensnu dhruvikarinchayi, rendoo yuvi kaantitoe prakaasinchae vendi yokka sannani poralanu upayoginchi tarangadairghyam kante chinna vastuvula "chaayaachitraalanu" utpatti chesaayi. 2003loe yatrium orthovanadate (vaivo4) bichristallo kanipinche kaanti yokka pratikuula vakreebhavanam prayogaatmakamgaa dhruvikarinchabadindi.
microwave kosam oka saadhaarana superlance design samaantara vaahaka vairla shrenini upayoginchagaladani kanugonabadindi.
 eee nirmaanam mri imaging yokka spashtatanu meruguparachagaladani choopabadindi.
2004loe, pratikuula vakreebhavana suuchikatoe kuudina modati superlance vivartana parimiti kante moodu retlu merugaina spashtatanu andinchindi mariyu microwave pounahpunyaala vadda pradarsinchabadindi. 2005loe, mottamodati nier feeled suuparlensnu enn pradarsinchindi.fong "mariyu itarulu.", conny lens pratikuula vakreebhavanampai aadhaarapadaledu. badulugaa, uparitala plasmone coupling dwara evanacent modlanu meruguparachadaaniki oka sannani vendi poranu upayoginchaaru. daadaapu adhe samayamlo melville mariyu blikey sameepa feeled suuparlenstoe vijayam saadhinchaaru. itara samuuhaalu anusarinchaayi. 2008loe superlance parisoedhanaloo rendu parinaamaalu nivedinchabaddaayi. rendava sandarbhamlo, sylver nanovirela nundi oka metamaterial erpadindi, ivi electrochemicalga porus aluminium oxidelo jama cheyabaddaayi. padaartham pratikuula vakribhavanaanni pradarsinchindi. atuvanti isotropic negative dialectric constant slab lensla imaging paniteeru kooda slab material mariyu mandaaniki sambandhinchi vislaeshimchabadimdi. avaahaka tensor bhagalu vyatiraeka sanketaaniki chendina samatala yeka aksheeya anisotropic katakamulatho upa tarangadairghya imaging avakaasaalu kooda nirmaana paaraamitula vidhiga adhyayanam cheyabaddaayi.
superlance inca kanipinche ledhaa sameepa paraaruna pounahpunyaala vadda pradarsinchabadaledu (nielsen, r. bii.; 2010). antekakunda, chedaragotte padaarthaalugaa, ivi oke tarangadairghyam vadda panicheyadaaniki parimitam cheyabaddaayi. pratipaadita parishkaralu metal-dialectric misramaalu (emdisi) mariyu bahula pora lens nirmaanaalu. bahula-pora suupar lens single layer suupar lens kante merugaina upa tarangadairghya spashtatanu kaligi unnatlu kanipistundi. bahula-pora vyavasthatho nashtalu takkuva aandolana kaligistaayi, conny ippativaraku impedence miss-match kaaranamgaa idhi aacharana saadhyam kaadani telustondi.
naano fabrication paddhatula parinaamam nanostructurela kalpanalo parimitulanu penchutuunae undagaa, naano-photonic parikaraala roopakalpanalo uparitala kathinatvam anedi anivaaryamaina aandolanaku muulamgaa migilipoyindi. bahula pora loha-insulator stock lensula yokka samarthavanthamaina vidyudvaahaka sthiraamkaalu mariyu upa tarangadairghya chitra spashtatapai eee uparitala kathinatvam yokka prabhavam kooda adhyayanam cheyabadindi. 
paripuurna katakamulu.
sampradaaya katkamula dwara prapanchaanni gamaninchinappudu, chitram yokka padunu kaanti tarangadairghyam dwara nirnayinchabadutundi mariyu parimitam cheyabadutundi. 2000 samvatsaramlo, sampradaaya (saanukuula suuchika) katakalaku minchina saamarthyaalatho kuudina katakanni roopondinchadaaniki pratikuula suuchika metamaterial yokka oka slab siddhaantaparaparachabadindi. pratikuula vakreebhavana metamatrial yokka sannani slab saadhaarana katakamulatho telisina samasyalanu adhigaminchi, pracharam mariyu evanescent spectraatho paatu mottam varnapataanni kendrikarinche "khachitamaina" katkamunu saadhistundani pendry pratipaadinchaaru.
metamaterialga vendi palakanu pratipaadinchaaru. marinta pratyaekamgaa, atuvanti vendi sannani poranu uparitalamgaa pariganinchavacchu. kaanti muulam nundi dhooramgaa (vyaapti chendutundi) kadulutunnappudu, adhi ekapaksha dasanu pondutundi. sampradaaya katakam dwara dasha sthiramgaa untundi, conny evanacent taramgaalu vipareetamgaa ksheenistaayi. chadunaina metamaterial dng slablo, saadhaaranamgaa ksheenistunna evanescent taramgaalu viruddhamgaa vistarinchabadataayi. inca, evanacent taramgaalu ippudu vistarinchinanduna, dasha tiragabadutundi.
anduvalla, metal film metamaterial kaligi unna oka rakamaina lens pratipaadinchabadindi. daani plasma frequenseeki sameepamlo prakaasinchinappudu, lensnu suupar resolution imaging kosam upayoginchavacchu, idhi taranga kshayamnu bharti chestundi mariyu sameepamloni kshetramlo chitraalanu punarnirmistundi. adanamgaa, vyaapti chendutunna mariyu ksheenistunna taramgaalu rendoo chitram yokka spashtataku dohadam chestaayi.
edama chethi slablu puurtigaa nashtarahitamgaa, impedence saripolithe mariyu vaati vakreebhavana suuchika chuttupakkala maadhyamaaniki sambandhinchi −1 ayithe "khachitamaina imaging" nuu anumatistaayi anie pendry suuchimchimdi. siddhaantaparamgaa, optical version suukshmaparimaanaala antha chinna vastuvulanu parishkarinchadamlo idhi oka purogati avutundi. n = −1" yokka vakreebhavana suuchikatoe double negative metamaterials (dng), kaneesam suutrapraayamgaa, imaging resolutionnu anumatinche "perfect lens" gaa panicheestaayani pendry anchanaa vesindi, idhi tarangadairghyam dwara parimitam kaadu, conny padaartha naanhyata dwara parimitam cheyabadindi.
paripuurna lensku sambandhinchina itara adhyayanalu.
khachitamaina lens venuka pendry siddhaantam sarigga ledani tadupari parisoedhanalu niroopinchaayi. evanescent spectrum (sameekaranaalu 13-21 suuchanaloe) kendrikarana vislaeshanha lopabhooyishtamgaa undhi. adanamgaa, idhi oka (saiddhaantika) udaaharanaku matrame vartistundi, mariyu adhi nashtarahita, viviktam kaani oka nirdishta madhyamam mariyu bhaaga paaraamitulu ilaa nirvachinchabaddayih
edemaina, pracharam mariyu evanescent taramgaalu rendoo kendrikrutamai unnayani eee siddhaantam yokka tudi sahajamaina phalitam, phalitamgaa slab lopala converging phokal point mariyu slabku minchina maroka convergence (phokal point) sarainadani telindi.
dng metamaterial medium pedda pratikuula suuchikanu kaligi unte ledhaa nashtapoye ledhaa chedaragottedigaa maarithe, pendry yokka khachitamaina lens prabhavanni grahinchalemu. phalitamgaa, paripuurna lens prabhavam saadhaaranamgaa undadu. aaa samayamlo (2001) FDTD anukaranala prakaram, DNG slab pulsed sthuupaakaara tarangam nundi pulsed punjanki converterga panichestundi. inca, vaastavaaniki (aacharanalo), oka dng madhyamam chedaragotte mariyu nashtaparichedigaa undaali, idhi parisoedhana ledhaa anuvartanaanni batti kavalsina ledhaa avaanchaneeya prabhavalanu kaligi untundi. tatphalitamgaa, pendry yokka khachitamaina lens prabhavam oka dng maadhyamgaa roopondinchina yea metamaterial thoo andubaatulo undadu.
2002loe, khachitamaina lens bhavana yokka maroka vislaeshanha, nashtarahita, chedaragottaleni dngni amsamgaa upayogistunnappudu adhi porapaatuna undani choopinchindi. eee vislaeshanha ganitasaastraparamgaa ksheenistunna taramgaala suukshmabeedhaalu, parimita slabku parimiti mariyu shoshana chellacheduruga unna taranga kshetraala praathamika ganita lakshanaalaku viruddhamgaa asamaanatalu mariyu vairudhyaalaku daariteesaayani niroopinchindi. udaaharanaku, eee vislaeshanha chedaragottadamto mudipadi unna shoshana ellappuduu aacharanalo untundani, mariyu shoshana eee madhyamam (dng) lopala vistarinchina taramgaalanu ksheeninchevigaa maarustundani perkondi.
2003loe prachurinchabadina pendry yokka perfect lens concept yokka moodava vislaeshanha, microwave frequenciela vadda pratikuula vakreebhavanam yokka iteevali pradarsananu perfect lens yokka praathamika bhavana yokka saadhyatanu dhruveekarinchadaaniki upayoginchindi. adanamgaa, eee pradarsana oka samatala dng metamaterial oka binduvu muulam yokka suduura kshetra vikiranam meeda tirigi drushti pedutundani prayogaatmaka saakshyamgaa bhaavinchabadindi. ayithe, khachitamaina lensku pradarsinchabadina pratikuula vakreebhavana namuunaa kante anumati, paaragamyata mariyu praadaesika aavartanaaniki gananeeyamgaa bhinnamaina viluvalu avasaram.
ε = μ = −1 unna paristhitula nundi edainaa vichalanam valla saadhaarana, sampradaaya, asampoorna chitram avutundi, idhi inii vipareetamgaa digajaarchindani eee adhyayanam angeekaristundi.ii., vivartana parimiti. nashtalu lenappudu khachitamaina lens parishkaram mallii aacharanaatmakamainadi kaadu, mariyu viruddhamaina vivaranalaku daariteestundi.
pratidhvani uparitala plassmanlu imaging kosam avaanchaneeyamainappatikee, ksheenistunna evanacent taramgaala punaruddharanaku ivi avasaramani nirdhaarinchabadindi. metamaterial aavartanamu anedi evanescent bhagala rakaala punaruddharanapai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chooputundani eee vislaeshanha kanugondi. adanamgaa, prastuta saanketika parignaanamtho upa tarangadairghya spashtata saadhinchadam saadhyamavutundi. pratikuula vakreebhavana suuchikalu nirmaanaatmaka metamaterialslo pradarsinchabaddaayi. atuvanti padaarthaalanu tune cheyagala padaartha paaraamitulanu kaligi undela injaneering cheyavachu, tadwara saraina paristhitulanu saadhinchavachchu. suupar conducting elementsnu upayoginchi nirmaanaalalo microwave frequenciela varaku nashtalanu tagginchavachhu. antekakunda, pratyaamnaaya nirmaanaalanu parigananaloki teesukovadam valla upa tarangadairghya drushtini saadhinchagala edama chethi padaarthaala aakruteekaranaku daariteeyavachchu. aaa samayamlo ituvanti nirmaanaalanu adhyayanam chestunnaru.
metamaterialslo nashtalanu bharti cheyadaaniki plasmone injection pathakam anie piluvabade samarthavanthamaina vidhanam iteevala pratipaadinchabadindi. plassman injection pathakam siddhaantaparamgaa asampoorna pratikuula suuchika flat lenslaku sahetukamaina padaartha nashtaalato mariyu sabdam mariyu hyperlancela samakshamlo vartinchabadutundi. plasmone injection skeem sahayamtho asampoorna pratikuula suuchika flat lensulu kooda vastuvula upavibhajana imagingnu praarambhinchagalavani choopabadindi, lekapothe nashtalu mariyu sabdam kaaranamgaa saadhyam kaadu. plasmone injection pathakam modata plasmonic metamaterials kosam bhaavinchinappatikii, eee bhavana saadhaaranamainadi mariyu anni rakaala vidyudayaskaanta reetulaku vartistundi. eee pathakam yokka pradhana aalochana metamaterialloni lossie modla yokka pondikaina superposition, idhi tagina nirmaanaatmaka bahya sahayaka kshethramtho untundi. eee sahayaka kshetram metamaterialloni nashtalaku kaaranamavutundi, anduvalla metamaterial lens vishayamlo signal beam ledhaa object feeled anubhavinche nashtalanu samarthavantamgaa taggistundi. plasmone injection pathakaanni deconvalution post-prosessing paddhati dwara bhouthikamgaa ledhaa samanamga amalu cheyavachu. ayithe, deconvalution kante bhouthika amalu marinta prabhaavavantamgaa undani telindi. irukaina bandwidth lopala praadaesika pounahpunyaala yokka bhouthika nirmaanam mariyu empika chesina vistarana plasmone injection pathakam yokka bhouthika amaluku keelakam. eee nashtam parihara pathakam mukhyamgaa metamaterial lenslaku anukuulamgaa untundi, endukante dheeniki madhyataraha, naan linearity ledhaa phonanlatho edainaa paraspara charya avasaram ledhu. plasmone injection pathakam yokka prayogaatmaka pradarsana inca paakshikamgaa choopabadaledu endukante siddhaantam chaalaa kottadi.
ayaskanta teegalatho sameepa-kshetra imaging.
pendry yokka saiddhaantika katakam vyaapti chendutunna taramgaalu mariyu sameepa-kshetra evanacent taramgaalu rendintinee kendreekarinchadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. paaraamitatvam "ε" mariyu ayaskanta paaragamyata "μ" nundi vakreebhavana suuchika "n" udbhavistundi. vakreebhavana suuchika anedi kaanti oka padaartham nundi maroka padaarthaaniki elaa vangi untundo nirnayistundi. 2003loe, "n = −1" padaarthaalu mariyu "n = + 1" padaarthaala poralu pratyamnaayamgaa, samaantaramgaa nirminchabadina metamaterial, metamaterial lens kosam marinta prabhaavavantamaina roopakalpanagaa untundani soochinchabadindi. idhi bahula-pora stackto kuudina samarthavanthamaina madhyamam, idhi birefringence, n2 = φ, nx = 0 nuu pradarsistundi. samarthavanthamaina vakreebhavana suuchikalu varusaga lambamgaa mariyu samaantaramgaa untaayi.
sampradaaya lens laaga, z-dhisha roll aksham venta untundi. pratidhvani pounahpunyam (doubleu0)-21.3 emhechz kii daggaragaa-roll nirmaanam dwara nirnayinchabadutundi. poralu yokka swaabhaavika nirodhakata mariyu anumati yokka nashtapoye bhaagam dwara dumping saadhinchabadutundi.
saralamgaa cheppalante, kshetra namuunaa input nundi slab yokka avtput mukhaniki badilee cheyabadinanduna, chitra samacharam prati pora antataa ravana cheyabadutundi. idhi prayogaatmakamgaa niroopinchabadindi. padaartham yokka dvi-miteeya imaging paniteerunu pareekshinchadaaniki, m aksharam aakaaramlo oka jatha samaantara vairla nundi antenna nirminchabadindi. idhi ayaskanta pravaaha rekhanu utpatti chesindi, kabatti imaging kosam oka lakshana kshetra namuunaanu andistundi. idhi addamgaa unchabadindi, mariyu 21.5 mhz kuu tune cheyabadina 271 swiss rolsto kuudina padaartham daani paina unchabadindi. padaartham vaastavaaniki ayaskanta kshetraaniki chitra badilee parikaramgaa panichestundi. antenna aakaram avtput plainloo nammakamgaa punarutpatti cheyabadutundi, garishta teevrata pampinheelo mariyu m nii bandhinche "loyalu" rendintiloonuu.
chaalaa daggaragaa unna (evanescent) kshetram yokka sthiramaina lakshanam emitante vidyut mariyu ayaskanta kshetraalu ekkuvagaa vidadeeyabadataayi. idhi paaragamyatato vidyut kshetram mariyu ayaskanta kshetraanni daadaapu swatantramgaa taarumaaru cheyadaaniki anumatistundi.
antekakunda, idhi atyanta anisotropic vyavastha. anduvalla, padaarthaanni prasarimpajese emm feeled yokka viloma (lamba) bhagalu, antey taranga vaahaka bhagalu kx mariyu ky, rekhansha bhaagam kz nundi vidadeeyabadataayi. kabatti, feeled namuunaanu chitra samacharam yokka ksheenata lekunda input nundi material slab yokka avtput faceku badilee cheyali.
vendi metamaterial thoo optical superlance.
2003loe, parisoedhakula brundam optical evanacent taramgaalu vendi metamaterial lens gundaa velutunnappudu merugupadatayani choopinchindi. dheenini vivartana rahita katakam anie pilicheevaaru. oka pondikaina, adhika-resolution, chitram uddesinchabadaledu, ledhaa saadhinchabadaledu, evanacent feeled yokka punarutpatti prayogaatmakamgaa pradarsinchabadindi.
2003 natiki interfaces uparitalaala vadda uttejita sthithulanu utpatti cheyadam dwara evanacent taramgaalanu meruguparachavacchani dasabdaluga telisindi. ayithe, pendry yokka iteevali pratipaadana varaku (paina "perfect lens" chudandi) evanescent bhaagaalanu punarnirminchadaaniki uparitala plaasmaanla vadakam prayatninchabadaledu. vividha mandam gala chitraalanu adhyayanam cheyadam dwara, tagina paristhitulalo vaegamgaa perugutunna prasaara gunakam sambhavistundani gamaninchabadindi. eee pradarsana superlancing punaadi ghanamainadani pratyaksha sakshyalanu andinchindi mariyu optical tarangadairghyala vadda superlancing pariseelananu praarambhinchae marganni suuchimchimdi.
2005loe, oka pondikaina, adhika-resolution, chitram utpatti cheyabadindi (2003 phalitaala aadhaaramgaa). upa-vakreebhavana-parimita imaging kosam vendi (35 nm) yokka sannani slab manchidi, dheeni phalitamgaa prakaasam tarangadairghyamlo aarava vanthu untundi. eee rakamaina lens taranga kshayam bharti cheyadaaniki mariyu sameepa kshetramlo chitraalanu punarnirminchadaaniki upayoginchabadindi. pani chese suuparlensnu roopondinchadaaniki mundu chesina prayatnaalalo chaalaa mandamgaa unde vendi palakanu upayoginchaaru.
vastuvulu 40 nm antha chinnaviga chitreekarinchabaddaayi. 2005loe optical microscopela imaging resolution parimiti erra rakta kanaala vyaasamlo padava vantugaa undedi. vendi suupar lensto idhi erra rakta kana vyaasam yokka vanda vanthu spashtataku daariteestundi.
sampradaaya katakamulu, maanava nirmitamainavi ledhaa sahajamainavi, anni vastuvulu vidudala chese vyaapti chendutunna kaanti taramgaalanu bandhinchi, aapai vaatini vangadam dwara chitraalanu srushtistaayi. vampu yokka konam vakreebhavana suuchika dwara nirnayinchabadutundi mariyu krutrima pratikuula suuchika padaarthaala kalpana varaku ellappuduu sanukoolamgaa untundi. vastuvulu vastuvu yokka vivaraalanu kaligi unna, conny sampradaaya optics thoo pondaleni, evanacent taramgaalanu kooda vidudala chestaayi. atuvanti evanacent taramgaalu vipareetamgaa ksheenistaayi, anduvalla avi chitra spashtatalo eppuduu bhaagam kaavu, idhi vivartana parimiti anie piluvabade optics parimiti. eee vivartana parimitini vichchinnam cheyadam, mariyu evanescent taramgaalanu sangrahinchadam anedi oka vastuvu yokka 100 saatam khachitamaina praatinidhyaanni srushtinchadaaniki keelakam.
adanamgaa, sampradaaya optical padaarthaalu vivartana parimitini kaligi untaayi, endukante vyaapti chese bhagalu matrame kaanti muulam nundi (optical padaartham dwara) prasaram cheyabadataayi. vyaapinchani bhagalu, evanescent taramgaalu, prasaram cheyabadavu. antekakunda, vakreebhavana suuchikanu penchadam dwara chitra spashtatanu merugupariche katakamulu adhika-suuchika padaarthaala labhyata dwara parimitam cheyabadataayi, mariyu electron microscopy yokka point bye point upa tarangadairghya imaging kooda pani chese suupar lens yokka saamardhyamtho polchinappudu parimitulanu kaligi untundi. scanning electron mariyu anhu shakti suukshmadarshinulu ippudu konni nanometers varaku vivaraalanu sangrahinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutunnaayi. ayithe, ituvanti suukshmadarshinulu vastuvulanu paayintla vaareegaa skaan cheyadam dwara chitraalanu srushtistaayi, antey avi saadhaaranamgaa nirjeeva namuunaalaku parimitam cheyabadataayi mariyu chitraalanu sangrahinchadaaniki chaalaa nimishala samayam pattavacchu.
prastuta optical microscoplatho, saastravettalu oka kanam lopala daani nucleus mariyu mitochondria vanti saapekshamgaa pedda nirmaanaalanu matrame roopondinchagalaru. suuparlenstoe, optical microscopelu oka roeju kana asthipanjaraanni tayaaru chese microtubles venta prayaaninchae vyaktigata proteinla kadalikalanu bahirgatam cheyagalavani parisoedhakulu telipaaru. optical microscopelu sekanulo kontha bhaagamlo oke snaapshaattoo mottam framenu sangrahinchagalavu. suuparlenslatoe idhi suukshmachitraalanu jeevulaku teravagaladu, idhi jeevasaastravettalaku kana nirmaanam mariyu paniteerunu nija samayamlo baga ardham chesukovadaniki sahaayapadutundi.
thz mariyu paraaruna paalanalo ayaskanta kalayika yokka purogatulu saadhyamayye metamaterial superlance yokka saakshaatkaaraanni andinchaayi. ayithe, sameepa kshetramlo, padaarthaala yokka vidyut mariyu ayaskanta pratispandanalu vidadeeyabadataayi. anduvalla, viloma ayaskanta (tm) taramgaala kosam, anumatini matrame pariganinchaalsina avasaram undhi. nobel lohaalu, appudu suupar lensing kosam sahaja empikalugaa maarataayi endukante pratikuula anumati sulabhamgaa saadhinchabadutundi.
uparitala pravaaha dolanalu (uparitala plassmanlu) vastuvu nundi udbhavinche tharamgaalatho saripolela sannani lohapu slaabnu roopondinchadam dwara, superlance kshetram yokka vaisaalyaanni gananeeyamgaa penchagalavu. uparitala plaasmaanla dwara evanacent taramgaala merugudala nundi suupar lensing phalitaalu.
suupar lensku keelakam emitante, chaalaa chinna pramaanaalalo samacharanni teesukuvelle evanacent taramgaalanu gananeeyamgaa meruguparachagala mariyu tirigi pondagala saamarthyam. idhi vivartana parimiti kante chaalaa takkuvagaa imaging cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. yea lens inca oka vastuvu dwara vidudalayye anni evanacent taramgaalanu puurtigaa punarnirminchalekapoyindi, kabatti 100 saatam khachitamaina chitram yokka lakshyam konasaagutundi. ayithe, chaalaa mandhi saastravettalu nijamaina paripuurna lens saadhyam kaadani nammutaaru, endukante taramgaalu telisina edainaa padaartham gundaa velutunnappudu ellappuduu kontha shakti shoshana nashtam untundi. polchi choosthe, suupar lens chitram vendi suupar lens lekunda srushtinchina daanikante gananeeyamgaa merugga untundi.
50-nm flat vendi pora.
fibravari 2004loe, pratikuula suuchika metamaterial plate aadhaaramgaa vidyudayaskaanta vikiranam kendrikarana vyavastha, microwave domainlo upa tarangadairghya imagingnu saadhinchindi. kaanti tarangadairghyam kante chaalaa takkuva vegamtho vaeru cheyabadina chitraalanu pondadam saadhyamani idhi choopinchindi. 2004loe kooda, upa-micrometer sameepa-kshetra imaging kosam oka vendi poranu upayoginchaaru. suupar hye resolution saadhinchabadaledu, conny idhi uddesinchabadindi. vendi pora chaalaa mandamgaa undi, evanacent feeled bhagala gananeeyamaina merugudalalanu anumatinchindi.
2005 praarambhamlo, vaerae vendi poratho feature resolution saadhinchabadindi. idhi vaastava chitram kaanappatikee, idhi uddesinchabadindi. paadarasam deepam nundi vachhe prakaasaanni upayoginchi 50 nm mandapati photoresistlo 250 nm varaku dattamaina lakshana spashtata utpatti cheyabadindi. anukaranalanu (efditidi) upayoginchi, sameepa kshetra imaging yokka maroka paddhati kante, vendi katkamula dwara imaging kosam spashtata merugudalalu aasinchavacchani adhyayanam perkondi.
eee munupati parisoedhana aadhaaramgaa, 50 nm flat sylver poranu upayoginchi optical frequenciela vadda suupar resolution saadhinchabadindi. vivartana parimitiki minchina chitraanni parishkarinche saamarthyam, phaar-feeled imaging kosam, ikkada suupar resolutionga nirvachinchabadindi.
munupati prayogaatmaka lens stock yokka munupati phalitaalato poliste chitra viswasaneeyata chaalaa merugupadindi. sannani vendi mariyu spacer poralanu upayoginchadam dwara mariyu lens stock yokka uparitala kathinatvaanni tagginchadam dwara upa-micrometer lakshanaala imaging baga meruguparachabadindi. graatinglanu chithrinchagala vendi katkamula saamarthyam antima spashtata pareekshagaa upayoginchabadindi, endukante oka aavartana vastuvunu chithrinchagala sampradaaya (suduura kshetram) katkamula saamardhyaaniki khachitamaina parimiti undhi-eee sandarbhamlo chitram vivartana pora. saadhaarana-sanghatana prakaasam kosam vakreebhavana suuchika n thoo oka madhyamam dwara tarangadairghyam λ thoo parishkarinchagala kaneesa praadaesika kaalam λ/n. imaging nirodhakata entha bagunnappatiki, eee parimiti kante takkuva unna edainaa (sampradaaya) suduura-kshetra chitramlo sunna viruddhata aasinchabadutundi.
ikkada (suupar) lens stock 243 nm vivartana-parimita spashtata yokka ganana phalitaaniki daariteestundi. 500 nm nundi 170 nm varaku periods unna gratings chitreekarinchabaddaayi, grating period taggutunna koddi resistance loe modulation yokka lothu taggutundi. vivartana parimiti (243 nm) kante ekkuva kaalalu unna anni graatlu baga parishkarinchabadataayi. eee prayogam yokka mukhya phalitaalu 200 nm mariyu 170 nm kaalaalaku upa-vakreebhavana parimitini suupar-imaging cheyadam. rendu sandarbhaallo, viruddhata tagginappatikee, gratings parishkarinchabadataayi, conny idhi pendry yokka suupar lensing pratipaadanaku prayogaatmaka dhruvikarananu istundi.
marinta samacharam kosam fresnell sankhya mariyu fresnell vivartana chudandi
pratikuula suuchika chirunavvu katakamulu.
gradient index (navvu)-metamaterialslo labhinche material pratispandana yokka pedda shreni merugaina navvu lens roopakalpanaku daariteeyaali. mukhyamgaa, metamaterial yokka anumati mariyu paaragamyatanu swatantramgaa sardubaatu cheyagaladu kabatti, metamaterial grin lenslanu khaalii sthalaaniki baga saripolchavachhu. pracharam yokka disaku z nitaruga, y disalo vakreebhavana chararashi suuchikatoe nim yokka slaabnu upayoginchadam dwara chirunavvu katakam nirminchabadutundi.
phaar-feeled suupar lens.
2005loe, oka brundam phaar-feeled superlance (fsl) anie piluvabade kotta parikaranni upayoginchi sameepa-kshetra parimitini adhigaminchadaaniki oka saiddhaantika marganni pratipaadinchindi, idhi kramam tappakunda mudatalu padina loha slab-aadhaarita superlance.
imaging prayogaatmakamgaa suduura praantamloo pradarsinchabadindi, sameepa-kshetra prayogaala taruvaata tadupari adugu vesindi. pradhana muulakaanni phaar-feeled superlance (fsl) anie pilustaaru, indulo sampradaaya superlance mariyu nanoscale coupler untaayi.
dhoora-kshetra samaya thirogamanamtho vivartana parimitini daati drushti pettadam.
microwave yokka upa tarangadairghyam kendrikarana kosam suduura kshetramlo unchina samaya-tirogamana addam mariyu kendrikarana sthaanam yokka sameepa kshetramlo unchina scotterla yaadruchchika pampinhee rendintinee upayoginchi oka vidhanam pradarsinchabadutundi.
hyperlance.
sameepa-kshetra imaging saamarthyam pradarsinchabadina tarvaata, tadupari dasha suduura-kshetramloki sameepa-kshetra chitraanni pradarsinchadam. saanketikata mariyu padaarthaalatho sahaa eee bhavananu "hyperlance" anie pilustaaru.
2012 maeloe, boran nitride mariyu graphane yokka pratyaamnaaya poralanu upayoginchi atineelalohita (1200-1400 thz) hyperlane srushtinchavacchani gananalu choopinchaayi.
fibravari 2018loe, madhya-paraaruna (~ 5-25 μm) hyperlance pravesapettabadindi, idhi vaividhyamaina doped indium arsenide bahula poratho tayaaru cheyabadindi, idhi chaalaa takkuva nashtalanu andinchindi.
upa-vivartana-parimita imaging kosam metamaterial-hyperlance yokka saamarthyam krinda choopabadindi.
dhoora praantamloo upa-vakreebhavana imaging.
sampradaaya optical lenslatho, suduura kshetram anedi evanacent taramgaalu chekkuchedarakunda raavadaaniki chaalaa dhooramlo unna parimiti. oka vastuvunu chithrinchetappudu, idhi katkamula yokka optical resolutionnu kaanti tarangadairghyam kramamlo parimitam chestundi. eee vyaapinchani taramgaalu adhika praadaesika spashtata roopamlo vivaranaatmaka samacharanni kaligi untaayi mariyu parimitulanu adhigamistaayi. anduvalla, saadhaaranamgaa dhoora kshetramloki vivartana dwara parimitam cheyabadina chitra vivaraalanu pradarsinchadaaniki evanacent taramgaala punaruddharana avasaram.
saaraamsamlo eee parisoedhana mariyu pradarsanaku daariteese dasalu hyperbolic dispersiontho anisotropic metamatrialnu upayoginchadam. dheeni prabhavam emitante, saadhaarana evanacent taramgaalu poralu gala metamaterial yokka radial disalo vyaapistaayi. suukshmadarshini sthaayilo pedda praadaesika pounahpunya taramgaalu loha porala madhya jatacheyabadina uparitala plasmone uddeepanala dwara vyaapti chendutaayi.
2007loe, atuvanti anisotropic metamaterialnu bhootatva optical hyperlancega upayoginchaaru. hyperlancelo sagam-cylindrical kuharampai jama cheyabadina sannani vendi mariyu alumina (35 nanometers mandamtho) yokka vakra aavartana stock untundi mariyu quartz uparitalampai tayaaru cheyabadutundi. radial mariyu tangential permitivitilu ververu sankethaalanu kaligi untaayi.
prakaasam vacchina taruvaata, vastuvu nundi chellacheduruga unna evanescent kshetram anisotropic maadhyamamloki pravesinchi radial disalo vyaapistundi. metamaterial yokka maroka prabhaavamtho kalipi, hyperlance yokka bayati vivartana parimiti-sarihaddu vadda peddadigaa unna chitram sambhavistundi. okasari peddadigaa unna lakshanam vivartana parimiti kante (daati) peddadigaa unte, daanini sampradaaya optical microscopeto chithreekarinchavachhu, tadwara upa-vivartana-parimita chitram yokka peddadigaa mariyu projection nuu suduura kshetramloki pradarsistundi.
hyperlance chellacheduruga unna evanescent taramgaalanu anisotropic maadhyamamlo vyaapti chese taramgaalugaa marchadam dwara vastuvunu peddadi chestundi, suduura kshetramloki praadaesika spashtata kaligina adhika-resolution chitraanni pradarsistundi. sampradaaya optical lensto jatha cheyabadina eee rakamaina metamaterials aadhaarita lens, anduvalla saadhaarana optical microscopeto gurtinchaleni chaalaa chinna namuunaalanu bahirgatam cheyagaladu. oka prayogamlo, lens 150 nanometers dhooramlo chekkabadina rendu 35-nanometer rekhalanu vaeru cheyagaligindi. metamaterials lekunda, suukshmadarshini oke oka mandapati geetanu choopinchindi.
niyantrana prayogamlo, line pair object hyperlance lekunda chithreekarinchabadindi. (optical) eparcharu yokka vivartana parimiti 260 nmmuku parimitam cheyabadinanduna line jatanu parishkarinchalekapoyindi. hyperlance chaalaa vistruta taranga vahakalu yokka vyaaptiki maddatu istundi kabatti, idhi upa-vakreebhavana-parimita spashtatato ekapaksha vastuvulanu peddadi cheyagaladu.
eee pani sthuupaakaara hyperlance matrame kavadam dwara parimitam cheyabadinatlu kanipistunnappatiki, tadupari dasha golaakaara lensnu roopondinchadam. aaa lens trimiteeya saamarthyaanni pradarsistundi. sameepa-kshetra optical microscopy oka vastuvunu skaan cheyadaaniki oka konanu upayogistundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, eee optical hyperlance upa-vivartana-parimitamaina chitraanni peddadi chestundi. peddadi cheyabadina upa-vakreebhavana chitram appudu suduura kshetramloki pradarsinchabadutundi.
optical hyperlance real-time biomolecular imaging mariyu nanolithography vanti anuvartanaalaku gurtinchadagina saamarthyaanni chooputundi. chudaleni cellular prakriyalanu chuudataaniki atuvanti lensnu upayoginchavacchu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, computer chips tayaareeki upayoginche prakriya ayina photolithography modati dasagaa chaalaa chakkati lakshanaalatoo kuudina chitraanni photoresistpy pradarsinchadaaniki dheenini upayoginchavacchu. hyperlancelo dvd saanketikata kosam anuvartanaalu kooda unnaayi.
2010loe, kanipinche pounahpunyaala vadda dvi-miteeya imaging kosam oka golaakaara hyperlance prayogaatmakamgaa pradarsinchabadindi. golaakaara hyperlance pratyaamnaaya poralalo vendi mariyu titanium oxide meeda aadharapadi undevi mariyu kanipinche varnapatamtho suupar-resolutionnu anumatinche balamaina anisotropic hyperbolic dispersion kaligi undevi. visible spectramlo dheeni resolution 160 nm. idhi cellular mariyu dna sthaayilo biological imagingnu praarambhistundi, upa-vikshaepana spashtatanu suduura praantamloki peddadi cheyadam valla balamaina prayojanam untundi.
plasmone-sahayaka suukshmadarshini.
"sameepa-kshetra scanning optical microscopenu chudandi."
kanipinche frequency paridhiloo suupar imaging.
2007loe parisoedhakulu padaarthaalanu upayoginchi suupar imagingnu pradarsinchaaru, ivi pratikuula vakreebhavana suuchikanu srushtistaayi mariyu lensing kanipinche paridhiloo saadhinchabadutundi.
nanotechnology mariyu microbiologylo purogatini konasaaginchadaaniki optical microscopy nirantara merugudalalu avasaram. praadaesika spashtatalo purogati keelakam. sampradaaya optical microscopy 200 nanometers (tarangadairghyam) kramamlo unna vivartana parimiti dwara parimitam cheyabadindi. antey vairaslu, proteins, dna anuvulu mariyu aneka itara namuunaalanu saadhaarana (optical) suukshmadarshinitoe gamaninchadam kashtam. gatamlo pratikuula vakreebhavana suuchika padaarthamthoo pradarsinchabadina lens, oka sannani planner superlance, sampradaaya suukshmadarshinula vivartana parimitini daati magnificationnu andinchadu. anduvalla, sampradaaya vivartana parimiti kante chinna chitraalu ippatikee andubaatulo undavu.
kanipinche tarangadairghyam vadda suupar resolutionnu saadhinche maroka vidhanam iteevala vendi mariyu titanium oxide pratyaamnaaya porala aadhaaramgaa golaakaara hyperlancenu abhivruddhi chesindi. idhi balamaina anisotropic hyperbolic dispersion kaligi undhi, idhi evanacent taramgaalanu vyaapti chese taramgaalugaa maarchadamtho suupar-resolutionnu anumatistundi. eee paddhati fluorescence kaani aadhaarita suupar-resolution imaging, idhi chitraalu mariyu samacharam yokka punarnirmaanam lekunda nija-samaya imagingku daariteestundi.
suupar resolution phaar-feeled microscopy paddhatulu.
2008 natiki vivartana parimitini adhigaminchindi mariyu 20 nundi 50 nm yokka parshwa imaging teermaanaalu aneka "suupar-resolution" phaar-feeled microscopy paddhatula dwara saadhinchabaddaayi, veetilo uddeepana udgaara ksheenata (stead) mariyu daani sambandhita result (reversible santrupta optical leanier fluorescent transitions) microscopy; santrupta nirmaanaatmaka prakaasam microscopy (scm); yaadruchchika optical punarnirmaana microscopy (tuphaanu); photoactivated localization microscopy (paam); mariyu ilanti suutraalanu upayoginche itara paddhatulu unnaayi.
samanvaya parivartana dwara sthuupaakaara suupar lens.
idhi 2003loe pendry dwara oka pratipaadanatoe praarambhamaindi. chitraanni peddadi cheyadaaniki kotta design concept avasaram, dheenilo pratikuula vakreebhavana lens yokka uparitalam vakramgaa untundi. oka cylinder maroka cylindernu taakutundi, phalitamgaa vakra sthuupaakaara lens erpadutundi, idhi pedda cylinder velupala peddadi kaani jabita cheyani roopamlo chinna cylinderloni vishayalanu punarutpatti chestundi. asalu paripuurna lensnu sthuupaakaara, lens nirmaanamgaa vakraparachadaaniki samanvaya parivartanalu avasaram.
dheeni taruvaata 2005loe sthuupaakaara suupar lens quasistatic paalanalo panicheestaayani 36 paejeela sambhaavita mariyu ganita rujuvu vachindi. paripuurnamaina katakampai charcha modata charchinchabadutundi.
2007loe, samanvaya parivartananu upayoginche superlance mallee amsamgaa maarindi. ayithe, chitra badileetho paatu itara upayogakaramaina karyakalapalu charchinchabaddaayi; anuvaadam, bhramanam, addam mariyu vilomam alaage suupar lens prabhavam. antekakunda, magnification chese muulakaalu vivarinchabaddaayi, ivi rekhaganita vichalanalu laenivi, input mariyu avtput vaipula, free space sourcingnu upayogistunnappudu (waveguide kakunda). eee bhootatva muulakaalu sameepa mariyu suduura kshetraalalo kooda panicheestaayi, chitraanni sameepa kshetram nundi suduura kshetraaniki badilee chestaayi.
sthuupaakaara bhootatva suupar lensnu 2007loe liu mariyu itarulu anae rendu samuuhaalu prayogaatmakamgaa pradarsinchaayi. mariyu smolyaninov mariyu itarulu.
metamaterialsto naano-optics.
lensga nanohole shreni.
2007loe chesina parisoedhanaloo loha teralooni pakshika-aavartana nanoholes shreni, uparitala tarangam yokka optical saktini kendrikarinchi upa tarangadairghya macchalanu (hott spotlu) yerparuchukunnayani niroopinchabadindi. macchalaku dhooraalu shreniki avatali vaipuna konni padula tarangadairghyalu, ledhaa, maroe maatalo cheppalante, sanghatana samatala taramgaaniki edurugaa undevi. nanoholes yokka pakshika-aavartana shreni telikapati saandratagaa panichestundi.
juun 2008loe, dheeni taruvaata loha teralo pakshika-sphatika suukshma randhraala shreni yokka pradarsinchabadina saamarthyam undhi. hott spotlanu kendrikarinchadam kante, point muulam yokka chitram shreni nundi konni padula tarangadairghyaalanu shreni yokka maroka vaipuna (image plain) pradarsinchabadutundi. eee rakamaina shreni 1 nundi 1 sarala sthaanabhramsamnu pradarsinchindi,-point muulam yokka sthaanam nundi daani sambandhita, samaantara, chitram samatalamlo sthaanam varaku. maroe maatalo cheppalante, x nundi x + δx varaku. udaaharanaku, itara binduvu muulaalu adevidhamgaa x 'nundi x' + δx 'kuu, x nundi x ^ + δx ^ kuu, mariyu x nundi x ^ kuu + δx ^ kuu sthaanabhramsham chendaayi. kaanti saandrakamgaa panicheyadaaniki badulugaa, idhi oka binduvu muulamtoe unnappatikee, 1 nundi 1 varaku correspondence thoo sampradaaya lens imaging yokka panini nirvahistundi.
ayithe, marinta sanklishtamaina nirmaanaala parishkaranni bahula binduvula muulaala nirmanaluga saadhinchavachchu. saadhaaranamgaa sampradaaya katkamula yokka adhika sankhya eparcharlatho mudipadi unde suukshmamaina vivaralu mariyu prakaasavantamaina chitraanni vishwasaneeyamgaa utpatti cheyavachu. sampradaaya optics chetilo unna paniki anukuulamgaa lenappudu eee saanketikataku mukhyamaina anuvartanaalu talettutaayi. udaaharanaku, eee saanketikata ex-rae imaging ledhaa naano-optical circuitlu modalaina vatiki baga saripotundi.
nanolenlu.
2010loe, tri-miteeya (3dii) metamaterial-nanolenluga varninchabadina naano-wire shreni namuunaa, oka vidyudvaahaka uparitalamlo jama cheyabadina bhaarii nanovirelatho kuudinadi, tayaaru cheyabadindi mariyu pareekshinchabadindi.
metamaterial nanolenlanu 20 nanometers vyaasamtho millionla nanovirelatho nirminchaaru. ivi khachitamgaa samalekhanam cheyabaddaayi mariyu oka packagy cheyabadina aakruteekarana vartinchabadindi. lens naano-saiju vastuvula spashtamaina, adhika-resolution chitraanni varninchagaladu endukante idhi chitraanni nirminchadaaniki saadhaarana pracharam chese emm radiation mariyu evanacent taramgaalu rendintinee upayogistundi. suupar-resolution imaging anedi tarangadairghyam (λ) kante 6 retlu dhooramlo, dhoora-kshetramlo, kaneesam λ/4 resolutiontho pradarsinchabadindi. idhi munupati parisoedhana mariyu itara sameepa kshetram mariyu dhoora kshetra imaging yokka pradarsanatoe poliste gananeeyamaina merugudala, krinda charchinchina nanohole shrenulatho sahaa.
holey metal filmla yokka kaanti prasaara lakshanaalu.
2009-12. aavartana nirmaanaala yokka ekakam podavu operating tarangadairghyam kante chaalaa takkuvagaa unna metamaterial parimitiloo holey metal filmla yokka kaanti prasaara lakshanaalu siddhaantaparamgaa vislaeshimchabadataayi.
upa tarangadairghya randhram dwara chitraanni ravana cheyadam.
siddhaantaparamgaa, upa tarangadairghya vivaraalanu kolpokunda, chitram yokka vyaasam kante gananeeyamgaa chinna vyaasam kaligina chinna upa tarangadairghya randhram dwara sanklishtamaina vidyudayaskaanta chitraanni ravana cheyadam saadhyamani telustondi.
suukshmakanaala imaging-quantum chukkalu.
jeeva kanamlooni sanklishta prakriyalanu gamaninchinappudu, mukhyamaina prakriyalu (maarpulu) ledhaa vivaraalanu sulabhamgaa vismarinchavacchu. idhi bayatapadataaniki chaalaa samayam patte mariyu adhika-praadaesika-resolution imaging avasaramayye maarpulanu chusinappudu marinta sulabhamgaa sambhavinchavachhu. edemaina, iteevali parisoedhana kanaala lopala gantalu ledhaa rojulalo jarige karyakalapalanu pariseelinchadaaniki oka parishkaranni andistundi, eee chinna jeevulalo sambhavinche paramaanu-sthaayi sanghatanalatho sambandham unna aneka rahasyalanu parishkaristundi.
national institute off standards und technology (nis) mariyu national institute off allergy und antu vyaadhulu (niaid) loe panichestunna samyukta parisoedhanaa brundam, eee nemmadigaa jarige prakriyalanu bahirgatam cheyadaaniki cellular lopali bhaganni prakaasavantam cheyadaaniki suukshma kanaalanu upayoginche paddhatini kanugondi. suukshmakanaalu, oka kanam kante vaela retlu chinnavi, vividha rakaala anuvartanaalanu kaligi untaayi. quantum dott anie piluvabade oka rakamaina suukshmakanaalu kaantiki gurainappudu prakaasistaayi. eee semiconductor kanaalanu sendriya padaarthaalatho puuyavacchu, ivi shaastravetta pariseelinchaalanukune kanam yokka bhaagamlooni nirdishta proteinlaku aakarshinchabadataaniki anugunamgaa untaayi.
mukhyamgaa, quantum chukkalu gatamlo kanaala lopali bhaagaalanu prakaasavantam cheyadaaniki upayoginchina aneka sendriya rangulu mariyu fluorescent proteinla kante ekkuva kaalam untaayi. cellular prakriyalalo maarpulanu paryavekshinche prayojanam kooda vaariki undhi, ayithe electron microscopy vanti chaalaa adhika-resolution paddhatulu oka samayamlo stambhimpajesina cellular prakriyala chitraalanu matrame andistaayi. quantum chukkalanu upayoginchi, proteinla dynamic kadalikalato kuudina cellular prakriyalu gamaninchadaginavi (spashtam cheyabaddaayi).
parisoedhana pradhanamgaa quantum dott lakshanaalanu vargeekarinchadampai drushti saarinchindi, vaatini itara imaging paddhathulatho polchi chusindi. oka udaaharanalo, quantum chukkalu kanam yokka lopali poralo network nirmaanamloo bhaagamaina oka nirdishta rakam maanava erra rakta kana protein nuu lakshyamgaa chesukovadaniki roopondinchabaddaayi. eee proteins aarogyakaramaina kanamlo kalisi unnappudu, network kanaaniki yaantrika vasyatanu andistundi, tadwara idhi irukaina kesanaalikalanu mariyu itara bigutu pradaesaala dwara pindi veyagaladu. conny kanaaniki malaria paraannajeevi sokinappudu, network protein yokka nirmaanam maarutundi.
clustering mechanism baga ardham kaananduna, daanini quantum chukkalatho pariseelinchaalani nirnayinchaaru. clusteringnu drushyamaanam cheyadaaniki oka saanketikatanu abhivruddhi cheyagaligithe, malaria sankramana yokka purogatini ardham chesukovacchu, idhi aneka vibhina abhivruddhi dasalanu kaligi untundi.
pora proteins koorukupovadamto, vatiki anusandhaaninchabadina quantum chukkalu tamanu taamu samuuhaparachukoevadaaniki mariyu marinta prakaasavantamgaa prakaasinchadaaniki prerepinchabadatayani, proteinla samuuhamu abhivruddhi chendutunnappudu nija samaya pariseelananu anumatistundani parisoedhana prayatnaalu velladinchaayi. marinta vistrutamgaa, quantum chukkalu itara suukshma padaardhaalatoo tamanu taamu anusandhaaninchukunnappudu, chukkala optical lakshanaalu prati sandarbhamlo pratyaekamaina margallo marutayani parisoedhana kanugondi. antekakunda, nanoscale vaataavaranam maarutunna koddi quantum dott optical lakshanaalu marutayani aadharalu kanugonabaddayi, idhi kanaala lopala sthaanika jeevarasaayana vaataavaranaanni grahinchadaaniki quantum chukkalanu upayoginche ekkuva avakaasaanni andistundi.
vishapuuritam mariyu itara lakshanaalapai konni aandolanalu migili unnaayi. ayithe, mottam parisoedhanala prakaram dynamic cellular prakriyalanu parisoedhinchadaaniki quantum chukkalu oka viluvaina sadhanam kaavacchu.
sambandhita prachurinchina parisoedhanaa patram nundi saaraamsam (paakshikamgaa) ilaa perkondih vividha rasayana mariyu bhouthika vaataavaranaalaloo bioconjugated nanochrystals ledhaa quantum dots (qds) yokka dynamic fluorescence lakshanaalaku sambandhinchi phalitaalu pradarsinchabadataayi. vividha rakaala qd namuunaalanu tayaaru chesi polcharu verucheyabadina vyaktigata qdలు, qd aggregatelu mariyu qdలు itara nanoscale padaarthaalatho samyogam cheyabaddaayi...
kooda chudandi.
metamaterials saastravettalu

