
all-khadmas

all-khadmas (all-khadmas ledhaa cadmus anie kooda pilustaaru) vaayuvya syrialoni oka pattanam, paripalanaparamga tartus governoratelo bhaagam, idhi tartusku eesaanyamgaa mariyu baniyalaku aagneyamgaa undhi. sameepa praantaalalo thoorpuna coff all-zaa mariyu masyaf, dakshinaana vaadi all-yuyun mariyu all-sheikh badhar, nairutilo hammam vassel, all-camsia mariyu maten all-sahel, paschimaana tanita, vaayuvyamlo all-annaje mariyu eshaanyamlo dier maama unnaayi. idhi madhyadhara tiiraaniki thoorpuna undhi mariyu daani naasanamaina koota samudra mattaniki sumaruga mariyu pattanaaniki konchem paina peethabhoomipai undhi.
siriya central beuro off statistics prakaram, 2004 janabha lekkala prakaram all-khadmas janabha 5,551. idhi 2004loe 22,370 mandhi janabha kaligina 25 praantaalanu kaligi unna all-khadmas "nahiya" ("upa-jilla") yokka paripalana kendram. all-khadmas nivaasitulu pradhanamgaa ismailis mariyu alavaitlu, prati samajam janabhalo 50 saatam mandhi unnaaru. chuttupakkala graameena praantaallooni gramalalo ekkuvagaa alavaitlu nivasistunnaaru.
all-khadmas oka mukhyamaina madhyayuga kotaku nilayam, idhi syrialoni ismeli samaajaaniki pradhana karyalayamga panichesindi, dheenini crusader yugamlo hantakulu anie pilustaaru. nedu, koota ekkuvagaa sidhilaavasthaloo undhi mariyu pattanam antataa chellacheduruga unna konni ottoman yugapu gruhaalato paatu, paryataka pradaesamgaa panichestundi. all-khadmas loe ashtabhujakara minarto kuudina pedda maseedu kooda undhi. eee pattanam syrialo pogaaku utpattiki kooda kendramgaa undhi.
vyutpatti.
greekulaku asalu varnamaala ledhaa phoenitian varnamaala-phoenitian aksharalu, "phoenitian aksharalu"-nuu parichayam chesinanduku prasiddhi chendina phoenitian yuvaraju cadmus paeru meeda eee nagaraniki eee paeru pettaru.
vaataavaranam.
all-khadmas loe vaataavaranam vecchagaa mariyu samasheetoshnamgaa untundi. vesavi kante sheethaakaalamlo all-khadmaslo chaalaa ekkuva varshapaatam untundi. koppen-geiger vaataavarana vargeekarana anedi csa. all-khadmas loe sagatu vaarshika ushnograta. etaa sumaru varshapaatam taggutundi.
charitra.
madhyayuga kaalam.
all-khadmas kotanu 1129loe antiochku chendina modati bohemand swaadheenam chesukunnadu. 1130-1131 loe sthaanika muslim dalaalu daanini tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnayi. eee kotanu taruvaata 1132loe all-kahf muslim ameer, seyaf all-mulk ibn amran, ismayili (appudu hantakulu anie piluvabade) saakhaku vikrayinchaaru. 1167 natiki tudelaaku chendina panditudu benzin all-khadmas hantakula pradhana peethamgaa panicheesaadani raasaadu. vivaralu takkuvagaa unnappatikee, all-khadmas hantakulu mariyu crusaderla madhya konni saarlu chetulu marchukunnadu, modatidi balamgaa niyantranalo undataaniki mundu.
all-khadmasnu 1273loe baibarlu swaadheenam chesukuni mamluk sultanetto vileenam chesaaru. sultan ann-nasser mohammed (1294-1340) madhyantara paalanalo sultanetku vishwasaneeyamaina pourulugaa unnappatikee, idhi ippatikee ismayileelachae niyantrinchabadindi. uttara african panditudu ibn bathuta 1355loe, mamluk paalanalo, all-khadmasnu sandarsinchinappudu, idhi tripoli meeda aadhaarapadina masyaf yokka "niyabah" ("governorship") loe bhagamani paerkonnaadu. taruvaata eee governorship tripoli nundi vaeru cheyabadi, 1412loe all-kalkashandi sandarsinchinappudu damascus provinsku badilee cheyabadindi. 15va sataabdam chivaralo vividha mamluk sultanlu all-khadmas jillaalo patthi vastram mariyu pattupai pannulanu raddu chesaaru.
ottoman shakam.
1683loe, ottoman kaalamlo, muslim panditudu abd all-ghani all-nabulsi all-khadmasnu sandarsinchi, koota yokka "ameer" tanukhi vamsaaniki chendinadani paerkonnaadu, idhi oka arab tega, idhi modata byzantine paalanalo dakshina syrialoni batania praantamloo sthirapadi uttara disagaa valasa vachindi.
1830laloe eejiptuku chendina ibraheem pasha levant meeda khedivet eejiptu dandayaatra samayamlo all-khadmas kotanu dhvamsam chesaaru. all-khadmas aaa samayamlo ismaily saktiki kendramgaa undedi. idhi 177 gramalanu kaligi unna jillaaku kooda kendramgaa undedi. pattanamlooni pramukha kutumbaalu, mariyu "ameerlu" unnavi, hizavia mariyu suvedania. 1840laloe all-khadmas yokka ismaily adhipati hamaaku thoorpuna unna padubadina salamia pattanamlo ismaily punaravasanni anumatinchadaaniki ottoman adhikaarulanu vijayavantamgaa lobbying chesaadu. chuttupakkala alavite hartland nundi vacchina ottidi chaalaa mandhi salamiaku valasa velladaaniki kaaranamaindi, ayinappatikee eee pattanam eee praantamloo daani raajakeeya mariyu aardhika praamukhyatanu konasaaginchindi mariyu safita pooshinchina maadirigaane madhya teerapraanta parvata shrenilo commanding paatranu pooshinchindi. all-khadmas nivaasulu vaanijyam mariyu chetivruttula naipunhyaalalo pratyekata kaligi unnaaru. eee pattanam all-annaja, talin mariyu all-sheikh badhar nundi raitulaku gamyasthanamgaa undedi mariyu eee praantamlooni vyavasaya utpattulanu haamaa, tripoli mariyu beirut vanti pradhana nagaralaku egumati chesindi.
syrialoni chaalaa mandhi ismaayileelu 1887loe aagaa khaan III yokka khasim shahee vamsaaniki tama vidheyatanu badilee cheyagaa, khadmas mariyu masyaf yokka ismaayileelu mohammed shahee vamsaaniki anubandhamgaa undipoyaaru. vaarini "zaa 'afaria" saakha anie pilustaaru mariyu 1990la natiki vaari sankhya 15,000. all-kadmas nivaasitulu chaalaa mandhi sthirapadina salamia naalugintiki vaari muulam unna pattanam paeru meeda "all-kadamisa" anie paeru pettaru.
aadhunika yugam.
1918 decemberulo, aakramita french adhikaarulaku vyatiraekamgaa seleh all-allie netrutvamloni syrian teerapraanta tirugubaatu samayamlo, all-khadmas vadda unna french dalaalu sameepamloni all-sheikh badarlooni all-allie balamaina sthaavarampai daadi cheyadaaniki prayatninchaayi. all-allie mariyu athani dalaalu vaadi all-yoyun graamaaniki sameepamlo frenchivaarini edurkoni oodinchaayi. all-khadmas looni ismaily naayakatvam frenchto pottu pettukunnanduna, all-allie ventane pattanampai daadi chesaadu. french dalaalu tama mitraraajyaalaku sahayam cheyadaaniki vachayi, conny 1919 fibravari 21naa rendavasari odipoyaayi. 1919 juulai natiki french mariyu all-allie shanti oppandaanni kudurchukunnaru, conny all-khadmasloni tama sthaavaram nundi vaaru coff all-jaz gramanni tagalabettinappudu modatidi daanini ullanghinchindi. aaa taruvaata, all-allie all-khadmaspai edurudaadini praarambhinchaadu.
1963loe bathist prabhutvam adhirohanaku mundu, all-khadmas yokka nirminchina praantaalu ekkuvagaa citadelku dakshinaana mariyu thoorpuna kendrikrutamai unnaayi, ikkada chaalaa illu kalisi nirminchabaddaayi. eee praantamloo paatha "suuk" ("market") mariyu ismaily maseedu unnaayi. 1970luu mariyu 1980laloe, huffage all-asad adhyakshatana, eee pattanam uttara disagaa mashyaf mariyu baniyalanu kalipe thoorpu-padmara rahadari vaipu vistarinchindi. eee rahadari kuudaliki pattanam yokka vaanijya kendramgaa maarindi. private contractorla netrutvamlo paryataka-kendrikruta abhivruddhi 1980la chivaralo praarambhamaindi, ekkuvagaa kotaku uttaraana, pattana pradhana rahadaariki thoorpuna mariyu thoorpu-padmara rahadaariki dakshinaana kendrikrutamai undhi. eee praantam ekkuvagaa syrialoni itara praantaala nundi paryaatakulanu aakarshistundi, indulo itara nagaraala nundi vacchina ismaayileela nishpatti kooda ekkuvagaa untundi.
madhya teerapraanta parvata praantamloo all-khadmas raajakeeya mariyu saamaajika-aardhika sthithi 1970 taruvaata gananeeyamgaa taggindi. idhi kontavaraku aaa samvatsaram sameepamloni all-shaik badarnu jilla kendraaniki prothsahinchadam valla jarigindi, idhi all-khadmas nundi drushtini maarchindi, eee praantamlooni graamastulu sevala kosam all-shaik badarku velataaru. antekakunda, banias mariyu daani lothattu praantaala madhya ravana moulika sadupayala kramamga abhivruddhi mariyu merugudala valla hammam vassel, all-annaja mariyu talin prajalu all-khadmasku badulugaa banias velladam sulabhataram chesindi.
2005 juulai praarambhamlo all-khadmas looni ismaili mariyu alavite nivaasitulaloo kondari madhya neraropana himsa chelaregindi. kontamandi yuva alavite purushulu ismaily mahilalatho matladatam praarambhinchina taruvaata athani maga bandhuvula bhayamtho gharshanalu prarambhamayyayi. bandhuvulu pattanamlooni alavite pooliisu kamaandarku firyadu chesinappudu, athanu vivaadamloo palgonakunda undipoyaadu. alavite samaajamlooni chaalaa mandhi taruvaata all-khadmas looni ismaily yaajamaanyamloni vyapaaraalanu, mukhyamgaa furniture dukaanaalu mariyu teepi dukaanaalanu bahishkarinchaaru, badulugaa chuttupakkala marketla nundi konugolu cheyadaaniki enchukunnaaru. bahishkarana phalitamgaa tama vyapara labhalu teevramgaa taggadamtho sthaanika ismaily vyaapaarulu aagrahinchi, alavite yaajamaanyamloni dukaanaala mundu bhagalapai raallu visaradam praarambhinchaaru. aaa saayantram taruvaata kontamandi alavite nivaasitulu ismaily yaajamaanyamloni 27 vyapaaraalanu dochukoni, tagalabettadam dwara prateekaaram tiirchukunnaaru, deenivalla sumaru 10 million dollarla viluva chese nashtam jarigindi. eee himsalo pattanaaniki chendina 75 yella vruddhudu maraninchagaa, maroe 13 mandhi gayapaddaru. sameepamloni sainika sthaavaraala nundi rendu syrian armi betalianlu all-khadmasku velle rahadaarulanu moosivesi, sumaru 500 mandhi anumaanitulanu adupuloki teesukoni prasninchadamtho gharshanalu mugisai. all-khadmas nundi oka poura pratinidhi brundam pattanamlo udriktatalanu tagginche prayatnamlo siriya adhyakshudu busher all-asadnu kalisaaru. all-khadmas yokka alavite "nahiya" ("upa-jilla") adhipati sthaanamlo tatasthamgaa bhaavinche oka kraistavudu niyaminchabaddaadu.

