
reaper

panta kosevadu antey panta pandinappudu pantalanu kose (kothalu mariyu tarachugaa sekarinche) vyakti. saadhaaranamgaa panta trinadhanya gaddi. mottamodati document cheyabadina kose yantraalu aadhunika fraanslo roman kaalamlo upayoginchina gallic kose yantraalu. gallic reperlo oka duvvena untundi, idhi talalanu sekaristundi, oka operator taruvaata noorpidi kosam dhanyanni oka pettelo kottadam jarugutundi. 
chaalaa mandhi aadhunika yaantrika kotadaarulu gaddini kattiristaaru; chaalaa mandhi daanini gaalini veechi ledhaa paiki teeyadam dwara kooda sekaristaaru. aadhunika yantraalu gaddini kattirinchi sekarinchadame kakunda daani vittanaalanu (dhanyam) kooda tresh chesi, dhanyanni vinno chesi, daanini combine harvesters ledhaa combines anie piluvabade truck ledhaa vaganku pampinhee chestaayi, ivi munupati kothala injaneering vaarasulu.
gaddi dhanyam nundi kontha bhinnamgaa pandinchabadutundi; aadhunika gaddi tayaareeloo, gaddini kattirinche yantraanni gaddi kattirinche yantram ledhaa, conditionertho anusandhaaninchinatlayite, kattirinche conditioner antaaru. oka maanaveeya panigaa, dhanyam mariyu endugaddi rendintinee kose prakriyanu kotha anie pilustaaru, indulo gaddi, kodavulu mariyu ooyalanu kaligi untaayi, taruvaata diguva dasallo ververu dasalu untaayi. saampradayakamgaa atuvanti kothanu kotha anie pilavavacchu, ayinappatikee dhanyapu gaddi "kotha" mariyu gaddi gaddi "kotha" madhya vyatyaasam chaalaa kaalam nundi undhi; dhanyam kose yantraalu (1830 nundi 1840 varaku) samyukta dhanyam kose yantraala (1830 nundi 1840 varaku) dasaabdaala prayatnaala taruvaata matrame yaantrika panimutla roopakartalu vaatini ververu taragatulaku rajinama cheyadam praarambhinchaaru.
yaantrika kothala pempakandaarulu 1830laloe vaari roopaanni nundi 1860la nundi 1880la varaku vyavasayanni gananeeyamgaa marcharu, vaaru sambandhita yantraalugaa abhivruddhi chendinappudu, tarachugaa vividha paerlatoe piluvabadevi (sweeya-raking kothala pempakandaaru, harvester, kothala katte, dhanyam katte, katte), ivi dhanyam yokka gottalanu theega ledhaa noolutho sekarinchi bandhistaayi.
chetto kottukuntu.
chethitho neerugaa dhaanyaala chevulanu kovadam, sikil thoo dhanyam kaandaalanu kattirinchadam, skait thoo kattirinchadam ledhaa dhanyam ooyalatho amarchina skait thoo sahaa vividha maargaala dwara chethitho koyyanu koyadam jarugutundi. kotha anedi saadhaaranamgaa "kattirimpu" nundi vaeru cheyabadutundi, idhi ilanti panimutlanu upayogistundi, conny trunadhaanyaalanu kose badulu endugaddi kosam gaddini kattirinchadaaniki saampradaaya padam. trinadhaanyaala mokkala gatti, endabettina gaddini mariyu endugaddi kosam pacchani gaddini saadhaaranamgaa yantraalapai ververu bladelu demand chestaayi.
kosina dhanyapu kaandaalu gottaluga (guttulu) sekarinchabadataayi, theegatho ledhaa gadditho kattabadataayi. aneka gottalu okadaanikokati vyatiraekamgaa vangi, naela nundi chevulu endipoyi, oka stuck nuu yerparustaayi. endabettina taruvaata, goddalini polam nundi sekarinchi, chevulatho lopaliki unchi, aapai gaddi ledhaa tarpaulin thoo kapputaaru; dheenini "stock" ledhaa "rick" antaaru. british dheevulalo, oka gaddi kodini saampradayakamgaa "mokkajonna kodu" anie pilustaaru, dheenini "gaddi kodu" nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki (british aanglamlo "mokkajonna" daani paatha "dhanyam" bhavanni kaligi undhi, saadhaaranamgaa "mokkajonna" kaadu). rick-yard" ledhaa "stock-yard" anie piluvabade pasuvulaku andubaatulo laeni praantamloo ricks tayaaru cheyabadataayi. mokkajonna-ikku taruvaata virigipotundi mariyu gaddini nundi dhanyanni vaeru cheyadaaniki gottalanu noorpidi chestaaru.
panta kosina tarvaata polamlo chindina dhanyanni sekarinchadam "keellanadam" anie pilustaaru, mariyu saampradayakamgaa chethitho ledhaa kollu ledhaa pandulu vanti jantuvulanu polamlo penning cheyadam dwara chestaaru.
paarisraamika deshaalalo ippudu chethi kothala prakriya chaalaa arudugaa jarugutundi, conny ippatikee yantraalu andubaatulo laeni ledhaa vatiki praapyata parimitam ayina (irukaina terroslapy vantivi) saadhaarana paddhati.
bhayankaramaina kosevadu" anie piluvabade oka kosevadu yokka ekkuva ledhaa takkuva asthipanjaram-aneka paaschaatya sampradaayaalu mariyu samskrutulalo maranam yokka saadhaarana vyaktitvam. eee roopakamlo, oka raitu pantalanu pandinchinatlugaa, maranam jeevulanu pandistundi.
yaantrika koyya.
yaantrika reaper ledhaa reaping yantram anedi pantalanu pandinche yaantrika, pakshika-svayamchaalaka parikaram. yaantrika panta kosevaru mariyu vaari vaarasula yantraalu yaantrika vyavasaayamlo mukhyamaina bhaagamgaa mariyu vyavasaya utpaadakata yokka pradhana lakshanamgaa unnaayi.
yuu loe yaantrika repers.ess..
19va sataabdamloo united stateslo aneka mandhi aavishkartalu yaantrika reperlalo aavishkaranalanu paerkonnaaru. vividha namuunaalu okadaanitoe okati pootii paddayi, mariyu aneka vyaajyaalaku sambandhinchinavi.
ohiyoloni obed hassie 1833loe "hassie reaper" anae reeparku patent pondaadu.
maereelyaandlooni baltimorelo tayaaru cheyabadina hassie roopakalpana pantala tayari saamardhyamlo pradhana merugudala. kotta kosevariki rendu gurralu matrame sramatho pani cheyalsina avasaram undhi, yantram pani cheyadaaniki oka vyakti, mariyu maroka vyakti drive cheyadaaniki. adanamgaa, hassie reaper daani upayogam tarvaata oka samaanamaina mariyu subhramaina uparitalaanni vadilivesindi.
mccormick reaper" nuu varjiniyaaloni valnut grove loe robbert mccormick roopondinchaaru. ayithe, robbert thana kotta parikaranni paripuurnamgaa cheyalekapoyinappudu visugu chendaadu. thana tandri prajectunu puurti cheyadaaniki prayatninchadaaniki athani kumarudu sairas anumati koraadu. anumati manjuru cheyabadinappudu, chinna dhanyam pantalanu kattirinchadaaniki gurrapu thotagaa 1834loe athani kumarudu sairas mccormick chetha mccormick reaper patent cheyabadindi. eee mccormick reaper yantram aneka pratyeka amsaalanu kaligi undih
thana reaper vaastavaaniki 1831loe kanugonabadindani sairas mccormick paerkonnaadu, idhi yantram yokka saadhaarana roopakalpanaku nijamaina hakkunu istundi. taruvaati konni dasaabdaallo hassie mariyu mccormick reparlu chaalaa saaruupyata unnappatikee, marketlo okaritho okaru pootii padataaru. 1850la natiki, hassie mariyu mccormick rendinti yokka asalu petentlu gaduvu mugisindi mariyu aneka itara tayaareedaarulu ilanti yantraalanu marketlo unchaaru.
1861loe, united states patent mariyu trademark karyalayam dhruvana reaper design aavishkaranapai teerpu jaarii chesindi. kothala nundi sampaadinchina dabbu chaalaa varaku obed hassie kaaranamgaa undani nirdhaarinchabadindi. ess.tii. patentla acting commissioner ayina shubert, hassie yokka merugudalalu vaari vijayaniki punaadi anie prakatinchaaru. obed hassie vaarasulaku athani krushi mariyu aavishkaranalaku kosevari nundi dabbu sampaadinchina vaari dwara aardhikamgaa pariharam chellinchabadutundani teerpu ivvabadindi. mccormick yokka reaper patent maroe 7 samvatsaraala paatu punaruddharinchabadutunda kooda teerpu ivvabadindi.
mccormick reaper pantala kothaku viplavaatmaka aavishkarana ayinappatikee, sairas mccormick dwara patent pondina kaneesam 20 samvatsaraala varaku idhi pradhana sravanti vijayanni mariyu aamodaanni anubhavinchaledu. endukante mccormick reperlo obed hassie reeparku pratyaekamaina naanhyata ledhu. hassie yokka reaper mccormick kante chaalaa samarthavantamgaa kaandaalanu kattirinche rampam lanty kattar baarnu upayoginchaaru. okasari matrame sairas mccormick hassie yokka kattar-baar mechanism (1850 chuttoo) hakkulanu pondagaligaadu, idhi nijamaina viplavaatmaka yantram udbhavinchindi. yaantrika panta kramamga teesukovadamlo itara karakalalo raitulalo sahaja saamskrutika sampradaayavaadam (niroopitamaina sampradaayam verses kotta mariyu teliyani yantraalu); aneka kotta vyavasaya kshetraala paelavamaina sthithi, ivi tarachugaa raallu, stumps mariyu asamaana matti praantaalatoo nindi undevi, idhi panta kose yantram yokka jeevitakaalam mariyu kaaryaacharananu prashnaarthakamgaa chestundi; mariyu yantram udyogaalanu, mukhyamgaa addeku teesukunna chethi kaarmikulalo, tolagistundani raitulalo kontha bhayam kaliginche gandaragolam.
parisramalo maroka balamaina pootiidaaru zaan henry maanee mariyu athani taruvaata vacchina companylu. mccarmicu konnisaarlu saralamgaa yaantrika reaper yokka [ekaika] "aavishkarta" gaa ghanata pondinappatikee, marinta khachitamaina prakatana emitante, athanu swatantramgaa daani amsaalanu tirigi kanugonnadu, vijayavantamaina mottaanni cheyadaaniki taginanta amsaala yokka keelakamaina asalu ekikarananu srushtinchaadu mariyu thana tandri rendu dasaabdaalaku paiga chesina pani prabhavam nundi, alaage athani kutumbam nirvahinchina baanisa jooe underson sahayam nundi prayojanam pondaadu.
19va mariyu 20va sataabdaala chivaralo panta kosevaru.
modati kothalu abhivruddhi cheyabadi, patent pondina taruvaata, itara koddigaa bhinnamaina kothalu prapanchavyaaptamgaa aneka tayaareedaarulachae pampinhee cheyabaddaayi. 19va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo ohiyoloni springfieldlo chhampian aasakti samuuham ("chhampian meshin company", taruvaata "warder, bushnell & glessner", aihechsi 1902loe vileenam cheyabadindi) utpatti chesina "chhampian (combined) repers und movers", 1880laloe united stateslo atyanta vijayavantamayyaayi. springfield ippatikee "chhampian city" gaa piluvabadutundi.
saadhaaranamgaa, panta kosevaru 1872 loe reaper-binder nuu kanugonnaru, idhi pantanu kosi, daanini gottaluga bandhinchindi. 1896 natiki, 400,000 reaper-binderlu dhanyam kothagaa anchanaa veyabaddaayi. dheeni sthaanamlo oka kattirimpu yantram mariyu chivariki oka operationlo kose mariyu noorpidi chese mishrama pantakota dwara bharti cheyabadindi.
madhya airopalo panta kosevaru-reaper-binderlatho kalisi-20va sataabdam madhyakaalam varaku saadhaarana yantraalu undevi.

