united states yokka jalavidyut vidhanam

samyukta raashtraalloni jalavidyut vidhaanamlo jaateeya jalavidyut parisramanu nirvahinche anni chattalu, niyamaalu, nibandhanalu, karyakramalu mariyu agencylu untaayi. vidyut raakamundu gananeeyamaina kaalaaniki abhivruddhi chendina jalasaktiki sambandhinchina samakhya vidhanam, mariyu konnisaarlu, neeti upayogaalu, andubaatulo unna shaastreeya saanketikatalu mariyu parigananalu neti varaku abhivruddhi chendadamtho gananeeyamgaa maarindi; eee kaalamlo neeru, pravahinche neeru mariyu daani shakti kosam, alaage neeti kosam mariyu pootiiloo unna shakti vanarula kosam vividha, mundugaa unna mariyu pootii upayogaala praadhaanyata maarindi. perigina janabha mariyu vaanijya demandlu eee abhivruddhi vruddhini mariyu appati nundi aneka maarpulanu prerepinchaayi, ivi nedu saanketika parignaanam yokka viniyogaanni prabhaavitam chestaayi.
jaateeya jala vanarulaku sambandhinchina samakhya vidhanalu, veetilo jalavidyut unikilo undhi, aadhunika vidyut unikilo undataaniki chaalaa kaalam mundhe baga sthirapaddaayi; udaaharanaku, munupati upayogaalu mariyu nirnayaalu, alaage prabhutva vidhanalu mariyu agencylu taruvaata jalavidyut elaa abhivruddhi cheyabadindo prabhaavitam chesaayi. samakhya samsthalalo united states armi corps off injaneers (usays) prameyam pradhaanamainadi. pradhaanamainadi vaanijya nibandhana kinda rajyanga mylurayi nirnayaaniki sambandhinchina antar rashtra jalaalaku sambandhinchina samakhya vidhanam teedeelu undagaa, daani amalu praarambhamlo atuvanti antargata merugudalalaku itara demandlatho paatu naukayana abhivruddhi mariyu daani bhadrataku parimitam cheyabadindi. aaa taruvaata koddikaalaanike, saadhaarana survey chattamtho usays mundadugu vesindi. 1850la natiki mariyu taruvaata, varada niyantrana merugudalalaku demandlaku jodinchabadindi, alaage saastraanni parisoedhimchi, baga ardham chesukovalasina avasaranni gurtinchindi. eee prarambha merugudalalo chaalaa varaku nadulu mariyu naukaasrayaala chattam dwara chattabaddham cheyabaddaayi mariyu adhikaram ivvabaddaayi mariyu corps dwara nirvahinchabaddaayi. 20va sataabdam praarambhaaniki mundu pragatiseela shakam raavadamtho, paschima rashtraallo neetipaarudala mariyu anni rashtraallo iteevala abhivruddhi chendina vidyut saktiki demand thoo sahaa neeti vanarula merugudalalaku kotta, vibhina mariyu tarachugaa potipade saanketika demandlu cheyabadutunnayi. chaaritraka sambandhamlo sahaja vanarula parirakshana mariyu merugaina viniyogam, eee samayamlo modata aandolana mariyu vidhaanaaniki pariseelanaku sambandhinchina amsaalugaa marai.
jalavidyut parisrama vividha samsthalu mariyu samsthala nibandhanalu mariyu prayojanaala valla prabhaavitamai undhi mariyu alaage undhi. 1977 nundi federal energy regulatory commission (ferc) parisramaku pradhana niyantrana samsthagaa undhi. prastutam ferk kotta project nirmaanaaniki licenses ivvadaaniki, alaage puna-licensing mariyu anakatta bhadrata tanikheelu mariyu paryaavarana paryavekshanhatho sahaa ippatike unna prajectula karyakalapala paryaveekshanhaku baadhyata vahistundi. paryaavarana samasyalu mariyu chikkulanu samakhya mariyu rashtra sahaja vanarula samsthalu, bharatiya tegalu mariyu rashtra neeti naanhyata samsthalu rendoo anchanaa vestaayi. atuvanti samakhya samsthalaku udaaharanalalo paryaavarana parirakshana samstha (epa), vyavasaya atavee seva vibhagam, vaanijya saakha jaateeya samudra matsya seva mariyu antargata saakha unnaayi, conny veetike parimitam kaadu. jaateeya jalavidyut sangham anedi oka jalavidyut vaanijya samstha, idhi parisramaku anukuulamgaa unde vidhaanaala kosam lobbying chestundi.
indhana saakha yokka jalavidyut karyakramam vanti parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi kaaryakramaala dwara jalavidyut saanketika parignaanam purogati saadhinchabadutundi. jalavidyut saanketika parignaanam yokka upayogam punarutpaadaka portfolio pramaanaalu mariyu vividha aardhika prothsaahakaala dwara prothsahinchabadutundi. eee aardhika prothsaahakaalalo punarutpaadaka indhana utpatti pannu creditlu (pitisi), runa haameelu, swachchamaina punarutpaadaka indhana bandham (creb) mariyu arhata kaligina indhana parirakshana bandhaalu (qisibi) unnaayi.
nepathyam mariyu sandarbham.
anni jeevulaku neeru avasaram, conny puraatana kaalam nundi, manavjati eee sahaja vanarunu itara pratyeka maanava utpaadaka upayogaala kosam kooda upayoginchindi. sahasraabdaala kritam manishi neetipai navigate cheyadam neerchukunnaadu, anakatta veyadam mariyu neetipaarudala kosam daanini mallinchadam neerchukunnaadu mariyu saadhyamaina chota daanini teesukelladaaniki kaaluvalu mariyu kaaluvalanu nirminchaadu mariyu pani cheyadaaniki neetini yaantrika saktigaa marchadam neerchukunnaadu. vaaru ravana mariyu vaedi kosam praathamika gaali mariyu soura punarutpaadaka saktini kooda upayoginchaaru. puraatana nagaralu muruguneeti nundi neeti sarafaraanu vaeru cheyadam mariyu muruguneeti kosam swatantra paarudalanu abhivruddhi cheyadam neerchukoevadaaniki samayam pattindi. praarambhamlo, samyukta rashtraalalo, federal prabhutvam antararajya naukaayaanampai vidhananni erpaatu chesindi, varada niyantrana mariyu neetipaarudalapai samakhya vidhanam taruvaata perugudalugaa abhivruddhi chendindi. oka sataabdam kritam vidyut yugam nundi, neeti samrakshana gurinchi mariyu neeti vanarulanu saadhaaranamgaa sahaja vanarula yokka pedda chatramlo, neeti mariyu daani kalushyam yokka prajaarogya amsaalanu chudavalasina avasaram gurinchi pedda shaastreeya mariyu vidhaanaparamaina aandolanalu vyaktam cheyabaddaayi. vistruta vidhana praatipadikana samakhya pranaalika desham yokka jalavidyut saamarthyaanni abhivruddhi cheyadamtho ekakaalamlo praarambhamaindi. rendava prapancha yuddham nundi, samakhya jalavidyut vidhanam eee mariyu itara vistruta vidhaanaparamaina aandolanalalo chikkukundi mariyu vaati dwara gananeeyamgaa prabhaavitamaindi; jalavidyut vidhaanamlo maarpulu kooda jaateeya indhana viniyogam sthaayi mariyu daani pootii rakalu, vanarulu, alaage pootii indhanaala vanarulu mariyu bhadratatho sahaa prapanchavyaaptamgaa marinta nirvachinchabadina shakti prasnala valla kalige teevramaina kotta savaallanu parishkarinchadaaniki prayatninchaayi.
daani aavishkaranapai european valasa mariyu vaanijya saktulu america yokka goppa nadhee vyavasthalanu daani vistaaramaina lothattu nadula naukaayaanam dwara anveshananu andinchadaaniki upayoginchaayi. kalakramena eee jalamargalu ravana mariyu vaanijya margaluga marai, idhi kotta prapanchaaniki vistaaramaina sampadanu ichindi, mariyu tvaralo pootii valasa saktula madhya satrutvaaniki guraindi. eee vaarasatvam mariyu daani swaatantryam kaaranamgaa, kotta prabhutvam vaanijyaanni drushtilo unchukuni, thana sarihaddulapai niyantrananu sthaapinchadamlo takkuva samayanni vrudhaa chesindi. desham yokka vistaaramaina asthiramaina paschima sarihadduto, prarambha vidhanam mariyu udaaharana udaaharana vaayuvya ordinancelo erpaatu cheyabadindi, idhi daani antargata jalamargala uchita viniyogaanni mariyu naukaasrayaalanu anusandhaaninchedigaa sthaapinchindi; eee paristhitulu paristhitulu louisiana konugolu bhoomulalo chaerchabadataayi, idhi desham yokka parimaanaanni rettimpu chesindi, taruvaata praadaesika samuparjanalu. neeti chakralanu nirminchadaaniki mariyu millulanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki neeti shakti andubaatulo unnanduna aneka nadulu prayojanakaramaina sthaavaraaniki aadharaanni kooda andinchaayi, ikkada saadhaaranamgaa rapids ledhaa jalapaataalu mariyu taginanta pravaham dwara naukaayaanaaniki aatamkam kaligistundi.
kortu nirnayam mariyu saadhaarana survey chattam aamodinchina taruvaata, aardhika sankshobhaalu mariyu antaryuddham samayamlo tappa, 19va sataabdam antataa tadupari nadulu mariyu naukaasrayaala chattalu aamodinchabaddaayi; yuddham taruvaata, antargata merugudala kharchu gananeeyamgaa perigindi, mukhyamgaa samruddhiga unna thoorpu rashtraalalo neeti vanarulu.
eee samayamlo, varada niyantrana merugudalalaku kotta demandlu kanipinchadam praarambhinchaayi, aaviri nundi kotta vidyut vanarutho paatu. 1830la natiki, steamboat navigation mariyu ravana yokka vaanijya vijayam vistrutamgaa maarindi mariyu marinta nadhi mariyu kaaluva merugudalalaku demandnu penchindi. kontakaalam taruvaata, aaviri saktini nadapadaniki avasaramaina chakraalatho jatacheyabadindi, mariyu railroadlu maroka rakamaina antargata merugudalagaa marai. munupati roadlu mariyu kaaluvalaku avasaramaina adhe saanketika naipunhyamtho, corps prameyam ketayinchabadindi; vaaru nadulu mariyu vaati injaneering merugudalalu mariyu nirmaanaala shaastreeya adhyayanalanu kooda praarambhinchaaru.
railumargalu vaegamgaa vistarinchadamto, gatamlo unna ledhaa abhivruddhi chendina dhamani margallo, paatha mariyu nemmadigaa navigation vyavasthalu mariyu kotta mariyu vegavantamaina railroadla madhya pootii abhivruddhi chendindi. kalakramena oka phalitam vaari samuparjana mariyu ippatike unna kaaluvalanu moosiveyadam, maroka phalitam guttadhipatya mariyu pootii vyatiraeka paddhatula abhivruddhi. railumargalu antha neerugaa prameyam laeni chota, kaaluvala rakapokala ksheenata eee aanakattalu mariyu puurvapu taalaala venuka unna neeti saktiki pratyaamnaaya upayogaalanu abhivruddhi chesindi. eee moosivesina kaaluva soukaryaalanu taralinchalekapoyinappatiki, vaati neeti shakti oka paddhatiloo undavacchu; konni pradaesaalaloo anakatta neetini penstock dwara diguva diguvaku aneka sameepa pradaesaalaku paipula dwara pamputaaru, tadwara marinta samarthavanthamaina neeti turbinela nundi yaantrika jalavidyutnu andistaaru.
aaviri yantram roopakalpanalo purogathitho, indhana muulam andubaatulo unte, nadhi velupala unna pradaesaalaloo millulaku vidyutnu sarafara cheyadaaniki sthiramaina unitlu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi; kalakramena vidyut utpatti cheyadaaniki indhanaalu jeevaraasini kalchadam nundi shilaja indhanaalanu kalchadam varaku marai, mariyu aaviri gaadida maarumuula pradaesaalaloo saktini andinchagaladu. eee samayamlo kovvottula nundi timingalam noone ledhaa kirosin mariyu andubaatulo unte gyaas varaku laiting purogaminchindi.
oka chaaritraatmaka millu pattanamlo munupati mariyu takkuva samarthavanthamaina neeti turbine namuunaalanu meruguparachadam, kotta frances turbine turbine srushtinchabadindi, shaastreeya suutraalu mariyu 90 saatam saamardhyamtho turbine roopakalpananu utpatti chese pariksha paddhatulanu upayoginchindi. murry mukhyamgaa, frances yokka ganita mariyu graphical ganana paddhatulu adhunaatana turbine roopakalpana mariyu injaneering mariyu adhika saamarthyam gala turbinela yokka nammakamaina roopakalpananu sait yokka pravaaha paristhithulatho sarigga saripolchadaaniki anumatinchaayi. anumatinchaayi mariyu ganula tavvakam parisramalo upayogaala nundi udbhavinchina, adhika saamarthyam gala pelton wheel impulse turbine chaalaa bhinnamaina pravaham mariyu ottidi paristhitulalo jalavidyutnu upayoginchadaaniki abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. anakatta roopakalpanalo purogati kooda purogaminchindi, paatha aswan anakatta puurtikaavadam prakruti kante injaneering mylurayiga pariganinchabadindi. daani nirmaanam samayamlo, atuvanti sthaayilo aemee prayatninchabadaleduh idhi parirakshana parigananala dwara parimitam cheyabadina modati aanakattalalo okatigaa maarindi.
charitra.
samyukta rashtraalalo jalavidyut gurinchi pratyaekamgaa pratyaekamgaa modati samakhya jala vidyut chattamtho chattam kanipinchindi, dheeniki padava rakapokalaku taginanta pedda pravaahampai jalavidyut plaantnu nirminchadaaniki mariyu nirvahinchadaaniki pratyeka anumati avasaram. avasaram mahaa maandyam taruvaata tenessey loya adhikaranni sthaapinchadamtho idhi taruvaata niyantrinchabadindi.
federal power act avalokanam.
jaateeya sthaayilo jalavidyut prajectulanu nirvahinchadam mariyu niyantrinchadam anae uddesyamto uddesyamto federal power act amalu cheyabadindi. jalavidyut ippatikee eee chattamlo oka bhaagam, conny daani srushti nundi adanapu chattam jodinchabadindi. federal power act jalavidyut kosam licensing authorityga federal energy regulatory commission (ferk) nuu srushtinchindi. kalakramena, ferks yokka pani jaabitaalo sahaja jalamargalu mariyu vaatilo unna vanyapraanula parirakshana mariyu rakshana cherchabadindi. federal power act anedi jalavidyut kosam modati pradhana niyantrana chattam. eee chattam yea jalaalaku adhikara paridhi undho kooda nirvachinchindih "pravahalu ledhaa itara neeti vanarulu, veetipai videshee deshaala madhya mariyu raashtraala madhya vaanijyaanni niyantrinchadaaniki congress adhikara paridhini kaligi undhi."(16 yuu.ess.sii. 796) dheeni ardham praathamikamgaa mana neelapai edainaa neetipai karyakalapalanu paryaveekshinchadaaniki ferkku aparimita shakti undani ardham.
eee chattaniki tadupari savaranalalo konni vanyapraanula nibandhanalu mariyu iteevala, yuu penchadam yokka saadhyaasaadhyaalanu pariseelinchae adhyayanalaku pilupunicchina nibandhanalu unnaayi.ess. ippatike unna anakattalanu upayoginchi jalavidyut saamarthyam. eee savarana, p.ell. 102-486 (106 statlu. 3098), 1992 chivaralo aamodinchabadindi mariyu antargata karyadarshi mariyu sainyam yokka kaaryadarsito sahakarinchadaaniki mariyu samakhya yaajamaanyamloni anakatta soukaryaala vadda vidyut utpattini penchadaaniki choukaina maargaalanu vetakadaaniki indhana kaaryadarsini aadesistundi. adhyayanala kosam dabbunu doo budjetlo lekkinchaaru. lekkinchaaru chesina savarana antargata karyadarshi mariyu sainyam karyadarshi 1992 savaranalo adhikaram pondina adhyayanala baadhyatanu adhikarikamga chepattadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
2013 yokka jalavidyut niyantrana saamarthyam chattam.
2013 yokka jalavidyut niyantrana saamarthyam chattam (hetch.aarr. 267) janavari 15,2013naa 113va united states congress pratinidhula samyukta raashtraala sabhalo pravesapettabadindi mariyu augustu 9,2013naa chattamgaa santakam cheyabadindi. eee chattam chinna jalavidyut kendraalanu srushtinchadam sulabhataram cheyadam dwara samyukta rashtraalalo jala vidyut chuttoo unna konni nibandhanalanu maarchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. billu pratipaadakula prakaram, prastuta nibandhanalu bhaareevi kaavu mariyu marinta jalavidyut plaantlanu srushtinchadaaniki gananeeyamaina addankini suuchistaayi. hetch.aarr. 267 chinna mokkalaku twaragaa aamodam pondadam sulabhataram cheyadaaniki aaa nibandhanalanu maarchindi. niyantrana prakriyanu marinta elaa meruguparachalo adhyayanam cheyadaaniki federal energy regulatory commission (frc) kooda eee chattaniki avasaram. hetch.aarr. 267 1978 (parpa) yokka praja viniyoga niyantrana vidhaanaala chattam mariyu samakhya adhikara chattanni savarinchindi. gatamlo, 5,000 kilovatla ledhaa anthakante takkuva vidyut utpatti chese jalavidyut prajectulu konni licensulu pondakunda nivaarinchagalavu. hetch.aarr. 267 daanini 10,000 kilovatlaku penchindi, idhi chinna jalavidyut prajectulanu nirminchagala vegaanni sulabhataram chesindi. prastuta niyamaala prakaram jalavidyut parisrama muulaala prakaram, jalavidyut prajectulaku aamodam pondadaaniki sumaru aidu samvatsaraalu padutundi.
saareeraka baadhyatalu.
anakatta bhadrata tanikheelu mariyu paryaavarana paryaveekshanha vanti konasagutunna project kaaryakalaapaalaku licensing, relicensing mariyu paryaveekshanhaku ferk baadhyata vahistundi.
licensing/relicensing.
ferch websitelo paerkonnatlugaa, edainaa jalavidyut project licenses kosam ledhaa project unte ledhaa unte licensing nundi minahaayimpu kosam darakhaastu cheyali
licensulu 30 nundi 50 samvatsaraala kaalaaniki chellutaayi. ferklo moodu prakriyalu unnaayi, dheeni dwara darakhaastudaaru licensenu daakhalu cheyavachuhu integrated, saampradaaya mariyu pratyaamnaayam.
samagra licensing prakriya.
integrated licensing prakriya anedi default licensing prakriya. taginanta vanarula rakshananu nirdhaarinchadaaniki konasage "oohinchadagina, samarthavanthamaina mariyu sakalamlo licensing prakriyanu andinchadaaniki samagra licensing prakriya srushtinchabadindi.eee prakriya eee krindi moodu suutraalaloo sthaapinchabadindani ferk chepparu
oka darakhaastudaaru sampradaaya ledhaa pratyaamnaaya prakriyanu upayoginchaalanukunte ferk anumati ivvali. samagra licensing prakriya kosam nibandhanalu 18 cfr paart paart unnaayi.
saampradaaya licensing prakriya.
saampradaaya licensing prakriyaloo kotta licensula kosam 18 cfr 4.38 mariyu punah licensula kosam 18 cfr 16.8 dwara moodu-dasala prii-filing prakriya untundi. modati dasalo, darakhaastudaaru uddesapurvaka notice mariyu saampradaaya licensing prakriyanu upayoginchamani abhyardhananu jaarii chestaaru. saampradaaya licensing prakriyanu upayoginchadaaniki ferch aamodam telipina taruvaata, sait sandarsanalato paatu joint agency mariyu bahiranga samavesalu nirvahinchabadataayi mariyu vraatapuurvaka vyaakhyalu aamodinchabadataayi.
federal licensing loe rashtra paatra.
yuu nirnayinchina vidhamgaa.ess. supreenkortu kesu ess.dii. warren koo. vii. paryaavarana parirakshana pradhana boardu, samakhya licensing ledhaa jalavidyut soukaryaala punah licensing paie aankshalu vidhinche adhikaram raashtraalaku undhi. swachchamaina neeti chattamloni section 401 kinda neeti naanhyata dhruvikarana dwara oka rashtram aankshalu vidhinchavacchani kortu nirnayinchindi. federal licenses yokka nibandhanalu mariyu sharatulu rashtra dhruvikarana yokka nibandhanalu mariyu sharatulanu kaligi untaayi.
licensing nundi minahaayimpulu.
ferks licensing nundi rendu rakaala minahaayimpulanu jaarii cheyavachu. eee minahaayimpulu manjuru cheyabadina soukaryaalu federal power act yokka paart 1 yokka avasaralaku lobadi undakapoyina, avi ippatikee federal mariyu state fish und wild life agencylu mariyu ferks dwara nirnayinchabadina evaina nibandhanalu mariyu sharatulaku lobadi untaayi. rendu minahaayimpulu chinna jalavidyut project mariyu condute minahaayimpulu.
5 megaavaatlu ledhaa anthakante takkuva saamarthyam kaligina chinna jalavidyut prajectulaku samakhya licensing nundi minahaayimpu undavacchu. eee prajectulu tappanisarigaah
15 megaavaatlu ledhaa anthakante takkuva vyavasthaapinchina utpatti saamarthyam kaligina chinna condute jalavidyut soukaryaalaku (ledhaa adhi purapalaka soukaryam ayithe, 40 megaavaatlu ledhaa anthakante takkuva vyavasthaapinchina utpatti saamarthyam) minahaayimpulu andubaatulo unnaayi. eee soukaryam yokka bhagalu, anubandha prasaara margalu, "aanakattalo antarbhaagamgaa" undakudadu, daani jalasthayi talanu sarafara cheyadaaniki aanakattanu upayoginchakudadu mariyu samakhya bhoomulapai undakudadu. vidyuttunu utpatti cheyadaaniki jalavidyut saamarthyaanni oka vaahika dwara sarafara cheyali. eee soukaryam dwara vidudalayye neeru oka kaaluvaloki vellaali ledhaa neerugaa vyavasaya, purapalaka ledhaa paarisraamika viniyogam kosam upayoginchaali.
eee sandarbhamlo condute anae padaanni edainaa sorangam, kaaluva, pipeline, kaaluva, floom, gunta ledhaa ilanti maanava nirmita neeti ravana anie nirvachinchaaru, idhi vyavasayam, purapalaka ledhaa paarisraamika viniyogam kosam neeti pampinhee kosam nirvahinchabadutundi, pradhanamgaa vidyut utpatti kosam kaadu.
anakatta mariyu bhadrata tanikheelu.
dyaam nirmaanam mariyu operation paryaveekshanha kosam ferk dyaam safety surveillance monitoring plaan (dssmp) anie piluvabade oka pranaalikanu roopondinchindi. anakatta yajamaanulu, consultants, jaateeya jalavidyut sangham mariyu hydraulic power kamitee sahayamtho roopondinchina eee pranaalika, vaatini niyantrinche niyamaalu mariyu nibandhanalaku sambandhinchi anakatta yokka bhadrata mariyu paniteerunu yajamani elaa paryaveekshistaadoo vivaristundi.
eee pranaalikaloo parikaraalu, parikaraala nirvahana, pathana pounahpunyam mariyu vidhanalu, charya sthaayilu, vaiphalyam sambhavinche vidhanalu mariyu vyaayaamaaniki pampina nivedikalanu elaa formatt cheyali anae vibhagalu untaayi. eee nivedikalalo anakatta vadda teesina chaayaachitraalu, rekhaachitraalu mariyu dayta unnaayi.
paryaavaranaanni parirakshinchadam.
paryaavaranaaniki sambandhinchi, jalavidyut prajectula valla kalige nashtanni tagginchadam ferks lakshyam. darakhaastulanu samarpinche mundu darakhaastudaarulandaruu sambandhita vaataadaarulandaritoo communicate cheyalsina avasaram undhi. eee vaataadaarulalo samakhya mariyu rashtra sahaja vanarula samsthalu, bharatiya tegalu mariyu rashtra neeti naanhyata samsthalu unnaayi. communicationnu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki ferk prarambha sampradimpu sampradimpu jaabitaanu abhivruddhi chesindi. ferks "paryaavarana madimpu" ledhaa "paryaavarana prabhava prakatanala" musaida jaarii chestundi mariyu prajalanu vyaakhyaaninchadaaniki aahvaanistundi. draftlu mariyu tudi samskaranala electronic kaapeelu bahirangamgaa andubaatulo unnaayi. licensulu jaarii cheyadamlo, paryaavarana prabhavalanu tagginche lakshyamtho nibandhanalu mariyu sharatulu untaayi.
paryaavarana prabhavam.
neeti saktini upayoginchukovadaaniki avasaramaina pedda aanakattala nirmaanam paryaavaranam yokka sahaja aakaraanni puurtigaa maarustundi. avi matti kothaku, vyaadhi vyaaptiki, jaatula nashtaniki, mariyu oka shaastravetta paerkonnatlugaa, bhaarii mottamlo neetini jalaasayaalaku taralinchadam valla bhoomi yokka bhramanamlo maarpuku daariteestaayi. alaage, eee anakattalaku avasaramaina pradhana mottamlo concreetu antey vaataavaranamloki ekkuva carbon dioxide vidudala avadam mariyu traaguneetini andinche bhoogarbha jalacharaala recharging saamarthyaanni parimitam chese pravahanni prothsahinchadam. anakatta nirmaanam valla paryaavaranampai pratikuula prabhavalanu arikattadaaniki prayatnistunna konni chattalanu krinda chudavachu.
antarinchipothunna jaatula chattam.
licensing prakriyaloo oka pradhana addanki antarinchipothunna jaatula chattam (, et sec., ess). ess) aamodinchabadina eee chattam antarinchipothunna jaatulanu maanavajanya charyala pratikuula prabhaavaala nundi rakshinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. idhi antarinchipothunna mariyu antarinchipothunna jaatula madhya thedaanu gurtinchindi, conny rendintikee oke rakshananu vartimpajesindi. idhi jalavidyut licensing mariyu relicensing prakriyaku aatamkam kaliginchadaaniki kaaranam, endukante dheeniki edainaa prabhutva karyakalapala kante praadhaanyata untundi, anduvalla idhi edainaa nirmaana prajectunu adhigamistundi.
chattamloni section 7 prakaram, samakhya samsthalu vaaru aamodinchina yea charya ayina jabita cheyabadina jaatula unikini prabhaavitam chese avakaasam ledani ledhaa vaati klishtamaina aavasalanu savarinche avakaasam ledani nirdhaarinchukovaali.suuchimchina jabita kooda chattamlo kanugonabadindi mariyu yea jaatulanu pariganinchaalo khachitamgaa choopistundi. jaatula viluptam vaipu dhoranini aapadaniki mariyu tippikottadaaniki, entha kharchu ayina, congress prayatninchindi" anae nirnayaaniki supreenkortu vachindi."jalavidyut vistarana paramgaa esa mariyu supreenkortu teerpu yokka pradhana parinaamaalu adanapu kharchulu, aalasyalu mariyu sait vislaeshanhalu, ivi anakatta nirmaanaanni marinta kashtataram mariyu pettubadidaarulaku takkuva aakarshanheeyamgaa chestaayi.
aanakattalu mariyu utpatti parikaraala nirmaana mariyu nirvahana kharchulu chaalaa ekkuvagaa unnanduna, bahya pettubadi jalavidyut parisramaku keelakam. dheeni ardham eesaa parisrama vruddhiki aatamkam. rakshita jaatulu ekkuvagaa jala rakalu, veeti valasa namuunaalu mariyu aaharapu alavaatlu anakatta nirmaanam mariyu tadupari operation dwara prabhaavitamavutaayi. pasiphik vaayuvyamlo, columbia nadhi okkate 1930 mariyu 1990 madhya 75 aanakattala nirmaanaanni chusindi. idhi salmon janabha ksheenataku daariteesindi, idhi antarinchipothunna jaatula chattam jaabitaalo cherchabadindi.
aanakattala nirmaanam mariyu operation samayamlo champabadatame kakunda, salmon stocks taggutunnaayi, endukante aanakattalu kadalikanu parimitam chesi, yea oka praantamloo ayina vaati saandratanu penchadam valla vaatini kovadam ippudu chaalaa sulabham avutundi. eesaa kaaranamgaa, columbia nadiloe salmon janabha mallee perigindi mariyu 1990 nundi kotta aanakattalu nirminchabadaledu.
vidyut viniyogadaarula rakshana chattam.
vidyut viniyogadaarula rakshana chattam (ecpa, 16 yuu.ess.sii. § 797,803) anedi federal power actku savarana mariyu mariyu chattamgaa maarindi. indulo vanyapraanula nibandhanalu unnaayi, mariyu jalavidyut project licensing nirnayaalu teesukunetappudu vidyut mariyu abhivruddhi lakshyalaku ivvabadinatlugaa paryaavaranam, vinodam, chepalu mariyu vanyapraanulu vanti vidyut utpatti kaani viluvalaku samanamga pariganana ivvaalsina avasaram undhi."eee nibandhana yokka pradhana paryavasanamga licensing pheejulo pedda perugudala undhi, endukante edainaa project adhikaram pondadaaniki mundu ippudu pradhana adhyayanalu chepattalsi undhi. ippatike unna aanakattala paryaavarana prabhavalanu tagginchadaaniki chepalu mariyu vanyapraanula samsthalatho kalisi panicheyaalani maroka nibandhana perkondi.
promotion.
jalavidyutnu prothsahinchadaaniki parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi karyakramalu mariyu aardhika prothsaahakaalanu upayogistaaru. prastuta aardhika prothsaahakaaluh punarutpaadaka indhana utpatti pannu creditlu (pitisi), runa haameelu, swachchamaina punarutpaadaka indhana bandham (creb), arhata kaligina indhana parirakshana bandhaalu (qisibi)
department off energy yokka jalavidyut karyakramam.
yuu.ess. doow yokka jalavidyut karyakramam daani gaali mariyu jalavidyut saanketikatala karyalayamlo oka bhaagam. jalavidyut karyakramam yokka lakshyam "jalavidyut yokka saanketika, saamaajika mariyu paryaavarana prayojanaalanu merugupariche parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhini nirvahinchadam mariyu kotta mariyu perugutunna jalavidyut saamarthyaanni abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinche vyaya-pootii saanketika parignaanaanni andinchadam.parisramatho sambandham unna itara samakhya samsthalu mariyu samuuhaalatoe kalisi parisoedhana nirvahinchabadutundi. nipunula saanketika kamitee charyala dwara purogati mariyu phalitaalanu anchanaa vaestaaru. eee kaaryakramamlo palgonna moodu jaateeya prayogasaalalo idaho jaateeya prayogasaala, ook ridge jaateeya prayogasaala mariyu pasiphik vaayuvya jaateeya prayogasaala unnaayi.
saamarthya merugudalalu ledhaa saamarthya cherpula nundi pannu credit.
augustu 8,2005 taruvaata mariyu janavari 1,2014 kii mundu sevaloki unchina jalavidyut soukaryaalu saamarthyam merugudalalu ledhaa saamarthya cherpula nundi perugutunna utpatti laabhaala kosam pannu credit kosam darakhaastu chesukovacchu. eee pannu creditnu yuu yokka section 1301 dwara srushtinchaaru.ess. 1986 naati antargata aadaaya niyamaavalilooni 45va vibhaganni savarinche 2005 naati indhana vidhana chattam. 2005 naati chattam prakaram, "edainaa pannu vidhinchadagina samvatsaraaniki perugutunna jalavidyut utpatti saamarthyam merugudalalu ledhaa saamardhyaala cherpulaku aapaadinchadagina soukaryam vadda sagatu vaarshika jalavidyut utpatti saataaniki samanamga untundi" mariyu "chaaritraatmaka sagatu vaarshika jalavidyut utpatti aadhara rekhanu nirnayinchadaaniki upayoginche adhe neeti pravaaha samacharanni upayoginchadam dwara nirnayinchabadutundi."eee saatam mariyu baseline federal energy regulatory commission dwara dhruvikarinchabadali.
perugutunna jalavidyut utpatti yokka nirnayam saamarthya merugudalalu ledhaa saamarthyaanni jodinchadamtho neerugaa sambandham laeni soukaryam vadda etuvanti kaaryaacharana maarpulapai aadharapadi undadu. 1301va vibhaagamlo, "saamarthya merugudalalu" mariyu "saamarthya jodimpulu" nirvachinchabadaledu. (idhi kevalam "kaaryaacharana maarpulanu" minahaayistundi...saamarthya merugudalalu ledhaa saamardhyaala cherpulatho neerugaa sambandham ledhu "). anduvalla, vidyut utpattini penche generatorlu ledhaa turbinelaku merugudalalugaa "saamarthya merugudalalu" anie ardham. vaaru "saamarthyaanni jodinchadam" anedi "saamarthya merugudala ledhaa kaaryaacharana maarpu phalitamgaa vachhe adanamgaa kakunda utpatti saamardhyamlo edainaa perugudala" anie ardham.
ferch nundi dhruvikarana pondadaaniki, abhyardhananu samarpinchaali, indulo (avtline nundi neerugaa teesukobadindi):
eah. chaaritraka sagatu vaarshika jalavidyut utpatti (baseline):
bii. saamarthyam merugudalalu ledhaa saamarthyaanni jodinchadam valla vachhe sagatu vaarshika jalavidyut utpatti saatam
runa haameelu.
indhana vidhana chattam mariyu punaruddharana chattam jalavidyut utpatti mariyu itara swachchamaina shakti abhivruddhiki maddatugaa runa kaaryakramaalanu roopondinchaayi. rendu chattaalalo, runa tirigi chellimpu 30 samvatsaraala kante ekkuva ledhaa aardhika sahayam cheyabadutunna aasti yokka anchanaa upayogakaramaina jeevitakaalamlo 90 saatam kante ekkuva kaala vyavadhilo avasaram.
carbon dioxide mariyu itara vaayu udgaaraalanu tagginche, nivaarinche ledhaa veruchese vinootna, swachchamaina shakti saanketika parignaanaala vistaranaku maddatu ivvadaaniki eee vinootna runa haamii karyakramanni epact sheershika xvii roopondinchindi.federal prabhutvam $42.5 billionla varaku runa haameelaku adhikaram ichindi.
recovery chattam haamii kosam risk premiyamgaa chellinche runa haamii chaarjeelanu bharti cheyadaaniki $6 biliyanlanu ketaayinchindi. recovery chattamlo runa karyakramam kinda taatkaalika cherpulu mariyu prajectula nirmaanaaniki september 30,2011 prarambha gaduvu undhi.
swachchamaina punarutpaadaka indhana bandhaalu.
swachchamaina punarutpaadaka indhana baandlu (creb) anedi punarutpaadaka indhana prajectulaku aardhika sahayam chese uddesyamto 2005 indhana vidhana chattam dwara adhikaram pondina samakhya runaalu. creabs jalavidyut kuu matrame parimitam kaaledu, mariyu samakhya punarutpaadaka indhana utpatti pannu credit loe jabita cheyabadina anni saanketika parignaanaalatoo upayoginchadaaniki arhata kaligi unnaayi. eee vaddii laeni samakhya runaalanu vidyut sahakaara sanghaalu, prabhutva samsthalu mariyu konni runadaatalu jaarii cheyavachu. baand holder vaddii chellimpulu laeni vaariki pariharam chellinche maargamgaa pannu creditlanu andukuntaaru. swachchamaina punarutpaadaka indhana baandla jaareeki prastutam anumatinchadagina garishta jaarii $2.4 biliyanlu.
arhatagala indhana parirakshana bandhaalu.
swachchamaina punarutpaadaka indhana bandhaala kante vistruta shreni prajectulaku arhata kaligina indhana parirakshana bandhaalu (qcb) vartinchabadataayi. eee runaalu bhavana saamarthyam, punarutpaadaka indhana utpatti, parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi anuvartanaalu, saamuuhika ravana mariyu praja indhana saamarthyam prachaaraalaku adanamgaa creblaku arhata unna prajectulaku andubaatulo unnaayi. ayithe, crebs maadirigaa kakunda, cukebs yuu kii lobadi undavu.ess. treasury darakhaastulu mariyu aamodaala vibhagam. aaa rashtram yokka yuu saatam aadhaaramgaa baandlu raashtraalaku jaarii cheyabadataayi.ess. janabha. aaa rashtram appudu 100,000 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva janabha unna daani munisipaalitiilu mariyu counteelalo cukebsnu pampinhee chestundi.
vividha raashtraala kosam aarr. pii. ess. avalokanam.
punarutpaadaka portfolio pramaanaalu vidyut utpattiki kaneesa avasaramaina punarutpaadaka shakti saataanni erpaatu chese rashtra vidhanalu. prastutam 24 rashtraalu arps vidhaanaalatho unnaayi, veetilo annintiloo jalavidyutnu arhatagala saanketika parignaanamgaa chaerchaaru. 2013 (vermont mariyu newyork) nundi 2030 (california) varaku oka nirdishta samvatsaraaniki puurti avasaralaku nirdesinchina lakshyalu sthirapadina saataalu. rps vidhanalu unna rashtraallo, pensylvania punarutpaadaka utpattilo athi takkuva saatam (8 saatam) mariyu maine atyadhika (40 saatam) kaligi undhi.
jaateeya jalavidyut sangham vidhana praadhaanyatalu.
jaateeya jalavidyut sangham (enhetche) prastutam vaari agendalo aidu vidhana praadhaanyatalanu kaligi undhi. modatidi marinta samarthavanthamaina niyantrana prakriya. kaneesa prabhava prajectula kosam 2 samvatsaraala licensing prakriyanu vegavantam cheyadam valla itara punarutpaadaka saanketika parignaanaalatoo "samaana praatipadikana" jalamaargam undataaniki veelu kalpistundani vaaru chebutunnaru. rendavadi pannu credit samaanatvam. jalavidyut prastutam utpatti pannu credit kinda kilowatt kuu sagam retunu pondutundi, mariyu enhetche dheenini itara punarutpaadaka saanketika parignaanaalatoo samanamga penchaalani bhaavistundi. moodava praadhaanyata punarutpaadaka vidyut utpatti mariyu tayaareeni prothsahinchadaaniki (tayari pannu creditlu, swachchamaina mariyu punarutpaadaka indhana baandlu, utpatti mariyu pettubadi pannu creditlanu podiginchaali). vaaru abhivruddhini prothsahinche samakhya swachchamaina mariyu punarutpaadaka indhana pramaanaanni kooda korukuntaru. sampradaaya mariyu saampradaayetara jalavidyut prajectula kosam parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhilo nirantara pettubadulaku chivari praadhaanyata avasaram.

