rampastos

tookons anie kooda piluvabade rampastos genus, dakshina mexico nundi dakshina america khandamloni dakshina cone varaku madhya mariyu dakshina america antataa kanipinche prakaasavantamaina rangu, ushnamandala pakshula jaathi. tookanlu saadhaaranamgaa vaati pedda, rangurangula notla dwara vargeekarinchabadataayi, ivi thermoragulation, feeding mariyu soshal signalling vanti vividha vidhulaku upayoginchabadataayi. 
vargeekarana.
rampastos" anae jaatini jaatini swedish prakruti shaastravetta carle linnius thana "systema nachure" yokka padava sanchikalo pravesapettaaru. eee paeru puraatana greeku nundi vachindi γααφηστης/"ramphestes" antey "moothi" (γαμφη/"rampe" antey "billu"). eee rakamaina jaatulanu taruvaata nicolus ileward vigers white-throated tookan (rampastos tucanus) gaa niyaminchaaru.
jaatulu.
eee jaatilo enimidi jaatulu unnaih
puurva jaatulu.
konni adhikarulu, prastutam ledhaa gatamlo, adanapu jaatulu ledhaa upajaatulanu "rampastos" jaatiki chendina jaatulugaa gurtistaaru, veetilo
vivarana.
eee jaatilo podavulo nundi atipedda tookanlu unnaayi. annintikee nalla rekkalu, thokalu mariyu todalu untaayi, conny migilina eekalu yokka rangu khachitamaina jaatulapai aadharapadi untundi.
pampinhee mariyu aavasalu.
dakshina mexico nundi uttara argentine varaku madhya mariyu dakshina america antataa tookanlu kanipistaayi. ivi ushnamandala varshaaranyaalu, megha adavulu mariyu savannaalatoe sahaa vividha rakaala paryaavarana vyavasthalalo nivasistaayi. tookanlu mukhyamgaa amazon pareevaahaka praantamloo samruddhiga untaayi, ikkada avi vittana vyaapti mariyu mamsaharuluga mukhyamaina paryaavarana paatra poeshistaayi.
poeshistaayi "ploes vann" jarnallo prachurinchabadina oka adhyayanam, madhya america antataa kanipinche keel-billed tookan ("rampastos sulfaratus") yokka janyu vaividhyam mariyu bhougolika pampineeni parisoedhimchimdi. parisoedhakulu vaari paridhiloo 17 ververu pradaesaala nundi 104 keel-billed tookanla janyu vaividhyaanni vislaeshimchadaaniki mitochondrial dna shrenulanu upayoginchaaru. keel-billed tookan loe janyu vaividhyam takkuvagaa undani adhyayanam kanugondi, idhi chaaritraka janabha addamkulu mariyu paridhi vistaranala kaaranamgaa undavacchu. eee adhyayanam keel-billed tookanla yokka rendu vibhina janyu samuuhaalanu kooda gurtinchindi, ivi varusaga madhya americaloni carabian mariyu pasiphik praantaalalo janaabhaaku anugunamgaa unnaayi.
pravartana mariyu paryaavaranam.
santanotpatti.
avi vrukshasambandhamainavi mariyu chettu randhraalalo goodu kattukoni 2 nundi 4 tellani gudlu pedataayi.
aaharam mariyu aaharam.
anni jaatulu praathamikamgaa pandlu tinevi, conny keetakaalu mariyu itara chinna vaetanu teesukuntaayi.
bedirimpulu.
ischanoseran paenu "austrophylopterus cancellosus" anni jaatula "rampastos" tookanlanu parannajeevigaa maarustundani anumaanistunnaaru. citron-gonthu gala tookan minaha anni jaatulapai daani uniki nirdhaarinchabadindi.
parinaamam.
phylogenetics.
tookanla madhya phylogenetic sambandhaalu konasagutunna charcha mariyu parisoedhanaku sambandhinchinavi; gatamlo, enimidi tookan jaatulu vaati bill parimaanam mariyu aakaram aadhaaramgaa vividha upa kutumbaluga vargeekarinchabaddaayi. ayithe, iteevali paramaanu adhyayanalu tookanlu gatamlo anukunna daanikante aracaris mariyu takanetlatho marinta daggari sambandham kaligi unnayani suuchimchaayi. rampastos" jaathi nundi aneka jaatulu kooda tolaginchabaddaayih aakupaccha arakari, dantha-billed arakari, nalla-meda arari, nalla-meda arari, collared arari, kunkumapuvvu tuckenet.
tuckenet "molecular phylogenetics und evalution" anae jarnallo prachurinchabadina atuvanti oka adhyayanam, tookanla madhya phylogenetic sambandhaalanu parisoedhinchadaaniki molecular daetaanu upayoginchindi. parisoedhakulu 40 tookan jaatula nundi aneka anhu mariyu mitochondrial janyuvulanu kramabaddheekarinchaaru, ivi rampastos jaatilo gurtinchabadina anni upajanaralanu suuchistaayi. tookanlanu aaru vibhina kledlugaa vibhajinchavacchani adhyayanam kanugondi, prati okkati ververu bill padanirmaanaalu mariyu bhougolika pampinheelatho untundi. sumaru 5 million samvatsaraala kritam pleocene yugamlo, plistocene yugamlo, sumaru 1 million samvatsaraala kritam aneka vamsaala vegavantamaina vaividhyeekaranhatho, tookan jaathi vaividhyabharitamgaa undani kooda adhyayanam suuchimchimdi.
rampastos jaathi rendu samuhaluga vibhajinchabadindi, ivi vaati notla aakaram mariyu vaati swara namoonaalalo bhinnamgaa untaayi. eee rendu samuuhaalanu vyavaharikamgaa "crokers" mariyu "yelpers" anie pilustaaru. crokers" krindi vaatini kaligi untundih "r. breevis, aarr. decolorus, aarr. sulfuratus, aarr. toko, "mariyu" aarr. vitellinus ". yelpar" samoohamlo "r" untundi. aspashtamaina "mariyu" r. tucanus ". veetilo, "r. breevis "mariyu" aarr. dicholorus "anevi polytypic. 
charitra.
tookanla parinaama charitranu sumaru 50 million samvatsaraala kritam, airopalo paratodus anie piluvabade modati tookan lanty pakshi kanipinchinappudu, eocene kaalam nundi gurtinchavacchu. aadhunika tookan jaatulu, ayithe, sumaru 23 million samvatsaraala kritam miocene kaalamlo dakshina americalo udbhavinchaayi. 
badilee cheyagala amsaalu.
parivartana chendagala muulakaalu janyu vaividhyaaniki pradhana vanaru mariyu kotta janyuvulu mariyu niyantrana muulakaala parinaamaaniki dohadam cheyagalavu. rampastos" jaatito sahaa ippativaraku adhyayanam chesina anni jeevula janyuvulalo badilee cheyagala muulakaalu kanugonabaddayi.
kanugonabaddayi "genome biology" jarnallo prachurinchabadina oka adhyayanam, tookanla parinaamamlo parivartana chendagala muulakaala paatranu parisoedhinchadaaniki janyu mariyu phylogenetic vislaeshanhala kalayikanu upayoginchindi. parisoedhakulu toko tookan (rampastos toko) yokka janyuvunu kramabaddheekarinchaaru mariyu daanini itara pakshi jaatula janyuvulatho poolchaaru. tookan janyuvulo parivartana chendagala muulakaalu samruddhiga unnayani, ivi janyuvulo sumaru 19 saatam varaku unnayani vaaru kanugonnaru.
tookan janyuvu yokka parinaamamlo eee muulakaalu paatra pooshinchaayani suuchistuu, tookanlaku pratyaekamaina aneka vargaantara muulakaalanu kooda parisoedhakulu gurtinchaaru. mukhyamgaa, parisoedhakulu parisoedhakulu anae muulakaala kutumbaanni gurtinchaaru, idhi tookan janyuvulo karyakalapala visphotanaaniki guraindi. eee karyakalapam indriya avagahana mariyu roganirodhaka pratispandanalo palgone aneka janyu kutumbaala vistarana mariyu vaividhyeekaranhatho mudipadi undhi.
tookan billu yokka parinaamaaniki badilee cheyagala amsaalu dohadapaddayani kooda adhyayanam kanugondi, idhi tookanla yokka atyanta vilakshanhamaina lakshanaalalo okati. eee moolakaalache prabhaavitamaina billu abhivruddhilo palgonna aneka janyuvulanu parisoedhakulu gurtinchaaru. mukhyamgaa, vaaru janyuvula niyantrana praantaalalo choppinchaarani, vaari vyakteekarana namuunaalanu maarchaarani mariyu pedda mariyu rangurangula billu abhivruddhiki dohadapadutunnarani vaaru kanugonnaru.

