
antima samasya

naera chattamlo antima samasya anedi oka naera vichaaranalo pramaadamloo unna chattaparamaina samasya, dheeni kosam oka nipunudu sakshi sakshyam istaadu.
udaaharana.
neram samayamlo samasya prativaadi yokka manasika sthithi ayithe, neram jariginappudu prativaadi yokka telivi ledhaa picchitanam antima samasya avutundi. gatamlo, oka nirdishta prativaadiki picchi rakshana vartimpajeyadam vanti antima samasyalapai sakshyam ivvadaaniki nipunulaina saakshulanu anumatinchaaru. ayithe, 1982loe zaan hinkley vichaarana taruvaata, juuniyar., saakshyaala samakhya niyamaalu marchabaddayi. ippudu samyukta rashtraalalo, samakhya nyaayasthaanaalu mariyu konni rashtraallo nipunulaina saakshulu tama saakshyamlo teesukunna chattaparamaina teermaanaalanu pratyaekamgaa tosipuche saakshya niyamaalu unnaayi. ayithe, eee niyamanni elaa vartimpajeyaalo pedda mottamlo nyaayaparamaina abheeshtaanusaaram anumatinchabadutundi, phalitamgaa adhikara paridhulalo niyamaala asamaana anuvartanam jarugutundi.
nirvachanam.
samakhya niyamaalu "antima samasya" nirvachanamlo edhi vastundi anie cheppavu."ayithe, eee amsampai kesu chattam yokka sudeergha charitra, oka nipunudu sakshi chivariki jurici samarpinchabade adhe padaalanu (chattaparamaina ardhamtho kuudina padaalu) upayogiste, athanu tappugaa pravartistaadani suuchistumdi. oka nyayasthaanam prosecution sakshi viswasaneeyatapai manastatvavetta sakshyanni "antima abhiprayam" anie paerkontuu minahaayinchindi, antey idhi nyaayanirnaeta matrame sarigga cherukogala abhiprayam.
nipunudu sakshi sakshyam neram samayamlo prativaadiki teevramaina manasika rugmata undaa anae daanipai abhiprayam ivvadaaniki mariyu prativaadi yokka manasika sthithi ("purushula sthithi") mariyu preranaku sambandhinchina itara saakshyaalato sahaa icchina edainaa roganirdhaarana yokka lakshanaalu mariyu lakshanaalanu vivarinchadaaniki parimitam cheyabadindi. picchitanam kosam chattaparamaina pareekshanu neraverchara anae samasyanu parishkaristuu nipunulaina sakshi oka prakatana cheyaleru. adhi nyaayamuurti mariyu nyaayanirnaetalaku vadiliveyabadutundi. antima samasyalapai nipunula abhiprayam yokka parimiti naera amsaalapai edainaa sakshyanni kaligi untundi, indulo vaastavam yokka triers nirnayinche antima chattaparamaina nirnayaalaku sambandhinchina prativaadi yokka manasika sthithipai aadhaarapade sakshyam kooda untundi.
charitra.
1975loe aamodinchina samakhya saakshyaala niyamaalu (mariyu vaari rashtra sahacharulu) atuvanti prakatanalu nyaayamuurti ledhaa nyaayanirnaetalaku sahayapadithe antima samasyalapai prakatanalanu chaerchadaaniki nipunula sakshyanni spashtamgaa anumatinchaayi. 1984loe, zaan hinkley, juuniyar vichaarana taruvaata federal ruul off evidence 704 (bii) jodinchabadindi. mimmalni hatya cheyadaaniki prayatninchinanduku.ess. adhyakshudu ronald reegan. hinkley picchi rakshananu vijayavantamgaa upayoginchadam valla prajala edurudebba phalitamgaa eee maarpulu jarigaayi. eee maarpulu, mukhyamgaa niyamam 704 (bii), nipunula saakshula saakshyaaniki parimitulu vidhistaayi. 
kotta saakshyaala niyamaalu antima samasyapai anumatinchabadina sakshyanni parimitam chestaayi. ruul 704 (bii) prakaram, manasika aarogya nipunudu prativaadi yokka manasika rugmata ledhaa lopam mariyu daani lakshanaalaku saakshyamivvachu, conny prativaadi yokka telivi ledhaa picchitanam vanti antima samasyapai oka teermaanaanni andinchakapovacchu. nipunulaina sakshi kevalam nyaayanirnaetalaku chattaparamaina samasyalaku sambandhinchina oka teermaanaanni ivvadam nundi dhooramgaa undaali mariyu chattaparamaina teermaanaalaku (antima samasyalu) sakshyam ivvaleru, manasika aarogya nipunulu nyaayavaadulu kaadani kaaranam. sakshyam yokka parimitulanu nirnayinchadamlo kooda nyaayaparamaina abheeshtaanusaaram untundi, antey "samayanni vrudhaa chese" ledhaa asambaddhamaina yea sakshyamunu ayina nirodhinchavacchu. eee parimitiki kaaranam niyamam yokka saasana charitralo eee krindi vidhamgaa perkonabadindihi
phalitamgaa, yea sakshyam anumatinchabadutundane daanipai pedda budidarangu praantaalu migili untaayi. udaaharanaku, united states loe moodava circuit court off appeals v. keelaka patraala rachayitrutvam yokka antima samasya" paie "asaadhaarana arhata kaligina chetivraata nipunudi" nundi sakshyam aamodayogyamani rutland teerpu icchaaru.
jeffrey aarr. mcdonald vichaarana.
saakshyaala niyamaalalo eee maarpu vichaarana sakshyanni elaa prabhaavitam chestundanedaniki oka udaaharana 1979loe jeffrey aarr vichaarana vislaeshanhaloo pradarsinchabadindi. eee roeju athani vichaarana jariginatlayithe, thana bhaarya mariyu pillala hatyaku vaidyudu ayina mcdonald. aaa vichaaranalo, marokaru hatyalaku palpaddarane rakshana parikalpanaku maddatugaa oka nipunudu saakshyamichaaru. prativaadi "[athani] kutumbam yokka daarunamaina mariyu ardharahita hatyalaku viruddhamaina vyaktitva aakruteekarana" kaligi unnaadani nipunula sakshyam aaa samayamlo amalulo unna saakshyaala niyamaala prakaram anumatinchabadaledu endukante idhi gandaragolamgaa mariyu tappudova pattinchedigaa pariganinchabadindi. ayithe, niyamam 704 (bii) prakaram eee paatra sakshyam nishedhinchabadadu, endukante "vyaktitva aakruteekarana" kuu sambandhinchina sakshyam anedi uddesam ledhaa dweshapurita mundastu aalochana vanti antima samasyalaku sambandham laeni saadhaarana manasika sakshyam. alaage, oka nipunudu sakshi, prativaadi yokka saanukuula pravartanalaku sambandhinchi, premagala tandri mariyu bhartala vyavaharinchadam vanti vatiki sambandhinchi saakshyamichchinatlayite, athanu alanti neeraaniki palpade saamarthyaanni kaligi laedani, conny aparaadhabhaavaaniki sambandham laeni abhiprayam anae abhiprayanni srushtinchavachu, ayithe, eee roeju vaadukalo unna 704 (bii) nuu ullanghinchadu.
teermaanaalu.
jurie nirnayam teesukune paridhini ullanghinchakundaa kevalam abhiprayam anae sakshyanni nirodhinchadaaniki jurie yea sakshyalanu pariganinchavachho pareekshinchadaaniki saakshyaala niyamaalu uddesinchabaddaayi. ruul 704 (bii) antima samasyapai nipunula sakshyanni anumatinche dhoranini tippikottindi. jurie vyavasthapai chaalaa vishwaasam unchabadinanduna, jurie pariganinchagaladaanni parimitam cheyadam jurie empikalanu parimitam chestundi. gatamlo maadirigaa, saadhaarana saakshulu vaastavaalaku matrame saakshyamivvachu.
prativaadi yokka manasika sthithi neeramlooni oka amsaanni ledhaa rakshanalooni oka amsaanni elaa prabhaavitam chesindane daanipai manastatvavettalu mariyu manoroga vaidyulu vanti nipunulaina saakshulanu sakshyam nundi nirodhinchadam niyamam 704 (bii) yokka phalitam. 704 (bii) itara amsaalanu prabhaavitam chese manasika sthithulapai nipunula abhipraayaalanu nishedhistundani teerpu ivvabadindi, picchitanam prasnalapai matrame kakunda, hatya kesulo mundastu dhyanam ledhaa nirdishta uddesyam mariyu purushula uddesyam vanti naera ledhaa rakshanalo oka amsamgaa erpade anni manasika sthithulapai prasnalapai kooda.
aangla chattam.
ingland mariyu vaelsloo 'antima samasya' paie nipunudu abhiprayam ivvakunda nirodhinche niyamam lenanduna aangla chattam krinda unna sthaanam united stateslo unnadaaniki bhinnamgaa untundi. dheenini criminal mariyu sivil kesulalo aangla nyaayasthaanaalu dhruvikarinchayi.