
poe loya

poe loya, poe maidaanam, poe maidaanam, ledhaa padhan maidaanam (, ledhaa "wall padana") uttara italii yokka pradhana bhougolika lakshanam. idhi sumaru thoorpu-padmara disalo vistarinchi undhi, daani venetic vistaranatoe sahaa vaastavaaniki poe nadhee pareevaahaka praanthamtho sambandham ledhu; idhi paschima alps nundi adriatic samudram varaku nadustundi. veneto mariyu friuli yokka chadunaina bhoomulu tarachugaa vaerugaa pariganinchabadataayi, endukante avi poe loki pravahinchavu, conny avi samarthavantamgaa vidadeeyaraani maidaanamgaa militam avtayi, idhi dakshina airopalo atipeddadigaa maarutundi. idhi 17 millionla janabhanu ledhaa italii mottam janabhalo moodinta oka vanthu janabhanu kaligi undhi.
eee maidaanam uttara adriatic thoo sahaa dakshinaana appenninela nundi uttaraana alps varaku vistarinchi unna puraatana loyala ("appennine phore deep") yokka nindina vyavastha yokka uparitalam. poe mariyu daani anubandhaalatho paatu, samakaaleena uparitalamlo dakshinaana savio, lamon mariyu reno, mariyu uttaraana venetian maidaanamlooni adiz, brenta, piyav mariyu taglimentolu, paschima mariyu uttaraana uttara adriaticloki khaalii ayye aneka pravahalalo unnaayi.
loya yokka bhougolika-raajakeeya nirvachanalu nirvachinche adhikaarampai aadharapadi untaayi. 1989loe chattam nem. poe pareevaahaka praantamloo "bhoomula rakshana, neeti punaravasam, jaateeya aardhika mariyu saamaajika abhivruddhi kosam jalavidyut vanarula upayogam mariyu nirvahana, sambandhita paryaavaranam rakshana" paryaveekshinchadaaniki, eee vyaasamlo cherchabadina praantiiya varnanalo chuupina vidhamgaa, adriatic yokka uttaraana maidaanamtho sahaa uttara italeelooni aneka paripalana praantaalalo mariyu diguva poe yokka dakshina bhoobhaagamlo adhikaram undhi. chattam poe pareevaahaka praantaanni "varshapu neeru ledhaa manchu mariyu himaninadam uparitalampai karige praantam, neerugaa ledhaa upanadula dwara neeti pravahalalo kalustundi" anie nirvachistundi.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru."anie paerkonnaaru. aikyaraajyasamiti paryaavarana kaaryakramamlo poe yokka upanadula muulaala varaku alps mariyu apennainlu unnaayi, conny veneto mariyu diguva poe kii dakshinaana emilia-romagnaloni aaa bhaganni minahaayinchindi; antey, idhi poe dwara paarudala cheyabadina praantaanni kaligi untundi, conny poe mariyu daani upanadulu matrame.
poe pravahinche loya yokka etthu, daani upanadula nundi minahayinchi, dhruva upa praantamloo (ferrara chuttoo unna delta) samudra mattam kante sumaru diguva nundi dakshina peedmantees provins ayina cuniolo nadhi muulam varaku maarutuu untundi, dheenini "provincia granda" anie kooda pilustaaru. eee loyanu uttaraana alps nundi mariyu dakshinaana appenninela nundi pravahinche aneka pravahalu daatutaayi. poe yokka pradhana anubandhaalalo dakshinaana taanaaro, scrivia, trebbia, panaro mariyu sechia, dora ripariya, dora baltia, sesia, tisino (draining lake maggior), lambro, adda (draining lake como), ogliyo (draining lake ico) mariyu uttaraana missio (draining lake guarda mariyu daani eguva praantaalalo sarca anie pilustaaru) unnaayi.
bhoogarbha shaastram.
poe loya mariyu adriatic oka mundari bhuubhaagam mariyu lothugaa khananam cheyabadina puraatana loyala vyavasthanu kappabadi unnaayi, idhi teerapraanta bhuubhaagam, tyrehenes, pradhana bhuubhaagamtoe tectonic dheekonadam nundi manugada saaginchindi, idhi african mariyu eurasian plaetla dheekonadamlo jarigina sanghatana. messinian (7-5 miah) nundi eee vyavastha pradhanamgaa paatha appenninela nundi conny alps nundi kooda avakshepanhatho nindi undhi. adriatic teeram avakshepana raetu mariyu isostatic kaarakaala madhya samatulyatapai aadharapadi untundi. 1950 varaku, poe delta adriatic loki vistaristondi. aaa samayam taruvaata avakshepana raetu vanti bhoogarbha karakalalo maanava maarpula kaaranamgaa, delta ksheenistoondi mariyu teerapraantam taggutondi, phalitamgaa venis nagaramlo samakaaleena sankshobhaalu konasagutunnayi, ikkada taruvaati sataabdaalaloo samudra mattam peragadam valla chaalaa kolukoleni kala mariyu vaastusilpam kolpoye avakaasam undhi. bhoomi uparitalam ippudu samudra mattam kante diguvana unna chota nadhi daikla madhya saapeksha ettulo pravahinchaali.
malosa gyaas condensate feeled 1973loe kanugonabadindi mariyu eguva triasic dolomia principle dolomite mariyu diguva jurassic zandobbio dolomite nundi lothulo utpatti chestundi, diguva cretatius marney dii bruntino maarl dwara kappabadi untundi.
bhougolikam.
poe loyanu tarachugaa samakalikaranaga ledhaa anchula vadda kudimpu kaaranamgaa crustlo munigipotundi. eee bhavana daani bhoogarbha saastraanni khachitamgaa vivaristundaa ledhaa anae daanitoe sambandham lekunda, eee loya spashtamgaa avakshepanhatho nindina loya ledhaa vaastavika samakaaleekarana, idhi adriatic samudram yokka lothulatho nirantaramgaa untundi. anduvalla uparitala bhuubhaagam rendu mottam rakaala bhuu rupaluga vibhajinchabadindih plain ledhaa flat uparitalam, mariyu anchula vadda anticline, konda desham yokka roopaanni teesukuntundi, dheenilo asalu raathi yokka avutkraaplu kanipistaayi, alaage marinta teevramaina anticlinal bhuubhaagam yokka avt wash nundi erpadina ondru fanlatho paatu; antey, apennainlu mariyu alps.
eee loya vistrutamgaa eguva, podigaa unde bhaagamgaa vibhajinchabadindi, idhi tarachugaa vyavasaayaaniki pratyaekamgaa saripodu, mariyu diguva, chaalaa saaravantamaina mariyu baga neetipaarudala kaligina vibhagamga vibhajinchabadindi, dheenini lombardy mariyu paschima emilialo "laa basaa", "diguva (maidaanam)" anie pilustaaru. poe loya eguva praantaalu sthaanika paerlanu teesukuntaayi, ivi vaati ardhaalalo avi vyavasaayaaniki niraadambaramgaa saripothayi. kabatti manaku peedmantees "vaade" mariyu "baragz", lombard "broggier" mariyu "grone" ledhaa, poe loya nundi nishkraminche freulian "magredi", sulabhamgaa cherukogala neeti pattikalaku dhooramgaa mariyu dattamaina adavulu ledhaa podi neelalatoe kappabadi untaayi.
diguva maidaanam" kuu eee nirdishta ardham "faantaanili" ("spring") line ledhaa john anie piluvabade bhougolika lakshanam nundi udbhavinchindi, idhi uttaraana atyanta baruvaina, vall poe chuttoo neeti buggala samuuham, idhi anticaline yokka diguva vaalulapai untundi. idhi konni kilometres nundi antha vedalpu varaku maarutuu untundi. faantaanili rekha anedi "baasa" anchuna uparitalamtho anticline yokka neeti pattika yokka avtkrap ledhaa khandana. rekha paina unna raathi randhraalu kaligi untundi. parvathaalalo adapadadapa pravahinche pravahalalo uparitala neeru bhoomi krinda adrushyamai, vasanta praantamloo mallee bayataku pravahistundi. vasanta praantaanni tarachugaa "madhya loya" anie pilustaaru."
uparitala pravaaha neeru (poe mariyu daani anubandhalu) loya yokka dattamaina janaabhaaku traaguneeti mariyu itara takshana upayogaala kosam peddagaa viluvainadi kaadu, idhi nammadaganidi, tarachugaa vidhvamsakamainadi mariyu muruguneeti mariyu eruvula dwara bhaareega kalushitamavutundi. dheeni pradhana maanava viluva jalavidyut, neetipaarudala mariyu paarisraamika ravaanaaku. maanava viniyogam kosam daanini suddhi chese kharchu aaa prakriyanu takkuva saadhyamayyedigaa chestundi. mukhyamgaa faantaanili jonelo kendrikrutamai unna lakshalaadi baavula nundi manchineeru vastundi. anduvalla, pradhana sthaavaraalu kooda aaa jonelo unnaayi, idhi italeelo aardhika abhivruddhi mariyu parisramaku kendramgaa maarindi, ippudu idhi turin nundi trieste varaku vistarinchi unna daadaapu nirantara megalopolis.
etruscon mariyu roman kaalamlo "basaa padana" mottamodata sthirapadindi mariyu saagu cheyabadindi. roman saamrajyam patanam taruvaata (cree. sha. 5va sataabdam), sheetaleekarana vaataavarana dasaku sambandhinchina neetipaarudala vyavasthala nirvahana lekapovadam (i.ii. valasala kaalam ledhaa cheekati yugam challani kaalam anie pilavabadedi) poe loya yokka pragatiseela neeti nikshaepaalaku daariteesindi mariyu poe nadhi yokka kudi vaipuna unna sahaja maandyaalu vistaaramaina chittadi pareevaahaka praantalugaa marai. eee praantamloo neeti nikshepaala prakriya 10va sataabdam varaku konasaagindi, idhi maanava jeevanopaadhi mariyu sthiranivaasa paddhatulanu prabhaavitam chesindi. chaaritraka-puraavastu samacharam prakaram, chittadi neelalu chepalu pattadaniki alaage padava dwara ravana cheyadaaniki dopidi cheyabaddaayi, ayithe prarambha madhyayuga pradaesaalu jalacharaala gatlu meeda sthirapaddaayi, bhougolikamgaa ettaina mariyu vyuuhaatmaka sthithilo chuttupakkala chittadi pachchikabhoomulalo unnaayi.
madhya yugaala nundi poe loya puurtigaa vyavasayamgaa maarindi, sanyaasula kramaalu, bhuswamya prabhuvulu mariyu swechhaa communela prayatnaalu kalisipoyayi. praacheena kaalam nundi udbhavinchina paatha mariyu chinna nagaralu ippatikee akkada unnaayi.
chaaritraka pataalu mariyu patraala prakaram, poe loya yokka bhuu punaruddharana punarujjeevana samayamlo (15va-16va sataabdaalu) garishta sthaayiki cherukundi mariyu aadhunika yugamlo (17va-18va sataabdaalu) konasaagindi, chivari chittadi praantaalu 20va sataabdamloo matrame tirigi pondabaddaayi kaaluvalu mariyu paarudala vyavastha ippatikee churukuga unnaayi mariyu poe loyanu paarudala cheyadaaniki mariyu saagu cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi.
vaataavaranam mariyu vrukshasampada.
poe loya itara vargeekaranalalo thematho kuudina khandantara vaataavaranam (coppen "dfa") nundi thematho kuudina upaushnamandala vaataavaranam (coppen "cfa") ledhaa "khandantara samasheetoshna" (sheethaakaalamlo pogamanchutho challani-thematho mariyu vesavilo vecchani-thematho) vaataavaranaanni kaligi undhi. alps mariyu apennainlatho chuttumuttabadina maidaanam yokka aakruti mariyu adriatic samudram yokka prabhavam edaadi podavunaa adhika sthaayi saapeksha temaku kaaranamavutaayi. poe loya yokka vaataavaranam marinta vaedigaa mariyu marinta dakshina mariyu thoorpu vaipu themagaa maarutundi.
sheethaakaalam challaga mariyu tadigaa untundi, janavari sagatu ushnogratalu (1981-2010 sagatu) madhya untaayi. pogamanchu mariyu pogamanchu tarachugaa untaayi, ayithe pattana vaedi prabhavam konni praantaalalo munupati kante siitaakaalaanni takkuva pogamanchu mariyu challaga chesindi. appudappudu manchu yerpadavachhu mariyu sudeergha sheethaakaala karuvu mattiki taginanta temanu ekkuvagaa niraakaristundi. vesavi kaalam vaedigaa mariyu themagaa untundi, juulai sagatu ushnogratalu (1971-2000 sagatu) madhya untaayi. tarachugaa urumulu, merupulu mariyu aakasmika vadagallu pedda vadagallu, pedda mottamlo varshapaatam mariyu pantalaku atyanta vidhvamsakamgaa unde avakaasam undhi. atipedda vadagallu teevramaina suupar sell urumulato, gananeeyamaina vyavasaya kharchulatho utpatti avtayi. loya maidaanaalalo sudigaali kooda asaadhaaranam kaadu. eee vaataavaranaparamaina parigananala kosam friuli venezia giulia poe nadhi maidaanaaniki velupala oka mukhyamaina vistarana, endukante ivi parvataala gaali mariyu sameepamloni samudraala nundi thema vanarula gaalini paiki visurutaayi. vasanta mariyu saradrutuvu baga gurtinchabaddaayi mariyu aahladakaramgaa untaayi. poe vembadi diguva bhagalalo sheethaakaalam mariyu vesavi rendoo takkuva telikapativi, ayithe adriatic samudram mariyu goppa sarassulu vaati sameepamlo sthaanika vaataavaranaanni niyantristaayi.
varshapaatam samvatsaraaniki samanamga pampinhee cheyabadutundi, ayithe iteevali samvatsaraalalo vaataavaranam kontha podigaa maarutundi, mukhyamgaa vesavilo. saradrutuvu mariyu vasantakaalamlo varshapaatam garishta sthaayiki cherukuntundi. gaalulu saadhaaranamgaa balaheenamgaa untaayi, ayithe akasmaattugaa fohn ledhaa urumulu merupulu gaalilo gaalini subhraparustaayi. padan pareevaahaka praantam yokka dadapuga chuttabadi unna swabhaavam, vaastavaaniki, rahadari traaphik yokka anichivese baruvuku jodinchabadindi, sheethaakaalamlo challani gaali mattiki atukkupoyinappudu adhika sthaayi kaalushyaaniki gurayye avakaasam undhi. poe pareevaahaka praantam yokka sahaja sambhaavya vrukshasampada anedi pedanculate ook, paplars, european hornbeam, alders, elderberry, elms, villos, maples, yash mariyu itara madhya-european chetla mishrama vistruta aaku adavi. migilina atipedda atavee sakalaalu tisino nadhi chuttoo unnaayi mariyu jeevaavarana rakshita praantam dwara rakshinchabadutunnaayi.
charitra.
puurva charitra mariyu praacheena kaalam.
kaneesam 7,80,000 samvatsaraala kritam, pleastocene yokka modati pedda himanadeeyamu jariginappati nundi poe loyalo nivaasam yokka jaadalu unnaayi. monte poggiyolo vanti pradaesaalu plystocene venta tadupari himanadeeyaala samayamlo uttara airopaloni bhayankaramaina challani paristhitula nundi paaripotunna maanava janaabhaaku asrayalaga panichesi undavacchu. eee loya vecchani samayaallo samudra mattamtho kappabadi undedi, conny himaaneenadaalu takkuva samudra mattaniki kaaranamavutaayi, idhi pedda ksheeradaalu mariyu maanavulu africa mariyu madhyaprachyam nundi khaalii mariyu bahiranga poe loya gundaa madhya mariyu paschima airopaku valasa velladaaniki veelu kalpistundi, alps addankini nivaarinchi, loir loya mariyu iberian dveepakalpaaniki cherukuntundi, aapai, himaninadam tirogaminchinappudu, migilina khandantara airopa.
dakshina italii ledhaa grease kante chaalaa aalasyamgaa poe loyalo pattana abhivruddhi praarambhamaindi. dattamaina adavulu mariyu chittadi neelalaloo mottamodata telisina puraatana nivaasulu indo-european prajalu ligurianlu. creepoo 7va sataabdamloo insubress anie piluvabade seltic prajala pragatiseela valasala taruvaata (anduvalla konnisaarlu vaayuvya lombardiki insubria anae paeru ivvabadindi), dakshina mariyu madhya praantaalanu indo-european puurvapu prajalu, etruscons swaadheenam chesukuni akkadakkada valasarajyaluga marcharu, veeru bologna yokka puraatana paeru parama, ravenna mariyu felsina vanti paerlanu vadili vellaaru. etruscon aadhipatyam gananeeyamaina gurtulanu vadili pattana nagarikatanu pravesapettindi, conny adhi swalpakaalikam. 
daani nivaasulu, venetics, bahusha oka pratyaekamaina samuuham, veeru naipunhyam kaligina vyaapaarulu, kalakramena, etruscanlu mariyu greekulache saamskrutikamgaa kooda prabhaavitamayyaaru.
kristupurvam 196 natiki, rome chekka maidaanaalaku adhipatigaa undi, twaralone etruscanlanu sthaanabhramsham chesi, eee praantaanni sandadigaa unna kaalaneelatoo chuttumutty, bhoomini tolaginchi, chivari tirugubaatu thegalatho pooraadutuu, kramamga daani swantha nagarikatanu vidhinchindi. 
madhya yugam.
gothik yuddham mariyu justinian playg paddon janabhanu naasanam chesaayi. chaalaa mandhi prajalu bhadrata kosam parvataalaku paaripoyina eee nirjana paristhitiloo (20va sataabdam varaku vaarini taginanta janabha kaliginavaruga chesindi) german lombards vacchaaru, veeru daadaapu mottam poe loyaku tama paerunu icchina yodhulu lombardy. madhya yugaalalo eee padaanni uttara italii mottaanni suuchimchadaaniki upayoginchaaru. lombardulu tama rajyaanni duchyluga vibhajinchaaru, tarachugaa simhasana kosam pootii paddaru; paschima mariyu thoorpu chivarana unna turin mariyu friuli, atyanta saktivantamainavigaa kanipistaayi, ayithe rajadhani tvaralo verona nundi paviaku maarindi. aaa samayamlo monja kooda oka mukhyamaina pattanamgaa undedi, naasanam cheyabadina milan kante ekkuva. sthaanikulapai lombardla kathinamaina, kulam lanty paalana vaaru arianism nundi kaathalikkulaku maaradamtho kontavaraku mruduvayyindi.
774loe charlemagne mariyu athani frankish sainyalu lombard rajyaanni padagotti, karolingian saamrajyamlo viluvaina bhaagamgaa maari, italii rajyaanni yerparuchukunnayi, ellappuduu daani rajadhani pavialo undedi. enimidava/tommidava sataabdaala nundi pedda bhuuswaamyam yokka dhruvikarana bhoomi punaruddharana prakriyanu vegavantam chesindi mariyu bhoomi viniyogaanni teevrataram chesindi, poe loya yokka prakruti drushyaanni maarchindi. saamrajyam astavyastamaina bhuswamya raddu mariyu saamraajya kiriitaaniki natula madhya chaalaa poraatam taruvaata, saxoniki chendina otto I 962loe germany desham yokka pavitra roman saamraajyaaniki poe loyanu jodinchadam dwara eee praanta charitralo tadupari dasaku vedikanu erpaatu chesindi. venis yokka sarassu rajadhani venetolo, daani paatha yajamani byzantine saamraajyamtho pottu pettukoni goppa samudra shakti udbhavinchindi. pattanaalu vaanijyamlo abhivruddhi chendadamtho kalakramena kamyooni udbhavinchindi. tvaralo milan saraina lombardy yokka madhya maidaanamlo atyanta saktivantamaina nagaramgaa maarindi, mariyu 1162loe dhvamsam cheyabadinappatiki, idhi 1176loe legnano yuddhamlo chakravarthy frederic barbarosanu oodinchina papal aasiirvaadamtoe milan nadipe lombard leag.
10va mariyu 13va sataabdaala madhya, madhyayuga vecchani kaala vaataavarana dasato ekakaalamlo, european janabha gananeeyamgaa perigindi, daadaapu moodu retlu perigindi (uttara mariyu madhya italeelo, pattana janabha rettimpu ayyindi), mariyu saagu bhoomulaku demand perigindi. munupati sataabdaalatoe poliste sagatu aahaaramlo mariyu vyavasaya paalanalo trunadhaanyaalu marinta mukhyamaina bhaagamgaa marai, idhi vyavasaya prayojanaala kosam madhyayuga sahaja prakruti drushyaanni punarnirminchadaaniki janaabhaaku daariteesindi. saagu mariyu sthiranivaasaala kosam kotta bhoomini srushtinchadamlo, european samajalu ataveepraantaala tolagimpu, saagu cheyadagina teevrata, neetipaarudala vyavasthala abhivruddhi mariyu chittadi neelala paarudala dwara bhaarii prakruti drushya parivartananu prerepinchaayi. bhuu punaruddharana panulu aneka european praantaalanu teevramgaa savarinchaayi. central poe maidaanamlo adavulanu tolaginchi, chittadi neelalanu paravese prayatnaalaku sambandhinchina toli aadharalu 8va sataabdam chivari nundi chaaritraka patraalalo prastaavinchabaddaayi, ayithe 10va sataabdam nundi 13va sataabdam varaku matrame bhoomi mariyu neeti nirvahana karyakalapalu vistrutamgaa jarigaayi.
13va mariyu 14va sataabdaalaloo gulf-gibeline paraspara raktapaatamlo marinta antaryuddhaalu perigayi. kharchu chesina mataparamaina samsthala nundi sankethaalu vachayi. 15va sataabdam modati ardhabhaagamlo thoorpu pradhana bhoobhaagamlo venis vistarana mariyu madhya mariyu paschimaana milan aadhipatyamtho eee praantam (1348 naati nalla maranam valla gananeeyamgaa taggaledu) apuurvamaina sreyassu sikharaalaku cherukundi. andubaatulo unna atyanta aadhunika paddhathulatho vistaaramaina praantaalaku neetipaarudala mariyu saagu cheyabadindi. janabha chadarapu kilometeruku sagatuna 50 mandhi, aaa kaalaaniki chaalaa adhika pramaanam.
prarambha aadhunika.
1494loe france, speyinla madhya dasaabdaala paatu jarigina vidhvamsaka italian yuddhalu prarambhamayyayi. bhoomi tarachugaa chetulu maarutuu untundi. switzerland kooda uttaraana konni italian matlade bhoomulanu pondindi (conton tisino, saanketikamgaa padan praantamloo bhaagam kaadu), mariyu venetian domine meeda daadi cheyabadindi, idhi venisnu swatantra saktigaa tatasthamgaa undela chesindi. chivariki, 1525loe pavia yuddhamlo fraansku chendina frances I paie charless V vijayamtho speyin vijayam saadhinchindi.
spanish aadhipatyam anachivetagaa undedi, milan yokka arch bishop vidhinchina praticharyalu daani bharanni penchaayi; protestantism eee praantamloo chorabadakunda nirodhinchabadindi. mantravidyala samayamlo, mukhyamgaa poruguna unna alpine bhoomulalo, pandem vadda kalchadam saadhaarana paddhatigaa maarindi. ayithe, eee cheekati kaalamlo, kati parisrama, mukhyamgaa vastra saakha, daani stambham tirigi punjukundi.
spanish vaarasatva yuddham milannu austriaku vartakam chesinappudu, prabhutvam mariyu paripalana gananeeyamgaa merugupaddayi. raitulu sataabdam paatu durbhara sthithilo munigipovadam praarambhinchinappatikii, nagaralu abhivruddhi chendaayi mariyu abhivruddhi chendaayi.
modati nepolian thana konni prakaasavantamaina dandayaatrala samayamlo (1796 mariyu 1800, chaaritraka marengo yuddhamlo mugisindi) poe loyaloki pravesinchinappudu, athanu oka abhivruddhi chendina deshaanni kanugoni, daanini thana italii raajyamgaa marchukunnadu. nepolian chivari otamitho austrianlu tirigi vacchaaru, conny vaariki swaagatam palakaledu. paschimaana, peedmaantlo, italian ekikaranaku oka aadharamla panicheyadaaniki saavoy raajavamsam udbhavinchindi.
chivari aadhunika mariyu samakaaleena.
1848 mariyu 1849loe viphalamaina prarambham taruvaata, padhi samvatsaraala taruvaata lambardylo vijayam saadhinchindi, dheenini franco-peedmantees sainyam swaadheenam chesukundi. 1866loe austria meeda prussia otamitho veneto yuva italeelo cheraadu. graameena praantaallo pedarikam americaku olasalanu penchindi, eee drugvishayam 19va sataabdam chivarilo madhya praantamloo taggindi, conny 20va sataabdam varaku venetolo baga konasaagindi. samruddhiga neeru mariyu aksharaasyata kaligina maanava vanarula kaaranamgaa parisrama vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendindi.
aneka nagaraalapai mitraraajyaala vaimanika bambu daadi mariyu romagnaalo bhaarii frontline poraataala valla vidhvamsam sambhavinchinappatikii, prapancha yuddhalu eee praantaanni gananeeyamgaa debbateeyaledu. pratighatana pradhana parisramalanu rakshinchindi, veetini moodava reach yuddha utpattiki upayoginchindi, vaati vidhvamsamnu nirodhinchindih 1945 april 25naa german otami nepathyamlo jarigina saadhaarana tirugubaatu bhaarii vijayanni saadhinchindi. chaalaa nagaralu mariyu pattanaalu, mukhyamgaa milan mariyu turin, mitraraajyaalu raavadaaniki konni rojula mundu pakshapaatulachae vidudala cheyabaddaayi.
yuddham taruvaata, 1950luu mariyu 60la aardhika adbhutamlo padan praantam mundanja vesindi. 1989 nundi, uttara praantiiya paarteela samakhya ayina legaa nord, vaaru "padania" anie piliche padhan praantaaniki vaerpaatu ledhaa pedda svayampratipattini prothsahinchindi.
aardhika vyavastha.
poe loya airopaloni atyanta mukhyamaina paarisraamika mariyu vyavasaya praantaalalo okati. poe pravaham dwara jalavidyut utpatti avutundi. eee nadini eee praanta vyavasayam kosam neetipaarudala kosam vistrutamgaa upayogistaaru.
kalushyam.
poe loya airopalo gaali naanhyataku atyanta chettha praantamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. marchi 2019loe, european antariksha samstha (esa) sentinel-5pii upagraham nundi teesina natrajani dioxide saandratala chitraalanu prachurinchindi. eee chitraalu milan, turin mariyu bologna nagaralanu kaligi unna poe loya praantaaniki paina unna natrajani dioxide mariyu suukshma kanaalatoe chesina pedda erra praantaanni chuuputaayi. milan mariyu turin adhika sthaayilo ojon mariyu natrajani oxidelanu panchukuntaayi, ivi pradhanamgaa kaarla deasle mariyu petrol enginela dwara utpatti cheyabadataayi. kalushita vaataavaranaalaloo nivasistunna manavulaku pramaadampai velugunivvadaaniki, chikago energy palasi institute prapanchavyaaptamgaa vaayu kalushyanni vislaeshimchagala saamarthyam kaligina vyavastha ayina air quality life index (acley) nuu abhivruddhi chesindi. acley kanugonna vivaraala prakaram, poe loya vaayu kalushyam nivaasitulanu entha teevramgaa prabhaavitam chestundante, adhi vaari ayurdayam yokka ardha samvatsaraanni taggistundi. poe loyalo adhika mottamlo vaayu kaalushyaaniki pradhana kaaranaalu pasuvulu mariyu karmagaralato khachitamgaa mudipadi unnaayi. natrajani, bhaswaram mariyu potaashiyamtho tayaaru cheyabadina "enpike eruvulu" anie pilavabadevi, teevramaina santanotpatti nundi eruvula udgaaraalu mariyu deasle mariyu petrol enginela dwara vidudala cheyabadina adhika sthaayi natrajani dioxide uttara italeelo eee vinaasakaramaina gaali paristhitiki baadhyata vahistaayi. lombardy praantam kooda pedda mottamlo janthu vyardhaalanu utpatti chestundi, idhi kaalushyaaniki pedda dohadam chestundi. idhi italii paala utpattilo 40 saataaniki paiga andistundi, udaaharanaku, italian pandhi utpattilo sagaaniki paiga poe loyalo undhi.
janavari 2021loe lanset grahala aarogyamlo prachurinchina parisoedhana prakaram, 1000 european nagarallo suukshma kana padaartham (pm2.5) mariyu natrajani dioxide (No2) kaalushyamto sambandham unna maranaala retunu anchanaa vestundi, airopalo suukshma kana padaartham (pm2.5) nundi bressia mariyu bergamo atyadhika maranaala retunu kaligi unnaayi. padhi nagarallo modati padhi nagarallo visenja (veneto) mariyu saronno (lombardy) varusaga naalugo mariyu enimidava sthaanamlo unnaayi. pradhanamgaa traaphik nundi mariyu mukhyamgaa deasle vaahanaala nundi utpatti ayye natrajani dioxide nundi perigina maranaala paramgaa turin mariyu milan kooda european rankinglo varusaga 3va mariyu 5va sthaanamlo unnaayi, ayithe verona, treviso, padova, como mariyu venis varusaga padakondava, padnaalugo, padihenava, padihedava mariyu iravai moodava sthaanamlo unnaayi.
paelavamaina gaali naanhyata kaaranamgaa poe loyaloni aneka nagaralu european sthaayilo atyanta teevramaina prabhavanni chavichustunnayani dayta choopistundi, modata milan metropolitan praantam, suukshma kanaala prabhavam paramgaa padamuudava sthaanamlo undhi, yea samvatsaram ayina 3967 akaala maranaalu sambhavistaayi-mottam 9 saatam.