
prasamsalu

commenda anedi 10va sataabdamloo italeelo abhivruddhi chendina madhyayuga oppandam, idhi parimita bhagaswamyam yokka prarambha roopam. saadhaaranamgaa videshaalalo vaanijya samsthanu nirvahinchadaaniki pettubadi bhagaswamy mariyu prayaana bhagaswamy madhya oka oppandam anedi commenda. bhagaswamyam yokka nibandhanalu maarutuu untaayi, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa aadhunika charitrakaarulu bhaagaswaamula madhya sahakaram mariyu laabhaala vataa aadhaaramgaa "ekapaksha prasamsa" mariyu "dwaipaakshika prasamsa" gaa vargeekaristaaru. dwaipaakshika commendaanu venis loe kolganja ledhaa kolgantia anie pilicheevaaru. aardhika mariyu vaanijya charitralo eee commenda oka punaadi aavishkaranagaa varninchabadindi.
commenda anedi pettubadi bhagaswamy ("commendator" ledhaa "soshiyas stans" anie pilustaaru) mariyu prayaana bhagaswamy ("tractator" ledhaa "soshiyas procertance" anie pilustaaru) madhya bhagaswamyam. pettubadi bhagaswamy muuladhanaanni andistaaru mariyu prayaana bhagaswamy oka vaanijya samsthanu (saadhaaranamgaa videshee vaanijyam) amalu chestaaru, prarambha muuladhanam pettubadi bhaagaswaamiki tirigi ivvabadutundi mariyu migilina labhalu appudu vibhajinchabadataayi. commenda saaraamsamlo oke yaatraku aardhika sahayam kosam joint-stock companyga undedi. prayaana bhagaswamy sahakaranni batti, charitrakaarulu rendu rakaala prasamsalanu nirvachinchaaruh
prati okka oppandam bhinnamgaa untundi, konnisaarlu pettubadi anedi oodaloo vataa.
charitra.
commenda yokka muulaalu charchinchabaddaayi, mariyu bahusha babylonian "tapputum", greco-roman "societitas consense contracta" mariyu "phenus naatikam", byzantine "creocoinonia", muslim kirad mariyu yoodula "iskaatho sahaa aneka muulaala nundi udbhavinchaayi. eee munupati rakaala oppandaalalo dheeniki udaaharana unnappatikee, commendaaku daani swantha pratyaekatalu unnaayi. venetian "koleganja" gurinchi modati prastaavana 1073 naatidi, conny idhi 10va sataabdam nundi upayoginchabadutondi. 12va sataabdam natiki, "kolimandesiyo" venis loe "kolganja" nuu bharti chesindi.