bogota loe pattana neeti nirvahana

8 millionlaku paiga nivaasitulu unna metropolitan praantamaina bogota pattana neeti nirvahana moodu pradhana savaallanu edurkontondihi atyanta kalushitamaina bogota nadhi naanhyatanu meruguparachadam, varadalanu niyantrinchadam mariyu nadhi vembadi unna nadeeteera praantaalanu punaruddharinchadam. bogotalo neeti vanarula nirvahanaku baadhyata vahinche pradhana prabhutva samsthalu jilla prabhutvam, kundinamarka vibhagam yokka praantiiya paryaavarana samstha corporatian autonoma praantiiya (kaaru), mariyu neeti mariyu paarisuddhya utility empressa dii acuducto vai alcontarillado dii bogota (eaab). nadhi naanhyatanu meruguparachadaaniki eee samsthalu sahakarinchaalani oka kortu aadesinchindi, eee teerpu mariyu santakam chesina oka oppandamgaa anuvadinchabadindi, idhi prati samstha yokka baadhyatalanu nirvachinchindi mariyu neeti nirvahana savaallanu samagra maargamlo sampradinchamani vaarini balavantam chesindi. eee oppandam lavaneeyam muruguneeti suddhi karmagaram vistarana, kottadaanni nirminchadam, nadeeteera praantaalanu vistarinchadam mariyu rakshinchadam, nadhi sahajamgaa vangi pravahinche praantaanni punaruddharinchadam mariyu nadini daani varada maidaanaalaku jalamaargamto anusandhaaninchadaaniki bhoomini siddham chesindi. eee charyalaku prapancha byaanku mariyu inter-american development byaank maddatu istunnaayi.
bhougolikam mariyu vaataavaranam.
bogota samudra mattaniki ettulo unna andis thoorpu shrenulalo bogota savannah anie piluvabade ettaina peethabhoomipai undhi. vistarinchina praantaanni altiplano kundiboyasense anie pilustaaru, dheeni ardham "kundinamarka mariyu boyaka yokka ettaina peethabhoomi". bogota nadhi savannah nadini daati nairuti disalo tekwendama jalapaataanni ("salto dell tekwendama") yerparustundi. upanadulu loyalanu yerparustaayi, ikkada gramalu unnaayi mariyu veeti aardhika vyavastha vyavasayam, pasuvulu mariyu chetivruttula utpattipai aadharapadi untundi. savannaku thoorpuna uttara-dakshinaana vistarinchi unna thoorpu kondalu sarihaddulugaa unnaayi, veetilo gwadalupe mariyu monserrate kondalu unnaayi. paschima nagara parimiti bogota nadhi dwara erpadutundi. uttaraana, bogota metropolitan praantam peethabhoomi meedugaa chia mariyu sopo pattanaala varaku vistarinchi undhi.
bogota upaushnamandala ettaina bhuubhaaga vaataavaranaanni kaligi undhi mariyu bogota savannapai sagatu ushnograta, madhya nundi maarutuu untundi. varshakaalaalu mariyu podi rutuvulu edaadi podavunaa maarutuu untaayi. atyanta podi nelalu prati nelaa varshapaatamto kuudina december-marchi; atyanta varshapaatam kaligina nelalu april mariyu sumaru nelawari mottaalatoe undavacchu, mariyu september-november (nelaku). juun mariyu juulai saadhaaranamgaa varshakaalaalu mariyu augustu adhika gaalulato endagaa untundi. varshakalamlo vadagallu kuravadam sarvasaadhaaranam, mukhyamgaa octoberlo chaalaa balamgaa untundi. edaadi podavunaa, pagalu telikapati mariyu challaga untaayi, saayantram veeche prasaantamaina gaalula kaaranamgaa raatrulu madhyastamgaa challaga untaayi.
charitra.
1970la prarambham nundi 1990la varaku sumaru muppai samvatsaraala kaalamlo bogota yokka neeti nirvahana neeti sarafara paarisuddhya sevala (doubleuss) paridhi mariyu naanhyatanu meruguparachadampai ekkuvagaa drushti saarinchindi, adhe samayamlo aardhika mariyu saanketika susthiratanu kooda meruguparichindi. phalitamgaa, bogota (eaab) yokka neeru mariyu muruguneeti samstha neeru, muruguneeti mariyu paarudala sevalaku 99 saataaniki paiga kavarejeeni andistundi, mariyu vruttiparamaina baadhyata mariyu javaabudaareetanam aadhaaramgaa corporate samskrutitoe asamarthamaina diwala teesina samstha nundi vaanijya neeti viniyogamgaa roopaantaram chendindi.
doubleuss merugudalalu konasaagutunnappatiki, saampradaaya neeti nirvahana vidhanam desheeya mariyu paarisraamika muruguneeti suddhi mariyu point kaani vanarula kalushya niyantranaku kaaranam kaadu, phalitamgaa neeti vanarula paryaavarana ksheenataku daariteestundi. eee vyavasthalanu vaerugaa pariganinchaaru mariyu nirvahana vyuuham suddhi soukaryaalu, sthaanika pravahalu mariyu vaatilo mottam neeti naanhyatanu parigananaloki teesukoledu. ayithe, tatvasaastram abhivruddhi chendutondi, mariyu neeti sarafara, muruguneeti suddhi karmagaram (dablyudablyutipi), paarudala mariyu neetipaarudalani oka samsthagaa chuustuu bahula-rangaala vidhananni parigananaloki teesukoni neeti vanarula nirvahana abhyasam marinta samagra vidhanamgaa maarutondi. maarutondi british hydrological society symposiumlo parisoedhakula brundam samarpinchina kalushya niyantrana pani prakaram, muruguneeti vyavastha, dablyudablyutipi mariyu nadini oke vyavasthagaa pariganinchaalsina avasaram undhi. bogota neeti nirvahana vyavasthalo eee parinaamaalu ippudu mariyu bhavishyattulo samagra paddhatulanu ponduparachadaaniki bahula avakaasaalanu andistaayi.
chaaritraka chattaparamaina nepathyam.
nepathyam muruguneeti samasya perugutuu vachindi. nagaramloni suddhi cheyani muruguneeti mottaanni bogota nadiloki, chivariki munaa anakatta venuka unna jalasayamloki vidudala chestunnaru. nirlakshyam kosam munaa community eeaab, kaaru, engesa mariyu jilla prabhutvampai daavaa vesindi. kundinamarka vibhagam yokka tribunal chivariki munaa community kosam nirnayinchindi mariyu munaa teesukuvacchina firyaadulanu parishkarinchadaaniki paarteelu sameeksha prakriya mariyu kaaryaacharana pranaalikanu roopondinchaalani korindi. nyaayaadhikaranam vaaru aadesampai tagina purogati saadhinchakapothe prativaadulu nirnayaanni balavantam chese hakkunu kaligi undhi. prativaadulu appeal chesi, prakriya mallee sameekshaku guraindi. tadupari sameeksha tarvaata, oka nyaayamuurti munaku anukuulamgaa marosari teerpu icchi, kaaru, eeaab mariyu jillaaku bhaagaswaamya baadhyatalanu appaginchaaru. prativaadulu kortu teerpu nirdesinchina nibandhanalaku angeekarinchaaru mariyu prastuta chattaparamaina patraanni "convenio 171" anie pilicharu mariyu mariyu anni paarteelu santakam chesaayi. solitor dablyudablyutipi yokka upgraded mariyu vistaranaku aardhika sahayam mariyu nirmaanaaniki kaaru kosam 171 calls. bogotalo paryaavarana pettubadula kosam nidhulu (fundos paaraa inversions ambientals enn bogota (fiab)) anae bogota muruguneeti karyakramam kosam oka pratyeka khaataanu srushtinchadam dwara kaaru dheenini chesindi. raboye canova doubluedablutipiki kotta interceptorlanu nirminchadaaniki eeaab angeekarinchindi.
bahula-vaataadaarula sahayam.
prapancha byaanku kaaru, eab mariyu prabhutva jillaalatoe kalisi paarisuddhya pranaalikanu (plaan dii saniamiento) meruguparachadamlo sahaayapadataaniki mariyu pareevaahaka praantamloo neeti paryaavarana vyavasthanu meruguparachadaaniki deerghakaalika kaaryakramaaniki aadharaanni erpaatu cheyadaaniki krushi chestondi. prajectu vyayam $487 millionlu mariyu neeti naanhyatanu meruguparachadam, varada pramaadaanni tagginchadam, nadeeteera aavasalanu punaruddharinchadam mariyu nadhi venta paryaavarana aavasalanu andinche bahula kaaryaacharana praantaalanu srushtinchadam dwara 68 kilometres pogato nadini bogota metropolitan praantaaniki paryaavarana aastigaa marchadam dheeni lakshyalu, alaage eee pattana nadhi yokka praja upayogam mariyu aanandaaniki avakaasaalu.
adanamgaa, prapancha byaanku samagra pattana neeti nirvahana vyuuhamtoe sahayam andistondi. bogota nadini meruguparachadaaniki mariyu pattana paryaavarana aastini srushtinchadaaniki sthiramaina vidhanam vaipu velladaaniki bogota veelu kalpinchadam dheeni lakshyam. neeti naanhyata merugudalalu, varada niyantrana, chittadi neelalu mariyu bahula kaaryaacharana udyaanavanaalanu kaligi unna pattana nadhi punaruddharana kosam oka namuunaa project lakshyaalalo unnaayi.
inter-american development byaank (ii. dii. bii) thana bogota nadhi subhrapariche prayatnaalalo karuku maddatugaa 50 million dollarla runaanni plaan chestondi. kaaru paryaavarana niyantrana kaaryakramaaniki ii. dii. bii. yuu. ess $15 laksala graantnu kooda andinchindi. adanamgaa 643,000 dollarlu kaaru dwarane jama cheyabaddaayi. pareevaahaka praantam rakshana kosam prajectulu bahula dasallo chepattaali, veetilo modatidi subhrapariche prajectunu nirvahinchadaaniki samsthaagata, nirvaahaka, aardhika mariyu kaaryaacharana frameworknu amalu chestundi. runamtho, bogota nadhee pareevaahaka praantamloo unna mottam 41 munisipaalitiilaku kaaluvalanu nirminchadam mariyu traaguneeti sarafara, paarudala vyavasthalu mariyu muruguneeti suddhini penchaalani kaaru pranaalikalu roopondinchindi. eee dabbu muruguneeti suddhi karmagarala roopakalpana, nirmaanam mariyu nirvahanaku kooda nidhulu samakuurchavachchu.
neeti sarafara mariyu upayogam.
uparitala neeru.
bogota metro praantamloo neeti sarafaraalo bogota nadhee pareevaahaka praantaaniki neetini sekarinchi, nilva chesi, pampinhee chese pareevaahaka praantaala vyavastha untundi. neeti pareevaahaka praantaalalo 887 million dollarla mottam nilva saamarthyam kaligina tbtuck, 325 million dollarla mottam nilva saamarthyam kaligina chingaja, 10.4 million dollarla mottam nilva saamarthyam kaligina tanjuvelo unnaayi. bogotaku taguneeti praathamika vanaru ayina chingaja thoorpu columbian mydaanaala nivaasulaku chendina maroka pareevaahaka praantam nundi neetini pondutundi. thoorpu pareevaahaka praantam nundi neeru chinjaagaaku badilee cheyabadi, chivaraku bogota neeti vyavastha gundaa vellina taruvaata vyardha neetila reo bogota cherukuntundi. eee itara neeti pareevaahaka praantaalalo, bogotaloni pradhana neeti vyavasthaku sorangam, kaaluva ledhaa upanadi dwara neetini sarafara chese sumaru tommidi nilva jalaasayaalu unnaayi. praathamika nilva jalasayalalo chuja, sisga, tomin mariyu nyusa unnaayi.
bogota nadhi 280 meterla ettulo magdalina nadiloki pravahinche mundu oka ettulo praarambhamai pravahistundi. eee pareevaahaka praantam moodu bhagaluga vibhajinchabadindih i) bogota uttaraana eguva pareevaahaka praantam; ii) bogota metropolitan praantamloo madhya pareevaahaka praantam; mariyu iii) bogota diguva pareevaahaka praantam. bogota nadhi madhya pareevaahaka praantam mariyu bogota metro praantam gundaa velutundagaa, moodu upa pareevaahaka praantaalu, solitor, phucha mariyu tanjuvelo diguva pareevaahaka praantamloki pravesinche mundu tama upanadulanu bogota nadiloki vidudala chestaayi. nagaramloki pravesinche mundu sagatu pravaham 10 m3/s, mariyu bogota chuttoo unna upa-pareevaahaka praantaalu adanamgaa 22 m3/s muruguneetini vidudala chestaayi.
bhoogarbha jalaalu.
bogota neeti sarafaraalo ekkuva bhaagam nadula dwara sarafara cheyabadutunnappatiki, bogota neeti portfolio gananeeyamaina bhaagamgaa maare bhoogarbha jalaalu unnaayi. prastutam bhoogarbha jalaalanu pradhanamgaa puvvula neetipaarudala kosam upayogistunnaru. sumaruga (bcm) gwadalupe jalacharamlo undhi, idhi nagaramloni anni jalasayalalo nilva chesina neeti kante 30 retlu ekkuva. gatamlo, konni praantaallo baavulu travvabaddaayi mariyu jalacharaala sthaayilu padipovadamtho gruha nirmaanaalu, roadlu mariyu konni baavulu koolipoyaayi.
neeti viniyogam.
bogota janabha talasari viniyogistundi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa traagadaaniki, snanam cheyadaaniki, paarisuddhyam mariyu vanta cheyadaaniki tagina mottamgaa angeekarinchabadutundi. talasari viniyogam sumaruga untundani eaab anchanaa vesindi. latin americalo, sagatu neeti viniyogam viniyogam talasarigaa anchanaa veyabadindi. mottam viniyogam sumaruga undhi, indulo 85 saatam (ledhaa) diguva bogota nadiki tirigi ivvabadindi. pareevaahaka praantamlooni itara munisipaalitiilu mottam pareevaahaka praantaaniki sumaruga upayoginchevi. 2000 natiki eee mottam 23-25 m3/s kuu perigindi mariyu 2010 natiki cherukuntundani anchanaa veyabadindi. prastutam metropolitan praantamloo sumaru 700,000 mandhi mariyu neeti sevalu laeni itara sameepamloni munisipaalitiilaloo 75,000 mandhi unnaaru.
moulika sadupayalu.
paarudala.
bogota paarudala vyavasthalo moodu pradhana upa pareevaahaka praantaalu unnaih solitor, phucha mariyu tanjuvelo nadulu. prati okkati thoorpu nundi padamaraku pravahistundi. paarudala vyavastha anedi oka ummadi mariyu vaeru cheyabadina vyavastha kalayika. modati paarudala vyavastha abhivruddhi (1965 kii mundu) lavanee upa-pareevaahaka praantam yokka madhya bhaagamlo mariyu phucha upa-pareevaahaka praantam yokka thoorpu bhaagamlo nirminchabaddaayi mariyu avi sumaru podavu gala samyukta vyavasthanu kaligi untaayi, ayithe kottavi (1965 nundi) vaeru cheyabadina vyavasthalanu kaligi untaayi.
muruguneeru mariyu suddhi.
bogota kosam asalu muruguneeti master plaan 1980la chivaralo roopondinchabadindi, mariyu nagaraniki diguva bhaagamlo oka muruguneeti suddhi karmagaranni nirminchaalani pilupunicchindi. ayithe, 1990la praarambhamlo, purapalaka prabhutvam thana marganni maarchukuni, bogotaloni moodu upa-jalagrahana kendraalalo (munupati vibhaagamlo pravesapettina) okkokadaaniki okataina 3 madhya taraha muruguneeti suddhi kendraalanu konasaaginchaalani nirnayinchindi. nirnayinchindi, nagaram bogota uttara bhaagamlo unna solitor anae 4 m3/s praadhamika WWTP kosam french consortiumtho billed-operate-transfer (boat) raayitee oppandaanni kudurchukundi. eee karmagaram karmagaram karyakalapalanu praarambhinchindi, 2003 decemberlo jilla oppandaanni raddu chesi, consortium nundi karmagaranni konugolu chesi, daani karyakalapalanu eeebeeki appaginchindi. prastuta solitor dablyudablyutipi tagina chikitsanu andinchadu, anduvalla rendava dablyudablyutipiki vistarana mariyu upgraded jarugutondi mariyu idhi bogota nagaramloni uttara janaabhaaku upayogapadutundi.
bogota shivaarlalo unna tbtuck neeti utpatti karmagaram bogota nivaasitulaloo daadaapu 30 saatam mandiki sarafara chestundi. nirantara neeti sarafaraanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki, neeti plant mariyu neeti mainla punaravasa prajectnu chepattaru. idhi idhi praarambhamaina 20 samvatsaraala project. bhouthika mundastu chikitsa, gaddakattadam, floculation, isuka vadapotha, tatastheekarana mariyu krimisamhaarakato sahaa mottam neeti suddhi prakriyanu punaravasam cheyadaaniki veelia water solutions & technologies dwara moodu samvatsaraalalo 22 million dollarla pettubadi pettaru. adanamgaa, tbtuck neeti utpatti karmagaram neeti pradhana maargaala punaruddharanaku $35 millionla pettubadi pettaru. nirvahana maargadarsakaalu mariyu soukaryam yokka paryaveekshanhaloo itara merugudalalu cheyabaddaayi.
neetipaarudala.
saapekshamgaa adhika sthaayilo avapaatam unnanduna, bogota praantamlooni polaalaku neetipaarudala kosam takkuva neeru avasaram. sumaru mottamgaa neetipaarudala kosam upayogistaaru. aneka bogota greenhouselalo puvvulaku neeru pettadam anedi atyanta mukhyamaina vyavasaya mariyu aardhika karyakalapalalo okati, idhi kolambiyanu prapanchamlone atipedda puvvula egumatidaarulalo okatigaa chestundi. eee adhika viluva kaligina egumati vyaparam neeti kosam sthiramaina viniyogaanni srushtinchindi.
eguva bogota nadipai neetipaarudala mariyu chittadi naela nirvahana kaaryakramamlo laa ramada neetipaarudala jilla oka bhaagam. eee karyakramam kinda, laa ramada neetipaarudala jillaanu vistaristaaru. laa ramadaku paschimaana tenzo pareevaahaka praantam, uttaraana chiku nadhi mariyu thoorpu mariyu dakshina sarihaddulalo bogota nadhi sarihaddulugaa unnaayi. sumaru 800 mandhi raitulu tama neetipaarudala jilla sarihaddula lopala, nirvahana pathakaalalo mariyu neeti vanarula nirvahana pramaanaala samitilo bhoomiki neetipaarudalani nirdhaaristunnaaru.
jalavidyut.
sahaja neeti jalapaataalu ledhaa kaaluvala prayojanaanni pondhi, jala vidyut saktini utpatti cheyadaaniki nitaruga unna vaalulaku neetini pampadam dwara sanklishtamaina jalavidyut vyavasthanu nirminchaaru. okka bogota praantamloonae ippudu sumaru 670 megaavaatlu utpatti avtunnayi. chingaja project dwara adanamgaa 600 megawatla utpatti avtundani bhaavistunnaaru. bogota vidyut samstha (emgesa) nadhi pravaham mariyu ettulo taggudalanu sadviniyogam chesukovadaniki bogota diguva bhaagamlo jalavidyut sadupaayaanni (1124 megawatla vyavasthaapinchina saamarthyam) nirminchindi. engesa power complexes kosam holding reservoir 853 hectorla munaa reservoir, idhi kooda chaalaa kalushitamaindi.
aardhika mariyu saamaajika.
bogota columbialo atipedda nagaram mariyu aardhika kendram. 86 billion dollarla sthuula desheeya utpatti (zii. dii. pii) thoo, bogota columbia mottam jaateeya zii. dii. pii. loe sumaru 25 saatam vatanu kaligi undhi. talasari sagatu aadaayam US $10,000, idhi dakshina americalo aidava atyadhika aadaayamga nilichindi. eee sthaayi aadaayamlo, bogota latin americaloni atyanta mukhyamaina metropolitan praantaalalo okati. saadhaaranamgaa, companylu tama pradhana karyalayanni bogota loe unchutaayi endukante daani parimaanam, vanarulu mariyu jaateeya stock exchange bogota loe undhi. latin americaloni andis community digumati mariyu egumati vyaapaaraalaku bogota kooda oka pradhana kendram. mukhyamaina parisramalalo aardhika sevalu mariyu banking unnaayi. bahulajaati vaanijya byaankula pradhana karyalayalu alaage columbia kendra byaanku banco dii laa republica bogota loe unnaayi. bogota anedi printing mariyu publishing center, national telecommunications network, desamlone atipedda paarisraamika soukaryaalu. bogota kendra prabhutva samsthalu mariyu sainika pradhana karyalayalanu kooda kaligi undhi, ivi nagara aardhika vyavasthalo maroe pradhana bhaganni suuchistaayi. chivaraku, pedda mariyu abhivruddhi chendutunna puula egumati vaanijyam bogota loe undhi.
bogota loe upaadhi pokadalu nirudyogita raetlu taggayani, ayithe perugutunna pourulu udyogam kosam vetukutunnaarani suuchistunnaayi. eee vairudhyaanni bogotalo konasagutunna pattaneekarana dwara ekkuvagaa vivarinchavacchu, anduvalla pedarikam gananeeyamaina samasyaga migilipoyindi. konni rangaalalo udyogaalu srushtinchabaddaayi, mahilalu upaadhi kosam ekkuva avakaasaalanu pondutunnaru, conny marinta purogati avasaram. mottammeeda, 1970 nundi pedarikam taggindi; ayithe, kenadaaloni vancouverlo prapancha pattana vedikalo prothsahistundi nivasinchanivaaru sekarinchi samarpinchina samacharam janabhalo 50 saatam mandhi ippatikee pedarikamlo nivasistunnaarani, vaarilo chaalaa mandhi murikivaadalalo nivasistunnaarani velladistundi. 2003 nundi vacchina oka pratyeka nivaasarahita nivedika bogotalo moodu rakaala murikivaadalanu vivaristundihi antargata nagaram, chuttukolatapai unnavi mariyu chellacheduruga unna sthaavaraalu. eee paristhitulalo nivasinche vaari mottam sankhya sumaru 700,000. nivaasarahitula adanapu dayta sampada chaalaa asamanamga pampinhee cheyabadindani mariyu mottam desamloni paedha praantaala kante paedha bogota loe pedarikam unna praantaalu unnayani choopistundi.
muruguneeti kalushyam mariyu pratispandana.
solitor dablyudablyutipi padeellugaa panichestondi, ayithe, nagaramloni 80 saatam muruguneeru suddhi cheyabadakunda nadiloki pravahistuu unnanduna bogota nagaramlo neeti naanhyathalo merugudala kanipinchaledu. 2004 decemberulo, pranaalika vibhagam (departmento national dii planasian, dnp) bogota nadhi kosam oka vyuuhaatmaka pranaalika patraanni vidudala chesindi, migilina 80 saatam suddhi cheyani muruguneetilo kontha bhaganni parishkarinche saamardhyaaniki lavaneeyata dablyudablyutipini meruguparachadam mariyu vistarinchaalani pilupunicchindi. bogotaku diguva bhaagamlo chikitsa saamarthyam kaligina pedda praathamika karmagaranni nirminchaalani kooda eee pranaalika pilupunistundi. canovas anie piluvabade eee pedda dablyudablyutipi phucha, tanjuvelo mariyu socha pareevaahaka praantaala nundi muruguneetini suddhi chestundi.
muruguneeti suddhi saamardhyaaniki eee pranaalikaabaddhamaina vistaranalu bogota edurkontunna atipedda paryaavarana samasyalalo okadaanni parishkarinchadaaniki uddesinchabaddaayi mariyu avi madhya pareevaahaka praantam gundaa pravahistunnappudu bogota nadiloki pravesinche suddhi cheyani muruguneeru. eee vibhaagamlo, bogota nagaram moodu pradhana pattana upanadula dwara daani muruguneetini nadiloki vidudala chestundih solitor, phucha mariyu tanjuvelo nadulu. idhi pradhanamgaa tuphaanu kaaluvalaku akrama connections, perugutunna pattana janabha nundi ghana vyardhaalu mariyu paina perkonna pattana upanadula vembadi unna parisramala dwara sambhavistundi. podi kaalamlo, muruguneeti pravaham sekanuku 17 ghana meterlu kaga, lavaneeyam vadda unna praadhamika muruguneeti suddhi karmagaram saamarthyam matrame untundi. paryavasanamga, bogota nadhi prapanchamlooni atyanta kalushitamaina nadulalo okati mariyu sumaru 60 kilometres vaayurahita vistarananu kaligi undhi. sunna karigina oxygen mariyu adhika sthaayi boad 5 thoo, mottam suspend ghanapadaarthaalu (tss) mariyu mala coliformlu. nagaramloni diguva pareevaahaka praantamloo, marinta suddhi cheyani muruguneetini tekwendama jalapaataaniki konni kilometres eguvana unna bogota nadiloki pravahimpajaestaaru, taruvaata daanini jalavidyut utpatti kosam munaa jalaasayaaniki badilee chestaaru. tatphalitamgaa, tekwendama jalapaatam arudugaa gananeeyamaina pravahanni kaligi untundi. sekanuku 8 8 saamarthyam kaligina kotta dablyudablyutipiki muruguneetini ravana cheyadaaniki solitor mariyu phucha nadulapai kotta interceptorla nirmaanaanni chaerchadaaniki eaab oka prajectuku nidhulu samakuurustoemdi.
2000 praarambhamlo, jaateeya prabhutvam muruguneeti kalushyanni niyantrinchadaaniki rendu keelaka vidhana saadhanaalanu abhivruddhi chesindi. modatidi, pedda pattana praantaallo muruguneeti nirvahana kaaryakramaala vegavantamaina parinaamaaniki oka chatraanni andinche purapalaka muruguneeti nirvahana (pii. emm. aarr) kosam jaateeya pranaalika. eee jaateeya pranaalika samsthaagata balopetam mariyu ippatike unna pranaalika saadhanaala viniyogampai drushti pettadam dwara sthaanika, praantiiya mariyu jaateeya sthaayilalo samanvaya muruguneeti nirvahananu prothsahistundi. inca, idhi taginanta neeru mariyu muruguneeti sevatho munisipaalitiilaloo muruguneeti suddhi vyavasthala nirmaanaanni prothsahistundi mariyu reo bogota, reo chikamocha, reo medellin mariyu reo kauka vanti adhika prabhava pareevaahaka praantaalaku praadhaanyata istundi. rendavadi, muruguneeti vidudala pranaalika yokka paarisuddhyam mariyu nirvahana (plaan dii saniamiento vai menejo dii vertimientos, psmv), idhi neeti andukovadamlo kalushya bharanni tagginchadam mariyu munisipal muruguneeti vyavasthalalo muruguneeti sekarananu meruguparachadam lakshyamgaa amalu schedule mariyu pettubadi pranaalikanu anusarinchi karyakramalu, prajectulu mariyu karyakalapalanu suuchimchaalani seva pradaatalanu aadesistundi. psmv yokka kaaryaacharana pranaalikalu itara pranaalika saadhanaalatho samalekhanam cheyabadataayi, udaaharanaku paryaavarana adhikaram nirvachinchina neeti naanhyata lakshyalu, alaage munisipaalitiilu nirdesinchina master plaanlu mariyu pettubadi pranaalikalu. kolambiyaaloni pedda nagarallo iteevala muruguneeti kaaryakramaala perugudalaku maddatugaa eee rendu jaateeya vidhanalu keelaka paatra poeshinchaayi.
pattaneekarana.
aneka deshaalu mariyu pradhana metro kendraalu pattaneekaranalo nirantara perugudalanu edurkontunnaayi mariyu bogota dheeniki minahaayimpu kaadu. janabha janabha 4 millionla nundi prothsahistundi 68 laksalaku perigindi. 2020 natiki janabha 84 laksalaku cherukuntundani anchanaa. eee anchanaa pattaneekarana moulika sadupayalu, samsthalu mariyu neeti vanarula nirvahana yantraamgaalapai ottidi konasaagistundi. inca, perigina pattaneekarana marinta paarudala, dablyudablyutipi, ravana mariyu varada niyantrana moulika sadupayala nirmaanam avasaramani suuchistumdi. kotta nivaasitulu nirminchina anni gruhalu mariyu perugutunna janaabhaaku maddatugaa tadupari neeti moulika sadupayalu abhedyamaina uparitalaalanu tagginche prabhavanni kaligi unnaayi, tadwara bogota edurkontunna savaallanu, varada mariyu tuphaanu neeti niyantrananu marokadaaniki jodistundi.
chittadi neelala punaruddharana.
punaruddharana, bogota nadiki anusandhaaninchabadina chittadi neelalu unnayani anchanaa veyabadindi mariyu 2009 natiki, migilina vaati kante takkuvagaa unnaayi. chaalaa chittadi neelalu neeti naanhyata takkuvagaa undatam valla adhokaranam chendaayi. chittadi neelala ksheenataku pratispandanagaa, bogotalo balamaina paryaavarana udyamam udbhavinchindi, idhi chittadi naela praantaala rakshana mariyu vistarananu churukuga prothsahistundi. prothsahistundi, bogota jilla prabhutvam oka samagra chittadi neelala nirvahana vidhananni aamodinchindi, ikkada kotta nibandhanalu mariyu paryaavarana nirvahana kaaryakramaalanu upayoginchi nadulu mariyu chittadi neelalanu rakshinchadaaniki jilla prabhutvam, eab mariyu kaaru kalisi panicheestaayi. reo bogota (pomka) kosam besin pranaalika 2020 samvatsaram varaku nadhee pareevaahaka praantam kosam neeti naanhyata pramaanaalanu erpaatu chesindi, mariyu nadhee vibhagala dwara neetini upayogistundi mariyu niyaminchabadina upayogaalanu teerchadaaniki sumaru 25 kalushya kaarakaala parisara neeti naanhyata pramaanaalanu nirdesistundi.
varadalu mariyu nadhi punaruddharana.
1950 kii mundu, bogota nadhi vistruta nadhee pareevaahaka praantaalu, vistruta varada maidaanaalu mariyu laa konejera, juvan amarillo mariyu jabok chittadi neelalu vanti abhivruddhi chendutunna paryaavarana vyavasthalatho pareevaahaka praantam madhyalo vankaragaa undedi. vegavantamaina pattaneekarana phalitamgaa nadhi pravahalu, chittadi neelalu mariyu nadhi vembadi unna sthaavaraalu naasanam kaavadamtho nadhi varadalaku gurayye avakaasam ekkuvagaa undhi. dheeniki pratispandanagaa, nadhi pareevaahaka praantaalanu vistarinchadaaniki mariyu rakshinchadaaniki, nadhi yokka sahaja vanganu punaruddharinchadaaniki mariyu nadini daani varada maidaanaalaku jalasambandhamgaa anusandhaaninchadaaniki kaaru varada panula karyakramanni cherchindi. prapancha byaanku runamlooni oka pratyeka bhaagamlo (krinda bahula-vaataadaarula sahayanni chudandi) kaaru, eaab mariyu jilla prabhutvaaniki; varada niyantrana mariyu paryaavarana panula project pattana nadhee punaruddharanalo uttama abhyasanni kaligi unna samagra nadhee punaruddharana kaaryakramaaniki nidhulu samakuurustumdi. eee bhaagamlo prastutamunna 10-25-samvatsaram tirigi vachhe kaalam nundi 100 samvatsaraala kaalaaniki varada niyantrananu meruguparachadam, nadhee varada maidaanamlo kontha bhaganni punaruddharinchadam, chittadi neelalu mariyu bahula kaaryaacharana udyaanavanaalanu srushtinchadam mariyu meruguparachadam mariyu saadhyamainappudu ippatike unna muruguneeti suddhi thoo muruguneeti moulika sadupaayaalanu puurti cheyadam untaayi.
neeti samstha eaab nadhi pakkana unna chittadi neelala paryaavarana punaruddharanalo palgone kaaryakramamlo churukuga palgontondi. eee karyakrama lakshyaalalo chittadi neelala punaruddharana, rakshana mariyu parirakshana; eee chittadi neelalu jeevavaividhyaaniki andinche paryaavarana vyavastha sevalanu punaruddharinchadam; eee prakruti drushyaalanu aasvaadinchadam; mariyu merugaina paryaavarana vidya unnaayi. eee lakshyalanu kotta kaaryaacharana maargaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadam dwara mariyu jilla paryaavarana karyadarshi, paryaavarana samsthalu mariyu itara prabhutva samsthala sahakaaramtho panicheyadam dwara saadhinchaali. paryaavarana nibandhanala prastuta chatram, jilla rajadhani nirdesinchina chittadi naela vidhanam mariyu chittadi neelalapai ramsar conventionlo nirvachinchina nibandhanalaku anugunamgaa undatam karyakrama lakshyalu. chittadi neelalu andinche nirdishta paryaavarana vyavastha sevalalo varada niyantrana, jeeva bhuuraasaayanika chakraala sthireekarana, carbon sequestration mariyu jala aavasalu mariyu vanyapraanula vaividhyam unnaayi.
samsthaagata chatram.
bogota rajadhani jilla purapalaka prabhutvam madhyavartitvam mariyu baadhyatalanu appaginchadamlo paalgondi. convenio 171 anedi kaaru mariyu eab rendintikee nibandhanalanu nirdesinche nyaayamuurti teerpu yokka phalitamgaa vacchina patram. eee rendu samsthalu bogota nadini punaruddharinchadam mariyu varada niyantrananu meruguparachadam anae mottam lakshyamtho baadhyata nibandhanalanu angeekarinchaayi.

