
elizabeth gwillim (pakshi kalaakaarini)

elizabeth, laedii gwillim (simmands; 21 april 1763-21 december 1807) oka aangla kalaakaarini mariyu prakruti shaastravetta. 1801 nundi 1807 varaku bharatadesamloni madraasalo (ippudu chennai) nivasistunnappudu, laedii gwillim sumaru 200 jalavarnaala bharatiya pakshula shrenini chitrinchindi. zaan james aaduban thana prasiddha "dhi birds off america" (1827-1839) nuu prachurinchadaaniki sumaru 20 samvatsaraala mundu utpatti cheyabadindi, gwillim yokka pani daani khachitatvam mariyu sahaja bhangimalaku prasamsimchabadimdi-aame jeevinchi unna pakshulanu gamaninchadam dwara thana jalavarnaalanu chesindi, konnisaarlu vaati sahaja vaataavaranamloo.
inglandlo prarambha jeevitam.
elizabeth vai loyalo, ikkada esther mariyu thamus syndands kumaartegaa janminchindi. aameku naluguru sodareemanulu unnaru frances, aann (nancy anie pilustaaru), maerii syndands (paalii anie pilustaaru), mariyu hester (hetty anie pilustaaru), alaage baalyamlone maraninchina thamus anae tammudu. frances kooda baalyamlone maraninchaadu. aame tandri thamus simmands oka stonemasson mariyu 1753 december 10naa hearford nagaraniki chendina freemanga pramaana sweekaaram chesaaru. athanu draft maan, vaastusilpi mariyu smaaraka mayson kooda, ikkada ford mariyu somersetlo chesina panini baga gowravinchaaru. 1775loe athanu downton kotalo richard payne nait kosam pani yokka gumastaagaa vyavaharinchaadu. athanu 1777loe hearford cathedral yokka sarveyargaa niyaminchabaddaadu; 1786loe tower kuulipooyina taruvaata (athanu heccharinchina vipattu) athanu padavee viramana chesaadu. 1791 maarchilo ayana maraninchina taruvaata, ayana bhaarya esther 1803 varaku thana vyapaaraanni konasaaginchindi. esther syndands 1806loe maraninchaaru.
elizabeth henry gwillim (1759-22 september 1837) nuu 1784 mae 27naa landanlooni seyint loe vivaham chesukunnaru. naukaadala veedhiloo vaduvu charchi. henry oka nyaayavaadi mariyu nyaayamuurti, ayana kutumbam kooda ikkada nundi vachindi. vaari pillala gurinchi samacharam asampuurnamgaa undih london archives 13 janavari 1786naa elizabeth anae sisuvu khananam cheyabadindani, aame 31 marchi 1785naa janminchindi mariyu 20 juun 1785naa seyint loe baptism pondindi. vaduvu. gwillim jeevitaaniki sambandhinchina itara muulaalu aann anae maroe kumarte, 10 juun 1787naa baptism pondhi, oka kumarudu henry, 1789 aktobaru 11naa baptism pondhi, eee iddaru pillalu ikkada unna surnsfieldlo janminchaaru mariyu henry samadhi 28 fibravari 1790naa sameepamloni kinnersley namodu cheyabadindi. elizabeth 1806loe madrasu nundi thana sodari hettiki raasina lekhalo tananu taanu santaanam laenidigaa varninchukundi, mariyu aame munupati lekhallo edhee pillalanu prastaavinchaledu.
1797loe, henry ail off leeki pradhana nyaayamuurti ayyadu, taruvaata 1801 natiki, athanu madrasu supreme court nyaayamuurtulaloo okarigaa niyaminchabaddaadu, dheeni kosam ataniki nait padavini icchaaru. elizabeth vaari nishkramanaku mundu maajee chhaansalar charless yark vitantuvu eli mariyu agneta johnson yark yokka bishop chetha kortuku teesukuvellabaddaaru, conny raaju anaaroogyam kaaranamgaa vaaru portsmouth dwara ingland nundi bayaludere varaku surr henry thana nitehoodnu andukoledu.
bhaaratadesamlo samayam.
elizabeth gwillim, aame bhartha, aame avivaahita sodari maerii syndands, surr henry sahayakudu richard clark, maroka gumasta, mariyu iddaru bharatiya sevakulu fibravari 1801 chivarilo plymouth vadda bayaludaeraaru, daadaapu aidu nelala taruvaata, juulai 27naa madrasku (ippudu chennai anie pilustaaru) vacchaaru. akkada vaari jeevitam puurtigaa aanglamlo unna sodareemanula nundi vaari talli, sodari hester mariyu snehitula varaku british librarylo ippudu unna lekhalalo vivarinchabadindi. eee lekhalu vaataavaranam, prakruti drushyam, aaharam, sthaanika saamaajika mariyu mataparamaina acharalu mariyu marenno vanti aneka rakaala amsaalanu kaligi untaayi. aneka rangaalaku chendina panditulu vividha vishayaalapai samacharam kosam gwillim-symonds lekhalanu chadivaaru, udaaharanaku genanalalo mahilala sandarsanalu mariyu samaajamlo devadasi mahilala paatra. ayithe, atyanta prasiddhamgaa, gwillim thana chuttoo unna sahaja prapanchaanni thana lekhalalo mariyu madraslo thana edu samvatsaraalalo srushtinchina aneka pakshi chitraalalo vivarinchindi.
pakshi chitraalu.
prabhavam.
madrasu pakshulanu chithrinchadam praarambhinchadaaniki gwillim prerana ekkada praarambhamaindo aspashtamgaa undhi, aamelo spashtamaina mariyu kendrikruta aasakti kakunda. aame mariyu aame sodari maerii vaari kalaatmaka tandri nundi praathamika droying suuchanalanu pondhi undavacchu, mariyu vaari lekhala nundi vaaru taruvaata georg shamyul aadhvaryamlo sikshana pondaarani maaku telusu, veerini vaaru tarachugaa prastaavistaaru. shamyul pradhanamgaa jalavarnaalu mariyu noonelu rendintiloonuu prakruti drushyaalanu chitrinchaadu, mariyu athani prabhavam gwillim paniloo kanipinchavacchu.
18va sataabdam madhyalo sachitra sahaja charitra pustakaalalo vijrumbhana khachitamgaa oka mudra vesindi. gwimmy oka lekhalo prakruti shaastravetta mariyu rachayita thamus bevik paeru pettadu, aame sodari hettiki bevik yokka "british pakshula charitra" (valume vann, land birds, 1797) nundi oka gudlagoobanu chushanani cheppadu. 1804loe prachurinchabadina neeti pakshulapai hetty thana bevik yokka rendava vaalyuumnu pampamani kooda aame abhyardhinchindi. eee samayamlo ingland sthaanika pakshulapai prachurinche itara prakruti saastravettalalo vilium levin ("grate britton pakshulu, vaati gudlatho, khachitamgaa gurtinchabaddaayi", 1789-1794), zaan latham (pakshula saadhaarana saaraamsam 1781-1785), mariyu edward donovan ("british pakshula sahaja charitra", 1792-97) unnaaru. ayithe, prapancha anveshana samayamlo, aame ingland nundi bayaludere mundu prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna pakshulanu kooda gwillim chuusi undavacchu. georg edwards ("asaadhaarana pakshula sahaja charitra", "1743-51), maark catesby (" carolin, florida mariyu bahama deevula sahaja charitra ", 1729-47), mariyu thamus pennant (" bharatiya jantusaastram ", 1790) vanti rachayitalu andaruu perugutunna pakshisaastra drushtaamtaalaku dohadapaddaru, mariyu paina perkonna eee munupati samputaalalo pratidaaniloo kooda pradarsinchabadina aame swantha shrenilo gwillim chithrinchina pakshulu kooda unnaayi.
gwillim thana lekhalalo okadaanilo livarian sekarananu (aame parkinsons [museum] gaa suuchistumdi, taruvaata blockfrears rotunda vadda) suuchistumdi, idhi bharatadesam nundi maerii mp pampina pheasant jaathi mariyu pakshula chitraalato sahaa rendu stuffed pakshulanu pradarsinchindi. georg shaa yokka leverian sekarana jabita, saaraa raayi dwara pakshi chitraalanu kaligi undhi, idhi preranaku maroka muulam.
kalaatmaka prakriya.
gwillim yokka kalaatmaka prakriya gurinchi ghnaanam aksharaala nundi vastundi, pradhanamgaa maerii nundi vacchina vivaranah "paedha betsey eppuduu ibbandi nundi bayatapadadu, endukante aame panini puurti cheyadaaniki mundu meeru [sic] chanipoyina vishayalanu aakarshisthe, vaaru aame manassuku abhyantarakaramgaa maarutaaru, mariyu pakshulanu sajeevamgaa teesukuvacchinappudu vaaru chuustuu untaaru, ledhaa tannutaaru, ledhaa peck chestaaru, ledhaa konni neechamaina upaayaalu ledhaa itara panulu chestaaru, konnisaarlu pakshulu aamenu thana telivi nundi bhayapedataayi, antey pakshulu nissabdamgaa nilabadinappudalla, aapai vaaru puurti kaavadaaniki mundhe aamenu egaranivvandi, kaneesam ekkuva [sic] badhalu aamepai prateekaaram teerchukoovaali ledhaa vaari dayyaalu aame chuttoo egaraali mariyu goppa rekkalanu eguraveyali, aamenu champadaaniki bhayapedataayi. ivi teevramaina samasyalu anie neenu meeku bharosa istunnaanu. conny atuvanti chedulanu parishkarinchadaaniki manam cheyagaliginadanta chestaamu mariyu ippudu gouravapradamaina paatha moor manishini pondaadu, athanu oka pakshini saraina vaikharilo pattukunnappudu ledhaa eee dayaneeyamaina bandheelanu saraina paddhatiloo tinipinche samayamlo, aame paelavamaina saameepyata [sic] kosam."
maerii marinta vivaramgaa, jeevinchi unna pakshulatho paatu, vaati inti chuttoo pakshula endina tokkalu kooda unnayani chepparu. maerii vaerae lekhalo ilaa rasindi, "aame prastuta udyogaalu aamenu chaalaa santoshamgaa unchutaayi, antey, aame chuttoo iravai mandhi nallajaateeyulu, pustakaalato nindina table, chetla kommala buttalatho naela, mariyu aame thana topeeni laakkoni madhyalo nilabadi undani neenu dadapuga korukuntunnanu.] oka vaipu velli, aame chaalaa alasipoye varaku maatlaadutundi."
gwillim swayamgaa thana sodari mariyu talliki aame chaalaa nimagnamai undani mariyu aame paniloo nimagnamai undani vraastuu, aame painting chestunnanduna chaalaa takkuva vraasinanduku tarachugaa kshamaapanalu chebutundi. 1805 natiki sumaru vanda pakshulanu aakarshinchindani, taruvaati rendu samvatsaraalalo "chaalaa goppa pakshulu" unnayani aame anchanaa vesindi. gwillim aarogyam eppuduu balamgaa ledhu, conny vaedi alasata mariyu taruvaata chitlimpu vanti anaarogyaalu matrame aame aasayaanni mandaginchinatlu anipistundi.
shaili.
gwillim yokka pakshula chitraalalo chaalaa vaividhyam undhi, anduvalla oka ekavachana "shaili" nii vargeekarinchadam kashtam. ayithe aame chitraalanu kramabaddhikarinchagala vividha vargaalu unnaayi mariyu konni sthiramaina lakshanaalu annintiloo kanipistaayi. mcgill vishwavidyaalaya grandhaalayamlo nallati chekka sahaja charitra sekaranalo unna 121 chitraalalo, 56 puurti nepathyaalu kaligi unnaayi, 26 chitraalaku parimita nepathyaalu unnaayi, 39 chitraalaku etuvanti nepathyam ledhu. puurtigaa grahinchina nepathyaalalo thaati chetlu, suduura parvataalu mariyu appudappudu devalayalu vanti bhavanalu vanti lakshanaalu untaayi. parimita nepathyaalalo raallu ledhaa kommalu untaayi, konni aakulu pakshi sariiraaniki daggaragaa untaayi. nepathyam laeni chitraalu bahusha asampuurnamgaa undavacchu ledhaa gwillim yokka nirantara kala samagri korataku baadhitulu kaavacchu. kaagitam, paintlu mariyu brushla labhyata ingland nundi madraasaku samudra prayaanamloo asthiratalaku lobadi undhi, mariyu aame thana nepathyaalannintini thana guruvu georg shamyul shaililo chitriste, aame rangulu aipothayani aame swayamgaa perkondi. gwillim modata pakshulanu, mariyu nepathyaalanu rendavadigaa chitrinchaadu.
gwillim pakshulalo atyanta sthiramaina lakshanam aame varninchadam mariyu pakshula shareera nirmaana shaastram gurinchi apuurvamaina avagahananu choopinche vidhamgaa eekalu unchadam. pakshula saastramlo oka amsam terrilography, idhi terrile mariyu upterile yokka pampinhee namuunaala adhyayanam, mukhyamgaa yuva pakshulalo ivi parinaama sambandhamaina padanirmaana suuchikalu. kuurchunna pakshiloo rekkalu mariyu thoka eekalu yokka namuunaa mariyu poranu gwillim khachitamgaa chithreekarinchindi, nirdishta pradaesaalaloo vividha rakaala eekalu mariyu vaati vidhulaku sambandhaalapai mariyu pakshi yokka shareera nirmaana saastramlo okadaanikokati shraddha choopindi. aame eekalu kooda chaalaa sunnitamgaa mariyu khachitamgaa pradarsinchabadataayi.
vrukshashaastram.
gwillim kooda vrukshashaastrampai aasakti choopindi, tarachugaa aame lekhalalo vivarinchabadindi, mariyu vaari snehitulaku mariyu sahacharulaku vittanaalu, mokkalu mariyu drushtaamtaalanu pampina prakruti saastravettala prapancha networklo churukaina sabhyuralu. bromptonlo anyadesa mokkala narsareeni naduputunna fraank thoburn kumarte lizzie thoburnku gwillim vittanaalanu pampindi. gwillim kooda reginald white kosam teevramaina collector, athanu thoburn maranam taruvaata narsareeni konasaginchadu. aaa samayamlo eee amsampai pramukha prachurana ayina curtis botanical magazinelo aame udaharinchabadindi mariyu aame "khachitamaina mariyu manoharamaina rekhaachitraala" kosam sampadakudu zaan sims (vargeekaranavetta) prasamsimchaaru."eest india companyki chendina physician general ayina james anderson (botanist), mariyu madraslo nivasistunna french alsatian missionary mariyu botanist ayina johann peater ratler iddaroo aameku snehitulu ayyaru. ratler aame paeru meeda oka mokkaku paeru pettadu "gwillimia indika", idhi appatike vivarinchina magnolia jaathi, "magnolia coco" gaa kanugonabadindi. gwillim mokkanu daa. ratler abhyardhana, mariyu droying daa. smith. eee rekhaachitram ippudu landanlooni linnion society sekaranalo undhi. adanamgaa nallati kalapa sekaranalo padhi neeti rangu sketchlu unnaayi, ayithe marenno okappudu unikilo unnayani oohinchavachhu.
gwillim mokkala saadhaarana paerla kosam sthaanika vaidyulatoe, samskruta paeruku braahmanulatoe, aapai linneyan vargeekarana kosam aame sonta pustakaalato kooda sampradinchindi. aaa samayamlo madrasu loe oka mukhyamaina bhasha ayina telugu neerchukuntunna gwillim, "vrukshashaastraaniki sambandhinchi kontha ghnaanam lekunda hinduu bhashalanu chadavadam asadhyam-vaati vividha vedukalaku avasaramaina nirdishta mokkalaku vaati suuchanalu enthagaa suchinchabadutunnayante, vrukshashaastram matrame meeku neerpinchagala mokkalu meeku teliyakapothe, mottam maargam yokka yogyata potundi; mariyu konchem vrukshashaastraanni neerchukunna tarvaata apadam daadaapu asadhyam anipistundi."anduvalla, aame kevalam oka pushpam-nischala-jeevana abhyasam kaadu, conny sahaja prapanchaanni vivarinchadaaniki saamskrutikamgaa avagahana, shaastreeya vidhanam.
elizabeth mariyu maerii raasina lekhalu sthaanika nipunulu mariyu collectorla tarachugaa gurtimpu laeni paatranu kooda velladistaayi. bhaaratheeyulu aameku aasakti kaliginche gwillim pakshulu mariyu itara sahaja vastuvulanu teesukuvacchaarani mariyu aame geeyagaladani aaa lekhalu namodu chestaayi. aame thana prajalanu sourcing cheyadaaniki, vaari samrakshananu nirvahinchadaaniki (paina perkonna "gouravaneeyamaina vruddhudu moor myaan" chudandi), mariyu vaari aavasalu mariyu pravartanapai samacharam kosam, adavilo vaatini gamaninchagala thana swantha saamarthyam parimitam ayi undedani, vaari naipunhyam meeda aadhaarapadindi.
maranam mariyu vaarasatvam.
december 1807loe agnaata kaaranaalatoo gwillim maraninchaadu mariyu december 21,1807naa seyint loe khananam cheyabaddaadu. madraaslooni maerii charchi, aame samadhi chihnanni kaligi undhi. aame bhartanu taruvaati samvatsaram vivaadaaspada paristhitulalo kortu nundi tirigi pilipinchaaru mariyu maereetho kalisi cape off good hope dwara inglaandku tirigi vacchaaru. 1920la praarambhamlo landanlooni oka private book dealer nundi mcgill vishwavidhyaalayamloni block wood library vyavasthaapakudu, casey albert wood, vaatini pondhe varaku aaa samayam nundi paintings jeevitam teliyadu, akkada avi neelamaaligaloo marchipoyaayi. chekka pedda, dhooli kappabadina gwillim pakshula portfolionu, alaage chepalu mariyu puvvula shrenini konugolu chesindi. london dealer vaatini chaalaa samvatsaraala kritam "desamlo ammakaniki" loe konugolu chesinatlu matrame marinta rujuvu samacharam.
pakshi drushtaamtaala charitralo gwillim sthaanampai, wood ilaa vraasaadu "idhi americanla garvinchadagina nammakam, naatho sahaa, idhi maa aaduban anie modata atipedda pakshula puurti podavaina chitraalanu, mariyu khachitamgaa maga mariyu aada adavi turkey, washington eegil modalaina chitraalanu tayaaru chesindi., mariyu enugu folio vaati khachitamaina punarutpatti aaa vaadananu samarthistundi. ayithe, asalu pakshulaku sambandhinchinantavaraku, ippudu manam arachetini laedii gwillimku ivvali, naaku telisinantavaraku, 35 angulaala kante ekkuva podavu unna gananeeyamaina sankhyalo pakshula puurti-parimaana mariyu khachitamaina chitraalanu chithrinchina modati kalaakaarini-archithologist."terrens maikhel short aame kalaakrutulanu" "asea pakshulalo ippativaraku chesina atyuttamamainavi" "anie pilicharu".
pradarsana charitra.
1927 octoberulo ottavalo jarigina american pakshula saastravettala union nalabhai-naalugo samavesam kosam victoria memorial museum (ippudu kenadian museum off nature) loe jarigina samuuha pradarsanalo gwillim yokka pani yokka mottamodati pradarsana jarigindi. gwillim yokka panini pradarsinche itara samuuha pradarsanalalo 1975loe raayal ontario museum yokka kalalo jantuvulu mariyu 1977loe glenbo-alberta institute yokka pakshula vaeta unnaayi.
oshawa, antarioloni robbert maclaulin gallery, 27 mae-22 juun 1980 nundi 60 gwillim chitraala modati mariyu ekaika solo pradarsananu pradarsinchindi. kenadian pakshi shaastravetta mariyu kalakarudu terrens maikhel short sahakaaramtho allan vakinsha roopondinchina eee pradarsana mariyu daani jabita itara prarambha british prakruti saastravettalalo gwillimnu alaage neeti rangula prajaadaranaloo oka teevramaina maadhyamgaa kaligi undhi. thana adhyaayamlo, short thana pakshula vivaraalapai, mukhyamgaa vaati eekalu, gwillim yokka shaastreeya drushtini paerkonnaadu mariyu "1800 kii mundu yea kalakarudu gwillim pakshulalo velladaina terrilography yokka sannihita avagahananu pradarsinchaledu" anie paerkonnaadu."
gwillim project.
elizabeth gwillim gwillim project kaaranamgaa 2019-2020 loe noothana vidvaamsudi drushtini chusindi. eee antarjaateeya project mcgill vishwavidyaalayam library yokka arudaina pustakaalu mariyu sekaranala vibhagam (gwillim sekarana block wood sekaranalo bhaagam), norwich, yukeloni dakshina asea sekarana (idhi pradhanamgaa maerii syndands kuu aapaadinchabadina madras albumnu kaligi undhi), torantoloni aagaa khaan museum mariyu chennailooni dakshinachitra museum, kenada, us, yuke mariyu bharatadesamloni panditula network sahakaaramtho bhagaswamyamga undhi. eee gwillim prajectuku kenada yokka saamaajika saastraalu mariyu maanaveeya saastraala parisoedhanaa mandali nidhulu samakuurchindi.

