
kilwa sultanet

kilwa sultanet anedi kilwa (aadhunika kaalamlo oka dveepam, tanzanialoni lindi praantamlooni kilwa jilla) vadda kendrikrutamai unna oka sultanet, dheeni adhikaram, daani ettulo, swahili teeram mottam vistarinchi undhi. puraanaala prakaram, dheenini 10va sataabdamloo pertian yuvaraju allie ibn all-husson shiraji sthaapinchaaru.
charitra.
kilwa charitra AD 960-1000 chuttoo praarambhamavutundi. puraanaala prakaram, allie ibn all-husson shiraji parshiyaaloni shiraz palakudiki chendina eduguru kumaarulalo okaru, athani talli abyssinian baanisa. thana tandri maranam taruvaata, aleeni athani sodarulu athani vaarasatvam nundi tarimikottaaru. hormuz nundi bayaludaerina allie ibn all-husson, athani kutumbam mariyu anucharula chinna samuuham modata thoorpu africa teeramloni pradhana vaanijya nagaramaina mogaadishuku vellaaru. ayithe, allie nagaramloni somali unnatavargamto kalisipovadamlo viphalamayyaadu mariyu atanni ventane aaa nagaram nundi kooda tarimikottaaru.
africa tiiraanni nadipistuu, allie sthaanika baantu nivaasula nundi kilwa dveepaanni konugolu chesinatlu chebutaaru. oka vruttaantam () prakaram, kilwa modata pradhana bhuubhaagam bantu raaju 'almuli' yajamanyamlo undedi mariyu takkuva aatupotla samayamlo kanipinche pradhana bhuubhaagaaniki oka chinna bhuu vantena dwara anusandhaaninchabadindi. dveepam yokka chuttukolatanu cover cheyagala rangu vastraaniki daanini allie ibn all-hasanku vikrayinchadaaniki raaju angeekarinchaadu. conny taruvaata raaju manasu maarchukuni, daanini tirigi teesukoovadaaniki prayatninchinappudu, pertianlu bhuu vantenanu tavvaaru, kilwa ippudu oka dveepamgaa maarindi.
marchi 29,2023naa prachurinchabadina oka janyu adhyayanam, swahili teeramloni madhyayuga nivaasula vai-chromosomal dnalo gananeeyamaina iranian-muulam puurveekula unikini dhruveekarinchindi, pertian-mishrama kathanam yokka amsaalaku balamgaa maddatu ichindi.
kilwa yokka aakasmika sthaanam dheenini mogadishu kante chaalaa merugaina thoorpu african vaanijya kendramgaa chesindi. idhi pertia, arabiato sahaa marinta uttaraana nundi chaalaa mandhi vyaapaarulu, valasadaarulanu aakarshinchadam praarambhinchindi. koddi samvatsaraalalo, sameepamloni mafia dveepamlo upagraha sthaavaraanni erpaatu cheyadaaniki taginanta peddadigaa eee nagaram undindi.
vaanijya kendramgaa kilwa aavirbhavam okappudu thoorpu africa teeramlo mogadishu aadhipatyaanni savaalu chesindi. allie tommidava varasudu suleiman husson (mariyu kilwa yokka 12va palakudu, c. 1178-1195), mogaadishanla nundi dakshinaana unna sophala nagaranni swaadheenam chesukunnadu. goppa zimbabwe mariyu lopali bhaagamlo monomatapatho bangaaram mariyu dantaala vaanijyaaniki sampanna sophala pradhana kendramgaa undedi. sophala samuparjana kilwa sultaanlaku bangaaru aadaayaanni teesukuvacchindi, idhi vaari vistaranaku aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki mariyu thoorpu africa teeram antataa vaari adhikaaraalanu vistarinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
15va sataabdamloo daani adhikara parakashtalo, kilwa sultanet pradhana bhuubhaaga nagaralaina maalindee, imhambane mariyu sophala mariyu mombassa, pemba, janjibar, mafia, comoro mariyu mosambic (inca aneka chinna pradaesaalu) dveepa-rashtraalapai aadhipatyam kaligi undhi ledhaa prakatinchukundi-mukhyamgaa ippudu dheenini tarachugaa "swahili teeram" anie pilustaaru.
madagaskar teeramlo chellacheduruga unna aneka chinna vaanijya sthaavaraalapai (appudu daani arabic paeru "chandruni dveepam" anie piluvabade) chaanal antataa kilwa aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi. uttaraana, kilwa yokka adhikaranni swatantra somali nagara-rashtraalu barawa (swayam paalita kuleena ganatantram) mariyu mogadishu (okappudu aadhipatya nagaram, kilwa yokka pradhana pratyarthi) tanikhi chesaayi. dakshinaana, kilwa yokka paridhi cape pravaahaala varaku vistarinchindi, dheeni krinda vaanijya noukalu saadhaaranamgaa prayaaninchae dhairyam cheyaledu.
kilwa sultan anae okka vyakti sopanakramamlo agrasthaanamlo undagaa, kilwa sultanet kendrikruta rashtram kaadu. idhi vaanijya nagaraala samakhya, prati okkati daani swantha antargata unnatavargam, vaanijya sanghaalu mariyu vaanijya sambandhaalato undedi. sultan oka governor ledhaa paryaveekshakudini niyaminchavacchu, conny athani adhikaram kooda sthiramgaa ledhu-konni pradaesaalaloo (udhaa.zii. mosambic dveepam vanti sthaavaraalu) athanu sultan paerita nijamaina governor, ayithe sophala vanti marinta sthirapadina nagarallo, athani adhikaralu chaalaa parimitam, daani governor kante nagaraniki raayabaaritho samanamga undevi.
samajam mariyu aardhika vyavastha.
pertian kaalaneega udbhavinchinappatikii, vistrutamaina antar-vivaham, sthaanika bantu nivaasula marpidi, taruvaata arab valasalu kilwa sultanetnu nijamaina karige kundagaa marchai, idhi pradhana bhuubhaagam nundi jatiparamga udaaseenata kaligi undhi. iteevali puraatana dna adhyayanalu madhyayuga kaalamlo asea puurveekulu modata iraan nundi vacchaarani, asea mariyu african puurveekulu kaneesam 1,000 samvatsaraala kritam kalisipovadam praarambhinchaarani dhruvikarinchayi.
perso-arab mariyu baantu samskrutula misramam nedu swahili (aksharala, 'teerapraanta nivaasulu') anie piluvabade vilakshanhamaina thoorpu african samskruti mariyu bhashanu srushtinchina ghanata pondindi. edemaina, kilwa muslimlu (vaari jaathi emainappatiki) tarachugaa tamanu taamu "shiraji" ledhaa "arabbulu" anie, pradhana bhuubhaagamlooni maarani bantu prajalaku "janj" ledhaa "khafeerlu" ('aviswaasulu') anie piluchukuntaaru.
kilwa sultanet daadaapu puurtigaa bahya vaanijyampai aadharapadi undedi. samarthavantamgaa, idhi pattana sthaavaraala samakhya, mariyu sultanet sarihaddula lopala vyavasayam chaalaa takkuvagaa ledhaa edhee jaragaledu. pedda nagara janaabhaaku aaharam andinchadaaniki dhanyalu (pradhanamgaa chirudhanyalu mariyu biyyam), mamsalu (pasuvulu, poultry) mariyu itara avasaramaina saamaagrini lopali bantu prajala nundi konugolu cheyalsi vachindi. tiiraaniki chendina kilwan vyaapaarulu ippudu kenya, tanzania, mosambic mariyu zimbabwega unna baantu-aadhipatya ettaina praantaalalo market pattanaala abhivruddhini prothsahinchaaru. kilwan jeevana vidhanam madhyavartula vyapaarulugaa undedi, vaaru tayaaru chesina vastuvulanu (vastram modalainavi) digumati chesukuntu undevaaru.) arabia mariyu bharatadesam nundi, taruvaata vaatini ettaina market pattanaalalo bantu utpatti chesina vyavasaya vastuvula (dhanyam, maamsam) kosam vaari swantha jeevanaadhaaram mariyu viluvaina mudi padaarthaala (bangaaram, dantaalu modalainavi) kosam marchukunnaru.) vaaru tirigi asiaku egumati chestaaru.
dheeniki minahaayimpu kobbari thaati chettu. teeram antataa pandinche kobbari thaati, prati vidhamgaa kilwan jeevitaaniki pradhana aadharam-pandlaku matrame kakunda, kalapa, gaddi mariyu netaku kooda. kilwan vaanijya noukalu-bahiranga mahaasamudraalanu nadipe pedda layten-rigged dhoves nundi sthaanika ravana kosam upayoginche chinna "jambooks" varaku-saadhaaranamgaa kobbari thaati kalapa yokka cheelipoyina trunkla nundi, kobbari aaku mattingtho tayaaru chesina terachaapalu mariyu kobbari kobbari thoo kalisi unchina oodalu.
kilwa sultanet arabia, pertia mariyu hinduu mahasamudram meedugaa bharatadesaniki vistrutamaina vaanijyaanni nirvahinchindi. kilwa sultanet nundi vacchina naanhelu australialoni vessel deevula varaku kanugonabaddayi, ikkada prajalu nivasinchevaaru
aaa samayamlo yolangu. kilwan noukalu vesavilo bharatadesaniki, sheethaakaalamlo africaku tirigi velladaaniki kaalaanuguna ruthupavanaala gaalulanu upayoginchaayi. kilwan pailatlu asaadhaaranamaina naukayana khachitatvaniki prasiddhi chendaaru. porchugeesulu tama naukayana parikaraalanu, mukhyamgaa vaari akshaamsha karralanu chuusi aascharyapoyaaru, veetini vaaru tama sonta kante goppaviga bhaavinchaaru.
edemaina, kobbari kuttina kilwan noukalu cape pravaahaala chuttoo pramaadakaramaina neeru mariyu anoohyamaina himsaatmaka gaalulato dhairyamgaa undataaniki taginanta samudraaniki taginavi kaavu, kabatti aaa pradaesaaniki dakshinaana unna mottam praantaanni kilwan vyaapaarulu arudugaa prayaaninchaevaaru. kilwan vaanijya saamrajyamlo bhaagamgaa pariganinchabade atyanta dakshinaana unna sthaavaram imhambaane.
taggudala mariyu patanam.
daani taruvaati samvatsaraallo, kilwa sultanlu tama pratishtaatmaka mantrula (vajeerlu mariyu ameerlu) chetulloki ravadam praarambhinchaaru, vaaru raaja nirmaatala paatralanu pooshinchaaru, mariyu "vaastava" paalakulu, mariyu appudappudu tamanu taamu (ledhaa vaari kutumba sabhyulalo okaru) simhaasanampai kuurchoobettadaaniki prayatninchaaru, raaja raajavamsamto pootii paduthuu. atyanta vijayavantamaina vyakti bahusha ameer mohammed kiwabi, athanu oka samayamlo thanatho sahaa aneka mandhi sultanla dwara daadaapu rendu dasaabdaala paatu kilwanu paripaalinchaadu.
thana sudeergha 'paalana' loe, ameer mohammed thana menalludu husson ibn suleiman (munupati wazir kumarudu) thoo mallee mallee yuddham chesaadu. vaastavaaniki, mohammed hasannu sultanga niyaminchadaaniki rendusaarlu prayatninchaadu, conny adhi kilwa janabha nundi vipareetamaina pratighatananu edurkondi. chivariki, emirate mohammed raajyaangabaddhamaina hakku mariyu poura shanti prayojanaala drishtya, kilwa sultanlu ellappuduu raajavamsam nundi raavaalani, visierla kutumbaala nundi kaadani nirnayinchukunnadu. mohammed aaa panktini daadaapu chivari varaku pattukuni, husson aasayaalanu addaginchaadu.
ameeru mohammed thana maranaaniki mundu 1495loe raaja yuvaraju all-foodail ibn sulemaannu niyaminchina chivari sultan. mohammed padavini pondina vyakti, ameeru ibraheem (baroslo "meer habrahemo" anie pilustaaru, "abremo" gaa pilustaaru), kilwa velupala jarigina goppa yuddhamlo all-foodail pratishtaatmaka hasannu saasvatamgaa anichiveyadamlo sahayapaddadu. conny eee yuddham jarigina koddikaalaanike ameer ibraheem sultan all-fudailnu mosam chesi hatya chesinatlu chebutaaru. tananu taanu sultanga prakatinchukune badulu, ibraheem kevalam "ameer" anae birudutho adhikaranni chepattadu, mariyu munupati sultan suleiman (ibn mohammed) kumarudi paerita palananu amalu chestunnatlu paerkonnaadu.) paatha raajavamsam. eee raakumaarudini evaruu konnellugaa chudaledu ledhaa vinaledu anedi ameer ibraheenku chaalaa soukaryavantamgaa undedi.
ameer ibraheem yokka durakramana kilwalone kakunda saamanta nagarallo kooda digbhraantini edurkondi. ameer mohammed (aalasyamgaa) kilwa sultanetlo shanti kosam raajyaangabaddhamaina hakku yokka praamukhyatanu gurtinchaadu. ameer ibraheem yokka hantaka tirugubaatu daanipai kathinamgaa nadichindi. kilwa saamanta nagaraala sthaanika governorlalo chaalaa mandhi, ameeru mohammed mariyu raajavamsam vaari sthaanaalaku bandhuvulugaa ledhaa runapadi unnavaaru, ameeru ibraheem aakramananu angeekarinchadaaniki niraakarinchaaru mariyu vaari swantha nagara-raashtraalaku swatantra marganni roopondinchadam praarambhinchaaru. ameer ibraheem vraata bahusha kilwa nagaranni mariyu bahusha mosambic dveepaanni matrame cover chesindi.
portugeesu vaaru vachinappudu kilwa sultanet paristhiti daadaapu idhe.
portugees scout pero daa kovilha, arab vyapaarigaa maaruveshamlo, kilwa sultanet yokka podavu 1489-90 loe prayaaninchi, maalindee, kilwa mariyu sophala naukaasrayaalanu sandarsinchi, thana scouting nivedikanu lisbanku tirigi andinchaadu, kilwa sultanet paristhitini kontha vivaramgaa vivarinchaadu. vasco daa gaama aadhvaryamlo modati portugees noukalu, bharatadesaniki veltundagaa, 1497loe sultanetku cherukunnayi. portugees india aarmadaalaku staging postulugaa vaari sahakaranni pondaalani koorutuu daa gaama mosambic, mombassa mariyu maalindee kilwa saamantulanu sampradinchindi.
1500loe, 2va portugees india naukaadalam, pedro alvares kabral aadhvaryamlo, kilwanu sandarsinchi, ameer ibraheemtoo vaanijya, kootami oppandampai charchalu jarapadaniki prayatninchindi. conny ameer mosapoyadu mariyu etuvanti oppandam kudurchukoledu.
1502 naati baga saayudhamaina nalgava naukaadalam, mallii vasco daa gaama aadhvaryamlo, marinta neechamaina manasika sthithilo vachindi, samadhanam kosam vaddu anie teesukoovadaaniki ibbandi padindi. maalindee, mosambic mariyu anni mukhyamaina sophaalaato pratyeka oppandaalanu kudurchukunna porchugeesulu kilwanu bharinchadaaniki tama bhayankaramaina naukaadalaanni teesukuvacchaaru mariyu ameer ibraheem nundi gananeeyamaina kappam vasoolu chesaaru.
1500loe kaabraalto oppandam kudurchukunna emirate ibraheem thana adrushtaanni punaruddharinchadaaniki oka bangaaru avakaasaanni kolpoyada anie kondaru oohinchaaru, sagam swatantra saamantulanu tirigi thana niyantranaloki teesukuraavadamlo portugees naavikaadalam sahayanni pondhi undavacchu. kaneesam oka kilwan prabhuvu, oka nirdishta mohammed ibn rukn adh dhin (poorchugeesuku mohammed arcon anie pilustaaru), poorchugeesutoo pottu pettukoovaalani ameer ibraheenku khachitamgaa salaha icchaadu (mariyu athani badhala kosam, poorchugeesuku bandeegaa vadiliveyabaddaadu, ameer atanini tirigi vimochana krayadhanamgaa ivvadaaniki niraakarinchaadu-atanni daa gaama kopaniki guricheyadaaniki anumatinchaadu).
idhi mugisinappudu, saamantulu poorchugeesulanu okkokatigaa, sultanet nundi saasvatamgaa vidipovadaaniki upayoginchaaru. 1497loe poorchugeesulanu aalinganam chesukunna mottamodati maalindee palakudu, oka kuutamini erpaatu chesaadu (ekkuvagaa mombassaku vyatiraekamgaa nirdesinchabadindi). ameeru ibraheem tirugubaatu taruvaata, sophaalaaku chendina paalaka shake isaf (baroslo youf, goslo youf; athanu divangata ameeru mohammed menalludu) nuu vidipovalani oppinchadam khachitamgaa kashtam kaadu. athanu 1502loe poorchugeesutoo oka oppandampai santakam chesi, 1505loe sophalalo portugees karmagaram mariyu koota nirmaanaaniki anumatinchadam dwara daanini anusarinchaadu.
1505loe francisco dii almeda thana naukaadalaanni kilwa naukaasrayamloki teesukuvacchi, ameer ibraheemnu nagaram nundi tarimikottadaaniki sumaru 500 mandhi portugees sainikulanu dimpindi. almeda portugees saamantudigaa paina perkonna mohammed aarkonnu simhaasanampai sthaapinchaadu. raajyaangabaddhamaina hakkulanu gurthuchesukuntu, divangata sultan all-foodail kumarudu maikante thana niyaminchabadina varasudiga undaalani arcon pattubattaru. porchugeesulu kilwapai oka kotanu (koota santiago) nirminchi, pedro ferriera phogaka aadhvaryamlo, vastuvulapai nigha unchadaaniki oka rakshana dalamnu vadili vellaaru.
portugees palanaku antagaa swaagatam labhinchaledu. mukhyamgaa sultanet meeda portugees vaanijya chattalanu vidhinchadam, portugees noukalu minaha anni pradhana teerapraanta pattanaalaku vaanijyaanni nirvahinchadaanni nishedhinchadam-mukhyamgaa aneka pramukha kilwan vyaapaarulanu vyaparam nundi tolaginchadam.
portugeesu vaaru ekkuva kaalam undaledu. 1506 mae nelaloo, mohammed aarkonnu tyrendicande (ameer ibraheem bandhuvu) shake pralobhapetti hatya chesaadu. mundugaa erpaatu chesina vaarasatva niyamam prakaram, maikante simhasananni adhishtinchaadu. conny phoga, maikante aarohanaku ameer ibraheem yokka paatha vargam maddatu istundani chuusi, athanu portugees tholubommagaa cheyanani nirdhaarinchaadu. tatphalitamgaa, athanu maikantenu tolaginchi, arcon kumarudu hussen ibn muhammadnu kotta sultanga niyaminchaadu.
kilwa nagaramlo gandaragolam chelaregindi. maikante (mariyu ameer ibraheem) yokka pakshapaatulu nagaramlo chaalaa bhaganni swaadheenam chesukunnaru, sultan hussen (mariyu arcon yokka pakshapaatulu) portugees koota santiago aasrayaanni pondadaaniki prerepinchaaru. veedhullo poraatam, ventane mantalu chelaregaayi. gandaragolamlo, kilwan nivaasitula pravahalu nagaram nundi paaripoyi, aacharanatmakamgaa nirjanamgaa migilipoyayi, konni tirugutunna pakshapaata mutaalu mariyu bhayapadina portugees dalam tappa.
bhaaratadesamlo kilwan gandaragolam gurinchi vinna portugees vaisray almeda eee vishayampai vichaarana cheyadaaniki magistrate nuno waz pereeraanu pampaadu. 1506 chivarilo vacchina pereira, pootiiloo unna sultanlu maikante mariyu hussenlanu samavesaparichi, vaari kesulanu samarpinchamani koraadu. pereira hussenku anukuulamgaa paalinchi, atanni sultanga dhruvikarinchaadu, conny janaadarana laeni commander phogakanu upasamanam cheyadam dwara mariyu kilwa shippingpy vaanijya aankshalanu ettiveyadam dwara debbanu tagginchaadu.
kilwan saranaarthulu tirigi vacchi kontha saantini tirigi praarambhinchaaru, conny kluptamgaa matrame. endukante hussen thana tandri hatyaku prateekaaram teerchukoovadaaniki, alasataku vyatiraekamgaa kilwan sainyanni nadipinchadaaniki daanini thana talapai unchaadu. aaa pattanam krooramgaa dhvamsam cheyabadindi, aneka mandhi khaideelanu teesukuvellaaru. hussen appudu kilwa sultanet looni anni saamanta nagaralaku dhoothalanu pampaadu, vaarini vidheyataku tirigi raavaalani aadesinchaadu, lekapothe adhe vidhini edurkontaadu.
hussen yokka daurjanyam thoorpu aafrikaalo portugees prayojanaalanu pramaadamloo padestundane bhayamtho, vaisray almeda pereira nirnayaanni tippikotti, hussennu tolaginchi, maikaantnu tirigi niyaminchaadu.
paalakulu.
kilwa sultanet paalakula kalakramam 16va sataabdamloo poorchugeesulooki anuvadinchabadina oka vruttaamtamloo nivedinchabadindi, mariyu charitrakaarudu jovo dii baros namodu chesaaru. 16va sataabdam praarambhamlo oka teliyani rachayita raasina, 1862loe shake moheddin (ledhaa kosam) sankalanam chesina maroe charitra (janjibar chronicle) migili undhi.) janjibar. barolu mariyu janjibar charitra ellappuduu okadaanitoe okati ekibhavinchavu. eee krindivi daani roopurekhalalo barolanu anusaristaayi, conny janjibar charitra nundi vivaraalanu nimputaayi. pradhanamgaa baros yokka vruttaamtamloo ivvabadina pratyaamnaaya aksharakramalu mariyu maaruperlu italyxlo unnaayi. teedeelu aarohanaku sumaru samvatsaraalu.
shiraji shakam.
pertian shiraji raajavamsam mugimpu c. 1277, yemeni arab sayyidla mahdali raajavamsam prarambham, ledhaa janjibar charitra "abu all-mawaib kutumbam" anie pilustundi.
mahadali yugam.
mahadali raajavamsam mugimpu c. 1495, duraakramanadaarulu mariyu portugees tholubommala shreni prarambham.
australiaku saadhyamaina link.
1944loe, uttara bhuubhaagamlooni vessel dheevulalo atipedda dveepamaina marchinbar dveepamlo tommidi naanhelu kanugonabaddayi. 1690 nundi 1780 varaku naalugu naanhelu dutch yugalageetaalagaa gurtinchabaddaayi, arabic saasanaalatoe kuudina aidu kilwa sultanetku chendinavigaa gurtinchabaddaayi. eee naanheelanu ippudu australialoni sidneylooni power house museum vadda unchaaru. 2018loe kilvaaku chendinadigaa bhaavinche maroe naanem, maroka vessel deevulaina elcho dveepamlooni oka beachlo kanugonabadindi.
muulaalu.
briell, ii.ess., fleesher, zhe., wine-johns, ess. modalainavi. swahili teeramloni madhyayuga prajala african mariyu asea janyu muulaalu mudipadi unnaayi. prakruti 615,866-873 (2023). HTTPS:// doi.org/10.1038 s 41586-023-05754-w.

