
coldrum podavaina baaro

coldrum raallu mariyu adscombe raallu anie kooda piluvabade coldrum podavaina byaaro, aagneya aangla county kent looni tratiscliffe graamaaniki sameepamlo unna oka gadhi podavaina byaaro. bahusha kristupurvam naalugo sahasraabdiloo, britton prarambha noothana silaayuga kaalamlo nirminchabadinadi, nedu idhi shidhilaavasthalo matrame manugada saagistondi.
airopa khandam nundi britanku vyavasayam pravesapettina koddikaalaanike matasambandhamaina samajalu eee smaaraka chihnanni nirminchaayani puraavastu saastravettalu nirdhaarinchaaru. kotta raathi airopa antataa vistrutamgaa vyaapinchina podavaina byaaro bhavanam yokka nirmaana sampradaayamlo bhaagamgaa, coldrum raallu ippudu medway megalithlu anie piluvabade medway nadhi sameepamlo utpatti cheyabadina barros yokka sthaanika praantiiya roopaantaraaniki chendinavi. veetilo, idhi atyuttama manugadalo unna sthithilo undhi. idhi nadiki paschima vaipuna audington podavaina byaaro mariyu chestnuts podavaina byaaro rendintikee sameepamlo undhi. migili unna maroe rendu podavaina barolu, kitt yokka kooti house mariyu little kitt yokka kooti house, alaage savapetika raayi mariyu tella gurrapu raayi vanti manugadalo unnavi medway yokka thoorpu vaipuna unnaayi.
bhoomi mariyu sumaru yaabhai sthaanika sarsen-raathi pedda silalatoe nirminchina eee podavaina barolo kerb-raallatho chuttabadina upa-deerghachaturasraakaara matti kanupulu undevi. tumulus yokka thoorpu chivaralo oka raathi gadhi undedi, dheenilo prarambha noothana silaayugamlo kaneesam rendu ververu sandarbhaallo maanava avasheshaalu nikshiptam cheyabaddaayi. eee avasheshaala yokka osteoarcheological vislaeshanhaloo avi kaneesam padihedu mandhi vyaktulavi, purushulu, mahilalu mariyu pillala misramam anie telindi. khananam cheyadaaniki mundu kaneesam oka mrutadehaanni mukkalu mukkaluga chesaaru, idhi antyakriyala sampradaayamaina avataaram mariyu rendava khananam yokka pratibimbistumdi. itara barola maadirigaane, koldramnu mrutula avasheshaalanu unchadaaniki oka samadhiga ardham chesukunnaru, bahusha puurveekula aaraadhanatho kuudina vishwaasa vyavasthalo bhaagamgaa, puraavastu saastravettalu dheeniki marinta mataparamaina, aachara mariyu saamskrutika ardhaalu mariyu upayogaalu kooda undavacchani suuchimchaaru.
prarambha noothana silaayuga kaalam taruvaata, podavaina baaro padubadina shidhilaavasthaloki padipoyindi, bahusha madhyayuga kaalam chivaralo kraistava vigraharadhana ledhaa nidhi vetagallache uddeshapoorvakamgaa vidhvamsam cheyabadi undavacchu. sthaanika jaanapada kathalalo, eee pradaesam yuvaraju khananam mariyu lekkalenanni raalla muulaamsamtoe mudipadi undhi. eee shidhilaalu 19va sataabdamloo puraavastu parisoedhakula aasaktini aakarshinchagaa, puraavastu tavvakam 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo jarigindi. 1926loe yajamanyam national trust anae heritage chaariteeki badilee cheyabadindi. edaadi podavunaa sandarsakulaku etuvanti rusumu lekunda terichi unna eee raallu oka raag chettu, mae day morris nrutyam mariyu vividha aadhunika anyamata acharala pradaesam.
paeru mariyu sthaanam.
coldrum raallaku sameepamloni polamaina coldrum ladge paeru pettaru, idhi appati nundi koolchiveyabadindi. eee smaaraka chihnam aagneya aangla county kent looni sameepamloni tratiscliffe graamaaniki eshaanyamlo "chaalaa vivikta pradaesamloe" undhi. yaatrikula maargam anie piluvabade charitrapurva maargam nundi kooda eee pradaesam undhi. kaalinadakana matrame cherukune coldrum laine anie piluvabade maargam venta samadhini cherukovacchu. coldrum laenku sameepa kaaru parking tratiscliflo pinesfield laenloo chudavachu. audington graamam undhi 
 dhooramgaa.
sandarbham.
prarambha noothana silaayuga kaalam british charitralo viplavaatmaka kaalam. kristupurvam 4500 mariyu 3800 madhya, british dheevulalo nivasinche samajalu vyavasayanni tama praathamika jeevanadharamga sweekarinchadamtho, munupati madhyaprastarayugam yokka lakshanaalanu kaligi unna vaetagaadu-sekarinche jeevanasailini vidichipetti, jeevanasaililo vistrutamaina maarpunu chusindi. idhi khandantara european samaajaalato parichayam dwara vachindi; valasadaarula pravaham ledhaa khandam nundi vyavasaya saanketika parignaanaanni avalambinchina swadeshi madhyaraatiyuga britainlaku idhi enthavaraku aapaadinchabadutundo aspashtamgaa undhi. thames nadhi odduna unna daani sthaanam mariyu khandaniki sameepamlo unnanduna, aadhunika kent praantam khandantara european sthiranivaasulu mariyu sandarsakula raakaku keelakamgaa undedi.
britton appudu ekkuvagaa ataveepraantamgaa undedi; kaamsya yugam chivari varaku (cree. puu. c.1000 nundi 700 varaku) kentlo vistrutamaina atavee tolagimpu jaragaledu. medway nadhi sameepamlo unna tellani gurrapu raayi sameepamlo unna paryaavarana samacharam, eee praantam ippatikee prarambha neolithiclo ekkuvagaa adavulatho nindi undhi, ook, buudida, hazel/alder mariyu amigdaloidae adavulatho kappabadi undhi anae aalochanaku maddatu istundi. britanloni chaalaa varaku, eee kaalam nundi trunadhaanyaalu ledhaa shaashwata nivaasaalaku chaalaa takkuva aadharalu unnaayi, puraavastu saastravettalu dveepam yokka prarambha noothana silaayuga aardhika vyavastha ekkuvagaa pasuvula pempakampai aadhaarapadutuu, sanchaara ledhaa pakshika sanchaara jeevitaanni gaduputuu, pasuvula pempakampai aadhaarapadutuu, matasambandhamainadani nammutaaru.
medway megaliths.
paschima airopa antataa, prarambha noothana silaayugamlo maanavulu prakruti drushyamlo smaaraka nirmaanaalanu nirminchina modati kaalam gurtinchabadindi. eee nirmaanaalalo oka chivaralo nirminchina gadhi gala podavaina barolu, deerghachaturasraakaara ledhaa andaakaara matti tumuli unnaayi. eee gadulalo konni kalapatho nirminchabaddaayi, marikonni ippudu "pedda raatulu" anie piluvabade pedda raallatho nirminchabaddaayi. eee podavaina barolu tarachugaa samadhuluga panicheestaayi, mrutula bhouthika avasheshaalanu vaari gadilo unchutaayi. prarambha noothana silaayugamlo vyaktulu arudugaa ontarigaa khananam cheyabaddaaru, badulugaa vaari samaajamlooni itara sabhyulatho kalisi saamuuhika samaadhulalo khananam cheyabaddaaru. eee gadulu gala samadhulu prarambha neolithic samayamlo paschima european samudra teeram vembadi, aagneya speyin nundi dakshina sweeden varaku nirminchabaddaayi, chaalaa varaku british deevulanu akraminchayi; cree. puu. naalugo sahasraabdi modati bhaagamlo khandantara airopa nundi britanku nirmaana sampradaayam parichayam cheyabadindi. aadhunika turkeylo gobekli tep vanti raathi bhavanalu unnappatikee, avi vatiki mundu, gadulu gala podavaina barolu raatini upayoginchi manavjati yokka mottamodati vistrutamaina nirmaana sampradaayaanni kaligi unnaayi.
ippudu annee naasanamaina sthithilo unnappatikee, vaati asalu roopaanni nilupukokapoyinappatiki, nirmaana samayamlo medway megaalitlu britanloni atipedda mariyu atyanta drushyaparamgaa gambheeramaina prarambha noothana silaayuga antyakriyala smaaraka chihnaluga undevi. uttara diguva praantaala gundaa velletappudu nadhi madhya maargam venta samuuhamgaa, avi british dheevulalo atyanta aagneyamgaa unna peddaraatiyu smaaraka chihnala samuuhamgaa mariyu thoorpu inglandlo unna ekaika peddaraatiyu samuuhamgaa unnaayi. puraavastu saastravettalu brian philp mariyu mike dutto medway megaalithlanu kentlooni "atyanta aasaktikaramaina mariyu prasiddha" puraavastu pradaesaalugaa bhaavinchagaa, puraavastu shaastravetta paal ashbi vaatini "dakshina inglandlo eee rakamaina atyanta goppa mariyu aakattukune nirmaanaalu" gaa abhivarninchaaru.
medway megaalithlanu rendu ververu samuhaluga vibhajinchavachhuh okati nadhi medveku paschimaana mariyu marokati thoorpuna neelam ganta kondapai, rendu samuuhaala madhya dhooram mariyu madhya kolustaaru. paaschaatya samuuhamloo coldrum podavaina byaaro, addington podavaina byaaro mariyu chestnuts podavaina byaaro unnaayi. thoorpu samuuhamloo smaith yokka pedda raathi, kitt yokka kooti house mariyu chinna kitt yokka kooti house unnaayi, ayithe nadhi yokka thoorpu vaipuna unna vividha raallu, mukhyamgaa savapetika raayi mariyu tella gurrapu raayi kooda atuvanti nirmaanaalalo bhaagamgaa undavacchu. avanni oke samayamlo nirminchabadindaa ledhaa varusaga nirminchabadindaa anedi teliyadu, adevidhamgaa avi okkokkati oke vidhamaina paniteerunu kaligi unnaya ledhaa vaati upayogamlo sopanakramam undaa anedi teliyadu.
medway podavaina barolu annee oke saadhaarana design pranaalikaku anugunamgaa untaayi mariyu annee thoorpu nundi padmara aksham meeda samalekhanam cheyabadataayi. prati okkati dibba thoorpu chivara oka raathi gadini kaligi undhi, mariyu vaatilo prati okkati bahusha pravesha dwaaram chuttoo oka raathi mukhabhagam kaligi undavacchu. avi antargata ettulanu kaligi undevi, ivi britanloni itara gadulu gala podavaina barola kante podavainaviga undevi. eee gadulu, eocene shakam nundi isuka nundi erpadina, kent antataa sahajamgaa kanipinche dattamaina, kathinamaina mariyu mannikaina raayi ayina saarsento nirminchabaddaayi. prarambha noothana silaayuga nirmaanadaarulu sthaanika praantam nundi blaakulanu enchukuni, aapai vaatini nirminchaalsina smaaraka chihnaniki ravana chesevaaru.
medway megaalitlalo eee saadhaarana nirmaana lakshanaalu british dheevulalo marekkada pratyaksha samaantaraalu laeni balamaina praantiiya aikyatanu suuchistaayi. edemaina, nairuti britanloni cotswold-severn samuuham vanti prarambha noothana silaayuga podavaina barola itara praantiiya samuuhaala maadirigaane-coldrum yokka deerghachaturasraakaara aakaram, chestnut podavaina baaro yokka mukhabhagam mariyu addington mariyu kitt yokka kooti vadda podavaina, sannani dibbalu vanti vividha smaaraka chihnalalo vividha vilakshanhatalu kooda unnaayi. samadhulu vaati viniyoga samayamlo marchabadi, sweekarinchabadatam valla eee vaividhyaalu sambhavinchi undavacchu; eee drushtaamtamlo, smaaraka chihnalu mishrama nirmanaluga untaayi.
eee smaaraka chihnalanu nirminchina prajalu bahusha tamaku ippatike telisina mundugaa unna samadhi-punhyakshetraalache prabhaavitamayyaaru. aaa prajalu sthaanikamgaa perigara ledhaa marekkadi nundi medway praantaaniki marara anedi teliyadu. vaari nirmaana namuunaala saileekruta vislaeshanha aadhaaramgaa, puraavastu shaastravetta stewart piggat medway megalithla venuka unna pranaalika diguva deshaala chuttoo unna praantamloo udbhavinchindani bhaavinchaaru, ayithe thoti puraavastu shaastravetta glin daniel badulugaa adhe aadharalu scandinavia nundi prabhavanni chuupaayani nammadu. zaan hetch. badulugaa evans germanylo muulaanni mariyu ronald eff. vaari muulaalanu cotswold-serven megalithic samuuhamloo chudavachani jesup bhaavinchaaru. adhe praantamloo vaari sannihita samuuhaalu khandantara uttara airopa yokka peddaraatula samadhi-punyakshetra sampradaayaalanu gurtuchestayani ashbi paerkonnaadu, mariyu madhyaraatala peddaraatulu prarambha noothana silaayuga airopa antataa vistrutamgaa vyaapinchina sampradaayam yokka praantiiya abhivyakti anie nokki cheppadu. ayinappatikee, andubaatulo unna aadhaaraalatho khachitamaina muulam "soochinchadam asadhyam" anie ayana nokki chepparu.
design mariyu nirmaanam.
coldrum podavaina barolo modata oka sarasen raathi gadhi undedi, idhi takkuva matti dibbatho kappabadi undedi, idhi prostrate slablatho kappabadi undedi. anduvalla, eee smaaraka chihnanni moodu pratyeka lakshanaalugaa vibhajinchavacchani ashbi nokki chepparu gadhi, baaro mariyu sarsen raayi chuttoo. dheenini sumaru 50 raallatho nirminchaaru. eee baaro pranaalikaloo upa-deerghachaturasraakaaramgaa untundi mariyu sumaru podavu untundi. gadhi unna daani vistruta, thoorpu chivara, smaaraka chihnam kolustundi, irukaina, paschima chivara, idhi vedalpulo untundi. anduvalla, baaro anedi "kattirinchina cheelika aakaram".
coldrum raallaku baadhyata vahinche pedda raathi nirmaanadaarulu dheenini uttara diguvaku prakkane unna oka chinna sikharam paina unchaaru, mariyu nadhi medway vaipu thoorpu vaipu mukhamgaa nirminchaaru. idhi oka pedda linchet scorp anchuna undhi, ayithe nirmaanam samayamlo smaaraka chihnam nundi yea drushyaalu saadhyamayyevo nirdhaarinchadam kashtam, endukante sameepamlo entha dattamaina adavi undhi anae daanipai samacharam lekapovadam valla. eee praantam adhika adavulatho undakapothe, chuttupakkala prakruti drushyam yokka 360° veekshanhalu saadhyamayyevi. smaaraka chihnam yokka aksham uttara diguva mariyu medway loya rendinti vaipu suuchistumdi, idhi itara medway megaalithlanu pooli untundi. puraavastu shaastravetta sian killick, coldrum podavaina baronu sameepamloni sthaavaram drishtya nirminchi undavacchani, idhi "samaadhulalo jarige vedukalu mariyu acharala anubhavamlo keelaka karakamga undi undavacchu mariyu samadhi nirmaanakartalaku mariyu prakruti drushyaaniki madhya sambandhaanni kooda nirvachinchi undavacchu" anie suuchimchaaru."
coldrum podavaina byaaro itara medway megalithla nundi tulanaatmakamgaa verucheyabadindi; indulo idhi pratyekamainadi, migilina udaaharanalu rendu samuhaluga samuuhimchabaddaayi. maroka gadhi samadhi sameepamlo unde avakaasam undhi; thoorpu-padmara disatoe kuudina koolchiveyabadina, podavaina matti dibba challani raallaku uttaraana paavu mailu diguvana diguva diguva diguvana oka bolu loe undhi. idhi raallanu tolaginchi ledhaa khananam chesina atuvanti maroka smaaraka chihna avasheshaalanu suuchistumdi. koldramlaku dakshinaana unna aneka pedda saarasenlu naasanam cheyabadinappati nundi atuvanti samadhi yokka avasheshaalanu suuchimchavachchu.
gadhi.
lopali gadhi podavu mariyu vedalpulo kolustundi, ayithe idhi modata nirminchinappudu chaalaa peddadigaa undedi. gadhi antargata etthu kaneesam undi undedi. prastuta paristhitiloo, 
gadhi yokka uttara bhaagam rendu palakalatho roopondinchabadindi. okati podavugaa, lothugaa mariyu mandamgaa untundi;
marokati podavugaa, dadapuga lothugaa, mandamgaa untundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, gadhi yokka dakshina vaipu oke palakanu kaligi untundi, daani thoorpu chivara podavu, lothu mariyu mandamtho kolustundi.
gadhi yokka paschima chivara sumaru vedalpu, mandam mariyu chuttoo lothu gala slabto moosiveyabadutundi. gadhi yokka thoorpu chivaralo oka kuulipooyina, virigina slab undhi. vaalu diguvana unna deerghachaturasraakaara slab okappudu gadhi thoorpu chivaralo bhaagamgaa unde avakaasam undhi. gadhi chuttoo pyaak cheyadaaniki mariyu daani saarasenlaku maddatu ivvadaaniki flint raatini upayoginchinatlu tavvakaallo velladaindi; 20va sataabdapu punaruddharanalo idhi ekkuvagaa cementto bharti cheyabadindi, idhi raallu nitaruga nilabadataaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
britanloni west kennet long baaro mariyu wayland yokka smith vanti itara gadulu gala samaadhulalo spashtamgaa kanipinche vidhamgaa, gadhi mundu mukhabhagam unde avakaasam undhi. kitt yokka kooti house mariyu diguva kitt yokka kooti house vadda spashtamgaa kanipinchinatlugaa, gadhi paina oka portal raayi unde avakaasam undhi. smaaraka chihnam yokka thoorpu chivara vaalu nundi padipoyina pedda raathi palakalu chaalaa varaku eee mukhabhagam ledhaa dwaaram yokka bhagaluga undavacchu.
dibba mariyu kerb-raallu.
okappudu samadhini kappina matti dibba ippudu sumaru ettulo unna alala vale matrame kanipistundi. 19va sataabdamloo, samadhi yokka paschima chivaralo dibba ekkuvagaa undedi, ayithe 1920laloe diguva saarasenlanu bahirgatam cheyadaaniki tavvakam dwara dheenini tolaginchaaru. prarambha noothana silaayugamlo, dibba chuttoo oka kwari gunta undi, eee gunta lopalane ippudu kerb-raallu kuurchuni undavacchu.
samadhi chuttoo unna kerb-raallu kontha namuunaanu pradarsistaayi; uttara vaipuna unnavi ekkuvagaa deerghachaturasraakaaramlo untaayi, ayithe dakshina vaipuna unnavi chinnavi mariyu aakaaramlo chaalaa varaku kramarahitamgaa untaayi. bhougolika jaanapada raathi padakala nundi inupa raayi blaakulanu upayoginchi nirminchina anubandha podi raathi goda undavacchu, chestnuts podavaina barolo spashtamgaa kanipistundi. ituvanti raathi blaakulu arudugaa sahajamgaa sambhavistundatam valla, adhi travvabadi undavacchu.
smaaraka chihnam yokka paschima chivaralo unna kendra kerb-raallaloo okadaanipai mariyu smaaraka chihnaniki aagneyamlo unna kerb-raallapai rapidi mariyu meruguparachadam yokka putaakaara rekhanu chudavachu. eee sarasenlapy flint mariyu itara raathi goddali-bladelu padunu pettadam dheeniki kaaranamani cheppabadindi. raallanu nirminchadaaniki mariyu samadhini nirminchadaaniki upayoginche kalapa livarlu mariyu stratlanu kattirinchadaaniki mariyu chekkadaaniki eee saadhanaalanu padunu pettinatlu undavacchu. paschima kennet podavaina barolo, alaage stonehange vanti taruvaati charitrapurva smaaraka chihnalalo panimutlanu padunu pettadaniki ilanti aadharalu kanugonabaddayi.
ardham mariyu uddesyam.
britton yokka prarambha noothana silaayuga samajalu tama madhya silaayuga puurveekula kante mrutula aachaaraparamaina khananam meeda ekkuva praadhaanyata icchaayi. puraavastu saastravettalu dheeniki kaaranam, prarambha noothana silaayuga britanlu tama sajeeva vaarasula prayojanam kosam prakruti saktulatoe madhyavartitvam cheyagalamani nammi, mrutula aatmalanu poojinche puurveekula aaraadhanaku kattubadi undevaarani suuchimchaaru. puraavastu shaastravetta rabin holgate kevalam samadhuluga kakunda, medway megaalitlu "vaatini nirminchi, upayoginchina samaajaalaku saamaajika vidhini neraverchina mataparamaina smaaraka chihnalu" anie nokki chepparu. anduvalla, prarambha noothana silaayuga prajalu samaadhulloki pravesinchaarani soochinchabadindi-idhi devalayalu ledhaa punyakshetraalugaa rettimpu ayyindi-mrutulanu gowravinche aacharalanu nirvahinchadaaniki mariyu vaari sahayanni abhyardhinchadaaniki. eee kaaranamgaa, charitrakaarudu ronald hutton eee smaaraka chihnalanu vaati dwandwa uddesyaanni pratibimbimchaelaa "samadhi-punyakshetraalu" anie pilicharu.
britainlo, eee samadhulu saadhaaranamgaa prakruti drushyaanni chuustuu pramukha kondalu mariyu vaalulapai, bahusha vividha bhuubhaagaala madhya koodali vadda undevi. puraavastu shaastravetta carolin malone eee samadhulu "bhuubhaagam, raajakeeya vidheyata, yajamanyam mariyu puurveekula" gurinchi samacharanni teliyajese vividha prakruti drushya gurtulalo okatigaa panicheestaayani paerkonnaaru. eee samadhi-punyakshetraalu vividha tegala madhya praadaesika gurtulu anae aalochanaku chaalaa mandhi puraavastu saastravettalu sabhyatvaanni icchaaru; itarulu atuvanti gurtulu sanchaara pasuvula pempakam samaajaaniki peddagaa upayogapadavani vaadinchaaru. badulugaa avi pasuvula pempakam maargaala venta gurtulanu suuchistaayani soochinchabadindi. puraavastu shaastravetta richard broadley eee smaaraka chihnala nirmaanam bhoomipai niyantrana mariyu yajamanyanni gurtinche prayatnaanni pratibimbistumdani, tadwara vaetagaadu-sangraahaka madhyaraatiyugam nundi pasuvula pempakandaarula prarambha noothanaraathiyugaaniki maaradam dwara teesukuvacchina manastatvamlo maarpunu pratibimbistumdani suuchimchaaru. madhyaraatiyugam vetagallu ippatike pavitramgaa bhaavinchina pradaesaalaloo eee smaaraka chihnalanu nirminchinatlu itarulu suuchimchaaru.
maanava avasheshaalu.
gadilo maanava avasheshaalu unchabaddaayi, ivi pantommidava mariyu iravayyava sataabdam praarambhamlo antaraalalo kanugonabadi tolaginchabaddaayi. iravayyava sataabdam praarambhamlo jarigina tavvakaallo rendu ververu emuka niksheepaalu kanugonabaddayi, okkokkati oka raathi palakapai khananam cheyabaddaayi, okati marokati kante ettainadi. gadhi lopala chinna chinna panimutlu, chinna chinna kundalanu kooda khananam chesaaru.
janabha.
daani parimaanam mariyu fassels ladge vanti itara podavaina barolatho polikalanu parigananaloki teesukunte, coldrum samadhi vanda mandiki paiga vyaktula avasheshaalanu kaligi undavacchani ashbi suuchimchaaru. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo nirvahinchina tavvakaalu iravai rendu maanavula avasheshaalugaa nammabade vaatini kramabaddhamaina aavishkarana mariyu tolagimpuku daariteesaayi. eee avasheshaalanu raayal college off sarjanlaloni museum samrakshakudu surr orther keeth pariseelinchaaru. ayana 1913loe thana phalitaalanu sareeraala yokka vivechanaatmaka jaathi lakshanaalaku sambandhinchina oka patramlo prachurinchaaru. kraistava puurvapu kent prajalu kraistava kaalamlooni kentish vyaktiki saareerakamgaa chaalaa bhinnamgaa laeru" anae nirnayamtho ayana thana kaagitaanni muginchaaru.
21va sataabdam praarambhamlo, forensic tafonomist maikhel vaisaki netrutvamloni brundam eee emukalanu tirigi vislaeshimchimdi, dheeni phalitaalu 2013loe prachurinchabaddaayi. vaisaki brundam "colladrum janabha yokka janabha, khananam paddhatulu, aaharam mariyu jeevanaadhaaram mariyu kalakramam" gurinchi marinta telusukovadaaniki "osteological vislaeshanha, radiocarbon teedeela yokka biasian modeling mariyu carbon mariyu natrajani sthiramaina isotope vislaeshanha" nirvahinchindi. munupati teermaanaalanu vivadaspadamga paerkontuu, vaari nivedikalo kaneesa sankhya padihedu mandhi vyaktulugaa paerkonnaaru. veeru bahusha tommidi mandhi peddalu (bahusha aiduguru purushulu mariyu naluguru mahilalu), iddaru upa-peddalu (bahusha 16 nundi 20 samvatsaraala vayassu), naluguru pedda pillalu mariyu iddaru chinna pillalu (okaru aidu samvatsaraala vayassu, marokaru 24 nundi 30 nelala vayassu madhya) gaa gurtinchabaddaaru.
taanu pariseelinchina kapalam okadaanikokati saaruupya lakshanaalanu pradarsistundani keeth nammadu, dheeni ardham vaarandaruu "oka kutumbaaniki chendinavaaru-ledhaa saadhaarana santatiki chendina aneka kutumbaalaku chendinavaaru" anie suuchistumdi."britanloni itara podavaina barola nundi kapalam gurinchi ilanti pariseelanalu jarigaayi. osteoarchiologistlu martin smith mariyu megaon brickley dheeni ardham edainaa baroloni vyaktulandaruu oke kutumba samuuhaaniki chendinavaarani kaadu, endukante atuvanti bhaagaswaamya kapaala lakshanaalu kooda "saapekshamgaa chinna mariyu chellacheduruga unna janaabhaaku" anugunamgaa untaayi, dheenilo chaalaa mandhi prajalu parasparam sambandham kaligi unnaaru.
vaisaki brundam oka sandarbhamlo tappa migataa anni sandarbhaallo, emukala fracture padanirmaanaalu podi-emuka vichchinnaaniki anugunamgaa untaayani gurtinchindi.
purrelalo moodu vaaru himsanu anubhavinchaarani aadhaaraalanu pradarsinchaayi; oka vayojana mahilaku edama mundu emukapai nayam kaani gaayam undhi, anischita lingaaniki chendina oka vayojana mahilaku edama mundu bhaagamlo nayam kaani fracture undhi, mariyu rendava vayojana mahilaku kudi mundu bhaagamlo nayam cheyabadina depression fracture undhi.
avasheshaala isotope vislaeshanhaloo emukalu aneka itara dakshina british neolithic pradaesaalaloo kanipinche vaati maadirigaa δ13c viluvalanu kaligi unnappatikee, avi δ15n yokka gananeeyamgaa ekkuva viluvalanu kaligi unnayani, ivi kalakramena perigaayani velladaindi. eee daetaanu ardham chesukovadam kashtamgaa unnappatikee, parisoedhaka brundam eee vyaktulu janthu protein adhikamgaa unna bhusambandhamaina aaharaanni kaligi unnaarani, kalakramena manchineeti nadhi ledhaa nadeemukhapu aahaaraalato ekkuvagaa bharti cheyabadindani idhi pratibimbistumdani nammadu. samaadhilo khananam cheyabadina vruddhula vishayamlo, dantaala enamel ksheeninchindi mariyu kireetaala namaladam praantamloo dantaalu bahirgatamayyaayi.
maanava avasheshaala radiocarbon dating konnintini 3980-3800 kramaankanam cheyabadina bce (95 saatam sambhaavyata) ledhaa 3960-3880 cl bce (68 saatam sambhaavyata) madhya pradaesaaniki teesukuvacchinatlu suuchimchimdi. 60-350 samvatsaraala (95 saatam sambhaavyata) ledhaa 140-290 samvatsaraala (68 saatam sambhaavyata) viramam taruvaata, samadhi lopala maanava avasheshaala adanapu niksheepaalu cheyabaddaayani idhi suuchimchimdi. eee rendava dasha bahusha 3730-3540 Cal bc (95 saatam sambhaavyata) ledhaa 3670-3560 Cal bc (68 saatam sambhaavyata) loe praarambhamaindi.
maanava avasheshaala radiocarbon dating tappanisarigaa coldrum podavaina baronu nirminchadaaniki teedeeni andinchadu, endukante vyaktulu smaaraka chihnam nirmaanaaniki mundu ledhaa taruvaata kontakaalam maraninchi undavacchu.
postmortem deposition.
konni emukalapai (rendu femora, rendu innominetlu mariyu oka kapalam) cutt-maarkulu gurtinchabaddaayi, osteoarcheological nipunulu mrutadehaalu mukkalu mukkaluga undi, vaati jatacheyabadina snaayuvula nundi emukalanu tolaginchinanduna ivi postmortem cheyabadindani suuchimchaaru. konni emukalapai kotha gurtulu lekapovadam valla sareeram appatike pakshika kullipovadam ledhaa vichchinnam kaavadaaniki mundu mruduvaina kanajalalanu tolaginchadam jarigindani vaaru suuchimchaaru. cutt-markla khachitatvam eee vichchinnam jagrattagaa jarigindani suuchistumdi; "avi unmaada hacking ledhaa vichhedanam suuchimchavu."naramamsa bhakshyaniki sambandhinchina roganirdhaarananu osteoarcheologistlu bhaavinche pramaanaalu aevee emukalapai kanugonabadaledu.
eee kotha-gurtinchina maanava emukala kuurpu dakshina britanloni neolithic podavaina barolo nundi gurtinchabadina atipedda inca praatinidhyam vahistundi, ayithe west trump, iford, aldestrop mariyu haddenham vanti itara neolithic british saitla nundi vichchinnam kaavadaaniki ilanti aadharalu kanugonabaddayi. eee padaartham elaa abhivruddhi chendindanedaaniki rendu avakaasaalu unnaayi. modatidi, mrutula mrutadehaalu avasheshaalaku bahirgatam cheyabaddaayi ledhaa bahirgatam cheyabaddaayi, taruvaata samadhi lopala rendava khananam cheyabadindi. rendavadi, mrutadehaalanu samadhi lopalane punarvyavastheekarinche mundu, vaatini samaadhilo unchaaru, akkada maamsam kullipoyindi. eee acharalu itara aachaarabaddhamaina ledhaa aachaarabaddhamaina aachaaraalato kalisi undavacchu, dheeniki pratyaksha aadharalu manugada saaginchavu.
emukalapai syramic sherds vanti vruttiparamaina sidhilaalanu cherchadam eee pradaesaaniki pratyekamainadi kaadu, conny dakshina ingland nundi vacchina gadilo unna samaadhulalo saadhaaranam. kitt yokka kooti house vadda kanugonabadina oka udaaharana aadhaaramgaa, coldrum yokka gadhi yokka kantentlanu madhyastha slabla dwara compartmentalise chesi undavacchani ashbi bhaavinchaadu, ivi west kennet mariyu wayland yokka smith yokka side chhamberla maadirigaane panicheesaayi.
nashtam mariyu shidhilaavastha.
prarambha noothana silaayuga kaalam nundi migili unna anni pedda raathi samadhulu nirlakshyam mariyu vyavasayam yokka vidhvamsamtho badhapaddayi. coldrum raallu "kent yokka athi takkuva debbatinna peddaraatiyugala podavaina baronu" suuchistaayani ashbi paerkonnaadu, ayithe idhi kooda gananeeyamaina nashtanni chavichusindi, daani asalu nirmaanam nundi aaru sahasrabdaluga shidhilaavasthaku velli padipoyindi. atyanta pramukhamgaa, thoorpu vaipu ekkuvagaa koolipoyindi, okappudu byaaro vaipu pattukoodaaniki sahayapadina raallu vaalu diguvaku padipoyayi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, vaalu diguvana unna saarasenlu asalu smaaraka chihnamlo bhaagam kakapovachhu, conny sameepamloni polaallo dorikina raallu kaavacchu, veetini raitulu akkada jama chesaaru.
podavaina baronu tavvinappudu adhi oka sanghatanalo kramapaddhatilo naasanam cheyabadindani velladaindi, coldrum raalla vishayamlo kooda adhe jarigi undavacchani yashbi suuchimchimdi. baaro chuttoo unna kerb-raallanu koolchivesi, chuttupakkala unna guntalo sashtanga namaskaram chesi, 13va sataabdam chivaralo ledhaa 14va sataabdam praarambhamlo kraistavetara smaaraka chihnalanu tudichiveyaalani korukune kraistavulu khananam chesaarani ayana viswasinchaadu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, 1957loe chestnatlanu tavvina puraavastu shaastravetta zaan alegzander, medway samaadhulanu vaati lopala nidhi kosam vetukutunna dongalu naasanam chesaarani suuchimchaaru. saakshyamgaa, athanu 1237 naati daggari rolnu suuchimchaadu, idhi nidhi kosam vetakadaaniki white dveepamlo tumulini teravaalani aadesinchindi, eee paddhati adhe samayamlo kentku vyaapinchi undavacchu. alegzander kent loe vidhvamsam oka pratyeka commissioner dwara jarigi undavacchani nammadu, chestnuts vadda "dopidi yokka naipunhyam mariyu samagrata" sthaanika samajam bahusha sekarinchagala vanarulaku minchina vanarulanu avasaramayyela chesi undavacchani highlight chesaadu. taruvaati sataabdaalaloo, sthaanikulu dhoma chaak mariyu raayi kosam debbatinna coldrum samadhi meeda daadi chesaarani, taruvaata daanini nirmaana samagriga tirigi upayoginchaarani ashbi suuchimchaaru.
jaanapada kathalu, jaanapada sampradaayam mariyu aadhunika anyamatam.
1946 patrikalo jaanapada rachayita zaan hetch. coldrum raalla pradaesamloe yuddham jarigindani, daani gadilo oka "nalla yuvaraju" khananam cheyabaddadani sthaanika jaanapada nammakam unikilo undani evans namodu chesaaru. eee pradaesamloe mariyu itara medway megalithlalo jarugutunna yuddhaala kathalu sthaanika janabhalo swatantramgaa abhivruddhi chendaledani, conny tommidava sataabdapu "aanglo-saxon chronicle" loe namodu cheyabadina aidava sataabdapu ailsford yuddham eee praantamloo jarigindani namme "puraatana siddhaantaala nundi udbhavinchindani" ayana suuchimchaaru.
anni medway megaalitlaku vartinche sthaanika jaanapada nammakanni kooda evans namodu chesaaru, idhi "gatha taram varaku" vistrutamgaa vyaapinchindi; smaaraka chihnalalo raalla sankhyanu vijayavantamgaa lekkinchadam evarikee asadhyam. eee "lekkalenanni raalla" muulaamsam medway praantaaniki pratyekamainadi kaadu, mariyu britanloni aneka itara peddaraatula smaaraka chihnalalo chudavachu. dheeniki mottamodati vachana aadharam 16va sataabdam praarambhamlo oka patramlo kanugonabadindi, ikkada idhi wiltshireloni stonehange yokka raathi vruttaaniki vartistundi, ayithe 17va sataabdam praarambhamlo oka patramlo idhi kaarnvaalloni moodu raathi vruttaala samiti ayina visirina vaariki vartinchabadindi. idhi inglandlo vistrutamgaa vyaapti chendindani, alaage wales mariyu irelandlo okkokkati sambhavinchindani taruvaati recordulu velladistunnaayi. jaanapada rachayita ess. pii. eee pedda silaayugaalaku tamadaina jeevitaalu unnayani jeevasambandhamaina avagahanaku kaaranamani menifi suuchimchaaru.
medway megalitslo aneka aadhunika anyamata mataalu aacharinchabadutunnaayi, kaneesam 1980la chivari nundi coldrum raalla vadda anyamata karyakalapalu jarigaayi. eee anyamatasthulu saadhaaranamgaa eee pradaesaalanu puurveekula bhaavanatho mariyu avi "bhoomi shakti" yokka muulam anae bhaavanatho mudipettaru. matha vidvaamsudu ethan doil white vaadistuu, eee pradaesaalu mukhyamgaa puurveekulatoo sambandhaalanu kaligi unnayani ardham chesukunnaru, endukante avi kotta raathi prajalachae srushtinchabaddaayi, veerini aadhunika anyamatasthulu tama "sonta aadhyaatmika puurveekulu" gaa bhaavistaaru, mariyu eee pradaesaalu okappudu gadulu gala samadhulu, tadwara mrutula avasheshaalanu kaligi unnaayi, vaaru tamanu taamu puurveekulugaa bhaavinchi undavacchu. eee taruvaati dasalo, eee pradaesaalapai anyamata drukpathaalu paatha puraavastu vivaranala dwara roopondinchabaddaayi. anyamatasthulu eee pedda silalanu "bhoomi shakti" yokka muulaalanu gurtinche macchalugaa udaharinchaaru, ivi tarachugaa lii linelalo samalekhanam cheyabaddaayi, eee aalochana bahusha chivariki zaan michel vanti bhoomi rahasyaala pratipaadakula prachuranala nundi udbhavinchindi.
anyamatasthulu konnisaarlu ontarigaa ledhaa jantagaa eee pradaesaanni sandarsistaaru, akkada dhyanam cheyadaaniki, praardhinchadaaniki ledhaa acharalu nirvahinchadaaniki, mariyu kondaru akkada darsanaalanu anubhavinchinatlu nivedinchaaru. roharns grove anie piluvabade aadhunika druidic samuuham eee pradaesamloe, mukhyamgaa samvatsaramlo anyamata chakranni tayaaru chese enimidi pandugala samayamlo, kramam tappakunda aacharalanu nirvahistundi. eee colladrums anyamata aacharalanu kooda chushai; sirka 2000, akkada upavaasam-ledhaa wickon vivaha veduka jarigindi. oka anyamata samstha ayina oodinik aacharamlo oka sabhyudu, aaa samuuhaaniki sheetala raalla vadda tama "vrutti pramaanam" chesaaru, endukante akkada pratyekinchi saanukuula shakti undani vaaru bhaavinchaaru. eee pradaesamloe raajakeeya prerepita acharalu kooda jarigaayi. 1990la chivaralo, pagan link samstha yokka dakshina london saakha medway loya prakruti drushyam dwara chaanal sorangam railu anusandhanam nirmaanaanni nirodhinche viphala prayatnamlo coldrum raalla vadda oka aacharaanni nirvahinchindi. 2010la praarambhamlo maroka raajakeeya prerepita anyamata aacharam yodhudi pilupu dwara akkada nirvahinchabadindi, dheeniki vyatiraekamgaa "albian yokka saampradaaya aatmalanu" prerepinchadam dwara united kingdamlo fraakingnu nivaarinchadaaniki prayatnistunna oka samuuham.
21va sataabdam praarambhamlo, oka sampradaayam abhivruddhi chendindi, dheenilo hartley morris purushulu, oka morris nrutyam vaipu, "suuryudini paadataaniki" prati mae roeju tellavaarujaamuna eee pradaesamloe kalustaaru. indulo baanam paina unna raalla lopala pradarsinchabade nrutyaalu untaayi, taruvaata smaaraka chihnam diguvana pradarsinchabade paata untundi. uttaraana unna coldrum raallapai velaadutunna chetlu, vividha rangula vandalaadi ribbanlanu vaati kommalaku kattadamtho, chetlu kaagitapu chetlugaa marai. idhi kontamandi anyamatasthulu nimagnamayye jaanapada aacharam, ayinappatikee dheenini chaalaa mandhi itara vyaktulu kooda nirvahistaaru; oka anyamatasthuraalu aame thana chinna kodukutho chettuku ribbannu kattinatlu, merugaina bhavishyattu kosam korika teerchadaaniki mariyu "sthalam yokka aatma" kuu samarpanagaa anie cheppinatlu namodu cheyabadindi. 2014 praarambhamlo, pedda foothark varnamaalalo vraayabadina runic chekkadalu kooda eee chetla trunklapy spashtamgaa kanipinchaayi, norse devatala paerlanu thore mariyu oodin anie uchcharistaaru; veetini bahusha eee devatalanu aaraadhinche mataparamaina udyama sabhyulu ayina anyamatasthulu chekkaru.
puraatana mariyu puraavastu parisoedhana.
prarambha puraatana vivaranalu.
coldrum long baaro yokka mottamodati puraatana vruttaamtaalu eppuduu prachurinchabadaledu. 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo, gouravaneeyamaina gurthu, barming rector, "gentlemen magazine" kosam sait yokka pranaalikanu siddham chesaarani vaadanalu unnaayi, ayithe dheenini dhruveekarinchadaaniki kaapeelu utpatti cheyabadaledu. 1842 mariyu 1844 madhya, gouravaneeyamaina beal post "druidical avasheshaalu ett coldrum" nuu rachinchaaru, dheenilo athanu smaaraka chihnanni vivarinchaadu. aaa samayamlo idhi prachurinchabadaledu. eee pradaesaanni britton yokka inupa yugamloni druidlatho anubandhistuu, poste yokka suuchana emitante, "coldrum" anae paeru bhaashaasaastraparamgaa seltic "gayle-dunn" nundi udbhavinchindani, belgic adhipatulanu akkada khananam chesaarani. 1804 mariyu 1825 rendintiloonuu, purrelu eee pradaesamloe kanugonabaddaayani ayana nivedinchaaru. 1844loe thamus rait anae puraavastu shaastravetta coldrum raallu mariyu itara medway megaalitlapai "dhi archaeological journal" loe oka gamanikanu prachurinchaaru. rait vaari uniki gurinchi sthaanika vikar, gouravaneeyamaina lambert bii chetha heccharinchabadindi. lark chestu, athanitho vaarini sandarsinchadaaniki vellaadu. koldramlanu vivaristuu, rait aaa praantamlooni itarulaku "raalla chinna vruttam" gurinchi prastaavinchaaru, madhyalo "bhoogarbha chromelech" undhi. sheetalakarani nundi neerugaa kitt yokka kotti [sic] house anie piluvabade prasiddha smaaraka chihnam varaku nirantara raalla varusa pravahinchadam raitula sampradaayam" anie ayana annaru, eee nammakaniki prakruti drushyam antataa chellacheduruga unna vividha pedda kondalu kaaranamani paerkonnaaru.
1857loe, puraatana zhe. emm. gouravaneeyamaina larking sahayamtho aaa pradaesamloe travvakaalu jaripi, vaari parisoedhanala nivedikanu british archaeological association kendra kamiteeki andinchindi. smaaraka chihnanni raathi vruttamgaa abhivarnistuu, vaaru aaa pradaesamloe aanglo-saxon kundalanu kanugonnarani nokkichepparu, alaage coldrum raallu anie piluvabadatamtho paatu, smaaraka chihnaniki adscombe raalla paeru kooda undani paerkonnaaru, ivi antyakriyala kuppaku paatha aangla padam "yaad" thoo udbhavinchaayani kemble vishwasinchaaru. aagashtu 1863loe, rochesterlo vaaram rojula paatu samavesamaina puraavastu samstha sabhyulu, puraatana charless roach smith maargadarsakatvamlo eee pradaesaanni sandarsinchaaru. aaa samvatsaram, eee smaaraka chihnanni "seltic" raathi vruttam anie namme yorkshire puraatana charless moor jesope "gentlemen magazine" kaapeelo varninchaaru.
1869loe, puraatana puraavastu shaastravetta a. ell. levis modata aaa pradaesaanni sandarsinchaaru, mariyu chaalaa samvatsaraala kritam gadhi lopala ledhaa sameepamlo oka purre bayatapadindani, conny adhi gypsy anie vaaru vishwasinchaarani sthaanikulu teliyajesaaru. anumati lekunda gadhi madhyalo tavvina iddaru vyaktulu oka maanava asthipanjaraanni kanugonnarani, daani purre meopham vadda charchi praamganamloo tirigi khananam cheyabadindani taruvaata kathanam vivarinchindi. dhi journal off dhi anthropological institute off grate britton und ireland" loe prachurinchabadina 1878 note loe, chaalaa mandhi paryatakulu kitt yokka kooti housenu sandarsinchinappatikii, "chaalaa takkuva mandhi colderham ledhaa coldrum ladge vadda inca aasaktikaramaina raalla sekaranaku velataaru ledhaa vintaaru" anie levis paerkonnaaru. eee smaaraka chihnamlo "gadhi" mariyu "andaakaara" raallu rendoo unnayani, avi "rendu vibhina nirmaanaalu" anie suuchistumdani ayana nammadu. 1880loe, puraavastu shaastravetta flinders petri thana kentish bhookampaala jaabitaalo "coldreham" vadda raalla unikini chaerchaaru; munupati vyaakhyaata raallu andakaramlo unnayani varninchinappatikii, badulugaa gadhi chuttoo "deerghachaturasraakaara aavarana" erpadutundani varninchaaru. aaa taruvaata ayana smaaraka chihnam yokka oka chinna, praathamika pranaalikanu chaerchaaru.
aagashtu 1889loe, iddaru autsaahika puraavastu saastravettalu, georg payne mariyu eah. eah. arnold, eee smaaraka chihnanni chuusaaru, dheenini sthaanikulalo "coldrum raallu" mariyu "druid aalayam" anie pilustaaru; payne prakaram, "bhaarii raallu brumbles mariyu brushwoodtho enthagaa perigayo vaatini gurtinchalekapoyayi". athanu marusati samvatsaram tirigi vacchaadu, pedda kondalanu bahirgatam cheyadaaniki brushwoodnu kattirinchinatlu paerkonnaadu. thana 1893 pustakam "collectania cantiana" loe, payne dheenini 1844loe modatisaarigaa mudranalo vivarinchinappatikii, "appati nundi vaatini sarigga record cheyadaaniki ledhaa pranaalika cheyadaaniki evaruu ibbandi padinatlu anipinchadu", petri prachurinchina pranaalika yokka coppy thana librarylo undani asaadhaarana vaadana. eee kaaranamgaa, bhuswamy nundi anumati pondina taruvaata, athanu majer eah. oo. green, 1892 augustulo smaaraka chihnanni survey cheyadaaniki brompton vadda sarvelo bodhakudu. athanu puraavastu shaastravetta augustus pitt-riverse kuu kooda lekha raasaadu, puraatana smaaraka chihnala rakshana chattam 1882 prakaram coldrum raallanu chattabaddhamgaa rakshita pradaesamgaa schedule cheyamani prothsahinchaadu. payne coldrum raallanu "counteeloo daani taragatiloni atyuttama smaaraka chihnamgaa, mariyu prati samrakshana mariyu shraddhaku arhamainadigaa abhivarninchaadu."dheenini britanloni itara smaaraka chihnalatho polchinappudu, idhi nissandehamgaa" "samadhi muulaaniki chendinadi, britainpai roman aadhipatyaaniki puurva kaalaaniki chendinadi" "anie ayana paerkonnaaru"."audington podavaina baroku koldramnu anusandhaaninche raathi margalu unnayani payne oka jaanapada sampradaayaanni kooda paerkonnaadu, ayithe eee lakshanaaniki sambandhinchina bhouthika aadhaaraalanu taanu kanugonalekapoyanani jodinchaadu.
1904loe, georg clinch raayal anthropological institute yokka journal, "myaan" loe medway megalithlapy oka gamanikanu prachurinchaadu, dheenilo athanu coldrum raallanu "okesari mottam shrenilo atyanta visaeshamainadi mariyu athi takkuva telisinadi" anie paerkonnaadu."daani roopakalpana" "noothana silaayuga yugamlo chivari teedeeloo" "nirminchabadindani suuchistumdani suuchistuu, athanu pedda silaayugaalanu utpatti cheyadamlo unna panitanaanni stonehange vadda unna panitanamtho polchadu, ayinappatikee avi bhinnamgaa unnayani perkonnappatiki, coldrum raallu spashtamgaa" "oka samadhi kuppa" "nii suuchistaayi". chivariki, athanu puraatana smaaraka chihnala rakshana chattam 1900 kinda eee sthalaanni rakshinchaalani vignapti chestu thana gamanikanu muginchaadu. adhe sanchikalo, levis oka adanapu gamanikanu chaerchaaru, dheenilo athanu smaaraka chihnam okappudu matti tumulus thoo kappabadi undaalane aalochananu tiraskarinchaadu, endukante athanu "aaa rakamaina edainaa eppuduu unikilo undani etuvanti aadharalu kanipinchaledu", badulugaa athanu aaa sthalaanni raathi vruttamgaa ardham chesukunnadu, daanini avebury, arber loe mariyu stanton drallo unna udaaharanalatoo polchi, kendra gadhi oka mandiram anie suuchimchaadu.
puraavastu travvakaalu.
coldrum raallu aneka sandarbhaallo tavvabaddaayi. 1910 april 16naa, autsaahika puraavastu shaastravetta eff. zhe. audington podavaina baaro nundi gatamlo kanugonabadina neolithic raathi panimutlanu kaligi unna eee pradaesamloe bennet tavvakam praarambhinchaadu. athanu twaralone coldrum vadda "konni angulaala chaakilii matti kinda" maanava emukalanu kanugonnadu. athanu 1910 augustulo marinta tavvakam kosam aaa pradaesaaniki tirigi vacchaadu, esaari thana menakodalu mariyu aame bhartatho, iddaroo chroneologypy aasakti unna dantavaidyulu; aaa roeju vaaru maanava purre mukkalanu kanugonnaru, vaatini vaaru ekkuvagaa punarnirminchagaligaaru. konni rojula taruvaata athanu vaastusilpi ii thoo gadhi yokka vaayuvya muulaloe tavvakam cheyadaaniki tirigi vacchaadu. doubleu. filkins; aaa roeju, vaaru rendava purre, tadupari emukalu, oka chakachaka sadhanam mariyu kundala mukkalanu kanugonnaru. eee kundalu taruvaata aangla-saxon gaa gurtinchabaddaayi.
aaa nela taruvaata, georg payne mariyu eff. doubleu. paatakudu thana aavishkaranalanu charchinchadaaniki bennetnu kalisaadu. maroe iddaru aasaktigala autsaahika puraavastu saastravettalu, mister boyd mariyu miss harker sahayamtho, iddaroo mollingku chendinavaaru, september praarambhamlo tavvakam tirigi praarambhamaindi. 2009loe, puraavastu saastravettalu martin smith mariyu megaon brickley, travvakaalanu puurtigaa namodu cheyalane pitt-riverse salahanu bennet travvakaalu parigananaloki teesukunnaayani paerkonnaaru. bennet spashtamaina pranaalika mariyu vibhaga rekhaachitraalu, smaaraka chihnam yokka chaayaachitraalu mariyu sait erpaatu prakriyalanu parigananaloki teesukune jagrattagaa chesina prayatnaalanu andinchinatlu vaaru gurtinchaaru."eee smaaraka chihnam vyavasaya bhoomipai nirminchabadindani suuchistuu, thana prachurinchina nivedikalo, bennet" "golden boow" "loe maanava shaastravetta james frazer aalochanalanu udaharistuu, coldrum raallu" "oka samayamlo mokkajonna devuni aaraadhanaku mariyu vyavasaayaaniki ankitam cheyabadi undavacchani pratipaadinchaaru"."aaa pradaesamloe dorikina maanava avasheshaalu santanotpatti acharalalo champabadina maanava bully baadhitulu anie ayana nammadu; dheeniki viruddhamgaa, eevaans aaa pradaesamloe maanava bully jariginda anie" maaku telusukovadaaniki margalu levani "taruvaata paerkonnaaru.
1922 septembarulo, filkins mallee coldrum vadda tavvaaru, esaari graves end resident charless gilbert sahayamtho. vaari prajectuku british association mariyu society off anticaries andinchina nidhula dwara nidhulu samakuurchabaddaayi, filkins daani prarambha samayamlo, sait chuttoo "oka suukshma adavi" perigindani, daanini tolaginchaalsi undani paerkonnaaru. kaneesam 1926 varaku tavvakaalu appudappudu konasagayi. maanava avasheshaalu kanugonabaddayi, mariyu raayal college off sarjanlaku chendina surr orther keeth swaadheenamloki unchabaddaayi. 1939 mariyu 1945 madhya edho oka samayamlo eee pradaesamloe kanugonabadina maanava avasheshaalanu tratiscliffe looni charchi praamganamloo tirigi khananam chesinatlu kooda namodu cheyabadindi. eee tavvakam smaaraka chihnam chuttoo unna anni saarasenlanu velladinchindi, veetilo chaalaa varaku gatamlo khananam cheyabaddaayi. gadhi raallu concreat punaadulatoe koodi unnaayi, akkada filkins adhi avasaramani bhaavinchaaru. filkins tavvakam samagramgaa unnappatikee, idhi raathi randhraalu, raallanu pyaak cheyadam mariyu dibbatho vaati sambandhaanni vismarinchindi. 1998loe, "prastuta drukpatham nundi, [filkins tavvakaallo] lopaalanu chudatam saadhyamani" ashbi paerkonnaadu...] eee sataabdam prarambha bhaagamlo saadhaarana pramaanaala paramgaa, prasamsimchadaginavi chaalaa unnaayi."
national trust dwara nirvahana.
kent thoo vyavaharinchae thana 1924 prachuranalo, puraavastu shaastravetta oo. zii. ess. appudu aayudhaala survey kosam puraavastu adhikariga panichestunna crafford, itara medway pedda raatulato paatu coldrum raallanu jabita chesaaru. 1926loe, coldrum raallu national trustku ivvabaddaayi, idhi kentish puurva charitrakaarudu benzin haarisanku smaaraka chihnamgaa ankitam cheyabadina swachchanda samstha. dheenini gurtinchadaaniki oka falakaanni nirminchaaru, idhi porapaatuna smaaraka chihnanni raathi vruttam anie pilichindi; 1953loe puraavastu shaastravetta lessie grinsell "sameepa bhavishyattulo eee lopaanni sarididdavachani aasistunnaaru" anie abhiprayanni vyaktam chesaaru. ippatikee trust yajamanyamlo unna eee sait edaadi podavunaa sandarsakulaku uchitamgaa andubaatulo untundi. vaari websitelo, trust sandarsakulaku "byaaro paie nundi adbhutamaina drushyaalu" kosam chudamani salaha istundi. zaan hetch. eevaans eee pradaesaanni medway megalithlalo "atyanta aakattukunedi" gaa abhivarninchagaa, grinsell dheenini samuuhamloo "atyuttamamainadi mariyu atyanta sampuurnamainadi" gaa abhivarninchaaru.
tama aachara karyakalapala kosam coldrum raallanu upayoginche anyamatasthulalo, sait yokka trust nirvahanato saadhaarana santrupti undhi, ayithe vikalanga sandarsakulaku paelavamaina praapyatapai kontha niraasa undhi. smaaraka chihnam madhyalo unna gaddipai kaalina matti yokka oka bhaagam undhi, bahusha anyamatasthulu mariyu anyamatasthulu kaani vaaru upayoginchavacchu, mariyu aaa pradaesaaniki baadhyata vahinche trust warden daanini vittanaalu veyadam kante akkade vadiliveyaalani nirnayinchukunnadu, tadwara telikapati mantalu vese evarainaa raallaku daggaragaa kakunda adhe pradaesamloe alaa cheyamani prothsahinchadaaniki. sandarsakulu vadilipettina chettha kaaranamgaa kooda eee pradaesam samasyanu edurkontondi, eee pradaesaanni kramam tappakunda sandarsinche anyamatasthulu dheenini subhraparustaaru.

