
nassa vyomagaami brundam 2

tadupari tommidi mariyu kotta tommidi anie kooda piluvabade nassa vyomagaami samuuham 2, national aeronautics und space administration (nassa) empika chesina vyomagaamula rendava samuuham. vaari empikanu 1962 septembaru 17naa prakatinchaaru. samuuham paadarasamnu edu penchindi. adhyakshudu zaan eff. dasaabdam chivari natiki chandrunipai oka manishini unchaalane pratishtaatmaka lakshyamtho, 1961 mae 25naa kennedy apolo prajectnu prakatinchindi, iddaru vyaktula jemini antariksha noukanu mariyu mugguru vyaktula apolo antariksha noukanu eguraveyadaaniki marinta mandhi vyomagaamulu avasaramayyaru. mercurie seven anedi kakshyalo prayaaninchae saralamaina panini saadhinchadaaniki empika cheyabadindi, conny antariksham kalise pradaesam mariyu chandrunipaiki digadam vanti kotta savaallu adhunaatana injaneering degreelu (tommidi mandiloo naalugintiki) alaage test pailat anubhavam unna abhyardhula empikaku daariteesaayi.
tommidi mandhi vyomagaamulu neel armstrang, fraank borman, peat kanrad, zim lavel, james mcdivit, elliot sea, tomm stafford, edd white mariyu zaan young. tadupari tommidi mandhi poura pareeksha pailatlanu cherchina modati vyomagaami brundamha chudandi general electric kosam eguravesaaru, mariyu armstrang nassa kosam x-15 racketto nadiche vimananni eguravesaaru. tommidi mandiloo aruguru chandrudiki egiraaru (lavel mariyu young rendusaarlu), mariyu armstrang, kanrad mariyu young kooda daanipai nadicharu. tommidi mandiloo eduguriki congress antariksha patakam gourava puraskaram labhinchindi.
nepathyam.
1957 aktobaru 4naa soviet union sputnik 1 upagrahanni prayoginchadam, antariksha pootii anie piluvabade united statesto saanketika mariyu saiddhaantika pootiini praarambhinchindi. american saanketika heenatvam yokka pradarsana american prajalaku teevra shacku daariteesindi. sputnik sankshobhaaniki pratispandanagaa, american antariksha karyakramanni paryaveekshinchadaaniki national aeronautics und space administration (nassa) anae kotta poura samstha srushtinchabadindi. varjiniyaaloni hamptonloni nassa longley research centerlo unna space task group (ess. tii. zii) project mercurie anae american sibbandi antariksha prayaana prajectunu roopondinchindi. asalu edu" ledhaa "paadarasam edu" anie piluvabade modati vyomagaamula empikanu 1959 april 9naa prakatinchaaru.
1961 natiki, idhi inca oka vyaktini antarikshamloki pampinchanappatikii, project paadarasam daani prarambha edurudebbalanu adhigaminchindani, antariksha saanketika parignaanamlo atyanta adhunaatana desamgaa united states soviet unionnu adhigaminchindani ess. tii. zii. viswasinchindi. ess. tii. zii. paadarasam antariksha noukaku iddaru vyaktula varasudu ayina paadarasam maark II nuu parigananaloki teesukovadam praarambhinchindi. 1961 april 12naa soviet union vostack 1nuu prayoginchinappudu eee vishwaasam debbatindi, mariyu vyomagaami yoori gagarin bhoomini kakshyalo kakshyalo unna modati vyakti ayyadu. dheeniki pratispandanagaa, adhyakshudu zaan eff. kennedy mae 25,1961naa marinta pratishtaatmaka lakshyanni prakatinchaaruh dasaabdam chivari natiki chandrunipai oka manishini unchadam. chandrunipai oka manishini dinche prayatnaaniki appatike oka paeru undih project apolo. iddaru vyaktula paadarasam II antariksha nauka bhavananu ess. tii. zii. adhipati robbert aarr. adhikarikamga prakatinchaaru. gilrut, december 7,1961naa, mariyu janavari 3,1962naa, dheeniki adhikarikamga project jemini anie paeru pettaru.
april 18,1962naa, nassa adhikarikamga, paadarasam project paadarasam thoo paadarasam vyomagaamulaku sahayam chese kotta vyomagaamula samuuham kosam darakhaastulanu angeekaristunnatlu prakatinchindi, mariyu flying project jemini missionlaloo vaaritho cherutundi. vaaru project apolo missionlaku naayakatvam vahinchavacchani anchanaa veyabadindi. rahasyamgaa nirvahinchina paadarasam edu kosam empika prakriyaku bhinnamgaa, eee empika vistrutamgaa pracharam cheyabadindi; praja prakatanalu mariyu kaneesa pramaanaalu vimaana companylu, prabhutva samsthalu mariyu prayogaatmaka pareeksha pailatla sanghaaniki teliyajeyabaddaayi.
empika pramaanaalu.
aidu kaneesa empika pramaanaalu oka darakhastudaruh
paadarasam edu empika pramaanaalaku bhinnamgaa aneka vidhaluga unnaayi. jemini antariksha nauka paadarasam kante visaalamgaa untundani bhaavinchaaru, kabatti etthu avasaram koddigaa sadalinchabadindi. idhi thamus pii. sibbandi arhata. ippudu kalaasaala degree avasaram, conny jeevasaastramlo undavacchu. poura pareeksha pailatlu ippudu arhulu, conny adhika-paniteeru gala jetlalo anubhavam yokka avasaram iteevali anubhavam unnavaariki anukuulamgaa undhi, mariyu paaraa edu yokka scott vadrangi vanti bahula-injin anubhavam unnavaari kante faitar pailatlu anukuulamgaa unnaaru. paadarasam swalpakaalika project ayinappatikee, project apolo kaneesam dasaabdam chivari varaku konasagabotonnanduna vayassu parimitini 40 nundi 35 kii tagginchaaru. empika pramaanaalu maarchabadinanduna empika panel kevalam eduguru finalistla nundi maroka samuuhaanni enchukolekapoyindi.
eee samayamlo, avaardu geluchukunna mahilaa pilate ayina jerrie kaab, mahilalanu vyomagaamulugaa anumatinchaalani ottidi chesaaru. 1961loe antariksha prayaanaaniki mahilala saamarthyaanni anchanaa vese usaf prajectlo bhaagamgaa eduguru vyomagaamulaku icchina adhe vaidya muulyaankana pareekshallo uttiirnata saadhinchina paadarasam 13 anie piluvabade padamudu mandhi mahilalalo aame okaru. 1962loe mahilalu nassa vyomagaamulu kaavadaaniki darakhaastu cheyakunda nirodhinchabadanappatiki, jett test pailat anubhavam avasaram vaarini samarthavantamgaa minahaayinchindi. nassa administrator james ii. 1962 vasantakaalamlo webb oka prakatanalo eee vishayanni jodistuu, "oka mahilanu ledhaa nirdishta jaathi ledhaa mataaniki chendina yea itara vyaktini kakshyaloki unchadaaniki memu aandolana chendutamani neenu anukonu."
empika prakriya.
yuu.ess. naevii (usn) mariyu yuu.ess. merine corps (yuu. ess. emm. sii) empika pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa unna vaari darakhaastudaarulandari paerlanu samarpinchindi, conny yuu.ess. vaimanika dalam (usaf) thana sonta antargata empika prakriyanu nirvahinchindi, mariyu adhi padakondu mandhi abhyardhula paerlanu matrame samarpinchindi. nassa empika prakriyaloo elaa matladali, elaa pravartinchaali anae daanipai vaimanika dalam 1962 maeloe oka sankshipta sikshanaa course dwara vaarini nadipinchindi. abhyardhulu dheenini "chaarm school" anie pilicharu. general curtis leme vaaritho ilaa annadu
1962 juun 1va thedhee natiki mottam 253 darakhaastulu vachayi. neel armstrang gaduvu mugisina oka vaaram tarvaata thana darakhaastunu samarpinchaadu, conny walter sii. space task group associate director ayina villiams, antariksha karyakramam kosam armstrangnu korukunnadu, kabatti athanu empika panel kaaryadarsigaa vyavaharinchina richard day, adhi vachinappudu daanini darakhaastula kuppaku jodinchaadu. nassa yokka vimaana parisoedhana kendram director ayina paal bikeley, anduvalla armstrang baas, vyomagaami empika kosam armstrangnu sifaarasu cheyadaaniki niraakarinchaaru, endukante athani paniteeru gurinchi ataniki anumanalu unnaayi.
mugguru vyaktula empika panello eduguru paadarasam vyomagaamulu alan sheppered mariyu deck slayton mariyu nassa test pilate warren zhe. unnaaru. uttaraana, villiams konni sessionlalo kuurchunnaaru. vaaru abhyardhulanu 32 mandhi finalistlaku tagginchaaru, vaari nundi aidu nundi padhi mandhi kotta vyomagaamulanu empika cheyaalani vaaru aasinchaaru. america samyukta raashtraala padakondu mandhi abhyardhulalo tommidi mandhi finalistlugaa empikayyaaru, mariyu tiraskarinchabadina vaarilo okaru, jooe engil, 1966loe nassa vyomagaami samuuham 5thoo empika cheyabaddaaru. migilina vaarilo, padamudu mandhi naavikaadalaaniki chendinavaaru, naluguru naavikulu mariyu aruguru pourulu. mercurie seven selectionlo naluguru finalistlu peat kanrad, zim lavel, zaan mitchell mariyu robbert soliday. adhika bilirubin rakta ganana kaaranamgaa lavelnu paadarasam edu kosam empika cheyaledu.
finalistlanu vaidya pareekshala kosam shaan antonioloni brooks vaimanika dhala sthaavaraaniki pampaaru. akkada paadarasam edu enchukoovadaaniki upayoginchina pareekshalatoo samanamga undevi. oka abhyardhi chaalaa ettugaa unnatlu kanugonabadindi. chevi, mukku mariyu gonthu pareekshala aadhaaramgaa maroe naalugintini tolaginchaaru. migilina 27 mandhi hyuustan sameepamloni ellington vaimanika dhala sthaavaraaniki vellaaru, akkada manushulatho kuudina antariksha nauka kendram (msc) sthaapinchabadutoondi. vaarini empika kamitee vyaktigatamgaa interview chesindi.
tommidi mandhi abhyardhulanu empika chesi, vaari paerlanu aamodam kosam gilrut kuu pampaaru. septembaru 14naa slayton phone dwara prati okkariki samacharam icchaadu. tommidi mandhi neel armstrang, fraank borman, peat kanrad, zim lavel, james mcdivit, elliot sea, tomm stafford, edd white mariyu zaan young. vaaru september 15naa hyuustan cherukunnaru. medianu bahishkarinchakundaa undataaniki, andaruu hyuustanlooni rais hotels daani general manager maaks peck paerutoe tanikhi chesaaru. september 17naa, adhikaarika prakatana kosam hyuustan vishwavidhyaalayamloni 1800 seetla cullen auditoriumloki media gumigudaru, ayithe idhi edu moodu samvatsaraala kritam paadarasam aavishkarana kante chaalaa takkuva praamukhyata kaligina karyakramam.
mercurie seven selectionlo utteernulaina vaari maadirigaane, tiraskarinchabadina finalistlalo chaalaa mandhi vishishtamaina vruttini kaligi unnaaru. moodu saadhinchina genda ranku vilium ii. ramse naavikaadalamloo vais admiral ayyadu, vilium hetch. merine corps loe leftinent general mariyu merine corps loe majer general ayina kenneth veer nuu fitch cheskunnaru. taruvaata empikallo naluguru nassa vyomagaamulu ayyaru 1963loe alan bean, maikhel callins mariyu richard gordan, mariyu 1966loe jaak swiggert. frances zii. maanavuni kakshyalo unna prayogasaala karyakramam kosam vyomagaamigaa newbeck empika cheyabaddaadu, conny antarikshamlo eppuduu egaraledu.
janabha.
paadarasam edu maadirigaane, taruvaati tommidi mandhi maga mariyu tellavaaru, mariyu andaruu vivaham chesukunnaru, sagatuna iddaru pillalu. paadarasam edu maadirigaa kakunda, andaruu protestantlu kaadu; vyomagaamigaa empika cheyabadina modati roman catholic mcdivit. kanrad, lavel mariyu young naavikaadalaaniki chendinavaaru; borman, mcdivit, stafford mariyu vaimanika dalaaniki chendina tellavaaru; mariyu armstrang mariyu sea pourulu, iddaroo gatamlo naavikaadalamloo panichesinappatiki. andaruu test pailatlu, mariyu borman mariyu mcdivit kooda usaf aerospace research pailat school (arps) yokka prarambha pattabhadrulu.
empika samayamlo vaari sagatu vayassu 33 samvatsaraalu mariyu oka nela, april 1959loe vaaru empika cheyabadinappudu paadarasam kosam 34 samvatsaraalu mariyu padhi nelalu edu. vaaru sagatuna 2,800 vimanalalo 1,900 vimanalalo prayaaninchae gantalu kaligi unnaaru. idhi paadarasam edu kante 700 takkuva vimaana prayaana gantalu, conny jetlalo 200 gantalu ekkuva. vaari sagatu baruvu konchem ekkuvagaa undhi-thoo poliste. wetchsler vayojana medhassu sthaayilo vaari sagatu iqu 132. vaarantaa bachelor off sains degreelu pondaaru. mugguru aeronatical injaneeringlo master off sains degreelanu kaligi unnaru california institute off technology nundi borman, laas angelsloni california vishwavidyaalayam nundi chudandi, mariyu mishigaon vishwavidyaalayam nundi white.
ekikarana.
kotta vyomagaamulu tadupari tommidi ledhaa kotta tommidi anie piluvabaddaru. vaaru 1962 octoberulo houseton praantaaniki vellaaru. vaarilo chaalaa mandhi laatlanu konugolu chesi, nassou baeloe illanu nirminchaaru, idhi mscki thoorpuna oka kotta abhivruddhi. kanrad mariyu lavel mscki dakshinaana kalapa kovlo illanu nirminchaaru. kalapa cove mariyu nassou beloni developerlu vyomagaamulaku chinna taggimpu chellimpulu mariyu takkuva vaddii retlatho tanakha icchaaru. msc complexes inca puurti kaaledu, kabatti nassa housetonlo karyalaya sthalaanni tatkalikamga leejuku teesukundi. slayton bhaarya marge mariyu borman bhaarya susanne sainika sthaavaraala lakshanamgaa unna adhikaarula bhaaryala sanghaala tarahaalo vyomagaamula bhaaryala sanghaanni nirvahinchaaru. slayton vyomagaami kaaryakalaapaalaku baadhyata vahistunnanduna, marge commanding officer bhaaryatho samanamga pariganinchabadindi. aaa tommidi mandhi houseton society paarteelalo gourava atithulugaa unnaaru, saamaajika kaaryakarta joyan herring visirinavi, mariyu vaari bharyalu anamaka muulam nundi $1,000 neeman marcus bahumati vocharlu () andukunnaru.
henry botton anae nyaayavaadi, paadarasa edu aanandinche "life" patrika oppandam tarahaalo, etuvanti rusumu lekunda, vaari vyaktigata kathala kosam kshetrasthaayi samsthalatho oppandam kudurchukovadaniki angeekarinchaadu. life" oppandam maadirigaane, prabhutvam srushtinchina keertini dabbu sampaadinche vyomagaamula yajamanyam gurinchi kontha aandolana undhi, conny mercurie seven vyomagaami zaan glen jokyam chesukuni, vyaktigatamgaa eee vishayanni kennedeetho levanettaaru, athanu oppandaanni aamodinchaadu. feeled mariyu time-life (idhi "life" magazine yajamanyamlo undhi) thoo oppandaalu tadupari tommidi mandhi vyomagaamulalo prati okkaroo vachhe naalugu samvatsaraalalo samvatsaraaniki $16,250 () sampaadinchaaru mariyu vaariki $100,000 jeevita beema paalaseelanu () andinchaaru. vyomagaami udyogam pramaadakaramaina swabhaavam kaaranamgaa, beema companylu vaariki bharinchaleni adhika premiyamlu vasoolu chesevi.
sikshana.
vyomagaami sikshananu raymond jedehar paryaveekshinchaaru, athanu msclo vimaana sibbandi karyakalapala director warren naarthku nivedinchaadu. praarambhamlo, antariksha nauka chodaka, kakshya mechanics, khagola shaastram, computing mariyu antariksha vaidyam vanti vishayaalapai prati vyomagaamiki naalugu nelala taragati gadhi bodhana ivvabadindi. taragatulu rojuku aaru gantalu, vaaraaniki rendu rojulu undevi. jemini antariksha nauka, tyton II mariyu atlas boosterlu mariyu azena lakshya vahanam gurinchi kooda parichayam undhi. taragati gadhi sikshana puurtayina taruvaata, antariksha saastrampai varusa seminarlu jarigaayi. vyomagaami shaastreeya sikshana lekapovadam gurtinchabadindi, conny idhi vaari gnaanaanni vaaru saastravettalato communicate cheyagala sthaayiki teesukuvastundani aasinchaaru. modatidi hommer ii dwara pampinhee cheyabadindi. newell juuniyar., nassa antariksha saastraala director. tadupari seminarlu usaf yokka ex-15 mariyu ex-20 daina-soar karyakramalu mariyu anhu rockett enginela abhivruddhi vanti amsaalanu cover chesaayi. bhuuvignaana shaastravetta yujeen shumekar vyomagaamulaku chandruni bhoogarbha shaastram, selenology yokka praathamika amsaalanu neerpadaaniki oka sikshanaa pranaalikanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. 1963 janavarilo vaaru arizonaloni flagstaffku vellaaru, akkada vaaru ulka bilam mariyu lava pravahalanu adhyayanam chesaaru mariyu lowell observatory vadda telescope dwara chandrudini gamaninchaaru.
1963 mae 20naa ohiyoloni rait-patterson vaimanika dhala sthaavaramlo jeero-zii sikshanalo, tadupari tommidi mandhi vyomagaamulu taggina gurutvakarshana vimaanamlo, savarinchina kesi-135 stratotanker vimaanamlo rendu vimanalanu eguravesaaru. prati vimanam 20 paaraabolaalanu eguravesindi, idhi vaariki 20 nundi 30 sekanla baruvunu ivvaledu. juunloo panaamaaloni albrook air fores stationloni usaf tropic survival schoollo mottam padahaaru paadarasam edu mariyu tadupari tommidi mandhi vyomagaamulaku adavi manugada sikshana nirvahinchabadindi. rendu groupulu kalisi sikshana pondadam idhe modatisaari. dheeni taruvaata augustulo nevaadaaloni sthiramaina vaimanika sthaavaramlo edaari manugada sikshana mariyu carson sink vadda kshetra vyayamalu jarigaayi. prati vyomagaami tama antariksha nauka manugada sanchullooni neeru mariyu aahaaramto jeevinchaalsi untundi. septembarulo, mottam padahaaru mandiki bhoomi mariyu neetilo parachute landinglo bodhana ivvabadindi, conny taruvaati tommidi mandhi matrame karyakramam yokka rendava dasaku hajarayyaru, floridaloni navika vaimanika sthaavaram pensakolaaloni usn paatasaalalo dilbert dunkerpy neeti manugada sikshana mariyu galveston bay.
paadarasam edu nirdesinchina udaaharananu anusarinchi, taruvaati tommidi mandiloo prati okkariki itarulatoe panchukogala naipunyaanni abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki mariyu designerlu mariyu injaneerlaku vyomagaami inputnu andinchadaaniki oka pratyeka praantaanni ketaayinchaaru. armstrang sikshakulu mariyu simulatorlaku baadhyata vahistundi; boosterlaku borman, abart systems kosam pratyeka baadhyathatho; kaakpit layowoot, pailat niyantranalu mariyu systems integration kosam kanrad; paaraachuutlu, paraglider mariyu lunar maadyooltho sahaa recovery systems kosam lavel; maarganirdesam mariyu navigation systems kosam mcdivit; vidyut vyavasthalu mariyu mission planning yokka samanvayam kosam chudandi; communication systems, mission controll mariyu ground support network kosam stafford; flight controll systems kosam white, mariyu paryaavarana niyantrana vyavasthalu, survival gair, vyaktigata parikaraalu mariyu space suutla kosam young.
vaarasatvam.
collins thana abhiprayam prakaram "eee tommidi mandhi brundam ippativaraku ennukoobadina uttama nassa, daani mundu unna edu ledhaa taruvaata vacchina padnaalugu, aidu, pantommidi, padakondu mariyu edu kante merugainadi."slayton kooda alaage bhaavinchaadu, vaarini" "bahusha ippativaraku kalisi unchina uttama aall round group" "gaa abhivarninchaadu"."apolo missionla taatkaalika schedulenu pariseelinchina slayton, 14 mandhi mugguru vyaktula sibbandi avasaramani lekkinchaadu, conny chetilo unna 16 mandhi vyomagaamulu kevalam aidugurini matrame nimpagalarani lekkinchaadu. schedule asajanakamga undani ayana bhaavinchinappatikii, schedulenu neraverchalekapovadaniki vyomagaamula korata kaaranam kaadani ayana korukunnaru, anduvalla ayana maroe round niyamakanni pratipaadinchaaru. 1963 juun 5naa, maroe padhi nundi padihenu mandhi kotta vyomagaamulanu vetukutunnatlu nassa prakatinchindi.
taruvaati tommidi mandhi vyomagaamulugaa pramukha vruttiloki vellaaru. tii-38 pramaadamloo mariyu apolo agnipramaadamlo maraninchina sea mariyu white kakunda, andaruu jemini mariyu apolo missionlaku naayakatvam vahinchaaru. tommidi mandiloo aruguru chandrudiki egiraaru (lavel mariyu young rendusaarlu), mariyu armstrang, kanrad mariyu young kooda daanipai nadicharu. tommidi mandiloo eduguru vaari seva, shouryam mariyu tyaagam kosam congress antariksha patakaanni andukunnaruh