varnapata rekha

varnapata rekha anedi oka ekareeti mariyu nirantara varnapatamlo balaheenamaina ledhaa balamaina praantam, idhi sameepamloni pounahpunyaalato poliste, irukaina pounahpunya paridhiloo kaanti yokka udgaaram ledhaa shoshana phalitamgaa untundi. anuvulu mariyu anuvulanu gurtinchadaaniki varnapata rekhalu tarachugaa upayoginchabadataayi. eee "velimudralanu" gatamlo sekarinchina anuvulu mariyu anuvulatho polchavachhu, anduvalla nakshatraalu mariyu grahala yokka anhu mariyu paramaanu bhaagaalanu gurtinchadaaniki upayogistaaru, lekapothe idhi asadhyam.
line spectraala rakalu.
varnapata rekhalu anevi quantum vyavastha (saadhaaranamgaa anuvulu, conny konnisaarlu anuvulu ledhaa anhu kendrakaalu) mariyu oke photan madhya paraspara charya phalitamgaa untaayi. oka photan vyavastha yokka shakti sthithilo maarpunu anumatinchadaaniki saraina mottamlo saktini kaligi unnappudu (idhi daani frequenseeki anusandhaaninchabadi untundi) (anuvu vishayamlo idhi saadhaaranamgaa electron maarutunna kaksyalu), photan grahinchabadutundi. appudu shakti sahajamgaa tirigi vidudala cheyabadutundi, asalu photan maadirigaane adhe frequencylo ledhaa cascade loe, ikkada vidudalayye photanla saktula mottam grahinchina daani saktiki samanamga untundi (vyavastha daani asalu sthithiki tirigi vastundani bhaavinchi).
varnapata rekhanu "udgaara rekha" ledhaa "shoshana rekha" gaa gamaninchavacchu. yea rakamaina rekhanu gamaninchaaru anedi padaartham yokka rakam mariyu maroka udgaara muulaaniki sambandhinchi daani ushnogratapai aadharapadi untundi. vaedi, vistruta varnapata muulam nundi phootaanlu challani padaartham gundaa vellinappudu shoshana rekha utpatti avutundi. padaartham dwara shoshana mariyu yaadruchchika disallo tirigi vidudala cheyadam valla, irukaina pounahpunya paridhiloo kaanti teevrata taggutundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, vaedi padaartham nundi phootaanlu kanugonabadinappudu, bahusha challani muulam nundi vistruta varnapatam samakshamlo, prakaasavantamaina udgaara rekha utpatti avutundi. vaedi padaartham dwara vidudalayye udgaaraala kaaranamgaa, irukaina pounahpunya paridhiloo kaanti teevrata perugutundi.
varnapata rekhalu atyanta anuvu-nirdishtamainavi, mariyu yea madhyamam yokka rasayana kuurpunu gurtinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. healium, thalium mariyu seesiyam vanti aneka muulakaalu spectroscopic maargaala dwara kanugonabaddayi. varnapata rekhalu padaartham yokka ushnograta mariyu saandratapai kooda aadharapadi untaayi, kabatti avi itara maargaala dwara vislaeshimchalaeni nakshatraalu mariyu itara khagola vastuvula bhouthika paristhitulanu nirnayinchadaaniki vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadataayi.
padaartham mariyu daani bhouthika paristhitulanu batti, radeo taramgaala nundi gaama kiranaala varaku vidyudayaskaanta varnapatam antataa gamaninchina varnapata rekhalatho, indulo unna photanla shakti vistrutamgaa maaravacchu.
naamakaranam.
varnapatam yokka kanipinche bhaagamlo balamaina varnapata rekhalu tarachugaa pratyaekamaina franhofer line hodaanu kaligi untaayi, single-ayaneekarinchina ca + nundi udbhavinche 393.366 nm vadda unna rekhaku "k" vantivi, ayithe konni franhofer "panktulu" aneka vibhina jaatula nundi bahula rekhala misramaalu. itara sandarbhaallo, rasayana moolakam yokka hodaaku roman sankhyanu jodinchadam dwara ayaneekarana sthaayi prakaram panktulu niyaminchabadataayi. tatastha anuvulanu roman sankhya i thoo suuchistaaru, ontarigaa ayaneekaranam cheyabadina anuvulanu II thoo suuchistaaru, mariyu modalainavi, udaaharanaku, pheix enimidi retlu ayaneekaranam cheyabadina inumunu suuchistumdi.
marinta vivaranaatmaka hodaalalo saadhaaranamgaa rekha tarangadairghyam untundi mariyu indulo bahula sankhya (anhu rekhala kosam) ledhaa byaand hodha (paramaanu rekhala kosam) undavacchu. paramaanu hydrogen yokka aneka varnapata rekhalu kooda lyman shreni ledhaa bammer shreni vanti vaati sambandhita shrenilo paerlanu kaligi untaayi. modata anni varnapata rekhalu sraenulugaa vargeekarinchabaddaayih "pradhana shreni", "padunaina shreni" mariyu "vistarinchina shreni". eee shrenulu anni muulakaala anuvulalo unnaayi, mariyu anni anuvula namuunaalu rideberg-ritz suutram dwara baga anchanaa veyabaddaayi. eee shrenulu taruvaata suborbitalsto anubandhinchabaddaayi.
line vistarana mariyu shift.
varnapata rekha aakaraanni niyantrinche aneka prabhavalu unnaayi. varnapata rekha anedi oke oka aavartanamu (i) kakunda, aneka pounahpunyaala paridhiloo vistarinchi untundi.ii., idhi sunna kaani line vidth kaligi untundi). adanamgaa, daani kendraanni daani namamatra kendra tarangadairghyam nundi maarchavacchu. eee vistarana mariyu maarpuku aneka kaaranaalu unnaayi. eee kaaranaalanu rendu saadhaarana vargaluga vibhajinchavachhu-sthaanika paristhitula kaaranamgaa vistarana mariyu podiginchina paristhitula kaaranamgaa vistarana. sthaanika paristhitula kaaranamgaa vistarinchadam anedi, saadhaaranamgaa sthaanika ushnagatika samatulyataku bharosa ivvadaaniki taginanta chinna, vidudala moolakam chuttoo oka chinna praantamloo unde prabhaavaala valla jarugutundi. vistarinchina paristhitula kaaranamgaa vistarana anedi radiation pariseelakudiki daani marganni daatutunnappudu varnapata pampinheelo maarpula phalitamgaa sambhavinchavachhu. idhi okadaanikokati dhooramgaa unna aneka praantaala nundi radiation kalayika valla kooda sambhavinchavachhu.
sthaanika prabhaavaala kaaranamgaa vistarinchadam.
sahaja vistarana.
uttejita sthithula jeevitakaalam sahaja vistaranaku daariteestundi, dheenini jeevitakaala vistarana anie kooda pilustaaru. anischiti suutram uttejita sthithi yokka jeevitakaalaanni (aakasmika vikirana kshayam ledhaa aggar prakriya kaaranamgaa) daani shakti yokka anischititoe sambandham kaligi untundi. 
kontamandi rachayitalu "radiative vistarana" anae padaanni yaadruchchika radiative kshayam valla kalige sahaja vistarana yokka bhaganni pratyaekamgaa suuchimchadaaniki upayogistaaru.
swalpa jeevitakaalam pedda shakti anischiti mariyu vistruta udgaaraalanu kaligi untundi. eee vistarana prabhavam maarani lorenz profile kuu daariteestundi. sahaja vistarananu prayogaatmakamgaa matrame maarchavacchu, tadwara kshayam retlanu krutrimamgaa anachiveyavachhu ledhaa penchavacchu.
thermal doppler vistarana.
vikiranaanni vidudala chestunna vaayuvulooni anuvulu vaegaala pampineeni kaligi untaayi. vidudalayye prati photan pariseelakudiki sambandhinchi anuvu yokka vegaanni batti doppler prabhavam dwara "erupu"-ledhaa "neelam"-maarutundi. vayuvu yokka ushnograta entha ekkuvagaa unte, vaayuvulo vaegaala pampinhee antha vistrutamgaa untundi. varnapata rekha anedi vidudalayye anni vikiranaala kalayika kabatti, vayuvu yokka ushnograta entha ekkuvagaa unte, aaa vayuvu nundi vidudalayye varnapata rekha antha vistrutamgaa untundi. eee vistarana prabhavam gassian profile dwara vivarinchabadindi mariyu dheeniki sambandhinchina maarpu ledhu.
ottidi vistarinchadam.
sameepamloni kanaala uniki oka kanamu dwara vidudalayye vikiranaanni prabhaavitam chestundi. idhi sambhavinche rendu parimita kesulu unnaih
ottidi vistarananu kooda bhangapariche shakti yokka swabhaavam dwara eee krindi vidhamgaa vargeekarinchavachuh
asamaana vistarana.
"sajatiya vistarana" anedi vistaranaku oka saadhaarana padam, endukante konni vidudala chese kanaalu itarulaku bhinnamgaa sthaanika vaataavaranamloo untaayi, anduvalla vaerae pounahpunyamtho vidudala avtayi. eee padaanni mukhyamgaa ghanapadaarthaalaku upayogistaaru, ikkada uparitalaalu, dhanyam sarihaddulu mariyu stoichiometry vaividhyaalu icchina anuvu aakraminchadaaniki vividha rakaala sthaanika vaataavaranaalanu srushtinchagalavu. dravaalalo, sajatiya vistarana yokka prabhavalu konnisaarlu "kadalika sankuchitam" anie piluvabade prakriya dwara tagginchabadataayi.
sthaanikam kaani prabhaavaala kaaranamgaa vistarinchadam.
konni rakaala vistaranalu anedi kevalam vidudala chese kanaaniki sthaanikamgaa unde paristhitulapai kakunda pedda pradaesamloe paristhitula phalitamgaa untaayi.
aspashtata vistarana.
aspashtata vistarana anedi sthaanikam kaani vistarana yantraamgaaniki oka udaaharana. antarikshamlo oka nirdishta binduvu vadda vidudalayye vidyudayaskaanta vikiranam antariksham gundaa prayaanistunnappudu tirigi grahinchavacchu. eee shoshana tarangadairghyampai aadharapadi untundi. rekha madhyalo unna phootaanlu rekha rekkala vadda unna photanla kante ekkuva tirigi grahinche sambhaavyatanu kaligi unnanduna rekha vistarinchabadindi. vaastavaaniki, line center sameepamlo reabsorption chaalaa goppaga undavacchu, idhi selph rivarsalnu kaligistundi, dheenilo line madhyalo teevrata rekkala kante takkuvagaa untundi. eee prakriyanu konnisaarlu sweeya-shoshana anie kooda pilustaaru.
macroscopic doppler vistarana.
kadile muulam dwara vidudalayye radiation parimita line-off-sait valacity projection kaaranamgaa doppler shiftku lobadi untundi. vidudala chese vastuvu yokka vividha bhagalu ververu vaegaalanu kaligi unte (drushti rekha venta), phalitamgaa vachhe rekha vistarinchabadutundi, rekha vedalpu vegam pampinhee yokka vedalpuku anulomaanupaatamlo untundi. udaaharanaku, nakshatram vanti suduura tirige vastuvu nundi vidudalayye radiation, nakshatraaniki vyatiraeka vaipula vegamlo line-off-sait vaividhyaala kaaranamgaa vistarinchabadutundi (eee prabhavanni saadhaaranamgaa bhramana vistarana anie pilustaaru). bhramana raetu entha ekkuvagaa unte, rekha antha vedalpugaa untundi. maroka udaaharana z-pinch loe paelutunna plasma shell.
ummadi prabhavalu.
eee yantraamgaalalo prati okkati ontarigaa ledhaa itarulatoe kalipi panicheyagalavu. prati prabhavam swatantramgaa untundani bhaavinchi, gamaninchina line profile anedi prati yantraangam yokka line profiles yokka convolution. udaaharanaku, thermal doppler vistarana mariyu prabhava peedanam vistarana kalayika waigt profilenu istundi.
ayithe, vividha line vistarana vidhanalu ellappuduu swatantramgaa undavu. udaaharanaku, gharshana prabhavalu mariyu kadalika doppler shiftlu pondikaina paddhatiloo panicheestaayi, phalitamgaa konni paristhitulalo dickay prabhavam anie piluvabade gharshana "irukaina" paristhitiloo kooda panicheestaayi.
rasayana muulakaala varnapata rekhalu.
byaandlu.
varnapata rekhalu" anae padabandham arhata lenappudu, saadhaaranamgaa puurti vidyudayaskaanta varnapatam yokka kanipinche bandlo tarangadairghyalu unna rekhalanu suuchistumdi. eee paridhi velupala tarangadairghyala vadda aneka varnapata rekhalu erpadataayi. adhika saktulaku anugunamgaa unde takkuva tarangadairghyala vadda, atineelalohita varnapata rekhalalo hydrogen yokka lyman shreni untundi. ex-kiranaala yokka chaalaa takkuva tarangadairghyala vadda, eee rekhalanu lakshana ex-kiranaalu anie pilustaaru, endukante avi vaati rasayana vaataavaranam nundi swatantramgaa, icchina rasayana muulakaaniki ekkuvagaa maaravu. podavaina tarangadairghyalu takkuva saktulaku anugunamgaa untaayi, ikkada paraaruna varnapata rekhalu hydrogen yokka paschen shrenini kaligi untaayi. marinta podavaina tarangadairghyala vadda, radeo varnapatamlo viswam antataa tatastha hydrojannu gurtinchadaaniki upayoginche 21-centimeters rekha untundi.
kanipinche kaanti.
prati muulakaaniki, krindi pattika daadaapu 400-700 nm vadda kanipinche varnapatamlo kanipinche varnapata rekhalanu chooputundi.

