
ottoman sainyam (1861-1922)

tanzimut aadhuneekarana kaalamlo aadhunika paschima european maargaala venta desham punarvyavastheekarinchabadina taruvaata ottoman sainyam ottoman saamrajyam yokka sainyam. idhi saamrajyam patanam mariyu raddu samayamlo panichesindi, idhi sumaru 1861 madhya jarigindi (konni muulaalu 1842 nativi ayinappatikee) mariyu 1918, ottomanlaku modati prapancha yuddham mugimpu. crimean yuddham anedi aadhunika sainyam palgonna modati yuddha prayatnam, idhi tananu taanu oka manchi saktigaa niroopinchukundi. chivari punarvyavastheekarana rendava rajyanga yugamlo jarigindi.
aadhunika sainyam yokka unifamlu aaa samayamlo ottoman sainyam yokka pradhana salahadaruluga unna paschima european deshaala sainika unifamlanu pratibimbistaayi. ottoman prabhutvam sainyamlooni sibbandi andarikee paaschaatya taraha sirastraanaanni dharinchaalani bhaavinchindi, ayithe islaamik aachara praarthana bhangimalaku idhi marinta anukuulamgaa unnanduna fejnu ishtapaddaru.
tanjimat kaalam prarambha dasalo french taraha unifam mariyu kortu dustulu saadhaaranam. franco-prashyan yuddhamlo french otami taruvaata, ottoman prabhutvam itara roll models kosam vetikindi, kabatti german mariyu british taraha unifamlu prachuryam pondaayi. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, adhikaarula dustulu pradhanamgaa ottoman german mitraraajyaala dustulapai aadharapadi undevi.
aadhunika sainyanni erpaatu cheyadam.
shaastreeya sainyam (1451-1606) nundi maaradaaniki oka sataabdaaniki paiga pattindi, selim III () mariyu alendar mustafa pasha (1789-1808) viphala prayatnaalatoe praarambhamaindi, ottoman sainika samskaranala kaalam (1826-1858) varaku konasaagindi mariyu chivaraku abadul hameed II () paalanalo mugisindi. 1880 lone, abdul hameed german sahayanni koraadu, rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata athanu daanini pondaadu, idhi leftinent kalnal oto kohler niyaamakamtho mugisindi. rendava abdul hameed ottoman sainyam yokka aadhuneekaranaku mariyu officer corps yokka vruttiparamaina vidhaanaaniki anukuulamgaa unnaadani ekaabhipraayam unnappatikee, athanu thana paalana chivari padihenu samvatsaraalalo sainyanni nirlakshyam chesinatlu telustondi, dheeniki athani sainika budget kothalu rujuvu chestaayi. aadhunika ottoman sainyam erpaatu vividha ettupallaalato nemmadigaa saage prakriyagaa niroopinchabadindi.
unitlu.
poraata unitlu.
padaatidalam.
padaatidalam sainyaniki vennemukagaa undedi. ottoman padaatidalam satruvula shrenulloki chorabadataaniki mariyu pondina bhoobhaganni rakshinchadaaniki ketayinchabadindi.
aswikadalam.
19va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo aswikadalam thana saamarthyaanni kolpoyindi. saamrajyam mugise samayaniki, moodu aswikadala vibhagalu, 1va aswikadala vibhagam, 2va aswikadala vibhagam, 3va aswikadala vibhagam unnaayi. 1910 augustu 17naa raddu cheyabadina hamidiye aswikadala nirmaanaalaku eee vibhagalu vaarasulu. eee kotta regimentlu edu aswikadala brigedlu mariyu moodu swatantra regimentlugaa erpaddaayi. avi pradhanamgaa courds, kontamandi graameena ottomanlu mariyu appudappudu armeniyanlatho koodi undevi.
hamidiye telikapati aswikadalam.
1892loe ottoman sultan rendava abdul hameed roopondinchina ottoman sainyamlo mottamodati sikshana pondina mariyu vyavastheekruta kurdish dalam hameedi. idhi caucassian cosac regimentla (antey.ii. pertian cosac brigade) mariyu russia-ottoman sarihaddulo gastee chese panini appaginchaaru. daani sainika roopaanni, vyavasthanu mariyu saamarthyaanni kaligi unnappatikee, hameedi yea vidhamgaanuu cross-tribal fores kaadu. aswikadalam sibbandi tamanu sainika kortu-marshal dwara matrame vichaarinchavacchani, poura paripalanaku nirodhakata kaligi unnaarani twaragaa telusukunnaru. tama roganirodhaka saktini grahinchi, vaaru tama dalaalanu "chattabaddhamaina donga brigedlu" gaa marcharu, endukante vaaru dhanyanni dongilinchaaru, polaalanu pandinchaaru, mandalanu tarimikottaaru mariyu dukaanadaarula nundi bahirangamgaa dongilinchaaru.
1908loe, sultaannu padagottina taruvaata, hamidiye aswikadalam oka vyavastheekruta dalamgaa raddu cheyabadindi, conny, adhikaarika gurtimpuku mundu avi "girijana dalaalu" kabatti, avi mukkalu ayina tarvaata "girijana dalaalugaa" undipoyaayi. girijana vairalaku dohadam chesinanduna hamidiye aswikadalam sainika niraasa mariyu vaiphalyamgaa varninchabadindi.
1908 viplavam taruvaata raddu cheyaalani nirnayam teesukunnaru, 1910 augustu 17 natiki anni unitlu tama tegalaku tirigi vachayi. sainikaparamgaa, ottoman general sibbandi eee unitlatho sampradaaya-shaili sainika kramasikshana ellappuduu samasyaga undani paerkonnaaru. vaati sthaanamlo reserve aswikadalam erpaatlanu erpaatu chesaaru.
firangulu.
balcon yuddhaala taruvaata, ottoman sainyalu vegavantamaina kaalpula tupaakulanu moharinchadam praarambhinchaayi. firangulu praamukhyatanu pondadam praarambhinchi yuddhabhoomilo aadhipatyam chelayinchayi.
poraata rahita saakhalu.
injaneering.
ottoman injaneerlu pramaadakaramaina mariyu rakshanaatmaka vidhulu rendintinee kaligi unnaaru. vaaru satruvu srushtinchina bhouthika addamkulanu tolaginchaaru, debbatinna vantenalu mariyu soukaryaalanu marammatu chesaaru mariyu padaatidala karyakalapalanu praarambhinchadaaniki vantenalu mariyu itara moulika sadupaayaalanu nirminchaaru. injaneerlu tirogamana samayamlo addamkulanu srushtinchi, satruvu upayoginchagala moulika sadupaayaalanu kuulchiveestaarani kooda bhaavistunnaaru. prati corps oka injaneering betalian kaligi undhi mariyu prati divisionlo oka injaneering company undhi.
communication.
communication saakha 1882loe sthaapinchabadindi. daani paeru 'telegraph betalian' mariyu daani pradhana pani telegraph lanu nirvahinchadam. 1910loe, telephone daani vidhulaku jodinchabadindi. 1911loe, wireless stationlu eee unitku jodinchabaddaayi. 1911loe itaalo-turkish yuddham samayamlo modatisaarigaa izmir mariyu dern madhya pratyaksha rekhanu erpaatu chesaaru. 1912loe balcon yuddhaalatho praarambhamaina prati corp sthaayi unitlo 'telegraph betalian' undedi.'
vaidya.
vaidya saakhaku khachitamaina muulam thedhee ledhu. 1908loe, rendava rajyanga kaalamlo, daani nirmaanamloo vaidyulu, shastravaidyulu, pasuvaidyulu, aushadha vikretalu, dantavaidyulu, rasayana saastravettalu, gaayam-dustulu dharinchevaaru mariyu narsulu unnaaru. vaatini yuddha mantritva saakha aarogya saakha nirvahinchindi.
sainika brundaalu.
ottoman sainyam prarambha rojula nundi, prati regimentku daani swantha byaand undhi. 1908loe, rendava rajyanga kaalamlo, rajadhanilo 35 sainika brundaalu undevi. prati sainyaniki rendu brundaalu undevi. imperial byaand" (mijika-ii humayun) loe 90 mandhi sangeetakaarulu unnaaru.
paramilitary unitlu.
ottoman gendermery anedi poura janabhalo pooliisu vidhula kosam pampabade oka vibhagam. gendermery oka paramilitary unit, endukante idhi rashtra adhikaarika saayudha dalaalalo bhaagamgaa cherchabadaledu. idhi 1903loe sthaapinchabadindi mariyu padaatidala gendermery mariyu aswikadalam gendermery aadhvaryamlo nirvahinchabadindi. regiment atipeddadigaa undadamtho unitlu chinnaviga undevi. avi valis kinda paripalana vibhagalalo pampinhee cheyabaddaayi. bhadrata avasaralaku anugunamgaa vaari sankhya maarchabadindi.
chaaritraatmakamgaa, 1903 kii mundu adhe vidhulanu nirvartinche gendermery undedi. 1839 naati gulhane saasanam taruvaata samvatsaraalalo prachurinchabadina assainment decreelalo matrame gendermery anae padam kanugonabadinanduna, gendermery samstha aaa samvatsaram taruvaata sthaapinchabadindani bhaavinchabadutundi, conny 'unit foundation' yokka khachitamaina thedhee aaa thedhee kaadu. asakir-ii japtiye nijamesi" anae manueval kooda undhi, idhi juun 14,1869naa sweekarinchabadindi mariyu samsthaku punaadigaa aamodinchabadindi. russia-turkish yuddham taruvaata, ottoman grand wazir mehmed matladutu, pasha oka aadhunika chatta amalu samsthanu sthaapinchaalani nirnayinchukunnaarani, anduvalla eee pani kosam oka sainika mission erpaatu cheyabadindani chepparu. 1908loe yuva turk viplavam taruvaata, gendermery goppa vijayalu saadhinchindi, mukhyamgaa rumelialo.
1909loe gendermery yuddha mantritva saakhatoe anubandhinchabadindi mariyu daani paerunu gendermery general command () gaa marcharu. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, mukhyamgaa sarikamish yuddham taruvaata, gendermery unitlu valis (oka poura adhikaram) nundi yuddha mantritva saakha (oka sainika adhikaram) kuu yuddha saakhagaa chetulu marchukunnayi. eee maarpu vaarini samarthavantamgaa poraata vibhagaluga chesindi.
samstha.
rendava rajyanga shakam, 1908 taruvaata, ottoman general sibbandi "sainika samsthapai niyantrana" nuu prachurinchaaru.dheenini juulai 9,1910naa sweekarinchaaru. sainika aadesaala sthaanamlo" "armi inspectorlu" "sthaapinchabaddaayi, vaari pradhana baadhyatalu sikshana mariyu sameekarana". sainyam moodu bhaagaalato koodi undali regular armi (nijamiye), reserve armi (rediff) mariyu home gaard (mustahfaz). corps" bhavana sthaapinchabadindi. reserve divisionlanu reserve carpsga kalapali mariyu vaariki phirangi dalaalu ivvali. saadhaarana sainyam yokka unitlu vaaru chendina armi inspectorate muulaala dwara sainikulanu niyaminchevi.
ottoman sainyam yokka balaalu daani rank nirmaanamloo atyunnata sthaayilalo unnaayi. british ledhaa germanla maadirigaa kakunda, ottomanlaku vruttiparamaina naan-commissioned adhikaarula sudeergha seva dalaalu laevu, idhi daani balaheenamaina amsam.
vibhagalu.
oka padaatidala vibhagam moodu padaatidala regimentlatho koodi undali oka shorpshooter betalian, oka feeled artillery regiment mariyu oka armi byaand. vibhagalalo karyakalapalu, nigha, nyaayavyavastha, sarafara, vaidya mariyu pasuvaidya vibhagalu undevi.
mrutadehaalu.
corps moodu vibhagalu mariyu itara anubandha vibhaagaalato koodi undevi. vaariki karyakalapalu, sibbandi, nyaayavyavastha, samagri, sachivalayam, pasuvaidya, documentation, phirangi, injaneering mariyu post divisionlu undevi. corps loe 41,000 mandhi namodu cheyabaddaaru mariyu 6,700 jantuvulu unnaayi. eee kaalamlo, kalakramanusaram kakunda, sthaapinchabadina dalaalu i, ii, iii, IV, v, vi, vii, viii, viii, ix, x, xi, xii, xiii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvii, xviii, xviii, xiii, xix, xx, xxi, xxii, xxii, xxv, iraq praantam, halil, i coff., II coff., hijaz
balavardhakamaina praantaalu.
balavardhakamaina mandalaalu oke vibhaagaalanu kaligi undevi. vaaru documentation, firangulu, injaneering, communications mariyu flood light projectorlanu jodinchaaru. eee kaalamlo sthaapinchabadina balavardhakamaina mandalaalu dardanelles, bosporus, chataldza, adrianopal, smirna, erjuram mariyu cars.
sainyam.
sainika pradhana karyalayalalo corps sthaayi vibhagalu mariyu padaatidala vibhagam, aswikadalam vibhagam mariyu feeled gendermery vibhagam kooda undevi.
sainyam samuuham.
modati prapancha yuddham chivarilo sainika brundam abhivruddhi chendindi. sangharshanhalu sainika vibhaagaalanu ksheeninchaayi, kabatti kolpoyina vibhaagaalanu bharti cheyadaaniki mariyu migilina vaatini panicheestuu undataaniki sainika samuuhaalanu upayoginchaaru.
1917 augustulo caucasus armi group sthaapinchabadindi. idhi rendava mariyu moodava sainyala ekikarana.
1917 joolailo yildirim armi group sthaapinchabadindi. idhi aarava mariyu edava sainyala ekikarana.
1918 juun loe thoorpu sainika brundam sthaapinchabadindi. moodava mariyu tommidava sainyam krinda aikyamaina caucasus armi group nundi migili unna vaatitho eee unit koodi undedi.
general sibbandi.
general staff anedi sainyam yokka paripalana, kaaryaacharana mariyu ravana avasaralaku baadhyata vahinche adhikaarula samuuham. general sibbandi appudu anni pradhana european saktulu upayoginchina classic staff vidhulanu neraverchaaru mariyu sikshana pondina general staff adhikaarulache sibbandigaa unnaaru, veeru constantinopulloni waar academylo sibbandi vidhanalalo empika cheyabaddaaru mariyu sikshana pondaaru. waar academy puurtayina taruvaata, graduatelu vaari graduate kaani samakaaleenula kante gradelo munduku sagaru mariyu ventane sainyamlo keelaka billetlaku niyaminchabaddaaru. sibbandini cheef off staff paryaveekshinchaaru mariyu vividha sainika rangaalalo naipunhyam kaligina vividha vibhaagaalato koodi undevaaru. atyanta prabhaavavantamaina sibbandi vibhagam karyakalapala vibhagam. sibbandi commanding officer mariyu subsidient unitla madhya dvi-disaatmaka samachara pravahanni andinchaaru.
ottoman sainyamlo, anni sthaayilalooni sibbandi adhikarulu poraata yodhulu, idhi poraatamlo laeni nirdishta panula kosam sibbandini niyaminchina itara sainyaalatoe polchinappudu. rendava rajyanga yuganiki mundu, sultan mariyu athani unnata sthaayi sibbandi adhikarulu 1826loe sthaapinchabadina yuddha mantritva saakha yokka pradhana pranaalika mariyu karyakalapalanu nirvahinchaaru. eee samayamlo, general sibbandi yuddha mantritva saakhalo oka vibhagamga undevaaru. idhi niyaamakaalu, nilvalu, nyaayavyavastha mariyu sainika patalanu mudrinchindi. 1908 augustu 15naa general staff cheef ayina ahmed izzat pasha, eee samsthanu takshaname samskarinchaalsina avasaram gurinchi telusukunnaru. ahmed izzat pasha yokka pani manchi phalitaalanu ichindi mariyu athanu saadhaarana sibbandiki merugaina mariyu marinta samarthavanthamaina nirmaanaanni andinchagaligaadu. balcon yuddhalu prarambhamainappudu, saadhaarana sibbandini edu vibhagaluga vibhajinchaaru. idhi taatkaalika pradhana commander ayina nazeem pasha yokka pradhana karyalayanni erpaatu chesindi. yuddham odipoyinappudu, marinni maarpulu avasaramayyayi. veeru 1914 janavari 3naa ahmed izzat pasha sthaanamlo yuddha mantrigaa, general staff cheefga panichesina enver paashaatho vacchaaru.
prapancha yuddham samayamlo, ottoman general sibbandiki edu vibhagalu undevi karyakalapalu, guudachaara, railumargalu, vidya, sainika charitra, sibbandi mariyu documentation.
balavantamgaa nilabettukovadam.
lokey german samsthaagata nirmaanampai roopondinchabadindi. german samstha snehapoorvaka venuka praantaalalo panicheyadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. ottoman ledhaa german lokis rendoo logistics mariyu ravana saamaagrini samanvayam cheyadam kante ekkuva pani cheyadaaniki sibbandini ledhaa sannaddhatanu kaligi undavu.
ravana charitra modati prapancha yuddhamtho praarambhamavutundi. modati prapancha yuddham ottoman logistics vyavastha anedi purushulu mariyu saamaagrini venuka praantaala nundi forward stationlaku taralinche pipeline, idhi front-line corps mariyu padaatidala vibhaagaalaku marinta pampinhee cheyabadindi. praarambhamlo 279 mandhi adhikarulu, 119 mandhi vaidyulu mariyu 12,279 mandhi purushulanu niyaminchaaru, conny april 14,1915 natiki, veerilo kondaru matrame point ledhaa area bhadrata kosam andubaatulo unnaaru.
bhaarii tirugubaatu kaaranamgaa, kaanvaaylu mariyu aasupatrulu mariyu patrikalu vanti sthira soukaryaala kosam "rakshita logistics praantaalu" srushtinchabaddaayi. rakshita logistics praantaala aalochana ottoman shaastreeya sainyam nundi teesukobadindi. maplo roopondinchinappudu, rakshita ravana praantaalu bhaarii tirugubaatu paayintlanu icchaayi. ivi shivas-erjuram carridar venta sthaapinchabaddaayi, idhi moodava sainyam yokka sarafaraalo ekkuva bhaganni teesukuvelutundi mariyu sainyam yokka patrika saamarthyaanni mosukelle trabjon-erjuram carridar venta erpaatu cheyabaddaayi.
moodava sainika praantamloo balaheenamaina rahadari network 1914loe vaegamgaa ksheeninchindi. prati provincelo poura rahadari kaarmikulu unnaaru mariyu vaaru anni vaataavarana rahadaarulanu nirvahinchadaaniki saripoledu. logistic maddatu lekunda poraata unitlu rendu rojulaku minchi undavu. perugutunna avasaraniki sainyam thana kaarmika sevalanu nirminchukovalasi vachindi, idhi mundu bhaganni nilabettukovadaaniki pooraadataaniki ketaayinchina unitla nundi vanarulanu badilee chesindi. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, european sainyamlo oka yodhudiki padhi logistic vyaktulu undevaaru.
ottoman kaarmika sevalu (amela taburu) poraatarahitamgaa undevi, kabatti vaaru itara sainyaalalo vale nirayudhulugaa undevaaru. 1914loe ottoman sainyamlo kevalam aaru kaarmika seva betalianlu matrame undevi. 1915loe veetini punarvyavastheekarinchi 30 betalianlaku vistarinchaaru, veetilo 11 betalianlanu ergincon-erjuram-hasankale-tortum carridarlo moharinchaaru. 1915loe kaarmika dalaalu moodava sainyam yokka paniteeruku avasaramainavi mariyu sampuurnamaina avasaramgaa undevi. poraata dalaalu taggipoyayi, conny modati prapancha yuddham poraatamlo laeni vibhagalapai kooda kathinamgaa undedi. 1916loe, russia purogati sikharaagramlo, kaarmika dalaalanu lakshyamgaa chesukunnaru. 1916 vesavilo, migili unna 28 kaarmika betalianlanu 17 puurti balam gala betalianluga punarvyavastheekarinchaaru.
general staff cheef.
general staff cheef aadhvaryamlo general staff erpaatu cheyabadindi.
yuddha mantritva saakha (yuddha vibhagam).
ottoman sainika nirmaanaaniki atyunnata sikharam yuddha mantritva saakha, idhi 1826loe pavitramaina sanghatanatho sthaapinchabadindi mariyu ottoman sainika samskaranala samayamlo rendusaarlu roopaantaram chendindi. mantritva saakhalo, sekarana, yuddha aayudhalu, saantikaala sainika vyavaharalu, sameekarana mariyu pramooshanla kosam karyalayalu undevi.
pratyeka samstha.
pratyeka samstha 1913loe sthaapinchabadina pratyeka dalaala vibhagam. idhi tirugubaatunu sthaapinchadaaniki mariyu nigha sevagaa panicheyadaaniki roopondinchina samstha. tirugubaatunu prerepinchadam, videshaalalo goodacharyam nirvahinchadam, ottoman saamrajyam lopala prati goodacharyam 1913 mariyu 1918 madhya daani pani. samsthaagata muulam, vyuuhaatmaka patramlo ivvabadina kaaranam, modati balcon yuddham yokka asantruptikaramaina phalitaaniki sambandhinchinadi. daani lakshyam edirn punaruddharana. ottoman charitralo eee sainika samsthaku etuvanti udaaharana ledhu, idhi neerugaa macedonia nundi vacchina tirugubaatu vyatiraeka anubhavalu mariyu libia nundi kontamandi ottoman adhikaarulatho gerilla anubhavaala nundi abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. rendava abdul hameed yokka rahasya seva madhya vyatyaasam emitante, adhi neerugaa athanitho mudipadi undhi mariyu kaaryaacharana paniteerunu kaligi ledhu. 1914loe shaa unchina pratyeka dalaala kaalipoyina nigha patraalapai vivaadam undhi. aaa rojuna, ever pasha yuddha mantri ayyadu mariyu abdul hameed yokka recordulanu mariyu bahusha atanipai nigha patraalanu naasanam chesaadu. modati feeled operator suleiman askeri, athanu modati missionu chepatti feeled nirmaanaanni sthaapinchaadu. dwandwa-maargam nirmaanam (raajakeeya mariyu sainika lakshyaalato kuudina operation) yokka yea vaadanalaku maddatu ivvadaaniki vaastava aadharalu laevu. samstha upa nirvahanalo atif comsil, aziz bay, daa. baheddin sakir, mariyu daa. nazeem bay. sibbandini naalugu vibhagaluga vyavastheekarinchaaruh arif bay netrutvamloni european vibhagam, kepten reja bay netrutvamloni caucassian vibhagam, hussen tosson bay netrutvamloni africa mariyu libia vibhagam mariyu doctor. sakir mariyu ruyeni bay. pradhana karyalayam istanbul looni noor-ii osmariye veedhiloo undhi.
yuddha mandali.
yuddha mandali yuddha mantritva saakha krinda undedi. yuddha samayamlo unnata sthaayi sibbandi adhikarulu sthaapinchina eee mandaliki sultan adhipati. 1908 taruvaata, yuddha mantritva saakha saamraajya prabhutvamlo bhaagamaindi. 1908loe, yuddha mantritva saakha yokka unnata sthaayi sibbandi adhikarulu yuddha mandaliki maararu. enar pasha yuddha mantri ayinappudu yuddha mandali raddu cheyabadindi. sultan yokka unnata sthaayi sibbandini nissabdamgaa niyantrana nundi tolaginchaaru. daani tudi roopamlo, yuddha mantritva saakha poura nirmaanamloo bhaagamgaa undedi, idhi saadhaarana sibbandini sainika sthaapanaku vadilivesindi.
yuddha mantri (nazir-ii harbiye).
ottoman sainika dalaala naamamaatrapu commander-inn-cheef sultan mehmed vii. yuddha mantri sainika dalaala commander paatranu nirvartinchaaru. yuddha samayamlo, yuddha mantri ottoman sainyaniki mottam commanderga undevaaru.
sibbandi.
aadhunika sainyam rank nirmaanaanni saralikrutam chesindi, conny rank vyavastha chaalaa sanklishtamgaa undipoyindi.
1908loe rendava rajyanga shakam praarambhamlo, 58 yella leftinentlu, 65 yella keptenlu mariyu 80 yella mejarlu unnaaru. 1909loe samskaranala vayassu parimitulu (leftinentku 41, keptenlaku 46, mejarlaku 52, leftinent karnallaku 55, karnallaku 58, brigadier generallaku 60, generallaku 65 mariyu feeled maarshallaku 68) nirnayinchabaddaayi.
namodu cheyabadina sibbandi.
1908loe, padaatidalaaniki rendu samvatsaraalu, sainyam yokka itara saakhalaku moodu samvatsaraalu mariyu naavikaadalaaniki aidu samvatsaraalu kriyaaseela vidhi vyavadhini nirnayinchaaru. prapancha yuddham samayamlo, ivi ekkuvagaa saiddhaantikamgaa undipoyaayi.
sikshana.
ottoman sainyamlo, tama nirdishta sainika vruttiparamaina pratyekata ledhaa sainyamlo paniteeruku sambandhinchi sikshana pondina commissioned adhikaarulanu "mctaply" (vidyaavantulaina) adhikarulu anie pilicheevaaru. sikshana pondani, conny nirdishta kalallo rankullo seva dwara unchabadina commissioned adhikarulu kooda unnaaru. eee niyaminchabadina adhikaarulanu alayili anie pilicheevaaru. ottoman saamrajyam alayili sthaanamlo mctaply adhikaarulanu niyaminchadaaniki prayatninchindi, endukante adhika sankhyalo adhikarulu alaayileelu. yuvarajulu (puttukatho) mariyu mukhyamaina raajaneetignulu (sthaanam dwara) sainika sikshana pondakapoyina ledhaa ryaankula dwara panicheyakapoyina adhikaarulanu pariganinchevaaru. commissioned adhikarulu nayakatva sikshana (vajeerlu, governorlu modalainavi) kaligi undavachanedi kooda nijam.) mariyu management general (medicine, injaneering modalainavi).).
ottoman military academy.
eee academyni 1834loe mehmed namak pasha mariyu marshal ahmed fevzi pasha "mctabe-ii harbiye" ("waar school") gaa erpaatu chesaaru, modati taragati adhikarulu 1841loe pattabhadrulayyaaru. ottoman saamrajyamlo sainika samskaranallo bhaagamgaa dheeni erpaatu jarigindi, endukante idhi thana sainyanni aadhuneekarinchadaaniki marinta vidyaavantulaina adhikaarula avasaranni gurtinchindi.
ottoman saayudha dalaala kalaasaala.
ottoman saayudha dalaala kalaasaala 1848loe sthaapinchabadindi. 1964loe dheeniki saayudha dalaala kalasalaga paeru maarchabadindi.
ottoman sainika kalaasaala (sibbandi adhikarulu).
european sainyala maadirigaane adhe vyavasthalo sibbandi adhikaarulaku sikshana ivvadaaniki, 1848loe waar academylo "imperial waar school off military sciences" general staff korsula paerutoe 3va mariyu 4va samvatsaraalu srushtinchabaddaayi. eee korsulaku modati directorga abdul kerim pasha niyamitulayyaaru. ottoman sainyam punarvyavastheekarana prayatnaalalo bhaagamgaa, 1866loe staff college mariyu itara sainika paatasaalala kosam kotta erpaatlu amalu cheyabaddaayi. eee erpaatla dwara, saadhaarana sibbandi sikshananu moodu samvatsaraalaku podiginchaaru, adanapu sainika korsulato, vyayamalu mariyu prayogaatmaka sikshanaku pratyeka praadhaanyata ivvabadindi. sibbandi adhikaarulanu modatlo puurtigaa bhinnamaina sainika saakhalo bhaagamgaa pariganinchinappatikii, 1867 taruvaata padaatidalam, aswikadalam mariyu phirangula vanti saakhala kosam sibbandi adhikaarulaku sikshana ivvadaaniki kotta karyakramalu amalu cheyabaddaayi. 1899loe, saadhaarana sibbandi korsulu sibbandi adhikaarula shikshanhato paatu unnata sainika vidyatho ekkuva mandhi adhikaarulaku sikshana ivvaalane suutrampai oka kotta vyavastha abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. eee niyamanni anusarinchi, armi waar academy nundi ekkuva sankhyalo adhikaarulanu staff collegelo cherchukunnaru. eee prakriya 1908 varaku konasaagindi. rendava rajyanga kaalam prakatinchina taruvaata, staff college yokka nirmaanam 1909 augustu 4 naati kotta staff college regulationtho punarvyavastheekarinchabadindi. kotta hodha, "general staff school", octoberlo aamodinchabadindi.
general staff schoollo, armi waar academy nundi staff kaalaejeeki pratyaksha parivartana paddhati raddu cheyabadindi mariyu armi waar academy taruvaata staff collegelo pravaesaaniki ippudu rendu samvatsaraala kshetra seva avasaram. aaa taruvaata, adhikaarulanu pareekshalaku gurichesi, pareekshalo utteernulaina vaarini staff officer abhyardhulugaa kalasalalo cherchukunnaru. 1920 marchi 16naa constantinopalnu mitraraajyaalu aakraminchina taruvaata, modati prapancha yuddham vijaetalu sainika paatasaalalanu raddu chesaaru; ayinappatikee, staff kalaasaala april 1921 varaku teswikiye looni serif pasha bhavanamlo thana karyakalapalanu konasaginchagaligindi, constantinopalnu 1919 janavari 28naa marcharu. anni bodhakulu mariyu vidyaarthulu jaateeya swaatantrya yuddhamlo chaeradaaniki anatoliaku vellina taruvaata, staff kalaasaala moosiveyabadindi.
sainika missionlu.
aadhunika ottoman sainyam abhivruddhi chendadaaniki mundu french sainika vyavastha upayoginchabadindi. 1877-78 yuddhamlo russia nundi otami taruvaata, ottoman samskarana prakriya praathamika savaranatho praarambhamaindih french sainika vyavastha sthaanamlo german sainika vyavastha erpadindi. modati german sainika mission 1882loe raajadhaaniki cherukundi. dheeniki kohler anae aswikadalam adhikari naayakatvam vahinchaaru, ayana sahayaka-dii-campga niyaminchabaddaaru.
1914 praarambhamlo moodu sainika missionlu churukuga undevi. avi admiral orther limpus netrutvamloni british navika mission, general mousen netrutvamloni french gendarm mission mariyu kolmar freeher vaan derr goltz netrutvamloni german sainika mission.
british sainika mission.
pradhanamgaa naukaadalamgaa unna british sainika salahaadaarulu ottoman naavikaadalampai takkuva prabhavam chuupaaru. british navika mission 1912loe admiral orther limpus aadhvaryamlo sthaapinchabadindi. britton tvaralo yuddhamloki pravesistundane aandolana kaaranamgaa 1914 septembarulo aayananu tirigi pilipinchaaru. ottoman naavikaadalaanni punarvyavastheekarinche missionu imperial german naavikaadalaaniki chendina rear admiral wilhelm souchan swaadheenam chesukunnaru. aasaktikaramgaa, ottoman noukalu raayal neeveeki chendina rangula maadirigaane paint cheyabaddaayi, mariyu adhikari chihnam british vaari rangulanu pratibimbistumdi.
british navika missionku naayakatvam vahinchaaruh
french sainika mission.
french sainika salahaadaarulu chaalaa prabhaavavantamgaa undevaaru. 1912loe oka noothana vaimanika dalam praarambhinchabadindi, daani charitra ottoman aviation squadronla krinda praarambhamaindi. praantiiya gendarm yokka puurti kuurpu kooda french sainika missionloo oka bhaagam. french gendarm missionku general mousen naayakatvam vahinchaaru.
german sainika mission.
german sainika mission ottoman sainyaniki moodava atyanta mukhyamaina command center (sultan, yuddha mantri, mission head) gaa maarindi.
german mission 27 october 1913 nundi 1918 varaku gurtimpu pondindi. gatamlo 22va division commander ayina general oto liman vaan sandersnu kaijar constantinoplecu niyaminchaaru. germany ottoman-russian yuddham aasannamaindani bhaavinchindi, mariyu liman vaan sanders russian saayudha dalaala gurinchi adbhutamaina ghnaanam kaligina general. germany, britton, france latho kuudina bhavishyat yuddhamlo yea vaipu palgonalo ottoman saamrajyam nirnayinchaledu. german military mission yokka 9va artical yuddham jariginatlayithe oppandam raddu cheyabadutundani perkondi.
german sainika mission chivariki sainika missionlaloo atyanta mukhyamainadigaa maarindi. german-ottoman sainika sambandhaala charitra 1880la naatidi. haleem pasha, yuddha mantri ahmed izzat pasha prarambha sambandhaalanu pempondinchadamlo keelaka paatra pooshinchaarani grand wazir chepparu. rendava kaijar wilhelm modati german missionu sthaapinchamani derr goltjnu aadesinchaadu. general golz rendu samvatsaraalalo rendu kaalaalaku panicheesaaru. 1914 praarambhamlo, ottoman yuddha mantri berlinku maajee sainika ataashegaa unnaaru. daadaapu adhe samayamlo, general oto liman vaan sanders, european vaipu atipedda german 1 va sainyam yokka kamaandku nominate cheyabaddaadu.
sainika samskruti.
hetch. zii. constantinoplo ottoman sainika khananamnu chusinatlu dwite daaniki sambandhinchina chitraalanu teesaadu. sainikulu prati deshaaniki chendinavaarani (prati jaatiki chendinavaaru), kabatti vaaru vaari matam dwara, "mohamadeeyulu" mariyu "kraistavula" samoohaalalo matrame vaeru cheyabaddaarani dwite chepparu. yuddhabhoomilo baibillu, koraanlu, tanakh la lekkimpu aadhaaramgaa eee prasamgaalu jarigaayi. oka slide yokka sheershika (kudi vaipuna) ilaa untundih
parikaraalu.
19va sataabdam chivaralo european aayudha parisramalu vegavantamaina saanketika purogati saadhistunnappudu, sainyam yokka aayudhalanu punaruddharinchaalsina avasaram gurinchi sultan abdul hameed II telusukunnaru. ottoman sainyam takkuva saamarthyam, vaadukalo laeni aayudhalanu kaligi undhi. rendava abdul hameed paatha vyavasthanu tolaginchaadu, conny oka chinna aayudha parisrama matrame abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. paryavasanamga, ottoman sainyam aayudhalu mariyu parikaraala kosam daani mitraraajyaala nundi digumatulu mariyu nidhulapai aadhaarapadindi. 1910 juulai 3naa jaarii chesina oka uttarvu dwara, aayudhalu mariyu mandugundu samagri budgetnu kaligi unna paristhiti meruguparachabadindi.
aayudhalu.
mouser raifilsnu vislaeshimchadaaniki, enchukoovadaaniki mariyu konugolu cheyadaaniki general vidinli tevfic pasanu germanyki pampaaru. pratipaadita raifils (mouser m1890) kuu badulugaa, ottomanlu 7.65 mimi caliberlo mouser m1893 mariyu m1903 nuu konugolu chesaaru. 1908loe rajyanga paalana punaruddharinchabadinappudu, ottoman sainyamlo chaalaa varaku praathamika raifils undevi, vaatilo konni matrame vegavantamaina kaalpulu jaripevi.
1910 prarambham varaku ottoman sainyamlo meshin gunn unitlu laevu (juulai 3,1910naa amalu chesina maarpula kaaranamgaa). andubaatulo unna vaatini yuddhanaukalapai mariyu teerapraanta rakshana kosam upayoginchaaru. konni meshin ganlu annee garishta-asaadhaarana garishta tupaakulu (mg09 version). taruvaati samvatsaraallo, kevalam konni hotskiss m1909luu mariyu schwarzlos mg m.07/12s matrame jodinchabaddaayi.
1914loe, adhikarulu pradhanamgaa brounying m1903luu, mouser c96luu mariyu kontha parimaanamlo, beholas, frummer m912luu, lugar p08luu mariyu smith & wesson nem. 3s.
padaatidalam rendu rakaala grenadelanu upayoginchindi. atyanta saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche daadi grenadelu german. banthi" mariyu "guddu" aakaaramlo unde rakshanaatmaka grenadelu kooda upayoginchabaddaayi.
WWI samayamlo ottoman feeled ganla yokka atyanta saadhaarana rakalu german-roopakalpana mariyu 75-mm crup m03 l/30 feeled, 77-mm crup m96 l/27 Na mariyu 77-mm rainmetal m16 l/35 tupaakulu. kshetra phirangula koratato, ottoman sainyam chaalaa paatha mariyu paatha kshetra tupaakulanu kooda upayoginchindi, konni 1870la nativi, alaage swaadheenam chesukunna russian mariyu british tupaakulu.
unifamlu.
solingen mariyu suhl laloe german companylu bionetlanu tayaaru chesaayi.
unitla sthaanam.
1908.
1908loe, modati sainyam constantinople mariyu bosporuslo undhi, mariyu eurup mariyu asea mainarlalo kooda unitlu unnaayi. modati sainyam naalugu reserve divisionlaku tanikhi vidhulanu kooda kaligi undhi. rendava sainika pradhana karyalayam adrianopallo sthaapinchabadindi, daani kaaryaacharana praantamloo thrace mariyu dardanelles unnaayi, mariyu dheeniki eurup mariyu asea mainarlalo unitlu unnaayi. rendava sainyam aaru reserve divisionlu mariyu oka brigedku kooda tanikhi vidhulanu kaligi undhi. moodava sainyam yokka kaaryaacharana praantamloo paschima rumelia undhi, mariyu dheeniki airopalo (pratyaekamgaa albania, kosovo mariyu macedonia) unitlu unnaayi mariyu aydinlo kooda okati (asea mainarlo) undhi; moodava sainyam pannendu reserve divisionlaku tanikhi vidhulanu kaligi undhi. nalgava sainyam yokka kotta kaaryaacharana praantam kakasia mariyu daani aneka dalaalu russian saamrajyampai nigha unchadaaniki sarihaddu vembadi chellacheduruga undevi; nalgava sainyam naalugu reserve divisionlaku tanikhi vidhulanu kaligi undedi.
1909.
adhikarikamga, sainyam yokka samarthavanthamaina saantikaala balam 700,620 gaa anchanaa veyabadindi, veetilo 583,200 padaatidalam, 55,300 aswikadalam mariyu 54,720 firangulu unnaayi. 174 kshetraalu mariyu 22 parvata yuddhanaukalu undevi. andulo mottam kriyaaseela sainyamlo (260,000) 320 betalianla padaatidalam, 203 squadronla aswikadalam mariyu 248 6-tupaki phirangula byaatariilu unnaayi. reservelo (120,000) 374 padaatidala betalianlu, 666 anubandha mariyu asampoorna betalianlu mariyu 48 aswikadalam squadronlu unnaayi.
1910.
1910loe, saamrajyam edu armi corps jillaluga vibhajinchabadindi. avi istanbul, edirne, izmir, ergincon, damascus, baghdad mariyu sanaa. madeenaa mariyu tripoli anae rendu swatantra vibhagalu, mariyu moodu regimentlu, tommidi betalianlu mariyu oka sikshanaa betaliantho kuudina aneka vibhagalu kooda unnaayi.
1911.
1909 sainika samskaranalo corps sthaayi pradhana karyalayala srushti kooda undhi. 1911loe, modati sainyam pradhana karyalayam herbielo undhi, rendava sainyam pradhana karyalayam thessalonikilo undhi, idhi balkanlu mariyu siriya mariyu paalastiinaa dalaalapai niyantranaku baadhyata vahistundi; idhi rendu inspectorlalo modatidaanni kooda kaligi undhi. moodava sainyam pradhana karyalayam erginconlo undhi mariyu aidava sainyam pradhana karyalayam baghdadlo undhi; dheeniki rendava inspector undedi.
1912.
1912loe, modati sainyam thrace loe undhi, rendava sainyam balkanlalo undhi, moodava sainyam caucasuslo undhi, nalgava sainyam mesopotamialo undhi, VIII corps syrialo undhi, mariyu XIV corps arabia mariyu yemenlalo undhi.
1913.
1913loe, dalaala sthaanaalu okela undipoyaayi, conny modati balcon yuddhaala samayamlo asalu modati sainyam adhokaranam chendindi.
1914.
ottoman saamrajyam modati prapancha yuddhamloki pravesinchadaaniki mundu, naalugu sainyalu tama dalaalanu corps mariyu divisionluga vibhajinchaayi, tadwara prati divisionlo moodu padaatidala regimentlu mariyu phirangi regiment undevi. pradhana vibhagalu padihenu vibhaagaalato modati sainyam; rendava sainyam (aleppo pradhana karyalayam mariyu rendu vibhaagaalato kuudina rendu dalaalaku naayakatvam vahistundi) 4 vibhaagaalato paatu moodu padaatidala regimentlu mariyu phirangi brigedto kuudina swatantra padaatidala vibhagam; tommidi vibhaagaalato kuudina moodava sainyam, naalugu swatantra padaatidala regimentlu mariyu naalugu swatantra aswikadalam regimentlu (girijana unitlu); mariyu naalugu vibhaagaalato kuudina nalgava sainyam. reserve vyavastha tolaginchabadindi, kabatti reserve sainikulu pratyeka unitlanu erpaatu cheyakunda kriyaaseela unitlanu nimpaalani pranaalika. 1914 augustulo, 36 padaatidala vibhagalalo, padnaalugu modati nundi sthaapinchabaddaayi mariyu mukhyamgaa kotta vibhagaluga undevi. chaalaa takkuva samayamlo, kottagaa niyaminchabadina eee divisionlalo enimidi pedda punarvyavastheekarana dwara vellaayi.
1914 november natiki, rendava sainyam istanbulku taralinchabadindi mariyu vii mariyu vii corpsku naayakatvam vahinchindi, prati okkati moodu vibhaagaalato koodi undhi. ottoman ekagrata pranaalika pradhana dalaalanu european thraceku maarchindi mariyu jalasandhi rakshananu sthaapinchindi. modati mariyu rendava sainyam eee praantamloo undindi. moodava sainyam siitaakaalapu daadi kosam kotta saamaagrini pondindi. paalastiinaa (VIII corps) looni balaganni mesopotamialo sainyamtho bharti chesaaru.
1915.
marchi 24,1915 mariyu september 5,1915naa varusaga 5va mariyu 6va sainyalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. 1915 fibravarilo, jalasandhi rakshana punarvyavastheekarinchabadindi. rendava sainyam dakshina, thoorpu tiiraalaku baadhyata vahinchindi. idhi taruvaata gallipoli dveepakalpamlo poraadutunna purushulanu balopetam cheyadaaniki dalaalanu andinchindi, conny tadupari paatra pooshinchaleedu.
1916.
1916 maarchilo, caucasus dandayaatraku rendava sainyanni moharinchaalani nirnayam teesukunnaru. rendava sainyam gallipoli dandayaatralo anubhavagnulatho paatu rendu kotta vibhaagaalato roopondinchabadindi. ottoman railu network paelavamaina paristhiti kaaranamgaa, dalaalanu taralinchadaaniki chaalaa samayam pattindi.
1917.
1917 augustu 12 mariyu 1917 october 2naa varusaga 7va mariyu 8va sainyalu sthaapinchabaddaayi.
1918 fibravari 4naa rendava sainyam nishkriyam cheyabadindi. taruvaata idhi tirigi sakriyam cheyabadindi mariyu anatolialoni kaarmika vibhaagaalato sahaa venuka praanta dalaalaku naayakatvam vahinchindi.