
gaddi gaddi

gaddi eegil (akvila nipalensis) oka pedda vaeta pakshi. anni eagles maadirigaane, idhi asypitridae kutumbaaniki chendinadi. gaddi eegil yokka baga rekkalu gala kaallu dheenini "boot chesina eagles" anie kooda piluvabade akviline upakutumbamlo sabhyudiga vivaristaayi. eee jaathi okappudu nischalamaina tonny eegil ("akvila rapax") thoo daggari sambandham kaligi unnatlu pariganinchabadindi mariyu eee rendu roopaalanu gatamlo nirdishtamainavigaa pariganinchaaru. padanirmaana shaastram mariyu shareera nirmaana saastramlo spashtamaina vyatyaasaala aadhaaramgaa avi vibhajinchabaddaayi; rendu paramaanu adhyayanalu, prati okkati chaalaa takkuva sankhyalo janyuvula aadhaaramgaa, jaatulu vibhinnamgaa unnayani suuchistaayi, conny avi entha daggari sambandham kaligi unnayane daanipai vibhedistaayi.
gaddi eegil aneka vidhaluga oka pratyaekamaina dega jaathi. idhi santanotpatti sthalamlo naela udutalaku pratyaekamaina predator, itara chinna ksheeradaalu mariyu itara vaetanu kooda teesukuntundi, naela udutalu takkuva sthiramgaa kanipinchinappudu tarachugaa ilaa chestundi. gaddi maidaana aavasalalo chetlu laeni praantaalalo, eee eagles koddigaa paiki, tarachugaa oka avtcrope meeda ledhaa sameepamlo goodu kattutaayi, conny chadunaina, vedalpaina, bahiranga naela kooda chadunaina goodulo undavacchu. pradhanamgaa neelapai goodu kattina ekaika dega avi. saadhaaranamgaa okati nundi moodu gudlu pedataayi mariyu vijayavantamaina goollalo okati nundi rendu chinna eagles rekkalu untaayi. gaddi eegil daani mottam santanotpatti shreni nundi bhaarii olasalanu chepadutundi, pradhana valasa flywaylanu, mukhyamgaa madhyaprachyam, erra samudram mariyu himalayalanu daati saamuhikamgaa kadulutundi. sheethaakaalamlo, santanotpatti samayamlo kante takkuva daggari adhyayanam chesinappatiki, gaddi eegil daani nidaanamaina mariyu daadaapu nishkriyaatmaka aahara paryaavarana saastraaniki prasiddhi chendindi, keetakaala samuuhaalu, pallapu pradaesaalu, kothulu mariyu vividha rakaala jantuvula pakshika-ettaina pillalapai drushti pedutundi, vaari bandhuvula jaatula yokka dhairyamaina mariyu dopidi pravartananu kaligi undadu. eee praantaalalo valasa vellae itara eagles kante valasa pradaesaalaloo vaelaadi mandhi ippatikee pedda sankhyalo chusinappatiki, gaddi gaddi yokka mottam janabha vaegamgaa taggindi. eee jaatulaku muppuga perugutunna gaddi mantalu mariyu goolla chuttoo tegullu (rendoo kooda vedekkutunna vaataavaranam valla perige avakaasam undhi) untaayi, ivi pedda mottamlo goodu vaiphalyaalaku kaaranamavutaayi. eee kaarakaalaku poteegaa, maanavula bhangam mariyu himsa, alaage pasuvula goollanu tokkadam valla ksheenata teevrataram avtondi. swechchagaa egurutunna gaddi eagles kooda pramaadakaramaina sankhyalo champabadutunnayi, mukhyamgaa kazakhstan yokka santanotpatti kosam balamaina desamlo, pramaadakaramaina vidyut teegalu mariyu pilanspy vidyudaaghaatam dwara. eee mariyu itara kaaranaala valla, eee jaatula ksheenata 50 saataaniki paiga gananeeyamgaa untundani bhaavistunnaaru. anduvalla, eee jaatini iucn antarinchipothunna jaatigaa pariganistundi. kazakhstan gendapai kanipinche gaddi eegil kazakhstan mariyu eejipt rendintikee jaateeya pakshi.
vargeekarana.
british prakruti shaastravetta brian houton hodgson 1833loe gaddi mydaanapu deganu varninchaaru. "akvila" antey "eegil" anie laatinlo cheppavacchu, ayithe "nipalensis" antey "nepaul nundi" anie ardham, idhi valasa velletappudu bahusha eee rakamaina namuunaanu sekarinchina pradaesam aadhaaramgaa untundi. shamyul zii. ayithe gymeline tanais nundi vacchina oka jaathi deganu vivarinchaadu, akkada avi puraatana dibbalu ledhaa sanchaarula samaadhulapai kuurchoni kanipinchaayi. athanu dheenini "akvila mogilnic" anie pilichadu, eee jaatiki "mogilnic" anae paeru vachindi, dheeni ardham russian bhaashalo khananam anie ardham. dheenini athani bandhuvu zhe. "systema natural" yokka 13va sanchikalo chaerchaaru.eff. 1788loe gymeline. ayithe eee pakshi yokka gurtimpu "a" thoo ayomayam chendindi. helika "conny 2019 loe parisoedhana" a "anie suuchistumdi. mogilnic "nuu vishwasaneeyamgaa gurtinchavacchu mariyu idhi oka chellubaatu ayye senior paeru ayi undedi. 1914loe ernst hartert dheenini "dubium" anae paeru pettaledani prakatinchi unte. saahityamlo eee paerunu upayoginchakapovadam valla ippudu "oblitum" anae paeru vachindi, idhi vaadukalo laeni chellubaatu ayye senior paeru. gaddi eegil anedi asypitridae kutumbamloni booted eegil upakutumbamlo sabhyudu. boot cheyabadina eegil vamsam monophilatic mariyu caryotypes adhyayanam mottam prastuta accipitrid kutumbamlo vatiki takkuva ledhaa daggari bahya sambandhaalu undavani suuchimchimdi. boot cheyabadina eegil upakutumbam annintikee kaallanu kappi unche eekalu untaayi mariyu accipitrids unna prati khandamlo kontavaraku kanipistaayi. akvila" jaathi saampradayakamgaa vividha bahiranga aavaasaalaku alavaatu padina pedda mariyu chaalaa cheekati eagles dwara koodi untundani bhaavistaaru. edemaina, golden eegil (akvila chrysatos) vanti uparitala saaruupya eagles mariyu daani moodu unikilo unna mariyu saruupyamgaa kanipinche daggari bandhuvulu, alaage moodu chaalaa bhinnamaina chinna mariyu laetha-boddu eagles (bonnellis, african hock-mariyu cassins hock-eagles) mariyu steppy eegilnu kaligi unna jaatula samudaayam madhya gananeeyamaina vibhajana undataaniki nirnayinchaaru. macchala eegil maadirigaane gaddi gaddi kosam bangaaru degatho samaanamaina janyu asamaanata undhi, ivi pratyeka jaathi "klanga" nuu yerparuchukovadaniki taginanta vilakshanamgaa pariganinchabaddaayi. gaddi eegil janyuparamgaa tonny eegilku daggaragaa, alaage marinta dhooram unnappatikee, thoorpu ("akvila helia") mariyu spanish imperial eagles ("akvila adalberty") thoo samuuhamgaa untundi. edemaina, "akvila" jaatilo rujuvu cheyabadina lokey saapekshamgaa sajaateeyamgaa unnatlu kanugonabadindi, isoengimela yokka saadhaarana adhyayanalu vaati janyuvulanu konni gudlaguba jaatula kante padhi retlu takkuva dhooramlo choopinchaayi.
gaddi eegil chaaritraatmakamgaa tonny eegil thoo nirdishtamainadigaa pariganinchabadindi, iteevala 1991 varaku kooda. taruvaati jaatulu african mariyu asea praantaalalo edaadi podavunaa nivasistaayi, tarachugaa gaddi eegil sheethaakaala maidanaluga kalanugunamga upayogistaayi. padanirmaana shaastram, vibhina rangu, vibhina jeevita charitralu mariyu pravartanalalo vyatyaasaala aadhaaramgaa eee jaatulu chivariki vaeru cheyabaddaayi. janyu padaarthaala pareeksha gaddi naela mariyu moddubaarina eagles yokka jaatula vyatyaasaanni balopetam chesindi. janyuparamgaa, gaddi eegil anedi tonny mariyu imperial eagles vanti sambandhita jaatulaku besalga bhaavinchabadutundi. akvila nipaloids" anae shilaja jaathi, italii, coursica, sardinia mariyu fraanslaloo kanugonabadindi mariyu ramas yokka osteology aadhaaramgaa gaddi mydaanapu degatho chaalaa daggari sambandham kaligi undani oohinchabadindi (ayithe legg morphologylo konni thedaalanu rujuvu chesindi). tonny eegil kante gaddi eegil nundi marinta balamgaa vilakshanamgaa unnappatikee, thoorpu saamraajya dega adavilo gaddi eegilstho, okasari turkeylo mariyu kaneesam moodu saarlu kazakhstanlo sankareekarinchadam kanipinchindi. saamraajya eegilstho kuudina prati hybrid loe jatala subdault ledhaa baalya eagles untaayi mariyu telisina anni hybrid jatalu maga gaddi gaddi (ledhaa spashtamgaa gaddi gaddi-saamraajya sankaraalu) madhya aada saamraajya eagles thoo jatacheyabadi untaayi. eee hybrid jatalalo konni kooda sumaruga madhyantara lakshanaalatoo aarogyakaramaina yuvakulanu utpatti chesaayi.
gaddi eegil saadhaaranamgaa rendu upajaatulanu kaligi unnatlu pariganinchabadindi. okati naaminee upajaatulu, "a. enn. eee shreni yokka thoorpu bhagalalo (bahusha thoorpu kazakhstan praantam nundi anni paayintla thoorpu varaku) santanotpatti chese nipalensis, ayithe kazakhstan mariyu european russialo chaalaa varaku kanipinche paaschaatya santanotpatti janabha upajaatulugaa pariganinchabadindi", a. enn. orientalis ". rendu upajaatula vibhajana ekkuvagaa parimaanam meeda aadharapadi undedi, thoorpu janabha paschima eagles kante peddadi mariyu chaalaa baruvugaa undedi. marinta thoorpu pakshulu muduru rangu needatho untaayi mariyu marinta vistrutamaina meda patteeni kaligi untaayi, alaage marinta spashtamgaa lothaina gape-line kaligi untaayi. ayithe, paaschaatya mariyu russian parisoedhakulu iddaroo steppy eegil vaastavaaniki oka ekasila jaathi anie nammadagina vaadana chesaaru. gatamlo perkonna rendu upajaatulu santanotpatti paridhiloo vistrutamgaa ativyaapti chendutunnatlu mariyu kajakh-russian kalise pradaesamloe gurtinchalenivigaa kanipistaayani kanugonabadindi. praathamika thedaalu, i.ii. parimaanamlo mariyu telikapati rangulo, paryaavaranam kaaranamgaa clinal vaividhyalugaa vivarinchavacchu. thoorpu mariyu paschima eagles yokka santanotpatti janabha taginantagaa allopatric kaadu mariyu puurti upajaatulugaa sarigga pariganinchabadakundaa chaalaa vistrutamgaa chorabaatulo palgontayi. porapaatuna, oka checklistlo okappudu "a" yokka puurva upajaatulu undevi. enn. orientalis "asea nundi vacchina tonny eegil yokka upajaatulalo bhaagamgaa", a. aarr. vindhiana, "oka lopam, taruvaata sarididdabadindi.
vivarana.
gaddi eegil pedda, sthuulamaina mariyu drudhamgaa kanipinche dega. idhi pradhanamgaa muduru godhuma rangulo, podavati conny chaalaa mandapati medatho mariyu saapekshamgaa chinna thalatho untundi, ayinappatikee idhi balamaina billu mariyu podavaina gape-line kaligi untundi. idhi podavaina rekkalu galadigaa kanipistundi mariyu podavaina mariyu gundrani thokanu kaligi untundi mariyu baga rekkalu gala (dadapuga vicchinnamgaa kanipinche eekalu) kaallanu kaligi untundi. gaddi gaddi gudlagoobalu kontha nitaruga untaayi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa bahiranga pradaesamloe alaa chestaayi, tarachugaa vivikta chetlu, stambhaalu, raallu ledhaa dibbalu ledhaa gaddi-piles vanti itara tagina takkuva veekshanhalanu upayogistaayi. eee jaathi tarachugaa bhoomipai kanipistundi, ikkada rojulo ekkuva kaalam nilabadi, kshitija samaantara bhangimatho mariyu rekkalu thokanu minchipothayi. gaddi eagles, tonny eagles vantivi, kaneesam aneka itara "akvila" eagles thoo poliste, saapekshamgaa longubaatu ayyevi mariyu cherukogalavu. peddadi muduru kendraalato ekkuva kavarlaku kontavaraku maarutuu unde godhuma rangulo untundi. eee shreni yokka thoorpu bhaagamlo, peddavaallu saadhaaranamgaa meda mariyu venukapotu meeda laetha laetha rangu nundi nistejamaina narinja-pasupu nundi pasupu-godhuma rangu patches kaligi untaaru. edainaa itara laetha praantaalu (venuka eekalu mariyu paie thoka kavarlu vantivi) peddalapai aspashtamgaa untaayi. bhaarii gape-line kanti venuka bhaagamtho samanamga untundi (laetha gaddaniki vyatiraekamgaa cheekati sarihaddu dwara marinta nokki cheppabadindi) mariyu tonny eegilstho sahaa itara "akvila" eagles kante podavugaa untundi. vaari lothaina kallatho kalipi, idhi gaddi gadulaki puurtigaa teevramaina mukha kavalikalanu istundi. gaddi eegil balyam peddalu kante daadaapu sthiramgaa laetha rangulo untaayi, konni mottam meeda oobaru-godhuma rangu nundi tonny-buff varaku untaayi, conny konni muduru rangulo mariyu marinta lothugaa godhuma rangulo untaayi. balyam eguva bhagalalo godhuma rangu nundi buudida-godhuma rangulo untundi, conny saadhaaranamgaa rufus-buff nep pyaach (thoorpu janabhalo ekkuvagaa) kosam. baalintalu pedda kavarlu, rekkalu mariyu thoka chuttoo spashtamgaa mariyu vistrutamgaa tellati-mukkala nalupu mariyu godhuma medianlapai bolled conny irukaina cream byaandnu kaligi untaayi. balyapu gaddi eegil yokka tellati paie thoka kappulu saadhaaranamgaa kuurchunnappudu daachabadataayi; diguva bhagalu saadhaaranamgaa eguva bhagala maadirigaane untaayi, conny kontavaraku laetha tonny-buff rangulo undavacchu. vaari 2va samvatsaramlo, eekalu ippatikee 1va samvatsaram roopaanni pooli untaayi, conny dviteeyabhaagaalaku laetha anchulanu chuuputaayi, madhyastha kavarlu mariyu thoka tarachugaa baga dharinchevi mariyu irukainavi; 2va sheethaakaalam prarambham natiki, unchabadina baalya vimaana-eekalu mariyu kavarla konalu bhaareega tagginchabadataayi mariyu chaalaa sannaga untaayi. 2va sheethaakaalam chivari natiki, tarachugaa aparipakvamainavi chaalaa ksheeninchinatlugaa kanipistaayi mariyu dadapuga laetha mukkulanu puurtigaa kolpoyayi mariyu 3va samvatsaram nundi paatha mariyu kotta eekalu yokka vaividhyamaina misramaanni vyaktam chestaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, aidellalo vayojanula vanti eekalu vachhe varaku aparipakvamainavi tarachugaa chaalaa murikigaa kanipistaayi, aaa taruvaata eekalu saadhaaranamgaa marinta sanklishtamgaa kanipistaayi. peddavaariki godhuma rangu nundi muduru godhuma rangu kallu untaayi, ayithe baluraku muduru godhuma rangu kallu untaayi; trunadhaanyaalu mariyu paadaalu anni vayasula variki pasupu rangulo untaayi.
egurutuu, gaddi eegil oka pedda, aakattukune mariyu spashtamgaa bhaarii raptor gaa kanipistundi, idhi baga project cheyabadina pedda thala mariyu bill mariyu vedalpaina meda mariyu podavaina, visaalamaina rekkalatho untundi. avi, mukhyamgaa pedda thoorpu pakshulalo, damasha prakaram podavaina chetulu kaligi untaayi. rekkalu daadaapu samaantara anchu mariyu 7 chaalaa podavaina anchulatho chaturasraakaaramlo untaayi. tarachugaa baalintalu kontha irukaina rekkalu galaviga kanipistaaru. eee jaathi yokka vistruta sareeram tarachugaa kinda velaadadeeyabadi kanipistundi mariyu thoka gundrani ledhaa cheelika aakaaramlo kanipistundi, rekkala-bays podavulo moodinta naaluginta oka vanthu kolustundi. rekkalu mottam shareera podavu kante 2.6 retlu ekkuva. eguva rekkalapai, gaddi eagles laetha budidarangu praadhamika paachnu chuuputaayi, idhi tarachugaa chaalaa peddadi mariyu spashtamgaa untundi (mukhyamgaa peddalu kaani vaaripai), tarachugaa pedda praadhamika kavarlapai adugubhaagamlo lethagaa untundi, conny peddalapai (mukhyamgaa muduru pakshulu) chaalaa takkuvagaa gurtinchabadutundi. underving meeda, chaalaa chinna corple cressent undavacchu, conny adrushyam nundi konchem ekkuva gurtinchabade varaku maaravacchu. egurutuu unde eekalu budidarangu rangulo untaayi mariyu annintikee 7-8 manchi-dhooram gala nallati patteelu untaayi (macchalugala eagles kante takkuva spashtamgaa unnappatikee), ayithe vellu saadaa nallaga untaayi. peddalu praathamikamgaa chaalaa ekareeti muduru godhuma rangulo untaaru (rekkalu chaalaa takkuvagaa budidarangu ledhaa arudugaa pasupu godhuma rangulo untaayi). peddalu vimaanamlo venuka mariyu thoka kavarlapai konni tellati paachesnu chuupavachchu, ivi chinnavi nundi chaalaa pramukhamgaa untaayi. muduru-addu budidarangu praadhamika paachnu choopinche vayojana eagles saadhaaranamgaa lopali praadhamikaalapai cheelika-akaaraaniki parimitam cheyabadataayi, ayithe konnisaarlu marinta pramukhamgaa undavacchu. peddavaalla krinda muduru-addu buudida rangu egurutuu unde eekalu mariyu thokanu chuuputaayi, visaalamaina nalupu kalibata anchulu mariyu rekka chivaralanu vilakshanamgaa chuuputaayi; rekka lininglu tarachugaa remigla kante koddigaa laetha nundi muduru rangulo untaayi mariyu tarachugaa virigina laetha madhya byaand yokka aspashtamaina avasheshaalatho untaayi. yuktamaina drushyamlo choosthe, baalintalu vimaanamlo chaalaa vilakshanhamainavi. paina, baalintalu sareeram chuttoo laetha buudida-godhuma nundi pasupu-godhuma rangulo untaaru mariyu mundu-kavarlu, thoka paina vistruta tellati yuu kaligi untaayi. avi nallati pedda kavarlaku vistruta tellati konalu, flight eekalu mariyu thokanu kaligi untaayi, ivi rekkalu mariyu venuka anchulapai spashtamaina tellati baarlanu srushtistaayi, alaage lopali praadhamika bhaagaalanu cover chese pedda mariyu pramukha tellani pyaachnu kaligi untaayi (deenivalla barraging marinta pratyaekamgaa nilustundi mariyu saadaa nalla rekkala chivarana bharti chestundi). daani diguva bhaagamlo, balyam laetha gonthu mariyu creamy chrism thoo madhya godhuma nundi godhuma-pasupu rangulo untundi. krinda, kreemu gala kendra rekka patti paina kante marinta vedalpugaa untundi, ayithe pedda kavarlu praathamika sthaayilalo konni muduru kendraalato tellagaa untaayi (arudaina teevramaina laetha vyaktulu mottam rekkala liningpy daadaapu ekareeti laetha rangunu kaligi untaaru mariyu takkuva mariyu madhyataraha vaaru tellati nundi laetha isuka, tarachugaa tellati laetha praadhamika-vedjlu). konni baalya 1 va samvatsaraalalo suukshmamaina ledhaa kendra rekkalu byaandlu levani nivedikalu unnappatikee, ivi eee eekalu unna sandarbhaalu anie nammutaaru, conny podavaina madhyastha kavarla dwara aspashtamgaa untaayi. modati samvatsaram chivarilo, chinna gaddi dega rekkalaku laetha konalu kaligi untundi, thoka mariyu eguva rekkala kavarlu chaalaa varaku ksheenistaayi; aaa taruvaata vyaktigata vyatyaasaala kaaranamgaa abhivruddhi chendina yuva sakshyam chaalaa vaividhyamgaa untundi. saadhaaranamgaa, 2va sheethaakaalam chivari natiki, rekka marinta dharinche mariyu asamaanamaina namoonaalo kanipistundi, kottagaa pondina chinna tellati-kona gala quills vaati laetha konalanu kolpoyina paatha dharinchina chinna pillala kante spashtamgaa podavugaa untaayi. 3va sheethaakaalam nundi, laetha bhagalu spashtamgaa taggutaayi, egurutuu unde eekalu mariyu thoka tarachugaa chaalaa murikigaa kanipistaayi mariyu 4va samvatsaram natiki peddavaarini marinta pooli untaayi. 3va samvatsaram chivari nundi avi vayojana eekalu pondhe varaku, eagles vayojanula vanti vistruta nalupu venuka anchulu mariyu thokanu kaligi untaayi, tarachugaa muduru-addu buudida rangu punaadi nundi nalla vella varaku mariyu laetha byaand jaadalatho paatu ekkuva underving-kavarlu untaayi. gatamlo nivedinchinatlugaa, aidu samvatsaraala vayassu gala konni eagles rekkala kavarlu mariyu gonthupai inca laetha macchalu kaligi unnappatikee, 4va mariyu 5va samvatsaraala madhya paripakvata pondavacchu, 6 nundi 7 samvatsaraala vayassulo kaadu, mariyu chivariki avi kanipinche daanikante marinta suukshmamaina meda patches kaligi untaayi.
parimaanam.
gaddi eegil peddadi mariyu aakattukune raptor mariyu chaalaa pedda eegil. ayithe, "akvila" jaatiki chendina sabhyudiga, idhi chaalaa madhya tarahadi. aadavaru baruvu paramgaa ekkuva dimorphismtho 15 saatam varaku peddavigaa undavacchu, idhi sarala kolatala kante spashtamgaa dimorphicga untundi. mottam podavu puurtigaa perigina gaddi gaddi eagles varaku untundi. eee jaatiki chendina puurtigaa perigina eagles loe rekkalu chaalaa vaividhyamgaa untaayi, athi chinna gaddi gaddi eagles antha takkuvagaa vistarinchi untaayi, ayithe atipeddavi antha varaku vistarinchi untaayi. konni muulaalu garishta rekkalanu matrame jabita chesinappatiki, atyanta bhaarii gaddi gadula (antey.ii. altay nundi). nivedinchina vidhamgaa rekkala maadirigaane shareera dravyarashi kooda chaalaa vaividhyamgaa untundi. russia handbook kosam baruvu unna gaddi eagles purushulalo nundi kolichenduku kanugonabaddayi, ayithe streelalo baruvulu nundi unnatlu nivedinchabadindi. itara chotla, chinna paaschaatya eagles (gatamlo upajaatulu "eah") kosam kaneesa puurti-perigina baruvulu. enn. orientalis) chinna magavaariki, bhaaramaina aadavaru chuttoo baruvunu penchukunnatlu kanugonabadindi, ayithe santanotpatti paridhiloo thoorpu bhaagamlo baruvulu sumaru 20 saatam baruvugaa untaayi. bahusha vividha muulaalaku chendina gaddi gaddi eagles yokka oka namoonaalo, maga sagatu mariyu aada sagatu baruvu kaligi untaayi. dakshina aafrikaalo eee jaatula siitaakaalapu eagles sagatuna naalugu namoonaalalo baruvu kaligi unnaayi. soudhi arabialo, oka adhyayana sthalamlo 21 gaddi gaddi eagles sagatu baruvu kaligi undagaa, akkada maroka adhyayana sthalamlo 27 eagles sagatu baruvu kaligi unnaayi. izrael nundi prachurinchabadani baruvulu nivedinchabadina sagatuna chaalaa takkuvagaa unnaayi, ijrayello prayaana valasa samayamlo itara rapterlalo vale, itara seejanlatho poliste baruvu taggadam gananeeyamgaa undavacchu. santanotpatti shreniloni chinna shareera, paschima bhaagamlo unnatlu gurtinchabadina gaddi eagles sagatuna 13 magavaarilo mariyu sagatuna 18 aadavaarilo sagatuna takkuvagaa undevi, ayithe pedda, thoorpu santanotpatti pakshi sagatu baruvu 2 magavaarilo mariyu 2 aadavaarilo unnatlu jabita cheyabadindi. adavilo gaddi eegil magavaariki garishtamgaa perkonna baruvu aadavaariki untundi. praamaanika kolatalalo, rekka teeganu purushulalo mariyu streelalo nundi kolavavacchu. thoka rendu lingaala nundi kolavavacchu mariyu tarsus maga mariyu aada nundi undavacchu, rendoo dega parimaanaaniki chaalaa chinnavi kaavacchu (ayinappatikee daani bandhuvu shilaja jaatulu, a. ," nipaloids, spashtamgaa marinta chinna kaallu kaligi undhi). rekkala theega podavu sagatuna mariyu oka adhyayanamlo purushulu mariyu streelalo varusaga. gaddi eegil yokka bhaarii gape vedalpu nundi untundi, sagatuna maga mariyu aada, ayithe gape podavu rendu lingaalalo sagatuna untundi. hallux panjaalu, mukhyamgaa anni accipitridla venuka paadamlo vistarinchina killing talone, purushulalo sagatu nundi, sagatu nundi, streelalo kolustundi. tonny eegil mariyu imperial eagles loe vale, talone parimaanam niraadambaramgaa untundi, ayithe golden eegil cladeloni chaalaa jaatulu vaati parimaanaaniki sambandhinchi gananeeyamgaa pedda panjaalu kaligi untaayi.
gandaragola jaatulu.
aneka paristhitulalo, gaddi eegilnu itara saaruupya eagles nundi vaeru cheyadam chaalaa kashtam, tarachugaa mukhyamgaa prayaaninchae samayamlo mariyu sheethaakaalamlo. peddavaaru tarachugaa macchala eegilstho ayomayam chendutaaru, conny vaati marinta vistruta nirmaanam, podavaina, marinta deerghachaturasraakaara ledhaa chaturasraakaara rekkala konalu mariyu podavaina, marinta spashtamaina vellu, pedda thala (chinna mariyu eddula thala kante) mariyu pedda mottam parimaanamtho chaalaa ekkuva rekkala praantaalu dwara vaeru cheyabadataayi. macchala eegilstho poliste, gaddi eegil yokka egaradam ekkuva aakvilain, antey.ii. marinta saktivantamaina, sramatho kuudina mariyu lothaina, macchala eagles buzzards laaga egurutaayi. chinna macchala dega ("klanga pomarina"), macchala eagles loe chaalaa pooli untundi, mukhyamgaa takkuva meda, chaalaa chinna rekka praantaalu, chinna vellu mariyu thoka mariyu takkuva vistrutamaina, baggy legg-rekkalatho takkuva saktivantamgaa kanipistundi. pedda macchala dega ("klanga klanga") kooda chinnadi mariyu mettagaa untundi, conny kontha varaku takkuvagaa untundi. eekalu spashtamgaa kanipinchinappudu, gaddi gaddi marinta spashtamgaa mariyu marinta vistrutamgaa nirodhinchabadina gaddi gaddi kaligi untaayi mariyu rendu vistrutamgaa macchala gaddi yokka spashtamaina corple aarklu laevu, conny eee thedaalu ekkuva dooraalalo aspashtamgaa untaayi. konni upa vayojana gaddi eagles, vaati laetha godhuma rangu rekkala-kavarlu paina mariyu krinda mariyu telupu underving byaandla jaadalu mariyu spashtamgaa laetha praadhamika paach paina, mukhyamgaa paatha takkuva macchala eagles yokka eekalu pooli untaayi. gaddi gadula tella rekkala baarlu saadhaaranamgaa takkuva macchala dega kante ekkuva spashtamgaa kanipistaayi. sameepa paridhiloo, gaddi eegil takkuva mariyu ekkuva macchala eagles kante lothaina gepnu kaligi untundi mariyu andaakaara nasika randhraala kante gundramgaa untundi. oka perch meeda ledhaa neelapai kuurchuni chusinappudu, moodu jaatula macchala eagles chaalaa podavugaa mariyu nitaruga nilabadi, vaati marinta sannani mariyu telikapati rekkalugala kaallanu nokki chebutaayi, ayithe gaddi eegil marinta addamgaa kuurchuni, ellappuduu chaalaa pedda macchala eagles kante chaalaa peddadigaa untundi. konni mukhyamgaa muduru vayojana mariyu upa vayojana gaddi gaddi eagles aspashtamaina laetha rekkala eekalu kaligi untaayi, ivi pedda macchala eegalsnu chaalaa pooli untaayi (taruvaati jaatulu konni laitlalo daadaapu nallaga kanipistaayi) mariyu parimaanam mariyu roopamloni vyatyaasaala dwara gurtinchaalsina avasaram undhi. bharatiya macchala dega ("klanga hastata") gaddi gaddini gurtuchese lothaina gepnu kaligi untundi, conny mottam parimaanamlo chaalaa mettagaa untundi, parimaanamlo samanamga untundi ledhaa takkuva macchala dega kante chinnadigaa untundi, mariyu takkuva macchala kante takkuva spashtamaina tellati rekkala gurtulanu kaligi untundi. vaati sthuula saaruupyatala phalitamgaa, aneka chinna gaddi eagles tappugaa gurtinchabadataayi, mukhyamgaa dhooram nundi, macchala eagles thoo, saadhaaranamgaa, nirmaanam mariyu eeka lakshanaala kalayika dwara gurtinchadam saadhyamavutundi. balyapu gaddi eagles saadhaaranamgaa vilakshanhamaina eeka lakshanaala dwara sulabhamgaa gurtinchabadataayi, conny baalya thoorpu saamraajya eagles gurthuku vastaayi, rendodi podavaina mariyu takkuva gundrani thokanu kaligi untundi, marinta pramukhamaina (lothugaa sett kakunda) billu, chaalaa laetha mariyu marinta buff mottam rangunu kaligi untundi, chaatii godhuma rangu geetalato kappabadi untundi mariyu quills addanki laenivi. saamraajya mariyu gaddi eagles tarachugaa parimaanamlo okela untaayi, ekkuva paaschaatya santanotpatti pakshulu saadhaaranamgaa saamraajya degatho pakkapakkane kanipinchinappudu kontha chinnaviga untaayi mariyu thoorpu gaddi eagles puurti-perigina saamraajya eagles thoo poliste oke sagatu parimaanamlo (conny inca pedda garishta parimaanamlo) untaayi. chinna rekkalu, chinna gape, marinta sannani meda mariyu saapekshamgaa podavaina thokatho chinna mariyu takkuva sthuulamaina jaatulu anie gaddi eagles nundi cheppabadindi. tonny mariyu gaddi eegil rendoo rekkala venuka anchuku pratyaekamaina ess-aakarapu vakratanu kaligi untaayi. neelapai kuurchunnappudu, mondi dega marinta nitaruga nilabadataaniki moggu chooputundi, ayithe gaddi dega tarachugaa marinta podavaina, kshitija samaantara bhangimanu kaligi unnatlu kanipistundi. tonny eagles yokka eekalu vaividhyaalu vaatini saadhaaranamgaa muduru, mandapati mariyu godhuma rangu gaddi eegil (mukhyamgaa dakshina asealo) kuu aascharyakaramgaa daggaragaa rangunu istayi, conny avi chinna gaddi gaddi yokka pratyaekamaina tellani rekkala byaandnu ledhaa chaalaa vayojana gaddi gaddi yokka nep pyaachnu eppuduu pondavu. swalpa vyaktigata mariyu clinal vaividhyaalu unnappatikee, gaddi eegil, tonny eegil laaga kakunda, bahuruupamainadi kaadu. paina perkonna eee eagles gandaragolaniki pradhana avakaasaalanu andistaayi, aafrikaalo saapekshamgaa andamaina mariyu chaalaa chinna walberg eagles ("hyratus walbergi") (saadhaaranamgaa lakshanaalalo chaalaa bhinnamgaa untundi conny kontavaraku adhe vidhamgaa rangu untundi) nundi kontha pedda conny vibhina nirmaanaatmaka bangaaru eagles (chaalaa podavaina thoka, saapekshamgaa chinna billu mariyu chaalaa chinna gape, vibhina rekkala aakaram, marinta aquiline nirmaanam mariyu pedda adugulu mariyu taalanlu) varaku chaalaa varaku porapaatlu undavacchu.
paridhi mariyu aavasalu.
santanotpatti mariyu sheethaakaala shrenulu.
santanotpatti paridhi chaalaa vistrutamgaa unnappatikee, gaddi eegil tappanisarigaa russia, kazakhstan, mangolia mariyu chaina anae naalugu pedda deshaalalo matrame goodu kattadaniki parimitam cheyabadindi. ayithe, gaddi eegil okappudu airopalo pempakam cheyabadindi. ikkada, vaaru kaneesam aagneya ukreyinlo mariyu bahusha thoorpu airopaloni itara praantaalalo 20va sataabdamloo perigaaru. nairuti russialo stavropol nundi astrakhan varaku eee eagles ippatikee chaalaa arudugaa pempakandaarulugaa kanipistaayi. gaddi eegil ippatikee makhachkala mariyu myocope varaku paschimaana leningradskaya varaku, uttaraana diguva volga varaku mariyu caspian samudram varaku daadaapu makhachkala varaku mariyu fort-shevchenkoku dakshinaana santanotpatti cheyadaaniki mapp cheyabadindi. eee santanotpatti paridhi kazakhstanloni chaalaa varaku, dakshinaana noor-sultan uttaraana nundi (spotily ayinappatikee) kaijilorda varaku alaage maajee aral samudram chuttoo tagina aavasala dwara vistarinchi undhi. uttaraana vaati pradhana santanotpatti praantaala nundi, gaddi eagles eshaanya kyrgyzstan mariyu bahusha uttara uzbekistanlo kooda swalpamgaa santanotpatti chestaayi. russialo thoorpuna transbikal mariyu altay vanti praantaalalo santanotpatti pampinhee nirantaramgaa konasaagutundi. gaddi eegil paschima mariyu uttara chainaalooni pedda praantaalalo tian shaan, jinjiang, gobi praantam, gansu, ningxia, uttara tibet (chaalaa varaku vaati dakshinaana santanotpatti praantam), lopali mangolia vanti praantaalalo kooda santanotpatti chestundi mariyu manchuria mariyu eshaanya chainaalooni itara praantaalalo vaari thoorpu santanotpatti parimitulanu cherukuntundi. uttara bhaagam minaha mangolia varaku jaatula santanotpatti paridhi kooda chaalaa vistrutamgaa undhi. gaddi eegil puurtigaa valasa velledi, thoorpuna sheethaakaalam mariyu kontavaraku dakshina africa. vaari african shreni paschimam nundi dakshina sudan varaku, daadaapu thoorpu africa antataa, kango prajaasvaamya ganatantram yokka thoorpu bhaagam varaku vistarinchavacchu. dakshina african sheethaakaala shreni madhya angola, uttara mariyu thoorpu namibia varaku, dakshinaana botswana, zambia, zimbabwe, eswatini mariyu uttara dakshinaafrikaa varaku vistarinchi undhi, indulo maajee transwall mariyu uttara natal alaage arudugaa dakshinaafrikaalooni narinja nadiki dakshinaana unnaayi, steppy eagles tarachugaa krugger national park praantamlooni loveldlo matrame kanipistaayi. gaddi eegil yokka sheethaakaala shreni kooda madhyapraachyamlo vistarinchi undhi. avi arabia dveepakalpamloni aneka madhya mariyu dakshina praantaalalo, alaage thoorpu iraq mariyu paschima iraanlalo kramam tappakunda, uttaraana turkey mariyu georgialo tarachugaa kanipistaayi. konnisaarlu arabialo "kontavaraku" sambhavistunnatlu namodu cheyabadinappatiki, marinta vistrutamaina sarvelo, aneka, kakapoyina, gaddi eagles africa kante dveepakalpamlo siitaakaalaanni mugistaayani, mariyu ippativaraku atipedda sheethaakaala sankhyalu soudhi arabialo namodu cheyabaddaayi, ikkada 7200 mandhi vyaktulu (ledhaa bahusha prastuta prapancha janabhalo 9 saatam varaku) riyadh sameepamlo namodu cheyabaddaaru. oman desamlo kooda idhe vidhamgaa 3000 namodavutunnayi. siitaakaalapu gaddi eegilsku aatidhyam ichhe itara deshaalalo yemen, azerbaijan mariyu siriya, alaage, arudugaa chesinappatiki, united arab emirates, lebanon mariyu kuvaitlalo unnaayi.
asadhaaranamgaa, konni siitaakaalapu gaddi eagles ippudu kazakhstanlo, shinkent sameepamlo, aksu-jhabagli prakruti reserve, sir darya loya, chardara anakatta mariyu thoorpu kazakhstan praantamlooni pattanaalalo namodu cheyabaddaayi. dakshina asealo, sheethaakaalamlo eee jaatulu afghanistan (arudugaa nooristan provincelo inca sheethaakaalam) mariyu bhaarata upakhandamlo chaalaa varaku sambhavinchavachhu. pakistan looni azad kashmir looni poonch mariyu jeelam loyalu prati adhyayana praantaaniki sagatuna 154 gaddi gaddi gadulaku aatidhyam istayi. bhaaratadesamlo, avi pradhanamgaa dakshinaana madhya pradesh, indo-gangaa maidaanam, dakkan dveepakalpam mariyu himalaya praantam, mizoram, assam mariyu dakshina orissa varaku sambhavinchavachhu. periyar jaateeya udyaanavanam, mahendragiri, kanyakumari vanyapraanula abhayaaranyam mariyu mudumalai jaateeya udyaanavanaaniki bhaaratadesamlo sancharinchevaaru namodu cheyabaddaaru. sheethaakaala shreni thoorpuna tibet varaku vistarinchi undhi (iteevali samvatsaraalalo eee jaathi lassa nundi vellipoyindani chebutaaru), nepaul, barma mariyu thoorpu chainaalo aagneya guizou nundi hainan mariyu nairuti gwangdong varaku vistrutamgaa vistarinchi undhi. iteevali siitaakaalapu recordulu eee jaatulu madhya mariyu dakshina mayanmar, paschima thailand, dveepakalpa malaysia mariyu uttara viyatnaamlo chaalaa arudugaa unnappatikee, santanotpatti kaani seasonloni vividha paayintla vadda kalanugunamga konasaagutunnaayani pratibimbistaayi. atavee nirmuulana paddhati dwara eee jaatulu tama thoorpu vaipu sheethaakaala paridhini vistarinchadamlo sahayapadi undavacchu. 
valasa paridhi.
gaddi eegil aneka deshaalalo vaati madhya eurasia santanotpatti praantaalu mariyu vaati saadhaaranamgaa ushnamandala indo mariyu african sheethaakaala mydaanaala madhya vistrutamgaa kanipistundi. vaastavaaniki, jaatula yokka atyadhika saandratalu prayaaninchae samayaallo sambhavistaayi. gaddi eegil kooda saampradaaya valasa pradaesaalaku arudugaa dhooramgaa tiragagaladu, mariyu paschima airopa nundi thoorpu japan varaku aneka praantaalalo udbhavinchindi. kaneesam eee krindi deshaalu ledhaa praantaalalo vankara gaddi eagles namodu cheyabaddayi paschima africa moraco, tunia, netherlands, finland (kaneesam 50 saarlu), alaage speyin mariyu france, check republic, bulgaria mariyu romenia (rendintiloonuu avi okappudu pempakam cheyabaddaayi conny antarinchipooyaayi), grease mordovia, yakutia, corian dveepakalpam mariyu bahusha aasiyaaloni borneo varaku. valasa pradaesaalaloo parvata sikharaalu mariyu vaati maargaalloni pedda samudraalu rendoo unnaayi. gaddi eagles pradhanamgaa rendu pradhana valasa maargaalanu upayogistaayih okati madhyaprachyam mariyu arabia antataa prasaristundi, aneka pakshulu sheethaakaalamlo aagipotaayi, conny chaalaa mandhi aafrikaalo sheethaakaalaaniki erra samudram chuttoo valasapotaru, ayithe itara pradhana valasa maargamlo tarachugaa thoorpu santanotpatti eagles aneka gatlu mariyu pramukha flyvelatho paatu kadulutuu untaayi, ivi dakshina asea mariyu itara asea sheethaakaala pradaesaalaku cherukovadaniki himalaya gundaa vistruta maargamlo prasaristaayi. eee prasiddha maargaalaku mundu takkuva telisina ledhaa takkuva tarachugaa valasa margalu paschimaana nalla samudram chuttoo gaddi eegalsnu mariyu chaalaa tarachugaa, thoorpuna caspian samudram chuttoo daari theeyavachhu. valasa maargamlo daadaapu pratyaekamgaa steppy eagles sandarsinche deshaalalo eejipt, chaalaa varaku conny mottam siriya, turkmenistan mariyu afghanistan mariyu thoorpu chainaalo chaalaa varaku tukwan county nundi sumaru giamen varaku unnaayi. valasa addankula pradaesaalu, ikkada pedda sankhyalo gaddi eagles tarachugaa namodu cheyabadataayi, izrael thoo sahaa praantaalalo, mukhyamgaa eelat, suez (egyptulo), baab-ell-mandeb (yemenlo), georgia desamloni konni praantaalalo mariyu himalayan praantamloo, mukhyamgaa nepaul lopala, conny konnisaarlu pakistan mariyu uttara bhaaratadesamlo kooda saamuhikamgaa unnaayi. chinna praamukhyata kaligina valasa pradaesaalu antagaa teliyavu conny vaatilo alborge kooda undhi.
nivaasam.
gaddi eegil bahiranga podi desamlo, daani paeru pettabadina vilakshana aavasalalo, eguva mariyu lothattu praantaalalo gaddi neelaloo santanotpatti chestundi. kazakhstanlo, idhi saadhaaranamgaa harrier vanti konni itara rapterla kante gaddi maidaanamlooni podi bhagalalo sambhavistundi. eee jaathi saadhaaranamgaa arabbulu mariyu itara maanava-vicchinna praantaalu vanti vyavasaya bhoomini upayoginchadaanni nivaaristundi, ayithe, avi rahadaarula sameepamlo goodu kattadaanni kontavaraku sahinchagalavu. chadunaina maidaanaalu, shushka gaddi bhoomi, pakshika edaari mariyu edaari anchu vanti santanotpatti chesetappudu anubandha aavasalu tarachugaa vastaayi. eee jaatulaloni chaalaa mandhi sabhyulu diguva sthaayilalo santanotpatti chestaaru, conny ekkuvagaa eee shreni yokka thoorpu bhaagamlo granite parvataalu mariyu ettaina loyalu vanti chedu vrukshasampada kaligina podi raathi kondapraantaalalo kooda goodu kattutaaru, ayithe saadhaaranamgaa nijamgaa parvata praantaalanu nivaaristaaru. siitaakaalapu gaddi eagles tarachugaa sulabhamaina aaharaanni pondadaaniki maanava-savarinchina praantaalalo chaalaa tarachugaa sambhavistaayi. veetilo pallapu pradaesaalu mariyu pasuvula shavaala dumps unnaayi, veetini arabia nundi bharatadesam varaku pratichota tarachugaa upayogistunnaru. siitaakaalapu gaddi eagles tarachugaa upayoginche sahaja aavasalu vividha chittadi neelalu ledhaa avi andubaatulo unna itara jalamargalu. sheethaakaalamlo, ekkuvagaa savannah mariyu gaddi bhoomulu aafrikaalo pradhana aavasalu, konnisaarlu podi adavulu kooda. botswanalo jarigina adhyayanam prakaram, akkada siitaakaalapu gaddi gaddi eagles maanavula bhuu viniyoga maarpula patla udaaseenata chuuputunnatlu kanipinchindi. zambia mariyu malaavilalo, gaddi eegil samudra mattaniki meterla etthu nundi ettaina peethabhoomi praantaalalo matrame tarachugaa unnatlu kanugonabadindi. zimbabwelo kooda peethabhoomula vadakam tarachugaa undedi, ikkada tarachugaa "akesiya" yokka bahiranga savannah adavulu alaage godhuma mokkala polaalu vanti saagu praantaalanu eagles upayoginchevi. iraq siitaakaalapu gaddi eagles tarachugaa dump saitlu, edaarulu mariyu pakshika-shushka praantaalanu upayogistaayi, sheethaakaalamlo uttara iraaklo ekkuva gaddi maidaanaalu, itara gaddi bhoomulu mariyu parvata vaalulanu upayogistaaru. armeniyaalo gaddi maidaanamlo eagles paatha polaalu mariyu pandla thotallo tarachugaa kanipistaayi. dakshina asealo vaaru saadhaaranamgaa bahiranga praantaalanu upayogistaaru mariyu tarachugaa shushka praantaalaku sameepamlo pedda sarassulu mariyu itara chittadi neelalanu tarachugaa upayogistaaru, conny marinta bhaareega adavulu unna praantaalanu angeekarinchavacchu ledhaa ishtapadavachhu (ayithe malaysia dveepakalpam nundi vacchina modati recordulu atavee nirmuulana dwara srushtinchabadina bahiranga praantaala nundi vachinatlu kanipistaayi). saadhaaranamgaa lothattu praantaala pempakandaaru ayinappatikee, idhi parvataala varaku mariyu sthaanikamgaa ettaina pradaesaalaloo nivasistundani telisindi, mount everestlo namodu chesinatlugaa, konnisaarlu ekkadainaa kooda sambhavinchavachhu. itara polyartic valasa eegilstho poliste, gaddi gaddi bahusha vistruta shreni vaataavarana paristhitulanu konchem ekkuva sahinchagaladani anipistundi, bhaaratadesamlo thematho kuudina paristhithulatho sahaa, kazakhstanlo jeevanaadhaaram andubaatulo unte alaage manchu kappabadi untundi (pattana tegullatho nivasistundi).
pravartana.
gaddi eegil konnisaarlu ontarigaa pariganinchabadutundi, conny edaadi podavunaa tarachugaa nirdishta vyaktula samuuhamloo kanipistundi. spashtamaina santanotpatti jatatho paatu, avi tarachugaa valasa samayamlo gumpulugaa mariyu santanotpatti kaani samayaallo appudappudu taginanta sankhyalo, saadhaaranamgaa phalavantamaina aahara pradaesaalaloo, konnisaarlu kluptamgaa okaritho okaru sahakarinchukuntaayi, mukhyamgaa itara vaeta pakshulanu clepoparacytise cheyadaaniki. gaddi gaddi chinna eagles nemmadigaa, lothaina mariyu drudhamgaa kanipinche rekkala beetlatho egurutaayi, rekkalanu pattukuni puurtigaa upstroclapy vistarinchi untaayi, idhi macchala eagles kante bhaarii vimaana namuunaanu andistundi. nirbandhita magatho prayogaalu mariyu ijraayellooni valasadaarula pariseelanalu vanti gaddi eegil yokka egaradam baga vislaeshimchabadimdi. underving kavarlu adhika-lift parikaramgaa panicheestaayani mariyu bahusha asthiramaina yuktula dwara sthirathvaanni andistaayani telustondi, lekapothe rekkalapai saanukuula lodnu nirvahinchavacchu. egurutuu unnappudu, saadhaaranamgaa rekkalu chadunainavi ledhaa koddigaa vangi untaayi, conny konnisaarlu chetulu kindaku dimpabadi untaayi. ijrayello eee eagles dwara 90 saatam vimanalu gliding ledhaa egurutuu undevi. avi tarachugaa talanu vangi, chetulu vampu chesi, ledhaa tarachugaa chetulu neerugaa chesi, chetulu kindaki vangi egurutaayi. gaddi gaddi mariyu pedda macchala gaddi kosam pratyaekamaina drooping rekka vimaana paddhatini konnisaarlu "tuck" anie kooda pilustaaru mariyu idhi aerodynamic loadingloo taatkaalika drop dwara avakshepinchabadina galivana pratispandanagaa bhaavistaaru. ijrayello adhyayanam chesinatlugaa steppylu tama vimananni gaali mariyu ushna paristhitulaku anugunamgaa marchukuntayi, balamaina ushna ushnaprasarana ledhaa vyatiraeka gaalula krinda vaati gliding gaali vegaanni penchutaayi. thermals loe circling mariyu inter-thermal gliding kalayika strait-line glidelo egurutuu undela undani eee adhyayanam nirdhaarinchindi. izrael valasadaarulu neelapaiki egiraaru, conny 90 saatam mandhi kinda unnaaru mariyu sagam mandhi kinda unnaaru. izrael gaddi eagles sekanuku sagatu adhirohana retunu, sekanuku sagatu cross-country gaali vegam mariyu glideslo sekanuku sagatu vegaanni konasaginchagaligayi; ikkada itara saadhaarana rapterlalo vale eee vimanalu egiraayi, conny gaddi gaddi atyadhika sagatu cross-country vegaanni saadhinchindi. gaddi gaddi ginjalu mukhyamgaa santanotpatti cheyanippudu chaalaa swaramgaa undavu. vaari pradhana pilupu oka rospie beradu, idhi konchem lothugaa unnappatikee, oka tonny eegil maadirigaane untundi. aakaasa pradarsanalalo, oka pedda vigil record cheyabadindi, idhi oka tonny eegil yokka yea swaraaniki bhinnamgaa ledhu. record cheyabadina itara calls loe pradhanamgaa takkuva mariyu crocking notlu unnaayi, aascharyapoyinappudu adhika arupulu untaayi.
valasalu.
gaddi gaddi eagles vaati pradhana aaharam, ground udutalu taatkaalika kalanugunamga andubaatulo undatam valla vaati santanotpatti praantaala nundi valasa vellae vyuuhaanni abhivruddhi chesinatlu kanipinchindi. avi bahusha prapanchamlooni itara eegil kante ekkuva sankhyalo valasapothayi mariyu valasa pradaesaalaloo tarachugaa kanipistaayi, avi porapaatuna vaari rankullo tappipoyina takkuva sankhyalo valasa eegalsnu kappukovachhu. eee jaathi yokka valasa pravartana daani mottam jeevasaastramlo uttamamgaa adhyayanam cheyabadina amsaalalo okati. saradrutuvu valasalu tarachugaa octoberlo chaalaa vistrutamaina rangaalalo praarambhamavutaayi, mariyu october chivarilo garishta sthaayiki cheravacchu. idhi saadhaaranamgaa november chivari nundi december varaku mugustundi, conny gaddi gaddi eagles tarachugaa santanotpatti cheyakapoyina kontha sanchaaramgaa prayaanistaayi, kabatti vyaktulu janavari varaku vaari siitaakaalapu mugimpu sthaanaaniki cherukokapovacchu. vasanta valasa saadhaaranamgaa fibravarilo praarambhamavutundi, fibravari chivari nundi marchi varaku garishta sthaayiki cherukuntundi, taruvaati nela chivari natiki africa nundi annee vellipoyi, taruvaata april mariyu mae varaku taggutunna trikello konasaagutundi. suez vadda prayaanamloo, steppy eegil podavati kaalla buzzard ("beauto rufinus") thoo paatu sagatuna munupati valasa rapterlalo okati, saadhaarana buzzard ("beauto beauto") (akkada atyanta saadhaarana valasa) kante sagatuna oka nela mundugaane mariyu takkuva macchala dega kante konchem mundugaane, alaage akkada unna konni itara rapterla kante chaalaa twaragaa. sagatuna, aafrikaalo sheethaakaala kaalam saapekshamgaa swalpamgaa untundi, sagatuna sumaru 4 nelala varaku (sumaru 2 varaku), ayithe vayojana gaddi eagles vaati santanotpatti maidaanaalalo 7 nelala varaku (chinna degaku garishtamgaa 5 nelalu) gaduputaayi. africa nundi vacchina saradrutuvu recordulalo, chinna eagles mottamodativi mariyu peddalu taja valasa vastaaru. radeo-tagging adhyayanalu, takkuva macchala dega maadirigaane, vasantakaalamlo baalintalu taruvaata valasa vacchi, marintagaa tirugutuu, chaalaa taruvaata vesavi maidaanaalaku tirigi vacchaarani dhruvikarinchayi. united arab emirateslo prayaanamloo kattabadina oka chinna gaddi dega vesaviki kazakhstanku tirigi vachhe mundu yemenlo sheethaakaalamlo praarambhamai, taruvaata sheethaakaalamlo thoorpu africaku valasa velli, kalakramena vaari valasa alavaatlanu maarchukogaladani choopistundi. gaddi gaddi eagles saadhaaranamgaa vaati vayassu perige koddi takkuva dooraalaku valasa veltaayani aneka adhyayanalu dhruvikaristunnayi.
erra samudram chuttoo sikhara kadalikalu 1987 chivaralo baab-ell-mandeb meedugaa 76,000 gaddi gaddi eagles kadulutunnatlu choopinchaayi, 1985 samvatsaramlo 65,000 varaku (1981loe) suez loe mariyu 75,000 varaku izrael looni eelaatlo. okasari valasa vacchina gaddi gaddi eagles saradrutuvulo aafrikaaloki pravesinchina tarvaata, khandamlo eee jaatulaku ekkadainaa saamuuhika valasalu namodu kaaledu. peddadi kaanappatikee, egyptulo konni pakshika-mukhyamaina vasanta kadalikalu kanugonabaddayi, patanam loe edhee namodu cheyabadanappatiki. saradrutuvulo, gaddi eagles saadhaaranamgaa erra samudraaniki uttaraana baab-ell-mandeb meedugaa velataayi, vasantakaalamlo avi pradhanamgaa suze chuttoo erra samudraaniki dakshinaana daatutaayi. vasantakaalamlo etaa eelat meedugaa vellae gaddi gaddi eagles sagatu sankhya 28,032 gaa anchanaa veyabadindi, marchi 10 sagatu garishta roeju, idhi vasantakaalamlo akkada valasa vellae nalgava atyanta saadhaarana rapterga maarutundi (mariyu avi tarachugaa itara egurutunna rapterlatho kalisipoye mandalalo velataayi, conny saktitoe egurutunnavi kaadu). eelaatlo, kanipinche anni rapterlalo gaddi naela eagles 6.4% unnaayi, daadaapu anni "akvila" eagles kanipistaayi mariyu, paatavi kaavacchu, kanipinche gaddi neelalaloo anchanaa 60-70% peddalu anie bhaavinchaaru. marinta asadhaaranamgaa, saradrutuvu mariyu vasantakaalamlo ijraayelnu saadhaarana valasa vimaana maargamgaa upayoginchina ekaika raptor gaddi dega kaavacchu, saadhaarana buzzardlu mariyu european thene bajaardulu ("pernis apivorus") vanti saadhaarana valasa raptorlu kooda saradrutuvulo arudugaa untaayi. nepaallo october 20 nundi praarambhamaina rendunnara varalalo, daadaapu 7852 gaddi gaddi eagles lekkinchabaddaayi, ivi namodu cheyabadina valasa rapterlalo 80 saataaniki paiga unnaayi, mukhyamgaa madhyahnam mariyu madhyahnam 2 gantala madhya, udayam 10:00 mariyu saayantram 4 gantala madhya kadalika garishta samayalu unnaayi. nepaallo 3 samvatsaraala adhyayanamlo, 21,447 gaddi gaddi eagles (oka rojulo 1102 mariyu sagatuna gantaku 15.2) lekkimpu pradaesaalaloo namodu cheyabaddaayi. dakshina ledhaa uttara disagaa kakunda thoorpu-padmara valasa kadalikalaku balamaina aadharalu kaatmandu loyalo unnaayi. mukhyamgaa santanotpatti yokka thoorpu bhaagam nundi baalintalu madhyaprachyam mariyu africa vanti sheethaakaala praantaalaku cherukovadaniki tarachugaa paschima disagaa valasa vellavacchani disaatmaka adhyayanala aadhaaramgaa soochinchabadindi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, sheethaakaalamlo baalintalu mariyu upa peddalu bhaarata upakhandamlo peddala kante gananeeyamgaa ekkuvagaa unnatlu anipistundi, kabatti chaalaa mandhi dakshina disagaa velataaru. nepaallo 3381 vayassu gala gaddi gaddi eagles loe, 56 saatam balyam ledhaa aparipakvamainavi, 44 saatam peddalu; 7852 eagles loe, 58 saatam 1-5 samoohaalalo, 30 saatam 5-20 samoohaalalo mariyu 12 saatam pedda mandalalo valasa vachayi. bharatadesamloni himachal pradeeshloo, 2001loe saradrutuvu valasalalo sumaru 11,000 gaddi eagles namodu cheyabaddaayi mariyu taruvaati vasantakaalamlo 40 saatam takkuva lekkinchabaddaayi. eee adhyayanam ruthuvulalo vividha valasa maargaalanu upayogistunnatlu suuchimchimdi, bahusha bhuubhaagam chuttoo gaalula pradhana disanu anusarinchi, paschima saradrutuvu valasalu ekkuvagaa paschima himalayala mariyu thoorpu vasanta valasalu ekkuvagaa nepaul thoorpuna unnaayi. bhaaratadesamlo staging praantaalu baga line cheyabadaledu, conny pallapu pradaesaalu vanti aahara pradaesaala chuttoo kendrikrutamai unnatlu kanipistundi. mangolia radeo-tagg cheyabadina oke okka aadadi nairuti disalo prayaaninchi, jaatula santanotpatti shrenilo dakshinaana unna aagneya tibetlo aaginatlu namodu cheyabadindi. eee aada nundi vacchina samacharam anni gaddi eagles vecchani vaataavaranaalaku vellavani, daani aadhaaramgaa aame mangoliaku tirigi vachhe varaku sthiramgaa undani, eee jaatula aneka eagles vale aame sanchaaram kaadani suuchimchimdi. tirigi vasanta valasa samayamlo, nepaul loe prayaanistunna gaddi gaddi eagles manchutho kappabadina sikharaala madhya daatadaaniki paiki leche mundu bhuubhaagaaniki paina matrame sumaru 5 nundi 20 eagles samuhaluga kuudukuntaayani nivedinchabadindi. 
vaari kazakh vesavi maidaanaalaku vaari modati vasanta valasalo tirigi vacchina 16 radeo-tagg cheyabadina eagles, modati samvatsaram baluraga, sumaru samaana kolatalo, arabia dveepakalpamlo ledhaa dakshina aafrikaalo namodu cheyabaddaayi, mariyu sarala rekha dhooraalanu cover chesaayi, ayithe vyaktigatamgaa botswana sheethaakaala mydaanaala nundi valasa vellae oka dega varaku tirugutuu undavacchu. tirigi vacchina 16 kazakhstan eagles loe, vasanta valasa sagatuna 40 rojulu konasaagindi, vyaktigatamgaa 38 nundi 54 rojula varaku mariyu prati roeju sagatuna untundi. valasa maargam saadhaaranamgaa erra samudram yokka daadaapu prati disalo eegalsnu nadipinchindi, chaalaa varaku izrael meedugaa kooda velutunnaayi mariyu konni caspian samudram chuttoo chuttabadi unnaayi. russian ledhaa kajakh pradaesaala nundi 19 mandhi balurapai (veerilo 57 saatam mandhi manugada saaginchaaru) chesina vaerae radeo-tagging adhyayanamlo 1va samvatsaram valasalalo saradrutuvu kadalikalu sagatuna unnayani kanugonnaru mariyu vaaru bharatadesam nundi dakshina africaku ekkadainaa sheethaakaala pradaesaalanu swechchagaa maarchaarani dhruvikarinchadame kakunda, vaaru 1va samvatsaramlo tama janmasthalaaniki tirigi raaledu, manugada saaginchaaru ledhaa tirigi raaledu, badulugaa uttara gaddi maidaanamlo vistrutamgaa tirugutuu tirigi vacchaaru. modati valasalu sagatuna 52 rojulu mariyu magavaalla kante aadavaallaku chaalaa kluptamgaa undevi, altoy parvataala nundi udbhavinchina eagles kuu vyatyaasaalu ekkuvagaa kanipistaayi. eee adhyayanamlo gurtinchina 15 pakshulu dakshina pakistan (bharatadesaniki sarihaddu vembadi) ledhaa thoorpu turkmenistanlo sheethaakaalamlo tarachugaa valasa vachinatlu kanugonabadindi. vasanta valasa 15 chinna eagles kosam marchi 25 sagatu teedeena praarambhamaindi mariyu sagatuna sumaru 26 rojulu konasaagindi, sagatuna, aadavaru magavaalla kante sagatuna 18 rojula taruvaata valasa praarambhinchi, magavaalla kante takkuva viraamaalato marinta kluptamgaa, marinta vaegamgaa mariyu tarachugaa valasa vellaaru. eee adhyayanamlo vaari modati vasanta kaalamlo vijayavantamgaa track cheyabadina 9 eagles, ekkuvagaa udutala kosam sahaja gaddi vaetaloe vistrutamgaa tirugutuu unnaayi mariyu veetilo 8 vaati 2 va saradrutuvu valasalaku track cheyabaddaayi, vaati 2 va saradrutuvu maargamlo sumaru 1.5 retlu takkuva samayam pattindi mariyu sagatuna 17 saatam takkuva dhooram valasa vachayi.
aahara jeevasaastram.
gaddi eegil itara "akvila" eagles maadirigaane avakaasavaada predator, conny aneka aahara mariyu metha pratyaekatalanu kaligi undhi. ivi pradhanamgaa chinna-parimaana ksheeradaalanu, konni pakshulu (quillias vantivi) mariyu sareesrupaalanu mariyu (ekkuvagaa sheethaakaalamlo) tarachugaa keetakaalu (chedapurugulu mariyu midutalu vantivi) mariyu kotulanu vetaadataayi. vaati avakaasavaada swabhaavam unnappatikee, gaddi eegil santanotpatti chesetappudu naela udutalu vanti nirdishta ksheeradaalapai kontha pratyaekamaina predator, mariyu, santanotpatti kaani samayaallo, vividha aaharalanu tintundi, conny tarachugaa aahara empikalo chaalaa arudugaa untundi, vaatini pondadaaniki takkuva krushi avasaramayye saamuuhika aahara vanarulanu ishtapadutundi. vividha itara chinna ledhaa madhya taraha ksheeradaalu sthaanikamgaa santanotpatti maidaanaalalo atyanta mukhyamaina aaharam kaavacchu, udaaharanaku vallu, picas mariyu jokers mariyu, saadhaaranamgaa marinta dviteeyamgaa, marmotlu, kundellu, gerbils, mullapandulu mariyu itarulu. santanotpatti kaalamlo, oka vanaru aaharam ekkuvagaa baruvu untundani perkondi. maroe kathanam prakaram, daadaapu 95 saatam aaharam baruvu pradhanamgaa kante takkuvagaa unnappatikee, daani kante takkuvagaa untundi. ayithe, gaddi gadula pradhana aaharam ekkadainaa nundi ekkadainaa baruvu undavacchani maroka vanaru perkondi. taruvaati anchanaa kooda parimaana paridhiloo sampradaayabaddhamgaa undavacchu, kaalaneela nundi chaalaa chinna keetakaala nundi oohinchani vidhamgaa pedda ksheeradaala (mariyu arudugaa pakshulu) varaku vistrutamgaa maarutuu unde vaeta jaatulu goolla sameepamlo champabadataayi. marovaipu, chinna burroing ksheeradaalaku praadhaanyata nijamgaa kanugonabadindi (i.ii. bahusha kinda ledhaa antha). pedda jaatula burroing ksheeradaalu matrame ekkada prabalamgaa unnayo (pedda jaatula ground udutalu kooda) adhyayanalu nirdharinchaayi, gaddi eagles tulanaatmakamgaa takkuva goodu saandratalanu saadhinchinatlu kanipistaayi, chinna burroverlu samruddhiga unna adhika saandratalaloo matrame sambhavistaayi. paraspara pootiini parimitam cheyadaaniki paryaavarana vibhajana anedi saapekshamgaa chinna aaharam kosam gaddi eegil yokka praadhaanyatanu nirdesinche amsam kaavacchu. santanotpatti chese gaddi eegil pradhanamgaa takkuva egurutuu ledhaa gliding vimaanamlo vetaadutundi, garishtamgaa, diving ledhaa chinna, vegavantamaina stooplanu vaati vetapai chestundi. saadhaaranamgaa, vaaru tama vaetanu neelapai pattukuntaaru. vetapaiki dige mundu needanu vyuuhaatmakamgaa padagottakunda undataaniki mariyu paradhyanam kaliginchadaaniki raallanu padeyadaaniki, idhi saadhanaala vadakam yokka sambhaavya roopam, kazakhstan mariyu mangolia rendintiloonuu gaddi eagles namodu cheyabaddaayi. kazakh pariseelanaloo, gaddi gaddi eagles vetadetappudu vaeta pradaesaala prakkane unna vyavasaya kaaryakalaapaalaku twaragaa alavaatu paddayi. vaaru bhoomipai yea seasonlonaina vetaadavachhu, avasaramaite asthiramaina nadakatho kadulutaaru, mariyu sakasheruka mariyu purugula aaharam rendintinee kaalinadakana vembadinchavacchu. gaddi gaddi tarachugaa boriyala pakkana vechi nilabadi, daani aavirbhavam tarvaata akasmaattugaa kwaareepai vaegamgaa dookadam dwara vaetanu merupudaadi cheyavachu. chainaalo gaddi mydaanapu eagles rekkapai midatala samuuhaala dwara alaage neelapai nundi pakshula vaetanu dive loe teesukoovadaaniki kanipinchaayi. santanotpatti kaalamlo jantala dwara kalisi vetaadatam namodu cheyabadindi, ayithe sheethaakaalam mariyu valasalalo, ivi anni eagles loe atyanta saamaajikamainavi kaavacchu, tarachugaa dozenla koddi samruddhiga unde aahara vanarulanu panchukuntaayi. santanotpatti kaani gaddi eegil mandalu taamu neerugaa labham pondhe avakaasam laeni vaetanu sekarinchadamlo okarikokaru sahaayapadataayi mariyu manda sabhyulandaruu santrupti chendhe varaku padepade okarikokaru sahaayapadavachhu. dhruvikarinchabadinatlayite, sambandham laeni eagles madhya eee paraspara prayojanakaramaina metha vyuuham nijamgaa pratyekamainadi. chaalaa varaku tonny eegil maadirigaane, gaddi eegil vaari catchlanu pattukune itara rapterlanu takshaname dochukuntundi, yea konam nundi ayina sameepinchi, baadhitudu thana aaharaanni dinchamani ledhaa padeyamani balavantam chese varaku daggaragaa vembadistundi.
vesavi aaharam.
chinna naela uduta ("spermophilus pigmayus") anedi gaddi eegiltho atyanta balamgaa sambandham unna oke era jaathi. konni praantaallo, aahaaramlo 98 saatam varaku chinna udutalu kaavacchu. idhi oka chinna naela uduta ayinappatikee idhi vaastavaaniki aneka itara eurasian naela udutala kante chaalaa chinnadi kaadu, sagatu vayojana baruvu sumaru. chinna naela uduta okappudu hectaruku sumaru 30-40 saandrataku cherukundi mariyu eee eegilsku nammadagina aahara vanarunu andinchindi. edemaina, eee jaathi janabha saandrataloo padipoyindi, udaaharanaku kalmikialo vaividhyamaina aavasalalo samruddhiga unna nundi kramamga tirigi sankhyaloki raavadaaniki mundu bahusha sthaanikamgaa antarinchipoye varaku taggutondi (idhi okappudu unnadaaniki needagaa matrame konasagutondi). kalmikia yokka sthaanika gaddi gaddi eagles chinna naela udutalaku balamaina praadhaanyatanu chuuputuunae unnaayi. gaddi gaddi eagles chinna naela udutalapai nirantara praathamika aadharapadatam kooda iteevala saratov mariyu lake baskunchack nundi vacchina adhyayanaalalo kanugonabadindi. kazakhstanloni karaganda praantamloo, 400 vaeta vastuvulalo 19.25% vadda, chinna naela udutalu mallii gurtinchabadina mukhyamaina aahara vanarugaa unnaayi. aral samudram mariyu caspian samudram madhya unna saadhaarana praantamloo, 112 vaeta vastuvulanu chinna naela udutalu nadipinchaayi, kevalam 33 saataaniki paiga. ayithe, eee detaalo, chinna naela udutalanu pasupu naela uduta ("spermophilus phulvas") daggaragaa anusarinchindi, idhi kaalaanuguna baruvulatho, eurasia naela udutalalo atipeddadi. chinna naela udutalu eee shreniloni paschima bhaagamlo gananeeyamaina bhaagamlo matrame kanipistaayi, kabatti marekkada gaddi eagles santanotpatti chesetappudu vividha vaeta jaatulanu vetaadataayi, ayithe saadhaaranamgaa chinna burroing ksheeradaalanu teesukuntune untaayi. 
kazakhstanloni balkhash sarassu chuttoo, pradhana aaharam errati-chempa naela uduta ("spermophilus erythrogenese"), idhi sagatu vayojana baruvutho chinna jaatula kante konchem pedda naela uduta. ikkada gurtinchabadina itara vaetaloe pallas pica ("ochotona pallasi"), libian gird ("marians libicus") mariyu tholai kundelu ("lepus tholai") unnaayi. ginzianglo, pradhana vaeta jaathi podavati thoka gala naela uduta ("eurocytellus undulatus") anie nivedinchabadindi. altoy praantamloo, pramukha aaharam cyberian jokor ("myospalox myospalox") kaavacchu, idhi vayojana baruvutho pedda naela uduta parimaanam. ayithe, altay praantamloo kondaru podavati thoka gala naela uduta pradhana aaharam anie nivedinchaaru mariyu valasa raaka samayalu eee jaathi nidraanasthiti aavirbhava kaalaaniki daggaragaa anugunamgaa unnatlu anipistundi. altayloni gaddi gaddi eagles kosam nivedinchabadina maroe praadhamika vaeta vanaru chaalaa pedda buudida rangu mermot (marmota baibasina). gatamlo takkuvagaa nivedinchabadina altoy janabhalo anni praadhamika aaharam eee degaku saadhaarana era parimaana paridhiga pariganinchabade podavaina thoka gala ground udutalu, jokarlu mariyu marmotlatho paatu tarmigaon vanti peddavaalla vale untundi, mariyu idhi eee praantaaniki chendina pedda parimaanamlo unna gaddi eegilsku anukuulamgaa undavacchu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, gaddi eegil goollalo itara pradhana aaharam naela udutala kante chinnadigaa untundi. mangolia, pedda anchuna pradhana aaharam brands vole ("lasiopodomis branty"), dheeni baruvu sumaruga untundi. transbikal praantamloo, pradhana aaharam daurian pica ("ochotona daurica") kaavacchu, dheeni baruvu sumaruga untundi. eee praantamloo 62 vaeta vastuvulalo (mariyu bahusha sthaanikamgaa 62 saatam varaku) maadirigaane eee pica 39 saatam varaku untundi. maroka adhyayanam transbikal kosam chaalaa bhinnamaina praadhamika aahara vanarunu nivedinchindi, idhi chaalaa pedda turbagon mermot ("marmota sibirica") loe chinnadi, idhi adhyayanamlo vaarshika aahaaramlo 55 nundi 77 saatam varaku untundani anchanaa veyabadindi. konni transbikal gaddi eagles vaati aahaaramlo 70 saatam podavaina thoka mariyu daurian ground udutalu ("spermophilus douricus") nundi pondaayani marinta viruddhamaina dayta kanugondi. altay mariyu transbikal rendintiloonuu ververu nivedinchabadina praadhamika vaeta jaatulaku maaradam anedi vaeta labhyatalanu maarchadaaniki eagles yokka pratispandanalu kaavacchu, endukante aneka bilaalu vese ksheeradaalu janabha chakralaku alaage maanava-muulam ksheenataku lobadi untaayi. elukalu mariyu konni lagomarphlaku saadhaaranamgaa aahaaramlo praadhaanyata ivvabadutundagaa, konni praantaalalo gaddi eagles podavati chevula mullapandulu ("hemichinus auritus") vanti chaalaa bhinnamaina era nundi kontavaraku jeevinchagalavu. gaddi eagles santanotpatti chesetappudu kramam tappakunda teesukune itara mukhyamaina vaetaloe gaddi pica ("ochotona pusilla") (mukhyamgaa volga praantamloo), alpine pica ("ochotona alpina"), pasupu gaddi lemming ("eolagurus lutius") (mukhyamgaa thoorpu kazakhstanlo) ledhaa grate gerbils ("rombomis opimus") mariyu mangolian gerbils ("marians unguculatus") vanti konchem pedda rakaala gerbils unnaayi. 400 vaeta vastuvulatoe kazakhstanloni karaganda praantampai chesina adhyayanamlo, gaddi eegil vistruta shreni vaeta nundi jeevinchagaladani, roez starling (paster rojas) (ekkuvagaa remmalu) netrutvamloni aaharaalu, 24 saatam, gurtinchabadani microtus vallu, 19.75%, taruvaata chinna naela udutalu, paerkonabadani picas (8.25%), european kundellu ("lepus europius") (5 saatam) mariyu buudida rangu paartridjlu ("perdics perdics") (4.5 saatam). mukhyamgaa daurian partridge ("perdics daurica") mariyu japanese pitta ("cotternics japonica") (aahaaramlo 15.6% varaku) thoo sahaa transbikallo pakshula vetaku abhiruchi kanugonabadindi. altoy loe, vividha rakaala carvidlu (aahaaramlo 24.2% varaku), bahusha ekkuvagaa rooks ("carvus frugilegus") mariyu eurasian magpi ("pica pica"), villo tarmigan ("lagopus lagopus") maadirigaane aahaaraaniki mukhyamainavi. saratov praantamloo, buudida rangu teegalu, chinna bustards ("tetrax tetrax"), uttara lapvings ("vanellus vanellus") mariyu rooks vanti madhya taraha pakshulu tarachugaa aahaaramlo nivedinchabaddaayi. aahaaramlo chinna passerinla vaividhyam kanugonabadindi, mukhyamgaa vividha jaatula kotta-vayassu larklu, chaalaa tarachugaa kazakhstan mariyu mangolia. goodu chuttoo aahaaramlo kanipinche konni sareesrupaalalo kaneesam isuka balli ("lackerta agilis"), caspian whipsnake ("dolichophis cospius") mariyu steppy wiper ("vipera ursini") unnaayi.
konni sandarbhaallo, vesavilo, oka gaddi gaddi asadhaaranamgaa pedda eranu teesukogaladu. vaari aahaaramlo kanipinche atyanta saadhaarana pedda aaharam saadhaaranamgaa tholai kundelu, sumaru, mariyu vividha rakaala marmots. eee dega chuttoo unna chinna chinna balurapai ekkuva drushti saarinchinappatikii, gaddi eegil daadi cheyagala marmatla eguva parimaanam baga sthirapadaledu. marmots mariyu kundellatho paatu, gaddi eegil pedda ksheerada mamsaahaarula vaividhyaanni kaligi untundi. karsak nakka (vulps karsak) mariyu gaddi naela polam (mustela eversmani) vanti mustelidlanu konni sandarbhaallo takshaname teesukuntaaru, pallas pillulu (otocolobus manul) mariyu ruppels nakkalu (vulps ruppelli) kooda teesukovachhu. adanamgaa, erupu nakka (vulps vulps) avasheshaalu goodu vadda kanugonabaddayi.
chinna gongali purugula vistruta shreni kooda takkuva sankhyalo kanugonabadindi mariyu konnintini goitered gajel ("gazella sabguturosa"), mangolian gajel ("procapra gutturosa"), saiga antelope ("saiga tatarica") mariyu desheeya meka ("capra agagras hircus") thoo sahaa carrian mariyu kills rendintiloonuu teesukune avakaasam undhi. eee jaatula navjata sisuvulalo, baruvulu (mekallo) nundi (saiga jinkallo) varaku maaravacchu. pedda ksheeradaalanu vetaadatam kante pedda pakshulanu teesukovadam takkuva namodu cheyabadindi mariyu konni sandarbhaallo vesavilo mariyu santanotpatti kaani samayaallo kongalu mariyu krainla vanti goodu jantuvulaku sambandhinchinadi, ledhaa kollu ("gallus gallus domesticus") ledhaa desheeya turkeylu ("meligris galopao") vanti pedda pakshulanu sulabhamgaa dongilinchadam.
santanotpatti laeni aaharam.
gaddi eegil, anni eegalslo atyanta sankhyalo mariyu vistrutamgaa pampinhee cheyabadinappatiki, daani santanotpatti kaani aahara alavaatlalo anoohyamgaa paelavamgaa adhyayanam cheyabadindi. eee kaalamlo chaalaa (conny anni kaadu) gaddi eagles pradarsinche sanchaara pravartana dheeniki kaaranam. gaddi gaddi sambandhita jaatula nundi chaalaa bhinnamgaa untaayi, vaati santanotpatti maidaanaalaku dhooramgaa unnappudu avi chaalaa snehapuurvakamgaa mariyu jantuvulanu tinanivigaa untaayi. anoohyamgaa, kazakhstanloni altay pattanamlo konni gaddi mydaanapu eagles chalikaalamlo godhuma elukalu ("ratus norwegicus") mariyu rock pavuralu ("kolamba livia") thoo jeevistunnatlu telisindi. vaaru tarachugaa pedda parimaanamlo labhinche sulabhamgaa labhinche aahaaraalato tine pradaesaalaloo samavesamavadam kanipistundi. dakshina aafrikaalo, eee eagles tarachugaa varshapu anchulu mariyu vaatitho paatu vachhe thematho mudipadi untaayi. vaaru dheenini ekkuvagaa oka nirdishta aahara vanaru ayina chedapu aletlanu dopidi cheyadaaniki chestaaru. eee paristhitulalo chedapurugulu marinta vistrutamgaa udbhavistaayani telisindi, anduvalla itara suduura valasa rapterlaku bhinnamgaa kakunda, gaddi gaddi, itara aaharaalu minaha sthaanikamgaa purugumandulugaa maaravacchu. chaalaa tarachugaa, chedapurugulu udbhavistunnatlu gamaninchinappudu ledhaa kaalinadakana vechi undi, aapai vaatini pattukunnappudu eee eagles krindiki egurutaayi. oka kathanam prakaram eee pedda eagles chedapurugulanu "vaari chinna kwari tarvaata haasyabharitamaina paddhatiloo kalapanu" tintaayi. avi konnisaarlu gaalilo chedapurugulanu teesukoni, egurutuu vaatini tinipinchadam kooda kanipistundi, intha pedda degaku idhi antha sulabhamaina pani kaadu. chedapu kaalaneelaku sameepamlo unna goollu aneka gaddi gaddi eegalsnu kaligi undavacchu, ivi rojula paatu undavacchu, conny varshaalu chellacheduruga unte baga tinipinchinaa, tinakapoyina saadhaaranamgaa bayaludaerutaayi. namibialo, upayoginche goollu kevalam ettugala chaalaa chinna chetla paibhagalu. sagatu anchanaa baruvutho chinnadi ayinappatikee, pantakota chedapu ("hodoterems mosambicus") (pradhana chedapu aaharam) saapekshamgaa adhika kelareela viluvatho atyanta pooshakamainadigaa pariganinchabadindi. oka gaddi eegil rojuku sumaru 1600-2200 chedapurugulanu tinavalasi untundani anchanaa veyabadindi, idhi tine sumaru 3 gantallo saadhinchavachchu. 2 vicchinnamaina gaddi eagles kadupulo varusaga 630 mariyu 930 chedapu talalu unnaayi. zimbabwelo, gaddi maidaanaallooni keetakaalanu teesese prajalaku methagaa nilabade gaddi gaddi ginjalu kooda kanipinchaayi. edemaina, sheethaakaalamlo gaddi gaddi ekkuvagaa purugumandulanu tinedigaa pariganinchadam taggutundi, endukante dakshina aafrikaalo chedapurugulanu tinevigaa kanipinche eagles apraapta vayaskulainavi mariyu aparipakvamainavi mariyu dakshina africa velupala sheethaakaalamlo aneka jaatulu unnaayi; tarachugaa sheethaakaalamlo itara praantaala nundi vachhe gaddi gaddi eagles pradhanamgaa keetakaalapai nivasistunnatlu anipinchavu. thoorpu aafrikaalo, gaddi gaddi eagles yokka aaharam sarigga namodu cheyabadaledu, conny ekkuvagaa vendi maccha-rots ("heliophobius argentiocenerius") mariyu "cryptomis" jaatiki chendina blessmoles kaligi unnatlu nivedinchabadindi. thoorpu aafrikaaloni rajakutumba kaalaneelalo gaddi gaddi eagles dwara saadhaarana vaeta, bahusha chinna ledhaa balaheenamaina vyaktulapai namodu cheyabadindi. aafrikaaloni aneka praantaalalo, gaddi eagles mamuluga eee chinna passerin yokka asankhyaaka goodu mariyu rekkalanu teeyadampai drushti saarinchi, adhika-samruddhigala pakshi, redd-billed kwelia ("kwelia kwelia") yokka kaalaneelanu sandarsinchi, tinestaayi. gaddi mydaanapu eagles goodu katte kaalaneela kommala madhya anagarikamga parugettadam dwara alaa chestayani nivedinchabadindi.
bhaarata upakhandamlo, gaddi gaddi balaheenamaina dopidi avakaasavaadi paatranu pooshistunnatlu kanipistundi. vyaktigata bharatiya siitaakaalapu gaddi eagles, gayapadina pakshulu, gudlu mariyu heronaryla nundi vachhe chinna neeti pakshulatho sahaa, vaeta yokka durbalatva samayaallo tinevigaa nivedinchabaddaayi, ayithe eagles samuuhaalu tarachugaa kothulu, chikkukupoyina chepala samuuhaalu, poultry polaalu, chettha kuppalu mariyu pasuvula shavaala kuppalu chuttoo sambhavistaayi. chaari-dhand chittadi neelalaloo, 1000 gaddi mydaanapu eagles sekarinchadam kanipinchindi, ivi ekkuvagaa haani kaliginche neeti pakshula nundi jeevistunnaayi. puunhae nagaramloni kuppalalo 200 gaddi gaddi eagles sekarinchi tinevigaa prasiddhi chendaayi. bikanir sameepamloni jorberlo oka shavam koolinappudu sheethaakaalamlo rojuku sagatuna 43 gaddi eagles undevi, garishta sankhya saadhaaranamgaa janavari mariyu fibravarilo sambhavistundi (november nundi marchi varaku saadhaarana teedeelu mariyu september nundi mae varaku chaalaa arudugaa), 136 gaddi eagles mariyu kaneesam 9 itara pedda raptorlu (ekkuvagaa raabandulu), veetilo chaalaa varaku antarinchipothunna jaatulugaa pariganinchabadataayi. eee praantamloo gaddi eagles upayoginche saadhaarana chittadi naela ledhaa chittadi naela-prakkane unna praantaala nundi edaari lanty praantaaniki dhooramgaa velladaaniki gaddi gaddi gudlagoobalanu zorber shavam dumps pralobhapettinatlu kanugonabadindi, ayithe adavi kukkalu, konni samvatsaraalalo, vembadinchadam mariyu eee dumpnu nivaarinchadaaniki gaddi gudlagoobalanu prerepinchadam vantivi kanipistaayi. nepaallo sumaru 50 gaddi gaddi samuuhaalu midatala samuuhaalanu tinevigaa kanipinchaayi. bahusha pootiini nivaarinchadaaniki (i.ii. raabandulu, nakkalu modalaina vaati nundi) mariyu oka aahara padaarthaanni guttadhipatyam cheyadaaniki, bhaaratadesamlo gaddi gaddi eagles ekkuvagaa adavi pillulu ("felis chouse") mariyu kondachiluvalu vanti chinna mrutadehaalaku vachinatlu kanipistaayi. banni gaddi mydaanaala abhayaaranyamlo, gaddi gaddi eagles ekkuvagaa aaharam kosam vetaadataayi, aneka itara bharatiya nivedikalalo kakunda, pradhanamgaa takkuva bandikoot elukalapai ("bandikota bengalensis"), ayithe konnisaarlu itara rapterlanu kooda dongilistaayi. adevidhamgaa, souraashtralo mariyu mungus mariyu bharatiya kundelu ("lepus nigricolis") thoo sahaa pedda vaeta meeda, alaage parvata gajel ("gazella gazella") pakshipai viphalamaina daadi vanti vaatipai churukuga vetade jantuvulu asadhaaranamgaa nivedinchabaddaayi. 
raajasthaanloni bharatpur praantamloo, ekkuvagaa keoladeo jaateeya udyaanavanam chuttoo, gaddi mydaanapu eagles yokka metha karyakalapalu vistrutamgaa gamaninchabaddaayi. gaddi gaddi eagles arudugaa churukuga vetaadataayi, badulugaa heronaryla nundi goodu puttalanu pattukovadam, mukhyamgaa daadaapu kotta vayassu gala, chivari goodu kattina kongalu (micteria leukocephala), mariyu itara vaeta pakshula patla cleptoperacitismlo palgonadam, tarachugaa moodu nundi tommidi eagles samoohaalalo alaa cheyadam madhya maarutuu untaayi. chaalaa arudugaa, bharatpurloni gaddi mydaanapu eagles pakshulu, chepalu (saadhaaranamgaa chikkukupoyina), ballulu mariyu paamulanu vetaadatam kanipinchindi. eee maidaanaalu tellavaarujaamuna mariyu tellavaarujaamuna bharatpur vadda tajaga champabadina chinna neeti pakshulanu tinevi gamaninchabaddaayi, anduvalla prakaasavantamaina chandrakantini sadviniyogam chesukuntu vetaadavachhu. itara rapterlaku vyatiraekamgaa samudrapu dongatanam tarachugaa aaharaanni vrudhaa cheyadaaniki daariteesindi, endukante gaddi naela eagles tarachugaa itara rapterlanu tama catchnu vadalamani balavantam chestaayi, kaani gaddi neelalu vaatini addukolekapoyayi mariyu champevi tarachugaa neetilo poyayi. bharatpurlo, gaddi gaddi eagles itara eagles thoo poliste saapekshamgaa takkuvagaa, chetlalo, mariyu itara raptor la kante ekkuva kaalam paatu, itara vaeta pakshula karyakalapalanu nisitamgaa gamanistuu, tarachugaa kuurchuntaayi. bharatpurlo gaddi gaddi kosam mottam 49 gantala karyakalapalalo, 45 saatam metha kosam kharchu cheyabadindi, janavarilo garishtamgaa 69 saatam metha samayam, taruvaata maarchilo 17 saataaniki taggindi. okkokka gaddi gaddi gaddi yokka rojuvaaree aahara viniyogam vaati parimaanaaniki sambandhinchi chaalaa takkuvagaa undedi. samudrapu dongatanaaniki badulugaa, gaddi gaddi tarachugaa oka aata pradarsanagaa pariganinchabade vaatilo, daadaapu pratyaekamgaa baalya gaddi gaddi gaddi madhya, okarinokaru nimagnam chesukuntaayi. andulo, rendu pakshulu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vruttaakaaramlo, ettaina pakshi daggaragaa tirugutuu, podavaina paadaalatoe diguva pakshi vaipu padipotundi, daanini chuttumutty, talonelanu pradarsinchamani balavantam chestundi, avi ventane talonelanu lock cheyakunda ledhaa lock cheyakunda vidipotaayi ledhaa vaeru cheyadaaniki mundu konni meterlu vetukutuu digutayi; tarachugaa steppylu uddeshapoorvakamgaa oka nirdishtamaina chuttoo egurutaayi, adhi chuttumudutundi mariyu marokadaanipaiki padipovachhu, maroka sanghatanalo, oka steppy plaastik sanchini pattukuni, daanini gaalitho buffay cheyadaaniki vadili, aapai padepade pattukuni, daanini mallee vellanivvandi, chivariki "game" loe 5-6 itara steppylu chaerataayi.
asea mainer, middle eest mariyu arabia dveepakalpamlo siitaakaalapu mariyu valasapoye gaddi eagles yokka aaharapu alavaatlapai takkuva adhyayanam nirvahinchabadindi. telisina daani prakaram, avi, bhaarata upakhandamlo siitaakaalapu gaddi gaddi gadula kante marinta balamgaa, nedu maanavulu anukokunda vaariki andinche vividha vyardha aahara vanarulanu tarachugaa andistunnaayi. muscut, omanlo, kazakhstan nundi valasa vachinavaaru eee praantamlooni pradhana pallapu pradaesaalu mariyu pedda ettuna mrutadehaala dump saitla nundi vachhe chettha misramam nundi jeevinchinatlu namodu cheyabadindi. bhaarata upakhandamloni mrutadehaala dump praantaalalo vale, eee mrutadehaala dump tarachugaa valasa jaatulu mariyu valasa vellani pakshulu rendintinee kaligi unna vistruta shreni vaeta pakshulaku aatidhyam istundi. daani parimaanaaniki anugunamgaa, gaddi gaddi konchem chinna eagles mariyu raabandulapai aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi mariyu konchem pedda eagles mariyu chaalaa pedda raabandula aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi. iraanlo sheethaakaalamlo kabelaalu mariyu pasuvula dump saitla adhika viniyogam namodu cheyabadindi. aasaktikaramgaa, iranian kabelaalu mariyu dump saitlalo modati samvatsaram baalintalu mariyu koddi mandhi peddalu laeru, conny 2 nundi 3 samvatsaraala vayassu (62.5%) ledhaa 4 nundi 5 samvatsaraala vayassu (33.3%) madhya vayassu gala aneka gaddi eagles unnaayi. iraaklo kooda dump saitlu mariyu andubaatulo unna chittadi neelalu rendintiloonuu metha namodu cheyabadindi. armenia nundi yaadruchchika aahara pariseelanalu, gaddi gaddi gudlagoobalu prayaanamloo mariyu sheethaakaalamlo pedda mottamlo vallanu pattukogalavani ledhaa vaatini samudrapu dongalugaa ledhaa chinna jaatula vaeta pakshula nundi ilanti chinna vaetanu pattukogalavani suuchistunnaayi.
antar-nirdishta dopidi sambandhaalu.
gaddi eegil daani pampineeni vanarula kosam potipade aneka itara vaeta pakshulatho panchukuntundi. aahaaramlo chaalaa varaku itara eagles pooli untaayi, veetilo chaalaa varaku kooda adhe vidhamgaa valasa untaayi. thoorpu saamraajyapu eagles idhe vidhamaina kendra pampinhee kaligina oka dega. saamraajya dega idhe vidhamaina padanirmaana saastraanni kaligi undhi mariyu aahara empikalo vistrutamgaa ativyaapti chendagaladu. idhi aneka naela udutalanu kooda teesukuntundi, conny saadhaaranamgaa santanotpatti samayamlo vaatipai takkuva pratyekata kaligi untundi, mariyu tarachugaa kundellu, mullapandulu, chittelukalu mariyu pedda mariyu madhyataraha vividha rakaala pakshulu vanti saaruupya ledhaa pedda sankhyalo vetaadutundi. saadhaaranamgaa, aahara jeevasaastram baga ardham chesukobadindi, vaeta marinta vibhina parimaanaalalo teesukobadutundi mariyu saamraajya jaatulalo vaeta varnapatam chaalaa vaividhyamgaa untundi (bahusha namodu cheyabadina aneka vaeta jaatula kante daadaapu moodu retlu ekkuva). chinna marmots vanti vaeta yokka sagatu baruvu rendu eegalslo samanamga untundi, thoorpu saamrajyamlo sagatuna untundi, ayithe gaddi naela kooda eee parimaanamlo marmatsnu teesukuntundi. saadhaaranam kaanappatikee, saamraajya dega konnisaarlu baruvugaa unde eranu teesukovachhu, bahusha gaddi gaddi kante ekkuva tarachugaa. konchem pedda conny tarachugaa chellacheduruga unde bhusambandha ksheeradaalapai (antey.ii. kundellu, mullapandulu modalainavi.), mukhyamgaa saamraajyapu eagles teesukunnavi. alaage, sheethaakaalamlo saamraajya dega aaharaanni pondadamlo marinta dopideeki guravutundi, bhaarata upakhandamlo neeti pakshulu mariyu coots vanti aneka vayojana pakshulanu teesukelladaaniki marinta haani kaliginche goodu katte neeti pakshulanu arudugaa vidichipettadu. thoorpu saamraajya dega goodu katte alavaatlalo gaddi gaddi nundi chaalaa bhinnamgaa untundi, podavaina chetlanu ishtapadutundi, konnisaarlu baga chetlatho kuudina praantaalalo, idhi gaddi gaddi gaddi naela goodu katte praadhaanyatalaku chaalaa viruddhamgaa untundi. saamraajyapu eagles upayoginche valasa maargam ekkuvagaa gaddi gaddi maadirigaane untundi, ayithe saamrajyam chaalaa takkuva sankhyalo valasadaarulu (vaari santanotpatti pradaesaaniki sameepamlo sheethaakaalam kooda ekkuvagaa untundi) mariyu sheethaakaalamlo (mukhyamgaa aafrikaalo) takkuva dhooram prasaristundi. gaddi eegil sagatuna chaalaa chinnadi ayinappatikee, santanotpatti mariyu sheethaakaala praantaalu rendinti nundi vacchina samacharam saamraajya dega gaddi eagles meeda pravartanaaparamgaa aadhipatyam chelaayistundani suuchistumdi. saamraajyapu eagles dwara sthaanikamgaa pailan lanu goodu katte pradaesaalugaa upayoginche gaddi mydaanapu eagles yokka puurti ledhaa pakshika sthaanabhramsham idhi vyaktam chesindi. antekakunda, panchukunna aahara pradaesaalaloo, gaddi gaddi saamraajya gaddi varaku tirigi velutundi, tarachugaa puurti pantalatho appudappudu saamrajyaala sthaanabhramsham unnappatikee modata tinadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. konni sandarbhaallo, bhaaratadesamlo, gaddi gaddi saamraajyapu eagles nundi dopidi vaetaloe vijayam saadhistaayi, saadhaaranamgaa gaddi gaddi pakshula paarteelaku sahakarinchadamlo. bhaaratadesamlo kaneesam oka sandarbhamlo, thoorpu saamraajya degatho paraspara charyalo gaddi dega durakramanadaruga undhi, deenivalla rendu eagles anischita phalitaalato talonelu mariyu cart veelnu lock chesaayi. oke saadhaarana praantamloo goollu unnappudu, gaddi neelalu saadhaaranamgaa bangaaru degaku adheenamlo unna saamraajyaaniki adheenamgaa pariganinchabadutunnappudu, eagles sopanakramamlo vaati parimaanaalaku anugunamgaa untaayani bhaavistunnaaru, altay praantamloo paraspara charyalu marinta sanklishtamaina paraspara sambandhaanni suuchistaayi. akkada oka adhyayanam saamraajya mariyu bangaaru eagles mariyu steppies rendintitho aneka dookudu paraspara charyalanu nivedinchindi, aascharyakaramgaa pratidaaniloo duraakramanadaarulu unnaaru. oka sandarbhamlo, oka bangaaru degapai oka gaddi dega teevramgaa daadi chesindi, athanu paraspara charyalo aadhipatyam chelaayinchinatlu kanipinchaadu, gaalilo marinta baleeyamaina saayudha bangaaraanni pattukuni, daanini balavantamgaa neelapaiki nadipinchaadu (bangaaru dega champabadanappatiki).
gaddi maidaanaanni tonny eegil nundi vaeru chese daani gurinchi chaalaa vraayabadindi, conny adavilo eee jaatula madhya paraspara charyalu chaalaa takkuvagaa ledhaa aemee gurtinchabadaledu. balamaina allopatric kakunda, siitaakaalapu gaddi eagles saadhaaranamgaa konchem bhinnamaina aavasalanu upayogistaayi, ivi shushka chetla savannah mariyu pakshika edaari praantaalaku bhinnamgaa andubaatulo unna chittadi neelalaku anukuulamgaa untaayi. tonny eegil, talone parimaanamlo chinnadi mariyu damasha prakaram saaruupyata kaligi unnappatikee (gananeeyamgaa takkuva bhaarii gepto), gaddi gaddi kante marinta saktivantamaina mariyu bolled predator, saapekshamgaa pedda eranu pattukovadam, itara rapterla nundi dopidi vaeta mariyu karianpai scavenging madhya maarutuu untundi. tonny eagles teesukunna vaeta parimaanaalu bahusha thoorpu saamraajya mariyu bangaaru eagles kakunda anni baruvu taragatulalo "akvila" mariyu "klanga" jaatulalo chaalaa samanamga pampinhee cheyabaddaayi, veetilo era baruvu meeda drushti kendrikarinchabadindi, antey.ii. edainaa praantamloo gaddi gadula kosam vilakshanhamaina vaeta parimaanaala kante baga. tonny eagles appudappudu siitaakaalapu steppies maadirigaane aahara vanarulaku haajaravutaayi, veetilo shavam dumps, itara kothulu mariyu chedapuchedalu vantivi untaayi, mariyu okadaanikokati ekkuvagaa vismarinchinatlu kanipistaayi; marovaipu, drudamaina steppy konnisaarlu tonny eegilnu sthaanabhramsham chestundi. saamraajyapu eagles kakunda, bharatpurloni raptor sanghamlooni itara "akvila" eagles mariyu macchala eagles paie gaddi eagles aadhipatyam chelaayistunnaayani cheppabadindi. gaddi eegil valasa pravartanalo takkuva mariyu ekkuva macchala eegilstho chaalaa pooli untundi, conny santanotpatti samayamlo puurtigaa bhinnamaina erapai pratyekata kaligi untundi. macchala eagles neeti sameepamlo baga chetlatho kuudina praantaalalo goodu kattutaayi mariyu vibhinnamaina eranu pattukuntaayi, ayinappatikee saadhaaranamgaa gaddi gaddi vale chaalaa chinna erapai drushti pedataayi. pedda macchala eagles teesukune sagatu vaeta parimaanaalu, tarachugaa vividha neeti-snehapoorvaka elukalu mariyu madhya taraha pakshulapai drushti saarinche aaharam, bahusha gaddi gaddi eagles maadirigaane untundi, ayithe chinna macchala parimaanam, kappalu mariyu chinna paamulapai drushti saarinchinavi, chinnaviga untaayi. mukhyamgaa aafrikaalo, takkuva macchalu gala eagles, steppy eegil maadirigaane sthaanikamgaa pratyaekamaina chedapurugulanu tinevigaa marutayi. macchala eagles daadaapu sthiramgaa gaddi eegil aadhipatyam kaligi unnatlu kanipistundi, sheethaakaalamlo mrutadehaala dump vadda namodu cheyabadindi. bharatpurlo, macchala eagles jaatulu (bharatiya mariyu anthakante ekkuva) tarachugaa gaddi mydaanapu eagles dwara samudrapu dongatanaaniki gurikavadam jarugutundi. eejiptu raabandulu ("neophron perconopterus") kothilo gaddi naela eegilsku adheenamgaa unnatlu kanipistaayi, ayithe chaalaa itara raabandulu peddavi (konnisaarlu gananeeyamgaa) mariyu gaddi naela eagles dwara nivaarinchabadataayi, ayinappatikee avi tarachugaa vividha rakaala raabandulato paatu shavam kuppalalo tinipinchabadataayi. aneka itara rojuvaaree raptorlu naela uduta mariyu itara eranu panchukovachhu, veetini gaddi eegil tarachugaa jeevistundi, conny saadhaaranamgaa takkuva pratyekata kaligi untaayi mariyu vividha goodu alavaatlanu upayogistaayi, saadhaaranamgaa chetlalo goodu kattutaayi. veetilo sacker falconlu ("falco cherag"), podavati kaalla bajaardulu mariyu itara bajaardulu undavacchu, ayithe pedda bangaaru eagles mariyu chinna eguva naela buzzardlu ("beauto hemilasius") tarachugaa gananeeyamgaa ekkuva ettulo unna raallaloo goollu pettavacchu (ayinappatikee chetlu mariyu itara aavasalalo bangaaram kooda goodu kattavachhu). 
harrier vanti chinna raptorlu tarachugaa bhoomipai kramam tappakunda goodu katte itara rojuvaaree vaeta pakshulu mariyu gaddi gaddi yokka chaalaa paridhiloo saha-sambhavinchavachhu, ayinappatikee saadhaaranamgaa gaddi gaddi yokka debbatinna bhaagaalanu goodu katte aavasaluga upayogistaayi. haariyarlu kooda tarachugaa gaddi gadula maadirigaane valasa maargaalanu upayogistaaru. aafrikaalo, gaddi mydaanapu eagles tarachugaa chedapurugulapai aneka pasupu-billed galipatalu ("milvus egyptius") madhyalo saantiyutamgaa tinevigaa kanipistaayi. ayithe, paraspara charyalu marinta pootii swabhaavam kaligi unnappudu, gaddi gaddi yea jaatula gaalipatampainaa aadhipatyam chelaayistundi. pedda mariyu chinna itara raptorlu chaalaa arudugaa gaddi gaddi eagles dwara cleptoperasitisaniki guravutaayi. bhaaratadesamlo, brahmini galipatalu ("haliastur indus"), nalla galipatalu ("milvus migrans"), logger falcons ("falco jaggar"), montagus harrier ("circus pigargas") mariyu westran marsh haariyarlu ("circus eruginosus") vanti vaati catch lanu alaage macchala mariyu tonny eagles nuu kooda dochukunnaru. ayithe, inti kaakulu ("carvus splendence") tarachugaa gaddi mydaanapu eegalsnu dochukuntaayi. armeniyaalo, saadhaarana bajaardulu mariyu montagu yokka haariyarlanu gaddi mydaanapu eagles dochukuntu velladam kanipinchindi. bangaaru dega kooda daani vaetanu bayle parvathaalalo gaddi gaddi eagles dongilinchadam chusindi.
gaddi gaddi eagles baadhitulaina itara mamsahara jantuvulato dopidi paraspara charyalu ekkuvagaa haani kaliginche chinnapillalaku parimitam cheyabaddaayi, takkuva ettaina neelapai tarachugaa andubaatulo unde sthaanaala kaaranamgaa goodu pradaesaalu tarachugaa chaalaa haani kaligistaayi. aakalitho unna kaandlu tarachugaa mukhyamgaa haanikaramaina maamsaahaarulu, mukhyamgaa buudida thodellu ("kaanis lupus") mariyu kukkalu (tarachugaa pasuvula pempakam mariyu adavi) mariyu arudugaa erra nakkalu mariyu pillulu mariyu vaati bandhuvula vanti itara maamsaahaarulu. gaddi eegil goodu maranaaniki oohinchani muulam asadhaaranamgaa dookudugaa unde polyed harrier (circus macrorus) nundi kanugonabadindi, idhi varusaga rendu chinna eagles meeda daadi chesi champindi, ayinappatikee vaatini eppuduu tinaledu (bahusha maatru eagles aalasyamgaa sthaanabhramsham kaaranamgaa). goodu katte maidaanamlo haani kaliginche chinna pillalatho paatu, gaddi gaddi eagles arudugaa sahaja mamsaharulache champabadataayi. ayithe, soudhi arabialo (bahusha raatri samayamlo aakasmika daadiki gurainappudu) oka caracal ("caracal caracal") badhituraliga nivedinchabadindi. chaalaa tarachugaa, itara maamsaahaarulaku vyatiraekamgaa praanaantakamaina pootiilaloo baadhitula kante gaddi eegil maamsaahaarulu. mustellids mariyu nakkalu vanti maamsaahaarulato sahaa aaharam gurinchi paina perkonna aneka vruttaamtaalatoe paatu, gaddi eagles konni sandarbhaallo itara raptorial pakshulanu kooda champagalavu mariyu chaalaa baleeyamaina jaatulanu kooda aacharaneeyamaina aaharamgaa pariganistunnatlu telustondi. kevalam karaganda praantamloonae, sthaanika gaddi gaddi eagles takkuva kestrels ("falco naumanni"), podavati kaallunna buzzards, eurasian eegil-gudlagoobalu ("bubo bubo") mariyu edu chinna chevula gudlagoobalanu ("asio flammius") vetaadataayi. altoy praantamloo, eegil-gudlagoobalato paatu, nalla galipatam kooda gaddi eegil vaetagaa namodu cheyabadindi. vaastavaaniki, golden eegil kakunda eurasia eegil-gudlagoobalanu aneka sandarbhaallo vaetaadina ekaika pakshi gaddi gaddi. ijrayello valasa velletappudu kadalikalanu apadam ledhaa tinadam arudugaa gamaninchinappatikii, rendu jaatulu akkadiki velutunnappudu oka gaddi gaddi akasmaattugaa oka vayojana saadhaarana bazardnu kotti tinestundi. tamilanadulo oka gaddi gaddini gumpugaa pettadaniki prayatninchina oka braahmana galipatam degache champabadinatlu gamaninchabadindi, ayithe akkada kaneesam maroka braahmanudu kooda dookudugaa unna gaddi gaddiche gayapaddadu.
santanotpatti.
chaalaa rapterla maadirigaane gaddi eegil kooda jantagaa santanotpatti chestundi. lekapothe, idhi gaddi maidaanamlo vesavi kaalam gaduputunnappudu ekaantaaniki praadhaanyatanistundi. itara "akvila" eagles maadirigaane, eee jaathi praadaesika vaimanika pradarsanalo paalgonavacchu. gaddi eegil yokka pradarsana baga teliyadu, conny saanubhootigala eegalsnu pooli untundani bhaavinchavachchu mariyu adhika vruttaakaaraanni kaligi untundani (conny itara "akvila" kante takkuva vaimanika vinyasalalo paalgontundi). kalmikialo, prati jatha sagatu sankhya 1.7. saratov praantamloo gaddi eegil arudugaa untundi, alegzandrovo-gasky jilla, novouzensky jilla, seyint pietersburg mariyu ojinsky jilla vanti sikhara praantaalu sagatuna 3 jatala sagatunu kaligi undagaa, saratovlo itara praantaalalo, aaa praantaaniki jatala sagatu sankhya sumaru 0.8. transbikallo sameepa dhooram sagatuna. altoy parvatapraantamlooni 85 goollu sagatuna dhooram unnatlu kanugonabadindi, ayithe goollu annee aakraminchabadaledu. ukok peethabhoomilo (altoys lopala), sagatu sameepa porugu dhooram, nundi varaku unnatlu kanugonabadindi. altay yokka maroka adhyayanamlo eee praantaaniki sumaru 0.51 nundi 3.11 jatalatho paatu aneka vijayavantamaina jatala 0.35-1.35 unnayani kanugonnaru, inca marintagaa khakasia mariyu krasnoyarsk croy adhika goodu saandratalanu kaligi unnayani, ayithe twia republicklo takkuva saandratalu unnayani kanugonnaru. eee adhyayanam prakaram altoy loe sagatu sameepa porugu dhooram sagatuna, nundi. kazakhstan mariyu russia madhya sarihaddu praantaalalo, i.ii. octobe mariyu orenberg, prati okkadaaniki 7.1 jatala anchanaa veyabadindi. octobe praantamlooni dakshina bhaagamlo, beganin jilla mariyu miali madhya, goodu katte mydaanaala saandrata appudappudu pratidaaniki 2-2.5 jatala varaku cheravacchu. kazakhstanloni atirao praantamloo, utility towerlapy goollu itara goodu uparitalaalapai vaerugaa kakunda sagatuna chuttoo undevi. kazakhstanloni aral mariyu caspian praantaalalo, sagatu sameepa porugu dhooram, conny sthaanikamgaa konda aavasalu athi takkuva utpaadakata mariyu bankamatti pakshika edaari atyanta utpaadakatatoe, aavasala aadhaaramgaa santanotpatti jatala saandrata 50 retlu kante ekkuvagaa untundi. karaganda praantamloo, prati jatha sagatu sankhya 7.77 kaga, atuvanti praantaaniki vijayavantamaina jantala sankhya 3.24. ginzianglo, inti shrenulu parimaanamlo nundi. aneka gaddi eagles kaneesam october varaku vaati santanotpatti maidaanaallo undagalavu ayinappatikee, santanotpatti kaalam marchi chivari nundi ledhaa april praarambhamlo (appudappudu april chivari varaku utsaahamgaa prarambham kaadu) nundi sumaru augustu chivari varaku untundi.
goollu.
goodu oka pedda karra vedika, idhi andubaatulo unna padaarthaala aadhaaramgaa parimaanamlo ekkuvagaa untundi, conny tonny eegil minaha itara "akvila" eagles kante sagatuna chadunainadi. chaalaa goollu vyaasamlo mariyu lothugaa untaayi. transbikal looni goollu sagatuna sikharaalu ledhaa raallapai unna goollu lothu varaku peddavigaa marutayi. sarastov praantamloo, sagatuna vyaasamlo 14 goollanu varusaga mariyu lothugaa kolustaaru. ginzianglo goollu entha vyaasam kaligi untayo antha varaku undavacchu. dakshina octobe praantamloo atipedda goodu yokka vyaasam cherukoga, goodu yokka etthu chetlalo unna vaati nundi akkada varaku maaravacchu. goodu saadhaaranamgaa kommalu mariyu chaalaa astavyastamgaa untundi. veeti aavasalalo takkuva goodu katte padaartham undatam dheeniki kaaranam, kabatti goodu nirmaanaalalo tarachugaa pratyaekamaina vastuvulu untayih kaagitam, polyethylene sanchulu, unni mariyu eruvula mukkalu, emukalu, eekalu, paatha battalu mariyu itara maanava chettha. goodu saampradayakamgaa raalla madhya bahirgatamaina pradaesamloe, tarachugaa hummack meeda unchabadutundi. itara goodu katte pradaesaalaloo chaalaa takkuva podalu mariyu neelapai oka pradaesam undavacchu, idhi saadhaaranamgaa paryaavaranam yokka sagatu layowoot kante konchem paiki untundi. konni itara goodu pradaesaalaloo endugaddi stacklu ledhaa sidhilaalu unnaayi, konnisaarlu avi nitaruga laeni kondapai ledhaa arudugaa chettulo kooda unnaayi. konni paatha adhyayanalu gaddi gaddi maanava kaaryakalaapaalaku sameepamlo goodu kattadaanni nivaarinchaayani perkonnappatiki, idhi chaalaa varaku niroopinchabadaledu. kalmikialo, goollannee chadunu cheyabadina rahadaarula nundi matrame undevi. paschima kazakhstan praantamloo oka goodu oka graamaaniki chaalaa daggaragaa unnatlu kanugonabadindi. ayithe, transbycallo, praantaalanu vyavasaya bhuumulugaa marchadam valla akkada eagles pedda sankhyalo kunchinchukupovadaaniki pradhana kaaranam. kalmikiyaaloni 14 goollalo, 10 neelapai unnaayi mariyu 4 chetlu ledhaa podalalo unnaayi, konni transmission towerlapy sagatu goodu ettulo unnaayi. transbikallo 47 goollalo 53.7% kondalapai undevi. transbikalloni raathi avtkroplapai unnavi, sagatu bhoomi sthaayi kante ekkuvagaa untaayi. baskunchack sarassu praantamloo, eee jaatulaku kanugonabadina 16 goollalo ekkuva bhaagam raathi sidhilaalu mariyu bandaraallu, carst gaddi mariyu sikharaalapai unnaayi, rendu chetlapai unnaayi. altay praantamloo, 62.4% bhoobhagalalo oke goodu matrame undhi, conny 27.4% loe 1 pratyaamnaaya goollu unnaayi, 4.7% loe 2 pratyaamnaaya goollu unnaayi mariyu 5.9% loe 3 pratyaamnaaya goollu unnaayi. altaylo jarigina oka adhyayanamlo goollu tarachugaa learch adavula sameepamlo unna kanya ledhaa paadu maidaanamlo undevani, taruvaati samvatsaraallo tarachugaa tirigi upayoginchabadatayani nirdhaarinchaaru. altay goolla sthaanam kazakhstan mariyu russia sarihaddu praantaalalo sunnitamgaa valuga unna raathi avtcropes ledhaa cuesta escorpments meeda undhi, ivi ekkuvagaa, telisina goodu pradaesaalaloo 82 saatam (chadunaina neelapai kevalam 4 saatam), mottam 418 goollalo, 75.6% goollu raallu mariyu bandaraallu ledhaa quartz gatlu yokka anchulapai unnaayi mariyu 15.8% matrame chadunaina neelapai unnaayi. kazakhstanloni atirao praantamloo, vidyut prasaara towerlapy (ledhaa pilance) unna raptor goollalo 26 saatam gaddi neelala goollu. aral-caspian praantamloo 38 saatam goollu pailanlapai ledhaa vaati diguvana undevi. karaganda praantamloo, 75.6% goollu bayata padutunnaayi mariyu inca 10.84% raalla vichchinnam meeda unnaayi, mariyu anni goodu pradaesaalaloo raathi uparitalam undhi (takkuva podalapai kooda chaalaa takkuva mottamto sahaa). karaganda goollu sagatu ettulo undevi. paschima kazakhstan praantamloo 286 goollalo, 30.42% naela ledhaa raallapai, 28.32% chetlu ledhaa podalalo mariyu 27.27% viniyoga stambhaalapai unnaayi. paschima kajakh praantamloo neelapai sagatuna raallu mariyu sikharaalapai unde goollu, neelapai sagatuna stambhaalapai unde goollu, chetlalo unde goollu mariyu podalalo unde goollu sagatuna neelapai unde goollu. ili nadhi sameepamlo oka goodu "haloxylone" anae chinna chettuga gurtinchabadindi, marokati bahusha pramaadakaramaina vaedi isuka dibba. irtish nadhi sameepamlo oka vijayavantamaina goodu podha iberian medosweet ("spiria hypericpholia") paie undhi (marokati vijayavantam kaanidi "lonisera tatarica" yokka mandapati perugudalapai undhi). maroe asaadhaaranamaina kajakh goodu bhoomipai undhi, idhi chaalaa lomi gaddi bhuumulatoe undhi, idhi adhika suuryarashmi kaaranamgaa (rojulo 20 saatam matrame nirodhinchabadindi) mariyu gananeeyamaina sthaanika erra nakkala uniki kaaranamgaa asurakshitamgaa undavacchu. mangolia kanugonabadina 49 goollalo neelapai unnaayi, rock colums ledhaa pedda bandaraallapai unnaayi, 8.7% kondalapai unnaayi, 8.7% krutrima uparitalaalapai unnaayi, veetilo kaaru tyre, vidichipettina kaaru cabin mariyu krutrima goodu platfam mariyu 2.2% chettulo unnaayi. eee adhyayanamlo anni mangolian goollu madhya ettulo unnaayi, sagatuna. mangolia, chuttupakkala chadunaina bhoomi paina goolla etthu.
gudlu mariyu podige.
clutch parimaanam saadhaaranamgaa 2, i untundi.ii. 1 nundi 3 varaku konni baari pattukogaa, 4 nundi 5 gudlu chaalaa arudugaa untaayi. aral-caspian praantamloo goollalo clutch sagatuna 2.38. kalmikialo, sagatu clutch parimaanam 2.31. sarassu baskunchack praantamloo, 66.7% goollalo 2 gudlu, 25 saatam goollalo 3 mariyu 8.3 saatam goollalo 1 unnaayi. transbikallo nivasinche 30 goollalo 77 saatam goollu, 20 saatam goollu, 3 saatam goollu unnaayi. volga praantamloo, sagatu clutch parimaanam 2.2. altaylo oka adhyayanam oka chinna namuunaa yokka clutch parimaanam sagatuna 1.67 gaa kanugonagaa, maroka adhyayanam 19 baari yokka sagatu clutch parimaanam 2 gaa unchindi. maroe altoy adhyayanamlo 32 kriyaaseela goollalo clutch parimaanam 2.33 gaa undani kanugonnaru. octobe mariyu orenberglo, sagatu clutch parimaanam 1.94 gaa undhi. paschima kazakhstanlo, clutch parimaanam sagatu 2.38 gaa undhi, 4 varaku namodu cheyabadindi; ikkada 54.05% baari 2 gudlu kaligi unnaayi. mangolia adhyayanam chesina sagatu clutch parimaanam 1.9, guddu pette 43 jatalalo, 58.1% 2 gudlu, 23.3% 1 mariyu 18.6% 3 gudlu vaesaadu. gudlu ekkuvagaa tellati rangulo untaayi conny laetha godhuma ledhaa buudida rangu macchalu undavacchu. kalmikialo sagatu guddu parimaanam etthu mariyu vedalpu paridhiloo undedi. volga praantamloo sagatu, vadda, dwara paridhulatho samanamga undhi. gudlu transbikallo peddavigaa undevi, akkada avi sagatuna kolichayi mariyu sagatu baruvu kaligi undevi. altoy loe rendu gudlu varusaga baruvu kaligi untaayi. podige dasha sumaru 45 rojula paatu untundi, ayithe konni sandarbhaallo idhi vaaram varaku kluptamgaa undavacchu. podige prakriya tarachugaa mae nelaloo jarugutundi, conny juun arambham varaku konasaagavacchu.
yuva mariyu tallidandrula pravartana abhivruddhi.
kalmikialo santaanam parimaanam sagatuna 1.64. transbikal vishayaanikosthe, aakramita goodu sagatuna 0.65 kaga, vijayavantamaina goollalo sagatuna 1.38. altaylo, sagatu santaanam parimaanam 9 oka samvatsaram namoonaalo 2 gaa mariyu marusati samvatsaram 10 namoonaalo 1.4 gaa nivedinchabadindi. altay gurinchi veroka adhyayanamlo vijayavantamaina goodu sagatu santaana parimaanam 1.86 (anni aakramita goollaku 0.86) undani kanugonnaru. russia mariyu kazakhstan sarihaddu daati, aakramita gooduku sagatu santaanam parimaanam 1.13. aral-caspianlo sagatu santaanam parimaanam 2.36. thoorpu kazakhstan praantamlooni ettaina praantaalalo, aakramita 15 goollalo sagatuna 1.9 eegletlu kanugonabaddayi. paschima kajakh praantamloo, santaana parimaanam sagatu 2.22. oka adhyayanamlo 90 saatam kesulalo padanirmaana kolatala dwara lingaanni gurtinchavacchani mariyu gaddi eegil yokka pedda thoorpu janabha abhivruddhi yokka anni dasalalo marinta paschima praantaala kante spashtamgaa peddadani kanugonnaru. kazakhstanloni jhanibek jillaalo oke kodi perugudala mariyu abhivruddhi gurinchi baga adhyayanam cheyabadindi, chinna naela udutalu vistrutamgaa andubaatulo unna praantamloo (i.ii. hectaruku sumaru 40 mandhi peddalu). eee dega baruvu perigi, modati roeju tellati rangulo kappabadi undagaa, 6va roeju natiki, adhi baruvu perigi, munupatila tellagaa undi, anthakante ekkuva podavainadigaa undindi. 10va roeju natiki, daani baruvu mariyu 15va roeju natiki baruvu perigindi. 20 rojula vayassulo, eee eeglet baruvu perigi, marinta spashtamgaa udbhavistunna godhuma rangu eekalu kanapadataayi. okasari 25 rojula vayassu vachinappudu, daani sareeramlo moodinta oka vanthu baruvu mariyu chinnapillala eekalu kaligi undhi mariyu 30 rojula natiki baruvu kaligi undhi. 35va roeju natiki, daani baruvu daadaapu puurtigaa godhuma rangulo undindi, conny thala chuttoo inca kinda undhi. puurti shareera parimaanam mariyu baalya eekalu (conny puurtigaa abhivruddhi chendina rekkalu mariyu thoka eekalu kosam) kodipillaku 40-43 rojullo saadhinchabadindi, adhi baruvugaa undhi; puurtigaa periginappatikee, adhi ippatikee bedirimpula vadda padipoyindi mariyu egaralekapoyindi. ginzianglo kooda idhe vidhamaina perugudala gamaninchabadindi, ikkada sumaru 20 rojula vayassu gala pillalu nilabadi, 45 rojulalo tarachugaa rekkalu tippukoni, goodu parisaraallo kontavaraku tirugutuu, 60 rojula vayassulo sahayam lekunda tinagalarani gamaninchabadindi. irtish nadhi sameepamlo oka sandarbhamlo, maanavulu oka guudunu sameepinchinappudu, pedda dega dookudugaa pradarsinchi, vaatini sthaanabhramsham cheyadaaniki prayatninchadam kanipinchindi, adhe samayamlo daani venuka aasrayam pondina daani iddaru chinna thobuttuvulanu rakshistunnatlu kanipinchindi. chinna eagles yokka rekkalu 55 mariyu 65 rojula madhya ekkado saapekshamgaa twaragaa sambhavistaayi, bahusha goodu pradaesaala durbalatvam kaaranamgaa, guudunu twaragaa vadiliveyadam anedi maamsaahaarulu, adavi mantalu, pasuvula-trampling, maanavulu modalaina eee eagles goodu yokka pratyaekamaina pramaadaalanu nivaarinchadaaniki bahusha prayojanaalanu kaligistundi. saadhaaranamgaa, rendava rekkalu modatlo modati rekka kante kontha aalasyamgaa mariyu marinta vikrutamgaa egurutaayi. modati nundi rendava rekkaku rekkalu patte samayaalalo vyatyaasam transbikallo 8 nundi 10 rojulu gaa namodu cheyabadindi. kalmikiyaaloni talli gaddi eegil itara "akvila" eagles vale bigutugaa undadu mariyu lopaliki cherukunnappudu flush cheyabadutundi mariyu tirigi raavadaaniki chaalaa samayam pattavacchu. ayithe, ikkada mahilalu automobiles patla chaalaa sahanamtho undevaaru. kazakhstanloni irtish nadhi vembadi, gaddi mydaanapu eagles lopaliki cherukunnappudu flush ayinappatikee avi ekkuvasepu bayaludaeralaedu mariyu itara nivedikalaku sambandhinchi eee jaatiki twaragaa tirigi vachayi. utility towerlapy atiraavulo goodu kattina vaaru kaaru dwara lopaliki cherukovadaniki anumatinchaaru. dakshina octobe praantamloo, gaddi mydaanapu eagles manavulaku dadapuga sunnitatvam laenivigaa kanipistaayi, bahusha marinta maarumuula praantaalalo kakunda vistrutamaina bahirgatam kaaranamgaa, mariyu motorusaikil dwara lopaliki velladaaniki anumatinchabadataayi, conny oka vyakti lopala kaalinadakana unte flush cheyabadataayi. goodu katte gaddi eegalslo haemoparacytela sthaayilu takkuvagaa kanipistaayi, ayithe ippativaraku telisina ekaika adhyayanam yokka namuunaa parimaanaalu chinnavi.
vijayala raetlu penchadam.
kalmikiyaaloni rendu pradaesaalaloo unna 10 goollalo, 7 eppuduu podugukoni chanipoyina pindaalu kaligi undatam aandolana kaliginche vishayam. anduvalla, ikkada santanotpatti vijaya raetu 30-40% vadda chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi. altay praantam nundi jaripina adhyayanamlo aakramita goolla kante sagatuna 1.52 rekkalu utpatti ayyayani nirdhaarinchabadindi. altais yokka ukok peethabhoomi bhaagamlo, tanikhi chesina 19 goollalo 31.6% vijayavantamayyayani kanugonabadindi. oka gooduku mangolia rekkalu sagatuna 0.9gaa unnaayi, kotta vijayala raetu 42.2%, balamaina vaarshika vaividhyaalu laevu. kondalapai unna goodu mangolia marinta vijayavantamaindi, muulakaalu mariyu mamsaahaarula nundi ekkuva rakshana kalpinchadam kaaranamani oohinchabadindi, ayithe krutrima uparitalaalapai goodu katte vaariki, vijayam raetu takkuvagaa undhi (37.5%). mangolia namodaina 30 vaiphalyaalo, 37.5% tallidandrulu vidichipettadam valla, 16.7% vandhyatva gudla kaaranamgaa, 6.7% vaeta kaaranamgaa (bahusha thodellu mariyu saadhaarana kaakulu ("carvus corax") nundi), 10% aakali kaaranamgaa, 3.3% naramamsa bhakshyam nundi mariyu migilina 26.7% teliyani kaaranaala valla sambhavinchaayi. sarassu baskunchack praantamloo, pramaadavasaattu maanava chorabatla kaaranamgaa aneka goollu vadiliveyabaddaayi. ginzianglo jarigina adhyayanam, akkada gaddi mydaanapu eagles goodu kattadaniki chesina prayatnaalalo moodinta rendu vantula prayatnaalu viphalamainatlu kanipistunnaayi. tuvaalo, goodu kattadamlo vijayaniki nirdesinche karakalu aavasa naanhyata, aahara sarafara, bhangam sthaayilu mariyu podavaina chetla narikiveta dwara aavasalu asahajamgaa maarchabadinanduna inti shrenulanu vaegamgaa marchagala saamardhyamgaa pariganinchabaddaayi. baskunchack sarassulo kolla maranaaniki aakali mariyu nirjaleekaraname pradhana karanaluga kanipistunnaayi. orenberg praantamloo, 41.1% nivaasitula maranaalu aakali kaaranamgaa (chinna naela uduta ksheenata taruvaata), 38.3% gaddi naela mantala kaaranamgaa, kevalam 10 saatam kante takkuva maanava bhangam mariyu marinta chinna kaaranaalu tallidandrula anubhavam mariyu vaeta. 2017 natiki, karaganda praantamloo churukaina goollalo, 42.26% vijayavantamayyaayi mariyu adhika raetu 54.46% puurtigaa viphalamaindi, aakramita goollaku 0.61 rekkalu mariyu vijayavantamaina goollaku 1.45 rekkalu utpatti chesaayi. aneka karaganda goollalo phalinchani gudlu unnatlu gurtinchabadindi, ayithe aneka goollu gaddi naela mantallo naasanam cheyabaddaayi. 2 samvatsaraala taruvaata jarigina oka tadupari adhyayanamlo, 28.42% goollu matrame vijayavantam kaavadamtho, goodu vaiphalyam marinta teevramaina raetlu kanugonabaddayi. ikkada aakramita goolla sankhya taggudala 18.9% mariyu vijayavantamaina goolla sankhya taggimpu 63.9%. santanotpatti janabhalo pedda mottamlo kanipinche chinna eagles yokka santanotpatti saadhaaranamgaa raptor jaatula janabhapai ottidini suuchistumdani bhaavistaaru. gaddi eegil, daani mottam ksheenatatoo samakaaleekarinchi, upa vayojana namuunaala santanotpatti pramaadakaramaina perugudalanu choopinchindi. kalmikialo, 2011-2015 kaalamlo 5.26% kante mundu unna 1.75% nundi santanotpatti upa vayojanula sankhya perigindi. konni itara janaabhaalato poliste idhi takkuva vayassu gala eagles yokka santanotpatti saapekshamgaa takkuva. aral mariyu caspian praantaalalo, 58 santanotpatti jatalalo 39.62% loe 3 nundi 5 samvatsaraala vayassu gala 1 upa-vayojana santanotpatti pakshi undhi. adevidhamgaa, ukok peethabhoomi lopala, 67 mandhi kanipinche gaddi eegil loe 23.8% matrame parinati chendina peddalu, idhi akkada parinati chendina vyaktula taggudala adevidhamgaa teevramgaa undani suuchistumdi. upa vayojana santanotpatti gaddi eagles kooda mangolia gamaninchabaddaayi.
sthithi.
gaddi gadula saandratalu praantiiyamgaa mariyu etaa chaalaa bhinnamgaa untaayi. eee jaatiki pratyaekamaina aahara avasaralu unnaayi, eee jaathi aneka itara rapterlakanna aahara labhyatapai ekkuvagaa aadharapadi untundi. 1990laloe european russia 20,000 jatala varaku kaligi untundani anchanaa veyabadindi, ayithe gaddi eagles santanotpatti shreniloni konni praantaalalo chaalaa arudugaa pariganinchabaddaayi (antey.ii. madhya-dakshina cyberia). iteevali dasaabdaalalo kooda, gaddi gaddi prapanchamlone atyanta ekkuva sankhyalo valasa vachhe eegalslo okatigaa pariganinchabadutundi. bhaarata upakhandamlo sheethaakaalamlo eee jaatini ekkuvagaa "vistrutamgaa mariyu saadhaaranamainadi" gaa pariganistaaru. prapancha janabha yokka anchanaalu mottam santanotpatti paridhi mariyu sagatu saandrata chaalaa sthuulamgaa kaligi undatam aadhaaramgaa anchanaa veyabaddaayi, idhi janabha aaru ankelalo untundi, conny saandrata konchem takkuvagaa unnatlu bhaavinchabadindi (i.ii. 1 jatha/) mottam 80,000 santanotpatti jatalanu istundi. prapancha janabha yokka suddhi chesina mariyu iteevali anchanaa prakaram, gaddi eagles kosam prapanchavyaaptamgaa 53,000-86,000 santanotpatti jatalunnaayi, kazakhstanlo 43,000-59,000 jatala anchanaa, russialo 2000-3000 anchanaa, mangolia 6000-13,000 anchanaa, mariyu chainaalo 2000-6000 anchanaa. eee adhyayanam prapanchavyaaptamgaa atyadhika samayaallo 1,85,000 mariyu 344,000 mandhi vyaktula madhya untundani anchanaa vesindi, idhi santanotpatti kaalam mugimpu, inca 17,700-43,000 mandhi peddalu matrame migili unnaaru. aral-caspian praantamloo sumaru idi1 jaathi jaatula jaatulu unnatlu anchanaa veyabadindi (veetilo 51 saatam uzbekistanlo, migilinavi kazakhstanlo jaatulu kaligi unnayani bhaavistunnaaru). santanotpatti taruvaata, aral-caspian sumaru 10,000-14,000 mandhi vyaktulanu kaligi untundani bhaavistunnaaru. paschima kazakhstan praantam mariyu kalmikia praantam prapancha janaabhaaku kendramgaa unnayani, prapanchamlone garishta janyu vaividhyaanni (haplotype dwara) kaligi unnayani, janyu vaividhyam santanotpatti paridhiloo thoorpuna marinta sankuchitamavutundani bhaavistunnaaru. russialo prastuta steppy eagles santanotpatti janabhalo altay mariyu sayan praantam 43-51% kaligi unnatlu bhaavistunnaaru, altay republic 270-280 santanotpatti jatalanu kaligi undani anchanaa. tuwa pareevaahaka praantamloo 2008 mariyu 2014 madhyakaalamlo swalpamgaa punaruddharana namodaindi, idhi 200-300 jatala varaku perigindi. 
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo, mukhyamgaa paschimaana, gaddi gaddi yokka santanotpatti paridhi ippatike gananeeyamgaa kudinchabadindi, ekkuvagaa aavasa nashtam (mukhyamgaa vyavasayam kosam gaddi gaddi ketayimpu) phalitamgaa, conny himsa mariyu vaeta, konni jantalanu ettaina goodu pradaesaalaku nadipinchina karakalu. gaddi eagles okappudu romenia, moldova mariyu iteevala ukreyinlo pempakam cheyabaddaayi. airopalo nirlakshya purugumandula vadakam vaeta janabhanu tagginchindi mariyu daadaapu mottam sthaanika paryaavarana vyavasthanu koolchivesindi, idhi aavasa marpidi mariyu himsatho paatu gaddi eegil yokka european santanotpatti janabhanu antarinchipoyindi. european russia praantamloo eee roeju paridhi sankocham chaalaa gananeeyamgaa undhi, ikkada idhi daadaapu sthaanikamgaa kooda antarinchipoyindi. mottammeeda ksheenatalu vaegamgaa mariyu aandolanakaramgaa unnaayi. 2015 kii mundu 20 samvatsaraala natiki, prapanchavyaaptamgaa janabha kaneesam 58.6% taggindi. phalitamgaa, 2015loe gaddi eegil iucn dwara pramaadamloo padataniki jabita cheyabadindi. russia mariyu kazakhstan sarihaddu praantaalalo, kevalam 6 samvatsaraala adhyayanamlo anchanaa vesina 11.9% janabha ksheenata kanugonabadindi. aavasa nashtam, himsa, adavi mantalu, kodipillalanu vetaadatam (mariyu pasuvulachae tokkadam) mariyu vidyudaaghaatam mariyu wire guddukodam, mukhyamgaa taruvaati kaaranaalu praathamika prapancha bedirimpulu. inca, gaddi gadula janyu vaividhyam kooda vaegamgaa taggutuu undavacchu. jinjiang, tibet mariyu kinghailalo ksheenataku roganirdhaarana kaaranaalu ekkuvagaa vaeta, elukala niyantrana kaaryakramaala nundi vishaprayogam (kaneesam 60 samvatsaraala naati daihika prayatnaalatoe), maamsaahaarulanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni vishaprayogam, akrama vaanijyam, aahara korata mariyu wire guddukodam vantivi kanugonabaddayi, conny bahusha anni aavasala vidhvamsam, tarachugaa vaati puurvapu gruhalu roadworks, paryatakam mariyu gani anveshanaku maargam sugamam cheyadaaniki naasanam cheyabadataayi, chetlu mariyu mokkala adhika pantakota mariyu pasuvula adhika metha valla marinta naasanam avtayi mariyu pramaadavasaattu tarachugaa jarugutaayi. altais, alaage powerline vidyudaghatalalo vishaprayogam chaalaa prabalamgaa undani bhaavistunnaaru. kazakhstanlo sagatuna 13.3 okkokka gaddi gaddi eagles prati powerline dwara champabadatayani anchanaa veyabadindi. kazakh detaalo steppy eegil atyanta tarachugaa vidyudaaghaataaniki guraina raptor kaavacchu, 129 chanipoyina rapterlalo 35 saatam varaku ledhaa saapekshamgaa chinna chinna praantaalalo 223 chanipoyina rapterlalo 49 saatam varaku. madhya kazakhstanlo namodu cheyabadinatlugaa, vividha kutumbaalaku chendina aneka pakshulu eee powerlinela dwara champabadataayi, vividha raptorial pakshulatho paatu (vaati takkuva punarutpatti raetlu mariyu pedda bhuubhaagaala kaaranamgaa) tarachugaa nirantara powerline nashtalanu thattukolekapothunnayi. paschima kazakhstanlo kaneesam 1635 goollu (ledhaa mottam santanotpatti kajakh janabhalo 7.9%) vidyut linelalo tallidandrulu vidyudaaghaataaniki gurainanduna viphalamavutaayani anchanaa. rashyaalooni orenberglo sarihaddu vembadi, adhika vidyut shacklu kooda sambhavistunnaayani telisindi. antekakunda, maanavula atigaa metha mariyu aavasa maarpulu paschima kazakhstan looni "haloxylone" standla chuttoo migili unna chaalaa bhaganni naasanam chesaayi (sthaanika goodu katte prayatnaalalo 50 saatam naasanam chesaayi), ayithe konni gaddi mydaanapu eagles saamraajya eagles dwara pootii minahaayimpu kaaranamgaa sthaanikamgaa goodu kattalekapoyayi. sthaanikamgaa vetade jantuvulu mariyu goodu nashtam 80 saatam varaku kodipillalanu kaligi undavacchu, ayithe utpaadakata ekkuvagaa aahaarampai aadharapadi untundi. karaganda praantamloo, 20.9% goollu gaddi naela mantala valla naasanam cheyabadinatlu namodu cheyabaddaayi. paschima kazakhstanlo antagaa ardham kaani nashtalu nirantara vaeta, vishaprayogam mariyu nallati seethaakokachilukala kaaranamgaa undavacchu, ivi goollanu champutayi mariyu vedekkutunna ushnogratalato periginatlu anipistundi. gaddi naela mantala sankhya munupennadoo lenantha ekkuvagaa unnatlu kanipistundi, idhi perugutunna vecchadanam mariyu shushkata kaaranamgaa kooda kaavacchu. aneka haanikaramaina kaarakaalanu tippikottakapothe eee jaathi yokka sambhaavya mariyu maarchaleni viluptam anchanaa veyabadutundi, avi santanotpatti praantaalalo vidyut linelu mariyu towerla upasamanam, santanotpatti praantaalalo metha mariyu maanava nirmita mantalanu tolaginchadam, alaage aavasala vidhvamsam mariyu aneka itara bedirimpulu. jaateeya sthaayilo powerline maarpulu kooda jaragaledu kabatti, kazakhstan jaatula nashtanni nivaarinchadaaniki taginanta balamaina rakshana chattalanu erpaatu cheyagalada anae daanipai aspashtatalu unnaayi. edemaina, eee jaathi yokka nirantara saapeksha sthirathvam altoy vanti shreni yokka marinta chinna thoorpu bhaagamlo (nepaul mariyu itara praantaala nundi valasa vacchina vaari sankhya aadhaaramgaa) kanugonabadindi. konni vidyudaaghaataalanu tagginchadaaniki oka sambhaavya stapgap parishkaram transmission towerla chuttoo tii-aakarapu perchlanu erpaatu cheyadam kaavacchu, idhi shreni yokka mangolian bhaagamlo powerlinela nundi marinta chinna ksheenatanu tagginchadamlo prabhaavavantamgaa undhi. mukhyamgaa, eee shreni yokka paschima bhaagamlo ksheenata raetu chaalaa spashtamgaa undhi, idhi thoorpu saamraajya eagles mariyu podavaina kaalla buzzards vanti itara saaruupya raptorlu ilanti praantaalalo kolukovadam praarambhinchaayi (vyatiraeka namuunaa dadapuga saamraajya degalo vyaktamavutundi, idhi thoorpuna baikal vanti marinta teevramgaa ksheenistoondi).
sheethaakaalamlo gaddi gadula sanchaara swabhaavam aaa seasonlo jaatula khachitamaina lekkimpulanu kashtataram chestundi. ayithe, paakistaanlo sheethaakaalamlo eee jaathi ippatikee saapekshamgaa tarachugaa pariganinchabadutundi. valasa mariyu sheethaakaala praantaala nundi ksheenata saadhaaranamgaa paelavamgaa namodu cheyabadinatlu kanipistundi. vishapuuritam tarachugaa undatam mariyu vidyut linelu tarachugaa prastuta muppuga undatam valla eee jaatulaku pallapu pradaesaalu paryaavarana ucchulugaa panichestaayane aandolana undhi. 1882 nundi 2013 varaku, afghanistan, pakistan, nepaul, tibet, bhutan, sikkim, mayanmar mariyu bangladeshlatho sahaa bhaarata upakhandamloni 9 deshaalalo 76,879 steppylu namodu cheyabaddaayi, ivi tarachugaa chettha mariyu murikivaadala kuppala chuttoo gumigudayi. raabandula nundi takkuva pootii kaaranamgaa kerala vanti bharatadesamloni pradaesaalaloo avi sthaanikamgaa kontavaraku perugutuu undavacchu, bahusha ekkuva kendrikrutamai undavacchu. ayithe, raajasthaanloni pasuvula shavam dump vadda rendu chanipoyina gaddi gaddi eegalslo diclophenoc vishapuurita sthaayilu kanugonabaddayi. bambe natural history society, raayal society pharr dhi protection off birds mariyu indian veterinary research institute samyuktamgaa nirvahinchina parisoedhana aadhaaramgaa 2014 maeloe cambridge university press jarnallo prachurinchina oka paper, steppy eagles diclophenoc valla pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitamavutaayani mariyu pasuvaidya viniyogaaniki gurikavachani highlight chesindi. diclophenoc kaaranamgaa champabadina "gyps" raabandilo kanipinchina moothrapindaala vaiphalyam yokka adhe sankethaalanu parisoedhana kanugondi. kaaleyam, moothrapindaalu mariyu pleehamlo vistrutamaina viseral gout, gayalu mariyu euric assid niksheepaalu, alaage kanajaalaalo diclophenoc avasheshaala nikshaepaalanu vaaru kanugonnaru. gaddi gaddi pakshulu avakaasavaada scavengerlu, ivi vaatini diclophenoc vishaprayogam pramaadaaniki gurichestaayi. ijraayellooni eelaatlo ksheenatalu spashtamgaa kanipinchaayi, ikkada 1980la prarambham nundi chinnapillala nundi peddavaalla varaku unna gaddi eegil sankhya 30 saatam mariyu 2000 natiki 1.4 saatam taggindi; 1990la taruvaata akkada valasalalo vaarshika sankhyalu chaalaa takkuvagaa unnaayi. edemaina, africa kante ippudu arabialo sheethaakaalam perugutunna gaddi eegil janabhalo ekkuva bhaagam kaaranamgaa eelaatlo takkuva sankhya undavacchu. vetagallache champabadina 77 rapterlalo 9.1% (tarachugaa thaadutho chutti, konnisaarlu mukkalu chesinatlugaa kanipinchevi), gaddi gaddi eagles thoo, eelaatlo rapterlanu himsimchadam ippatikee chaalaa prabalamgaa unnatlu telustondi, idhi ekkuvagaa andhavishwaasam kaaranamgaa kanipistundi. ijrayello valasadaarula janabha taggudala kooda chernobyl vipattu valla ksheeninchi undavacchu. izrael jeevasaastravetta kathinamaina rakshana chepattaalani mariyu steppy eegil mariyu itara rapterlaku vasati kalpinchadaaniki rakshita green beltnu erpaatu cheyaalani gattiga vaadinchaaru. vasantakaalamlo africa nundi nishkraminche maargamlo kanipinche saaruupya sankhyalu, saradrutuvulo pravesinchevi aaa khandamlo jaatula maranaala sankhya ekkuvagaa ledani suuchistunnaayi. georgia, armenia, iraq mariyu jordan deshaalalo valasa vellae ledhaa sheethaakaalamlo vellae gaddi eagles kuu shooting dwara himsa addankigaa konasaagutundi, eagles vaati nidaanamaina, nirlakshya pravartana kaaranamgaa saapekshamgaa haani kaligistaayi mariyu iraaklo, aneka rapterlanu sthaanika marketlalo andinchadam jarugutundi. soudhi arabialo, marinta teevramaina vyavasaya karyakalapala turnover gaddi gaddi kosam upayogapade andubaatulo unna aavaasaalaku ksheeninchindi. soudhi arabiato paatu iraq mariyu armeniyaalo, itara parirakshana samasyalu pramaadakaramaina powerlinelu mariyu sambhaavya vishapuurita padaarthaalatho sahaa itara praantaala maadirigaane unnaayi.

