
inductive avtput tube

inductive avtput tube (aioti) ledhaa cliestroad anedi cliestron maadirigaane unde vividha rakaala leanier-beam vacuum tube, idhi adhika frequency radeo taramgaalaku power amplifierga upayoginchabadutundi. radeo transmitterlalo adhika-shakti gala rf amplifierla kosam perugutunna saamarthya avasaralanu teerchadaaniki idhi 1980laloe abhivruddhi chendindi. aioteela praadhamika vaanijya upayogam television transmitterlalo undhi, ikkada avi adhika saamarthyam (35 saatam nundi 40 saatam) mariyu chinna parimaanam kaaranamgaa cliestronlanu ekkuvagaa bharti chesaayi. kana tvarana yantraalalo kooda ayotlanu upayogistaaru. avi sumaru 30 kilovatla nirantara mariyu 7 megawatla pulsed varaku vidyut utpattini utpatti cheyagalavu mariyu sumaru oka gigahertz varaku frequenciela vadda 20-23 db laabhaalanu pondagalavu.
charitra.
inductive avtput tube (aioti) nuu 1938loe andrew vii. kanugonnaru. hafe. taruvaata aioteeki andreau vii kosam patent jaarii cheyabadindi. hafe mariyu radeo corporation off america (rca) kuu ketayinchabadindi. 1939 newyork varald fair samayamlo empire state bhavanam nundi fair maidaanaalaku modati television chitraala prasaaramlo iot upayoginchabadindi. rca oka chinna aiotini vaanijyaparamgaa takkuva samayam kosam, 825 rakam kinda vikrayinchindi. idhi tvaralo kotta parinaamaala valla vaadukalo ledhu, mariyu saanketikata samvatsaraalu paatu ekkuva ledhaa takkuva nidraanamgaa undhi.
digital television mariyu hye-definition digital television prasaaraaniki pratyekinchi tagina lakshanaalanu (broadband linearity) kaligi unnatlu kanugonna taruvaata gatha iravai samvatsaraalalo inductive avtput tube tirigi udbhavinchindi. 
analog nundi digital television prasaaraaniki maaradaaniki mundu chepattina parisoedhanaloo, merupu, adhika voltage esi power transmission, esi rectifierlu mariyu fluorescent lightinglo upayoginche ballastla nundi vidyudayaskaanta jokyam, takkuva-byaand vhcf chaanellanu (uttara americalo, chaanallu 2,3,4,5, & 6) baga prabhaavitam chesi, vaatini digital television kosam upayoginchadam kashtataram ledhaa asadhyam anie kanugonabadindi. eee takkuva-sankhya gala chaanallu tarachugaa icchina nagaramlo modati television prasarakulu, mariyu tarachugaa pedda, mukhyamaina karyakalapalu, ivi yuhechefku maaradam tappa vaerae maargam ledhu. alaa cheyadam dwara, idhi aadhunika digital televisionnu pradhanamgaa oka maadhyamgaa maarchindi, mariyu aaa transmitterla yokka vidyut utpatti vibhaagaaniki iotlu empika avtput tubega marai. 
aadhunika 21va sataabdapu aioteela yokka vidyut utpatti anedi 1940-1941 loe rca utpatti chesina modati aioteela kante ekkuva parimaanam kaligi untundi, ayithe operation yokka praathamika suutram praathamikamgaa alaage untundi. 1970la nundi iotlu vidyudayaskaanta namuunaa computer softwaretho roopondinchabaddaayi, idhi vaati vidyudayaskaanta paniteerunu baga meruguparichindi.
idhi elaa panichestundi.
aioti anedi oka leanier beam vacuum tube. paatha televisionlalo kanipinche cathode-rae tube loe vale, electronlu vedichesina pratikuula electrode ledhaa cathode dwara utpatti cheyabadataayi mariyu oka chivara electron gunn anie piluvabade nirmaanamloo adhika saanukuula voltage dwara vegavantam cheyabadataayi, idhi tube krinda prayaaninchae punjamnu yerparustundi. gottam yokka maroka chivaralo punjam oka cr tii loe unnatlugaa prakaasinchae phosphor chitraanni utpatti cheyadu, conny pratidhvani kuharam gundaa velutundi, idhi daani saktini velikiteestundi, taruvaata saanukuula electrodenu taaki grahistundi. 
iotes cliestron mariyu triode madhya crossga varninchabaddaayi, anduvalla vatiki imac yokka vaanijya paeru cliestroad. vaaru cliestron vanti electron gunn kaligi untaaru, conny daani mundu triode laaga controll grid untundi, dheeni madhya chaalaa daggaragaa 0.01 mimi dhooram untundi. gridloni adhika frequency rf voltage electronlanu guchchaalalo anumatistundi. sthuupaakaara yanodpai adhika voltage disi cliestron vanti chinna drift tube dwara modulated electron punjamnu vegavantam chestundi. eee drift tube vidyudayaskaanta vikiranam yokka backfloni nirodhistundi. bunch cheyabadina electron punjam bolu anode gundaa pratidhvani kuharamloki velutundi, idhi cliestron yokka avtput kuharam maadirigaane untundi mariyu collector electrodenu taakutundi. cliestronlo vale, prati samuuham vidyut kshetram mandaginche samayamlo kuharamloki velutundi, punjam yokka gathi saktini rf feeled yokka sambhaavya saktigaa maarustundi, signalnu vistaristundi. kuharamlo dolanam chese vidyudayaskaanta saktini ekakshaka prasaara rekha dwara velikiteestaaru. aksha ayaskanta kshetram punjam yokka space chaarj vyaapti chendakunda nirodhistundi. sangraahaka electrode anode (depressed collector) kante takkuva saamardhyamtho untundi, idhi punjam nundi kontha saktini tirigi pondutundi, saamarthyaanni penchutundi.
cliestron nundi rendu thedaalu dheeniki takkuva kharchu mariyu adhika saamarthyaanni istayi. modata, cliestron bunchingnu srushtinchadaaniki "valacity modulation" nuu upayogistundi; daani punjam current sthiramgaa untundi. electronlu guchchamgaa undataaniki veelugaa dheeniki aneka adugula podavu gala drift tube avasaram. dheeniki viruddhamgaa aioti saadhaarana triode laaga "current modulation" nuu upayogistundi; chaalaa varaku bunching grid dwara jarugutundi, kabatti tube chaalaa takkuvagaa untundi, idhi nirminchadaaniki mariyu mount cheyadaaniki takkuva khareedainadigaa mariyu takkuva sthuulamgaa untundi. rendavadi, cliestron rf saikil antataa beam karentnu kaligi unnanduna, idhi asamarthamaina class-amplifierga matrame panichestundi, ayithe aioti yokka grid marinta bahumukha operating modlanu anumatistundi. grid pakshapaatamgaa undavacchu kabatti chakramlo kontha bhaagam samayamlo beam karentnu kattirinchavacchu, idhi marinta samarthavanthamaina class bii ledhaa abb modlo panicheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
oka iotlo saadhinchagala atyadhika pounahpunyam grid-tuu-cathode antaram dwara parimitam cheyabadutundi. electronlanu cathode nundi vegavantam chesi, rf vidyut kshetram disanu tippadaaniki mundu gridnu daataali. frequencipy garishta parimiti sumaruga untundi. cliestron kosam aioti yokka labham 20-23 db verses 35-40 db. takkuva labham saadhaaranamgaa samasya kaadu endukante 20 db vadda drive power (avtput powerloo 1 saatam) avasaralu aardhika ghana sthithi amplifierla samarthyalalo untaayi.
iteevali purogati.
aioteela yokka taja samskaranalu multistage depreted collector (msdc) vadakam dwara marinta adhika saamarthyaanni (60%-70%) saadhistaayi. oka tayaareedaaru yokka samskarananu sthiramaina saamarthyam amplifier (cea) anie pilustaaru, maroka tayaareedaaru vaari samskarananu eskiot (shakti aadaa sangraahaka iot) gaa vikrayistaaru. msdcts yokka prarambha roopakalpana ibbandulu, daggaragaa unna collector dasala madhya vampu mariyu kothanu nivaarinchadaaniki mariyu tube yokka jeevitakaalam kosam nammadagina takkuva-nirvahana collector sheetaleekarananu andinchadaaniki adhika dialectric transformer noonenu mishrama sheetalakarani mariyu insulation maadhyamgaa punarviniyogaparachadam dwara adhigaminchabaddaayi. munupati msdc versionlu gaalini challabarachadam (parimita shakti) ledhaa dii-ayaneekaranam cheyabadina neetini upayoginchaalsi undedi, veetini filter cheyalsi undedi, kramam tappakunda marpidi cheyavalasi undedi mariyu gaddakatte ledhaa tuppu rakshananu andinchaledu.
pratikuulatalu.
cathode nundi vachhe ushna vikiranam gridnu vaedi chestundi. phalitamgaa, takkuva pani-function cathode padaartham gridlo aavirai, ghaneebhavistundi. idhi chivariki cathode mariyu grid madhya chinnadaaniki daariteestundi, endukante gridlo perukupoye padaartham daaniki mariyu cathode madhya antaraanni taggistundi. adanamgaa, gridloni utsarjaka cathode padaartham pratikuula grid pravahanni kaligistundi (grid nundi kaathodku electron pravaham riverse avutundi). eee riverse current chaalaa ekkuvagaa unte, grid (bayas) voltagenu mariyu tatphalitamgaa, tube yokka operating paayintnu marchadam dwara idhi grid vidyut sarafaraanu chittadigaa chestundi. neti iotlalo saapekshamgaa takkuva operating ushnogratala vadda panichese puuthathoo kuudina kaathodlu untaayi, anduvalla eee prabhavanni taggistuu, nemmadigaa aaviri raetlu untaayi.
bahya tuning kuharaalanu kaligi unna chaalaa leanier beam tubela maadirigaane, ayotlu arsinghku gurayye avakaasam undhi, mariyu avtput kuharaalalo unna aark detectorlatho rakshinchabadaali, ivi hydrogen thyratron ledhaa adhika-voltage sarafaraalo prerepinchabadina spark gyap aadhaaramgaa croubar circuitnu prerepistaayi. croubar circuit yokka uddesyam emitante, adhika voltage punjam sarafaraalo nilva chesina bhaarii vidyut chaarjnu eee shakti aniyantrita kuharam, collector ledhaa cathode aark samayamlo tube assembleeni debbatise mundu takshaname dump cheyadam.