
taiwan chattam

taiwan, penghu, kinmen mariyu maatsoolo vartinche republic off chaina chattam aadhunika japanese mariyu german nyaya vyavasthalalo daani muulaalatoe poura chattampai aadharapadi undhi. pradhana chattalu aaru sanketaalugaa krodikarinchabaddayi
saasana yuvan aamodinchina taruvaata rashtrapati chattalanu prakatistaaru; chattam dwara niyaminchabadina karyanirvahaka yuvan kinda samartha adhikaram jaarii chesina chattaala amalu niyamaalu.
chaaritraka nepathyam.
japan paalanalo taiwan.
1895loe taiwan japanku appaginchina taruvaata, 1896loe "japan poura niyamaavali" srushtinchabadindi. idhi german poura niyamaavali mariyu french poura niyamaavali yokka "modati musaida" dwara bhaareega prabhaavitamaindi. code aidu pustakaalagaa vibhajinchabadindi. kutumbam mariyu vaarasatvamgaa unnavaaru japanese bhuusvaamyavaadaaniki aadhaaramaina paatha pitruswamya kutumba vyavastha yokka konni chihnalanu kaligi unnaaru. eee vibhagalalone yuddhaanantara savaranalu chaalaavaraku jarigaayi. aaa samayamlo gataaniki alanti nivaali arpinchadam ikapai avasaram ledhaa vaanchaneeyamainadigaa pariganinchabadaledu, mariyu kutumba chattam mariyu vaarasatvamto vyavaharinchae vibhagalu european poura chattaniki daggaragaa teesukuvacchaaru. eee chattam taivaanku vartimpajeyabadindi.
japan paalanalo, nyayasthaanam, antey nyaya adhikaram paripalana adhikaram nundi swatantramgaa untundi, taiwan charitralo modatisaarigaa srushtinchabadindi.
aarosi chattam yokka krodeekarana.
uttara dandayaatralo chainapai kumintang thana palananu ekikrutam chesina taruvaata, jaateeyavaada prabhutvam chaina yokka anni pradhana poura, naera mariyu vaanijya chattalanu krodikarinchadamlo vijayam saadhinchindihi criminal code (1928), criminal proseasure code (1928), sivil code (1929), sivil proseasure code (1929), beema chattam (1929), company chattam (1929), samudra chattam (1929), charchinchadagina saadhanaala chattam (1929), diwala chattam (1935), trademark chattam (1936). kimeeteeche amalu cheyabadina chattalu ekkuvagaa chivari king raajavamsam samayamlo erpadina musaayidaalapai aadharapadi undevi. quing raajavamsam mugimpulo, chaina kosam chattanni roopondinchadaaniki prabhutvam kontamandi japanese nyaya nipunulanu niyaminchindi. tokyo haikortu nyaayamuurti yoshimasa matsuoka (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ professor koutarou shida (Котаро сида) (1868-1951) vaanijya chattanni roopondinchaaru. ayithe, eee musaida billulu amalu kaavadaaniki mundu, quing saamrajyam padagottabadindi, chaina aaa dasaabdam varaku yuddha aadhipatyamloki digipoyindi.
rajyanga chattam vishayamlo, taiwan asalu 1947 raajyaamgaanni savarinche 2005 adanapu articlesnu upayogistundi. 1950la nundi republic off chaina prabhutvam taiwan mariyu chuttupakkala dveepaalanu matrame niyantristundane vaastavaanni parigananaloki teesukoovadaaniki gananeeyamaina maarpulu cheyabaddaayi.
nyaya vyavasthala parivartana, 1945-1949.
1946 aktobaru 25naa chaalaa japanese chattalu raddu cheyabadina taruvaata, 1945 aktobaru 25naa taivaanlo aarosi nyaya vyavastha amaluloki vachindi.
marshal laa state, 1949-1987.
1949 decemberulo kii. mea. tii. netrutvamloni aarr. oo. sii. kendra prabhutvam taivaanku taralinchabadindi, taruvaata pedda sankhyalo chaina valasadaarulu vacchaaru, veeru chivariki taiwan mottam janabhalo 13 saatam mandhi unnaaru. asaadhaarana kaalamlo vyavasayam, ganula tavvakam, parisrama mariyu vaanijyam kosam saasanam" (1938) mariyu "communist tirugubaatunu anachiveyadaaniki saadhaarana jaateeya sameekarana kaalamlo prabhaavavantamaina taatkaalika nibandhanalu" (1948) adhikaarulaku vanarulanu niyantrinche adhikaranni icchaayi, alaage yuddha samayamlo vaartalu, prasangam, patrika, samachara marpidi, samavesam mariyu sangha swechhapai raajakeeya niyantrananu sthaapinchaayi.
1987 nundi chattanni prajaasvaamyeekarinchadam.
chivaraku 1987loe sainika chattanni raddu chesi, jaateeya sameekarana kaalam adhikarikamga 1991 mae 1naa mugisindi. raajyaangamlooni vividha parimitulu ettiveyadamtho, chattaparamaina samskaranalu vaegamgaa munduku sagai, paaschaatya chattaparamaina bhaavanalanu aarosi chattamlo vileenam cheyadam konasaaginchindi.
prabhutvam.
adhyakshudu.
republic off chaina raajyaangamlooni articles 35-52 mariyu republic off chaina raajyaangamlooni adanapu articles yokka artical 2 prakaram, adhyakshudu republic off chaina yokka swechhaa praantamlooni mottam janabha dwara neerugaa ennukoobadataaru, mariyu varusaga rendu naalugu samvatsaraala padaveekaalaalaku minchakunda padaviloe undavacchu (adanapu articles yokka artical 2). adhyakshudu videshee sambandhaalalo deshaaniki praatinidhyam vahistaaru (artical 35). raashtrapatiki saayudha dalaala adhikaram kooda undhi (artical 36); chattalu mariyu aadesaalanu prakatistundi (artical 37); saasana yuvan (artical 39) aamodamto ledhaa dhruvikaranaku lobadi sainika chattanni prakatinchavacchu; poura sevakulu mariyu sainika adhikaarulanu niyaminchavacchu mariyu tolaginchavacchu (artical 41); gowravaalu mariyu alankaranalanu pradaanam cheyavachu (artical 42); kshamaapanalu mariyu kshamaapanalu, sikshala upasamanam mariyu poura hakkula punaruddharana (artical 40); alaage oppandaalu mariyu yuddham mariyu kaalpula viramana prakatanalanu muginchavacchu (artical 38). republic off chaina raajyaangamlooni adanapu articles prakaram, adhyakshudu atyavasara uttarvulanu jaarii cheyavachu mariyu rashtra ledhaa prajala bhadratanu prabhaavitam chese aasanna pramaadaanni nivaarinchadaaniki ledhaa edainaa teevramaina aardhika ledhaa aardhika sankshobhaanni edurkovadaniki avasaramaina anni charyalu teesukovachhu. adhyakshudu thana adhyakshuditho sampradinchina taruvaata saasana yuvan raddu cheyabadindani prakatinchavacchu.
karyanirvahaka yuvan.
chaina ganatantram yokka raajyaangamlooni articles 53-61 mariyu chaina ganatantram yokka raajyaangamlooni adanapu articles yokka artical 3 karyanirvahaka yuvan rashtram yokka atyunnata paripalana samsthagaa untundani (artical 53), mariyu adhyakshudu (saadhaaranamgaa premiere anie pilustaaru), upaadhyakshudu (vais premiere), aneka mandhi mantrulu mariyu kamishanlu ledhaa councils chairparsanlu, mariyu portfolio laeni aneka mandhi mantrulu (artical 54) undaalani perkonnaayi. pradhanini saasana yuvan (artical 55) sammatitoe republic adhyakshudu niyamistaaru. uparaashtrapati, mantrulu, adhyakshulanu pradhaanamantri sifaarasu meraku rashtrapati niyamistaaru (artical 56).
saasana yuvan.
republic off chaina raajyaangamlooni articles 62-76 mariyu republic off chaina raajyaangamlooni adanapu articles yokka artical 4 saasana yuvan eee desamlo atyunnata saasana samsthagaa untundani mariyu prajala tarapuna saasana adhikaranni viniyogistundani perkonnaayi (artical 62). edava saasana yuvanto praarambhinchi, saasana yuvan 113 mandhi sabhyulanu kaligi untundi (adanapu artical 4). saasana yuvan sabhyulu naalugu samvatsaraala padaveekaalam panicheestaaru, idhi tirigi ennika tarvaata punaruddharinchabadutundi (adanapu artical 4). chaina ganatantram yokka raajyaangamlooni adanapu articles yokka artical 4 prakaram, saasanasabha sthaanaala pampinhee eee krindi vidhamgaa untundih (1) pratyeka purapalaka sanghaalu, counteelu mariyu nagaraala nundi debbai moodu mandhi sabhyulu ennika cheyabadataru. prati county ledhaa nagaram nundi kaneesam oka sabhyudini ennukoovaali. seetla kosam sabhyulu prati pratyeka municipality, county ledhaa nagaram yokka janaabhaaku anugunamgaa ennukoobadataaru, ivi ennika cheyavalasina sabhyulatho samaana sankhyalo ennikala niyojakavargaalugaa vibhajinchabadataayi; (2) swatantra praantamlooni lothattu mariyu ettaina praantaala nundi mugguru sabhyulu okkokaru ennukoobadataaru; (3) desavyaaptamgaa unna niyojakavargam nundi mariyu videshaalalo nivasistunna pourulalo mottam 34 mandhi sabhyulu ennukoobadataaru. saasana yuvan loe oka adhyakshudu mariyu upaadhyakshudu untaaru, vaaru daani sabhyula dwara mariyu vaari nundi ennukoobadataaru (artical 66).
saasana yuvan yokka vidhulu poura chattam, kshamabhiksha, yuddha prakatana, shanti ledhaa oppandaala mugimpu mariyu rashtra itara mukhyamaina vyavahaaraalaku sambandhinchina saasanabaddhamaina ledhaa budget billulu ledhaa billulanu teermaanam dwara nirnayinchadam (artical 63); raajyaamgaanni savarinchaalani pratipaadinchadam (adanapu articles yokka artical 12), desham yokka praadaesika sarihaddulanu marchadam (adanapu articles yokka artical 2), ledhaa adhyakshudu ledhaa upaadhyakshudini abhisamsana cheyadam (adanapu articles yokka artical 2).
nyaayaparamaina yuvan.
raajyaangamlooni articles 77-82 mariyu raajyaangamlooni adanapu articles yokka artical 5, judicial yuvan anedi raashtramlo atyunnata nyaya samsthagaa untundani paerkontaayi (artical 77). nyaya yuvan anni sthaayilalooni nyaayasthaanaalaku, paripalana nyaayasthaanaaniki, praja kaaryakartala kramasikshanapai kamiteeki baadhyata vahistaadu. idhi poura, naera mariyu paripalana kesula teerputho paatu poura sevakula kramasikshanaku baadhyata vahistundi (artical 77).
nyaayaparamaina yuvan loe 15 mandhi pradhana nyaayamuurtulu untaaru (adanapu artical 5). vaarilo nundi ennukobade nyaya yuvan yokka adhyakshudu mariyu upaadhyakshuditho sahaa 15 mandhi pradhana nyaayamuurtulanu niyamistaaru mariyu saasana yuvan sammatitoe, republic adhyakshudu niyamistaaru. nyaayaparamaina yuvan yokka prati goppa nyaayamuurti enimidi samvatsaraala kaalaaniki panicheestaaru mariyu varusaga padaveekaalam gadaparu (adanapu artical 5). pradhana nyaayamuurtulu raajyaamgaanni ardham chesukuni, chattalu mariyu aadesaala vivarananu ekikrutam chestaaru (artical 78). rashtrapati ledhaa uparaashtrapati abhisamsanaku sambandhinchina vishayalanu, rajyanga nibandhanalanu ullanghinche raajakeeya paarteela raddu (adanapu artical 5) kuu sambandhinchina vishayalanu teerpu ivvadaaniki vaaru rajyanga tribunalnu kooda erpaatu chestaaru.
pareeksha yuvan.
republic off chaina raajyaangamlooni articles 83-89 mariyu republic off chaina raajyaangamlooni adanapu articles yokka artical 6 prakaram, pareeksha yuvan rashtra poura sevakulandari pareeksha, upaadhi mariyu nirvahanaku sambandhinchina vishayaala baadhyatanu kaligi untundi (artical 83). pareeksha yuvan arhata pareeksha, padaveekaalam, maranam vishayamlo aardhika sahayam, poura sevakula padavee viramana vanti anni pareeksha-sambandhita vishayalanu, alaage upaadhi, vidudala, paniteeru anchanaalu, jeetaala sthaayi, padoonnatulu, badileelu, prasamsalu mariyu poura sevakulaku bahumatulaku sambandhinchina anni chattaparamaina vishayalanu paryaveekshistundi (adanapu artical 6). *konni articles savarinchabaddaayi ledhaa vartinchadam aagipoyaayi.
niyantrana yuvan.
republic off chaina raajyaangamlooni articles 90-106 * mariyu republic off chaina raajyaangamlooni adanapu articles yokka artical 7 niyantrana yuvan abhisamsana, khandinchadam mariyu audit (adanapu artical 7) adhikaaraalanu upayogistundani perkonnaayi. dheeniki adhyakshudu mariyu upaadhyakshuditho sahaa 29 mandhi sabhyulu unnaaru, veerandaroo aaru samvatsaraala padaveekaalam panicheestaaru mariyu saasana yuvan (adanapu artical 7) sammatitoe aarosi adhyakshuduche nominate cheyabadataru mariyu niyaminchabadataaru. niyantrana yuvan audit mantritva saakhanu kaligi undhi, dheeniki auditor general naayakatvam vahistaaru, ayana saasana yuvan sammatitoe, republic adhyakshudu aaru samvatsaraala kaalaaniki (artical 104) nominate cheyabadi niyaminchabadataaru. *konni articles savarinchabaddaayi ledhaa vartinchadam aagipoyaayi.
nyaya vyavastha.
nyaya vyavastha.
ummadi nyayasthaanam mariyu paripalana nyayasthaanam madhya vyatyaasam choopabadutundi. ummadi nyayasthaanam poura mariyu criminal kesulaku baadhyata vahistundi, ayithe paripalana nyayasthaanam paripalana kesulaku baadhyata vahistundi. anduvalla rendu sarvonnata nyaayasthaanaalu unnaih saadhaarana sarvonnata nyayasthaanam mariyu paripalana sarvonnata nyayasthaanam.
jilla nyaayasthaanaalu.
taivaanlo prastutam 21 jilla kortulu unnaayi. vaatilo 19 taiwan dveepamlo unnaih taipee, nyuu taipee, shihlin, tavoyuvan, hsinchu, meoli, taichang, nantou, changuwa, yunlin, chiyay, tainan, kavosiyung, pingtung, taitung, huwalian, yilan, keylung, penghu; mariyu 2 futunelo unnaih kinmen mariyu leanchiang.
prati jilla nyayasthaanam saaraamsa teerpulaku tagina kesula teerpu kosam okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva saaraamsa vibhaagaalanu erpaatu cheyavachu. poura saaraamsa prakriya anedi $300,000 kante ekkuva laeni mottam ledhaa vastuvu viluva kosam mariyu itara saadhaarana chattaparamaina vivaadaala kosam untundi. prastutam, taivaanlo mottam nalabhai aidu vibhagalu unnaayi.
prati jilla nyaayasthaanamlo poura, naera mariyu saaraamsa vibhagalu unnaayi mariyu baala nerasthulu, kutumbam, traaphik mariyu kaarmika vishayaalatoe kuudina kesulanu nirvahinchadaaniki pratyeka vibhaagaalanu erpaatu cheyavachu, alaage saamaajika kramaanni kaapaadukoovadaaniki saasanam yokka ullanghanalapai teerpulanu pakkana pettadaniki teermaanaalu cheyavachu. prati divisionlo division cheef jadji untaaru, ayana division vyapaaraanni paryaveekshinchi, ketayistaru. prati jilla nyaayasthaanamlo praja rakshakula karyalayam mariyu pariseelana adhikaarula karyalayam unnaayi.
oke nyaayamuurti saadhaarana mariyu sankshipta kaaryakalaapaalato paatu chinna claim kesulalo kesulanu vichaarinchi, nirnayistaaru. mugguru nyaayamuurtulatoe kuudina panel saadhaarana karyakalapalalo goppa praamukhyata kaligina kesulanu alaage saaraamsam mariyu chinna claimla karyakalapala nundi appeellu ledhaa madhyavartitva appeellanu nirnayistundi. oke nyaayamuurti nirvahinchagala sankshipta karyakalapalu minaha, criminal kesulanu mugguru nyaayamuurtulatoe kuudina panel nirnayistundi. baala nyayasthaanam baala nerasthulaku sambandhinchina kesulanu matrame vichaaristundi mariyu nirnayistundi.
unnata nyaayasthaanaalu.
republic off chainaalo rendu haikortulu unnaayi, taiwan haikortu (τικειχεστελι) mariyu futune haikortu (τικειν τελι). taiwan haikortuku taichung, tainan, kavosiyung mariyu huvalianlalo naalugu saakhalu unnaayi. futune haikortu sthaapinchabadaledu, daani bandhuvulalo saakha tappa, kabatti vaastavaaniki bandhuvula saakha neerugaa nyaya yuvanku adheenamlo untundi.
eee krindi kesulapai haikortulu mariyu haikortu saakhalu adhikara paridhini amalu chestaih
1. sivil mariyu criminal kesula saadhaarana karyakalapalalo modati sariga nyaayasthaanaalugaa jilla nyaayasthaanaalu ledhaa vaati saakhala teerpula nundi appeellu;
2. saadhaarana karyakalapalalo jilla nyaayasthaanaala ledhaa vaati saakhala teerpula nundi madhyavartitva appeellu;
3. modati udaaharana tirugubaatu, rajadroham mariyu videshee raashtraalato snehapoorvaka sambandhaalaku vyatiraekamgaa neeraalaku sambandhinchina naera kesulu;
4. sainika appellate kesulu, veeti teerpulu unnata sainika nyaayasthaanaalu mariyu vaati saakhalu icchina nirdishta kaalaaniki jailu sikshagaa untaayi; mariyu
5. chattam dwara suuchimchabadina itara kesulu.
prati haikortu ledhaa haikortu saakhaku eee krindi jilla kortulapai adhikara paridhi untundih
taiwan haikortu thana naalugu saakhalapai paripalana paryaveekshanhanu kaligi unnappatikee, vaatipai appellate adhikara paridhi ledhu. badulugaa, paina perkonna vidhamgaa, taiwan haikortu mariyu daani naalugu saakhalaku ververu jilla kortulapai appellate adhikara paridhi undhi.
haikortulu mariyu daani saakhala kortulu sivil, criminal mariyu pratyeka vibhagaluga vibhajinchabaddaayi. prati divisionlo oka division cheef jadji, iddaru associate nyaayamuurtulu untaaru. adanamgaa, haikortu mariyu daani branch kortulalo clerical beuro undhi, dheeniki paripalana vyavaharalalo raashtrapatiki sahayam chese cheef clerk naayakatvam vahistaaru.
haikortulu ledhaa daani branch kortula mundu unna kesulanu mugguru nyaayamuurtula brundam vichaarinchi, nirnayistundi. ayithe, nyaayamuurtulaloo okaru sannahaka karyakalapalanu nirvahinchavacchu.
nyaayasthaanamlo edu sivil kortulu unnaayi, veetilo pratidaaniloo oka presiding jadji mariyu mugguru nyaayamuurtulu collegial panels vyavastha kinda rendava kesu mariyu counter-appeal kesula sivil appeellanu nirvahinchadaaniki untaaru, conny avi saadhaarana vyajyalanu nirvahinchavu. nyaayasthaanamlo padakondu criminal kortulu unnaayi, veetilo pratidaaniloo oka presiding jadji mariyu iddaru ledhaa mugguru nyaayamuurtulu unnaaru, veeru rendava kesu yokka criminal appeals mariyu couligial panels vyavastha kinda counter-appeal kesulanu nirvahinchadaaniki alaage poura kalahalu, videshee durakramana ledhaa videshee sambandhaala ullanghanaku sambandhinchina modati kesu vyajyaanni nirvahistaaru. vividha avasaraala aadhaaramgaa, nyaayamaina vaanijya kesula vruttiparamaina nyayasthaanam, kutumba vruttiparamaina nyayasthaanam, antarjaateeya vaanijya vruttiparamaina nyayasthaanam, samudra vruttiparamaina nyayasthaanam, vruttiparamaina rashtra parihara nyayasthaanam, avineeti nirodhaka vruttiparamaina nyayasthaanam, medho sampatti hakkula vruttiparamaina nyayasthaanam, baalya neeraala vruttiparamaina nyayasthaanam, teevramaina naera kesula vruttiparamaina nyayasthaanam, praja bhadrata yokka vruttiparamaina nyayasthaanam, nyaayamaina vaanijya chattam yokka vruttiparamaina nyayasthaanam, laingika vedhimpula vruttiparamaina nyayasthaanam modalaina aneka vruttiparamaina nyaayasthaanaalanu nyayasthaanam nirvahistundi.
supreme kortu.
supreenkortu taipeelo undhi. sivil mariyu criminal kesulaku kortu chivari aasrayamgaa untundi. $1,500,000 kuu minchani mottaalatoe kuudina sivil kesulu mariyu criminal proseasure code yokka artical 376 loe perkonna chinna neeraalu minaha, edainaa sivil ledhaa criminal kesunu kortuku appeal cheyavachu. eee kortu eee krindi kesulapai adhikara paridhini amalu chestundih
paripalana nyaayasthaanaalu.
prastuta paripalana vyaajyam vyavastha "rendu sthaayi rendu sandarbhaala vyavastha" vyaajyam vidhananni avalambistundi. paripalana nyaayasthaanaalu unnata paripalana nyayasthaanam, idhi modati udaaharana nyayasthaanam, mariyu supreme administrative court, idhi appellate kortugaa vargeekarinchabaddaayi. haikortu yokka modati udaaharana vaastavaala vichaarana. atyunnata paripalana nyayasthaanam anedi oka appellate nyayasthaanam.
pratyeka nyaayasthaanaalu.
baalya kesulanu parishkarinche chattaniki anugunamgaa sthaapinchabadina taiwan kauhsiyung baalya nyayasthaanam (taiwan kauhsiyung jilla nyayasthaanam nirvahinche baalya kesulanu nirvahistundi. itara jilla kortulaku eee vibhagam ledhu. kavosiyung jilla nyayasthaanam nundi appeella maadirigaane, baalya nyayasthaanam nundi appeellanu taiwan haikortu, kavosiyung saakha vichaaristundi.
taipeelo unna medho sampatti nyayasthaanam (medho sampatti nyayasthaanam), 1 juulai 2008naa sthaapinchabadindi, medho sampatti kesulapai adhikara paridhini kaligi undhi. idhi vintundihi
nyaayamuurtulu.
raajyaangamlooni artical 80 prakaram nyaayamuurtulu pakshapaataaniki ateetulu ayi, chattaniki anugunamgaa, etuvanti jokyam lekunda swatantramgaa vichaaranalanu nirvahistaaru. antekakunda, artical 81 prakaram nyaayamuurtulu jeevitaantam padaviloe untaaru. yea nyaayamuurti neraropanaku paalpadinatlayithe ledhaa kramasikshanaa charyalaku lobadi unte ledhaa nishedham kinda unnatlu prakatinchakapothe, aayananu padavi nundi tolagincharu. chattaniki anugunamgaa tappa yea nyaayamuurtini suspend cheyakudadu ledhaa badilee cheyakudadu ledhaa athani jeetam tagginchakudadu. nyaya adhikaarula pareekshalo utteernulaina, nyaya adhikaarula kosam sikshanaa korsunu puurti chesina, oka vyavadhi tarvaata vishishta recordulanu kaligi unna vyaktula nundi nyaayamuurtulanu niyamistaaru.
rajyanga nyayasthaanam yokka pradhana nyaayamuurtula ledhaa nyaayamuurtula mandali.
rajyanga nyayasthaanam yokka nyaayamuurtulu eee krindi naalugu vargaala kesulapai teerpulanu andinchaalih 1. rajyangam yokka vivarana; 2. saasanaalu mariyu nibandhanala yokka ekareeti vivarana; 3. republic off chaina yokka adhyakshudu mariyu upadhyakshudi abhisamsana; mariyu 4. raajyaamgaanni ullanghinchi raajakeeya paarteela raddu prakatinchadam.
prosecutorlu.
nyayasthaanam yokka samsthanu niyantrinche chattam prakaram, prosecutorla karyalayalu vichaarana yokka adhe sthaayilo nyaayasthaanamlo bhaagamgaa untayih supreenkortulo aneka mandhi prosecuterlatho prosecutorla karyalayam untundi, veerilo okaru prosecutor generalga niyaminchabaddaaru; prati itara haikortu ledhaa jilla kortulaku aneka mandhi prosecuterlatho daani swantha prosecutorla karyalayam undhi, veerilo okaru cheef prosecutorga niyaminchabaddaaru. nyayasthaanam yokka samsthanu niyantrinche chattam mariyu nyaya sibbandi paripalananu niyantrinche saasanam prakaram, prosecutorla arhatalu nyaayamuurtula arhatalatho samanamga untaayi. vaariddaruu nyaya adhikaarula hodaanu kaligi unnaaru. nyaya adhikaarula pareekshalo utteernulaina, nyaya adhikaarula kosam sikshanaa korsunu puurti chesina mariyu aacharana kaalam tarvaata vishishta recordulanu kaligi unna vyaktula nundi prosecuterlanu niyamistaaru.
chattam yokka muulaalu-puurvagaamulu.
united states ledhaa itara aanglo-american nyaya vyavasthala nundi puurvagaamulu chaalaa bhinnamaina chattaparamaina prabhavanni kaligi untaayi, raajyaangamlooni artical 80 chudandi. konni supreenkortu nirnayaalu screening prakriya dwara vellavacchu mariyu bhavishyat kesulaku gananeeyamaina ardhaanni kaligi unna oka udaaharanagaa enchukovachhu.
rajyangam mariyu maanava hakkulu.
aarosi raajyaamgaanni 1946 december 25naa nonginglo samavesamaina jaateeya assembly aamodinchindi. dheenini jaateeya prabhutvam 1947 janavari 1naa prakatinchindi, adhe samvatsaram december 25naa amaluloki vachindi. peetikatoo paatu, rajyangamlo 14 adhyayalalo 175 articles unnaayi. saaraamsamlo rajyangam "prajala saarvabhoumaadhikaaram" anae aadarsaanni kaligi undhi, maanava hakkulu mariyu swechchalaku haamii istundi, aidu shaakhalatho kuudina kendra prabhutvaanni mariyu sthaanika swayam paalana vyavasthanu andistundi, kendra mariyu sthaanika prabhutvaala madhya adhikaaraala samatulya vibajananu nirdhaaristundi mariyu praathamika jaateeya vidhaanaalanu nirdesistundi.
rajyangam yokka peethika.
republic off chaina jaateeya assembly, pourula mottam samuuham nundi andukunna aadesam kaaranamgaa, daa. chaina ganatantraanni sthaapinchadamlo, mariyu rashtra adhikaranni ekikrutam cheyadaaniki, prajala hakkulanu parirakshinchadaaniki, saamaajika prasaantatanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki mariyu prajala sankshemaanni prothsahinchadaaniki, eee raajyaamgaanni sthaapinchandi, idhi andariche nammakamaina mariyu saasvatamgaa paatinchadam kosam desavyaaptamgaa prakatinchabadutundi.
rajyangam haamii icchina konni praathamika hakkulu.
prajala moodu suutraalapai sthaapinchabadina republic off chaina, prajalachae mariyu prajala kosam palinchabade prajaasvaamya praja ganatantramgaa undaalani, republic off chaina yokka saarvabhoumaadhikaaram pourula mottam sareeramlo nivasistundani rajyangam perkondi (articles 1-2).
prajalaku nivaasam mariyu nivaasam maarchukune swechcha, vaak swaatantyram, bodhana, rachana mariyu prachurana swechcha, samachara marpidi gopyata swechcha, matha vishwaasa swechcha mariyu samavesamayye mariyu sanghaala swechcha (articles 10-14) undavacchani rajyangam perkondi. prajalaku uniki hakku, pani hakku, aasti hakku, petitionlu daakhalu chese hakku, firyadulu daakhalu chese hakku ledhaa chattaparamaina karyakalapalanu erpaatu chese hakku, ennikala hakku, recoll, chorava mariyu prajabhipraya sekarana hakku, mariyu praja pareekshalu nirvahinche hakku, prabhutva padavulanu nirvahinche hakku (articles 15-18) untaayani rajyangam perkondi. prajalaku chattaniki anugunamgaa pannulu chellinche baadhyata, chattaniki anugunamgaa sainika seva chese baadhyata mariyu pourula vidyanu pondhe hakku mariyu vidhi untaayi (articles 19-21).
rajyangam prakaram taiwan mariyu chaina madhya chattaparamaina sambandhaalu.
chaina ganatantram yokka raajyaangamlooni adanapu articles yokka artical 11 prakaram, chaina praantam yokka prajala madhya mariyu swechhaa praantam yokka prajala madhya hakkulu mariyu baadhyatalu mariyu itara sambandhita vyavahaaraala swabhaavam chattam dwara paerkonabadavacchu.
prajabhipraya sekarana.
republic off chaina raajyaangamlooni adanapu articles yokka artical 1 prakaram, rajyanga savarana ledhaa jaateeya bhuubhaagam yokka maarpupai saasana yuvan aamodinchina pratipaadananu bahirangamgaa prakatinchina taruvaata aaru nelala vyavadhi mugisina moodu nelallopu republic off chaina yokka swechhaa praantamlooni otarlu prajabhipraya sekaranalo ballet veyali.
paripalana chattam.
suutraalu.
prajala hakkulu mariyu prayojanaalanu parirakshinchadaaniki, paripalana saamarthyaanni penchadaaniki mariyu paripaalanapai prajala aadharapadataanni marinta penchadaaniki chattam dwara paripalana suutram aadhaaramgaa nyaayamaina, bahiranga mariyu prajaasvaamya prakriyanu anusarinchi anni paripalana charyalu jarigelaa chuudataaniki paripalana vidhana chattam amalu cheyabadindi. paripalana vidhanam antey paripalana vidhaanaalanu andinchadam, paripalana oppandaalaloki pravesinchadam, chattaparamaina aadesaalu mariyu paripalana niyamaalanu erpaatu cheyadam, paripalana pranaalikalanu nirnayinchadam, paripalana maargadarsakatvaanni upayoginchadam mariyu petitionlatho vyavaharinchadam vanti charyalanu nirvahinchadamlo paripalana adhikarulu anusarinchaalsina vidhanam. paripalana adhikaram anedi rashtram, edainaa sthaanika swayam paalita samstha ledhaa swatantra chattaparamaina hodha kaligina paripalana yokka edainaa itara amsaaniki praatinidhyam vahistunna oka samstha, daani uddesaanni prakatinchadamlo mariyu praja vyavaharalanu nirvahinchadamlo. praja adhikaranni viniyoginchukodaniki niyaminchabadina vyakti ledhaa samstha commission paridhiloo paripalana adhikaramga pariganinchabadutundi (articles 1-2).
paaradarsakata.
paripalana adhikaram chetha unchabadina ledhaa adupulo unchabadina mottam samacharam suutrapraayamgaa bahirangaparachabadutundi, conny asaadhaaranamaina sandarbhaallo parimitam cheyabadavachhu, mariyu samacharanni bahirgatam cheyadam mariyu daanipai parimitulu, ikkada suuchimchina vidhamgaa tappa, chattam dwara vidigaa andinchabadataayi (artical 44).
sivil code.
vyaktula madhya chaalaa vyaktigata sambandhaalaku poura code praathamika chattam. idhi aidu bhagaluga vibhajinchabadindih
modati bhaagam-saadhaarana suutraalu
rendava bhaagam-runaalu
bhaagam III: aasti
naalugo bhaagam-kutumbam
bhaagam v: vaarasatvam
saadhaarana suutraalu.
sivil kodlo sivil kesuku vartinche chattam lekapothe, customs prakaram kesu nirnayinchabadutundani perkondi. atuvanti aacharam lekapothe, nyaayasaastram prakaram kesu nirnayinchabadutundi. oka vyakti yokka chattaparamaina saamarthyam sajeevamgaa puttina kshanam nundi praarambhamai maranamtho mugustundi. iravayyava samvatsaraaniki cherukunna tarvaata paripakvata saadhinchabadutundi, mariyu edava samvatsaraaniki cherukoni mainarku nyaayaparamaina charyalu teesukune saamarthyam undadu. edu samvatsaraalu kante ekkuva vayassu unna mainer chattaparamaina charyalu teesukune parimita saamarthyaanni kaligi untaaru. vivaahita mainer nyaayaparamaina charyalu teesukune saamarthyam kaligi untaadu. eee code ledhaa edainaa itara chattaala prakaram matrame nyaayaparamaina vyaktini sthaapistaaru. praja vidhanam ledhaa naitikataku viruddhamaina chattaparamaina charya chelladu.
oppandaalu.
nyaayaparamaina charyalu teesukune saamarthyam laeni vyakti yokka uddesam yokka vyakteekarana chelladu. apasmaraka sthithi ledhaa manasika rugmata sthithilo, nyaayaparamaina charyalu chese saamarthyam laenappatikee, oka vyakti chesina vyakteekarana kooda chelladu. nyaayaparamaina charyalu teesukune saamarthyam laeni vyakti uddesam yokka vyakteekarana kosam ledhaa sweekarinchadaaniki athani samrakshakudu praatinidhyam vahinchaali. nyaayaparamaina charyalu teesukune saamardhyamlo parimitamaina vyakti yokka uddesyam yokka vyakteekarananu cheyadam ledhaa sweekarinchadam, uddesam yokka vyakteekarana chattaparamaina prayojanaanni swachchamgaa pondadaaniki ledhaa athani vayassu mariyu hodaaku anugunamgaa jeevita avasaralaku sambandhinchinadi tappa, athani samrakshakudu aamodinchaali. thana samrakshakudi aamodam lekunda nyaayaparamaina charyalu teesukune saamardhyamlo parimitamaina vyakti chesina ekapaksha charya chelladu. thana samrakshakudi aamodam lekunda nyaayaparamaina charyalu teesukune saamardhyamlo parimitamaina vyakti chesina oppandam samrakshakudi angeekaarampai chellutundi. nyaayaparamaina charyalu teesukune saamardhyamlo parimitamaina vyakti chesina oppandaanni angeekarinchadaaniki mundu, oppandaaniki chendina itara paksham daanini upasamharinchukovachhu, oppandam chesinappudu samrakshakudi aamodam ivvabadaledani ataniki telusu.
oka agent thana appaginchina adhikaram paridhiloo principal paerita chese uddesam yokka vyakteekarana neerugaa principal kuu amaluloki vastundi. principal kuu cheyavalasina uddesam yokka vyakteekarana athani agentku cheyabadithe, munupati paeraa yokka nibandhana utparivartana paddhatiloo vartinchabadutundi.
uddesam yokka vyakteekarana anedi adhi evariki cheyabadindo aaa vyakti daanini baga ardham chesukunna samayamlo prabhaavavantamgaa maarutundi. prakatana yokka notification atuvanti itara paarteeki cherukunnappudu, gatamlo ledhaa ekakaalamlo notification upasamharana atuvanti itara paarteeki cherukunnappudu tappa, uddesyam yokka vyakteekarana amaluloki vastundi. vyakteekarana yokka notification taruvaata vyakteekarana chesevadu maranistaadu, ledhaa nyaayaparamaina charyalu cheyalekapotadu, ledhaa nyaayaparamaina charyalu chese saamardhyamlo parimitam avtadu, uddesyam yokka vyakteekarananu raddu cheyadu. uddesam yokka vyakteekarana yokka vivaranalo, padaala yokka aksharartha ardham kante paarteela nijamaina uddesyam vetakaali. oka oppandaanni cheyadaaniki pratipaadinchae vyakti, athanu eee baadhyatanu minahayinchinappudu tappa ledhaa athanu kattubadi undataaniki uddesinchani paristhitula nundi ledhaa vyavaharam yokka swabhaavam nundi oohinchabadinaa tappa, thana pratipaadanaku kattubadi undaali. vastuvulanu vaati ammakapu dharatho vikrayaniki bahirgatam cheyadam anedi oka pratipaadanagaa pariganinchabadutundi. ayithe, dharala jaabitaalanu pampadam anedi oka pratipaadanagaa pariganinchabadadu. oka pratipaadana tiraskarinchabadite adhi kattubadi undadu. oka pratipaadananu okesari aamodinchakapothe, adhi parasparam samarpinchinappudu kattubadi undadu.munupati aartikalloni paristhitulalo tappa, aalasyamgaa vachhe angeekaaram kotta pratipaadanagaa pariganinchabadutundi.
vistaranalu, parimitulu ledhaa itara maarpulatoe kuudina angeekaaram anedi asalu pratipaadananu tiraskarinchadam mariyu kotta pratipaadananu cheyadam anie pariganinchabadutundi. acharala prakaram ledhaa vyavaharam yokka swabhaavam kaaranamgaa, angeekaara notice avasaram laeni sandarbhaallo, sahetukamaina samaya vyavadhilo, oka vaastavam unnappudu, pratipaadananu angeekarinchinatlu pariganinchabade oppandaanni erpaatu cheyali. offer vacchina tarvaatane aafarnu upasamharinchukune notice vasthe, adhi saadhaaranamgaa daani prasaara paddhatiloo sahetukamaina samayamlopu offer raakaku mundu ledhaa ekakaalamlo ravali, mariyu idhi itara pakshaaniki teliyavacchu, alaa teliyajesina itara paksham atuvanti alasyam gurinchi ventane offer chesevaariki teliyajeyali.
paarteelu tama samanvaya uddesaanni parasparam spashtamgaa ledhaa parokshamgaa prakatinchinappudu, oka oppandam erpaatu cheyabadutundi. oppandamlooni anni mukhyamaina amsaalapai paarteelu angeekarinchinappatiki, anavasaramaina amsaala gurinchi etuvanti uddesaanni vyaktam cheyakapothe, oppandam erpaatu cheyabadindani bhaavinchabadutundi. paina perkonna anavasaramaina amsaalapai oppandam lenappudu, vyavaharam yokka swabhaavaaniki anugunamgaa kortu vaatini nirnayistundi. oka oppandaaniki chendina oka paksham maroka paksham nundi teevramaina dabbunu andukunnappudu, aaa oppandam erpaatu cheyabadindani bhaavistaaru.
uddeshapoorvakamgaa ledhaa nirlakshyamgaa chesina thana charyalaku runagraheeta baadhyata vahinchaali. okari nirlakshyaaniki baadhyata yokka paridhi vyavaharam yokka nirdishta swabhaavaanni batti maarutuu untundi; ayithe aaa vyavaharam runagraheetaku vaddeeni pondadaaniki uddesinchinadi kakapothe, atuvanti baadhyata tagginchabadutundi. oppandam yokka rajyangam taruvaata oohinchaleni paristhitulalo maarpu unte, mariyu daani nundi utpannamayye asalu baadhyata yokka paniteeru spashtamgaa anyayamgaa maarithe, party thana chellimpunu penchadaaniki ledhaa tagginchadaaniki ledhaa maarchadaaniki kortuku darakhaastu cheyavachu. oppandam yokka swabhaavam ledhaa paarteela uddesyam yokka vyakteekarana prakaram, nirneeta vyavadhilo amalu cheyakapothe oppandam yokka uddesyam neraverakapothe, mariyu paarteelalo okaru aaa vyavadhilo oppandaanni amalu cheyakapothe, itara paksham munupati vyaasamlo perkonna notice ivvakunda oppandaanni raddu cheyavachu. chattam ledhaa oppandam dwara lekapothe, gaayaaniki pariharam ivvadaaniki kattubadi unna vyakti gayapadina pakshanni gaayaaniki mundu yathaathatha sthithiki punaruddharinchaali. okavela puurvapu yathaathatha sthithini punaruddharinchadaaniki dabbunu chelliste, gaayam ayinappati nundi vaddeeni jodinchaali.
titlu.
oka vyakti sareeram, aarogyam, keerti, swechcha, credit, gopyata ledhaa marokari vyaktitvaaniki ledhaa marokari vyaktitvaaniki teevramaina reetilo tappugaa debbateesinatlayite, gayapadina vyakti dabbu roopamlo sahetukamaina pariharanni koravachu, atuvanti gaayam puurtigaa aardhika nashtam kakapoyina. okavela pratishta debbatinnatlayite, gayapadina vyakti thana pratishtaku punaravasam kosam saraina charyalu teesukunnatlu kooda cheppukovacchu. uddeshapoorvakamgaa ledhaa nirlakshyamgaa, marokari hakkulanu tappugaa debbateesina vyakti, daani nundi utpannamayye edainaa gaayaaniki ataniki pariharam chellinchadaaniki kattubadi untaadu. naitika niyamaalaku viruddhamgaa uddeshapoorvakamgaa gaayam chesinappudu adhe niyamam vartinchabadutundi. itarula rakshana kosam roopondinchina chattabaddhamaina nibandhananu ullanghinchi, anduvalla itarula patla pakshapaatam chuupina vyakti, thana charyalo etuvanti nirlakshyam niroopinchabadakapothe tappa, gayanni bharti cheyadaaniki kattubadi untaadu. chaalaa mandhi vyaktulu samyuktamgaa marokari hakkulanu tappugaa debbateesinatlayite, daani nundi utpannamayye gayalaku vaaru samyuktamgaa baadhyata vahistaaru. edhi nijamgaa gaayaaniki kaaranamaindo khachitamgaa teliyakapoyina adhe niyamam vartinchabadutundi. prerepinchevaaru mariyu sahacharulu ummadi himsaku palpadevariga pariganinchabadataaru.
uddeshapoorvakamgaa moodava pakshaaniki anukuulamgaa amalu cheyalsina vidhi ullanghanaku paalpadina adhikari, anduvalla atuvanti moodava pakshaaniki pakshapaatam kaligi undatam valla, daani nundi utpannamayye edainaa gaayaaniki baadhyata vahistaaru. ullanghana eee adhikari nirlakshyam phalitamgaa unte, gayapadina vyakti itara maargaala dwara pariharam pondalekapoyinanta varaku matrame athanu pariharam chellinchadaaniki baadhyata vahinchavachhu. munupati vaakyamlo perkonna sandarbhamlo, chattaparamaina parishkaranni upayoginchadam dwara gayanni nivaarinchagala gayapadina vyakti daanini upayoginchadaaniki uddeshapoorvakamgaa ledhaa nirlakshyamgaa tappinchukunte, aaa adhikari gayanni bharti cheyadaaniki baadhyata vahincharu.
nyaayaparamaina charyalu teesukune saamarthyam ledhaa parimita saamarthyam laeni vyakti, marokari hakkulanu tappugaa debbateesina vyakti, atuvanti charya chese samayamlo vivekam cheyagala saamarthyam unnatlayithe, daani nundi utpannamayye edainaa gaayaaniki thana samrakshakunitho kalisi samyuktamgaa baadhyata vahinchaali. charya chese samayamlo athanu vivekam cheyalekapothe, athani samrakshakudu matrame atuvanti gaayaaniki baadhyata vahistaadu. munupati siksha vishayamlo, thana paryaveekshanha vidhiloo etuvanti nirlakshyam lekapothe, ledhaa sahetukamaina paryaveekshanhanu amalu chesinappatiki gaayam sambhavinchi unte samrakshakudu baadhyata vahinchadu. munupati rendu sikshala nibandhanala prakaram pariharam pondalekapothe, kortu, gayapadina vyakti yokka darakhaastupai, himsimchinavaari, samrakshakudu mariyu gayapadina vyaktula madhya aardhika paristhitulanu parigananaloki teesukovachhu mariyu himsimchina vaarini ledhaa athani samrakshakudini kontha bhaganni ledhaa mottam gayanni bharti cheyamani aadesinchavacchu.
udyogi thana vidhulanu nirvartinchadamlo marokari hakkulaku tappugaa kaliginchina edainaa gaayaaniki pariharam ivvadaaniki yajamani samyuktamgaa baadhyata vahistaaru. ayithe, yajamani udyogi empikalo, thana vidhula nirvahana paryaveekshanhaloo sahetukamaina shraddha vahinchinatlayithe, ledhaa atuvanti sahetukamaina samrakshananu upayoginchinappatiki gaayam sambhavinchi unte, gaayaaniki baadhyata vahinchadu. munupati sikshalooni nibandhana prakaram pariharam pondalekapothe, kortu, gayapadina vyakti yokka darakhaastupai, yajamani mariyu gayapadina vyakti yokka aardhika paristhitulanu parigananaloki teesukovachhu mariyu kontha bhaagaaniki ledhaa mottam gaayaaniki pariharam chellinchamani yajamanini aadesinchavacchu. munupati vaakyamlo perkonna vidhamgaa pariharam icchina yajamani, tappu chesina udyogiki vyatiraekamgaa tirigi chellimpu kosam claim cheyavachu.
oka jantuvu valla gaayam sambhavinchinatlayithe, jantuvu yokka jaatulu mariyu swabhaavam prakaram unchadamlo sahetukamaina shraddha vahinchakapothe, ledhaa gaayam sambhavinchinatlayithe tappa, daani nundi utpannamayye edainaa gaayaaniki gayapadina vyaktiki pariharam chellinchadaaniki yajamani kattubadi untaadu. jantuvunu uttejaparichina ledhaa recchagottina moodava pakshiki vyatiraekamgaa ledhaa utsaaham ledhaa recchagottadaaniki kaaranamaina maroka jantuvunu kaligi unnavaariki vyatiraekamgaa yajamani tirigi chellimpu kosam daavaa veyavachu.
private yaajamaanyamloni bhoomipai bhavanam ledhaa itara pani valla kalige gaayam, atuvanti bhavanam ledhaa paniloo lopabhuishta nirmaanam ledhaa taginanta nirvahana lekapothe, ledhaa gaayam lopabhooyishtata ledhaa lopam valla jaragakapothe, ledhaa yajamani atuvanti gaayam jaragakunda nivaarinchadaaniki sahetukamaina jaagratta vahinchakapothe, atuvanti bhavanam ledhaa pani yajamani dwara bharti cheyabadutundi. munupati siksha vishayamlo, gaayaaniki baadhyata vahinche maroka vyakti unte, pariharam ichhe yajamani atuvanti vyaktiki vyatiraekamgaa tirigi chellimpu kosam daavaa veyavachu.
saruku utpatti, tayari, prakriya ledhaa roopakalpanalo etuvanti lopam lekapothe, ledhaa lopam valla gaayam jaragakapothe, ledhaa gayanni nivaarinchadaaniki tayaareedaaru sahetukamaina jaagratta vahinchakapothe, thana saruku yokka saadhaarana upayogam ledhaa viniyogam valla marokariki kalige gaayaaniki tayaareedaaru baadhyata vahistaadu. munupati vaakyamlo perkonna tayaareedaaru antey vastuvulanu utpatti chese, tayaaru chese ledhaa proses chese vyakti. aaa vastuvunu servies maark ledhaa itara aksharaalato jatachese vaaru, adhi vaaru utpatti chesinatlu, tayaaru chesinatlu ledhaa proses chesinatlu choopinchadaaniki taginanta varaku sankethaalanu jatachese vaaru tayaareedaarugaa pariganinchabadataaru. saruku yokka utpatti, tayari, prakriya ledhaa roopakalpana daani manueval ledhaa prakatanaloni vishayaalatoe asthiramgaa unte, adhi lopabhooyishtamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. digumatidaarudu gaayaaniki tayaareedaaru vale baadhyata vahistaadu.
upayogamlo unna tracklapy nadapavalasina avasaram laeni automobile, motorusaikil ledhaa itara motaru vahanalu marokadaaniki gaayam kaliginchinatlayithe, gayanni nivaarinchadaaniki sahetukamaina jaagratta vahinchakapothe, driver daani nundi utpannamayye gaayaaniki baadhyata vahistaadu.
oka nirdishta vyapaaraanni naduputunna ledhaa itara pani ledhaa karyakalapalu chese vyakti, pani ledhaa karyakalapala swabhaavam ledhaa upayoginchina amalu ledhaa paddhati marokariki haani kaliginchinatlayithe marokariki gaayam kaavadaaniki baadhyata vahistaaru. gaayam pani ledhaa kaaryaacharana valla ledhaa upayoginchina amalu ledhaa paddhati valla jaragaledu, ledhaa athanu gaayam jaragakunda undataaniki sahetukamaina jaagratta vahinchakapothe tappa.
chattam ledhaa oppandam dwara lekapothe, pariharam vaastavaaniki jarigina gaayam mariyu kolpoyina prayojanaalaku parimitam cheyabadutundi. saadhaaranamgaa oohinchina aasaktulu, saadhaarana vishayaala prakaram, nirnayinchina prajectulu, parikaraalu ledhaa itara nirdishta paristhitula prakaram kolpoyina aasaktulugaa pariganinchabadataayi. marokari maranaaniki tappugaa kaaranamaina vyakti vaidya kharchulu, jeevana avasaranni penchadam ledhaa antyakriyala kharchulanu bharinche yea vyaktikainaa gaayam ayinanduku pariharam ivvadaaniki kooda kattubadi undaali. maraninchina vyakti moodava pakshaaniki nirvahananu andinchadaaniki chattabaddhamgaa kattubadi unte, daani nundi utpannamayye edainaa gaayaaniki himsakudu atuvanti moodava pakshaaniki pariharam kooda ivvali. oka tappudu charya valla maraninchina sandarbhamlo, maraninchina vyakti tandri, talli, kumaarulu, kumartelu mariyu jeevita bhagaswamy, atuvanti gaayam puurtigaa aardhika nashtam kakapoyina, dabbulo sahetukamaina pariharam kosam claim cheyavachu.
poura prakriya.
sivil proseasure chattam daani muulaanni quing saamrajyam yokka sivil code (δικτέντη τεντη) yokka musaayidaalo kaligi undhi, dheenini japanese nyaayamuurti yoshimasa matsuoka (τεντη, 1870-1939) roopondinchaaru. republic off chaina prarambha yugamlo, pecking prabhutvaaniki daani swantha poura vidhana niyamaavali (udaaharanaku) undhi, idhi quing saamrajyam yokka musaida aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi, japaanlo adhyayanam chesina chainees panditulu chesina konni savaranalatho. phalitamgaa, formosa (taiwan) looni sivil proseasure laa anedi japanese laa mariyu german laa misramam. daani konni nibandhanalu german givilprogessordnaglong udbhavinchaayi.
prativaadi nivaasa sthalam kosam ledhaa aaa kortu adhikara paridhini upayoginchalenappudu, prativaadi nivaasa sthalam kosam kortulo prativaadi meeda daavaa veyavachu. aaa nyayasthaanam yokka adhikara paridhiloo jarige lavadevilu ledhaa sanghatanala nundi utpannamayye daavaa kosam prativaadi nivaasa sthalam kosam prativaadipai nyaayasthaanamlo daavaa veyavachu. prativaadi r loe nivaasa sthaanam laeni chota.oo.sii., ledhaa prativaadi nivaasa sthalam teliyani chota, appudu prativaadi nivaasa sthalam r loe untundi.oo.sii. prativaadi nivaasa sthalamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. prativaadiki aarr loe nivaasa sthalam laeni chota.oo.sii. mariyu prativaadi nivaasa sthalam teliyani chota, appudu prativaadi nivaasam yokka chivari pradaesam r.oo.sii. prativaadi nivaasa sthalamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. ekkada aarr.oo.sii. pourudu oka videshee desamlo unnadu mariyu atuvanti videshee desham yokka adhikara paridhi nundi minahaayimpunu pondutunnadu, mariyu munupati rendu paeraallooni nibandhanalaku anugunamgaa atadipai/aamepai kortulo daavaa veyalenappudu, kendra prabhutvam unna pradaesam atuvanti pourudi nivaasa sthalamgaa pariganinchabadutundi.
poura vichaaranala praathamika lakshyam eee hakkulanu parirakshinchadaaniki vyaktigata hakkulapai vivaadaalanu parishkarinchadam. poura vyaajyam anedi vyatiraeka vyavasthapai aadharapadi untundi. presiding nyaayamuurti karyakalapalanu nirdesistaadu mariyu sambandhita pakshaalanu saraina mariyu taginanta charchalu cheyadaaniki anumatinchadaaniki vivarana hakkunu upayogistaadu. antekakunda, nyaayamuurti sakshyalanu vivaramgaa pariseelinchi nyaayamaina nirnayaalu teesukuntaaru. intalo, nyayasthaanam, saadhyamaina anni maargaala dwara, vyaajyaala muulaalanu tagginchadaaniki raajeelu mariyu sayodhya yokka paniteerunu vistarinchadaaniki prayatnistundi.
nyaayasthaanamlo vyaktigata hakkulapai vivaadaalaku sambandhinchina ledhaa itara pratyeka chattalu ledhaa ordinanceulalo perkonna, alaage vivaadaaspadamaina vishayaalatoe kuudina poura kesulato vyavaharinchae nirdishta sankhyalo poura vibhagalu unnaayi.
vivaham, tallidandrulu-pillala sambandhaalu, marana prakatana, nishedham mariyu aasti nirvahana, vaarasatvam, dattata mariyu pillala angeekaaramtho sahaa vivaadaaspada vishayalu laeni kesulanu kutumba vibhagam nirvahistundi.
presiding jadji nyaayavaadi kaani vyaktini nyayavadiga vyavaharinchadaaniki anumatinche chota tappa, oka nyaayavaadi matrame nyayavadiga vyavaharinchavacchu. presiding nyaayamuurti oka teerpu dwara, munupati peraalo andinchina anumatini eppudaina upasamharinchukovachhu. atuvanti upasamharana yokka notification nilupudala yokka pradhana adhikaripai amalu cheyabadutundi. nyaayaparamaina yuvan nyayavadiga vyavaharinchadaaniki nyaayavaadi kaani vyakti yokka anumatini niyantrinche nibandhanalanu suuchistumdi.
chattam vaerae vidhamgaa andinchina chota ledhaa paristhitulu daanini spashtamgaa anyayamgaa chesina chota tappa, athanu/aame ataniki/aameku anukuulamgaa aaropinchina vaastavaalaku sambandhinchi oka paksham rujuvu bharanni mostundi.
medho sampatti chattalu.
copyrite chattam.
copyrite chattam yokka prayojanaala kosam, "rachanalu" krindi vaatini kaligi untayih
1. moukhika mariyu saahitya rachanalu.
2. sangeeta rachanalu.
3. naatakeeya mariyu nrutya rachanalu.
4. kalaatmaka rachanalu.
5. photographic pani.
6. chitraatmaka mariyu graphical rachanalu.
7. audiovisual rachanalu.
8. dhwani recordinglu.
9. nirmaana panulu.
10. computer prograamlu.
munupati peraalo perkonna prati vargapu rachanala udaaharanalu mariyu vishayamu samartha adhikaaranche suuchimchabadataayi.
eee chattaniki anugunamgaa pondina copyrite rakshana prashnaarthakamaina pani yokka vyakteekaranaku matrame vistaristundi mariyu pani yokka antarleena aalochanalu, vidhanalu, utpatti prakriyalu, vyavasthalu, kaaryaacharana paddhatulu, bhavanalu, suutraalu ledhaa aavishkaranalaku vistarinchadu.
eee chattamlo perkonna vidhamgaa tappa, aardhika hakkulu rachayita jeevitaantam mariyu rachayita maraninchina yaabhai samvatsaraala taruvaata kooda untaayi.
trademark chattam.
oka trademark anedi oka padam, roopakalpana, chihnam, rangu, dhwani, trimiteeya aakaram ledhaa daani kalayikatho koodi undavacchu. paina nirvachinchina trademark, vastuvulu ledhaa sevala sambandhita viniyogadaarulaku aaa vastuvulu ledhaa sevalaku gurtimpugaa gurtinchadaaniki mariyu itarulu andinche vaati nundi atuvanti vastuvulu ledhaa sevalanu vaeru cheyadaaniki taginanta vilakshanamainadigaa untundi.
registered trademark prachurana thedhee nundi, padhi samvatsaraala kaalaaniki migili unna trademark hakkulu hakkudaaruniki ivvabadataayi.
patent.
eee chattamlo suuchimchina "patent" anae padam eee krindi moodu vargaluga vargeekarinchabadindih
1. aavishkarana petentlu;
2. utility modal petentlu; mariyu
3. design petentlu.
utility modal patent hakku yokka vyavadhi patent darakhaastu daakhalu chesina thedhee nundi padhi (10) samvatsaraalu untundi.
patent darakhaastu daakhalu chesina thedhee nundi design patent hakku vyavadhi pannendu (12) samvatsaraalu untundi.
criminal prakriya.
naera vichaaranalalo, vaastavaalanu kanugonadam, nerasthulanu sikshinchadam, amayakulanu nirdoshulugaa prakatinchadam, maanava hakkulanu parirakshinchadam mariyu rashtra siksha adhikaranni sarigga amalu cheyadaanni nirdhaarinchadam pradhana uddesyaalu. prabhutva nyaayavaadulu rashtram tarapuna praja vichaaranalanu praarambhinchinappudu, ledhaa baadhitulu private vichaaranalanu daakhalu chesinappudu, naera vibhagam "chattam lekunda neram mariyu siksha ledhu" anae suutraaniki anugunamgaa bahiranga mariyu nyaayamaina vichaaranalatoo munduku saagutundi, mariyu sakshyam dwara nirnayinchabadina vaastavaalu. kaneesa siksha moodu samvatsaraala jailu sikshaku minchani sandarbhaallo ledhaa ninditudu aardhikamgaa nyaayavaadini nilupukolekapoyina sandarbhaallo, kortu ninditula hakkulu mariyu prayojanaalanu parirakshinchadaaniki praja rakshakulanu andistundi.
criminal charyalu praarambhinchabadakapovachhu mariyu eee code ledhaa itara chattaalalo perkonna vidhaanaaniki anugunamgaa kakunda siksha vidhinchabadakapovachhu.
kriyaaseela sevalo unna sainika sibbandi chesina neeraalu, court-marshal kuu lobadi unna sainika neeraalu minaha, eee code prakaram vichaarana cheyabadataayi mariyu sikshinchabadataayi.
samayam ledhaa praantam yokka parimiti kaaranamgaa pratyeka chattalaku anugunamgaa oka kesu yokka criminal karyakalapalu nirvahinchinatlayite mariyu daanipai inca tudi teerpu ivvabadakapothe, aaa parimitini tolaginchina taruvaata, eee code prakaram kesu vichaarana cheyabadutundi mariyu sikshinchabadutundi.
ninditudu haajaru kaavadaaniki samanlu jaarii cheyabadataayi.
samanlu eee krindi vishayalanu kaligi untayih
(1) ninditudi puurti paeru, lingam, vayassu, sthaanika pradaesam mariyu nivaasam ledhaa nivaasam;
(2) neraropana;
(3) thedhee, samayam mariyu kanipinche pradaesam;
(4) saraina kaaranam lekunda haajaru kaavadamlo viphalamaithe arrestu vaarentnu aadesinchavacchu.
ninditudi paeru teliyakapothe ledhaa itara paristhitulu daanini avasaramaite, pratyeka gurtimpu gurtulu ledhaa lakshanaalanu chaerchaali; ninditudi vayassu, sthaanika pradaesam, nivaasam ledhaa nivaasam teliyakapothe, daanini cherchaalsina avasaram ledhu.
vichaarana dasalo public prosecutor ledhaa vichaarana dasalo presiding ledhaa commissioned jadji samanlapai santakam cheyali.
vichaarana dwara tudi sikshaku mundu, oka ninditudu nirdoshigaa bhaavistaaru.
neram yokka vaastavaalu sakshyam dwara nirdhaarinchabadataayi. sakshyam lenappudu neram yokka vaastavaalu sthaapinchabadavu.
public prosecutor oka ninditudipai abhiyogaalu mopina neeraaniki sambandhinchina vaastavaalaku sambandhinchina rujuvu bharanni bharinchaali mariyu rujuvu yokka paddhatini suuchimchaali.
modati vichaarana teedeeki mundu, public prosecutor suuchimchina rujuvu paddhati ninditudu doshi anae avakaasaanni sthaapinchadaaniki spashtamgaa saripodani kortuku kanipiste, kortu, oka teerpu dwara, nirdishta kaala vyavadhilo daanini saricheyamani public prosecutorku teliyajeyali; nirdishta kaala vyavadhilo adanapu sakshyalanu samarpinchakapothe, kortu oka teerpu dwara prosecutionnu kottiveyavachu.
prosecutionnu tolaginchadampai teerpu tudi nirnayam ayina tarvaata, artical 260looni amsaalalo perkonna paristhitulalo okati unte tappa, adhe kesuku prosecutionnu praarambhinchalemu.
munupati paeraa yokka nibandhananu ullanghinchi prosecution tirigi praarambhinchabadinatlayite "kesu sthaapinchabadaledu" anae teerpu prakatinchabadutundi.
oka paksham, oka agent, defence attarney ledhaa assistant yokka udyamam kaaranamgaa oka sakshi ledhaa nipunulaina saakshini athani gurtimpu kosam presiding jadji vichaarinchina taruvaata, party, agent ledhaa defence attarney eee vyaktulanu pariseelinchaali; defence attarney praatinidhyam vahinchani oka ninditudu eee vyaktulanu pariseelinchakoodadanukunte, kortu ippatikee eee vyaktulanu prashninchadaaniki tagina avakaasaalanu andistundi.
sakshi ledhaa nipunulaina sakshi yokka pareeksha eee krindi kramamlo undali
(1) sakshi ledhaa nipunulaina saakshini piliche paksham, agent ledhaa defence attarney modata pratyaksha pareeksha cheyali;
(2) aaa taruvaata pratyarthi paksham, athani agent ledhaa defence attarney yokka cross examination;
(3) appudu, sakshi ledhaa nipunulaina saakshini piliche paksham, agent ledhaa defence attarney daari mallimpu pareeksha cheyali;
(4) chivaraku, pratyarthi paksham, athani agent ledhaa defence attarney recross pareeksha chestaaru.
munupati vibhaagamlo perkonna vidhamgaa pareekshanu puurti chesina taruvaata, paksham, agent ledhaa defence attarney, kortu aamodamto, sakshi ledhaa nipunulaina saakshini mallee pareekshinchavacchu.
paksham, agent ledhaa defence attarney pariseelinchina taruvaata, sakshi ledhaa nipunulaina saakshini presiding jadji pariseelinchavacchu.
okavela oke ninditudu ledhaa private prosecutorku iddaru ledhaa anthakante ekkuva mandhi agentlu ledhaa defence attarneylu praatinidhyam vahiste, presiding jadji anumatinchakapothe, aaa agentlu ledhaa defence attarneylu oke sakshi ledhaa nipunulaina saakshini pariseelinchadaaniki vaarilo okarini enchukoovaali.
sakshi ledhaa nipunulaina saakshini rendu pakshalu pilichinatlayithe, pratyaksha pareeksha chese uttarvu rendu pakshaala oppandam dwara nirnayinchabadutundi; atuvanti oppandam dwara nirnayinchalekapothe, presiding jadji daanini nirnayistaaru.
inko.
himsa.
himsa chattaviruddham ayinappatikee, daryaaptu prakriyaloo pooliisula krooratvam aaropanalu unnaayi. himsaku gurainatlu perkonna neraropanala aadhaaramgaa amalu cheyabadina aneka maranasikshala nepathyamlo avi vivaadaaniki daariteesaayi.
maranasiksha vidhistaaru.
taiwan vividha rakaala neeraalaku maranasikshanu konasaagistundagaa, 2002 nundi maranasikshala sankhya gananeeyamgaa taggindi, 2005loe kevalam moodu maranasikshalu matrame jarigaayi mariyu 2006 mariyu 2009 madhya okkati kooda amalu kaaledu. 2010loe maranasikshalu mallee prarambhamayyayi.