
hindh

vaayuvya paakistaanlooni aneka praantaalalo, pradhanamgaa khaibar pakhtunkhwa praavinsulu mariyu punjabloni vaayuvya praantaalalo vividha jaathi nepathyaalaku chendina aneka millionla mandhi prajalu matlade vividha rakaala lahanda maandalikaala samuuhaaniki hindko (,,) anae padam oka mukhachitram.
oka noothana bhasha udyamam undhi, iteevali dasaabdaalalo hindko matlade medhaavulu hindko nuu pratyeka bhashaga pracharam cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. vaayuvyamlo pattana rakaala peshawar ayina peshavari aadhaaramgaa oka saahitya sampradaayam undhi, mariyu eshaanyamlo abbotabad bhasha aadhaaramgaa marokati undhi. pakistan 2017 janabha lekkala prakaram, millionla mandhi prajalu tama bhashanu hindko anie prakatinchaaru, ayithe 2020 anchanaa prakaram matlade vaari sankhya 7 miliyanlugaa undhi.
kontavaraku hindhi punjabi mariyu saraikilatho parasparam ardham chesukogaladu, mariyu modati daanikante rendo daanitoe ekkuva anubandhaanni kaligi undhi. itara punjabi rakaalato thedaalu vaakyanirmaanam kante padanirmaanam mariyu dhvanisaastramlo ekkuvagaa untaayi. oka konamlo hindko, alaage itara lahanda rakalu, praamaanika punjabi rendoo "goppa punjabi" sthuula bhasha yokka "maandalikaalu".
hindko" anae padam saadhaaranamgaa pashto porugu praantamloo matlade aneka indo-aryan maandalikaalanu suuchimchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi, bahusha modata "bharatiya bhasha" (pashto kuu viruddhamgaa) anie ardham. eee bhasha samuuhaaniki pratyaamnaaya sthaanika paeru "hindhi". hindko matladevarini "hindki", "hindkun" ledhaa "hindkovan" ("hindkuvan") anie pilustaaru.
itara lahanda rakaala maadirigaane, hindko kooda shouraseni praakrutam nundi udbhavinchindi.
bhougolika pampinhee mariyu maandalikaalu.
hindko rakalu pradhanamgaa punjab provins vaayuvya muulalooni attack jillaalooni pradhana praantamloo mariyu rendu porugu praantaalalo matladataru vaayuvya disalo peshawar loe, mariyu eshaanya disalo hazara, rendoo khaibar pakhtunkhwa provins (gatamlo vaayuvya sarihaddu provins anie piluvabadedi) loe. hazara hindko kooda thoorpuna kashmir sameepamloni praantaalaku vistarinchi undhi.
kendra maandalika samuuhamloo kohati (kohat nagaramlo mariyu khaibar pakhtunkhvaaloni konni porugu gramalalo matladataru) mariyu atak jilla, punjabloni moodu daggari sambandhita maandalikaalu unnaih chacchi (atak mariyu haripur tahaseellalo matladataru), ghebi (pindi gheb tehseello dakshinaana matladataru) mariyu avankari (ippudu chakwal jillaalo bhaagamaina talagang tehseello matladataru). lexical saaruupyata aadhaaramgaa rensh yokka vargeekarana kooda eee samuuhaaniki peshawar jillaalooni graameena maandalikaalanu ketayistundi. ayithe, sankellu vaatilo chaalaa varaku peshawar nagaramloni pattana vaividhyamtho daggari sambandham kaligi unnatlu bhaavistaayi.
daani swantha samuuhamloo peshavari undhi, idhi peshawar nagaramlo matlade pratishtaatmaka pattana vaividhyam mariyu praamaanika saahitya bhashaga pracharam cheyabadindi. idhi vistruta maandalika punaadini kaligi undhi mariyu urdoo mariyu praamaanika punjabi prabhaavaaniki guraindi.
eshaanyamlo hazara praantamlooni saapekshamgaa sajatiya maandalikaala dwara oka pratyeka samuuham erpadindi, veetini samishtiga "hazara hindko" ledhaa "uttara hindko" anie pilustaaru, kagan loyalo matlade vividha rakalanu "kaghani" anie pilustaaru, mariyu vividha rakaala taanaavalnu "tanoli hindko", "tanoli" ledhaa "tinauli" anie pilustaaru.
kaashmeerloki marinta thoorpuna kooda hindko matladataru. pakistan paripaalita azad kaashmeerku uttaraana unna neelam loya yokka pradhana bhasha idhi, ikkada dheenini sthaanikamgaa "parmi" (ledhaa "parim" anie pilustaaru; eee paeru kashmiri padam 'maroka vaipu nundi' nundi udbhavinchi undavacchu, idhi kashmir loyaloni kaashmeereelu eee bhasha matlade ettaina praantaalanu suuchimchadaaniki upayoginche padam). eee rakanni bhaarata paripaalanalo unna jammoo kashmir varaku niyantrana rekha meedugaa kooda matladataru.
hindko yokka mottam mandalikam konasagimpu "ethnolog" dwara rendu bhashaluga vibhajinchabadindih uttara hindko (iso 639-3 sanketamh noo) hazara maandalikaalaku, mariyu dakshina hindko (iso 639-3: hcnd) migilina rakalaku. eee samuuhaaniki rensh chesina avagahana pareeksha phalitaalalo maddatu labhistundi, idhi uttaraadi kante dakshinaadi maandalikaalu hindko praantam antataa vistrutamgaa ardham chesukobaddayani kooda kanugondi.
hindko maandalikaalu kramamga dakshinaana itara rakaalaina lahanda mariyu punjabi bhashaluga marai. udaaharanaku, uppu shreniki nairutilo saraiki maandalikaalu kanipistaayi, veetilo kaneesam okati-daeraa ismail khaan jillaalo matladedi-konnisaarlu "hindko" anie kooda pilustaaru. aagneyamlo, hindko pahari-pothvaareetho maandalika konasagimpulo undhi, abbotabad jillaalooni galyat praantam mariyu azad kaashmeerlooni muzaffarabad praantam daadaapu rendinti madhya sarihaddulo unnaayi.
karachi vanti pradhana pattana kendraalato paatu konni porugu deshaalalo hindko diasporalu unnaaru. 1947loe bharatadesa vibhajana taruvaata kontamandi hinduu hindkovanlu, sikku hinduvanlu bharatadesaniki valasa vacchaaru. bhaaratadesamlo eee hindko matladevaru vistruta punjabi samaajamtho gurtimpu pondaaru. aafghanistaanlo oka chinna pravaasulu kooda unnaaru, veerilo 19va sataabdam modati ardhabhaagamlo sikku saamrajyam samayamlo sthaapinchabadina hinduu, sikku samajam sabhyulu unnaaru. talibanla perugudala nundi vaarilo ekkuva mandhi valasa vacchaaru, mariyu hindko matlade ledhaa matlade sikku janabha mottam 300 kutumbaluga anchanaa veyabadindi (2018 natiki).
saamaajika nepathyam.
hindko matladevariki saadhaarana paeru ledhu endukante vaaru vibhina jaathi samuuhaalaku chendinavaaru mariyu pedda kutumbaalu ledhaa kulaala dwara tamanu taamu gurtinchukuntaaru. ayithe, khaibar pakhtunkhwa hazara vibhaagaaniki chendina hindko matlade samajanni konnisaarlu samishtiga hazarewalga gurtistaaru. hazara vibhaagamlo pedda sankhyalo hindko matladevaru pashtunlu. vaarilo kondaru hindko bhashanu tama matrubhashaga, marikondaru rendava bhashaga matladataru. veetilo tahirkhelis, swaateelu, yusufzailu, jaadoonlu mariyu taarinlu unnaayi. itara hindko matladevarilo sayyidlu, avaanlu, mogalulu, tanolilu, turklu, kwershilu mariyu gujjarlu unnaaru.
paakistaanlo hindhi matladevariki atyanta saadhaarana rendava bhasha urdoo mariyu rendava atyanta saadhaarana bhasha pashto. chaalaa hindko matlade praantaalalo, pashto matladevaru adhe ledhaa porugu samajalalo nivasistunnaaru (ayithe idhi abottabad mariyu kagan loyalo takkuva nijam). hindko mariyu daani poruguvaari madhya sambandham sthiramaina dvibhaashaavaadam kaadu. upayoginche domainlu mariyu matladevari sankhya paramgaa, eshaanyamlo hindko aadhipatyam chelayistondi mariyu perugutondi; udaaharanaku, hazara loe, idhi swaati pathaanlalo upayogamlo unna bhashaga pashto bhashanu sthaanabhramsham chestondi, mariyu azad jammoo & kashmir looni neelam loyalo kashmiri vanti minority bhashala vyayamtho idhi punjukuntondi. marovaipu, kohat mariyu peshawar nagarallo, hindko balaheenamaina sthithilo undhi. vibhajana taruvaata hindko matlade hinduvulu, sikkulu valasa velladamtho paatu pattana aardhika vyavasthalo khaliga unna praantaalloki pashtunla pravaham kaaranamgaa, pashtoo vaipu maare sankethaalu kanipinchaayi.
phonology.
hallulu.
hindco contrastlu prayogasaala, alviolar, retroflex, palatal mariyu velar uchchaarana pradaesaalaloo hallulanu aaputaayi. avankari bhaashalo eee pallatalu swachchamaina staplu (//) gaa varninchabaddaayi, conny hazara rakaalalo affricates () gaa varninchabaddaayi. chaalaa rakaala hindko yokka stop hallulaku voiced (), vois less () mariyu aspirated () madhya moodu-maargam vyatyaasam untundi. avankari, kohati mariyu kaashmeerlooni neelam loya yokka rakalu kooda voiced aspirated staplanu () vaeru chestaayi. chaalaa hindko rakaala nundi vois aspiratela adrushyam tone abhivruddhitho mudipadi undhi (krinda chudandi).
fricatives vantivi, mariyu runaalalo (udaaharanaku pertian nundi), conny sthaanika padaalaloo kooda kanipistaayi, tarachugaa sambandhita stop yokka sthaana alophoneluga. konni document chesina sandarbhaalu
saadhaaranamgaa, fricatives anni sthaanaalalo kanipistaayih praarambhamlo, madhyalo ledhaa padam chivarilo (tanoli hindko 'chedipoyina', 'chinna karra', 'kommu'), saapekshamgaa konni minahaayimpulato (okati kashmir yokka hindkolo padam-finalpy parimiti). labio-dental spashtamgaa kashmir yokka hindko mariyu tanawal kosam fricativga varninchabadindi, conny avankari loe// gaa anchanaa veyabadindi.
mariyu kakunda, hindko maandalikaalu vividha sankhyalo itara nasika hallulanu vaeru chestaayi.
retroflex nasika itara nasika kante mottam meeda chinnadi, mariyu kaneesam abbotabad yokka hindkoku idhi nasika flapga varninchabadindihi kashmir yokka hindko kosam idhi alviolar nasika yokka allophone anie nokki cheppabadindi, conny idhi avankari mariyu tanolilo dhwanini kaligi untundi; rendu mandalikalalo idhi oka padam madhyalo mariyu chivarilo sambhavinchavachhu, tanoli nundi eee krindi udaaharanalu vivarinchaayih 'neerugaa', 'garvam'. velar nasika tanolilo dhwanih 'praarthana coll', 'kaboye bhartha' mariyu kashmir yokka hindkolo, mariyu rendu sandarbhaallo idhi padam madhyalo ledhaa chivarilo matrame kanipistundi. avankari yokka pradhana upabhaashalo, velar nasika anedi velar aagadaaniki mundu matrame kanipistundi, adevidhamgaa, idhi abbotabad yokka hindko kosam gurtinchabadina dhwanimudrikalalo ledhu.
hindko rakalu oke parshwa hallunu kaligi untayih punjabiki bhinnamgaa, alviolar, idhi adanamgaa retroflex paarsvaanni kaligi untundi. 1930laloe bahri varninchina avankari mandalikam, muslimlu (hinduvulu kaadu) matladedi, vilakshanhamaina retroflex paarsvam kaligi undhi, ayithe, idhi alviolar paarshvamtho paripuurakaramaina pampinheelo unnatlu kanipistundi. hindkolo rendu rotic sabdaalu unnaih oka alviolar trill (dhwani sandarbhampai aadharapadi vividha sankhyalo kampanaalu), mariyu retroflex flap.
retoflex nasika, kaneesam konni maandalikaalaku, nasika retroflex flapga grahinchabadutundi.
acchulu.
hindkoku moodu chinna acchulu, mariyu, mariyu aaru podavaina acchulu unnaih,,,, mariyu. 
tanoli nundi eee krindi udaaharanalatoo acchulanu vivarinchavacchuhu 'pedda raayi', 'noppi', 'ninna', 'button', 'emi', 'maamsam mukka', 'aadivaaram', 'donga', 'muriki'.
podavu balamgaa viruddhamgaa untundi mariyu podavaina acchulu saadhaaranamgaa sambandhita chinna acchula kante rendu retlu podavu untaayi.
avankari mandalikam open mariyu close "oo" ('saft' verses. 'shoe').
hindko rakalu kooda aneka dipthanglanu (vantivi) kaligi untaayi. aneka (saadhaaranamgaa oka dozenu) bahiranga acchula kalayikalalo edhi kevalam rendu ververu antarleena acchula kramam kakunda antarleena oke vibhaganni (dipthang) suuchistunnatlu chuudaali, upayoginchina vislaeshanha mariyu adhyayanam chesina maandalikamtho maarutuu untundi.
nasika acchulu.
hindko maandalikaalu dhwani moothi acchulanu kaligi untaayi (ikkada acchuku paina tildetho gurtinchabadindih). udaaharanaku, azad kashmir yokka hindkolo 'janthu vyaadhi' anedi 'cheyi' thoo, mariyu 'maamsam kattarlu' anedi 'addamkulu' thoo viruddhamgaa untundi. eee rakamaina hindkolo, alaage tanawal yokka hindkolo, podavaina acchulaki sambandhinchina annintikee, ledhaa daadaapu annintikee nasika pratiruupaalu unnaayi, conny chinna acchulaku edhee ledhu. marovaipu, avankari mariyu abbotabad hindkolo, chinna acchulaku kooda viruddhamaina naasikaakarana undih 'oka aatanu tayaaru cheyandi' anedi 'chedaragottadam' (avankari loe) thoo viruddhamgaa untundi, 'mixing' anedi 'mudi' thoo viruddhamgaa untundi).
paesaavari mariyu kohati bahusha avankari namuunaanu anusaristaayi, conny chaaritraatmakamgaa padam chivarilo gundrani acchula (ledhaa) nundi naasikaabhishekaanni kolpoyayi.
adanamgaa, nasika halluku prakkane unnappudu acchulu nasika alophonicalga aipothai. tanawal mariyu kashmir rakaalalo podavaina mariyu chinna acchulanu eee vidhamgaa nasika roopakalpana cheyavachu, conny avi nasika halluku mundu untene 'kadukkovadam', 'edupu'. abottabad yokka hindkolo, konni padaala chivara unna acchunu nasika hallunu anusaristhe nasikaksharam cheyavachu. avankari maandalikamlo, acchulanu nasika halluku mundu mariyu taruvaata rendintiloonuu alophonicalga nasika roopakalpana cheyavachu, conny yea sandarbhamloonainaa prabhavam ottidi yokka sthaanampai aadharapadi untundi (marinni vivaraala kosam chudandi).
tone.
aneka indo-aryan bhashala maadirigaa kakunda, punjabi bhaashalatho samanamga, hindko rakalu pitch yaasa vyavasthanu kaligi untaayi, dheenini saadhaaranamgaa "tone" anie pilustaaru. punjabilo, pitch yaasa chaaritraatmakamgaa vois aspiratela (vois aspiratela) nashtam nundi udbhavinchindi. anduvalla praamaanika punjabilo, ottidiki guraina acchuku mundu swaram gala aasayam unte, adhi daani occanctionu kolpotundi mariyu aaa achupai adhika swaram yokka roopaanni kaligistundihi> 'naaluka'. adhi ottidiki guraina acchunu anusaristhe, adhi adhika swaraaniki daariteestundi mariyu daani occanctionu kolpotundi, mariyu modati maatalo cheppalante, daani swaramh> 'gurram'. chaaritraatmakamgaa vois chesina aspirates ('gurram' <), chaaritraka vois chesina aspirates ('kushtu' <), mariyu itara chotla sthaayi tone ('chedhu') tarvaata takkuva perugutunna tontho adhe namuunaa hazara hindko vishayamlo nivedinchabadindi. abottabad yokka hazara hindko rakampai praathamika pariseelanala prakaram, punjabi kante takkuva tone takkuvagaa untundi, mariyu aakaanksha yokka jaada bhadraparachabadindihi udaaharanaku 'gurram' untundi.
neelam loyalo eshaanyamlo matlade vaividhyam, padam praarambhamlo vois aaspiretlanu samrakshinchindi, kabatti bahusha takkuva tone akkada sthaapinchabadaledu. ayithe, rahadari vembadi unna pradhana graamaala nivaasitula prasangamlo punjabi mariyu hazara hindko prabhaavamtho dheeni roopaanni gamaninchaaru, mariyu idhi bhaarata vaipuna unna gramalalo kooda idhe vidhamgaa nivedinchabadindi.
dakshina hindko rakalu kooda idhe vidhamgaa swaraanni abhivruddhi chesaayi, conny vois aspirate ottidiki guraina acchunu anusarinchinappudu matrame; ottidiki mundu vois aspirates maraledu anduvalla 'marinta' (<), conny 'kumarte'. eee swaram kohati mariyu avankari yokka thoorpu upabhaashalo adhika pathanamgaa gurtinchabadutundi, conny vaayuvya avankari upabhaashalo antha ekkuvagaa untundi. kohati maadirigaane, peshawar yokka vaividhyam chaaritraka vois aspiratela mundu adhika patanam swaraanni kaligi untundi. edemaina, uttara hindko mariyu punjabi vanti chaaritraka vois aspiratela taruvaata ottidiki guraina achulapai kooda idhi oka pratyaekamaina swaraanni abhivruddhi chesindi, adhe vidhamaina aakaanksha mariyu swaraanni kolpoyindi. conny punjabiki viruddhamgaa, eee swaram kooda adhika patanam kaligi untundi, mariyu idhi 'kumarte', 'abhinandanalu' anae glotalisation dwara vaeru cheyabadutundi.
varnamaala.
hindko saadhaaranamgaa vividha rakaala punjabi varnamaalalo vraayabadutundi. dheenini khowar academy chitraallo rehmat aziz chitraali roopondinchaaru.
saahityam.
gaandhaara hindko boardu anedi 1993 nundi hindko mariyu samskrutini parirakshinchadamlo mariyu prothsahinchadamlo churukuga unna oka pramukha samstha. paakistaanlooni khaibar pakhtunkhwa provincelo atyadhikamgaa matlade rendava provins ayina hindkoni samrakshinchadaaniki mariyu prothsahinchadaaniki 1993loe peshaavarlo eee boardu praarambhinchabadindi. idhi naalugu kramam tappakunda prachuranalanu teesukuvastundi-"hindkovan", "gaandhaara vois", "sarkhel" mariyu "taare" mariyu aneka appudappudu prachuranalu. 61 pustakaalu mariyu prachuranala rachayita ayina peshawar nagaraniki chendina divangata professor zahoor ahmed awan boardu vyavasthaapaka chairmanga unnaaru. ippudu eee borduku izaz ahmed kureshi naayakatvam vahistunnaaru. boardu vividha amsaalapai modati hindko nighantuvu mariyu aneka itara pustakaalanu prachurinchindi. peshaavarlo pradhana kaaryaalayamtho, eee samsthaku provinceloni itara nagarallo praantiiya karyalayalu unnaayi, ikkada hindko matladataru mariyu ardham chesukuntaru.
2003loe gaandhaara hindko boardu modata hindko nighantuvunu prachurinchindi, dheenini abotabadku chendina pramukha bhashavetta sultan sakoon sankalanam chesaaru. boardu 2007loe london vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chendina elahi bakhsh awan tayaaru chesina rendava samagramaina hindko nighantuvunu prachurinchindi. ayana 'sarjamin ii hindko', 'hindko soutiyat' rachayita. hindko phonologypy ayana raasina moodu bookletlanu 1970la chivaralo peshawar vishwavidyaalayam prachurinchindi.
peshawar kendramgaa unna idara-eah-faroge hindko anedi hindkonu prothsahinche maroka samstha. rifat akbar swaati mariyu aurangjeb gajanavi eee samstha yokka pradhana vyaktulu. hyder jaman hyder khurran yokka modati hindko anuvaadaanni mariyu modati Ph nuu idara prachurinchindi.dii. hindko paie thesis ii.bii.eah. avan. arangzeb gajanavi paryaveekshanhaloo peshawar nundi "faroog" anae nelawari patrika kooda kramam tappakunda prachurinchabadutundi. karaachilo sayyad mehboob hindko pracharam kosam panicheestunnaaru. ayana vyasalu tarachugaa "farogh" nelavaareelo prachurinchabadataayi. ayana hindko falahi forumku nirvahakudu.
bajm-eah-ilm-oo-funn abbotabad mariyu halkha-eah-yarron shinkyari vanti aneka samsthalu hindko mariyu saahityaanni prothsahistaayi. asif sakib, suufii abdur rasheed, fazal-eah-akbar kamal, sharif hussen shaa, mohammed fareed, yahya khaleed, nazir kasalvi, mohammed hanif eee vishayamlo chaalaa krushi chesaaru. sultan sakoon gaandhaara hindko boardu prachurinchina modati hindko nighantuvunu rachinchaaru. sultan sakoon thana saahitya sahakaaraaniki pratyaekamgaa nilustaadu, endukante athanu oka goppa rachayita mariyu hindko saametalu mariyu hindko puzzles thoo sahaa athani pustakaalu prachurinchabaddaayi.
kavitvaaniki udaaharana.
ahmed allie sayeen yokka "kalam" nundi oka saaraamsamh
lipyantareekaranah "alif-awal hye aalam eah hasth sii oo"
"hatif opp pukaara bismilla"
"pharr kalaam noohukum eah naveesht hoya"
"hoose kae kalaam surr maria bismilla"
"naksha loe eah mahfuz dayi wike saine"
"kalaam saaph uttaria bismilla"
"" "idhi tehreer nurh kae faristia" ""
"saayya sukar gujaria bismilla"
anuvaadamh "ayana uniki prapanchamlo agragami.
kanipinchani bismilla yokka swaram
pennu vrayamani aadesinchabadindi
bismilla vraayadaaniki lekhani aadesam amalu chesindi
eee rachananu devullu chadivinappudu
ayithe, vaaru bismillatho tama krutagnatanu chuupimchaaru "
saametalu.
hindkoku saametala (hindko "matlan", esgy) goppa vaarasatvam undhi. "maatal"). oka saametaku udaaharanah
lipyantareekaranah "zidoor surr udur sarhana"
anuvaadamh "manchi vyakti pratichota gowravaanni pondutaaru."