
goaled coast (british kaalanee)

bangaaru teeram 1821 nundi 1957loe ghaana gaa swaatantryam pondhe varaku paschima aafrikaaloni ginia gulflo british kireetam kaalaneega undedi. goaled coast anae padaanni tarachugaa goaled coast governor paripaalanalo unna naalugu ververu adhikara paridhulanu vivarinchadaaniki kooda upayogistaaru. ivi bangaaru teeram, ashanti, uttara bhuubhaagaalu rakshita praantam mariyu british togoland trust bhuubhaagam.
1471loe portugeesu vaaru tiiraaniki cherukunna modati european anveshakulu. vaaru vividha rakaala african rajyalanu edurkonnaru, veetilo konni mattiloo gananeeyamaina bangaaram nikshaepaalanu niyantrinchaayi. 1483loe porchugeesulu vaanijyam penchadaaniki khandaniki vacchaaru. vaaru bangaaru teeramlo modati european sthaavaramaina elmina kotanu nirminchaaru. ikkada nundi vaaru lohapu kattulu, puusalu, addaalu, rumm mariyu tupaakulu vanti european vastuvula vyaparamlo baanisalu mariyu bangaaraanni pondaaru. vijayavantamaina vaanijya vaarta twaragaa vyaapinchindi, mariyu british, dutch, danish, prussian mariyu swedish vyaapaarulu kooda vacchaaru. european vyaapaarulu teerapraantam vembadi aneka kotalanu nirminchaaru. eee praantamloo labhinche pedda bangaaru vanarula kaaranamgaa europeanlu upayoginche praantaaniki "bangaaru teeram" anae paeru chaalaa kaalamgaa undhi. baanisa vyaparam chaalaa samvatsaraalu pradhana marpidi mariyu aardhika vyavasthalo pradhana bhaagamgaa undedi. eee kaalamlo, european deshaalu americalanu anveshinchadam mariyu valasarajyaluga marchadam praarambhinchaayi. twaralone portugees mariyu spanish african baanisalanu carabian, uttara mariyu dakshina americaku egumati cheyadam praarambhinchaayi. dutch mariyu british vaaru kooda baanisa vyaapaaramloki pravesinchaaru, modata carabian mariyu dakshina americaloni carabian teeramlo unna marketlaku baanisalanu sarafara chesaaru.
aafrikaalo daani vaanijyaanni nadipinchadaaniki 1752loe kireetam dwara raaja vaanijya samstha sthaapinchabadindi. dheeni sthaanamlo african company off merchants vachindi, idhi 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo british vaanijya prayatnaalaku daariteesindi. 1821loe british prabhutvam tama saasanaanni upasamharinchukuni, teeram vembadi praivetgaa unna bhoomulanu swaadheenam chesukundi. itara european deshaala migilina prayojanaalanu swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata, 1821loe prabhutvam british goaled coast kaalaneeni erpaatu chesindi. vaaru 1850loe danish bangaaru tiiraanni konugolu chesi, 1872loe elmina kotatho sahaa dutch bangaaru tiiraanni vileenam chesaaru. sthaanika raajyaala dandayaatra mariyu longubaatu dwara, mukhyamgaa ashanti mariyu fontasy samakhyala dwara britton thana kaalaneeni kramamga vistarinchindi.
europeanlu rakamunde ashanti prajalu ghaana bhoobhaagamlo chaalaa bhaganni niyantrinchaaru mariyu vaaritho tarachugaa gharshanalo undevaaru. 21va sataabdamloo vaaru ghanaalo atipedda jaathi samajamga konasaagutunnaaru. naalugu yuddhalu, aanglo-ashanti yuddhalu, ashanti (asanthe) mariyu british madhya jarigaayi, vaaru konnisaarlu kalpanatho pottu pettukunnaru.
modati aanglo-ashanti yuddham (1822-24) samayamlo, rendu samuuhaalu ashanti adhipati mariyu baanisatvampai asammati kaaranamgaa poradayi. british vaaru atlantic baanisa vaanijyaanni raddu chesaaru, conny 1834 varaku samsthanu daani kaalaneelalo unchaaru. 1874loe rendava ashanti yuddham (1873-74) samayamlo british vaaru kumasi yokka ashanti rajadhaanini tolaginchinappudu udriktatalu perigayi. kotta ashanti palakudu asantenee thana kotta birudunu upayoginchaalanukunnanduna moodava ashanti yuddham (1893-94) jarigindi. 1895 nundi 1896 varaku british mariyu ashanti naalugo mariyu chivari ashanti yuddhamlo poraadaaru, akkada ashanti vaari swaatantryam kosam poraadaaru mariyu kolpoyaru. 1900loe ashanti tirugubaatu jarigindi. british vaaru himsanu anachivesi kumasi nagaranni swaadheenam chesukunnaru. eee chivari ashanti yuddham mugimpulo, ashanti prajala bhuubhaagam 1902 janavari 1naa british rakshita raajyamgaa maarindi.
1901 natiki, british vaaru bangaaru teeram mottaanni kaluputuu oka kaalaneeni sthaapinchaaru, daani rajyalu mariyu tegalu oke unitga pariganinchabaddaayi. british vaaru bangaaram, loha khanijalu, vajraalu, dantaalu, miriyalu, kalapa, dhanyam mariyu coco vanti vividha rakaala sahaja vanarulanu dopidi chesi egumati chesaaru. british valasavaadulu eee vastuvula ravaanaaku maddatugaa railvelu mariyu sanklishta ravana moulika sadupaayaalanu nirminchaaru. idhi aadhunika ghanaalo ravana moulika sadupaayaalaku aadharam ayyindi. 
1945 natiki, rendava prapancha yuddhamlo pradhana valasa paatra nepathyamlo, bangaaru teeramlo jaateeyavaadulu marinta svayampratipattini koorutuu nayakatva paatranu pooshinchaaru. 1951-55 loe vaaru britaintho adhikaranni panchukunnaru. 1956 natiki, british togoland, ashanti rakshita praantam, mariyu fontasy rakshita praantam bangaaru teeramlo vileenam cheyabaddaayi, oka kaalaneeni srushtinchaayi, idhi bangaaru teeram anie piluvabadindi. ghaana swaatantrya chattam 1957, ghaana yokka kotta dominianlo bhaagamgaa goaled coast crown kaalaneeni erpaatu chesindi.
charitra.
british paalana.
19va sataabdam chivari natiki, british vaaru, swaadheenam ledhaa konugolu dwara, teeram vembadi unna chaalaa kotalanu aakramincharu. rendu pradhana amsaalu british palanaku punaadulu vaesaayi, chivaraku bangaaru teeramlo oka kaalaneeni staapinchaayih assante yuddhaalaku british pratispandana, phalitamgaa asthirata, vaanijyaaniki antaraayam, baanisa vaanijyaanni anachiveyadam, nirmoolinchadamlo britton yokka perugutunna aasakti.
19va sataabdamloo chaalaa varaku, acon antargata praantamlooni atyanta saktivantamaina raashtramaina assante, daani palananu vistarinchadaaniki mariyu daani vaanijyaanni prothsahinchadaaniki mariyu rakshinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. 1807loe theera praantaalapai modati assante dandayaatra jarigindi; 1811 naati gaa-fante yuddhamlo mariyu 1814-16 yokka ashanti-akim-akwapim yuddhamlo assante mallee dakshinaaniki vellaaru. eee dandayaatralu nirnayaatmakamainavi kaanappatikee, eekalu, dantaalu, rabbaru mariyu thaati noone vanti utpattula vaanijyaaniki antaraayam kaliginchaayi mariyu european kotala bhadratanu bedirinchaayi. sthaanika british, dutch, danish adhikarulu andaruu assantetho oppandam kudurchukovalasi vachindi. 1817loe african vyaapaarula samstha teeramloni pedda praantaalu mariyu daani prajalapai saarvabhoumaadhikaaram kosam vaadanalanu gurtinche sneha oppandampai santakam chesindi. african company vyaapaarula aastulu pradhanamgaa tommidi vaanijya sthaavaraalu ledhaa karmagaralanu kaligi undevi koota vilium, koota james, koota sekondi, koota vinneba, koota apollonia, koota tantamquery, koota loha cross, koota comenda mariyu cape coast koota, veetilo chivaridi paripalana kendram.
teerapraanta prajalu, pradhanamgaa kontamandi fontley mariyu kotta pattanamaina akraalooni nivaasulu, pradhanamgaa gaa, assante dandayaatralaku vyatiraekamgaa british rakshanapai aadhaarapadataaniki vacchaaru. conny vyapara samsthalaku atuvanti bhadratanu andinche saamarthyam parimitam. british kireetam 1821loe companyni raddu chesi, bangaaru teeramloni british kotalapai adhikaram sierra leone kaalanee governor charless makkartiki ichindi. british kotalu mariyu sierra leone sataabdam modati ardhabhaagamlo saadhaarana paripaalanalo undipoyaayi. saantini vidhinchadam mariyu baanisa vyapaaraanni antam cheyadam makkarthi yokka aadesam. kumasi palananu vyatirekinchadaaniki teerapraanta prajalanu prothsahinchadam dwara mariyu tiiraaniki goppa rahadaarulanu moosiveyadam dwara ayana deenni cheyadaaniki prayatninchaadu. ayithe, sanghatanalu mariyu chedurumaduru yuddham konasaagindi. 1824loe makkarthi champabaddadu mariyu athani balagamlo ekkuva bhaagam assante dalaalatoe jarigina yuddhamlo tudichipettukupoyadu. 1826loe british vaaru, fontley mariyu akraatho sahaa british mariyu sthaanika dalaala samyukta saktitoe teerampai jarigina dandayaatranu oodinchagaligaaru.
1820la chivaralo british prabhutvam bangaaru theera sthaavaraala niyantrananu british african companyki tirigi ivvadaaniki anumatinchinappudu, assantho sambandhaalu ippatikee samasyaatmakamainavi. assante drukkonam nundi, british vaaru tama sthaanika teerapraanta mitraraajyaala karyakalapalanu niyantrinchadamlo viphalamayyaru. idhi jarigi unte, teerapraanta prajalapai saantini vidhinche prayatnam avasaram ledani anukovacchu. assanteku teerapraanta vyatiraekatanu makkarthi prothsahinchadam, aaa taruvaata 1824 british sainika daadi, europeanlu, mukhyamgaa british vaaru assantenu gowravinchaledani assante nayakulaku marinta suuchimchaayi.
1830loe landanlooni vyaapaarula kamitee sthaanika vyaapaarula mandaliki adhyakshudiga kepten georg maakilannu ennukundi. athani adhikaarika adhikara paridhi parimitam ayinappatikee, makilan saadhinchina vijayalu gananeeyamainavi; udaaharanaku, athanu 1831loe assantetho shanti oppandaanni erpaatu chesaadu. makilan cape coastlo kramam tappakunda nyaayasthaanaanni nirvahinchadam dwara teerapraanta prajalanu paryaveekshinchaadu, akkada athanu saantini bhangaparichinanduku doshulugaa theelina vaariki siksha vidhinchaadu mariyu sikshinchaadu. 1830 mariyu 1843 madhya, makilan bangaaru teeramlo vyavahaaraala baadhyata vahistunnappudu, assantho etuvanti gharshanalu jaragaledu. vaanijyam parimaanam moodu retlu perigindani samacharam.
teeramlo maakilan yokka parimita nyaya adhikaranni upayoginchadam entha prabhaavavantamgaa undho, british prabhutvam thana sthaavaraalanu saasvatamgaa nirvahinchaalani mariyu vaaritho britton sambandhaalanu nirvachinchadaaniki teerapraanta adhipatulatho oppandaalanu charchinchaalani parliamentary kamitee sifaarasu chesindi. 1843loe prabhutvam alaa chesindi, adhe samvatsaram kireetam prabhutvam punaruddharinchabadindi. commander henry cherry hill bangaaru tiiraaniki modati governorga niyaminchabaddaadu. makilan paripaalanalo, aneka teerapraanta tegalu swachchandamgaa british rakshanaku samarpinchaayi. rakshita praantaalapai thana adhikara paridhi yokka paristhitulu mariyu baadhyatalanu nirvachinchadaaniki hill munduku saagindi. athanu aneka mandhi fantis mariyu itara sthaanika naayakulatoe oka pratyeka oppandaanni kudurchukunnadu, idhi 1844 naati bandham anie piluvabadindi. eee patram sthaanika nayakulanu hatya mariyu dopidi vanti teevramaina neeraalanu british adhikara paridhiki samarpinchadaaniki nirbandhinchindi; idhi teerapraantamlo tadupari british valasaraajyaalaku chattaparamaina punaadi vesindi.
adanapu teerapraanta rashtraalu alaage itara lothattu rashtraalu chivariki eee oppandampai santakam chesaayi, british prabhavam aamodinchabadindi, balopetam cheyabadindi mariyu vistarinchabadindi. 1844 erpaatu nibandhanala prakaram, british vaaru theera praantaalaku bhadratanu andinchinatlu kanipinchaaru; tadwara, oka anadhikaarika rakshita rajyam unikiloki vachindi. sthaanika mitraraajyaalanu rakshinchadaaniki mariyu teerapraanta rakshita praanta vyavaharalanu nirvahinchadaaniki baadhyatalu peragadamtho, 1850loe bangaaru teeram yokka paripalana sierra leone nundi vaeru cheyabadindi.
daadaapu adhe samayamlo, british uniki andinche prayojanaalanu angeekarinchadam maroka mukhyamaina adugu praarambhaaniki daariteesindi. 1852 eprillo, sthaanika adhipatulu mariyu peddalu cape teeramlo samavesamai, aadaayaanni penche margalapai governornu sampradinchaaru. governor aamodamto, pradhaanula mandali saasanasabhagaa erpadindi. daani teermaanaalanu aamodinchadamlo, adhipatula assembly rakshita rajyam yokka rajyanga yantraamgamlo saasvatamgaa undaalani governor suuchimchaadu, ayithe chattalanu aamodinchadaaniki ledhaa prajala sammati lekunda pannulu vidhinchadaaniki assembleaki nirdishta rajyanga adhikaram ivvabadaledu.
1872loe britton dutch bangaaru tiiraanni konugolu chesinappudu bangaaru teerampai british prabhavam marinta perigindi. konnellugaa elmina vadda unna dutch prajalanu tama mitrulugaa bhaavinchina assante, tadwara samudramlo tama chivari vaanijya marganni kolpoyaru. eee nashtanni nivaarinchadaaniki mariyu aaa post nundi vachhe aadaayam konasagela chuudataaniki, assante 1873loe teerampai tama chivari dandayaatranu nirvahinchaaru. prarambha vijayala taruvaata, vaaru chivaraku baga sikshana pondina british dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa munduku vacchaaru, vaaru pra nadhi daati tirogamananiki balavantam chesaaru. taruvaata british vaaritho oppandam kudurchukovadaniki chesina prayatnaalanu vaari dalaala commander majer general surr garnet volsley tiraskarinchaaru. assante samasyanu saasvatamgaa parishkarinchadaaniki, british vaaru gananeeyamaina sainika dalamtho assantepai daadi chesaaru. 1874 janavarilo 2,500 mandhi british sainikulu mariyu pedda sankhyalo african sahayakulu praarambhinchina eee daadi phalitamgaa assante rajadhani kumasi aakraminchabadindi mariyu dahanam cheyabadindi.
tadupari shanti oppandamlo assante aneka dakshina bhuubhaagaalapai edainaa hakkunu thyajinchaalsi vachindi. asanthe kooda vaanijyaaniki kumasiki rahadari terichi unchavalasi vachindi. eee dasha nundi, assante shakti kramamga ksheeninchindi. samakhya nemmadigaa vichchinnamaindi, endukante praja bhuubhaagaalu vidipoyaayi mariyu rakshita praantaalu british palanaku vaidoligaayi. eee oppandaanni amalu cheyadam valla punaraavrutamayye ibbandulu mariyu poraataalu chelaregaayi. 1896loe british vaaru kumasini aakraminchi, assantenu british kireetam yokka rakshita raajyamgaa maarchadaaniki maroka dandayaatranu pampaaru. british vaaru "asantheni" sthaanaanni raddu chesi, aaa sthaanaanni kaalanee nundi bahishkarinchaaru.
assante samakhya yokka pradhana bhaagam eee nibandhanalanu asahyamgaa angeekarinchindi. 1900loe assante bangaaru balla yuddhamlo tirugubaatu chesaaru, conny marusati samvatsaram odipoyaaru. 1902loe british vaaru bangaaru teeram governor adhikara paridhiloo oka kaalaneega prakatinchaaru. rendu vaipula apohalu mariyu vimarsalatoe vileenam cheyabadindi. assante longipoyi, swaadheenam chesukovadamto, eee praantam yokka british valasarajyalu vaastavikatagaa marai.
valasavaadam.
assante mariyu faantaela madhya sainika gharshanalu bangaaru teeramlo british prabhavam perugudalaku dohadapaddayi. teerapraantamlo assante karyakalapala gurinchi aandolana kaliginchadam valla 1844 naati bandhampai santakam cheyamani fontasy rashtraalu balavantam chesaayi. siddhaantaparamgaa, bandham british vaariki chaalaa parimita nyaya adhikaaraalanu anumatinchindi-hatya mariyu dopidi kesulanu matrame prayatninchadam. alaage, british vaaru raajulu, adhipatulu mariyu rakshita raajyamlooni prajala sammati lekunda marinta nyaya hakkulanu pondalekapoyaru. ayithe aacharanalo, marinta ekkuva nyaayaparamaina adhikaranni swaadheenam chesukovadaniki british prayatnaalu entha vijayavantamayyayante, 1850laloe vaaru saampradaaya african nyaayasthaanaala sthaanamlo european nyaayasthaanaalanu sthaapinchaalani bhaavinchaaru.
teeramlo nirantaram vistaristunna nyaya adhikaaraala viniyoga phalitamgaa mariyu teerapraanta prajalu drudhamgaa niyantranalo undela chuudataaniki, 1874loe assantenu oodinchina taruvaata british vaaru, maajee teerapraanta rakshita praantaanni oka kireetam kaalaneega prakatinchaaru. 1874 juulai 24naa sthaapinchabadina goaled coast kaalanee, theera praantaalanu kaligi undhi mariyu assante yokka aspashtamaina sarihaddula varaku lothattu praantaalanu vistarinchindi.
teerapraanta prajalu eee charyanu utsaahamgaa swaagatinchaledu. eee vileenam gurinchi vaaritho sampradimpulu jaragaledu, idhi 1844 naati bandhaanni ekapakshamgaa pakkanapetti, daani santakaalu chesinavaarini swaadheenam chesukunna bhuubhaagaala maadirigaa pariganinchindi. ayithe, british vaaru bhoomipai etuvanti hakkulaku etuvanti daavaa veyaledu, idhi bahusha prajaadarana pondina pratighatana lekapovadam gurinchi vivarinche paristhiti. theera praantaanni kaalaneega prakatinchina koddikaalaanike, british vaaru valasarajyala rajadhaanini cape teeram nundi akraalooni christiansbourg vadda unna maajee danish kotaku marcharu.
british prabhava golam chivariki assantenu chaerchadaaniki vistarinchabadindi. 1896loe assante otami taruvaata, british vaaru raajyampai rakshita raajyamgaa prakatinchaaru. asantanee mariyu athani council bahishkarinchabadina tarvaata, british vaaru asanthelo nivaasa commissionernu niyaminchaaru, vaariki bhuubhaagaalapai poura mariyu neraparamaina adhikara paridhi rendintinee icchaaru. prati assante rashtram kumasi nundi pratyeka samsthagaa nirvahinchabadindi mariyu chivariki bangaaru teeram yokka governorku baadhyata vahistundi. paina paerkonnatlugaa, 1901loe chivari otami taruvaata assante oka kaalaneega maarindi.
eelogaa, british vaaru uttara praantalugaa saadhaaranamgaa piluvabade uttaraana unna visaalamaina praantaalapai aasakti chuupaaru. eee aasakti pradhanamgaa chuttupakkala praantaalalo vaegamgaa purogamistunna french mariyu germanlanu nirodhinchaalsina avasaram valla prerepinchabadindi. british adhikarulu 1880laloe eee praantamloki chochukupoyaru, 1896 taruvaata rakshananu uttara praantaalaku vistarinchaaru, dheeni tiiramtoe vaanijyam assanteche niyantrinchabadindi. 1898 mariyu 1899loe, european valasavaada saktulu uttara bhuubhaagaalu mariyu chuttupakkala french mariyu german kaalaneela madhya sarihaddulanu snehapuurvakamgaa gurtinchaayi. 1902loe uttara bhuubhaagaalu british rakshita raajyamgaa prakatinchabaddaayi.
uttara bhuubhaagaalu, assante rakshita praantam vale, bangaaru teeram yokka governorku baadhyata vahinche nivaasa commissioner adhikaram krinda unchabaddaayi. governor 1946 varaku prakatanala dwara assante mariyu uttara bhuubhaagaalanu paripaalinchaaru.
uttaraana british niyantranalo, bangaaru teeramloni moodu bhuubhaagaalu-kaalanee (theera praantaalu), assante mariyu uttara bhuubhaagaalu-anni aacharanaatmaka prayojanaala kosam, oke raajakeeya unit ledhaa kireetam kaalaneega maarindi, dheenini "dependency" ledhaa kevalam bangaaru teeram anie pilustaaru. prastuta ghaana sarihaddulu 1956 maeloe british tappanisari togoland anie piluvabade volta praanta prajalu aadhunika ghanalo bhaagam kaavadaaniki prajabhipraya sekaranalo ootu vesinappudu grahinchabaddaayi.
valasa paripalana.
1850loe praarambhinchi, theera praantaalu british kotala governor niyantranaloki vachayi, vaariki karyanirvahaka mandali mariyu saasana mandali sahayam chesaayi. karyanirvahaka mandali anedi european adhikaarula chinna salaha samstha, idhi governor aamodaaniki lobadi chattalanu sifaarasu chesi, pannulanu ootu chesindi. saasana mandalilo karyanirvahaka mandali sabhyulu mariyu praarambhamlo british vaanijya prayojanaala nundi empika cheyabadina anadhikaarika sabhyulu undevaaru. 1900 taruvaata mugguru adhipatulu mariyu mugguru itara aafrikanlu saasana mandaliki cherchabaddaaru, veeru akra, cape coast mariyu sekondi yokka european communityla nundi empika cheyabaddaaru. assante mariyu uttara bhuubhaagaala nundi aafrikanlanu cherchadam chaalaa kaalam taruvaata varaku jaragaledu. 1925 kii mundu, saasanamandali sabhyulandarinee governor niyaminchaaru. adhikaarika sabhyula sankhya ellappuduu anadhikaarika sabhyula kante ekkuvagaa untundi.
kendrikruta valasa prabhutvam kramamga udbhavinchadam sthaanika sevalapai ekikruta niyantrananu teesukuvacchindi, ayinappatikee eee sevala vaastava paripalana ippatikee sthaanika adhikaarulaku appaginchabadindi. nirdishta vidhulu mariyu baadhyatalanu spashtamgaa vivarinchadam jarigindi, mariyu sthaanika paripaalanalo saampradaaya raashtraala paatra kooda spashtam cheyabadindi.
sthaanika prabhutva nirmaanam daani muulaalanu prabhutva saampradaaya namoonaalalo kaligi undhi. saampradaaya saantibhadratalatoe sahaa vyaktigata praantaala takshana avasaralaku, saadhaarana sankshemaaniki daadaapu pratyaekamgaa graama nayakulu, peddala mandalulu baadhyata vahistaayi. ayithe, mandalulu hakku dwara kakunda sammati dwara paalinchabadataayi. samaajamlooni paalaka vargam nayakulanu ennukundi; oka saampradaaya nayakudu prabhuvula empikagaa undatame kakunda, athani prajalu angeekarinchinanduna kooda paripaalinchadam konasaginchadu. aaa nayakudu samajam yokka korikalu ledhaa anchanaalanu teerchadamlo viphalamaithe girijana peddalache oka adhipatini tolaginchadam ledhaa naasanam cheyadam chaalaa saadhaarana paddhati.
aafrikaalo tama kaalaneelanu nirvahinchadaaniki british adhikarulu sweekarinchina paroksha paalana vyavasthalo saampradaaya nayakulu pramukhamgaa kanipinchaaru. eee vidhaanaaniki roopakarta ayina frederic lugard prakaram, paroksha niyamam kharchutho kuudukunnadi endukante idhi eee rangamlo european adhikaarula sankhyanu tagginchindi. sthaanika paalakulu tama prajalapai pratyaksha paripalana niyantrananu upayoginchadaaniki anumatinchadam dwara, sthaanika janabha nundi european palanaku vyatiraekata tagginchabadutundi. ayithe, adhipatulu tama european paryaveekshakula nundi suuchanalu teesukoovaali. eee pranaalika, lugard prakaram, sthaanikulanu nagarikata cheyadamlo marinta prayojanam kaligi undhi, endukante idhi european raajakeeya samstha mariyu viluvala prayojanaalaku saampradaaya palakulanu bahirgatam chesindi. eee "nagarikata" prakriya unnappatikee, paroksha paalana chattam mariyu kramam yokka nirvahanaku haamii ichhe antima prayojanaanni kaligi undhi.
bangaaru teeramlo paroksha paalana yokka anuvartanam chaalaa avasaram ayyindi, mukhyamgaa assante mariyu uttara bhuubhaagaalanu british paalanaloki teesukuvacchina taruvaata. eee bhuubhaagaala samarthavanthamaina valasarajyala sthaapanaku mundu, british vaari uddesyam assante mariyu uttaraana nayakulanu niyantrinchadaaniki balagalu mariyu oppandaalu rendintinee upayoginchadam. paroksha paalana amalu cheyabadina tarvaata, vaariki maddatu icchina valasavaada adhikaarulaku adhipatulu baadhyata vahinchaaru. anduvalla, aneka vishayaalalo, prati adhipati yokka shakti baga perigindi. paroksha paalana yokka nagarika prabhavanni lugard etthi chuupinappatikii, eee vidhana vimarsakulu saampradaaya raajakeeya vyavastha nundi prajaadarana yokka bhaagaswaamya amsaanni tolaginchaarani vaadinchaaru. vikendrikaranaku anukuulamgaa saiddhaantika vaadana unnappatikee, aacharanalo paroksha paalana anni nirnayaala kosam tama prajala vaipu kakunda akra (rajadhani) vaipu chuudataaniki nayakulanu prerepinchindi.
chaalaa mandhi nayakulu, peddalu tamanu taamu paalaka kuleenulugaa bhaavinchukuntaaru. vaari mandalulaku saadhaaranamgaa prabhutva commissionerlu naayakatvam vahinchaaru, veeru tarachugaa adhipatulaku gowravaalu, alankaranalu mariyu nitehoods thoo bahumatini ichhevaaru. paroksha paalana saampradaaya roopaalanu mariyu adhikara vanarulanu samrakshinchadaaniki moggu choopindi, ayithe, tama dhesha abhivruddhilo oka samuchita sthaanaanni kanugonadaaniki aatrutagaa unna vidyaavantulaina yuvakulaku ardhavantamaina avakaasaalanu andinchadamlo idhi viphalamaindi. mandalulu mariyu kendra prabhutvam madhya taginanta sahakaram lenanduna mariyu sthaanika adhikaarulapai british jilla commissionerlu adhika aadhipatyam kaligi unnaarani kondaru bhaavinchinanduna itara samuuhaalu asantrupti chendaayi.
1925loe kaalaneelooni moodu bhuubhaagaalloonuu praantiiya pradhaanula mandalulu sthaapinchabaddaayi, paakshikamgaa nayakulaku kaalanee-wide function ivvadaaniki. eee charya taruvaata 1927loe sthaanika paripalana ordinance jaarii cheyabadindi, idhi 1883loe british paryaveekshanhaloo bangaaru theera kaalaneelo nayakulanu unchina erpaatunu bharti chesindi. nayakulu mariyu councils yokka adhikara paridhi mariyu praantaalanu spashtam cheyadam mariyu niyantrinchadam dheeni uddesyam. vivaadaaspada ennikalu, nayakulanu tolaginchadam vanti vaatipai mandalulaku nirdishta baadhyatalu ivvabaddaayi; nayakula ennika kosam vidhanam nirdesinchabadindi; mariyu nyaya adhikaralu nirvachinchabaddaayi mariyu appaginchabaddaayi. tama praantaalalo aachaarabaddhamaina chattanni nirvachinche paatranu mandalulaku appaginchaaru (prabhutvam vaari nirnayaalanu aamodinchaalsi untundi), mariyu vividha kramaanugata shrenulalo nayakula madhya vivaadam unnappudu aachaarabaddhamaina chatta vishayalanu nirnayinchadaaniki praantiiya mandalulaku tribunalsga maaradaaniki adhikaram ivvabadindi. 1939 varaku, sthaanika treasuryla ordinance aamodinchabade varaku, sthaanika budjetlaku etuvanti nibandhana ledhu. 1935loe sthaanika adhikaarula ordinance kendra valasa prabhutvam mariyu sthaanika adhikaarulanu oke paalaka vyavasthagaa militam chesindi. governor niyaminchina kotta sthaanika adhikaarulaku, kendra prabhutva praantiiya kamishanarla paryaveekshanhaloo sthaanika prabhutvaaniki vistruta adhikaralu ivvabaddaayi, vaaru tama vidhanalu kendra prabhutva vidhanaluga untaayani haamii icchaaru.
1948loe sthaanika ghaanaavaasulu tama swaatantryam kosam pooraadaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru.
praantiiya mandalulu mariyu vaatini balopetam chese charyalu prajaadarana pondaledu. british pramaanaala dwara kooda, paroksha palanaku samarthavanthamaina saadhanalugaa undataaniki nayakulaku taginanta adhikaram ivvabadaledu. sthaanika choravanu vecchinchi adhipatula adhikaranni penchadam dwara, kaalanee prabhutvamlo yea vidhamaina prajaadarana vaipuna kadalikanu nivaarinchadaaniki valasarajyala prabhutvaaniki eee samskaranalu anumatinchaayani kondaru ghaanaavaasulu vishwasinchaaru.
british kaalaneelo aardhika mariyu saamaajika abhivruddhi.
20va sataabdamloo bangaaru teeram yokka british paripalana samvatsaraalu saamaajika, aardhika mariyu vidya abhivruddhilo gananeeyamaina purogati saadhinchina yugam. communicationlu baga merugupaddayi. udaaharanaku, 1898loe praarambhamaina sekondi-tarkwa railumargam dakshinaana chaalaa mukhyamaina vaanijya kendraalanu anusandhaaninche varaku vistarinchabadindi, 1937 natiki 9,700 kilometres roadlu undevi. telecommunication mariyu postal sevalu kooda praarambhinchabaddaayi.
kotta pantalu kooda pravesapettabaddaayi mariyu vistrutamgaa aamodinchabaddaayi. 1878loe pravesapettina coco chetlu, antargata raitulaku modati nagadu pantanu teesukuvacchaayi; 1920laloe brazil chetlanu vyaadhi tudichipettinappudu idhi dhesha aardhika vyavasthaku pradhana aadharam ayyindi. coco utpatti ekkuvagaa aafrikanla chetullo undedi. raitulaku sahayam cheyadaaniki mariyu vaari panta utpatti mariyu ammakalanu sthireekarinchadaaniki 1947loe coco marketing boardu srushtinchabadindi. aaa dasaabdam chivari natiki, prapanchamlooni coco sarafaraalo sagaaniki paiga bangaaru teeram egumati chestondi.
kalapa mariyu bangaaram egumati nundi kaalanee aadaayaalu marinta perigayi. praarambhamlo europeanlanu bangaaru tiiraaniki teesukuvacchina bangaaram 1890la varaku aafrikanla chetullone undipoyindi. ayithe, paan mariyu shaft maining yokka saampradaaya paddhatulu parimita utpattini matrame andinchaayi. khanijalanu velikiteese aadhunika paddhatula abhivruddhi bangaaram tavvakaanni pratyaekamgaa videshee samsthagaa chesindi. udaaharanaku, 1897loe erpaatu chesina ashanti goaled fields corporation, vaanijyaparamgaa bangaaram kosam sumaru 160 chadarapu kilometres raayiteeni pondindi. konni girijana adhikarulu ganula tavvakam raayiteela manjuru dwara chaalaa labham pondinappatikee, european ganula tavvakam companylu mariyu valasa prabhutvam chaalaa sampadanu kuudagattukunnaayi. kaalanee sahaja vanarula egumati nundi vachhe aadaayam moulika sadupayalu mariyu saamaajika sevalalo antargata merugudalalaku nidhulu samakuurchindi. paschima aafrikaalo maray itara deshaala kante marinta adhunaatanamaina vidya vyavastha punaadi kooda khanija egumati aadaayam valla erpadindi.
prastuta sataabdam praarambhamlo bangaaru teeramlo aneka aardhika mariyu poura merugudalalu 1919 nundi 1927 varaku governor ayina frederic garden guggisburgku aapadinchabaddaayi. kenadaaloni galt (torranto sameepamlo) loe janminchina guggisburg 1889loe british sainyamlo cheraadu. 20va sataabdam modati dasaabdamloo, athanu bangaaru teeram mariyu nigerialoni british kaalaneelalo sarveyargaa panicheesaadu, taruvaata, modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, athanu fraanslo panicheesaadu.
bangaaru teeram yokka governorship praarambhamlo, guggisburg saasana mandaliki 10 samvatsaraala abhivruddhi karyakramanni samarpinchaaru. modata ravana merugudala gurinchi ayana suuchimchaaru. appudu, praadhaanyata kramamlo, neeti sarafara, paarudala, jalavidyut prajectulu, praja bhavanalu, pattana merugudalalu, paatasaalalu, aasupatrulu, jaillu, communication linelu mariyu itara sevalu ayana suuchimchina merugudalalo unnaayi. guggisburg kaalaneelooni saanketika sthaanaalalo sagam aafrikanlaku sikshana icchina ventane nimpe lakshyanni kooda nirdesinchaadu. athani karyakramam appati varaku paschima aafrikaalo pratipaadinchabadina atyanta pratishtaatmakamaina karyakramamga varninchabadindi. governor yokka maroka karyakramam takoradi vadda krutrima naukaasrayam abhivruddhiki daariteesindi, idhi appudu ghaana yokka modati naukaasrayamgaa maarindi. desamloni atyuttama madhyamika paatasaalallo okatigaa abhivruddhi chendina achimota kalaasaala kooda oka guggisburg aalochana.
valasarajyala kaalamlo jeevana pramaanaala prabhavanni kolichetappudu, deerghakaalika drukpatham yokka spashtamaina addanki saraina dayta yokka parimita mottam mariyu maanava sreyassu yokka sthiramaina kolata. maanavasaastra paddhatulu parimitulanu adhigaminchadaaniki oka marganni andistaayi, mariyu deerghakaala parinaamaanni velladistaayi. batten anedi valasavaadaaniki mundu, valasavaada mariyu swaatantyraanantara yugam yokka anubhavanni kaligi unna sudeergha dhoranini aakarshinchindi. 20va sataabdapu valasa kaalam ghanaku antagaa cheddadi kaadani phalitaalu suuchistunnaayi. marinta khachitamainadigaa cheppalante, 20va sataabdam modati dasaabdamloo coco saagu prarambhamainappudu jeevana pramaanaalu vaegamgaa merugupaddayi. saadhaaranamgaa, aardhika vyavastha paniteeru mariyu valasa kaalapu jeevana pramaanam swaatantyraanantara kaalam kante merugaina rikaardunu chooputundi. british taraha vidya dwarane kotta ghanian unnatavargam swaatantryam kosam krushi cheyalane korikanu, saadhanaalanu pondindi. valasarajyala kaalamlo, desamloni vidya samsthalu gananeeyamgaa merugupaddayi. missionary paatasaalallo prarambham nundi, 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo aneka rangaalalo gananeeyamaina purogati kanipinchindi, mariyu missionlu palgonadam konasaginchinappatiki, prabhutvam thana aasaktini mariyu maddatunu kramamga penchindi. 1909loe prabhutvam akraalo oka saanketika paatasaalanu, upaadhyaayula sikshanaa kalaasaalanu sthaapinchindi; missionla dwara aneka itara madhyamika paatasaalalu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi. rashtra mariyu mission paatasaalala sankhya peragadaaniki prabhutvam thana aardhika maddatunu kramamga penchindi. 1948loe desham thana modati unnata vidya kendramaina vishwavidyaalaya kalaasaalanu praarambhinchindi.
modati prapancha yuddham mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham rendintiloonuu eee kaalanee britanku sahayam chesindi. 1914 nundi 1918 varaku, goaled coast regiment german dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa cameroon loe mariyu sudeergha thoorpu africa poraatamlo vishishtathatho panichesindi. rendava prapancha yuddhamlo, bangaaru teeram nundi dalaalu ethiopia mariyu barma vanti pradaesaalaloo atyuttama seva tarvaata marinta pratishtatho udbhavinchaayi. ayithe, taruvaati samvatsaraallo, perugutunna asantrupti mariyu asaantiki mundanjalo unna tirigi vacchina anubhavagnulaku dravyolbanam mariyu asthirata vanti yuddhaanantara samasyalu punahsamaayiteeki teevramgaa aatamkam kaliginchaayi. vaari yuddha seva mariyu anubhavagnula sanghaalu vaari paridhulanu vistrutam chesaayi, valasarajyala adhikarulu aafrikanla kosam ketaayinchina vinayapoorvakamaina mariyu parimita sthaanaalaku tirigi ravadam vaariki kashtataram chesindi.(rendava prapancha yuddhamlo bangaaru tiiraanni kooda chudandi).
jaateeyavaadam.
desham aardhikamgaa abhivruddhi chendadamtho, prabhutva adhikaram yokka drushti kramamga governor mariyu athani adhikaarula chetula nundi ghanianla chetulloki maarindi. eee maarpulu kramamga jaateeyavaadam yokka balamaina sphuurti abhivruddhi chendadam valla sambhavinchaayi, phalitamgaa chivariki swaatantryam vachindi. rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata jaateeya chaitanyam abhivruddhi vaegamgaa vegavantamaindi, maajee sainikulatoe paatu, pattana african kaarmikulu mariyu vyaapaarula gananeeyamaina samuuham oka chinna vidyaavantulaina minority aakaankshalaku saamuuhika maddatu ivvadaaniki udbhavinchindi. udyamam praarambhamaina tarvaata, sanghatanalu vaegamgaa kadilaayi-jaateeyavaada nayakulanu santrupti parachadaniki ellappuduu taginanta vaegamgaa kaadu, conny ippatikee valasavaada prabhutvaanni matrame kakunda chaalaa mandhi sampradaayavaada african amsaalanu kooda aascharyapariche vegamtho.
prarambha aavirbhavaalu.
19va sataabdam chivari bhaagamlo, perugutunna vidyaavantulaina aafrikanlu, council sabhyula niyamakam dwara daadaapu anni adhikaaraalanu governor chetullo unche ekapaksha raajakeeya vyavasthanu aamodayogyam kaadani kanugonnaru. 1890laloe, vidyaavantulaina teerapraanta unnatavargamloni kontamandi sabhyulu saampradaaya bhuu padaveekaalaaniki muppu kaliginche bhuu billunu nirasistuu aadimavaasula hakkula rakshana samaajamlo tamanu taamu sanghatitam chesukunnaru. eee nirasana raajakeeya charyaku punaadi vaeyadaaniki sahaayapadindi, idhi chivariki swaatantryaaniki daariteestundi. 1920loe saasana mandalilooni african sabhyulalo okaraina joseph ii. caselli-hayford, british paschima africa jaateeya kaangresnu samavesaparicharu, idhi ennikaina praatinidhyam suutraanni pariseelinchamani valasa karyalayanni koradaniki oka pratinidhi brundaanni londonku pampindi. anni british paschima african kaalaneela tarapuna matladutundani perkonna eee samuuham, aaa praantamlooni medhaavulu mariyu jaateeyavaadula madhya raajakeeya sangheebhaavam yokka modati vyakteekarananu suuchimchimdi. pratinidhi brundam londonlo sweekarinchabadanappatiki (idhi pattaneekruta aafrikanla chinna samuuham yokka prayojanaalanu matrame suuchistumdi anae kaaranamtho), daani charyalu swadesamlo african unnatavargamlo gananeeyamaina maddatunu rekettinchaayi.
governor niyaminchina council sabhyulaku viruddhamgaa ennikaina praatinidhyam kosam vaari pilupu unnappatikee, eee jaateeyavaadulu taamu british kiriitaaniki vidheyathatho unnamani mariyu vaaru kevalam aafrikanlaku british raajakeeya mariyu saamaajika paddhatulanu vistarinchaalani korukunnarani pattubattaru. pramukha naayakulalo africanus horton, juuniyar unnaaru.zhe. emm. sarba; mariyu ess. aarr. bii. ataa-ahoma. atuvanti vyaktulu jaateeyavaada udyamaaniki 1940la chivari varaku konasage vishishtamaina unnatavarga abhiruchini icchaaru.
1925 rajyangam, gordan guggisburg dwara prakatinchabadindi, kaalanee yokka uttara praavinsulu minaha annintikee atyunnata nayakula praantiiya mandalulanu srushtinchindi. eee mandalulu aruguru adhipatulanu saasana mandaliki anadhikaarika sabhyuluga ennukunnaayi. kotta rajyangam african manobhaavaalanu gurtinchinatlu kanipinchinappatikii, guggisburg pradhanamgaa british prayojanaalanu parirakshinchadamlo shraddha vahinchaaru. udaaharanaku, ayana kendra prabhutvamlo aafrikanlaku parimita swaraanni andinchaaru; ayinappatikee, nayakulaku nominations parimitam cheyadam dwara, ayana adhipatulu mariyu vaari vidyaavantulaina prajala madhya vibhedaalanu tecchaadu. british maddatuku badulugaa, praantiiya mandalulu puurtigaa prabhutva niyantranaloki raavadaaniki nayakulu anumatinchaarani medhaavulu vishwasinchaaru. ayithe, 1930la madhya natiki, adhipatulu mariyu medhaavula madhya kramamga raajee praarambhamaindi.
marinta taginanta praatinidhyam kosam udyamam konasaagindi. eee asantruptini rekettinchadamlo aafrikanla yaajamaanyamloni mariyu nirvahinche vaartaapatrikalu pradhana paatra poeshinchaayi-1930laloe aaru prachurinchabaddaayi. vistruta praatinidhyam kosam pilupunicchina phalitamgaa, 1943loe karyanirvahaka mandaliki maroe iddaru anadhikaarika african sabhyulanu chaerchaaru. ayithe, saasana mandalilo maarpulu londonlo bhinnamaina raajakeeya vaataavaranam kosam vechi undalsi vachindi, idhi yuddhaanantaram british laber party prabhutvam ennikatho matrame vachindi.
1946 naati kotta bangaaru theera rajyangam (surr alan burns, aaa kaalapu governor tarvaata burns constitution anie kooda pilustaaru) oka saahasopetamaina patram. modatisaarigaa, adhikaarika majority bhavananu vidichipettaru. saasana mandalilo ippudu aruguru ex afficio sabhyulu, aruguru nominated sabhyulu mariyu paddenimidella ennikaina sabhyulu unnaaru. 1946 rajyangam kooda modatisaarigaa assante nundi pratinidhulanu mandaliloki pravesapettindi. ayithe, kaarmika party prabhutvam adhikaaramlo unnappatikee, british vaaru tama vikalanga aardhika vyavasthanu balopetam cheyadaaniki avasaramaina mudi padaarthaala vanarugaa kaalaneelanu chudatam konasaaginchaaru. 1948 praarambhamlo maajee sainikulaku pinchanlu, aardhika vyavasthalo vidaeseeyula aadhipatya paatra, gruhaala korata, itara aardhika, raajakeeya firyadula samasyalapai akra mariyu itara pattanaalu, nagarallo allarlu, dopidilu jarige varaku african chetullo nijamaina adhikaranni unche maarpu british naayakulalo praadhaanyata kaadu.
nirnayaatmaka majoritytho ennikaina sabhyulatho, ghaana valasarajyala aafrikaalo ekkadainaa asamaanamaina raajakeeya paripakvata sthaayiki cherukundi. ayithe, rajyangam puurti swayam palananu manjuru cheyaledu. karyanirvahaka adhikaram governor chetullo undipoyindi, aayanaku saasanamandali baadhyata vahinchindi. anduvalla, rajyangam, oka mukhyamaina mylurayiga utsaahamto swaagathinchinappatikii, tvaralo ibbandulanu edurkondi. rendava prapancha yuddham appude mugisindi, british videshee dandayaatralalo panichesina aneka mandhi bangaaru theera anubhavagnulu korata, dravyolbanam, nirudyogam mariyu nalla market paddhathulatho chuttumuttabadina deshaaniki tirigi vacchaaru. akkada anubhavagnulu, asantrupta pattana amsaalatoe paatu, vighaatakaramaina charya kosam vikaaramaina asantruptula kendrakaanni yerparuchukunnaru. ippudu vaaritho raitulu cheraaru, vaaru oka mahammarini niyantrinchadaaniki vyaadhigrastamaina caco chetlanu narikiveyadaaniki avasaramaina teevramaina prabhutva charyalanu vyatiraekimchaaru, mariyu yuddham mugimpu taruvaata aardhika merugudalalu jaragaledani asantruptigaa unna chaalaa mandhi itarulu.
swaatantyra udyamaala rajakeeyaalu.
british kaalaneelo raajakeeya samsthalu unnappatikee, united goaled coast convention (yujisisi) anedi "saadhyamainanta takkuva samayamlo" swayam paalana lakshyamtho modati jaateeyavaada udyamam. 1947 augustulo zhe thoo sahaa vidyaavantulaina aafrikanlu dheenini sthaapinchaaru. bii. dunkwa, zii. eah. grant (paa grant anie pilustaaru), aarr. eah. woonor-villiams, eric atoe nkruma (grant minaha, dhanavanthudaina vyaapaaravaetta ayina nyaayavaadulu), mariyu itarulu, samstha yokka naayakatvam saasana mandalilo adhipatula sthaanamlo vidyaavantulaina vyaktulanu niyaminchaalani pilupunicchindi. eee raajakeeya nayakula kosam, paroksha paalana dwara ekkuvagaa amalu cheyabadina saampradaaya paalana, valasavaada aasaktulu mariyu gatamto gurtinchabadindi. tama deshaanni kotta yugamloki nadipinchadam tama baadhyata anie vaaru vishwasinchaaru. vaari vidyanu batti, valasa paripalana vaarini gowravinchaalani, vaariki baadhyatagala sthaanaalanu kalpinchaalani kooda vaaru demand chesaaru. aaa kaalamlooni oka rachayita nivedinchinatlugaa, "purogati, vignaana shaastram, swechcha, yuvata, annee sankethaalu ayyayi, ivi kotta naayakatvam prerepinchi, balopetam chesindi."mukhyamgaa, yujisisi naayakatvam nirudyogam, dravyolbanam mariyu yuddham mugimpulo samajanni vargeekarinchadaaniki vacchina aatamkaala vanti samasyalanu parishkarinchadamlo prabhutvam viphalamaindani vimarsinchindi.
valasarajyala paripalanaku vaari vyatiraekata unnappatikee, yujisisi sabhyulu tama naayakatvam teevramaina ledhaa viplavaatmaka maarpunu korukoledu anae ardhamlo sampradaayavaadulu. idhi bahusha british paddhatiloo vaari sikshana phalitamgaa jarigindi. 1949 juunloo kwame nkruma thana convention peeples party (sii. pii. pii) nii srushtinchina taruvaata rajakeeyaalu nirvahinche vidhanam maarindi.
nkruma njema praantamlooni ncroful loe janminchaadu mariyu sagam assini mariyu achimota paatasaalalo catholic paatasaalallo chaduvukunnadu. athanu linkan vishwavidyaalayam mariyu pensylvania vishwavidhyaalayamlo united stateslo marinta sikshana pondaadu. taruvaata, londonlo, paschima african students union mariyu paan-african congresslo nkruma churukuga maarindi. 1945loe manchesterlo jarigina eee kaaryakramamlo palgonna koddimandi aafrikanlalo ayana okaru. britainlo unna samayamlo, paschima bhaarata georg padmore, african-american doubleu vanti bahirangamgaa matlade valasavaadulu, medhaavulanu nkruma telusukunnaru. ii. bii. 1947loe valasa palananu vyatirekinchadaaniki bangaaru teeramlo yujisisi srushtinchabadinappudu, udyamam yokka pradhana karyadarshi kaavadaaniki london nundi nkrumaanu aahvaninchaaru.
yujisito enkruma padaveekaalam tuphaanugaa undedi. 1948 maarchilo, raajakeeya kriyaaseelata kosam aayananu arrestu chesi, yujisisi itara naayakulatoe nirbandhinchaaru. vaaru ghaana rajakeeyaalalo bigg six gaa piluvabaddaru. taruvaata, swaatantryam maargamlo governorku salaha istunna koosse kamiteeki sifaarsulu cheyadaaniki yujisilooni itara sabhyulanu aahvaaninchina taruvaata, enkruma yujisito vibhedinchi sipipini sthaapinchindi. saadhyamainanta takkuva samayamlo" swayam-prabhutvam kosam yujisisi pilupuku bhinnamgaa, nkruma mariyu sii. pii. pii. "ippudu swayam-prabhutvam" kosam adigaru. party naayakatvam, nkruma, kojo botsio, komla eah thoo roopondinchabadindi. gebedema, mariyu "varanda boys" anie piluvabade yuva raajakeeya nipunula samuuham, yujisisi mariyu daani medhaavula kante saadhaarana sraamikulatoe ekkuvagaa gurtinchabadindi.
nkruma shaili mariyu ayana icchina vaagdaanaalu athani maata vinna ekkuva mandhi kaarmikulu, raitulu mariyu yuvataku neerugaa vignapti chesaayi; vaaru tama aasalanu kendrikarinchagala jaateeya nayakudiga ayana kanipinchaaru. itarulatoe paatu, prabhaavavantamaina market mahilala maddatunu kooda ayana geluchukunnaru, vaaru chinna taraha vaanijyampai tama aadhipatyam dwara, sthaanika sthaayilo prabhaavavantamaina communication margaluga panicheesaaru.
yuddhaanantara samvatsaraallo bahirangamgaa matlade vaartaapatrikala dwara kadilinchabadina raajakeeya janabhalo ekkuva mandhi, girijana adhipatulu mariyu anglophile unnatavargam nundi aardhika, saamaajika mariyu vidya kaaranaala dwara british nundi dadapuga vaeru cheyabaddaaru. eee majoritylo pradhanamgaa maajee sainikulu, kontamandi praathamika paatasaala vidyanu kaligi unna aksharasyulaina vyaktulu, paatrikeyulu mariyu praathamika paatasaala upaadhyaayulu unnaaru, veerandaroo prajaswamyam yokka prajaadarana bhavanalaku abhiruchini pempondinchukunnaaru. perugutunna niraksharaasyulaina conny pattaneekarana chendina paarisraamika kaarmikulu kooda maddatu samuuhamloo bhaagamgaa erpaddaaru. nkruma vaari swantha nibandhanalapai vaariki vignapti cheyagaligadu. 1949 juun natiki, takshana swayam palananu koorutuu sii. pii. pii. erpadinappudu, nkramaaku saamuuhika falloying undedi.
1948loe akra mariyu itara nagarallo allarla kaaranamgaa srushtinchabadina koosse kamitee nivedika phalitamgaa 1951 rajyangam erpadindi. karyanirvahaka mandaliki african mantrulalo adhika majorityni ivvadamtho paatu, idhi oka assembleeni srushtinchindi, veerilo sagam mandhi ennikaina sabhyulu pattanaalu mariyu graameena jillaala nundi mariyu sagam mandhi saampradaaya mandalula nundi, modatisaarigaa, uttara bhuubhaagaalatoe sahaa, ravalsi undhi. idhi oka apaaramaina mundadugu ayinappatikee, kotta rajyangam puurti swayam paalana kosam sii. pii. pii. chesina pilupuku chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi. karyanirvahaka adhikaram british chetullo undipoyindi, mariyu saampradaaya prayojanaala niyantrananu anumatinchadaaniki saasanasabha roopondinchabadindi.
perugutunna prajaadaranhatho, 1950 praarambhamlo sii. pii. pii. vistrutamaina sammelu mariyu ahimsaatmaka pratighatananu prerepinchadaaniki uddesinchina "saanukuula charya" pracharanni praarambhinchindi. konni himsaatmaka rugmatalu sambhavinchinappudu, nkruma, athani pradhana leftinentlatho paatu, ventane arrestu cheyabadi, desadroham kosam khaidu cheyabaddaadu. conny idhi kevalam nayakudiga, nayakudiga athani pratishtanu penchi, ataniki amaraveerudi hodaanu ichindi. 1951 fibravarilo, kotta rajyangam prakaram saasanasabhaku modati ennikalu jarigaayi. inca jailulo unna nkruma oka seetunu geluchukundi, mariyu sii. pii. pii 104 seetlalo moodinta rendu vantula majoritytho aakattukune vijayanni saadhinchindi.
governor, surr charless orden-clark, nkramaanu vidudala chesi, "prabhutva vyapara nayakudiga" prabhutvaanni erpaatu cheyadaaniki aahvaninchaaru, idhi pradhana mantri maadirigaane undhi. nkruma angeekarinchindi. swaatantryam mariyu swayam paalana maargamlo oka pradhana mylurayi daatindi. edemaina, kotta rajyanga kramamlo panicheyadaaniki sii. pii. pii angeekarinchinappatiki, 1951loe unikilo unna prabhutva nirmaanam khachitamgaa sii. pii. pii. ishtapadedi kaadu. rakshana, videshee vyavaharalu, aardhika, nyaya mantritva saakhalu ippatikee saasanasabhaku baadhyata laeni british adhikaarulache niyantrinchabaddaayi. alaage, saasanasabhalo saampradaaya girijana nayakulaku gananeeyamaina praatinidhyam kalpinchadam dwara, rajyangam aadhunika raajakeeya nayakulaku, pradhaanula mandalula saampradaaya adhikaarulaku madhya cheelikanu penchindi.
prabhutva vyapara nayakudiga" nkruma modati padaveekaalam british governor thoo snehapuurvakamgaa mariyu sahakaaramtho praarambhamaindi. taruvaati konni samvatsaraalalo, prabhutvam kramamga puurti parliamentary vyavasthagaa roopaantaram chendindi. eee maarpulanu marinta saampradaaya african amsaalu, mukhyamgaa assante mariyu uttara bhoobhagalalo vyatiraekimchaayi. ayithe, eee vyatiraekata, prarambha teedeeloonae swaatantryam anae oke athi-riding bhavanaku konasagutunna mariyu perugutunna prajaadarana maddatu nepathyamlo asamarthamgaa niroopinchabadindi.
1952loe pradhana mantri padavini srushtinchi, karyanirvahaka mandali mantrivargamgaa maarindi. pradhana mantrini saasanasabhaku baadhyatagaa niyaminchaaru, idhi sakramamgaa nkruma pradhana mantrini ennukundi. 1954 rajyangam girijana mandalula dwara assembly sabhyula ennikanu muginchindi. saasanasabha parimaanam perigindi, mariyu sabhyulandarinee samaana, yeka-sabhyula niyojakavargaala nundi pratyaksha ennika dwara ennukunnaaru. rakshana mariyu videsanga vidhanam matrame governor chetilo undipoyindi; ennikaina assembleaki kaalanee yokka daadaapu anni antargata vyavaharalapai niyantrana ivvabadindi.
sii. pii. pii. raajakeeya kendrikarana vidhananni anusarinchindi, idhi teevramaina vyatiraekatanu edurkondi. 1954 ennikala taruvaata koddikaalaanike, assante aadhaarita jaateeya vimukti udyamam (nlm) anae kotta party erpadindi. vividha praantaalaku adhika adhikaaraalatho kuudina samakhya prabhutva roopaanni nlm samardhinchindi. nlm nayakulu sii. pii. pii. nii niyantrutva dhoranula kosam vimarsinchaaru. kotta party maroka praantiiyavaada samuuham, uttara prajala paarteetho sahakaaramtho panichesindi. eee rendu praantiiya paarteelu kotta rajyangampai charchala nundi vaidoliginappudu, london atuvanti anaikyatanu tadupari dasha swayam palanaku kaalanee inca siddhamgaa ledani suuchistumdani sii. pii. pii bhayapadindi.
ayithe, british rajyanga salahaadaaru sii. pii. pii. vaikhariki maddatu icchaaru. takshana swaatantryam kosam sii. pii. pii. demandku prajaadarananu pareekshinchadaaniki governor assembleeni raddu chesaaru. kotta saasanasabhalo moodinta rendu vantula majority abhyardhinchinatlayithe swaatantryam ivvadaaniki kireetam angeekarinchindi. 1956 joolailo kotta ennikalu jarigaayi. teevramgaa pootii chesina ennikalaloo, sii. pii. pii. 57 saatam otlanu geluchukundi, conny pratipakshaala vibhajana sii. pii. pii. kii dakshinaana prati seetunu alaage assante, uttara bhuubhaagaalu mariyu trans-volta praantamloo taginanta seetlanu ichindi, 104 seetlalo moodinta rendu vantula majorityni kaligi undataaniki.
1956 joolailo bangaaru teeramlo jarigina saadhaarana ennikalaku mundu, british togoland mariyu french togoland yokka bhavishyat swabhaavaanni nirnayinchadaaniki aikyaraajyasamiti (un) aadhvaryamlo prajabhipraya sekarana jarigindi. maajee german kaalanee yokka paschima bhaagamaina british dharmakartrutvam 1919 nundi bangaaru tiiramtoe anusandhaaninchabadi undhi mariyu daani paarlamentulo praatinidhyam vahinchabadindi. british togoland nivaasulalo spashtamaina majority vaari paschima poruguvaaritho unionku anukuulamgaa ootu vaesaaru, mariyu eee praantam bangaaru teeramlo vileenam cheyabadindi. ayithe, dakshina british togolandloni konni eev nundi eee viliinaaniki teevra vyatiraekata undhi.
swaatantryam.
1957 marchi 6naa, bangaaru teeram yokka kaalanee ghaana desamgaa swaatantryam pondindi.

