
vyatiraekata

oka opidam (bahuvachanam opida) anedi oka pedda balavardhakamaina inupa yugapu sthaavaram ledhaa pattanam. "opida" pradhanamgaa kristupurvam 2va mariyu 1va sataabdaalaloo udbhavinchina seltic laet laa tenn samskrutitoe mudipadi undhi, idhi airopa antataa vistarinchi, paschimaana britton mariyu iberia nundi thoorpuna hangerian maidaanam anchu varaku vistarinchi undhi. romanlu dakshina, paschima airopanu jayinche varaku eee sthaavaraalu upayoginchadam konasaagindi. anekam taruvaata roman-yugapu pattanaalu mariyu nagaraluga marai, marikonni vidichipettabaddayi. roman nundi janabha swatantramgaa unna germanialoni chaalaa varaku danube mariyu raine nadulaku uttaraana unna praantaalalo, "opida" nuu cree. sha. 1 va sataabdam varaku upayoginchadam konasaagindi.
nirvachanam.
 latin padam antey 'rakshinchabadina (balavardhakamaina) paripalana kendram ledhaa pattanam', modata roman kaani pattanaalu mariyu roman niyantranalo unna praantiiya pattanaalanu suuchimchadaaniki upayogistaaru. eee padam munupati latin, 'pariveshtita sthalam' nundi udbhavinchindi, bahusha proto-indo-european, 'aakramita sthalam' ledhaa 'padamudra' nundi. aadhunika puraavastu viniyogamlo "opidum" anedi seltic laa tenn samskrutiki sambandhinchina pedda balavardhakamaina sthaavaraalaku sampradaaya padam.
juuliyas seasure thana "commentary dii bello galiko" loe cree puu 58 nundi 52 varaku jarigina gallic yuddhaala samayamlo gall loe taanu edurkonna pedda seltic inupa yuga sthaavaraalanu "opida" gaa varninchaadu. vyatiraeka" anie pilavabade parishkaaraaniki arhata kaligina lakshanaalanu ayana spashtamgaa nirvachinchanappatikii, pradhana avasaralu udbhavistaayi. avi mukhyamaina aardhika pradaesaalu, vastuvulanu utpatti chese, nilva chese mariyu vartakam chese pradaesaalu, mariyu konnisaarlu roman vyaapaarulu sthirapaddaaru mariyu roman dalaalu sarafaraalanu pondagaligevi. cree puu 52 loe gallic tirugubaatuku adhipatigaa versingetoricsnu niyaminchadam vanti pedda sankhyalo prajalanu prabhaavitam chesina nirnayaalu teesukunna adhikaarula peethamgaa kooda avi raajakeeya kendraalugaa undevi.
seasure 28 "opida" anie paeru pettaru. 2011 natiki, veetilo 21 matrame charitrakaarulu mariyu puraavastu saastravettalu sanukoolamgaa gurtinchaaruh latin mariyu praantam yokka aadhunika paeru (udhaa.zii. sivitas aurelionorum-orleans), ledhaa tavvakaalu avasaramaina aadhaaraalanu andinchaayi (udhaa.zii. alessia). seasure opida anie piliche chaalaa pradaesaalu nagara parimaanamlo unna balavardhakamaina sthaavaraalu. ayithe, udaaharanaku, geneevaanu "opidam" anie pilicheevaaru, conny eee kaalaaniki chendina kotalu inca akkada kanugonabadaledu. seasure biturijlalo 20 "opida" mariyu helvetilo 12 "nuu kooda suuchistumdi, idhi nedu telisina eee samuuhaala yokka balavardhakamaina sthaavaraala sankhyaku rettimpu. idhi seasure konni balaheenam kaani sthaavaraalanu "opida" gaa lekkinchinatlu suuchistumdi. idhe vidhamaina aspashtata roman charitrakaarudu livy vraatapuurvakamgaa rujuvu chesindi, athanu eee padaanni balavardhakamaina mariyu balaheenam kaani sthaavaraalaku kooda upayoginchaadu.
tolemy thana rachana "geographia" loe aneka seltic sthaavaraala akshaamsaalanu jabita chesaadu. edemaina, tolemy yokka aneka sthaanikeekaranalu tappugaa unnayani parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi, idhi athanu jabita chesina paerlatoe edainaa aadhunika pradaesaanni gurtinchadam chaalaa anischitamainadi mariyu oohaajanitamainadigaa chesindi. dheeniki minahaayimpu bern vadda "brinodurum" yokka "opidam", idhi puraavastu aavishkarana dwara dhruvikarinchabadindi.
puraavastu shaastram mariyu charitrapoorvamlo, "opida" anae padam ippudu oka varganni suuchistumdi; dheenini modata paal reneck, joseph dechelet mariyu bibract, manching mariyu dessellet anae vyaktulachae aaa konamlo upayoginchabadindi. mukhyamgaa, dehn naalugu pramaanaala dwara vyatiraekatanu nirvachinchaalani suuchimchaaru 
prastuta vaadukalo, "opida" yokka chaalaa nirvachanalu kotala unikini nokki chebutaayi, kabatti avi rakshana laeni polaalu ledhaa sthaavaraalu mariyu pattana lakshanaalaku bhinnamgaa untaayi, vaatini konda kotala nundi vaerugaa gurtistaayi. samasheetoshna airopalo pattanavaadaaniki munupati udaaharanalu kooda telisinappatikii, vaatini tarachugaa 'alps parvata shrenulaku uttaraana unna modati nagaralu' gaa varnistaaru. kristupurvam 2va mariyu 1va sataabdaala kaalam vaatini laa tenn anie piluvabade kaalamlo unchutundi. oka oohaatmaka kaneesa parimaanam tarachugaa soochinchabadindi, conny adhi "opida" gaa varninchabadinanta chinna mariyu drudamaina pradaesaalu. ayithe, eee padaanni ellappuduu kathinamgaa upayogincharu, mariyu idhi laa tenn kaalam naati edainaa konda koota ledhaa vruttaakaara prakaaraanni suuchimchadaaniki upayoginchabadindi. nirvachanaalalo asthirata yokka prabhavalalo okati emitante enni "opida" nirminchabaddaayi anedi anischitamgaa undhi.
european puraavastu saastramlo, "opida" anae padaanni edainaa balavardhakamaina charitrapurva sthaavaraanni vargeekarinchadaaniki marinta vistrutamgaa upayogistaaru. udaaharanaku, glouberg (creepoo 6va ledhaa 5va sataabdam) vadda unna nirmaanaalanu "opida" anie pilustaaru.
udaaharanaku, eee padaanni antha vistrutamgaa upayoginchadam iberian puraavastu saastramlo saadhaaranam; castro samskruti vivaranalalo idhi saadhaaranamgaa cree puu 9va sataabdaaniki chendina sthaavaraalanu suuchimchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. aanglamlo kooda upayoginche spanish padaaniki 'godala sthaavaram' ledhaa 'konda koota' anie ardham, mariyu eee padaanni puraavastu saastravettalu tarachugaa 'opidam' thoo parasparam marchukuntaru.
sthaanam mariyu rakam.
puurva-charitrakaarudu zaan collis prakaram, itara sthaavaraala rakalu swaadheenam chesukunna hangerian maidaanam varaku thoorpuna vistarinchi undhi. nedu sumaru 200 "opida" luu prasiddhi chendaayi. central speyinlo opida maadirigaane saitlu unnaayi, conny avi parimaanam mariyu rakshanaatmaka prakaralu vanti lakshanaalanu panchukunnappatiki lopali bhaagam bhinnamgaa amarchabadindi. "opida" loe nirantara varusala nivaasaalu (bibract) nundi marinta vistrutamgaa unna vyaktigata estatela (manching) varaku aneka rakaala antargata nirmaanaalu unnaayi. konni "opida" roman nagaraala (variscourt) "insula" nuu pooli unde antargata leavutlanu kaligi unnaayi. ayithe, yea prabhutva bhavanala uddesyam gurinchi chaalaa takkuva telusu.
opida" yokka pradhana lakshanaalu godalu mariyu dwaaraalu, visaalamaina layowoot mariyu saadhaaranamgaa chuttupakkala praantam yokka commanding view. munupati nirmaanaalatoo pradhana vyatyaasam vaati chaalaa pedda parimaanam. munupati konda kotalu ekkuvagaa konni hectorla vistiirnamloo undevi, ayithe "opida" aneka dozenlu ledhaa vandala hectarlanu kooda kaligi undedi. sthaanika nivaasula shakti mariyu sampadanu pradarsinchadamlo mariyu pattanam mariyu graameena praantaala madhya sarihaddu rekhagaa kooda vaaru paatra pooshinchaaru. jaine macintosh prakaram, "vistrutamaina dwaaraalatoo aakattukune prakaralu... bahusha pradarsana kosam mariyu prajalu mariyu vastuvula kadalikalanu niyantrinchadaaniki rakshana kosam anthe ". konni "opida" kotalu apaaramaina sthaayilo nirminchabaddaayi. 7 kimmy podavaina "manching" nirmaanaaniki kevalam mukhabhaagaaniki 6,900 chadarapu meterla raallu, 7,5 tannula inupa gorlu, 90,000 chadarapu meterla bhoomi mariyu raallu stambhaala madhya nimpadaaniki mariyu 100,000 chadarapu meterla bhoomi ramp kosam avasaramayyayi. kaarmikula paramgaa, 250 rojula paatu sumaru 2,000 mandhi avasaram undedi. bibract yokka 5.5km-long nirmaanam kosam, paripakva ook adavula yokka 40-60 hectorlu spashtamgaa undaalsina avasaram undavacchu.
ayithe, "opida" parimaanam mariyu nirmaanam gananeeyamgaa maarutuu undevi. saadhaaranamgaa bohemia mariyu bavarialoni "opida" fraanslooni uttara mariyu paschima praantaalalo kanipinche vaati kante chaalaa peddadigaa undedi. saadhaaranamgaa britainlo "opida" chinnavi, conny aagneyamlo pedda opida samuuham undhi; uttara britainlo opida asaadhaaranamainappatikii, stanwick asaadhaarana udaaharanagaa nilustundi. kelheim prakaralu anie piluvabade bhoomi odduku maddatu ichhe podi raathi godalu madhya airopalo opida yokka lakshanam. thoorpuna, kalapalu tarachugaa bhoomi mariyu raathi praakaaraalaku maddatugaa upayoginchabadevi, veetini "pfostenschlitzmauer" (post slat wall) ledhaa "prest-type wall" anie pilustaaru. paschima airopalo, mukhyamgaa gall loe, "muras galicus" (raathi mukhabhagam mariyu bhoomi/raathi nimputho kalisi vrelaadadeeyabadina kalapa chatram), prakara nirmaanamloo pradhana roopam. kalapa maddatu laeni bhoomi ayina dump prakaralu britainlo sarvasaadhaaranam, taruvaata fraanslo sweekarinchabaddaayi. avi mukhyamgaa fraanslooni vaayuvya mariyu madhya praantaalalo kanugonabaddayi mariyu vistruta kandakaalato ("rakam phecomp") kalapabaddayi. opidaanu rendu vistruta samuhaluga vibhajinchavachhu, avi madhyadhara teeram chuttoo unnavi mariyu marinta lothattu praantaalu. taruvaati samuuham peddadi, marinta vaividhyamainadi mariyu marinta vaerugaa undedi.
britainlo "kamulodunan" (aadhunika colchester, kristupurvam 1va sataabdam mariyu kristupurvam 1va sataabdam madhya nirminchabadindi) yokka "opidum", trainovantes yokka girijana rajadhani mariyu konnisaarlu kaatuvellouni, tananu taanu rakshinchukovadaaniki matti panulatho meruguparachabadina sahaja rakshananu upayoginchindi. eee pradaesaanni moodu vaipula rendu nadulu rakshinchaayi, kolne nadhi eee pradaesaanni uttara mariyu thoorpuku kaluputundi, mariyu roman nadhi dakshina sarihaddunu yerparustundi; eee rendu nadhee loyala madhya bahiranga paschima antaraanni muusivaeyadaaniki paalisedlatoe kuudina vistrutamaina odduna mariyu gunta matti panulu nirminchabaddaayi. eee matti panitanaalu britainlo eee rakamaina atyanta vistrutamainavigaa pariganhinchabadutunnaayi, mariyu rendu nadulatho kalisi unnata sthaayi vyavasaya bhoomulu, smasaanavaatikalu, mataparamaina pradaesaalu, paarisraamika praantaalu, nadhee naukaasrayam mariyu trinovantes naanhela pudiinaa chuttumuttabaddayi.
charitra.
charitrapurva airopalo janabha perugutondi. jaine macintosh prakaram, kristupurvam 5,000 loe neolithic samayamlo airopalo 2 millionla nundi 5 millionla mandhi prajalu nivasinchaaru; chivaralo (roman puurva) inupa yugam (kristupurvam 2va mariyu 1va sataabdaalu) loe dheeni janabha sumaru 15 nundi 30 miliyanlugaa anchanaa veyabadindi. ekkuva janasaandrata kaligina grease mariyu italii velupala, inupa yugamlo ekkuva mandhi nivaasitulu chinnavaru, bahusha 50 kante ekkuva mandhi nivaasitulu undaru. konda kotalu 1,000 mandhi varaku undagaliginappatiki, inupa yugam chivarilo "opida" 10,000 mandhi nivaasitulaku cherukogaligindi.
"opida" cree puu 2va mariyu 1va sataabdaalaloo udbhavinchindi. chaalaa varaku taja pradaesaalaloo, saadhaaranamgaa ettaina sthaanamlo nirminchabaddaayi. atuvanti pradaesam sameepa vaanijya margallo sthaavaram aadhipatyam chelaayinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchi undavacchu mariyu aaa praanta niyantranaku chihnamgaa kooda mukhyamainadi kaavacchu. udaaharanaku speyinlooni ulaka yokka "edurugaa" prakaaraala etthu ekareetigaa undaduh loyanu chusevi eee praantamlooni parvataala vaipu unna vaati kante gananeeyamgaa ekkuvagaa untaayi. saampradaaya vivarana emitante, eee praantampai romanlu daadi chesinanduna chinna prakaralu asampuurnamgaa unnaayi; ayithe, puraavastu shaastravetta zaan collis eee vivarananu thosipuchaaru, endukante nivaasitulu eee praantaanni vistarinchi rendava prakaaraanni nirminchagaligaaru. badulugaa, rakshana lakshanaala kante prakaaraala paatra oka hodaaku chihnamgaa chaalaa mukhyamainadani ayana nammutaaru.
konni "opida" konda kotala nundi periginappatikee, avanni etuvanti vidhamgaanuu gananeeyamaina rakshanaatmaka vidhulanu kaligi undavu. opida" abhivruddhi khandam yokka pattaneekaranalo oka mylurayi, endukante avi alpsku uttaraana unna modati pedda sthaavaraalalo okati, veetini nijaayiteegaa pattanaalu ledhaa nagaraluga varninchavachhu (munupati pradaesaalaloo halstat kaalam yokka "raacharika sthaanaalu" unnaayi). gaul looni prati tegaku aneka "opida" luu untaayani, conny avanni samaana praamukhyata kaligi undavani, konni "opida" praantiiya rajadhaanulugaa panicheestaayani, idhi oka rakamaina sthaavaraala sopaanakramaanni suuchistumdani seasure etthi chuupaaru. puraavastu aadharalalo kooda idhi pratibimbistumdi. fitchtal (2018) prakaram, cree. puu. modati sataabdamloo gaalnu daadaapu aravai (seasure upayoginche padam) ledhaa 'swayampratipatti kaligina nagara-rashtraalu' gaa vibhajinchaaru, ivi ekkuvagaa okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva 'opida' chuttoo vyavastheekarinchabaddaayi. konni sandarbhaallo, "veetilo okadaanni rajadhaanigaa samarthavantamgaa pariganinchavacchu."
"romanlu inupa yugapu airopanu jayinchadam praarambhinchae varaku "opida" vadakam konasaagindi. romanlu jayinchaleni danube nadiki uttaraana unna bhoomulalo kooda, cree. sha. 1va sataabdam chivari natiki "opida" vadiliveyabadindi. swaadheenam chesukunna bhoomulalo, romanlu saamrajyaanni nirvahinchadaaniki "opida" yokka moulika sadupaayaalanu upayoginchaaru, mariyu chaalaa varaku puurti roman pattanaluga marai. idhi tarachugaa kondapai nundi maidaanamloki sthaanaanni marchadam.
udaaharanalu.
aadhunika desham.
suuchanalu.
gamanikalu
grandha pattika