
kriyaatmaka vaikhari siddhaantam

kriyaatmaka vaikhari siddhaantam (kovvu) vividha manasika vidhulaku nammakalu mariyu vaikharulu prabhaavavantamgaa unnayani suuchistumdi. prayojanakaramaina (upayogakaramaina), saamaajika, viluvalaku sambandhinchina ledhaa abhignaa vairudhyaanni tagginchadam vanti aneka prakriyalapai vaikharulu prabhaavavantamgaa undavacchu. avi prayojanakaramgaa untaayi mariyu prapanchamtho sambhaashinchadaaniki prajalaku sahaayapadataayi. 1950la chivaralo manasika vislaeshanha mariyu pravartanavaadam manasika adhyayanala kendraalugaa aadhipatyam chelayinchinappudu, smith, bruner, mariyu white (1956) mariyu cotz (1960) ververugaa mariyu swatantramgaa maanava vaikharula yokka vairudhyaalanu abhivruddhi chesaayi, dheeniki vaaru vaikharulu upayogapadatayani vishwasinchaaru. vaikharulu vyaktulu kaligi untaarani eee siddhaantam pratipaadistundi endukante avi mukhyamainavi mariyu manasika paniteeruku antarbhaagamgaa untaayi. vaikhari khachitamainada ledhaa anedi vaikhari yokka paniteeru kante chaalaa mukhyam.
nepathyam.
ethos, logolu mariyu pathoslalo oppinche vidhaanaalaku prasiddhi chendina aristatle yokka vaakchaaturyamu, maanavajaatiki saamaajika prabhavam yokka siddhaantaaniki mariyu siddhaantaaniki daani modati namodu cheyabadina maargadarsini ichindi. vividha rakaala oppimpulaku ververu vignaptulu avasaramani, eee vignaptulanu prekshakulaku baga saripoyela ledhaa chetilo unna utpatti ledhaa aalochanaku baga saripoyela roopondinchi, suddhi cheyavachani aristatle gurtinchaadu. 1950la chivaralo manasika vislaeshanha mariyu pravartanaavaadam yuu loe sarvoonnatugaa unnappudu.ess. manasika adhyayanala kendraalugaa, smith, bruner, und white (1956) mariyu cotz (1960) ververugaa mariyu swatantramgaa maanava vaikharula yokka vairudhyaalanu abhivruddhi chesaayi, dheeniki vaaru vaikharulu upayogapadatayani vishwasinchaaru. eee 'kriyaatmaka vaikhari siddhaantaala' (kovvu) lakshyam, avi telisinatlugaa, ghnaanam mariyu pravartanaku sambandhinchi kriyaatmaka vaikhari yokka prabhavanni ardham chesukovadam, mariyu pratyaekamgaa, cotz (1960) kosam,> vaikhari upayoginchina paniteeruku saripoye vidhanalu ledhaa vignaptula dwara oppinche samachara marpidi yokka saamarthyaanni penchadam.
smith mariyu itarulu. (1956) vaikhari mariyu vyaktitvam madhya sambandhaalapai drushti saarinchi, soviet union (vadrangi mariyu itarulu) patla vaari vaikhariki sambandhinchi padhi mandini interview chesaaru.2013). eee taarkikamgaa preraka adhyayanam edainaa binding teermaanaalu cheyadaaniki chaalaa chinnadi, mariyu adhyayanam yokka anubhaavikata laeni swabhaavam antey idhi bhavishyat parisoedhanaku aadhaaramgaa sandehaaspadamainadi, conny smith mariyu sahacharula punaadi siddhaantaalu bhavishyat kovvu parisoedhanaku prerananistaayi mariyu maarganirdesam chestaayi. adevidhamgaa, cotz (1960) yokka deductive phalitaalu bhavishyat parisoedhana paddhatulaku maarganirdesam cheyadamlo kante kovvu yokka saadhaarana bhaavanalanu vivarinchadaaniki mariyu nirvachinchadaaniki ekkuva chesaayi. vaastavaaniki, kovvupai munupati parisoedhana lekapovadam anedi siddhaantampai bhavishyat parisoedhana kosam punarutpaadaka mariyu tappudu paddhatulanu andinchadamlo rendu adhyayanala vaiphalyamtho mudipadi undhi (haaris & toledo, 1997; shavit & nelson, 2002). eee paddati lekapoyinappatiki, rendu adhyayanalu 1980laloe mariyu taruvaata vayassu vacchina kovvu yokka praathamika bhavanalaku dohadapaddayi.
bhavanalu.
kovvulo, vaikharulu avi andinche paniteeruku sambandhinchi gunaatmaka chararaasulugaa pariganinchabadataayi. antey, vaikharulu oka sett function (upayogakaramaina, saamaajika-sardubaatu modalainavi) yokka swatantra chararashi.), idhi ghnaanam mariyu pravartana (dependent variables) rendintinee prabhaavitam chestundi. prajalu tama lakshyalanu saadhinchadaaniki vaikharini abhivruddhi chesukuntaarani, mariyu edainaa nirdishta vaikhari bahula vidhulanu nirvartinchinappatiki, idhi saadhaaranamgaa itarula kante okadaaniki ekkuva upayogapadutundani parisoedhakulu abhiprayapaddaru (cotz, 1960; smith, bruner, & white, 1956). iddaru vyaktulu sarigga oke viluvatho vaikharini kaligi unnappatikee, aaa vaikhari prati vyaktiki chaalaa bhinnamaina vidhulanu nirvahistundani vaaru siddhaantam chesaaru. ververu vaikharulu ververu manasika vidhulaku upayogapadutundagaa, avi okadaanikokati parasparam pratyekamainavi kaavani gamaninchadam atyavasaram, endukante ververu vyaktulachae ververu kaaranaala valla saaruupya vaikharulu abhivruddhi cheyabadavachhu; eee vaikharulu vaatini elaa prabhaavitam cheyaalo baga ardham chesukovadaniki enduku abhivruddhi chendutayo ardham chesukovadam kovvu yokka lakshyam (haaris & toledo, 1997). cotz (1960) mariyu smith mariyu itarulu rendoo ververu padajaalam upayoginchinappatiki. (1956) upayogakaramaina, saamaajika-sardubaatu, viluva-vyakteekarana, aham-rakshana mariyu ghnaanam vanti saaruupya vaikhari vidhulanu bhaavinchaaru. eee aidu saampradaaya kriyaatmaka vaikharulu krinda kluptamgaa nirvachinchabaddaayi, taruvaata iteevali "neofunctional" kovvu adhyayanala samslaeshanha mariyu kovvu yokka sankshipta vimarsha.
upayogakaramaina vaikharulu
aneka vaikharulu pratiphalaalanu penchadaaniki mariyu paryaavaranamlooni vastuvula nundi pondina sikshalanu tagginchadaaniki upayogapadatam dwara upayogakaramaina panini andistaayi (cotz 1960, smith mariyu itarulu.1956). upayogakaramaina vaikharula namuunaalu paryavasaanavaada siddhaantaaluh saraina charyalanu srushtinchevi vaati parinaamaalu (miller, 1990). idhi saraina charya yokka siddhaantaalanu suuchistumdi, ayithe yea paristhitiloonainaa enchukoovadaaniki saraina charya anedi baadhitudaina anni jeevulaku noppi meeda atyadhika aanandam yokka samatulyatanu saadhistundi. nikara aanandaanni kaliginche yea charya andubaatulo lenappudu, saraina charya athi takkuva nikara noppini kaligistundi. udaaharanaku, ice cream patla okari vaikhari upayogakaramaina panini cheyagaladu endukante idhi bahumati (udhaa.zii., aahlaadakaramaina ruchi) mariyu sikshalu (udhaa.zii.baruvu peragadam) ice cream thoo sambandham kaligi untundi mariyu kharchulanu taggistuu garishta prayojanaalanu andinche pravartanaku maarganirdesam chestundi (udhaa.zii., takkuva kovvu kaligina ice cream tinadam) (shavit & nelson, 2002). maanavula avasaranni batti, aanandaanni utpatti chese mariyu pani saamarthyaanni penche vastuvula madhya mariyu noppini utpatti chese mariyu pani saamarthyaanni tagginche vaati madhya vivaksha chuupadam, upayogaanni penchadamlo upayogakaramaina vidhulu sahaayapadataayi (vadrangi mariyu itarulu.2013). upayogakaramaina vaikhari kaligina vyakti vaari jeevana naanhyatanu meruguparachadamlo oka vastuvu elaa sahayapadutundane daanipai aandolana chendutaaru. utpattula paramgaa, edainaa tii-shartunu oka vyaktiki soukaryam mariyu kontha aasrayam andinche saamarthyam paramgaa upayogakaramgaa pariganinchavacchu.
saamaajika-sardubaatu vaikharulu
saamaajika-sardubaatu vidhulu anevi sambandhaalanu niyantrinchevi mariyu vyaktulu saamaajika nicchenanu adhirohinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchevi, ivi vyaktulanu marinta aakarshanheeyamgaa ledhaa viluvaina samuuhaala drushtilo prachuryam pondela siddhaantaparamgaa untaayi. saamaajika-sardubaatu vaikhari kaligina vyakti sthithi, prajaadarana mariyu itarulu vaarini elaa chuustaaru anedaanito sambandham kaligi untaaru mariyu vaari kaavalasina saamaajika image (vadrangi mariyu itarulu) abhivruddhi chendadamlo sahayapade vastuvulanu vetukutaaru.2013). saamaajika-sardubaatu function kaligina utpattiki oka udaaharana designer tii-shirtu, udaaharanaku embroidery chesina gurram ledhaa fyaashan-brand logo, idhi daani viluvanu prekshakulaku teliyajestundi. saamaajika-sardubaatu charyaku sevalandinche vaikharulu tagina saamaajika samuuha sabhyulatho connect ayye saamarthyaanni ledhaa aakarshanheeyamaina itarulanu aakattukune saamarthyaanni prothsahistaayi. snider und debono (1985)
 sweeya paryaveekshanhaloo bhinnamaina vyaktulaku vaikharulu tarachugaa viruddhamaina vidhulanu andistaayani suuchimchaayi. adhika sweeya-paryaveekshanha vyaktulu saadhaaranamgaa vaaru edurkone paristhitula yokka saamaajika/vyaktula avasaralaku anugunamgaa vaari pravartananu roopondinchadaaniki prayatnistaaru, itarulatoe saripolchadaaniki, tadwara vaaru tarachugaa saamaajika-sardubaatu paniteeruku upayogapade vaikharini kaligi undavacchani suuchistumdi. prakatanalaku palgonevari pratispandanalanu anchanaa vese adhyayanala shrenilo, snider mariyu debono (1985)
 adhika sweeya-paryaveekshanha vyaktulu image-oriented "saft-sael" prakatanala dwara ekkuvagaa prabhaavitamayyaarani kanugonnaru, idhi daani viniyogadaarulaku itarulatoe saripoladaaniki sahaayapadatamlo utpatti yokka upayogaanni suuchistumdi (antey.ii.saamaajika-sardubaatu aandolanalu), takkuva sweeya-paryaveekshanha vyaktulu utpattula yokka antargata naanhyata mariyu viluvapai drushti saarinchina (viluva-vyakteekarana aandolanalanu pratibimbistumdani cheppabadindi) "haard-sael" prakatanalaku chaalaa ekkuva pratispandinchaaru (bajini & shaffer 1995). prakatanalu kriyaatmakamgaa asambaddhamaina aandolanalanu kakunda kriyaatmakamgaa sambandhitamaina vaatini highlight chesinappudu paalgonevaaru vividha rakaala viniyoga vastuvula patla marinta anukuulamaina vaikharini yerparustaarani prakatanala adhyayanalu choopinchaayi (shavit, 1989; snider & debono, 1985). ituvanti vaikharulu upayogapade antarleena uddeshaalanu edho oka vidhamgaa parishkarinchinappudu, oppinche vignaptulu vaikharini prabhaavitam cheyadamlo atyanta prabhaavavantamgaa untaayi (debono & hornish, 1988).
viluva-vyakteekarana vaikharulu
bahusha bhavana mariyu prabhaavitam cheyadam chaalaa kashtam, viluva-vyakteekarana vidhulu sahaja viluvala bahya vyakteekaranalo sahaayapadataayi. konni vaikharulu oka vyaktiki ardhavantamainavi endukante avi aaa vyakti yokka sweeya-bhavanaku antargatamaina nammakalanu vyaktam chestaayi (i.ii. vaaru evaro vaari aalochanalu). vaikhari, tatphalitamgaa, "vaaru evaro oka bhaagam" mariyu aaa vaikhari yokka vyakteekarana aaa vyakti gurinchi mukhyamaina vishayalanu itarulaku teliyajestundi (vadrangi mariyu itarulu.2013). hullet (2002) kaavalasina tudi sthithini saadhinchadaaniki oka vaikhari yokka grahinchina prayojanaaniki suuchanagaa viluva-sambandhaanni upayoginchindi. idhi vyaktigata viluvalatho mudipadi unna vaikharula vyakteekarana yokka kolata kante, viluva mariyu vaikhari madhya sambandhaaniki pratyaksha kolata. viluva-auchityam kante vaikhari yokka viluva-vyakteekarana communicationpy drushti pettadam anedi viluvalu, vaikharulu mariyu pravartanala (vadrangi mariyu itarulu) madhya sambandhaanni parigananaloki teesukovadamlo communication pravartananu kendra dasaku teesukoovadaaniki anumatistundi.2013). viluva-vyakteekarana vaikharulu pratyaksha bahya prayojanaaniki upayogapadavu, mariyu oka vyakti yokka pratyaekamaina mariyu nijamaina anubhootini teerchadaaniki unnatlugaa uttamamgaa ardham chesukovacchu. viluva-vyakteekarana vaikharulu kaligina vyaktulu tama patla nijaayiteegaa undatam kante ekkuva shraddha chuuparu (vadrangi mariyu itarulu.2013). utpatti vaareegaa, aaa kalakarudi sangeeta sailula yokka bhaagaswaamya viluva kaaranamgaa tandri nundi kodukuku badilee cheyabadina kacheri tii-shirtu viluva-vyakteekaranagaa untundi, koduku tii-shartunu entha dingy ayina, thana nijamaina swabhaavam yokka podigimpu.
aham-rakshana vaikharulu
aham-rakshana vidhulu vyaktini antargata mariyu bahya asoukaryam nundi rakshinchadaaniki upayogapadataayi. aham-rakshana vaikharulu prajalu sweeya ledhaa bahya prapancham yokka asahyakaramaina ledhaa abhyantarakaramaina amsaalanu angeekarinchakundaa undataaniki anumatistaayi. aham-rakshana vaikharulu okari swantha aatmagouravaanni kaapaadukovadaanni samarthinchagalavu. oka aham-rakshanaatmaka vidhi, dheenilo okari vaikhari bedirimpu ledhaa avaanchaneeya satyaala nundi tananu taanu rakshinchukovadaaniki nirvahinchabadutundi (bajini & shaffer 1995). aatmagouravaaniki bedirimpulu vyaktigata vaiphalyaalu ledhaa paelavamaina pravartananu kaligi undavacchu. cotz (1960) mariyu shavit und nelson (2002) anevi aham-rakshana vaikharulu bahula prakriyala dwara aatmagourava nirvahanaku sahaayapadataayani abhiprayapaddayi. sialdini mariyu itarulu. (1976) aham-rakshanaatmaka paniteerunu andinche utpatti championship-vijaeta creeda jattu logonu kaligi unna tii-shartuga untundani pratipaadinchindi, vaaru "mahimanu pratibimbimchae basking" anae padam dwara okari swantha ahankaaraanni penchutundi. antey, creeda jattu yokka goppatanaaniki gurtimpu anedi saadhaarana anubandham dwara okari swantha aatmagouravaanni penchadaaniki upayogapadutundi.
ghnaana vaikharulu
aidava pani, ghnaanam, vyaktulu tama chuttoo unna prapanchaanni ardham chesukovadamlo sahaayapadutundi. ghnaana vaikhari unna vyaktulu telusukovalane korika nundi sambhavinche sanghatanalanu ardham chesukovadaniki prayatnistaaru, adhi vaari avasaralaku ventane sambandhinchinadi kabatti kaadu, conny vaaru ardham chesukovalanukuntunnandu (vadrangi mariyu itarulu.2013). ghnaana paniteeruku upayogapade vaikharulu prajalu vaari prapancham yokka nirmaanam mariyu kaaryaacharana gurinchi ekkuva avagahana pondadaaniki sahaayapadataayi (cotz, 1960). prajalu nivasinche prapancham chaalaa sanklishtamainadi, mariyu aaa vaikharulu avagahana kakunda itara avasaralanu teerchakundaa aaa prapanchaanni ardham chesukovadanni sulabhataram cheyavachu. itara panditulu, ghnaanam yokka paniteeru anedi prapanchaanni oka mugimpugaa neerchukoevadam tappa vaerae prayojanam kosam upayoginchani vaikharini nadipistundani, telusukovalasina praathamika avasarampai aadharapadi untundani pratipaadinchaaru (locander & spivy, 1978).
samakaaleena parisoedhana.
1986loe gregori herek anni vaikharulu oka moolyaankanam ledhaa vyakteekarana charyaga bhaavinchabadaalani, anni vaikharulu eee vidhullo okadaaniki kontavaraku sevalu andistaayani abhiprayapaddadu. eee "neofunctional" punahkalpana vaikharini bahula vidhulaku upayogapadela anumatistundi, tadwara prati vaikhari paniteerupai entha prabhavam chuuputumdoe kolavadaniki parisoedhakulanu anumatistundi (vadrangi mariyu itarulu.2013). konni vyaktitva lakshanaalu oka nirdishta vidhiki sevalandinche vaikharitho mudipadi undavacchani kooda heark (1986) abhipraayapadindi. eee suuchana aneka adhyayanaalalo chellubaatu avtundani niroopinchabadindi, idhi vaikhari vidhulaku sambandhinchi sweeya-paryaveekshanhanu oohinchadagina vyaktitva rakamgaa pariganistundi (snider & debono, 1985; shavit, 1990; shavit & nelson, 2002).
herek (1986) neofunctional siddhaantam phalitamgaa kovvuku sambandhinchina saamaajika prabhava parisoedhana abhivruddhi chendindi. eee parisoedhanaloo ekkuva bhaagam asalu cotz (1960) adhyayanam nundi udbhavinchina "saripolika parikalpana" chuttoo kendrikrutamai undhi, endukante idhi utpattiki sambandhinchina vaikhariki anugunamgaa utpatti prakatanalu appeals chestaya anie nirnayinchadaaniki vyaktula vaikharini taarumaaru chestundi. chaalaa varaku eee parisoedhana oka utpatti yokka paniteeruku sambandhinchi sandesaaniki saripoye kriyaatmaka vaikharulu oppinche praamukhyatanu penchutaayani choopinchindi (shavit, 1990; shavit & nelson, 2002). itara adhyayanalu vyaktigata kriyaatmaka vaikharini, mukhyamgaa vistarana sambhaavyata namuunaa (debono & hornish, 1988; piitii & weigener, 1998) kuu sambandhinchi, kolavadaniki prayatnistunna abhignaa prakriyalanu kolavadaniki marinta munduku sagai, ayithe adhika sweeya-maanitarlaku saanukuula elm-aadhaarita prosessingnu choopinche mishrama phalitaalu, conny takkuva sweeya-paryaveekshanhagaa pariganinchabade vishayaalalo pratikuula suusarii prabhavalu.
ikkada neofunctional vidhanam.
cotz (1960) mariyu smith (1956) seminal adhyayanala taruvaata, vaikhariki kriyaatmaka vidhanam samarthavantamgaa vadaliveyabadindi. functional atite siddhaantaaniki haani kaliginchadaaniki pradhana kaaranamgaa vaikhari vidhulanu lekkinchadaaniki anubhavika paddati pareekshala koratanu paerkontuu, 1986loe kriyaatmaka vaikhari siddhaantaaniki kotta vidhananni roopondinchadaaniki (herek, 1986) gregori herek bayaluderindi. vaikharula patla sahetukamaina charya (fishbean & azzen, 1975,1980) mariyu sanketha vidhanalu (kinder & sears, 1981) rendinti chellubaatunu gurtistuu, konni vyaktula lakshanaalu, vaikhari domainlu ledhaa paristhitulanu batti (ikkada, 1986,1987) upayoginchadaaniki rendu vidhanalu samanamga taginavi kaavacchu anie pratipaadinchaaru. vaikharulu rendu saadhaarana prayojanaalaku upayogapadatayani ikkada perkonabadindihi avi moolyaankanam ledhaa vyakteekarana. muulyaankana vaikharulalo, ikkada moodu muulyaankana vidhulanu pratipaadinchaaruh anubhavapurvaka mariyu nirdishta, anubhavapurvaka mariyu yojanaabaddhamaina, ledhaa mundastu-muulyaankana. adevidhamgaa, vyakteekarana vaikharulu moodu ververu vidhulanu nirvartinchaayih saamaajika-vyakteekarana, viluva-vyakteekarana ledhaa rakshanaatmaka. vaikhariki sambandhinchi ikkada yokka neofunctional vidhanam, appudu, oke vaikhariki sambandhinchina eee vibhina vaikharulu vividha paristhitulalo ledhaa domainlalo ververu prayojanaala kosam yerpadavachani pratipaadinchindi, adevidhamgaa, vyaktulu vastuvu patla oke vaikharini kaligi undavacchu, conny vividha rakaala vidhula kosam. ververu vidhula kosam bahula vaikharini nirvahinchadaaniki anumatinchadam dwara, oke vastuvuku sambandhinchi bahula vaikharula anubhavika polikanu anumatinche parimaanaatmaka sthaayini srushtinchindi (vadrangi, 2013).
abhivruddhi
chaalaa mandiki "saadhaarana ghnaanam" laaga anipinchi, azzen & fishbean (1980) yokka tarkabaddhamaina charya siddhaantam ledhaa sears mariyu itarulu vanti itara vaikhari siddhaantaalanu ekikrutam chese saamarthyaanni kaligi unnanduna vaikhari siddhaantaaniki oka vidhanamgaa kriyaatmakata aakarshanheeyamgaa undani herek paerkonnaaru.'(1980) sanketha rajakeeyaalu (heyerk, 1987), conny smith (1956) mariyu cotz (1960) vaari praathamika adhyayanaalalo khachitamaina mariyu sthiramaina paddhatulanu srushtinchadamlo viphalamainanduna, kriyaatmakata eppuduu naela nundi bayatapadalekapoyindi mariyu nirdishta vaikhari vidhulu aadhipatyam chelaayinche paristhitulanu anchanaa veyagala samagra siddhaantaanni abhivruddhi cheyalekapoyindi (heyerk, 1987). anubhavika kriyaatmaka siddhaantaanni roopondinchadaaniki, modata vaikharula yokka vividha vidhulanu lekkinchadaaniki mariyu samuuham cheyadaaniki rendu ververu paddhatulanu abhivruddhi chesaaru.
paddhati okatih vishaya vislaeshanha
lesbian mahilalu mariyu swalinga samparkula gurinchi vaari bhavalanu vivarinche under graduate vidyaarthi vyasala content vislaeshanhalanu nirvahinchadam dwara pradhanamgaa yea vidhamaina vaikharulu panichestayo nirnayinchadaaniki ikkada erpaatu cheyabadindi (ikkada, 1987). swalinga samparkula angeekaaram mariyu tiraskarana paramgaa teevramaina vaikharini velikiteese samayamlo idhi vivaadaaspada samasya anie thana nammakam kaaranamgaa eee amsaanni enchukunnadu. samasya yokka swabhaavam kaaranamgaa, swalinga samparkulaku sambandhinchi nivedinchabadina vaikharulu lothugaa unchabadathaayani mariyu vistruta shreni vidhulaku upayogapadatayani kooda bhaavinchaaru. neenu saadhaaranamgaa lesbianlu mariyu purusha swalinga samparkula patla saanukuula [ledhaa pratikuula] vaikharini kaligi unnaanu endukante" anae vaari vyasanni praarambhinchamani vishayalanu aadesinchaaru..."(ikkada, p. 287). ikkada mariyu iddaru sahayakulu vyasalanu itivruttaala dwara vargeekarinchaaru, "pratispandakudi vaikhariki sambandhinchina edainaa aalochana ledhaa puurti aalochana" gaa nirvachinchabadindi."parisoedhakulu iravai enimidi punaraavruta itivruttaalanu kanugonnaru, appudu vaaru avasaramaina vidhamgaa prati vyaasaaniki, parsing vargaalaku code chesaaru. 110 vyasalanu moolyaankanam chesina praathamika adhyayanam taruvaata, adhe vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chendina 248 mandhi vidyaarthulatho kuudina kotta namuunaa swalinga samparkulu mariyu lesbianla yokka adhe amsampai vaikhari vyasalu rasindi. kotta namuunaa janabha daetaanu sekarinchina prasnaapatraalanu kooda puurti chesindi mariyu binna linga pravartanalanu pratyaekamgaa nivedinchina vidyaarthulanu enchukoovadaaniki kooda upayoginchabadindi. gatamlo kanugonna 28 itivruttaala uniki ledhaa lekapovadam aadhaaramgaa eee kotta namoonaalo mottam 205 mandhi kodingku arhata saadhinchaaru. block cluster vislaeshanhanu upayoginchi, parisoedhakulu vyasalalo bahula itivruttaala namuunaalanu gurtinchaaru, ivi function (la) unikini suuchimchadaaniki ardham chesukobaddayi. block cluster vislaeshanha phalitamgaa aidu ardhavivarana cheyadagina itivruttaala samuuhaalu erpaddaayi, ivi smith mariyu itarula saiddhaantika drukpathaala prakaram suddhi cheyabaddaayi. (1956) mariyu cotz (1960). eee merugudala phalitamgaa saanukuula vaikharulu (anubhavapurvaka-ganitam-saanukuula, sweeya-vyakteekaranah saanukuula), mariyu pratikuula vaikharulu (anubhavapurvaka-ganitam-pratikuula, sweeya-vyakteekaranah pratikuula, mariyu rakshanaatmaka) kaligina moodu namuunaalu kaligi unna rendu itivruttaala namuunaalu vachayi.
paddhati renduh vaikhari vidhulu jabita
content vislaeshanha anedi samayam teesukune prakriya anie gurtistuu, ikkada "[lakshyam] gurinchi naa abhiprayalu pradhanamgaa aadhaaramgaa untaayi" anae vaakyam aadhaaramgaa vaikhari vidhula kosam oka objective inventoryni kooda abhivruddhi chesaaru..."naalugu vidhula aadhaaramgaa vaakyaaniki ververu puurti cheyabadinavihi anubhavapurvaka-ganita, rakshanaatmaka, viluva-vyakteekarana mariyu saamaajika-vyakteekarana (ikkada, 1987). aravai-tommidi mandhi vyaktulu afi yokka naalugu vaividhyaalanu puurti chesaaru, veetilo modatidi lesbianlu mariyu swalinga samparkula patla vaikharini anchanaa vese asalu content vislaeshanhaku phaalo-up, mariyu itara moodu aids, cancer ledhaa manasika anaaroogyam unna vyaktula patla vaikharini pariseelinchadam. likert scalenu upayoginchi, prativaadulu 'assalu kaadu', 'naa vishayamlo nijam' ledhaa 'naa vishayamlo chaalaa nijam' nundi afi statementlanu rating chesaaru.'adanamgaa, prativaadulu moodu vaikhari-sambandhita vyaktitva charyalanu puurti chesaru rakshana yantraamgaala jabita, sweeya-spruha sthaayi mariyu sweeya-paryaveekshanha sthaayi. vyaktitva pareekshala phalitaalanu upayoginchi, kontamandi vyaktulu ekkada padataro ikkada vijayavantamgaa anchanaa vaesaaru, anni vyaktitvaalu ekkado oka chota padipothayi.
neofunctional vaikhari vidhulu.
moolyaankanam vidhulu
moolyaankanam vidhula yokka muulam prayojanam vaikhari vastuvu nundi bahumatulu mariyu sikshalatoe mudipadi untundi. dheeni ardham, oka kriyaatmakamaina moolyaankanam vaikhari nirvahinchinappudu, vaikhari vastuvulu vyaktulu bahumati ledhaa siksha madhya vaari anubandhaanni grahinchinatlugaa tamalo taamu mugimpulugaa pariganinchabadataayi. oka vyakti daanini upayogaaniki ledhaa aanandaaniki muulamgaa grahinchinappudu oka vastuvu patla saanukuula vaikharulu talettutaayi, ayithe pratikuula vaikharulu pratyaksha gatam ledhaa oohinchina bhavishyattu, vastuvutoe asahyakaramaina anubhavaala phalitamgaa untaayi. cotz (1960) mariyu smith mariyu itarula yokka asalu sthaanaalaku anugunamgaa. (1956), neofunctional mulyankana vaikharulu prajalu tama vaastavikatanu sweeya-aasakti mariyu anchanaa rendinti prakaram nirvahinchadaaniki anumatistaayi. ikkada moodu vyaktigata mulyankana vidhulanu perkonabadindihi
anubhavapurvaka-nirdishta
anubhavapurvaka-ganita
mundastu-anchanaa
vyakteekarana vidhulu
vaikhari yokka vyakteekarana vidhullo, vaikhari vastuvu anedi mugimpuku oka sadhanam. vyakteekarana vaikharula vaikharini saamaajika hodaaku bharosa ivvadaaniki, aatmagouravaanni penchadaaniki mariyu/ledhaa aandolananu tagginchadaaniki vahanaluga upayogistaaru. vyakteekarana vidhulu kontha upayoga bhavanni andistundagaa, prabhavalu antha spashtamgaa undavu, mariyu tarachugaa moolyaankanam vidhulatho kanipinche bahya prayojanam kante antargata bahumatulu.
saamaajika-vyakteekarana 
viluva-vyakteekarana
rakshanaatmaka 
vaikhari vidhula muulaalu.
cotz mariyu smith mariyu itarula pathanaalalo okadaanni heark viswasinchaadu. (1956) anedi saapekshamgaa sthiramgaa unde vyaktitva lakshanaalanu, vaikhari vidhulatho vaari pratyaksha poolika, idhi adhyayanam vyakti nundi vyaktiki ledhaa paristhitiki (ikkada, 1986) hecchutaggulaku lonavutundani choopistundi. vyaktula vidhula patla manasika siddhata vaividhyamgaa untundani, mariyu vyaktulu oke kaaranamtho ververu kaaranaala valla ledhaa ververu vastuvula gurinchi vaikharini tarachugaa vyaktam chestaarani gurtistuu, vaikharulu maaravacchu anae vaikhari vidhula yokka moodu muulaalanu pratipaadinchaaru. oka vyakti yea muulam nundi vaari vaikharini veruchestado nirnayinchagaliginappudu eee muulaalu pravartana yokka anchanaa mariyu prabhaavaaniki sahaayapadataayi.
vyakti lakshanaalu
vyakti lakshanaalanu "saapekshamgaa sthiramaina manasika avasaralu, viluvalu mariyu prapancham vaipu dhoranulu" gaa herek nirvachistundi (herek, 1986). vishaya vislaeshanha mariyu afi dwara, anubhavapurvaka-ganita vaikharulu kaligina vyaktulu sweeya-paryaveekshanha pareekshalo ekkuva score chesaarani, anubhavapurvaka-ganita antar samuuha vyaktulu tama parisaraalaku alaage vaari swantha viluvalaku marinta sunnitamgaa untaarani siddhaanteekarinchaaru. pradhanamgaa mulyankana vidhulapai panichese vyaktulu tama sonta sreyassu kosam balamaina aandolanalanu chuuputaarani kooda ikkada chuupimchaaru. pratyamnaayamgaa, saamaajika-vyakteekarana vaikharulu adhika anubandham mariyu adhika sweeya-pradarsana avagahana (snider & debono, 1985) pradarsinchina vyaktulalo chaalaa varaku kanugonabaddayi. chivariki, vyaktitvam anedi saamaajika prabhaavaaniki balaheenamaina sadhanam, endukante vyaktitvam saadhaaranamgaa vyaktulalo sthiramgaa untundi.
domine lakshanaalu
ikkada domine lakshanaalanu "samuuhaalu, vastuvulu, samasyalu ledhaa prajalu vaikharini kaligi unna pravartanalu" (1986) gaa nirvachinchaaru. vyaktigata domainlalo aneka vibhina vaikharulu undavacchu. udaaharanaku, heark yokka paddati loe swalinga samparkulu mariyu lesbianla patla vaikharula domine lopala abhivruddhi vaikharulu pariseelinchabaddaayi. eee domine lopala sahayalu, anty aids prograaming yokka prabhutva-nidhulu, nidhula sekaranaku sahayalu modalaina vaati patla vaikharulu unnaayi. aids ledhaa rajakeeyaalu vanti vistruta domainlu janabhalo vaikhari vidhula yokka anni vaividhyaalanu kaligi untaayi, conny viniyogadaarula utpattulu vanti marinta irukaina domainlu, vyaktulu eee rakamaina domaine mulyankana konam nundi chusevaru kabatti vaikharula shrenini velikiteese avakaasam takkuva.
paristhitula lakshanaalu
paristhitulanu ikkada "saapekshamgaa taatkaalika saamaajika bhagalu" gaa nirvachinchaaru, mariyu episode yokka nepathyam, natulu mariyu sandarbham unnaayi. oka vyakti nirdishta vyaktigata lakshyalanu gurtinche paristhitulalo, muulyaankana vaikharulu abhivruddhi chendhe avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi. anubhava-nirdishta mariyu kramabaddhamaina vaikharilo avasaramaina vidhamgaa vaikhari vastuvulatoe gatha anubhavalu, vaikhari vastuvutoe kuudina gatha paristhitula ghnaapakaalanu prerepistaayi, idhi appudu vyakti kaligi unna vaikhari yokka viluvanu nirnayistundi. pratyamnaayamgaa, raajakeeya charcha vanti gurtimpu avasaralanu highlight chese paristhitulalo, vyaktulu vyakteekarana vaikharini upayoginchukune avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi.
vimarsha.
anubhavika adhyayanala dwara kriyaatmaka saripolika dwara perigina prabhavanni anchanaa veyadamlo kovvu chaalaa viluvainadigaa niroopinchabadinappatiki, eee prabhavam enduku undho vivaranalu inca kaaryaroopam dalchaledu. lavine und snider (1996), vyaktulatoe kriyaatmakamgaa-saripolina sandeshaalanu paridheeyamgaa (elm) ledhaa huristicalga (hcsm) proses cheyadam dwara, kriyaatmakamgaa anusandhaaninchabadina sandeshaala pakshapaata prosessingku saripolika prabhavanni aapaadinchavacchani abhiprayapaddadu. ayithe, elm aadhaaramgaa parisoedhana mishrama phalitaalanu andinchindi mariyu aneka adhyayanalu asalu phalitaalanu pratibimbimchae vaari prayatnaalalo viphalamayyayi, anduvalla function matching drugvishayaanni ardham chesukovadaniki elm kakunda itara siddhaantaalu avasaram (vadrangi mariyu itarulu.2013).
adanamgaa, parisoedhana rangam gaa kovvu daani saiddhaantika anuvartana namoonaalalo chaalaa gandaragolamgaa undhi, endukante adhyayanalu kriyaatmaka vaikharula yokka oka khachitamaina nirvachanampai aadhaarapadaledu. siddhaantam yokka prarambham nundi, cotz (1960) mariyu smith mariyu itarulu. (1956) saaruupya-inca-vibhina vidhulanu bhaavinchaaru, hairks (1986) neofunctional siddhaantam eee vidhulanu marinta pars chesindi, taruvaata snider mariyu debono (1985) chesina parisoedhanaloo adhika v yokka vyaktitva chararaasulanu jodinchaaru. kovvuloki takkuva sweeya-paryaveekshanhalu. eee cherpulu ledhaa vyatyaasaala dwara vaari parisoedhanaloo edhee chelladani cheppadam kaadu, conny siddhaantam ekaatmaka vartinche nirvachanalu mariyu vidhula samiti nundi prayojanam pondagaladani gamaninchadaaniki matrame.
prayojanaalu mariyu aacharanaatmaka anuvartanaalu.
kovvunu saamaajika prabhaavaaniki punaadi vidhanamgaa uttamamgaa ardham chesukovacchu, daanipai itara namuunaalu ledhaa prakriyalu vartinchavachhu. idhi chaalaa upayogakaramgaa untundi, dheenini sulabhamgaa ardham chesukovacchu mariyu nija jeevita paristhitulaku vartimpajeyavachu, idhi saamaajika prabhaavaseelulaku oka utpatti ledhaa aalochana patla vaari prekshakula kriyaatmaka vaikhariki uttamamgaa saripoye oppinche vignaptini anchanaa vaeyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. vignaptulaku saripoye vaikhari vidhulu oppinche vaadanala praamukhyatanu meruguparustundani pushkalamaina prayogasaala parisoedhanalu spashtamgaa niroopinchaayi, mukhyamgaa prakatanalaku sambandhinchi (shavit & nelson, 2002; vadrangi mariyu itarulu.2013). eee saripolika prabhavanni vyaktigata saamaajika prabhava paristhitulu mariyu nyaayasthaana vaadanalu ledhaa prabhutva lobbying vanti vruttulalo kooda upayoginchukovachhu.
kathaatmaka anuvartanam.
saadhaaranamgaa, prajaasvaamya prabhutva vyavasthalu upayogakaramaina paddhatiloo panicheestaayani ardham, dheenilo atyanta ishtapade abhyardhi prajalachae ennukoobadataaru, aapai vaari niyojakavargaalaku garishta prayojanaanni kaliginche paddhatiloo chattampai vyavaharinchaalani bhaavistunnaaru. raajakeeya nayakulu tama niyojakavargaalaku prayojanaanni penchadaaniki charya teesukuntaarani pradhanamgaa nijam ayinappatikee, prati raajakeeya nayakudiki oka vyaktigata vaikhari kooda undhi, idhi kovvu prakaram, vividha rakaala vidhulanu nirvahinchadaaniki ardham chesukovacchu, tadwara konni billulaku maddatugaa ledhaa vyatiraekamgaa vaadanalaku taarumaaru cheyavachu. antey, oka nirdishta raajakeeya nayakudiki sambandhinchi chattam yokka vaikhari vidhulanu oka lobbyist ardham chesukogaligite, appudu aaa lobbyist vaari oppinche vignaptiki yea vaikhari saripolutundo kooda anchanaa veyavachu.
bhavishyat applications.
bahusha kovvu yokka atyanta aardhikamgaa aasaajanakamaina saiddhaantika anuvartanam online prakatanala lakshyam yokka bhavishyattulo undhi. vaikhari vidhulaku sambandhinchi vyaktitvampai prayogasaala parisoedhana adhika v nii nirnayinchadaaniki sweeya-reporting ledhaa sarvelapai aadhaarapadavalasi vachindi. takkuva sweeya-paryaveekshanha ledhaa vyakteekarana v. muulyaankana vyaktitva rakalu. saanketikata merugupadina koddi, vyaktitva rakalu mariyu vaikhari vidhulanu nirnayinche saamarthyam, alaage eee kaarakaalato anubandhinchabadina viniyogadaarula pravartanalu tvaralo algorithmic kaavacchu. shodhana charitra mariyu brousing alavaatlu vanti aipi datamining yokka meta-vislaeshanhalu, internet mundu teedeeni namodu chesina recordula dwara pondina viniyogadaarula pravartana yokka ghnaanamtho kalipi, prakatanadaarulu vaari prekshakulanu ultra-tiled ledhaa saripolina prakatanalatho hyper-target cheyadaaniki vyaktigata viniyogadaarula electronic prophyllaku daariteeyavachchu.
saaraamsam.
cotz (1960) mariyu smith mariyu itarulu. (1956) vaastavaaniki vyaktula saareeraka, bhavodvega mariyu saamaajika avasaralaku avasaramaina vividha vidhulanu neraverchadaaniki vaikharulu unnayani nirnayistuu, vividha vaikharula uddesyaanni kanugonadaaniki bayaluderindi. vaari kriyaatmaka vaikharula siddhaantam 1980laloe parisoedhana yokka taramgaanni prerepinchindi, idhi aaa vaikhari paniteerulo unnatlu bhaavinchina vyaktulaku samarpinchinappudu, paniteeru-saripolina vignaptulu mariyu vaadanalanu nirantaram anusandhaaninchagaligindi. eee saripolika parikalpana pratiroopam cheyabadindi, conny daani venuka unna sambandhaanni niroopinchadaaniki prayatnistunna adhyayanalu alaa cheyaledu. saripolika prabhaavaaniki kaaranaanni nirnayinchadaaniki, alaage sthiramaina vaikhari mariyu vyaktitva kolatalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki bhavishyat parisoedhana avasaramaite, kovvu anedi aacharanatmakamgaa vartinche siddhaantam, idhi oka utpatti ledhaa aalochana gurinchi prekshakulanu oppinchetappudu yea rakamaina kriyaatmaka aakarshananu upayoginchaalo khachitamgaa anchanaa vaeyadaaniki saamaajika prabhaavaseelulanu anumatistundi.