odonata

odonata anedi dragonflies mariyu damselflies kaligi unna egurutunna keetakaala kramam. samuuham yokka sabhyulu modata triasic samayamlo kanipinchaaru, ayithe vaari mottam samuuham, odonatoptera yokka sabhyulu modata carboniferous chivarilo kanipinchaaru.
rendu saadhaarana samuuhaalu dragonfliestho vaeru cheyabadataayi, ivi upashreni epiproctaalo unchabadataayi, saadhaaranamgaa peddavigaa untaayi, kallu kalisi untaayi mariyu rekkalu paiki ledhaa vishraanti samayamlo bayatiki untaayi, ayithe damselflies, upashreni jaigoptera, saadhaaranamgaa chinnaviga untaayi, kallu vaerugaa unchabadataayi mariyu shareeramtho paatu rekkalu visraantigaa untaayi.
anni odonaataalo nayads (vanadevatalu) anie piluvabade jala larvalu untaayi, mariyu avanni, larvalu mariyu peddalu, maamsaahaarulu. peddalu digavacchu, conny arudugaa nadavavacchu. vaari kaallu vaetanu pattukoodaaniki pratyekamainavi. ivi daadaapu puurtigaa purugumandulu tinevi.
vyutpatti mariyu paribhasha.
fabricius fabricius puraatana greeku (ionic roopam) 'panti' nundi 'odonata' anae padaanni roopondinchaadu. oka parikalpana emitante, vaati maxillalu mukhyamgaa panti pallu kaligi undatam valla idhi jarigindi. chaalaa keetakaalu dantaala mandibles kooda kaligi untaayi.
dragonfly" anae padam saadhaaranamgaa anisopteraanu matrame suuchistumdi, conny konnisaarlu anni odonata odonata autsaahikulanu suuchimchadaaniki kooda upayogistaaru, kevalam anisopteraanu suchinchetappudu "nijamaina dragonfly" ledhaa kevalam "anisopteron" anae padaanni upayoginchadam dwara aspashtatanu nivaarinchandi. warrier fly" anae padam kooda pratipaadinchabadindi. eee kramamlo sumaru 7,000 jaatulu vivarinchabaddaayi.
vyavasthalu mariyu vargeekarana.
eee kramam paleoptera anie piluvabade samuuhamlooni mayflies mariyu aneka antarinchipoyina shrenulatho daggari sambandham kaligi untundi, conny eee samuuham paraphylletic kaavacchu. avi mayfliestho panchukunedi rekkalu elaa vyakteekarinchabadataayi mariyu visraantigaa unchabadataayi anae swabhaavam (vivaranaatmaka charcha kosam purugula egaradam chudandi).
konni chikitsalalo, odonaataanu vistarinchina ardhamlo ardham chesukuntaru, mukhyamgaa suupar arder odonatopteraku paryaayapadamgaa untundi, conny charitrapurva protodonatanu cherchadu. eee vidhaanamlo, odonatoptera kuu badulugaa, odonatoidia anae padaanni upayogistaaru. paleoptera" yokka kramabaddheekaranalu yea vidhamgaanuu parishkarinchabadavu; ayithe cheppagaligedi emitante, vaatini "odonatoidia" ledhaa "odonatoptera" anie pilavabadutunnaa, odonata mariyu vaati antarinchipoyina bandhuvulu oka vamsaanni yerparustaayi.
anisojaigoptera (puraatana dragonflies) anae moodava upavargamtho anisoptera chaalaa kaalamgaa upavargamgaa pariganinchabadindi. edemaina, "anisojaigoptera" anedi paraphylletic anie, ekkuvagaa antarinchipoyina dragonfly parinaama shaakhalatho koodi undani kanugonappudu, samyukta upashreni epiproctaanu (dheenilo anisoptera oka infra arder) pratipaadinchaaru. aaa samuuhamloo unchabadina naalugu jeeva jaatulu (eee chikitsalo) infra arder epiophlabioptera loe unnaayi, ayithe gatamlo unna shilaja vargeekarana ippudu odonatoptera (ledhaa odonata "sensu laato") gurinchi chellacheduruga undhi. prapancha odonata jabita jaigoptera mariyu anisojaigoptera thoo patuga baga ardham chesukunna mariyu vistrutamgaa ishtapade padaalatoe paatu anisoptera nuu oka upasraenigaa pariganistundi.
tarsoflabidae anedi odonatoptera yokka charitrapurva kutumbam, dheenini odonata yokka besal vamsam ledhaa vaari takshana sodari taxon gaa pariganinchavacchu.
beckley (2002) prakaram odonates yokka arderlu mariyu upavargaala phylogenetic chettuh
bahya padanirmaana shaastram.
parimaanam.
atipedda sajeeva odonate anedi bhaarii central american helicopter damselfly "megaloprepus corulatus" (jaigoptera sudostigmatidae). atyanta baruvaina jeevinche odonetlu rekkala podavutho "tetrakantagina plagiata" (anisoptera ashniday), mariyu shareera podavu (konni muulaalu) mariyu rekkala podavutho "petalura ingentissima" (anisoptera petaluridae). athi podavaina odonate neotropical helicopter, idhi "macistogaster linearis" (jaigoptera sudostigmatidae), dheeni shareera podavu. konnisaarlu diggajam hawai darner "anax strainues" (anisoptera ashniday) rekkala podavutho atipedda sajeeva odonetga perkonabadindi, ayithe rekkala podavulu matrame saastriiyamgaa namodu cheyabadinanduna idhi oka puraanamgaa kanipistundi.
odonata mariyu vaati puurveekulu puraatana rekkalugala purugula samoohaalalo okadaani nundi vacchaaru. uttara americaloni permian nundi vacchina "meganeuropsis permiana" vanti paleozoic "jaint dragonflies" thoo sahaa odonates mariyu vaari daayaadula silaajaalu rekkala podavunu mariyu shareera podavunu cherukuni, anni kalalalo atipedda purugugaa marai. eee purugu meganisoptera shreniki chendinadi, griffinflies, idhi odonetlaku sambandhinchinadi, conny parimita ardhamlo aadhunika kramam odonaataalo bhaagam kaadu. 319 million samvatsaraala naati atyanta puurti shilaja recordulalo okati vaatini kaligi undhi.
thoorpu asiaku chendina atichinna jeevinchi unna dragonfly "nannophia pigmeya" (anisoptera libellulidae), dheeni shareera podavu mariyu rekkala podavu. atichinna damselflies (mariyu atichinna odonetlu kooda) anevi agriochnemis (jaigoptera coenagrionidae) jaatiki chendinavi, veeti rekkala podavu kevalam 2 retlu matrame.
vivarana.
eee keetakaalu vilakshanamgaa baga abhivruddhi chendina, mishrama kallatho kappabadina pedda gundrani talalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi manchi drushtini andistaayi, egurutuu eranu (itara keetakaalu) pattukovadaanni sulabhataram chese kaallu, rendu jatala podavaina, paaradarsaka rekkalu swatantramgaa kadulutaayi mariyu podavaina pottikadupu kaligi untaayi. vatiki moodu oselli mariyu chinna antennalu untaayi. noti bhagalu thala diguvana untaayi mariyu peddavaarilo saadhaarana namaladam mandulanu kaligi untaayi.
neoptera loe kanipinche vidhamgaa, odonatalo egaradam anedi neerugaa untundi, egurutunna kandaraalu neerugaa rekkalaku jodinchabadataayi; parokshamgaa kakunda, egurutunna kandaraalu thoraxku jodinchabadataayi. idhi naalugu rekkala yokka vaisaalyam, pounahpunyam, daadi konam, camber mariyu malupu yokka churukaina niyantrananu puurtigaa swatantramgaa anumatistundi.
chaalaa kutumbaalalo rekkala konaku sameepamlo mundu anchuna terrostigma anie piluvabade nirmaanam untundi. idhi siralatho chuttabadi unde mandamgaa, haemolymph nindina mariyu tarachugaa rangurangula praantam. terrostigma yokka vidhulu puurtigaa teliyadu, conny idhi bahusha aerodynamic prabhavanni kaligi untundi mariyu drushya paniteerunu kooda kaligi undavacchu. rekkala chivara ekkuva dravyarashi rekkalanu paiki krindiki taralinchadaaniki avasaramaina saktini kooda tagginchavachhu. rekkala drudhatvam mariyu rekkala dravyarashi yokka saraina kalayika egurutuu shakti viniyogaanni taggistundi. theneteegalu vanti itara keetakaalalo kooda terrostigma kanipistundi.
vanadevatalu peddala kante sthuulamaina, chinna sariiraalanu kaligi untaayi. rekkalu lekapovadamtho paatu, vaati kallu chinnaviga untaayi, vaati antennalu podavugaa untaayi mariyu vaati talalu peddavaarilo kante takkuva kadilevigaa untaayi. vaati noti bhagalu savarinchabadataayi, labiumnu eranu pattukoovadaaniki labial mask anie piluvabade pratyaekamaina prehensile avayavamgaa sweekaristaaru. damselfly vanadevatalu pottikadupuloni bahya moppala dwara oopiri peelchukuntaayi, ayithe dragonfly vanadevatalu vaari pureeshanaalam looni oka avayavam dwara oopiri peelchukuntaayi.
saadhaaranamgaa chaalaa saaruupyata unnappatikee, dragonflies aneka, sulabhamgaa gurtinchadagina lakshanaalalo damselflies nundi bhinnamgaa untaayi. dragonflylu chaalaa balamaina sariiraalatoe balamaina egurutuu untaayi mariyu vishraanti samayamlo vaati rekkalanu pakkaku ledhaa bayatiki mariyu krindiki (ledhaa kontha munduku kooda) pattukuntaayi. damselflies takkuva drudhamgaa untaayi, egurutuu kanipinche balaheenamgaa kooda untaayi, mariyu visraantigaa unnappudu chaalaa jaatulu tama rekkalanu pottikadupupai tirigi madatapedataayi (diguva, edamavaipu unna chaayaachitraanni chudandi). dragonfly kallu jantuvu thalalo ekkuva bhaganni aakraminchi, mukham antataa okadaanikokati taakutaayi (ledhaa daadaapu taakutaayi). damselflylalo, saadhaaranamgaa kalla madhya antaram untundi.
jeevaavarana shaastram mariyu jeevita chakram.
odonates anevi baalyadasalo unnatlugaa jala ledhaa pakshika jalasambandhamainavi. anduvalla, peddalu chaalaa tarachugaa neeti vanarula sameepamlo kanipistaaru mariyu tarachugaa jala keetakaluga varninchabadataaru. ayithe, aneka jaatulu neetiki dhooramgaa untaayi. avi jeevitaantam maamsaahaarulu (ledhaa marinta pratyaekamgaa purugumandulu), ekkuvagaa chinna keetakaalanu tintaayi.
maga odonatalo sanklishtamaina jananendriyaalu untaayi, ivi itara keetakaalalo kanipinche vatiki bhinnamgaa untaayi. veetilo aadavaarini pattukoovadaaniki pottikadupu kona vadda serseeni pattukovadam, mariyu rendava mariyu moodava pottikadupu vibhagam madhya unna rendava anubandha avayavalu unnaayi, dheenilo praathamika jananendriyaalu utpatti chesina tarvaata spermatozova nilva cheyabadutundi-dheeni bahya dwaranni tommidava pottikadupu vibhaagamlo jananendri randhram anie pilustaaru. eee prakriyanu intra-mell sperm translocation (ST) antaaru. maga sambhoga avayavam itara keetakaala nundi swatantramgaa abhivruddhi chendinanduna, kaandam-samuuham dragonflies bahya veerya badileeni kaligi undani soochinchabadindi. sahajeevanam cheyadaaniki, maga pattukotlu streeni thorax (jaigoptera) ledhaa thala (anisopera) dwara pattukuntaayi, ayithe stree thana pottikadupunu vangi untundi, tadwara aame sonta jananendriyaanni veeryaanni pattukunna sambhoga avayavam dwara grahinchavacchu. dheenini "chakram" sthaanam antaaru. 
gudlu neetilo ledhaa neetilo ledhaa tadi pradaesaala sameepamlo unna vrukshasampadapai vaeyabadataayi, mariyu gudlalo unna poeshakaala nundi jeevinche pronymphlanu utpatti cheyadaaniki podugutaayi. avi appudu chinna chepalatho sahaa itara jala jeevulapai (chaalaa jaatulalo) vipareetamaina maamsaahaarulu ayina sumaruga 9-14 moltlatho instarluga abhivruddhi chendutaayi. vanadevatalu perugutaayi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa saayantram ledhaa tellavaarujaamuna, egurutunna saadhaarana aparipakva peddalalo, vaati rangu inca abhivruddhi chendaledu. eee keetakaalu taruvaata punarutpaadaka peddalugaa marutayi.
prarambha jeevitamlo saraina abhivruddhi kosam adhika naanhyata gala neetipai aadharapadatam valla odonetlu nadulalo neeti naanhyataku jeeva suuchikalugaa panicheestaayi. vaari aahaaramlo puurtigaa keetakaalu untaayi kabatti, odonate saandrata aaharam yokka janaabhaaku neerugaa anulomaanupaatamlo untundi, mariyu vaati samruddhi pariseelinchina paryaavarana vyavasthalo aaharam samruddhiga undani suuchistumdi. vascular mokkala jaatula samruddhi kooda icchina aavasalalo dragonflies jaatula goppatanamtho sanukoolamgaa sambandham kaligi undhi. antey sarassu vanti pradaesamloe, aneka rakaala odonetlanu kanugonte, adevidhamgaa aneka rakaala mokkalu kooda undaali. eee sahasambandham anni jeeva suuchikalaku saadhaaranam kaadu, endukante konni ververu paryaavarana karakaniki suuchikalugaa panicheestaayi, udaaharanaku pool kappa neetilo mariyu daani chuttoo ekkuva samayam gadipinanduna neeti naanhyataku jeeva suuchikagaa panichestundi.
adanamgaa, sagatu ushnogratalo maarpulaku odonates chaalaa sunnitamgaa untaayi. prapancha ushnograta peragadam mariyu aavasalu endipovadamtho aneka jaatulu adhika ettulu mariyu akshaamsaalaku marai. sagatu ushnograta perige koddi instar dasalu mariyu chinna vayojana shareera parimaanam peragadamtho jeevita chakramlo maarpulu namodu cheyabaddaayi. aneka jaatula bhuubhaagam ativyaapti chendadam praarambhinchadamtho, saadhaaranamgaa parichayam kaani jaatula sankareekarana raetu perugutondi. prapancha vaataavarana maarpu konasagithe, odonaataaloni chaalaa mandhi sabhyulu adrushyam kavadam praarambhistaaru. odonates chaalaa paatha kramam mariyu atuvanti puurti shilaja rikaardunu kaligi unnanduna avi keetakaala parinaamam mariyu anusarananu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki anuvaina jaatulu. udaaharanaku, avi egurutuu abhivruddhi chendina modati keetakaalalo okati mariyu eee lakshanam keetakaalalo okasari matrame udbhavinchi undavacchu, odonetlalo egurutuu elaa panichestundo choosthe, migilina egurutuu unna vaatini mapp cheyavachu.
kooda chudandi.
australia-britton-kenada (dragonflies) looni odonata jaatula jaabitaalu | damselflies)-estonia-finland-france-india-ireland-slovenia-dakshinaafrikaa-srilanka-taiwan

