
chepala kadalika

chepala chalanasheelata anedi chepalu, pradhanamgaa eetha kottadam dwara upayoginche vividha rakaala janthu chalanasheelata. idhi chepala vividha samoohaalalo vividha rakaala chodaka vidhaanaala dwara saadhinchabadutundi, chaalaa tarachugaa chepala sareeram mariyu neetilo thoka yokka alala vanti parshwa vanguta dwara mariyu vividha pratyeka chepalalo rekkala kadalikala dwara saadhinchabadutundi. chepalalo chalanasheelata yokka pradhana rupalu
marinta pratyaekamaina chepalalo pradhanamgaa drudamaina shareeramtho kuudina pectoral rekkala kadalika, sunfishlo vale dorsal mariyu guda rekkalatho scullingnu vyatirekinchadam, mariyu katthi chepa ledhaa fetherbacklalo vale, kadalika laeni shareeramtho podavaina rekkala venta alanu vyaapti cheyadam dwara kadalika.
adanamgaa, konni chepalu vividha rakaluga "nadavgalavu" (i.ii., pectoral mariyu kati rekkalanu upayoginchi bhoomi meeda croll cheyandi), buradalo boggu veyandi, neeti nundi dhooki, gaalilo tatkalikamga egarandi.
eetha kottadam.
chuttoo unna neetiki vyatiraekamgaa balavantamgaa chepalanu eetha kottandi. minahaayimpulu unnaayi, conny idhi saadhaaranamgaa chepalu mukku nundi thoka varaku shareera podavunu prayaaninchae vanguta taramgaalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki daani sariiraaniki iruvaipula kandaraalanu kudinchadam dwara saadhinchabadutundi, saadhaaranamgaa avi munduku sagetappudu peddavi avtayi. atuvanti kadalika dwara neetipai vektar saktulu paarsvamgaa raddu avtayi, conny nikara saktini venukaku utpatti chestaayi, idhi neeti gundaa chepalanu munduku nettivestundi. chaalaa chepalu tama sareeram mariyu coudal rekkala parshwa kadalikalanu upayoginchi ottidini utpatti chestaayi, ayithe aneka itara jaatulu pradhanamgaa vaati madhyastha mariyu jatha chesina rekkalanu upayoginchi kadulutaayi. taruvaati samuuham nemmadigaa eetha kodutundi, conny vaegamgaa tiragagaladu, udaaharanaku pagadapu dibbalalo nivasistunnappudu idhi avasaram. conny vaaru tama sareeraalu mariyu coudal rekkalanu upayoginchi chepala vale vaegamgaa eetha kottaleru.
udaaharana.
oka chepa neeti gundaa elaa kadulutundo cheppadaniki oka udaaharanagaa, rekhaachitramlo chuupina tilapianu pariganinchandi. chaalaa chepala maadirigaane, tilapia kooda kramabaddheekarinchina shareera aakaraanni kaligi untundi, idhi kadalikaku neeti nirodhakatanu taggistundi mariyu tilapianu neetilo sulabhamgaa kattirinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. dheeni thala vanganidi, idhi munduku nettadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. daani poralanu ativyaapti chesi, venukaku choopinchi, neeru anavasaramaina addanki lekunda chepalapaiki velladaaniki veelu kalpistundi. neeti gharshana anedi vaari sareerampai sravinche shleshmam dwara marinta taggutundi.
vennemuka anuvainadi, kandaraalu kudinchadaaniki mariyu layabaddhamgaa vishraanti teesukoovadaaniki mariyu alala kadalikanu teesukuraavadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. eetha muutraasayam telikapati padaarthaanni andistundi, idhi neeti niluvu varusalo chepa daani niluvu sthaanaanni sardubaatu cheyadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. oka parshwa rekha vyavastha neetilo kampanaalu mariyu ottidi maarpulanu gurtinchadaaniki anumatistundi, idhi chepalaku bahya sanghatanalaku tagina vidhamgaa spandinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi.
samatulyatanu nirvahinchadaaniki, breaking cheyadaaniki mariyu disanu maarchadaaniki baga abhivruddhi chendina rekkalanu upayogistaaru. pectoral rekkalu irusugaa panicheestaayi, dheeni chuttoo chepalu vaegamgaa tirugutaayi mariyu tananu taanu nadipinchagalavu. jatha cheyabadina pectoral mariyu kati rekkalu pitchingnu niyantristaayi, ayithe jatha cheyani dorsal mariyu guda rekkalu aavalinta mariyu rollingnu taggistaayi. cuddle rekka chepalanu munduku nadipinchadaaniki mudi saktini andistundi.
sareeram/kaadal finn propulsion.
paarsvamgaa sthaanabhramsham chendina vaari sariiramlooni bhinnamlo bhinnamaina aidu samuuhaalu unnaih
angeliform.
eels vanti konni podavaina, sannani chepalanu kaligi unna angliform samuuhamloo, sareeramlo pravahinche vamputirige tarangam yokka vaisaalyamlo takkuva perugudala untundi.
subcarangiform.
sub corrangiform samuuham sareeram venta taranga vyaaptiloo marinta gananeeyamaina perugudalanu kaligi undhi, ekkuva bhaagam pani chepala venuka sagam dwara jarugutundi. saadhaaranamgaa, chepala sareeram drudhamgaa untundi, idhi adhika vegaanni kaligistundi conny yuktini taggistundi. trout sub-correngiform lokomotionnu upayogistundi.
correngiform.
karangide paeru pettabadina carangiform samuuham, munupati samuuhaala kante gatti mariyu vaegamgaa kadulutundi. kadalikalo ekkuva bhaagam sareeram mariyu thoka venuka bhaagamlo kendrikrutamai untundi. carangiform swimmerlu saadhaaranamgaa vaegamgaa oogisalaadutunna thokalanu kaligi untaaru.
thunniform.
thunniform samuuhamloo adhika-vegavantamaina suduura eethagaallu untaaru, idhi tuna jaatula lakshanam mariyu aneka lamnid sorachepalalo kooda kanipistundi. ikkada, daadaapu anni pakkadaari kadalikalu thokalo mariyu pradhana bhaganni thoka (pedankil) thoo anusandhaaninche praantamloo untaayi. thoka kooda peddadigaa mariyu ardhachandraakaaramlo untundi. eee rakamaina eetha barracudas vishayamlo vale, eetha vegam peragadam valla eee chepalanu marinta sulabhamgaa vembadinchadaaniki mariyu pattukoovadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
austrassiform.
austrassiform samuuham kaadal lokomotionnu upayoginchinappudu prasamsaneeyam shareera taramgaalu undavu. thoka rekka matrame ottidini srushtinchadaaniki oogisalaadutundi (tarachugaa chaalaa vaegamgaa). eee samuuhamloo austracidae untundi.
madhyastha/jatha chesina rekkala chodaka.
paina perkonna samoohaalalo anni chepalu soukaryavantamgaa saripovu. udaaharanaku, samudrapu sunfish puurtigaa bhinnamaina vyavasthanu kaligi untundi, tetravodontiform mode, mariyu aneka chinna chepalu tama pectoral rekkalanu eetha kottadaniki alaage steering mariyu dynamic lift kosam upayogistaayi. gymnotiforms kramamlo unna chepalu vaati shareera podavutho paatu vidyut avayavalanu kaligi untaayi mariyu sariiraanni nischalamgaa unchutuu podavaina guda rekkanu oogisalaadinchadam dwara eetha kodataayi, bahusha avi utpatti chese vidyut kshetraaniki bhangam kaliginchakundaa undataaniki.
chaalaa chepalu tama rendu pectoral rekkala ledhaa vaari guda mariyu dorsal rekkala mishrama pravartananu upayoginchi eetha kodataayi. vividha rakaala madhyastha jatha chesina rekkala chodaka saktini oka rekka jatanu marokati kante pradhaanyamgaa upayoginchadam dwara saadhinchavachchu, mariyu indulo rajiform, diodantiform, amiform, gymnotiform mariyu ballistiform modlu untaayi.
rajiform.
pedda, baga abhivruddhi chendina pectoral rekkala venta niluvu alala dwara ottidi utpatti ayinappudu, kiranaalu mariyu skaetla yokka lakshanam rajiform locomotion.
diodontiform.
diodontiform locomotion mullapandulo (diodontidae) kanipinche vidhamgaa pedda pectoral rekkala venta alala vyaapti chendhe chepalanu munduku nadipistundi.
amiaform.
amiform locomotion loe podavaina dorsal rekkala alala untaayi, ayithe boffinlo kanipinche vidhamgaa shareera aksham nitaruga mariyu sthiramgaa untundi.
gymnotiform.
gymnotiform locomotion anedi podavaina anga rekkala alalunu kaligi untundi, mukhyamgaa talakrindulugaa unna amiform, idhi dakshina america katthi chepa "gymnotiforms" loe kanipistundi.
ballistiform.
ballistiform locomotionlo, guda mariyu dorsal rekkalu rendoo alumukuntaayi. idhi ballistidae (trigger fish) kutumbaaniki chendina lakshanam. idhi jeede loe kooda chudavachu.
ausilatory.
dolananni pectoral-finn-aadhaarita eethagaa chuustaaru mariyu dheenini mobuliform locomotion anie pilustaaru. eee kadalikanu pakshula rekkalu kotte maadirigaane rekkapai sagam kante takkuva tarangam utpattigaa varninchavachhu. manta, conos, eegil mariyu gabbilala kiranaalu vanti pelogic stingrelu ausilatory lokomotionnu upayogistaayi.
tetravodontiform.
tetravodontiform locomotionlo, dorsal mariyu guda rekkalu oka unitga, dasalo ledhaa sarigga okadaanikokati vyatiraekistaayi, tetravodontiforms (baxfishlu mariyu pufferfishlu) loe kanipistaayi. samudrapu sunn fish eee vidhaanaaniki teevramaina udaaharananu pradarsistundi.
labriform.
labriform locomotionlo, raas (labriforms) laloe kanipinche, pectoral rekkala dolana kadalikalu dragg aadhaarita ledhaa lift aadhaaritamgaa untaayi. roying chalanamlo neeti gundaa rekkalanu lagadam dwara ledhaa lift mechanisms dwara utpatti ayye laagadaaniki pratispandanagaa propulsion utpatti avutundi.
dynamic lift.
chepala emukalu mariyu kandaraala kanajaalaalu neeti kante dattamgaa untaayi. lothunu nirvahinchadaaniki, emuka chepalu gyaas muutraasayam dwara telikanu penchutaayi. pratyamnaayamgaa, konni chepalu idhe prayojanam kosam noonelu ledhaa lipidlanu nilva chestaayi. eee lakshanaalu laeni chepalu badulugaa dynamic liftnu upayogistaayi. vimanalu mariyu pakshulu rekkalanu upayoginchina vidhamgaane vaati pectoral rekkalanu upayoginchi idhi jarugutundi. eee chepalu eetha kottetappudu, vaati pectoral rekkalu liftnu srushtinchadaaniki unchabadataayi, idhi chepalanu oka nirdishta lothunu nirvahinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. eee paddhati yokka rendu pradhana lopaalu emitante, eee chepalu theeluthuu undataaniki kadalikalo undaali mariyu avi venukaku eetha kottalevu ledhaa oogutaayi.
hydrodynamics.
vimaana vaayugatika shaastram maadirigaane, saktitoe nadiche eetaku jantuvulu ottidini utpatti cheyadam dwara laagunu adhigaminchaalsina avasaram undhi. ayithe, egurutuu kakunda, eetha jantuvulu tarachugaa ekkuva niluvu saktini sarafara cheyavalasina avasaram ledhu, endukante telikapati prabhavam gurutvakarshana yokka diguva lagadanni edurkovachhu, eee jantuvulu ekkuva krushi lekunda theeluthuu undataaniki veelu kalpistundi. chepala chalanamlo goppa vaividhyam unnappatikee, eetha pravartananu ottidi utpattilo palgone shareera nirmaanaala aadhaaramgaa rendu vibhina "reetulugaa" vargeekarinchavachhu, madhyastha-jatha rekka (emm. pii. eff) mariyu shareera-kaadal rekka (bii. sii. eff). eee vargeekaranalalo pratidaaniloo, puurtigaa asthirata nundi puurtigaa dolanam varaku aneka rakaala pravartanala spectrum unnaayi. oogisalaata eetha paddhatulalo, chodaka nirmaanam (saadhaaranamgaa rekka ledhaa mottam sareeram) yokka tarangam vanti kadalikala dwara ottidi utpatti avutundi. marovaipu, ausilatory modlu, etuvanti tarangam lanty kadalika lekunda attachment pointpy propulsive structurenu tippadam dwara utpatti ayye thrust dwara vargeekarinchabadataayi.
shareera-kaadal rekka.
chaalaa chepalu kaadal rekkala dwara sareeramlo vyaapti chendhe alala taramgaalanu utpatti cheyadam dwara eetha kodataayi. eee rakamaina oogisalaata chalananni shareera nirmaanaala aadhaaramgaa boddy-kaadal finn (bcf) swimming anie pilustaaru; indulo angliform, sub-correngiform, correngiform mariyu thunniform locomotory modlu, alaage ausilatory austrassiform mode untaayi.
anusarana.
pakshula vimaanamlo anusarana maadirigaane, chepalalo eetha pravartanalanu sthirathvam mariyu yukti yokka samatulyatagaa bhaavinchavachchu. bcf swimming saktivantamaina ottidini venukaku matrame nirdesinchagala marinta kaadal boddy structurelapy aadharapadatam valla, eee rakamaina locomotion twaragaa vegavantam cheyadaaniki mariyu nirantaram prayaaninchadaaniki mukhyamgaa prabhaavavantamgaa untundi. anduvalla, bcf eetha anedi swabhavikamga sthiramgaa untundi mariyu tarachugaa pedda valasa namuunaalatoe kuudina chepalalo kanipistundi, ivi deerghakaalamlo saamarthyaanni penchaali. marovaipu, emm. pii. eff. eethalo chodaka saktulu sariiraaniki iruvaipula unna bahula rekkala dwara utpatti avtayi, ivi vistrutamaina malupulanu amalu cheyadaaniki samanvayam cheyabadataayi. phalitamgaa, emm. pii. eff. eetha adhika yukti kosam baga sweekarinchabadutundi mariyu tarachugaa vistrutamaina tappinchukune namuunaalu avasaramayye chinna chepalalo kanipistundi.
chepalu aakraminchina aavasalu tarachugaa vaati eetha saamardhyaalaku sambandhinchinavi. pagadapu dibbalapai, vaegamgaa eetha kottagala chepala jaatulu saadhaaranamgaa vegavantamaina neeti pravaaha vaegaaniki lobadi alala-maarutunna aavasalalo nivasistaayi, ayithe nemmadigaa unde chepalu takkuva neeti kadalikatho aasrayam pondina aavasalalo nivasistaayi.
chepalu pratyaekamgaa oka locomotor modpai aadharapadavu, conny locomotor generalga untaayi, andubaatulo unna aneka pravartanaa paddhatula nundi pravartanalanu enchukuni, militam chestaayi. pradhanamgaa bcf swimmerlu tarachugaa vaari pectoral, guda mariyu dorsal rekkala kadalikanu nemmadigaa sthireekarana yantraamgaa chaerchutaaru, conny vaatini adhika vegamtho vaari sariiraaniki daggaragaa unchi, kramabaddhikarinchadam mariyu laagunu tagginchadam meruguparustaaru. gbrafish perugudala mariyu paripakvata antataa maarutunna hydrodynamic prabhaavaalaku pratispandanagaa vaati locomotor pravartananu kooda marchadam gamaninchabadindi.
locomotor pravartananu sweekarinchadamtho paatu, jala paryaavarana vyavasthalu lothu prakaram chaalaa maarutuu untaayi kabatti, neeti manugadaku teliade prabhavalanu niyantrinchadam chaalaa mukhyam. chepalu saadhaaranamgaa beloonla maadirigaa unde pratyeka avayavaalalo vayuvu parimaanaanni niyantrinchadam dwara vaati lothunu niyantristaayi. eee eetha muutraasayaalaloo vayuvu parimaanaanni marchadam dwara, chepalu vaati saandratanu churukuga niyantristaayi. avi tama eetha muutraasayamloo gaali parimaanaanni penchithe, vaati mottam saandrata chuttupakkala neeti kante takkuvagaa maarutundi, mariyu perigina paiki teliade ottillu chepalu avi tirigi chuttupakkala neetitho samatulyatalo unde lotuku cherukune varaku peragadaaniki kaaranamavutaayi.
vimaanamlo.
pradhanamgaa eetha locomotion neerugaa vimaanamloki maaradam anedi samudra chepala yokka oke kutumbam, exocoitidaeloo abhivruddhi chendindi. egurutunna chepalu saktitoe nadichevi kaavu anae ardhamlo avi nijamaina egurutaayi kaadu. badulugaa, eee jaatulu tama rekkalanu eppuduu kottakunda samudrapu neeti uparitalampai neerugaa egurutaayi."egire chepalu asadhaaranamgaa pedda pectoral rekkalanu abhivruddhi chesaayi, ivi gaali rekulagaa panicheestaayi mariyu chepalu neeti nundi bayataku vachinappudu liftnu andistaayi. hypocadal (i.ii. diguva) diving pakshulaku viruddhamgaa, vaati kaadal rekka yokka lobe neetilo mariyu chaalaa twaragaa kampistundi, dheenilo eee saktulu chodaka kosam upayoginche adhe locomotor module dwara utpatti cheyabadataayi. prastutam unna 64 rakaala egire chepalalo, rendu vibhina shareera pranaalikalu matrame unnaayi, veetilo prati okkati rendu ververu pravartanalanu optimize chestundi.
lavadevilu.
chaalaa chepalaku samaana parimaanamlo lobes (i.ii. homocadal), egire chepalu vistarinchina ventral lobe (i.ii. hypocadol) idhi adanapu thrust utpatti mariyu steering kosam thokalo kontha bhaganni matrame tirigi neetilo munchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
egire chepalu pradhanamgaa jala jantuvulu kabatti, teliade sthirathvam kosam vaati shareera saandrata neetiki daggaragaa undaali. ayithe, eetha kottadaniki eee praathamika avasaram emitante, egire chepalu itara alavatuga egaravese vaati kante baruvugaa untaayi (pedda dravyaraasini kaligi untaayi), phalitamgaa adhika rekkalu load avtayi mariyu polchadagina parimaanamlo unde pakshitho poliste egire chepalaku laagadaaniki nishpattini penchutaayi. eee vibhina aerodynamic designla aadhaaramgaa egire chepalanu rendu vibhina vargeekaranalugaa vargeekarinchadaaniki rekkala vaisaalyam, rekkala paridhi, rekkala loading mariyu kaaraka nishpattilo thedaalu upayoginchabaddaayi.
bipelane boddy plaan.
bipelane ledhaa "cypsellurus" boddy plaanlo, pectoral mariyu kati rekkalu rendoo egurutuu unnappudu liftnu andinchadaaniki vistarinchabadataayi. eee chepalu "chadunaina" sariiraalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi mottam lift-utpatti praantaanni penchutaayi, tadwara avi marinta kramabaddheekarinchina aakaaraala kante gaalilo "velaadadeeyadaaniki" veelu kalpistaayi. eee adhika lift utpatti phalitamgaa, eee chepalu adbhutamaina glyderlu mariyu vimaana dhooram mariyu vyavadhini penchadaaniki baga anugunamgaa untaayi.
tulanaatmakamgaa, "cypsellurus" egire chepalu takkuva rekkala load mariyu chinna kaaraka nishpattulanu kaligi untaayi (i.ii. vaati "exocoatus" monoplane pratyardhula kante vistruta rekkalu), eee pratyaamnaaya shareera pranaalikatoe chepala kante ekkuva dhooram egaragala vaari saamardhyaaniki dohadam chestundi. bipelane design thoo egurutunna chepalu neeti nundi prayoginchetappudu vaati adhika lift utpatti saamardhyaalanu "taxieing glide" nuu upayoginchadam dwara sadviniyogam chesukuntaayi, dheenilo trunk neeti uparitalaanni clear chesina tarvaata kooda hypocadal lobe neetilo undi, rekkalu terichinappatikii, lift generation kosam chinna konamtho daadi chestaaru.
monoplane boddy plaan.
exocoutus" ledhaa monoplane boddy plaanlo, liftnu andinchadaaniki pectoral rekkalu matrame vistarinchabadataayi. eee shareera pranaalikatoe chepalu marinta kramabaddhamaina sariiraanni, adhika kaaraka nishpattulanu (podavaina, irukaina rekkalu) mariyu bipelane boddy pranaalikatoe chepala kante ekkuva rekkalanu kaligi untaayi, eee chepalanu adhika egurutuu vaegaaniki baga anugunamgaa chestaayi. monoplane boddy plantho egurutunna chepalu vaati bipelane pratyardhula nundi vibhina prayoga pravartanalanu pradarsistaayi. vaati ottidi utpatti vyavadhini podiginche badulu, monoplane chepalu pedda daadi konamlo (konnisaarlu 45 degreela varaku) adhika vegamtho neeti nundi prayoginchabadataayi. eee vidhamgaa, monoplane chepalu adhika vimaana vegam kosam vaati anusarananu sadviniyogam chesukuntunnayi, ayithe bipelane designlatho unna chepalu takeoff samayamlo vaati lift utpatti saamardhyaalanu sadviniyogam chesukuntaayi.
nadustuu.
walking fish" anedi ekkuva kaalam bhoomi meeda prayaaninchagala chepa. praamaanikam kaani chepala chalananiki sambandhinchina konni itara sandarbhaallo chepala chepalu ledhaa fragg fish vanti samudrapu adugubhaagamlo chepalu "nadavadam" unnaayi.
saadhaaranamgaa, nadaka chepalu ubhayachara chepalu. neeti nundi ekkuva samayam gadapagalige eee chepalu, spring, paamu lanty parshwa alala mariyu tripaada lanty nadakatho sahaa aneka chalana maargaalanu upayoginchavacchu. madkipparlu bahusha samakaaleena chepalaku uttamamaina bhuu-anusarana kaligi untaayi mariyu neeti nundi bayataku velladaaniki rojulu gadapagalav mariyu mada adavulanu kooda ekkagalavu, ayithe ivi takkuva ettulaku matrame untaayi. aarohana gauramini tarachugaa pratyaekamgaa "nadaka chepa" anie pilustaaru, ayithe idhi vaastavaaniki "nadavadu", conny daani gill plaetla yokka podiginchina anchulapai tananu taanu aadarinchukovadam dwara mariyu daani rekkalu mariyu thokatho tananu taanu nettukovadam dwara jerkey maargamlo kadulutundi. idhi chetlanu kooda ekkagaladani konni nivedikalu suuchistunnaayi.
walking catt fish vanti vaastava nadakalo takkuva naipunhyam kaligina aneka chepalu unnaayi. bhoomipai nadavadaniki" prasiddhi chendinappatikii, eee chepa saadhaaranamgaa kadulutundi mariyu daani kadalikalo sahaayapadataaniki daani pectoral rekkalanu upayoginchavacchu. walking catt fish swaasa vyavasthanu kaligi untundi, idhi vaatini chaalaa rojulu neeti nundi bayata jeevinchadaaniki anumatistundi. konni hanikara jaatulu. united stateslo oka apakhyaati paalaina kesu uttara paamu thala. polyperidlu praathamika oopiritittulanu kaligi untaayi mariyu bhoomipai kooda kadulutaayi, ayithe vikrutamgaa untaayi. mada adavula pravahalu neeti nundi nelala tarabadi jeevinchagalavu mariyu bolu laagla vanti pradaesaalaku vellagalavu.
samudrapu adugubhaagamlo "nadavgala" konni jaatula chepalu unnaayi, conny bhoomipai kaadu; atuvanti jantuvulalo okati egire guranard (idhi vaastavaaniki egaradu, mariyu egire chepalatho ayomayam chendakudadu). ogcosephalidae kutumbaaniki chendina batfishlu (epheppidae yokka batfishto ayomayam chendakudadu) kooda samudrapu adugubhaagamlo nadiche saamarthyam kaligi untaayi. "tripaud fish" anie kooda piluvabade "batipterois grallator", samudrapu adugubhaagamlo daani moodu rekkalapai nilabadi aaharam kosam vetaadutundi. african lung fish ("p. annectains") daani rekkalanu daani tank diguva bhaagamlo "nadavadaniki" upayoginchavacchu, ubhayacharaalu mariyu bhuu sakasherukaalu bhoomipai tama avayavalanu upayoginche vidhananni pooli untundi.
burra.
aneka chepalu, mukhyamgaa eel aakaaramlo unde nijamaina eels, moray eels mariyu vennumuka eels vanti chepalu isuka ledhaa burada gundaa burada cheyagalavu. offitheads, paamu eels, munduku ledhaa venukaku burra cheyagalavu.
larva chepalu.
chalanasheelata.
eetha kottadam.
chepala larvalu, aneka vayojana chepala maadirigaane, vaati sariiraanni oogisalaadinchi eetha kodataayi. eetha vegam jantuvula parimaanaanni batti damasha prakaram maarutuu untundi, dheenilo chinna jantuvulu pedda jantuvula kante takkuva vegamtho eetha kodataayi. eetha yantraangam larva yokka pravaaha paalana dwara niyantrinchabadutundi. reynolds sankhya (rii) anedi jadatva shakti mariyu jigata shakti nishpattigaa nirvachinchabadindi. chinna jeevulu gharshana vanti jigata saktula dwara ekkuvagaa prabhaavitamavutaayi mariyu chinna reynolds sankhyalo eetha kodataayi. pedda jeevulu ekkuva reynolds sankhyalo eetha kottadaniki ottidi vanti jadatva saktula yokka pedda nishpattini upayogistaayi.
rae finned chepala larvalu, octinopterigi, chaalaa pedda shreni reynolds sankhyalo (reey ± 10 nundi 900) eetha kodataayi. idhi vaatini jadatva mariyu jigata saktulu rendoo mukhyamaina paatra poeshinchae madhyantara pravaaha paalanalo unchutundi. larva parimaanam perige koddi, adhika reynolds sankhya vadda eetha kottadaniki ottidi saktula vadakam perugutundi.
alala eethagaallu saadhaaranamgaa kaneesam rendu rakaala melkolpulanu tolagistaaruh corrangiform eethagaallu connect cheyabadina sudigaali looplanu mariyu angliform eethagaallu vyaktigata sudigaali valayalanu tolagistaaru. eee sudigaali valayalu sudigundam nundi sravinche venuka anchu yokka aakaram mariyu amarikapai aadharapadi untaayi. eee namuunaalu eetha vegam, eetha vegam mariyu shareera taranga vegam nishpatti mariyu shareera taramgaala aakaarampai aadharapadi untaayi.
aakasmika eetha pootiiloo moodu dasalu untaayi. modati dasha prarambha ledhaa tvaranam dasah eee dasalo larva thana sariiraanni tipputuu 'sii' aakaraanni tayaaru chestundi, dheenini sannahaka stroke anie pilustaaru. idhi thana sariiraanni nitaruga cheyadaaniki vyatiraeka disalo nettivestundi, dheenini propulsive stroke ledhaa power stroke anie pilustaaru, idhi larvanu munduku saagadaaniki saktinistundi. rendava dasha chakriya eetha. eee dasalo, larva sumaru sthiramaina vegamtho eetha kodutundi. chivari dasha mandagamanam. eee dasalo, larva yokka eetha vegam kramamga puurtigaa aagipotundi. sannahaka strokelo, sareeram vangi undatam valla, larva daani sareeram chuttoo 4 sudigundaalanu srushtistundi, vaatilo 2 chodaka strokelo chindinchabadataayi. idhe vidhamaina drugvishayaanni ksheenata dasalo chudavachu. ayithe, mandagamana dasha yokka sudigundaalalo, prarambha dasato poliste adhika verticity yokka pedda praantaanni chudavachu.
larva chepala eetha saamardhyalu manugadaku mukhyamainavi. adhika jeevakriya raetu mariyu chinna parimaanam kaligina larva chepalaku idhi pratyaekamgaa vartistundi, idhi vaatini maamsaahaarulaku marinta avakaasam kalpistundi. reif fish larva yokka eetha saamarthyam tagina dibba vadda sthirapadataaniki mariyu daani intini gurtinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi, endukante idhi tarachugaa aaharam kosam daani inti dibba nundi verucheyabadutundi. anduvalla itara larvalatho poliste reif chepala larwala eetha vegam chaalaa ekkuvagaa untundi (±12 sem. mea./seey-100 sem. mea./seey). rendu pradaesaalaloo oke kutumbaaniki chendina larwala eetha vegam saapekshamgaa okela untundi. ayithe, vyaktula madhya vyatyaasam chaalaa peddadi. jaatula sthaayilo, podavu gananeeyamgaa eetha saamardhyamtho sambandham kaligi untundi. ayithe, kutumba sthaayilo, eetha saamardhyamlo 16 saatam vyatyaasaanni matrame podavu dwara vivarinchavacchu. reif chepala larwala suukshmata nishpatti mariyu eetha saamarthyam madhya pratikuula sambandham kooda undhi. idhi mottam dragg mariyu valume garishteekarananu tagginchadaanni suuchistumdi. reif fish larvalu taxala madhya vaati klishtamaina eetha vegam saamardhyalalo gananeeyamgaa bhinnamgaa untaayi, idhi sthiramaina eetha vegamlo adhika vaividhyamku daariteestundi. idhi mallii chedaragotte namuunaalanu, mottam chedaragotte dhooraalanu marchagala mariyu vaati taatkaalika mariyu praadaesika sthaavara namuunaalanu niyantrinchagala vaati saamardhyamlo sthiramaina vaividhyamku daariteestundi.
hydrodynamics.
chinna alala eethagaallu jadatva mariyu jigata saktulu rendintinee anubhavistaaru, dheeni saapeksha praamukhyata reynolds sankhya (rii) dwara suuchimchabadutumdi. reynolds sankhya shareera parimaanam mariyu eetha vaegaaniki anulomaanupaatamlo untundi. phaladeekaranam tarvaata 2 nundi 5 rojula madhya larva yokka eetha paniteeru perugutundi (dii.pii.eff.). peddavaaritho poliste, larva chepalu saapekshamgaa adhika jigata saktini anubhavistaayi. peddavaaritho samaana sthaayiki ottidini penchadaaniki, idhi daani thoka beat frequencini penchutundi mariyu tadwara amplitude penchutundi. phaladeekaranam taruvaata 3 rojullo larva vayassulo thoka beat frequency 95 hertzku perugutundi (dii.pii.eff.) phaladeekaranantaram 2 rojullo 80 heartz nundi (dii.pii.eff.). eee adhika pounahpunyam adhika eetha vaegaaniki daariteestundi, tadwara phaladeekaranam tarvaata sumaru 5 rojulalo aaharam ivvadam praarambhinchinappudu vetade mariyu vaetanu pattukune saamarthyaanni taggistundi (d.pii.eff.). sudigaali shedding mechanics pravaaha paalanatho viloma naan-leanier maargamlo maarutundi. strouhal sankhya (esty) sudigaali shedding mechanism kosam oka design paraamitigaa pariganinchabadutundi mariyu sagatu eetha vegamtho amplitudeto tail beat frequency yokka utpatti nishpattigaa nirvachinchavacchu. reynolds sankhya (rii) anedi pravaaha paalana yokka pradhana nirnayaatmaka pramaanam. vividha rakaala larva prayogaalalo gamaninchabadindi, nemmadigaa larva adhika strouhal sankhyalo conny takkuva reynolds sankhyalo eetha kodutundi. ayithe, vegavantamaina larva vyatiraeka paristhitulalo, antey takkuva strouhal sankhyalo conny ekkuva reynolds sankhyalo vilakshanamgaa eetha kodutundi. strouhal sankhya adhe vaega shreni vayojana chepalapai sthiramgaa untundi. strouhal sankhya eethagaalla chinna parimaanampai matrame kakunda, pravaaha paalanapai kooda aadharapadi untundi. jigata ledhaa adhika-gharshana pravaaha vyavasthalo eetha kottina chepala maadirigaane, adhika sariiraanni lagadam srushtistundi, idhi adhika strouhal sankhyaku daariteestundi. ayithe, adhika jigata vyavasthalo, peddalu takkuva etthu podavutho eetha kottaru, idhi takkuva thoka beat frequency mariyu takkuva vaisaalyaaniki daariteestundi. idhi adhe sthaanabhramsham ledhaa adhika chodaka shakti kosam adhika ottidiki daariteestundi, idhi ekagreevamgaa reinals sankhyanu taggistundi.
larva chepalu phaladeekaranam tarvaata 5-7 rojulalo tinadam praarambhistaayi (dii.pii.eff.). mariyu vaaru aaharam praarambhamaina konni rojullo teevramaina maranaala retunu (± 99 saatam) anubhavistaaru. eee 'klishtamaina kaalam' (1914) kuu kaaranam pradhanamgaa hydrodynamic parimitulu. taginanta vaeta edurainappatiki larva chepalu tinalevu. aaharam vijayavantam kaavadaaniki praathamika nirnayakaallo okati larva sareeram yokka parimaanam. chinna larva takkuva reynolds sankhya (rii) paalanalo panicheestaayi. vayassu perige koddi, larva parimaanam perugutundi, idhi adhika eetha vaegaaniki mariyu reynolds sankhyaku daariteestundi. vijayavantamaina strikela reenalds sankhya (rii-200) viphalamaina strikela reenalds sankhya (rii-20) kante chaalaa ekkuvagaa undani aneka prayogaala dwara gamaninchabadindi. takkuva reynolds sankhya (rii) vadda chushana feeding yokka sankhya vislaeshanha, noti teravadamlo pettubadi pette 40 saatam shakti, noti vaipu dravam vegavantam cheyadaaniki dohadam cheyakunda gharshana saktulaku kolpotundani nirdhaarinchindi. indriya vyavasthalo antogenetic merugudala, samanvayam mariyu anubhavalu mukhyamainavi kaavu, ayithe larvalanu tinipinchadamlo vijayanni nirnayinchadam, vijayavantamaina strike anedi garishta pravaaha vegam ledhaa strike samayamlo larwala vegampai sanukoolamgaa aadharapadi untundi. garishta pravaaha vegam kooda gape vegam ledhaa aaharaanni sangrahinchadaaniki bakal kuharanni teriche vegampai aadharapadi untundi. larva vayassu perige koddi, daani shareera parimaanam perugutundi mariyu daani gape vegam kooda perugutundi, idhi vijayavantamaina strike phalitaalanu sanchitamgaa penchutundi. anduvalla pedda larvalu vaegamgaa tappinchukune eranu pattukogalavu mariyu vaati notiloki bhaarii eranu peelchukoovadaaniki taginanta saktini upayoginchagalavu.
maamsaahaarito encounter nundi manugada saaginche larva era saamarthyam puurtigaa daani debbanu grahinchi tappinchukune saamardhyampai aadharapadi untundi. larva chepalatho poliste vayojana chepalu vaegamgaa peelche aaharam debbalanu pradarsistaayi. larva chepala yokka vegam mariyu pravaaha kshetraalaku sunnitatvam larvalaku vetaadataaniki vyatiraekamgaa keelakamaina rakshananu andistundi. chaalaa mandhi vetagallu kaanti unnappudu maamsaahaarulanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu tappinchukovadaaniki tama drushya vyavasthanu upayoginchinappatiki, raatri samayamlo maamsaahaarulanu gurtinchadam vetaku kashtam, idhi daadiki aalasya pratispandanaku daariteestundi. neeti chuttoo mariyu sareeraala madhya ververu kadalikala dwara utpannamayye ververu pravahanni gurtinchadaaniki chepalalo mcano-sensory vyavastha undhi, dheenini parshwa rekha vyavastha anie pilustaaru. oka predatornu gurtinchina taruvaata, oka larva 'faast start' ledhaa 'sii' pratispandana dwara daani debbanu tappinchukuntundi. copepads vanti ilanti vyavasthalanu upayoginche itara jala aaharam kooda unnaayi, ivi vaati antennala venta unna vaati setaatho neeti pravahanni grahistaayi; crustatianlu tama yaantrika-anubhootini aaharam mariyu predator rendintigaa upayogistaaru. oka eetha chepa daani sariiraaniki mundu unna neeti parimaanaanni pravaaha vegamtho bhangaparustundi, idhi sariiraaniki sameepamlo perige koddi perugutundi. eee pratyeka drugvishayaanni konnisaarlu 'villu tarangam' anie pilustaaru. sii' prarambha pratispandana yokka samayam tappinchukune sambhaavyatanu vilomamgaa prabhaavitam chestundi. daadi samayamlo predator nundi dhooram thoo tappinchukune sambhaavyata perugutundi. saadhaaranamgaa, vetadaaru nundi madhyantara dhooram (3-6 mimi) nundi vetadaaru daadi nundi vijayavantamgaa tappinchukuntundi. aascharyakaramaina pratispandana dwara sameepistunna predator yokka pravaaha utpattini gurtinchadam dwara chushana tine mundu kooda aaharam pratispandinchavachhu. larva chepala manugadaku sakalamlo tappinchukune yuktulu keelakam kaavacchu.
pravartana.
sanklishtamaina mariyu vaividhyamaina locomotor pradarsanasaala mariyu naadii vyavastha dwara adhika sakasherukaalalo objective quantification sanklishtamgaa untundi. edemaina, baalya medadu yokka saapeksha saralata mariyu praathamika neuronal maargaalato kuudina chepala saadhaarana naadii vyavastha gbrafish larvalanu locomotor pradarsanasaala mariyu sakasheruka neuronal vyavastha madhya paraspara sambandhaanni adhyayanam cheyadaaniki tagina namoonaga anumatistundi. pravartana anedi oka jeevi yokka aarogyam mariyu manugadanu nirnayinche antargata mariyu bahya saktula madhya pratyaekamaina anusandhananni suuchistumdi. larva gbrafish escape response, era tracking, optomotor response modalaina aneka locomotor pravartananu nirvahistundi. eee pravartanalanu shareera sthaanaaniki sambandhinchi 'sii'-starts, 'zhe'-turns, sloe scooters, rotein turns modalainavigaa vargeekarinchavachhu. chepala larvalu prakaasamloo aakasmika maarpulaku vibhina locomotor pravartanatho pratispandistaayi. cheekatitho poliste prakaasavantamaina kaanti kaalamlo larvalu adhika locomotor karyakalapalanu chuuputaayi. eee pravartana aaharaanni veluturulo vetakadam anae aalochana vaipu mallutundi, ayithe larvalu cheekatilo tinavu. telikapati bahirgatam anedi ksheeradaalalo kanipinche vidhamgaa chaalaa pooli unde cheekati paristhiti kante telikapati sthithilo adhika locomotor kaaryakalaapaalato syrcadian kaanti mariyu cheekati kaalamlo larva yokka locomotor karyakalapalanu neerugaa taarumaaru chestundi. cheekati praarambhamaina taruvaata, larvalu kramamga padipovadaaniki mundu hyperactive scooter kadalikanu chuuputaayi. eee pravartana bahusha raatri padataniki mundu aasrayam kanugonadaaniki mudipadi undavacchu. larvalu eee aakasmika raatri padipovadaanni sidhilaala kinda unnatlu pariganinchagalavu mariyu larvalu tirigi prakaasavantamaina praantaalaku velletappudu hyperactivityni vivarinchavacchu. sudeerghamaina cheekati kaalam larwala yokka telikapati-cheekati pratispandananu taggistundi. kaanti antarinchipoyina taruvaata, larvalu adrusyamaina kaanti muulam vaipu pedda konamlo tirugutaayi, idhi larva yokka navigational pratispandananu vivaristundi. teevramaina ethanol bahirgatam larva yokka drushya sunnitatvaanni taggistundi, deenivalla kaanti mariyu cheekati kaala maarpulalo jaapyam pratispandistundi.

