
united kingdamlo mahilala charitra

united kingdamlo mahilala charitra gatha rendu sahasrabdaluga britainlo mahilala saamaajika, saamskrutika mariyu raajakeeya paatralanu kaligi undhi.
madhyayuga.
madhyayuga ingland pitruswamya samajam mariyu mahilala jeevitaalu lingam mariyu adhikaram gurinchi samakaaleena nammakaalache ekkuvagaa prabhaavitamayyaayi. ayithe, mahilala sthaanam vaari saamaajika vargamtho sahaa kaarakaala prakaram maarutuu untundi; vaaru avivaahitulu, vivaahitulu, vitantuvulu ledhaa punarvivaahitulu; mariyu vaaru desamlo yea praantamloo nivasinchaaru. henrietta leasure vaadistuu, mahilalu tama illalo mariyu samajalalo chaalaa anadhikaarika adhikaranni kaligi unnaarani, ayinappatikee vaaru adhikarikamga purushulaku adheenamlo unnaarani vaadinchaaru. madhya yugaalalo mahilala sthithi ksheeninchadaanni aame gurtistundi, ayinappatikee vaaru samskruti mariyu aadhyaatmikatalo balamaina paatralanu konasaaginchaaru.
gananeeyamaina linga asamaanatalu aaa kaalam antataa konasagayi, endukante mahilalu saadhaaranamgaa purushula kante parimita jeevita empikalu, upaadhi mariyu vaanijyaaniki praapyata mariyu chattaparamaina hakkulanu kaligi unnaaru. saadhaarana dandayaatra taruvaata, samaajamlo mahilala sthaanam maarindi. mahilala hakkulu mariyu paatralu marinta teevramgaa nirvachinchabaddaayi, kontavaraku bhuswamya vyavastha abhivruddhi mariyu aangla nyaya vyavastha vistarana phalitamgaa; kontamandi mahilalu dheeni nundi prayojanam pondaaru, marikondaru kolpoyaru. pannendava sataabdam chivari natiki vitantuvula hakkulu adhikarikamga chattamlo vidhinchabaddaayi, idhi svaechchaayutamaina mahilala aastini kaligi undataaniki hakkunu spashtam chesindi, conny idhi mahilala korikalaku vyatiraekamgaa balavantamgaa punarvivaham cheyakunda nirodhinchaledu. bishapla vaarasatvamgaa prabhutva samsthala perugudala adhikaarika prabhutvamlo raanulu mariyu vaari kutumbaala paatranu tagginchindi. vivaahitulu ledhaa vitantuvulu ayina kuleena mahilalu mukhyamaina saamskrutika mariyu mataparamaina poeshakulugaa undipoyaaru mariyu raajakeeya mariyu sainika karyakramalalo mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaaru, idhi saraina pravartana kaadaa anie charitrakaarulu anischitamgaa unnappatikee. munupati sataabdaalaloo, chaalaa mandhi mahilalu vyavasaayamlo panicheesaaru, conny ikkada paatralu marinta spashtamgaa lingaparamgaa marai, udaaharanaku, purushula panigaa nirvachinchabadina polaalanu dunnadam mariyu nirvahinchadam, mariyu paadi utpattilo mahilala aadhipatyam erpadindi.
madhyayuga kaalamlo, purushulu taagina aalnu tayaaru chesi vikrayinche baadhyata mahilalaku undedi. 1600 natiki, purushulu aaa paatranu chepattaru. vaanijya vruddhi, chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna chinna sarassulu ippatikee takkuva sthaayi, takkuva naipunhyam mariyu takkuva vetanam ichhe panulanu andinchadaaniki mahilalanu upayogistaayi.
prarambha aadhunika kaalam.
tudor shakam.
tudor shakam kuleenula mahilalapai-mukhyamgaa raaja bharyalu mariyu raanulapai-samruddhiga vishayalanu pradarsistundagaa, charitrakaarulu mahilala sagatu jeevitaala gurinchi chaalaa takkuva patraalanu tirigi pondaaru. ayithe, janabha mariyu janabha dayta yokka vistrutamaina ganaanka vislaeshanha jarigindi, indulo mahilalu, mukhyamgaa vaari biddalanu kanee paatralalo unnaaru.
samaajamlo mahilala paatra, chaaritraka yugamlo, saapekshamgaa aniyantritamainadi; inglaandku spanish mariyu italian sandarsakulu, vaari gruha samskrutulaku viruddhamgaa, inglandlo mahilalu anubhavinche swechhapai kramam tappakunda, mariyu konnisaarlu kathinamgaa vyakhyaaninchaaru. airopalo ekkadainaa saadhaaranam kante inglandlo baga chaduvukunna unnata taragati mahilalu unnaaru.
raani vaivahika sthithi oka pradhana raajakeeya, dautya amsam. idhi prajaadarana pondina samskrutiloki kooda pravesinchindi. elizabeth yokka avivaahita hodha kanyatva aaraadhanaku sphuurtinichimdi. kavitvam mariyu chitralekhanamlo, aame oka kanya ledhaa devata ledhaa rendintigaa chithreekarinchabadindi, saadhaarana mahilagaa kaadu. elizabeth thana kanyatvaanni oka dharmam chesindi 1559loe, aame saamaanyulaku ilaa cheppindi, "chivariki, idhi naaku saripotundi, oka palarayi raayi, atuvanti samayanni paalinchina raani, kannega jeevinchi maraninchindani prakatistundi". 1578 natiki kanyaku prajala nivaalulu duke dii 'alenan thoo raani vivaha charchalaku vyatiraekata yokka sanketha prakatanaga panicheesaayi.
purushatvam mariyu saareeraka paraakramaaniki aame tandri icchina praadhaanyataku viruddhamgaa, elizabeth prasuuti itivruttaanni nokki chebutuu, tarachugaa aame thana rajyaanni mariyu prajalanu vivaham chesukundani cheppindi. naa bhartalandari-naa manchi vyaktula-manchi sankalpaanni neenu unchukuntaanu-endukante vaaru vaari patla kontha pratyeka premanu kaligi undakapothe, vaaru naaku antha manchi vidheyatanu takshaname ivvaru" anie aame vivarinchindi mariyu 1563loe vaagdaanam chesindi, vaariki aame kante sahajamaina talli eppatikee undadu. coach (1996) aame sanklishtamaina sweeya-praatinidhyamlo, daivamgaa niyaminchabadina mahilaa yuvaraju yokka vyaktigata palananu roopondinchadamlo mariyu chattabaddham cheyadamlo aame alankaarika maatrutvam pradhana paatra pooshinchindani vaadinchaaru.
vaidya samrakshana.
vaidya purushulu aamodinchanappatiki, elizabeth yugamlo london vaasula vaidya samrakshanhalo ooyala nundi samadhi varaku mahilaa vaidyulu mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaaru. vaarini paarishlu mariyu aasupatrulu, alaage private kutumbaalu niyaminchukunnaayi. vyavastheekruta aarogya samrakshana vyavasthalalo bhaagamgaa vaaru nursing samrakshanhatho paatu nagaram antataa vaidya, aushadha mariyu shastrachikitsa sevalanu andinchadamlo pradhana paatralu pooshinchaaru. 17va sataabdamloo mahilala vaidya paatralu vistaristuunae unnaayi, mukhyamgaa baalura samrakshanaku sambandhinchi. vaaru niraasrayulu mariyu anaarogyamtho unna paedala kosam nursing homelanu nirvahinchaaru, alaage vidichipettabadina mariyu anatha pillalu, garbhinii streelu mariyu verrivaallanu kooda chusaru. 1700 taruvaata, panigadi udyamam eee paatralalo chaalaa vaatini balaheenaparichindi mariyu parish narsu ekkuvagaa pillalu mariyu sisuvula pempakam mariyu nursing kuu parimitam cheyabadindi.
vivaham.
tombhai saataaniki paiga aangla mahilalu (mariyu saadhaaranamgaa peddalu) eee yugamlo vadhuvuku sumaru 25-26 samvatsaraalu mariyu varudiki 27-28 samvatsaraala sagatu vayassulo vivaham chesukunnaru. prabhuvulu mariyu kuleenulalo, sagatu vadhuvulaku 19-21 mariyu varulaku 24-26. chaalaa mandhi nagaralu mariyu pattana mahilalu tama muppailu mariyu nalabhailalo modatisaari vivaham chesukunnaru mariyu anatha yuvatulu tama chinna thobuttuvulaku sahayam cheyadaaniki iravaila chivari varaku ledhaa muppaila prarambham varaku vivahanni alasyam cheyadam asaadhaaranam kaadu, mariyu mottam aangla vadhuvulalo naalugava vanthu vaari vivahalalo garbhavatigaa unnaaru.
mantravidya.
ingland, scatland, wales mariyu irelandlalo 1542 naati henry VIII yokka chattamtho praarambhamayye mantravidya charyala parampara undhi. vaaru mantravidyanu paripaalinchaaru mariyu daani abhyaasaaniki jarimaanaalanu andinchaaru, ledhaa-1735loe-daanini aacharistunnatlu natinchinanduku.
wales loe, mantravidya bhayam 1500 samvatsaram chuttoo perigindi. rashtram mariyu charchiki vyatiraekamgaa lakshyamgaa mahilalaku magic anae ayudham gurinchi alaram perugutondi. charchi vivaha niyamaavalini amalu cheyadaaniki ekkuva prayatnaalu chesindi, mukhyamgaa sampradaayamlo vistruta shreni laingika bhaagaswaamyaalanu anumatinchina vaelsloo. wales meeda marinta ekkuva niyantrananu konasagistunna henry VII yokka satruvulapai mantravidya aaropanalu vidhinchadamtho, oka raajakeeya konam kooda undhi.
wales kosam goppa sessionla kortula recordulu, 1536-1736 aangla chattam kante velsh aacharam chaalaa mukhyamainadani choopistundi. aacharam mantragattelu mariyu mantravidyalaku pratispandinche oka frameworknu andinchindi, tadwara vyaktula madhya mariyu matha samarasyanni konasaaginchaaru, gowravam, saamaajika pradaesam mariyu saamskrutika hodha yokka praamukhyatanu chuupimchaaru. doshigaa telinappudu kooda, urisiksha amalu kaaledu.
1603loe rajuga maarina james ii, maantrikata yokka ingland mariyu skaatlaandku khandantara vivaranalanu teesukuvacchaadu. athanu 1604 naati chaalaa kathinamaina mantravidya chattanni roopondinchaadu, idhi saadhaarana chattam prakaram neeramgaa maarindi. unnatavargaalalo purushula swalinga samparkam nundi anumananni mallinchadam, mahilaa sanghaalu mariyu mahilala pedda samavesalapai bhayanni kendrikarinchadam oka lakshyam. vaaru thana raajakeeya saktini bedirinchaarani athanu bhaavinchaadu, kabatti athanu mantravidya mariyu kshudravaada vidhaanaalaku, mukhyamgaa scatlandlo punaadi vaesaadu. vishayam emitante, mantragattela kutra mariyu deyyaalatoe mantragattela sabbaatlo vistrutamaina nammakam raajakeeya prabhavanni kolpoyina mahilalanu kaligi undhi. mahilalu balaheenamgaa undi, deyyaaniki ekkuva gurayye avakaasam unnanduna kshudra shakti anedi stree lakshanamgaa bhaavinchabadindi.
1700 taruvaata ghnaanoodayam vaikharulu mantragattela nammakalanu apahasyam chesaayi. 1735 naati mantravidya chattam vaikharilo puurti tirogamanaanni gurtinchindi. saampradayakamgaa mantravidya saadhanaku jarimaanaalu vidhinchabaddaayi, aaa samayaniki chaalaa mandhi prabhaavavantamaina vyaktulu dheenini asaadhyamaina neeramgaa bhaavinchaaru, mantravidya natanaku jarimaanaalu vidhinchabaddaayi. aatmalanu pilavadaaniki, ledhaa bhavishyattunu pravachinchadaaniki, ledhaa mantraalanu vaeyadaaniki, ledhaa dongilinchabadina vastuvula aachuukiini kanugonadaaniki adhikaram undani cheppukune vyakti, oka sanchaara vyaktigaa mariyu mosagadu kalakarudiga sikshinchabadaali, jarimana mariyu jailuku lobadi undaali.
charitrakaarulu keeth thamus mariyu athani vidyaarthi alon mcfarlane maanava shaastram nundi teesukunna bhaavanalatho chaaritraka parisoedhananu kalapadam dwara mantravidya adhyayanamlo viplavaatmaka maarpulu chesaaru. african mantravidyala maadirigaane aangla mantravidya kooda antuvyaadhi kante sthaanikamainadani vaaru vaadinchaaru. vruddha mahilalu ishtamaina lakshyaluga undevaaru endukante vaaru samaajamlo upanta, aadhaarapadina sabhyulu, anduvalla satrutvam mariyu aparaadham rendinti bhavalanu rekettinche avakaasam undhi, mariyu samaajamlo praamukhyata kaligina rakshakulu unde avakaasam takkuva. mantravidya aaropanalu anevi daani antargata samajam vichchinnam kaavadampai graamam yokka pratispandana, manasika ottidini srushtistunna kotta viluvala aavirbhaavamto kalisi.
samskarana.
samskaranalu mathaalu mariyu mataalanu moosivesi, maajee sanyaasulanu mariyu sanyaasinulanu vivaham chesukovalani pilupunichaayi. samskarana yokka matatatvamlo mahilalu bhaagaswaamulu ayyaru. scatlandlo calvinism yokka samanatva mariyu bhavodvega amsaalu purushulu mariyu mahilalanu samanamga aakarshinchayi. charitrakaarudu alasdare raaf kanugonnatlugaa, "purushulu mariyu mahilalu ennikaina vaarilo samanamga unde avakaasam undani bhaavinchaaru...daivabhaktulaina purushulu tama saha-matavaadula praarthanalu mariyu sambhaashanhalanu viluvainaviga bhaavinchaaru, mariyu eee paraspara sambandham premapoorvaka vivahalu mariyu purushulu mariyu mahilala madhya sannihita snehaaniki kaaranamaindi."inca, mantri mariyu athani mahilaa paritianla madhya pavitramaina bandhaalalo marinta teevramaina sambandham undhi. modatisaarigaa, saamaanya mahilalu aneka kotta mataparamaina paatralanu pondaaru, mariyu praarthana samajalalo pramukha sthaanaanni pondaaru.
paarisraamika viplavam.
mahilaa charitrakaarulu paarisraamika viplavam mariyu pettubadidaarii vidhanam yokka prabhavam gurinchi saadhaaranamgaa mahilala hodapai charchinchaaru. niraasaavaada drukpathaanni teesukoni, 17va sataabdamloo inglaandku pettubadidaarii vidhanam vachinappudu, vaaru tama aardhika praamukhyatanu chaalaa varaku kolpoyinanduna mahilala hodapai pratikuula prabhavam choopindani alis clark vaadinchaaru. 16va sataabdamloo inglandlo mahilalu parisramalu mariyu vyavasaayamlo aneka amsaalalo nimagnamai unnaarani clark vaadinchaaru. eee illu utpattiki kendra vibhagamga undedi mariyu polaalu nadapadamlo, konni vyaparalu mariyu bhuswamula nirvahanalo mahilalu keelaka paatra pooshinchaaru. udaaharanaku, vaaru beerunu tayaaru chesi, paalu mariyu vennanu nirvahinchi, kollu mariyu pandulanu penchi, kuuragaayalu mariyu pandlanu pandinchaaru, avise mariyu unnini daaramlo tippaaru, kuttaru mariyu dustulu pyacharu, mariyu rogulaku nursing chesaaru. vaari upayogakaramaina aardhika paatralu vaariki vaari bhartalatho samaanatvaanni icchaayi. ayithe, 17va sataabdamloo pettubadidaarii vidhanam vistarinchadamto, bhartha inti velupala chellimpu kaarmika udyogaalanu teesukovadamto, bhaarya chellinchani gruha paniki taggadamtho kaarmika vibhajana marinta perigindi anie clark vaadinchaaru. madhyataragati mahilalu panilekunda unde gruha unikiki parimitam cheyabaddaaru, sevakulanu paryaveekshinchaevaaru; diguva taragati mahilalu takkuva vetanam gala udyogaalanu teesukovalasi vachindi. anduvalla pettubadidaarii vidhanam marinta saktivantamaina mahilalapai pratikuula prabhavanni choopindi. marinta saanukuula vivaranalo, pettubadidaarii vidhanam mahilala vimukti kosam paristhitulanu srushtinchindani iv pinchbeck vaadinchaaru. luis tilly mariyu john wallach scott mahilala konasagimpu mariyu hodaanu nokkichepparu, european charitralo moodu dasalanu kanugonnaru. paarisraamika puurva yugamlo, utpatti ekkuvagaa gruha viniyogam kosam undedi mariyu mahilalu gruhaala avasaralanu ekkuvagaa utpatti chesevaaru. rendava dasha prarambha paarisraamikeekarana yokka "kutumba vaetana aardhika vyavastha", mottam kutumbam bhartha, bhaarya mariyu pedda pillalatho sahaa daani sabhyula saamuuhika vetanaalapai aadharapadi undedi. moodava ledhaa aadhunika dasha "kutumba viniyogadaarula aardhika vyavastha", dheenilo kutumbam viniyogaaniki pradaesam, mariyu perugutunna viniyoga pramaanaalaku maddatugaa mahilalu retail mariyu clerical udyogaalalo pedda sankhyalo panicheestunnaaru.
19va sataabdam.
santanotpatti.
victorian yugamlo, 1901 varaku prati dasaabdamloo santanotpatti raetlu perigayi, saayantram raetlu prarambhamayyayi. janana raetu peragadaaniki aneka kaaranaalu unnaayi. okati jeevasambandhamainadih jeevana pramaanaalanu meruguparachadamtho, pillalanu kanagaligina mahilala saatam perigindi. maroka sambhaavya vivarana saamaajikam. 19va sataabdamloo, vivahala raetu perigindi, sataabdam chivari varaku chaalaa chinna vayassulo prajalu vivaham chesukuntunnaru, appudu vivaha sagatu vayassu mallee nemmadigaa peragadam praarambhinchindi. prajalu chinna vayassulo mariyu tarachugaa vivaham chesukovadaniki gala kaaranaalu anischitamgaa unnaayi. oka siddhaantam emitante, ekkuva sreyassu anedi prajalu gatamlo saadhyamaina daanikante mundugaane vivaham mariyu kotta kutumbaalaku aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki anumatinchindi. vivaahamlo ekkuva jananaalu unte, vivaha raetlu mariyu janana raetlu kalisi peragadam anivaryam anipistundi.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo santanotpatti raetlu saayantram bayatapadatam pradhanamgaa konni pedda maarpula phalitamh janana niyantrana roopaala labhyata, mariyu laingikata patla prajala vaikharilo maarpulu.
naitikata mariyu matam.
victorian shakam vyaktigata naitikata yokka victorian pramaanaalaku prasiddhi chendindi. madhyataragati prajalu adhika vyaktigata naitika pramaanaalanu kaligi unnaarani (mariyu saadhaaranamgaa vaatini anusarinchaarani) charitrakaarulu saadhaaranamgaa angeekaristaaru, ayithe kaarmika vargaalu kooda dheenini anusaristaya anae daanipai charchinchaaru. 19va sataabdam chivaralo henry meyuu vanti naitikavaadulu vivaham mariyu chattaviruddhamaina jananaalu lekunda adhika sthaayi sahajeevanam kosam murikivaadalanu khandinchaaru. ayithe, dayta faillanu kampyootareekarinchina saripolikanu upayoginchi chesina kotta parisoedhana kaarmika vargam mariyu paedalaku sahajeevanam yokka raetlu chaalaa takkuvagaa-5 saatam kante takkuvagaa-unnayani choopistundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa 21va sataabdapu britainlo, daadaapu sagam mandhi pillalu vivaham velupala janminchaaru, mariyu padhi mandhi kottagaa vivaham chesukunna vaarilo tommidi mandhi sahajeevanam chestunnaru.
charitrakaarulu videshee missionlaloo mahilala agencyni vislaeshimchadam praarambhinchaaru. modata, missionary sanghaalu adhikarikamga purushulanu matrame namodu chesukunnayi, conny mahilalu vividha rakaala paatralu pooshinchaalani ekkuvagaa pattubattaru. ontari mahilalu saadhaaranamgaa adhyapakulaga panicheesaaru. athani paatralalo chaalaa varaku tama missionary bhartalaku bharyalu sahayam chesaaru. nirdishta linga paatralanu antam cheyalane pilupunu nyaayavaadulu nilipivesaaru, conny vaaru prabhutva mariyu private rangaala paraspara anusandhananni nokkichepparu mariyu balaheenamaina mariyu gruha-kattubadi unna mahilala avagahanaku vyatiraekamgaa matladaru.
madhyataragati.
madhyataragati saadhaaranamgaa vanta, subhraparachadam mariyu pillala samrakshananu nirvahinchadaaniki okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva mandhi sevakulanu kaligi undedi, paarisraamikeekarana vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna madhyataragatini teesukuvacchindi, dheeni sankhya perugudala saamaajika shrenulapai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chupindi saamskrutika nibandhanalu, jeevanasaili, viluvalu mariyu naitikata. gurtinchadagina lakshanaalu madhyataragati gruham mariyu jeevanasailini nirvachinchadaaniki vachayi. gatamlo, pattanam mariyu nagaramlo, nivaasa sthalam pani pradaesaaniki prakkane ledhaa vileenam cheyabadindi, vaastavamgaa adhe bhougolika sthalaanni aakraminchindi. vyaktigata jeevitam mariyu vaanijyam madhya vyatyaasam anedi oka anadhikaarika vibhajana dwara vaeru cheyabadina oka dravam. victorian yugamlo, aangla kutumba jeevitam marintagaa compartmentalise cheyabadindi, raktam sambandhaalanu chaerchadaaniki avasaram mariyu paristhitula prakaram vistarinchina oka swayam-kaligi unna nirmaanam, oka anhu kutumbam. gopyata" anae bhavana madhyataragati jeevitaaniki oka mukhya lakshanamgaa maarindi. 
sraamika varga kutumbaalu.
sraamika-taragati kutumbaaniki gruha jeevitam antey gruhini sampanna kutumbaalalo panichese panini nirvahinchaalsi untundi. oka sraamika-taragati bhaarya thana kutumbaanni veelainanta subhramgaa, vecchagaa mariyu podigaa unchadaaniki baadhyata vahistundi, idhi tarachugaa aksharala vaari chuttoo kullipotunna gruha nilvalo untundi. londonlo, murikivaadallo raddi ekkuvagaa undedi; oka gadilo nivasinche kutumbam saadhaaranam. londonlo addelu ekkuvagaa undevi; sagam sraamika-taragati kutumbaalu tama aadaayamlo naaluginta oka vanthu nundi sagam varaku addeku chellinchevi.
sevakulu laeni mahilalaku inti panulu antey chaalaa kadukkovadam mariyu subhraparachadam. inti poyyi mariyu karmagarala nundi vachhe boggu dhooli nagara gaali, puuta kitikeelu, dustulu, furniture mariyu raggulanu nimpindi. dustulu mariyu linenlanu kadukkovadam antey pedda jink ledhaa raagi tottelo chethitho scrub cheyadam. kontha neetini vaedi chesi wash tabku jodistaaru, mariyu neetini mruduvugaa cheyadaaniki bahusha oka chinna soda. prati paksham rojulakosari teralu teesi kadigi, avi boggu pogatho entha nallaga unnayante, avi kadige mundu uppu neetilo nanabettavalasi vachedi. gowravaanni kaapaadukoovadaaniki prati udayam inti mundu chekka talupunu scrub cheyadam jarigindi.
vishraanti.
nijamaina vaetanaalu peragadam konasagadamto mariyu pani gantalu taggadam konasagadamto vishraanti kaaryakalaapaalaku avakaasaalu natakeeyamgaa perigayi. pattana praantaallo, tommidi gantala panidinam marinta pramaanamgaa maarindi; 1874 factory chattam pani vaaranni 56.5 gantalaku parimitam chesindi, chivariki enimidi gantala panidinam vaipu udyamaanni prothsahinchindi. 1871 naati byaanku selavu chattam sahayamtho, idhi aneka sthira selavu dinaalanu srushtinchindi, saadhaarana vaarshika selavu dinaala vyavastha amaluloki vachindi, madhyataragati kaarmikulatoe praarambhamai kaarmika vargamloki maarindi. choukaina hotallu mariyu chavakaina railway chaarjeelu, vistrutamaina banking selavulu mariyu aadivaaram naadu loukika kaaryakalaapaalaku vyatiraekamgaa aneka mataparamaina nishedhaalu ksheeninchadam valla daadaapu 200 samudrateera resortlu udbhavinchaayi. madhyataragati vijaetalu samudrateeraanni sandarsinchadaaniki railu sevalanu upayoginchaaru. pedda sankhyalo prajalu worthing, bryton, morkambe mariyu scarbero vanti nissabda matsyakaara graamaalaku prayaaninchadam praarambhinchi vaatini pradhana paryataka kendraalugaa marcharu, thamus vantavaalla vanti prajalu paryatakanni mariyu videshee prayaanaalanu kooda aacharaneeyamaina vyapaaraalugaa chuusaaru.
victorian shakam chivari natiki, aneka mandhi mahilalu haajaraina anni nagarallo vishraanti parisrama udbhavinchindi. idhi chavaka dharalaku anukuulamaina pradaesaalaloo tagina podavaina schedule vinodaanni andinchindi. veetilo creeda karyakramalu, sangeeta mandiraalu mariyu prasiddha naatakasaalalu unnaayi. ippudu mahilalu viluvidya, tennis, badminton mariyu gymnastics vanti konni creedalalo anumatinchabaddaaru.
streevaadam mariyu samskarana.
19va sataabdamloo samskaranavaadam ravadam valla mahilalu edurkontunna samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki samskartalaku kotta avakaasaalu labhinchaayi mariyu streevaada udyamaanni praarambhinchindi. british mahilala ootu hakku kosam modati vyavastheekruta udyamam 1850lalooni langm plays circle, dheeniki barbara bodichon ("nee" lii-smith) mariyu bessie rainer parkes naayakatvam vahinchaaru. vaaru chattam, upaadhi, vidya mariyu vivahalalo merugaina mahilaa hakkula kosam kooda pracharam chesaaru.
mahilalu mariyu vitantuvulaku chendina aastulu konni sthaanika ennikalaloo ootu vaeyadaaniki anumatinchabaddaayi, conny adhi 1835loe mugisindi. chartist udyamam ootu hakku kosam pedda ettuna demand-conny adhi "purushatvam" ootu hakku anie ardham. unnata taragati mahilalu unnata samaajamlo teravenuka raajakeeya prabhavanni konchem chuupagalaru. ayithe, vidaakula kesulalo, dhanavanthulaina mahilalu tama pillalapai niyantrana kolpoyaru.
pillala samrakshana.
1839 kii mundu, vidaakula taruvaata dhanavanthulaina mahilalu tama pillalapai niyantrana kolpoyaru, endukante aaa pillalu tandritho kutumba unitlo, inti adhipatigaa konasaagutaaru, mariyu vaariki baadhyata vahistuunae untaaru. carolin norton atuvanti mahilalalo okaru, aame vyaktigata vishaadam, vidaakula tarvaata aame mugguru kumaarulaku pravesam niraakarinchabadindi, aame teevramaina prachara jeevitaaniki daariteesindi, idhi sisuvula custody chattam 1839 nuu vijayavantamgaa aamodinchadaaniki daariteesindi, aapai pillala custody erpaatu kosam tender ears siddhaantaanni pravesapettindi. eee chattam mahilalaku modatisaarigaa vaari pillalaku hakkunu ichindi mariyu pillala custody kesulalo nyaayamuurtiki kontha abheeshtaanusaaram ichindi. eee siddhaantam prakaram, eee chattam edu samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pillalaku tandriki aardhika maddatu ichhe baadhyatanu konasaginche talli samrakshananu kooda erpaatu chesindi. 1873loe mahila nundi adanapu ottidi kaaranamgaa, paarlamentu oka bidda padahaaru cherukune varaku talli samrakshananu podiginchindi. british saamrajyam kaaranamgaa eee siddhaantam prapanchamlooni aneka rashtraallo vyaapinchindi.
vidaakulu.
saampradayakamgaa, paedha prajalu vidaakulaku pratyamnaayamgaa vidichipettadaanni, (paedha purushulaku) marketlo bharyalanu vikrayinche paddhatini kooda upayoginchaaru. 1857 kii mundu britainlo bharyalu tama bhartala aardhika mariyu chattaparamaina niyantranalo undevaaru, vidaakulu daadaapu asadhyam. dheeniki paarlamentu yokka chaalaa khareedaina private chattam avasaram, bahusha £200 kharchu avutundi, eee vidhamaina dhanavanthulu matrame bharinchagalaru. vyabhicharam, parityaagam ledhaa krooratvam kaaranamgaa vidaakulu pondadam chaalaa kashtam. modati keelaka saasana vijayam 1857 naati vaivahika kaaranaala chattamtho vachindi. idhi ingland yokka atyanta saampradaaya charchi yokka kathinamaina vyatiraekatanu adhigaminchindi. kotta chattam vidaakulanu charchi vishayam kakunda kortula poura vyavaharamgaa chesindi, landanlooni kotta sivil kortu anni kesulanu nirvahistundi. eee prakriya ippatikee chaalaa khareedainadi, sumaru £40 vadda, conny ippudu madhyataragati vaariki saadhyamaindi. nyaayaparamaina vibajananu pondina oka mahila thana swantha poura hakkulapai puurti niyanthranatho "ekaika mahila" hodaanu pondindi. 1878loe adanapu savaranalu vachayi, ivi shanti yokka sthaanika nyaayamuurthulachae nirvahinchabadutunna vibhajanalaku anumatinchabaddaayi. 1973 naati vaivahika kaaranaala chattamtho tudi purogati vachhe varaku ingland charchi tadupari samskaranalanu nirodhinchindi.
rakshana.
vivaahita mahilala aasti chattam anie piluvabade naalugu chattaala shreni 1870 nundi 1882 varaku paarlamentulo aamodinchabadindi, idhi sampanna vivaahita mahilalanu vaari swantha aastini niyantrinchakundaa unche aankshalanu samarthavantamgaa tolaginchindi. vaaru ippudu tama bhartalatho aacharanatmakamgaa samaana hodaanu kaligi unnaaru, mariyu airopalo ekkadainaa mahilala kante unnatamaina hodaanu kaligi unnaaru. kaarmika-taragati mahilalu (pillala maadirigaa) puurti berasaaraala adhikaram ledani, prabhutvam nundi rakshana avasaramani bhaavinchi aamodinchina chattaala shreni dwara rakshinchabaddaaru.
vyabhicharam.
18va sataabdapu britainlo vyabhicharam anedi anni saamaajika hodaalu kaligina purushulaku soulabhyam, mariyu chaalaa mandhi paedha mahilalaku aardhika avasaram, mariyu samajam sahinchindani bulf vaadinchaaru. pantommidava sataabdapu suvaarta udyamam vaesyalanu mariyu vaari khaataadaarulanu papuluga khandinchindi mariyu samajam daanini sahinchinanduku khandinchindi. victorian madhyataragati viluvala prakaram, vyabhicharam, yuvatulaku, purushulaku, samajam mottaaniki bhayankaramaina chedu. 1860laloe antu vyaadhula chattaalalo ("sidi") paarlamentu licenses pondina vyabhichara french vyavasthanu sweekarinchindi. niyantrana vidhanam" anedi vyabhicharaanni verucheyadam, vaeru cheyadam mariyu niyantrinchadam. odarevulu mariyu sainika sthaavaraala sameepamlo panichese purushulu, sainikulu mariyu naavikulanu laingika vyaadhi baarina padakunda rakshinchadam pradhana lakshyam. yuvatulu adhikarikamga vaesyalugaa maararu mariyu vyavasthalo jeevitaantam chikkukunnaru. josephine butler netrutvamloni desavyaapta crusade taruvaata mariyu antu vyaadhula chattalanu raddu cheyadaaniki ladys national association, paarlamentu eee chattalanu raddu chesi, chattabaddhamaina vyabhicharaanni muginchindi. butler aame uchitamgaa sahayam chesina ammayilaku oka vidhamaina raksakudu ayyadu. yuvatulaku sammati vayassu 12 nundi 16 kii penchabadindi, idhi atyadhika demand unna yuva vaesyala sarafaraanu tagginchindi. kotta naitika niyamaavali antey gouravapradamaina purushulu pattubadataaniki dhairyam cheyaledani ardham.
udyoga avakaasaalu.
karmagarala vegavantamaina vruddhi naipunhyam laeni mariyu ardha naipunhyangala mahilalaku mariyu vastraalu, dustulu mariyu aahara utpatti vanti telikapati parisramalaku udyoga avakaasaalanu terichindi. mahilaa kaarmikula kotta hodaalo apaaramaina prajaadarana mariyu saahitya aasakti, alaage shaastreeya aasakti undedi. scatland seyint andrus vishwavidhyaalayamlo mahilala pravaesaaniki maargadarsakatvam vahinchi, laedii licentiate inn arts (lla) nuu srushtinchindi, idhi atyanta prajaadarana pondindi. 1892 nundi scottish vishwavidyaalayaalu mahilalanu pravesapetti, pattabhadrulanu cheyagaligaayi mariyu scottish vishwavidyaalayaalalo mahilala sankhya 20va sataabdam prarambham varaku kramamga perigindi.
madhyataragati vrutti.
pratishtaatmaka madhyataragati mahilalu apaaramaina savaallanu edurkonnaru mariyu nursing, bodhana, chattam mariyu vaidyam vanti tagina vruttiloki pravesinche lakshyalanu edurkonnaru. vaari aasayam entha ekkuvagaa unte, antha ekkuva savaalu untundi. vaidyulu mandula talupulu gattiga moosivesevaaru; nyayavaduluga mahilalaku konni pradaesaalu undevi, conny matacharyuluga aevee undevi kaadu.
1870laloe grandhalayalalo mahilalaku kotta upaadhi paatra praarambhinchabadindi; eee panulu "baalikalu mariyu mahilalaku baga saripothayi" anie cheppabadindi."1920 natiki, library vruttiloo mahilalu mariyu purushulu samanamga unnaaru, conny 1930 natiki mahilalu munduku sagaru mariyu 1960 natiki 80 saatam mandhi unnaaru. parivartanaku kaaranamaina karakallo modati prapancha yuddham yokka janabha nashtalu, 1919 naati praja grandhaalayaala chattam yokka nibandhanalu, carnegie united kingdom trust yokka library-nirmaana karyakalapalu mariyu mahilala upaadhi kosam central beuro yokka library upaadhi nyaayavaadaalu unnaayi.
bodhana.
bodhana antha sulabham kaadu, conny takkuva jeetaalu ontari mahilaku, appudu vivaahita purushuniki addankigaa undevi. 1860la chivari natiki aneka paatasaalalu mahilalanu governess ledhaa upadhyayuluga vrutti kosam siddham chestunnayi. 1901loe mottam upadhyayulalo naaluginta moodu vantula mandhi 170,000 mandhi thoo poliste, ingland mariyu vaelsloo 70,000 mandhi mahilalu upaadhyaayulu anie 1851loe janabha ganana nivedinchindi. adhika sankhyaakulu diguva madhyataragati muulaala nundi vacchaaru. mahilaa upaadhyaayula jaateeya sangham (neut) 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo purushula niyantranalo unna jaateeya upaadhyaayula sangham (nutt) loe udbhavinchindi. idhi purusha upaadhyaayulatho samaana vaetanaanni demand chesindi, chivariki vidipoyindi. oxford mariyu cambridge mahilala paatranu tagginchaayi, chinna mahilaa kalaasaalalu panicheyadaaniki anumatinchaayi. ayithe kotta redd brick vishwavidyaalayaalu mariyu itara pradhana nagaralu mahilalaku terichi unnaayi.
nursing mariyu vaidyam.
florence nightingale aadhunika yuddhamlo vruttiparamaina nursing avasaranni pradarsinchaaru, mariyu pantommidava sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo aaa rangamloki mahilalanu track chese vidya vyavasthanu erpaatu chesaaru. 1900 natiki nursing anedi madhyataragati mahilalaku atyanta aakarshanheeyamaina rangam.
purushulu chaalaa baga vyavastheekarinchina aushadham, vaidyula atyanta kramabaddhamaina pratighatanatho, mariyu athi takkuva mandhi mahilalu adhigaminchadamtho, mahilalaku daadaapu adhigaminchaleni savaalunu edurkondi. 1850 natiki mahilalaku tagina paatasaalalu unna united statesku velladam pravaesaaniki oka maargam. mahilaa vaidyulaku sikshana icchina chivari pradhana desham britton, kabatti 80 nundi 90 saatam british mahilalu vaari vaidya degreela kosam americaku vacchaaru. edinberg vishwavidyaalayam 1869loe kontamandi mahilalanu pravesapettindi, taruvaata 1873loe tiragabadindi, british vaidya vidyaavettalaloo balamaina pratikuula pratispandana migilipoyindi. mahilaa vaidyula kosam modati pratyeka paatasaala 1874loe londonlo koddimandi vidyaarthulaku praarambhinchabadindi. 1877loe, irelandloni king und queens college off physicians 1876 enable actnu sadviniyogam chesukuni, daani vaidya licensulu teesukoovadaaniki mahilalanu anumatinchina modati samsthagaa maarindi. anni sandarbhaallo, sahavidya prapancha yuddham varaku vechi undalsi vachindi.
sraamika varga mahilallo pedarikam.
1834 paelavamaina chattam aardhika upasamanam evaru pondagalaro nirvachinchindi. eee chattam prastuta linga paristhitulanu pratibimbimchi, konasaaginchindi. edwardian samaajamlo, purushulu sampadaku muulamgaa undevaaru. aardhika sahayam lenappudu vaaru udyogam pondutaarane prabalamaina abhiprayam kaaranamgaa nirudyogulu, samarthulaina purusha kaarmikulaku upasamanaanni chattam parimitam chesindi. ayithe, mahilalanu bhinnamgaa chusukunnaru. paelavamaina chattam aamodinchabadina taruvaata, mahilalu mariyu pillalu ekkuva sahayam pondaaru. chattam ontari swatantra mahilalanu gurtinchaledu, mariyu mahilalu mariyu pillalanu oke vargamloki cherchindi. oka vyakti saareerakamgaa vikalangulaite, athani bharyanu kooda chattam prakaram vikalanguraliga pariganistaaru. pellikaani tallulanu pani pradaesaaniki pampaaru, aadivaaram naadu charchiki vellakundaa nishedhinchadam vanti anyaayamaina saamaajika chikitsanu pondaaru. vivaha vivaadaala samayamlo mahilalu tama bhartalu durviniyogam chesinappatiki, tarachugaa tama pillala hakkulanu kolpotaru.
aaa samayamlo, ontari tallulu samaajamlo atyanta paedha rangamgaa undevaaru, kaneesam naalugu kaaranaala valla venukabadinavaaru. modata, mahilalu ekkuva kaalam jeevinchaaru, tarachugaa vaariki vitantuvu pillalu undevaaru. rendavadi, mahilalaku pani avakaasaalu takkuvagaa undevi, mariyu vaaru pani kanugonappudu, vaari vaetanaalu purusha kaarmikula vaetanaala kante takkuvagaa undevi. moodavadi, vitantuvu ayina tarvaata mahilalu tirigi vivaham chesukune avakaasam takkuvagaa undedi, migilina kutumba sabhyulaku pradhana providerlugaa migilipoyaru. chivaraku, paedha mahilalu aahaaramlo lopam kaligi unnaaru, endukante vaari bhartalu mariyu pillalu aahaaramlo asamanamga pedda vatanu pondaaru. chaalaa mandhi mahilalu poeshakaahaara lopamtho baadhapaddaaru mariyu aarogya samrakshanaku parimita praapyata kaligi unnaaru.
20va sataabdam.
edwardian yugamlo mahilalu.
edwardian shakam, 1890la nundi modati prapancha yuddham varaku, madhyataragati mahilalu victorian parimitula nundi bayatapadatam chuusaaru. mahilalaku ekkuva upaadhi avakaasaalu undevi mariyu vaaru marinta churukuga undevaaru. chaalaa mandhi british saamrajyamlo ledhaa protestant missionary samajalalo prapanchavyaaptamgaa panicheesaaru.
gruhinulu.
gruhinulaku, kuttu yantraalu siddhamgaa unna dustula utpattini praarambhinchaayi mariyu mahilalu tama sonta dustulanu kuttukovadaanni sulabhataram chesaayi; marinta saadhaaranamgaa, barbara burman vaadistuu, "vaari jeevitaallo vistruta saamaajika maarpulu mariyu udriktatala gurinchi charchinche mahilalaku inti dustula tayari oka mukhyamaina sahayamga konasaginchabadindi."madhyataragati loe perigina aksharaasyata mahilalaku samacharam mariyu aalochanalaku vistruta praapyatanu ichindi. aneka kotta patrikalu aame abhiruchulanu aakarshinchayi mariyu streetvaanni nirvachinchadamlo sahayapaddayi.
white collar kereer.
typrietor, telephone mariyu kotta filing vyavasthala aavishkaranalu madhyataragati mahilalaku upaadhi avakaasaalanu penchaayi. alaage paatasaala vyavastha vaegamgaa vistarinchindi, mariyu nursing yokka kotta vrutti aavirbhavam kooda jarigindi. vidya mariyu hodha vaegamgaa vistaristunna creeda prapanchamlo mahilaa paatrala kosam demandlaku daariteesaayi.
mahilalaku ootu hakku.
madhyataragati mahilalu hodaalo ediginanduna vaaru raajakeeya swaram kosam demandlaku ekkuva maddatu icchaaru.
1903loe, emiline pankhurst mahilaa saamaajika mariyu raajakeeya union (dablyuespiu) nuu sthaapinchaaru, idhi ootu hakku nyaayavaada samstha. wspu atyanta kanipinche ootu hakku samuuham ayinappatikee, idhi mahilala friedam leag mariyu millicent garrett fasset netrutvamloni mahilala ootu hakku sanghaala jaateeya union (nyuus) vanti aneka samoohaalalo okati matrame. vaelsloo ootu hakkudaarulaina mahilalu bayati vyaktulugaa daadi cheyabaddaaru mariyu vaaru bahirangamgaa pradarsinchinappudu ledhaa matladinappudu saadhaaranamgaa asabhyamgaa mariyu tarachugaa himsatho vyavaharinchaevaaru. bhaarii parisramalu mariyu ganula tavvakaalalo kaarmikulatoe mariyu teevravaada union charyatho gurtinchadam valla velsioness aalochana appatiki chaalaa purushatvamgaa undedi.
teevramaina nirasanalu kramamga marinta himsaatmakamgaa marai, veetilo gandaragolam, talupulu kottadam, dukaanam kitikeelu pagulagottadam, mailboxlanu tagalabettadam mariyu khaliga unna bhavanalanu tagalabettadam vantivi unnaayi. emily davison, oka wspu sabhyudu, 1913 epsum derby samayamlo anukokunda trackpaiki parigetti raaju gurrapu kinda maraninchaadu. eee vyuuhaalu saanubhooti mariyu paraayeekarana yokka mishrama phalitaalanu utpatti chesaayi. chaalaa mandhi nirasanakaarulu khaidu cheyabadi, nirahara deekshaku vellinanduna, udaaravaada prabhutvam ibbandikara paristhitiloo migilipoyindi. eee raajakeeya charyala nundi, ootu hakkulu unnavaaru tama samsthaagata vivaksha mariyu linga vivaksha chuttoo vijayavantamgaa pracharam srushtinchaaru. 1906loe pankhersts aadhvaryamlo teevravaada ootu hakku udyamam yokka modati dasha ootu hakku udyamampai naatakeeyamaina sameekarana prabhavanni choopindani charitrakaarulu saadhaaranamgaa vaadistaaru. mahilalu veedhullo nijamaina tirugubaatuku thrill ayyaru mariyu maddatu icchaaru; teevravaadulu mariyu paatha nyuus yokka sabhyatvam ativyaapti chendindi mariyu paraspara maddatugaa undhi. ayithe, prachara vyavastha, charitrakaarudu robbert ensore vaadistuu, medialo daani adhika drushyamaanatanu konasaaginchadaaniki marinta vistarinchaalsi vachindi. nirahara deekshalu mariyu balavantamgaa tinipinchadam alaa chesaayi. ayithe pankhursts etuvanti salahanu niraakarinchi, vaari vyuuhaalanu penchukunnaaru. vaaru udaaravaada party samavesalaku kramabaddhamaina antaraayam kaliginchadamtho paatu praja bhavanalanu debbateeyadam mariyu dahanam vishayamlo saareeraka himsaku palpaddaru. mitavaada ootu hakkudaarudu adhika sankhyaakulu venakki taggi, anusarinchadaaniki niraakarinchadamtho, vaaru ikapai vyuuhaalanu samardhinchalekapovadamtho idhi chaalaa dhooram vellindi. vaaru teevravaadulanu ootu hakku saadhinchadaaniki addankigaa tiraskarinchaaru, teevravaada ootu hakkulu ippudu vyatiraekulaku sahayam chestunnayani, chaalaa mandhi charitrakaarulu angeekaristunnaarani chepparu. charitrakaarudu zii. aarr. ootu hakku galawari paddhatulu udaaravaada paarteeni debbateeyadamlo vijayavantamayyayani, conny mahilaa ootu hakkunu munduku teesukelladamlo viphalamayyaayani serl chepparu. yuddham praarambhamlo pankhurst luu ugravaadaanni aapaalani nirnayinchukunnappudu, mariyu yuddha prayatnaalaku utsaahamgaa maddatu icchinappudu, udyamam cheelipoyindi mariyu vaari nayakatva paatra mugisindi. naalugu samvatsaraala taruvaata ootu hakku vachindi, conny britainlo streevaada udyamam ootu hakkulanu prasiddhi chesina teevravaada vyuuhaalanu saasvatamgaa vidichipettindi.
vaelsloo, 1907loe ootu hakku udyamam prarambham nundi rajakeeyaalalo mahilala bhagaswamyam kramamga perigindi. 2003 natiki, jaateeya assembleaki ennikaina sabhyulalo sagam mandhi mahilalu.
janana niyantrana.
garbhasravam chattaviruddham ayinappatikee, idhi upayogamlo unna atyanta vistrutamaina janana niyantrana roopam. pradhanamgaa sraamika-taragati mahilalu upayoginche eee vidhananni garbhasravam chese saadhanamgaa matrame kakunda, pedarikam mariyu nirudyogaanni nivaarinchadaaniki kooda upayoginchaaru. garbhanirodhaka mandulanu ravana chesina vaarini chattabaddhamgaa shikshinchavachhu. garbhanirodhakaalu kalakramena marinta khareedainavigaa marai mariyu adhika vaiphalyam retunu kaligi unnaayi. garbhanirodhakaalu kakunda, garbhasravam mundugaane pranaalika avasaram ledhu mariyu takkuva kharchutho kuudukunnadi. vaartaapatrika prakatanalu parokshamgaa abortifacientsnu prothsahinchadaaniki mariyu vikrayinchadaaniki upayoginchabaddaayi.
mahilaa sevakulu.
edwardian britainlo pattana mariyu graameena praantaalalo pedda sankhyalo purusha mariyu mahilaa gruha sevakulu unnaaru. purushulu tama illanu sajavuga nadapadaniki sraamika-taragati mahilalapai aadharapaddaru, mariyu yajamaanulu tarachugaa laingika bhaagaswaamula kosam eee sraamika-taragati mahilalanu chuusaaru. sevakulaku aaharam, dustulu, gruhanirmaanam mariyu chinna vetanam andinchi, bhavanam lopala sweeya-moosivesina saamaajika vyavasthalo nivasinchaaru. eee praantamloo udyogam cheyadaaniki siddhamgaa unna yuvakula sankhya taggadam valla edwardian kaalamlo gruha sevakula sankhya padipoyindi.
fyaashan.
unnata taragatulu vishraanti kreedalanu sweekarinchaayi, dheeni phalitamgaa fyaashanlo vegavantamaina abhivruddhi jarigindi, endukante marinta mobile mariyu soukaryavantamaina dustula sailulu avasaramayyayi. edwardian yugamlo, mahilalu chaalaa bigutugaa unde carset ledhaa bodies dharinchevaaru mariyu podavaina skartulu dharinchevaaru. edwardian yugam mahilalu rojuvaaree jeevitamlo chivarisariga carsetlanu dharinchevaaru. orther marwick prakaram, goppa yuddha samayamlo sambhavinchina anni parinamalalo atyanta adbhutamaina maarpu mahilala dustulalo maarpu, "endukante, yuddham taruvaata samvatsaraalalo raajakeeya nayakulu gadiyaralanu itara steeples loe tirigi unchavalasi unnappatikee, evaruu eppuduu kolpoyina angulaalanu mahilala skartula hems meeda tirigi pettaledu".
edvardiyanlu dustula roopakalpanalo kotta sailulanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. munupati sataabdapu sandadigaa mariyu bhaarii battalu adrusyamayyaayi. marinta churukaina jeevanasaili kosam telikapati battalatho tayaaru chesina bigutu biginche skartulu mariyu dustula yokka kotta bhavana pravesapettabadindi.
modati prapancha yuddham.
modati prapancha yuddham streevaada kaaranaanni munduku teesukellindi, endukante mahilala tyaagaalu mariyu chellimpu upaadhi chaalaa prasamsimchabaddaayi. pradhana mantri david lloyd georg mahilalu entha mukhyamainavaaro spashtamgaa chepparu 
yuddha samayamlo teevravaada ootu udyamam nilipiveyabadindi mariyu tirigi praarambhinchabadaledu. 1918loe mahilalu ootu sampaadinchina kotta deshabhakti paatralanu british samajam prasamsimchimdi. ayithe, british charitrakaarulu yuddha paniloo mahilala bhaagaswaamyaaniki bahumatigaa mahilaa ootu hakkunu manjuru cheyadaanni ikapai nokki cheppaledu. 1916loe sainikulaku, mahilalaku dviteeya ootu hakku kalpinchaalani senior raajakeeya nayakulu nirnayinchaarani pug (1974) vaadinchaaru. samaana ootu hakku kosam demand chestunna pradhana mahilaa samuuhaalu lenappudu, prabhutva samavesam parimita, vayassu-parimitam cheyabadina mahilala ootu hakkunu sifaarsu chesindi. 1914 kii mundu padepade vaiphalyaalu mariyu yuddha sameekarana yokka avyavasthaatmaka prabhaavaala valla ootu hakkulu balaheenapaddaayani, anduvalla vaaru nissabdamgaa eee aankshalanu angeekarinchaaru, veetini 1918 loe yuddha mantritva saakhalo majority mariyu paarlamentulo prati raajakeeya party aamodinchindi. marinta saadhaaranamgaa, serl (2004) 1890la natiki british charcha tappanisarigaa mugisindani, 1918loe ootu hakkunu manjuru cheyadam anedi ekkuvagaa purusha sainikulaku ootu ivvadam valla upa utpatti anie vaadinchaaru. britainlo mahilalu chivaraku 1928loe purushula maadirigaane ootu hakkunu saadhinchaaru.
dustula parimitulanu sadalinchadam jarigindi; 1920 natiki "floppers" anie piluvabade yuvatulu tama laingikatanu pradarsinchadam gurinchi pratikuula charcha jarigindi.
saamaajika samskaranalu.
ootu saamaajika paristhitulanu ventane maarchaledu. aardhika maandyamtho, sraamikasaktiloo mahilalu atyanta haani kaliginche rangamgaa unnaaru. yuddhaaniki mundu udyogaalu chesina kondaru mahilalu tirigi vachhe sainikulaku vaarini vadulukovalasi vachindi, marikondaru mitimeerinavi. parimita ootu hakkutho, yooke jaateeya mahilaa ootu hakku sanghaala sangham (nyuus) oka kotta samsthagaa, samaana pourasatvam kosam sanghaala jaateeya union (nyuus) loki mallinchabadindi, idhi ippatikee ootu hakkulo samaanatvam kosam vaadinchindi, conny saamaajika mariyu aardhika praantaalalo samaanatvaanni pariseelinchadaaniki daani paridhini vistarinchindi. vivakshata chattaala kosam saasana samskaranalu korabaddayi (udhaa.zii.kutumba chattam mariyu vyabhicharam) mariyu "samaanatvam" mariyu "samaanatvam" madhya vyatyaasaalapai, mahilalu neraverchadaaniki addamkulanu adhigaminchadaaniki anumatinche vasati (taruvaati samvatsaraallo "samaanatvam verses samaanatvam" anie pilustaaru. vyatyaasam samasya "). 1929loe mp ayina eleanor rathbone, 1919loe nyusek adhyakshudiga millicent garrett taruvaata vijayam saadhinchaaru. "mahilalu tama sonta swabhaavaala saamardhyaalanu neraverchukovalasina avasaram emiti" anae vidhamgaa linga sambandhaalalo "vyatyaasam" nuu parigananaloki teesukovalasina klishtamaina avasaranni aame vyaktam chesaaru. 1924 kaarmika prabhutva saamaajika samskaranalu adhikaarika vibajananu srushtinchaayi, endukante 1926 maeloe kathinamaina samataavaadula cheelika samuuham open door kounsilnu erpaatu chesindi. idhi chivariki antarjaateeya udyamamgaa maarindi, mariyu 1965 varaku konasaagindi. eee kaalamlooni itara mukhyamaina saamaajika chattaalalo linga anarhata (tolagimpu) chattam 1919 (idhi mahilalaku vruttulanu terichindi), mariyu vaivahika kaaranaala chattam 1923 unnaayi. 1932loe, nyusek vidya nundi vaeru cheyabadindi, mariyu samaana pourasatvam kosam jaateeya councilga mariyu pattana mahilala sanghamgaa munupati karyakalapalanu konasaaginchindi. rendava prapancha yuddham mugise varaku eee mandali konasaagindi.
punarutpatti hakkulu.
asleela prachuranala chattam 1857 kinda charless nalton yokka "fruits off philosophy" nuu prachurinchinanduku 1877loe anee besentnu vichaarinchaaru. aame mariyu aame sahodyogi charless broadloff doshigaa nirdhaarinchabaddaaru, conny appeello nirdoshulugaa prakatinchaaru, tadupari pracharam phalitamgaa janana raetu taggindi. dheenini "janabha chattam" thoo anusarinchaaru.
rendava prapancha yuddham.
eee kaalamlo britton yokka mottam sameekarana prajabhiprayam nundi balamaina maddatunu konasaginchadam dwara yuddhanni gelavadamlo vijayavantamaindi. eee yuddham prajaasvaamya aakaankshalanu vistarinchi, yuddhaanantara sankshema raajyaaniki sambandhinchina vaagdaanaalanu andinchina "prajala yuddham".
sambhaavya kaarmikula atyadhika nishpattini sameekarinchadam, utpattini penchadam, saraina paniki saraina naipunhyaalanu ketayinchadam mariyu prajala manodhairyaanni mariyu sphuurtini konasaginchadam vanti vishayaalalo, yuddha prayatnam kosam swadeshi rangaanni sameekarinchadamlo atyanta vijayavantamaina rikaardunu charitrakaarulu britanku andistaaru. eee vijayamlo ekkuva bhaagam karmikuluga, sainikuluga, gruhinulugaa mahilalanu kramabaddhamgaa sameekarinchadam valla, december 1941 tarvaata nirbandha sainikula niyamakam dwara amalu cheyabadindi. mahilalu yuddha prayatnaalaku maddatu icchaaru, viniyogadaarula vastuvula rationingnu vijayavantam chesaaru. konni vidhaluga, prabhutvam atigaa pranaalika vesukuni, yuddham modati rojullo chaalaa mandhi pillalanu taralinchi, sinimaalanu panikiraniviga moosivesi, choukaina vinodam avasaram spashtamgaa unnappudu vaatini tirigi teravadam, pempudu jantuvula aaharaanni ravana cheyadaaniki konchem sthalaanni aadaa cheyadaaniki pillulu mariyu kukkalanu tyaagam cheyadam, elukalu mariyu elukalanu niyantranalo unchaalsina atyavasara avasaranni kanugonadaaniki matrame. balavantam mariyu swachchandata madhya samatulyatalo, british vaaru swachchandatapai vijayavantamgaa aadharapaddaru. aasupatrulu, paatasaala bhojanaalu vanti kotta sevalanu andinchadamlo prabhutvam saadhinchina vijayam, alaage prajala yuddham yokka samanatva sphuurti, vistarinchina sankshema raashtraaniki vistruta maddatuku dohadapadindi. aayudhaala utpatti natakeeyamgaa perigindi, naanhyata ekkuvagaa undipoyindi. aayudhaala ravana kosam pedda mottamlo aahara utpattiki praadhaanyata ivvabadindi. raitulu saagu cheyabadutunna ekaraala sankhyanu 12,000,000 nundi 18,000,000 kuu penchaaru, mariyu vyavasaya kaarmika saktini aidavadi vistarinchindi, mukhyamgaa mahilaa bhusenaku dhanyavaadaalu.
tallidandrulaku tama pillala paryaveekshanhaku chaalaa takkuva samayam undedi, mukhyamgaa pedda teenagerlu udyogaalu teesukoni, sevalo tama pedda thobuttuvulanu anukarinchinanduna, baalya neeraala bhayam bhoomipai undedi. prabhutvam 16 ellu daatina yuvata namodu chesukovalani koorutuu pratispandinchindi, vaariki andubaatulo unna clubbulu mariyu samsthala sankhyanu vistarinchindi.
ration.
aaharam, dustulu, petrol, tholu mariyu itara vastuvulaku ration ivvabadindi. ayithe, sweetlu, pandlu vanti vastuvulu paadaipotaayi kabatti vaatini ration cheyabadaledu. vilaasaalaku praapyata teevramgaa parimitam cheyabadindi, ayinappatikee gananeeyamaina nalla market kooda undhi. kutumbaalu tamaku taamu aaharaanni andinchadaaniki vijaya udyaanavanaalu, chinna inti kuuragaayala thotalu kooda penchukunnaayi. nitroglyzerine utpatti kosam kovvu vanti aneka vastuvulu taruvaata aayudhalugaa maarchadaaniki samrakshinchabaddaayi. graameena praantaallooni prajalu ration dwara takkuva prabhaavitamayyaaru, endukante vaaru metropolitan praantaalalo prajala kante sthaanikamgaa muulam kaani utpattulaku ekkuva praapyata kaligi unnaaru mariyu vaari swantamgaa penchukogaligaaru.
prati viniyogadaaruniki oka nirdishta butta vastuvulapai aadhaarapadina ration vyavastha, gruhayajamaanulu vaari swantha praadhaanyatala aadhaaramgaa empikalu chesukovadaniki veelu kalpinche paayintla vyavasthaku maaradam dwara chaalaa meruguparachabadindi. aahara rationing andubaatulo unna aahara naanhyatanu meruguparachadaaniki kooda anumatinchindi, mariyu gruhinulu aamodinchaaru-tella rotte lekapovadam mariyu prabhutvam ruchileni godhuma bhojanam "jaateeya rotte" nuu vidhinchadam minaha."ration samaanatvaanni, sarasamaina dharalo manchi bhojananiki haameeni teesukuvacchindani prajalu mukhyamgaa santoshinchaaru.
1950luu.
1950la britton teevravaada streevaadaaniki oka cheekati kaalam. rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata, kotta sankshema raajyaaniki punaadigaa sahacharula vivaham mariyu anhu kutumbaaniki kotta praadhaanyata ivvabadindi.
1951loe, vivaham chesukunna (ledhaa vivaham chesukunna) vayojana mahilala nishpatti 75 saatam; marinta pratyaekamgaa, 45 mariyu 49 samvatsaraala madhya vayassu gala mahilalalo 84.8% vivaham chesukunnaru. aaa samayamlo "vivaham munupennadoo laenamtagaa prajaadarana pondindi."1953loe, mahilala kosam oka prasiddha salaha pustakam ilaa perkondih" "santoshakaramaina vivahanni oka pavitra raajyamgaa ledhaa kontamandi adrushtavasaattuu saadhinchedigaa kakunda, manandarikee uttama maargamgaa, saralamaina mariyu sulabhamaina jeevana maargamgaa chudavachu".
yuddham mugimpulo, pillala samrakshana soukaryaalu moosiveyabaddaayi mariyu sraamika mahilalaku sahayam parimitam cheyabadindi, kotta sankshema rashtram amalu chesina saamaajika samskaranalalo kutumbaalaku subsidy ivvadaaniki uddesinchina kutumba bhatyaalu, antey bhaarya mariyu talligaa mahilalaku maddatu ivvadam vantivi unnaayi."1945 naati kotta britton yokka pragatiseela drushti mahilala praathamikamgaa sampradaayavaada drukpatham dwara lopabhooyishtamgaa undani suu brully vaadinchaaru.
sahacharula vivaahaaniki mahilala nibaddhata pramukha media dwara pratidhvaninchabadindih chalanachitraalu, radeo mariyu prasiddha mahilala patrikalu. 1950laloe, mahilala patrikalu mahilala upaadhi patla vaikharitho sahaa jeevitamlooni anni rangaalalo abhiprayanni yerparachukovadampai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chupayi.
ayinappatikee, 1950laloe britton mahilala samaanatvam vaipu aneka purogatini chusindi, udaaharanaku upaadhyaayulaku samaana vetanam (1952) mariyu poura sevalo purushulu mariyu mahilalaku (1954), edith summerkill vanti kaaryakartalaku dhanyavaadaalu, vaaru paarlamentu mariyu 1950laloe saampradaaya paarteeyetara ottidi samoohaalalo mahilala kaaranaala kosam poraadaaru. barbara kine vaadinchaaru "viddooramgaa ikkada, ootu maadirigaane, vijayam konnisaarlu vyavastheekruta streevaadaaniki chettha satruvu, endukante prati lakshyam yokka sadhana daani chuttoo nirvahinchina pracharanni muginchindi, daani sthaanamlo aemee migilipoledu."
aaa kaalaaniki chendina alva mirdle mariyu viola clain vanti streevaada rachayitalu, mahilalu bayati udyogamto intini militam cheyagalagaali anae avakaasaanni anumatinchadam praarambhinchaaru. 1950la streevaadam yokka roopaanni tarachugaa "sankshema streevaadam" anie avamanakaramga pilustaaru."vaastavaaniki, chaalaa mandhi kaaryakartalu tama sthaanam 'sahetukamaina aadhunika streevaadam' anie nokki cheppadaniki chaalaa dhooram vellaaru, idhi laingika vaividhyaanni angeekarinchindi, mariyu samaanatvaanni ledhaa lingaala saaruupyatanu nokki cheppadam kante mahilala saamaajika sahakaram emito sthaapinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. 1950laloe inglandlo streevaadam saamaajika baadhyathatho balamgaa anusandhaaninchabadi, mottam samaja sreyassunu kaligi undhi. idhi tarachugaa sweeya-prakatita streevaadula vimukti mariyu vyaktigata neraverpula vyayamtho vachindi. tamanu taamu striivaadulugaa bhaavinche mahilalu kooda pillala avasaraala praamukhyata gurinchi prabalamaina aalochanalanu gattiga aamodinchaaru, udaaharanaku, 1950la antataa vistrutamgaa prachurinchina tavistock kliniklooni pillala vibhagam adhipati zaan boulby, mariyu radeo prasaaraala dwara pracharam chesina donald vinnikat mariyu patrikalalo talli mariyu bidda okarikokaru kattubadi unna mariyu talli niyantranalo unna mariyu tananu taanu neraverchukune swechhanu kanugone private bhavodvega prapanchamgaa inti aalochana.
raajakeeya mariyu laingika paatralu.
1919loe modati mahila intloki pravesinchina tarvaata 20va sataabdamloo mahilala raajakeeya paatralu perigayi. 1945 ennikalaloo vaari sankhya iravai naaluguku rettimpu ayyindi, conny adhi kramamga mugisindi. 1997loe 120 mahilaa mps tirigi vachinanduna tadupari goppa leepu cheraku. appati nundi mahilallo 20 saatam mandhi saamaanyulu unnaaru. 2015 ennikalaloo 191 mandhi ennikayyaaru. bbc radeo karyakramam "umens avar" 1946loe praarambhinchabadindi. daani prekshakulu fyaashan mariyu glamour, alaage house keeping, kutumba aarogyam mariyu pillala pempakam gurinchi coverage korukunnarani nirmaatalu gurtinchaaru. ayinappatikee, idhi daani madhyataragati prekshakulalo pourasatva bhavanni pempondinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. jaateeya mahilaa mandali (encidableu), jaateeya mahilaa samsthala samakhya (nfvi), mariyu jaateeya mahilaa sanghaala sangham (nutg) vanti samsthala sahakaaramtho, eee karyakramam prastuta vyavaharalu, praja charchalu mariyu jaateeya rajakeeyaala kavarejeeni kaligi undhi; idhi party raajakeeya samavesalaku aatanu ichindi; mariyu idhi mahilaa empilanu microphoneku teesukuvacchindi.
1960laloe yuvata netrutvamloni laingika vaikharulu mariyu viluvalalo naatakeeya maarpulu kanipinchaayi. idhi prapanchavyaaptamgaa jarigina oka drugvishayam, dheenilo british rock sangeetakaarulu mukhyamgaa beatles antarjaateeya paatra pooshinchaaru. rolling stones" vanti byaandlanu vinee yuvata demand chesina kotta laingika swechcha gurinchi taraalu teevramgaa vibhajinchabaddaayi.
laingika naitikata maarindi. oka mukhyamaina sanghatana dii prachurana. hetch. 1960loe penguin pustakaala dwara raasina laurence yokka "laedii chatterlies lover". 1928loe modatisaari mudrinchabadinappatiki, 1960loe chavakaina maas-market paperback version vidudala kortu kesunu prerepinchindi. prosecuting council prasna, "mea bhaarya ledhaa sevakulu eee pustakaanni chadavaalani meeru korukuntunnara?"samajam enthavaraku maarindo, kontamandi entha takkuvagaa gamanincharo highlight chesaaru. eee pustakam laingika vaikharula saadhaarana sadalimpulo modati sanghatanalalo okatigaa pariganinchabadindi. laingika viplavam yokka itara amsaalalo maatrala abhivruddhi, maerii quants miniscurt mariyu 1967 swalinga samparkam chattabaddham cheyadam unnaayi. vidaakulu mariyu garbhasravam sambhavam perigindi, mariyu mahilala vimukti udyamam punarujjeevanam, dheeni pracharam 1975 loe samaana vaetana chattam mariyu laingika vivaksha chattanni bhadraparachadaaniki sahaayapadindi. airish kaathalikkulu, saampradayakamgaa jaathi-matha samoohaalalo atyanta pavitramainavaaru, konchem sadalinchaaru, mukhyamgaa sabhyatvam garbhanirodhakam papamani bishapla bodhananu vismarinchinanduna.
21va sataabdam.
2007 nundi 2015 varaku, harriet herman britton prastuta pratipaksha party ayina laber paarteeki upa nayakudiga unnaaru. saampradayakamgaa, upa nayakudiga undatam valla upa pradhani cabinet paatranu nirdhaaristundi. ayithe, tanaki upa pradhani laerani, mukhyamgaa jaakii stra nuu vyaktigatamgaa jaakii braun nuu vaastava upa pradhaniga bhaavinchi, tadwara herman nuu daatavesi, streevaadula digbhraantini kaliginche vidhamgaa, gordan braun prakatinchaaru. house off commons nayakudiga herman yokka cabinet postto, braun athanu desham velupala unnappudu pradhana mantri prasnalaku adhyakshata vahinchadaaniki aamenu anumatinchaadu. harman mahilaa, samanatva saakha mantrigaa kooda panicheesaaru. london praja ravana loe laingika vedhimpulaku guraina taruvaata april 2012 loe aangla paatrikeyudu laura bates rojuvaaree sexism prajectnu sthaapinchaaru, idhi prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna contributorlu anubhavinche sexism yokka rojuvaaree udaaharanalanu namodu chese website. sait twaragaa vijayavantamaindi mariyu project nundi samarpanala pustaka sankalanam 2014 loe prachurinchabadindi. 2013 loe, united kingdom mahilala vimukti udyamam yokka modati moukhika charitra archive ("systerhood und after" paerutoe) british librariche praarambhinchabadindi.