
neenu praarambhinchandi

prarambha I (vyuuhaatmaka aayudhaala taggimpu oppandam) anedi vyuuhaatmaka daadi aayudhaala taggimpu mariyu parimitipai united states mariyu soviet union madhya dwaipaakshika oppandam. eee oppandam 1991 juulai 31naa santakam cheyabadi, 1994 december 5naa amalloki vachindi. eee oppandam daani santakaalu chesinavaaru 6,000 kante ekkuva anhu warheadlanu mariyu mottam 1,600 khandantara balistic kshipanulu (icbms) mariyu bomberlanu moharinchakunda nishedhinchindi.
charitralo atipedda mariyu atyanta sanklishtamaina aayudha niyantrana oppandampai charchalu praarambhinchaayi, 2001 chivarilo daani tudi amalu phalitamgaa appati unikilo unna anni vyuuhaatmaka anvaayudhaalalo 80 saatam tolaginchabaddaayi. america adhyakshudu ronald reegan pratipaadinchina, rendava praarambhamlo charchalu praarambhamaina tarvaata dheeniki modati prarambhamga paeru maarchabadindi.
eee oppandam 2009 december 5naa mugisindi.
2010 april 8naa, US adhyakshudu barak obama mariyu russia adhyakshudu demetry medwadev pratyaamnaaya kotta prarambha oppandampai santakam chesaaru. us senate mariyu russia federal assembly aamodinchina taruvaata, eee oppandam 26 janavari 2011naa amalloki vachindi, fibravari 2026 varaku american mariyu soviet ledhaa russian vyuuhaatmaka anhu aayudhaala taggimpunu vistarinchindi.org/new-startu "> </riff>
pratipaadana.
prarambha pratipaadananu america adhyakshudu ronald reegan 1982 mae 9naa thana alma matter, eureka kalasalalo prarambha prasangamlo prakatinchaaru, 1982 juun 29naa geneevaalo reegan samarpinchaaru. athanu rendu dasallo vyuuhaatmaka saktulalo naatakeeya taggimpunu pratipaadinchaadu, dheenini athanu uppu III anie paerkonnaadu.
modati dasha edainaa kshipani rakampai mottam warheadla sankhyanu 5,000 kuu taggistundi, ii. sii. bii. emm. lapai 2,500 adanapu parimiti untundi. adanamgaa, ss-18 vanti 110 "bhaarii throw" kshipanula parimiti mariyu kshipanula mottam "throw baruvu" paie adanapu parimitulatoe mottam 850 icbmetlanu anumatinchabadataayi.
rendava dasha bhaarii bomberlu mariyu vaati warheadlatho paatu itara vyuuhaatmaka vyavasthalapai ilanti parimitulanu pravesapettindi.
appudu vyuuhaatmaka bomberlalo america aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi. vruddhaapya bii-52 dalam viswasaneeya vyuuhaatmaka muppu, conny 1980la praarambhamlo soviet vaayu rakshana merugudalala kaaranamgaa 1982loe praarambhamaina agm-86 cruiz kshipanulanu matrame kaligi undhi. america samyukta rashtraalu kotta bii-1bii lancer pakshika-steelth bombernu kooda pravesapettadam praarambhinchaayi mariyu rahasyamgaa adhunaatana saanketika bomber (etibi) prajectunu abhivruddhi chestunnayi, idhi chivariki bii-2 spirit steelth bomberku daariteestundi.
marovaipu, soviet dalam americaku peddagaa muppu kaliginchaledu, endukante atlantic loe maa kaanvaayilu mariyu eurasia bhuubhaagamlooni bhuu lakshyalapai daadi chese baadhyata daadaapu puurtigaa undedi. soviyatlalo 1,200 madhya mariyu bhaarii bomberlu unnappatikee, vaatilo 150 (tupolev thu-95luu mariyu myasishchev emm-4luu) matrame uttara americaku cherukogaligaaru (rendodi vimaanamlo indhanam nimpadam dwara matrame). vaaru maa gaganatalamloki chochukupovadamlo kooda ibbandini edurkonnaru, idhi chinnadi mariyu takkuva rakshana kaligi undhi. us bomber sankhyalatho poliste chaalaa takkuva bomberlu andubaatulo undatam valla us dalaalu soviet gaganatalamloki chochukupovadaniki avasaram kaavadamtho samanamga tolaginchabaddaayi, idhi chaalaa peddadi mariyu marinta rakshinchabadindi.
1984loe kotta tiu-95ms mariyu tiu-160 bomberlu kanipinchinappudu mariyu 15 cruiz kshipanulugaa modati soviet amarchinapudu adhi maarindi. dasalanu parimitam cheyadam dwara, kontakaalam paatu americaku vyuuhaatmaka prayojanam migili untundani pratipaadinchabadindi.
time" patrika cheppinatlugaa, "reegan paikappu krinda, soviet union kante us thana vyuuhaatmaka saktulalo gananeeyamgaa takkuva sardubaatu cheyavalasi untundi. pratipaadana yokka aaa lakshanam daadaapu khachitamgaa idhi anyaayamainadani mariyu ekapakshamani aaropinchadaaniki soviyatlanu prerepistundi. kontamandi american aayudha-niyantrana nyaayavaadulu angeekaristaarane sandeham ledhu, paripalana cremlin nuu aamodinchaleni pratipaadanagaa chesindani aaropinchaaru-mosapuuritamgaa samanamga kanipinche, uddeshapoorvakamgaa charchinchaleni pratipaadana, idhi kontamandi anumaninchedi emitante niraayudheekarananu naasanam chese kathinavaadula rahasya agendalo bhaagam, tadwara us tirigi niraayudheekarana vyapaaraanni konasaginchavacchu."ayithe," "samayam" "etthi choopindi," "soviet la raakshasudaina icbm luu 'throw weit' loe us kante daadaapu 3-nundi-1 prayojanaanni icchaayi-itara desham meeda megatonla maranam mariyu vidhvamsamnu 'visire' sanchita shakti"."
kharchulu.
moodu samsthalu prarambhanni amalu cheyadaaniki US prabhutvam chellinchaalsina anchanaa kharchulaku sambandhinchi adhyayanalanu nirvahinchaayih congress budget karyalayam (cBO), US senate videshee sambandhaala kamitee (sfrc), mariyu institute pharr defence analysis (ida). puurti amalu kharchulo $410 nundi 1,830 millionla varaku oka saari kharchu untundani mariyu konasagutunna vaarshika kharchulu $100 nundi 390 millionlu untaayani sii. bii. oo anchanaalu bhaavinchaayi.
sfrc oka saari kharchula kosam $200 nundi 1,000 millionla varaku anchanaa vesindi mariyu oppandam yokka 15 samvatsaraalalo mottam tanikhi kharchulu $1,250 nundi 2,050 millionlu untaayi.
chivaraku, aida dhruvikarana kharchulanu matrame anchanaa vesindi, idhi sumaru $760 millionlu anie perkondi.
oppandaanni amalu chese kharchulatho paatu, samyukta rashtraalu maajee soviet ganatantraalaku sahakaara muppu taggimpu karyakramam (sanyaasini-lugar karyakramam) thoo kooda sahayam chesaayi, idhi maajee soviet unionlo prarambha I karyakramanni amalu chese kharchulaku $591 millionlanu jodinchindi, idhi samyukta raashtraala kosam karyakramam yokka kharchunu daadaapu rettimpu chestundi.
oppandam amalu ayina taruvaata, maajee soviet union yokka anvaayudhaala nilva 12,000 nundi 3,500 kuu padipoyindi. us kooda dabbunu aadaa chestundi endukante daani anhu saktula nirvahana mariyu aavishkaranala gurinchi aandolana chendaalsina avasaram ledhu. oppandam yokka modati aidellalo mottam $46 billionla podupu mariyu 2010 varaku sumaru $130 billionla podupu untundani cbo anchanaa vesindi, idhi oppandam amalu kharchuku iravai retlu ekkuva chellistundi.
praarambhamtho mudipadi unna itara pramaadam russia vaipu sammati vaiphalyam. russia rahasyamgaa kshipanulanu utpatti cheyagaladani, warheadla sankhyaku sambandhinchi tappudu sankhyalanu utpatti cheyagaladani, cruiz kshipanulanu paryaveekshinchagaladani us senate rakshana kamitee aandolana vyaktam chesindi.
aaa paristhitula yokka joint cheefs off staff assessment aamodayogyamaina parimitullo gananeeyamaina oppanda ullanghana pramaadaanni nirnayinchindi. us sthaavaraalu mariyu sainika soukaryaala tanikhi samayamlo goodacharyam cheyagala russia saamarthyam maroka pramaadam. anchanaa dwara pramaadam kooda aamodayogyamaina karakamga nirnayinchabadindi.
prarambha I amalu nundi sambhaavya podupulanu mariyu daani saapekshamgaa takkuva pramaada karakanni parigananaloki teesukunte, reegan mariyu US prabhutvam dheenini niraayudheekarana lakshyam vaipu sahetukamaina kaaryaacharana pranaalikagaa bhaavinchaayi.
charchalu.
1982 maeloe praarambhaaniki charchalu prarambhamayyayi, conny prarambha prakriya yokka konasagina charchalu anekasaarlu alasyam ayyayi, endukante yuu. ess. oppandam nibandhanalanu puurva-gorbachev soviet paalakulu charchinchalenivigaa bhaavinchaaru. 1983loe reegan vyuuhaatmaka rakshana chorava (ess. dii. ii) karyakramanni pravesapettadaanni soviet luu muppuga bhaavinchaaru, vaaru tadupari charchalaku kaalapattikanu nirnayinchadam nundi vaidoligaaru. ayithe, janavari 1985loe, america videsanga karyadarshi georg shultz mariyu soviet videsanga mantri andree gromico madhyantara-shreni dalaalu, vyuuhaatmaka rakshana mariyu kshipani rakshanatho kuudina moodu bhagala sampradimpula vyuuham kosam oka suutraanni charchinchaaru. 1986 octoberulo reegan mariyu gorbachev madhya jarigina reekjavik sikharagra samavesamlo, prarambha karyakramam amalu disagaa charchalu vegavantam cheyabaddaayi mariyu 1987 decemberlo madhyantara-shreni anhu dalaala oppandam santakam cheyabadina taruvaata vyuuhaatmaka aayudhaala taggimpu vaipu mallinchabaddaayi.
ayithe, 1980laloe naatakeeya anhu aayudha pootii konasaagindi. idhi 1991loe iruvaipula 10,000 vyuuhaatmaka warheadlatho anhu samanatva samrakshanhatho mugisindi.
dhruvikarana sadhanalu.
aayudha niyantrana oppandaalalo dhruvikarana vidhanalu paarteelanu vaari charyalu mariyu vaari oppanda oppandaala ullanghanalaku javaabudaareegaa unchadaaniki aneka saadhanaalanu kaligi untaayi. prarambha oppandam dhruvikarana nibandhanalu pannendu ververu rakaala tanikheelanu andinchadam dwara aaa samayamlo edainaa oppandamlo atyanta sanklishtamainavi mariyu demand chesevi. paarteela madhya dayta marpidi mariyu prakatanalu avasaram ayyayi mariyu khachitamaina parimaanaalu, saanketika lakshanaalu, sthaanaalu, kadalikalu mariyu anni pramaadakaramaina anhu bedirimpula sthithini kaligi unnaayi. dhruvikarana jaateeya saanketika margalu (ntm) nibandhana dhruvikarana pakshamchae niyantrinchabade upagrahaalu mariyu itara samachara sekarana vyavasthalanu rakshinchindi, endukante avi antarjaateeya oppandaalaku kattubadi unnayani dhruveekarinchadaaniki sahayapaddayi. dhruvikarana nibandhana yokka antarjaateeya saanketika margalu itara oppandaalalo perkonna bahupakshika saanketika vyavasthalanu rakshinchaayi. ntm dwara dhruvikarananu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki sahakaara charyalu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi mariyu vastuvulanu saadhaarana drushtilo pradarsinchadam mariyu vaatini gurtinchakundaa dachipettadam vantivi cherchabaddaayi. kotta aann-sait tanikheelu (osi) mariyu chuttukolata mariyu portal nirantara paryaveekshanha (ppcm) nibandhanalu anni samayaallo dhruvikarana vaipu nundi pratinidhichae nirvahinchabade niyantrana vyavasthanu andinchadam dwara oppandam yokka samagratanu konasaaginchadaaniki sahayapaddayi. adanamgaa, balistic kshipani vimaana pareekshala nundi telemetriki praapyata avasaram, indulo tepula marpidi mariyu rendu paarteela nundi encryption mariyu encapsulationpy nishedham unnaayi.
santakam chesaaru.
oppandampai santakam cheyadaaniki daariteesina charchalu 1982 maeloe prarambhamayyayi. 1983 novemberlo, soviet union airopalo madhyantara shreni kshipanulanu moharinchina americatho communicationnu "nilipivesindi". janavari 1985loe, america videsanga karyadarshi georg shultz mariyu soviet videsanga mantri andree gromico vyuuhaatmaka aayudhalu, madhyantara kshipanulu mariyu kshipani rakshanatho sahaa moodu bhagala pranaalikapai charchalu jaripaaru. idhi ronald reegan mariyu mikhail gorbachev madhya jarigina rekjavik sikharagra samavesamlo chaalaa drushtini aakarshinchindi, chivariki december 1987loe madhyantara-shreni anhu dalaala oppandampai santakam cheyadaaniki daariteesindi. samagra vyuuhaatmaka aayudhaala taggimpu gurinchi charcha konasaagindi, prarambha oppandampai america adhyakshudu georg hetch adhikarikamga santakam chesaaru. doubleu. 1991 juulai 31naa bush mariyu soviet pradhana karyadarshi gorbachev.
amalu.
arizonaloni davis-monthan vaimanika sthaavaramlooni aerospace nirvahana mariyu punarutpatti kendraaniki 375 bii-52 vimanalu eguraveyabaddaayi. bomberlanu upayoginchadagina anni bhaagaalanu teesivesi, crain nundi padesina 13,000 poundla ukku blade dwara aidu mukkaluga mukkalu chesaaru. gillitine prati vimaanamlo naalugu saarlu mukkalu cheyabadindi, idhi rekkalanu kattirinchi fuselagenu moodu mukkaluga vadilivesindi. vicchinnamaina bii-52luu moodu nelala paatu akkade undipoyaayi, tadwara russian upagrahaalu bomberlu naasanam cheyabaddaayani nirdhaarinchagalavu, aapai vaatini scrap kosam vikrayinchaaru.
soviet union patanam taruvaata, oppanda baadhyatalanu pannendu soviet varasudu raashtraalaku appaginchaaru. vaatilo, turkmenistan mariyu uzbekistan okkokkati daani anhu sambandhita pradaesaalanu tolaginchaayi mariyu aann-sait tanikheelu nilipiveyabaddaayi. bellarus, kazakhstan, russian federation mariyu ukreyinlalo tanikheelu konasagayi. bellarus, kazakhstan mariyu ukrain 1968 juulai 1naa anvaayudhaala vyaapti nirodhaka oppandam prakaram anvaayudha rahita deshaalugaa marai mariyu 1992 lisban protocol (vyuuhaatmaka daadi aayudhaala taggimpu mariyu parimitipai united states off america mariyu union off soviet soshalistu republicla madhya oppandaaniki protocol) kinda kattubadi unnaayi.
samarthatha.
bellarus, kazakhstan mariyu ukrain tama anvaayudhaalannintini paravesai ledhaa russiaku badilee chesaayi. us mariyu russia 6,000 warheadlatho delivery vaahanaala saamarthyaanni 1,600 kii tagginchaayi.
aayudha niyantrana, anvastra vyaapti nirodhaka mariyu niraayudheekarana oppandaalu mariyu kattubaatlaku kattubadi undatam mariyu kattubadi undatam" anae US state department yokka nivedika 2010 juulai 28naa vidudala cheyabadindi mariyu oppandam 5 december 2009naa gaduvu mugisinappudu russia puurtigaa kattubadi ledani perkondi. nivedika russia yokka sammati samasyalanu pratyaekamgaa gurtinchaledu.
1994loe russia modati prarambha oppandaanni ullanghinchina sanghatana jarigindi. russia thana ss-19 icbmunu tagina paarteelaku teliyajeyakunda antariksha prayoga vahanamga maarchukundani aayudha niyantrana mariyu niraayudheekarana samstha director zaan holam congress saakshyamlo prakatinchaaru. antariksha prayoga vahanaluga punarnirminchabadina kshipanulaku sambandhinchi anni prarambha nivedikala vidhaanaalanu anusarinchaalsina avasaram ledani paerkontuu russia eee sanghatananu samarthinchindi. ss-19 thoo paatu, russia antariksha prayoga vahanalanu sameekarinchadaaniki ss-25 kshipanulanu upayoginchinatlu samacharam. aaa ullanghanalatho kuudina russian ii. sii. bii. emm. la khachitamaina sankhyalu mariyu sthaanaalu undakapovadam americaku unna samasya. 1995loe eee vivaadam parishkarinchabadindi.
gaduvu mariyu punaruddharana.
2009 december 5naa gaduvu mugisindi, conny kotta oppandam kudurchukune varaku oppandam yokka nibandhanalanu paatinchadaaniki irupakshaalu angeekarinchaayi. america adhyakshudu barak obama maddatutoe oppandaanni punaruddharinchadaaniki mariyu vistarinchadaaniki pratipaadanalu unnaayi. sergey rove, institute off dhi yuu director.ess. mariyu kenada ilaa cheppindih "obama anhu aayudhaala taggimpulaku maddatu istunnaru, mariyu russia mariyu yuu. ess. luu anie neenu nammutunnaanu.ess. 2009 vesavilo ledhaa saradrutuvulo prarambha-1 sthaanamlo oka kotta oppandampai santakam cheyavachu ". madhya airopalo kshipani kavachamloni bhaagaalanu unche pranaalikalanu washington vidichipettinatlayithe matrame kotta oppandam jarugutundani ayana annaru. niraayudheekarana rangamlo kotta charyalu teesukoovadaaniki ayana sumukhata vyaktam chesaaru, ayithe polandlo padhi interceptor kshipanulanu unchadam mariyu daanitoe paatu radarnu unchadam gurinchi "kshipani rakshana valayamtho russianu chuttumutte" prayatnaalanu vidichipettadaaniki america kosam taanu vechi unnaanani chepparu.
2009 marchi 17naa, russia "pedda ettuna" tirigi aayudhalu tayaaru cheyadam mariyu russia anhu aayudhagaaram punaruddharananu praarambhistundani medvedev suuchimchaadu. russia sarihaddulaku sameepamlo naato vistarinchindani aaropinchina ayana, sainyam, naukaadalam, anhu saamardhyaalanu penchadamtho 2011loe tirigi aayudhalu praarambhinchaalani aadesinchaaru. alaage, russia vyuuhaatmaka kshipani dalaala adhipati nikolai solovtsov vaartaa samsthalatho matladutu, russia thana tadupari taram rs-24 kshipanulanu december 5naa praarambhamaina tarvaata moharinchadam praarambhistundani chepparu. russia kotta oppandaanni erpaatu cheyaalani bhavistondi. obama padavee baadhyatalu sweekarinchina rendu samvatsaraalalo america, russia madhya sambandhaalu vedekkinappatiki udriktatalu perigayi.
2009 mae 4naa, america, russia kotta oppandam chesukovadamlo anhu warheadlu, vaati pampinhee vahanalanu lekkinchadam, tirigi praarambhinchadam gurinchi charchalu praarambhinchaayi. rendu deshaala madhya samasyaatmaka samasyalanu pakkana pedutuu, moharinchina warheadla sankhyanu 1,000 nundi 1,500 varaku tagginchadaaniki irupakshaalu angeekarinchaayi. pratipaadita kshipani vyavastha kosam thoorpu airopalo kakunda azerbaijaanlo radarnu upayoginchaalane russia pratipaadanaku taamu siddhamgaa unnamani america telipindi. georg doubleu. bush paripalana thoorpu airopa rakshana vyavastha iraanku pratibandhakamgaa uddesinchabadindani nokki cheppindi, ayithe russia daanini tanaku vyatiraekamgaa upayoginchavacchani bhayapadindi. ippudu raajeelu cheyadaaniki irupakshaalu vasyata bhavishyattulo aayudhaala taggimpu yokka kotta dasaku daariteestundi.
modati praarambhaaniki tadupari oppandam kosam ummadi avagahana" paie obama mariyu medvedev 6 juulai 2009naa mascolo santakam chesaaru, tadwara prati vaipu moharinchina warheadla sankhyanu 1,500-1 kuu, 500-1,100 pampinhee vyavasthalalo 675kii tagginchaaru. 2009 decemberlo prarambham-1 gaduvu mugiselopu oka kotta oppandampai santakam cheyalsi undhi, edu samvatsaraalalo taggimpulanu saadhinchaalsi undhi. aneka nelala charchala taruvaata, obama mariyu medvedev 2010 april 8naa check republickloni praaglo vyuuhaatmaka daadi aayudhalanu marinta tagginchadaaniki mariyu parimitam cheyadaaniki varasudu oppandampai santakam chesaaru.
kotta prarambha oppandam.
kotta prarambha oppandam united states mariyu russiapy marinta parimitulanu vidhinchindi, vaatini puurti saktitoe pravesinchina edu samvatsaraalalo gananeeyamgaa takkuva vyuuhaatmaka aayudhaalaku tagginchindi. moodu sthaayilalo vyavastheekarinchabadina eee kotta oppandam oppandampaine drushti pedutundi, oppanda nibandhanalaku sambandhinchi adanapu hakkulu mariyu baadhyatalanu kaligi unna protocol mariyu saanketika anubandhalu.
2010 anhu bhangima sameekshaku maddatugaa rakshana pranaalikakartala vibhagam nirvahinchina kathinamaina vislaeshanha aadhaaramgaa eee parimitulu roopondinchabaddaayi. eee mottam parimitulalo 1,550 anhu warheadlu untaayi, veetilo moharinchina khandantara balistic kshipanulapai (ii. sii. bii. emm) warheadlu, moharinchina jalaantargaami-prayoginchina balistic kshipanulapai (ess. ell. bii. emm) warheadlu mariyu anhu aayudhaala kosam amarchina edainaa bhaarii bomber kooda untaayi. idhi 1991 oppandamlo nirdesinchina parimiti kante 74 saatam takkuva mariyu 2002 masco oppandam parimiti kante 30 saatam takkuva. iru pakshalu kooda 800 moharinchina mariyu moharinchani icbm lancherlu, slbm lancherlu mariyu anhu aayudhaalatho kuudina bhaarii bomberlaku parimitam cheyabadataayi. 700 moharinchina ii. sii. bii. emm. la pratyeka parimiti kooda undhi, moharinchina ess. ell. bii. emm. luu, mariyu anhu aayudhaala kosam amarchina bhaarii bomberlanu moharinchaaru, idhi munupati oppandamlo vidhinchina sambandhita vyuuhaatmaka anhu pampinhee vaahana parimitiloo sagam kante takkuva. kotta aankshalu vidhinchinappatikii, kotta oppandamlo prastuta ledhaa pranaalikaabaddhamaina us kshipani rakshana karyakramalu mariyu takkuva-shreni sampradaaya daadi saamarthyaala pareeksha, abhivruddhi ledhaa moharimpuku sambandhinchi etuvanti parimitulu laevu.
kotta oppandam yokka vyavadhi padeellu mariyu okesari aidellaku minchakunda podiginchavacchu. idhi chaalaa itara aayudha niyantrana oppandaala maadirigaane praamaanika upasamharana nibandhananu kaligi untundi. tadupari oppandaalu eee oppandaanni adhigaminchaayi.