
united stateslo prayiveteekarana

prayiveteekarana anedi oka vyaparam, samstha, agency, swachchanda samstha ledhaa praja seva yokka yajamanyanni prabhutva rangam (rashtram ledhaa prabhutvam) nundi ledhaa saadhaarana upayogam nundi private rangaaniki (private labham kosam panichese vyaparalu) ledhaa private laabhaapekshaleni samsthalaku badilee chese prakriya. vistruta konamlo, praivaeteekarana anedi edainaa prabhutva panini private rangaaniki badilee cheyadaanni suuchistumdi-indulo aadaaya sekarana mariyu chatta amalu vanti prabhutva vidhulu kooda untaayi.
praivaeteekarana" anae padaanni sambandham laeni rendu laavaadaeveelanu vivarinchadaaniki kooda upayoginchaaru. modatidi, public corporation ledhaa holding company stock yokka anni sherlanu majority yajamani konugolu cheyadam, bahirangamgaa vartakam chese stacknu praiveteekarinchadam, mariyu tarachugaa private equityga varninchabadutundi. rendavadi ummadi stock companyni erpaatu cheyadaaniki paraspara samstha ledhaa sahakaara samstha yokka demutualization.
vividha paddhatula dwara praivaeteekarananu saadhinchavachchu, vaatilo
united stateslo, private companylaku viniyoga aastula ammakam kante private provider (avtsourcing) kuu nirvahana mariyu karyakalapala oppandam sarvasaadhaaranam. majer yuu ledhu.ess. iteevali dasaabdaalalo nagaram thana viniyoga aastulanu vikrayinchindi, ayithe konni chinna neeti viniyogaalu alaa chesaayi.
samyukta raashtraalloni pradhana prayiveteekarana praantaalu.
vaidya samrakshana mariyu vaidya sahayam nirvahana samrakshana.
united stateslo, medicare managed cair kinda prabhutvam oka nirneeta vyavadhilo labdhidaarudu andukunna anni vaidya sevalaku "capited rate" anie piluvabade nirneeta mottaanni managed cair organization (emsio) kii chellistundi. 1990 nundi eee karyakramalalo namodu gananeeyamgaa perigindi; vaidya labdhidaarulalo idi1loe mariyu vaidya samrakshana labdhidaarulalo 12 saatam mandiki emsiolu chikitsa andistunnaru. medicare mariyu mediquidelo private ranga prameyam emsiolaku matrame parimitam kaadu; private vaidyulu, aasupatrulu, nursing homes vaidya samrakshananu andistaayi; rembersement claimlanu private madhyavartulu proses chestaaru; mariyu peer review samsthalu, viniyoga sameeksha kamiteelu mariyu jacaho vanti accreditation samsthalu private vaidya sibbandiche sibbandigaa untaayi.
yuu yokka praadhamika graheetalalo okaru.ess. avtsourcing oppandaalu maximus ink.idhi vaidya mariyu vaidya samrakshana, alaage pillala aarogya beema karyakramam (chip), sankshemam nundi pani, pillala maddatu amalu mariyu itara prabhutva kaaryakramaalanu nirvahistundi.
sankshema prayiveteekarana.
niraasrayula aasrayaalu mariyu aahara byaankulanu private samsthalu nirvahistunnaayi, ivi chikitsa sevalanu kooda andistaayi, prarambha kaaryakramaalanu nirvahistaayi mariyu pillala sankshema samsthalatho kalisi panicheestaayi. 1996loe sankshema vyavastha yokka praivaeteekarana vistarinchindi, appudu dependent chiled (eah. eff. dii. sii) karyakramam unna kutumbaalaku sahayam avasaramlo unna kutumbaalaku taatkaalika sahayam (tii. enn. eff) kaaryakramamtho bharti cheyabadindi. tarachugaa praiveteekarinchabade sankshema sevalalo sraamika shakti abhivruddhi, udyoga sikshana mariyu udyoga niyamakam vantivi tarachugaa praiveteekarinchabadataayi.
praja vidya.
charter paatasaalalu, vidya nirvahana samsthalu (eeemo) mariyu paatasaala vochar kaaryakramaalato sahaa prabhutva vidya vyavasthalo konni private ranga prameyam kooda undhi. emolu saadhaaranamgaa labhapeksha kosam untaayi mariyu charter paatasaalalu mariyu konnisaarlu saampradaaya prabhutva paatasaalalanu kooda nirvahistaayi. united states supreme court "zellman vii. loe oka sthaapana nibandhana savaaluku vyatiraekamgaa paatasaala vochar kaaryakramaalanu samarthinchindi. simmons-haaris ".
private jaillu.
samyukta rashtraallo, 2001loe samakhya khaidilandarini mariyu 5.8% rashtra khaideelanu private jailu soukaryaalu kaligi unnaayi. eee private jailla oppandaalu jailu paristhitulu mariyu karyakalapalanu niyantristaayi, ayithe jailu nirvahana swabhaavaaniki gananeeyamaina abheeshtaanusaaram panicheyadam avasaram. prabhutva jailla kante private jaillu baadhyataku ekkuvagaa guravutaayi.
videshee vyavaharalu.
labhapeksha mariyu laabhaapekshaleni samsthalu rendoo us videshee sahaya budjetku sambandhinchina atyavasara manavata upasamanam, abhivruddhi sahayam, alaage sangharshana anantara punarnirmaana prayatnaalanu andinchadam vanti vividha baadhyatalanu nirvartistaayi. adevidhamgaa, shanti charchalu, sainika sikshana, nigha sekarana mariyu itara bhadrata sevalu ledhaa yuddha sambandhita missionlaloo palgonadam vanti prabhutva dautya mariyu sainika adhikara paridhiloki vachevigaa saampradayakamgaa pariganinchabade panulanu private samsthalu nirvahinchadam praarambhinchaayi. aboo ghraib jailulo chaalaa mandhi sainika vichaaranakartalaku oka private contractor andinchaaru mariyu adhikaarika sainika sikshana ledhu; idhi jailulo nirbandhitula durviniyogaaniki dohadapade karakamga phay nivedika dwara gurtinchabadindi.
aikyaraajyasamiti private upa contractorlanu kooda upayogistundi, mariyu konni sandarbhaallo, "viphalamaina rashtraalu" klishtamaina moulika sadupaayaalanu nirminchadam, saamaajika sevala kaaryakramaalanu nirvahinchadam mariyu saayudha sangharshanhala samayamlo private sainika samsthalanu upayoginchadam vanti aneka panula kosam private samsthalapai vistrutamgaa aadharapaddaayi.
america rajyangam.
united states rajyangam rashtra charyanu matrame parimitam chestundi mariyu konni minahaayimpulato, "vivakshata ledhaa tappu ayinappatikee, kevalam vyaktigata pravartanaku vyatiraekamgaa yea kavachanni erpaatu cheyadu". gillion metzger ilaa vraasaadu
prabhutva adhikara durviniyogaaniki vyatiraekamgaa taginantagaa rakshana kalpinchadaaniki, rashtra adhikaram yokka prati prayogaaniki rajyanga suutraalanu vartimpajeyadam avasaram, indulo palgone natudi adhikaarika prabhutva ledhaa private hodaato sambandham lekunda 'prabhutvam, rashtram ledhaa samakhya, kevalam corporate roopaanni aasrayinchadam dwara rajyangamlo vidhinchina atyanta gambheeramaina baadhyatalanu tappinchukogaladu' mariyu tadwara prabhutva kaaryakramaala karyakalapalanu private chetulaku badilee chestundi."
saampradaaya rajyanga yantraangam dwara private natulanu javaabudaareegaa unchalekapoyinappatiki, vaaru itara niyantrana ledhaa oppanda avasaralaku kattubadi undavacchu. himsa chattam rakshanaku maroka maargam kaavacchu, mariyu prabhutva samsthalu mariyu udyogulu saadhaaranamgaa poura baadhyata nundi kontavaraku minahaayimpunu pondutaaru kabatti eee rakshana marinta prabhaavavantamgaa untundani kondaru vaadinchavachchu.
vimarsha.
chaaritraatmakamgaa, prabhutvaalu konnisaarlu prabhutva samsthalanu praivaetu yaajamaanyamloni samsthalugaa marchai ledhaa praivaetu yaajamaanyamloni pootiidaarula pravesam mariyu pootii kosam bahirangamgaa nirvahinche samsthanu raddu chesaayi. ayithe, vimarsakulu tarachugaa praivaeteekarana yokka chaaritraka paddhatulu aadhunika paddhatula kante chaalaa bhinnamgaa unnayani etthi chuuputaaru. udaaharanaku, 19va sataabdamloo united stateslo, oka corporation daani prayojanam, pani mariyu vyavadhipai gananeeyamaina parimitulatoe chaalaa nirdishta prayojanam kosam (udaaharanaku, newyork central paarkunu nirminchadam) municipality vanti prabhutva samsthachae charter cheyabadavachhu. atuvanti corporation daani uddesyam neraverchina tarvaata tarachugaa unikilo undadu. eee rakamaina prabhutva-private bhagaswamyam saadhaarana aadhunika roopaaniki gananeeyamaina margallo bhinnamgaa untundi, ikkada bahirangamgaa nirvahinche sevalu ledhaa vanarulanu konni sharatulatho mariyu niravadhika kaalaaniki private companyki appaginchavacchu.
raajakeeya mitrapakshaalaku, bandhuvulaku ledhaa prabhutva adhikaarula snehitulaku laabhadaayakamaina oppandaalu ivvavacchani, aaa taruvaata, eee contractorlu pani cheyadaaniki arhata kaligi undakapovachhu mariyu/ledhaa saadhaarana prajalaku takkuva naanhyatanu andinchavacchu anie kooda praivaeteekarana vimarsakulu aaropistunnaru. udaaharanaku, 2006loe laa times oka vyaasamlo eee namuunaa gurinchi nivedinchindi, "indianapolis, nyuu orleans, atlanta mariyu itara nagaralaku, praivaeteekaranatoo paatu avineeti kumbhakonalu, paryaavarana ullanghanalu mariyu viniyogadaarula firyadula pravaham unnaayi."
prayiveteekaranapai, mukhyamgaa neeti viniyogaalu vanti purapalaka sevalaku sambandhinchi, maroka vimarsha emitante, konni purapalaka sanghaalu sevala dharalalo aamodayogyam kaani perugudalanu chushai, adhe samayamlo seva yokka naanhyata mariyu viniyoga nirvahana sthaayilo kooda taggudala kanipinchindi. udaaharanaku, floridaloni jacksonville, united water resources anae samstha munisipal neeti vyavasthanu yajamanyamlo nirvahinchindi. 1997loe nelawari billulu nelaku daadaapu $10 perigayi, taruvaata kooda raetlu penchadaaniki marinni abhyardhanalu vachayi. municipality yokka praja prayojanam, jeeyaa, neeti vyavasthanu 219 million dollarlaku konugolu cheyaalani nirnayinchukundi, idhi vaastavaaniki viniyogadaarulaku nelawari billulapai 25 saatam aadaa chestundani anchanaa vesindi. marovaipu, bahirangamgaa nirvahinche viniyogaalu appudappudu ibbandulanu kooda nivedinchaayi. 488 mailla muruguneeti linelanu marammatu cheyadaaniki mariyu itara nirvahananu nirvahinchadaaniki laas angels nagaraniki vyatiraekamgaa pourula samuuhaala consortium daavaa vesinatlu 2004loe newyork times nivedinchindi.
praivaeteekaranaku daariteese amsaalu.
purapalaka ledhaa county prabhutvaala avtsourcingku dohadapade aneka pradhana amsaalu unnaayi. prabhutvaalu marinta nirvahinchadagina mariyu samarthavanthamaina paddhatiloo panicheyagala aakrutilo aardhikasaastram. praja paripalana yantraangam samarthavanthamaina seva lekapovadam patla vimarsalapalaindi. seva yokka naanhyata nemmadigaa undavacchu mariyu udyogulu vaari baadhyatalaku baadhyata vahinchakapovachhu. praja samsthalu snehapuurvakamgaa levani, adhika-naanhyata gala praja seva nundi tolaginchabaddaayani, praja sambandhaalu lekapovadam, prajalatho vyavaharinchadamlo vaari sibbandi asamarthathatho sikshana choopinchakapovadam prajala abhiprayam.
prayiveteekarana anedi marinta manchi kosam daariteese viluvaina vidhana saadhanamgaa bhaavistaaru. praja vanarula praivaeteekarana anedi prabhutva aastulaku kotta viluvanu istundi mariyu oka desham yokka praivaetu yaajamaanyamloni muuladhana sthaavaraanni penchutundi. tama samskaranallo bhaagamgaa praivaeteekarananu amalu chese prabhutvaalu sthuula aardhika mariyu aardhika lakshyalanu saadhinchadaaniki dheenini oka yantraamgaa upayogistaayi. prayivaeteekarananu chepatte prabhutvaalu vividha lakshyalanu anusarinchaayi. aneka deshaalalo prabhutva samsthala paelavamaina aardhika paniteeru vistrutamgaa undatam mariyu vaati samskaranalatho parimita vijayanni saadhinchinanduna, konni sandarbhaallo, praivaeteekarana anedi aardhika saamardhyamlo laabhaalanu saadhinche sadhanam. mukhyamgaa prabhutva samsthalalo lotu kosam aardhika nirvahananu konasaaginchadaaniki prabhutvaalu ishtapadani ledhaa cheyaleni sandarbhaallo, aardhika sthithini meruguparachadaaniki kooda praivaeteekarana oka yantraangam kaavacchu.
praja neeti viniyoga samstha yokka yajamanyanni ledhaa karyakalapalanu private samsthaku badilee cheyala vadda anae nirnayam sanklishtamainadi. praivaeteekarana viniyogadaarula nelawari neeti billulanu penchadu?" vanti takshana aardhika prasnalu.prajaarogyam, upaadhi, raajakeeya niyantrana, paryaavarana samasyalu mariyu itara nagara sevalatho sambandhaalaku sambandhinchina pedda mariyu deerghakaalika prasnalu untaayi.

