
patrika

patrika anedi oka niyatakaalika prachurana, idhi saadhaaranamgaa kramam tappakunda prachurinchabadutundi (tarachugaa vaaraanikosaari ledhaa nelawari), indulo vividha rakaala vishayaluntayi. vatiki saadhaaranamgaa prakatanalu, konugolu dhara, prepaid subscriptions ledhaa eee moodinti kalayika dwara nidhulu samakuurustaaru.
nirvachanam.
saanketika konamlo oka "journal" valume antataa nirantara putaakrutini kaligi untundi. anduvalla, prati sanchikanu modati pejeetho kottagaa praarambhinchae "bloomberg business weak" oka patrika, conny "journal off business communication", idhi cotterminus samvatsaram antataa oke putakramm konasaagutundi, idhi oka patrika. konni vruttiparamaina ledhaa vaanijya prachuranalu kooda peer-review cheyabadataayi, udaaharanaku "journal off accountancy". peer-review cheyani vidya ledhaa vruttiparamaina prachuranalu saadhaaranamgaa "vruttiparamaina patrikalu". oka prachurana tananu taanu "journal" anie piluchukuntundi, saanketika konamlo daanini jarnalga maarchadu; "wall streat journal" vaastavaaniki oka vaartaapatrika.
vyutpatti.
patrika" anae padam arabic () nundi vachindi, () yokka virigina bahuvachanam antey "depo, store house" (vaastavaaniki sainika store house); idhi madhya french mariyu italian dwara aanglamloki vastundi. daani asalu ardhamlo, "patrika" anae padam nilva sthalam ledhaa parikaranni suuchistumdi. vraatapuurvaka prachurana vishayamlo, idhi vraatapuurvaka vyasala sekarananu suuchistumdi. patrika prachuranalu eee padaanni gunpouder myagajainlu, phirangi patrikalu, tupaki patrikalu mariyu french mariyu russian (french nundi sweekarinchabadinavi), department storelu vanti retailarlatho enduku panchukuntayo idhi vivaristundi.
pampinhee.
mudrana patrikalanu mail dwara, newstandlu, pustaka dukaanaalu ledhaa itara vikretala dwara ammakaala dwara ledhaa enchukunna pickup pradaesaalaloo uchita pampinhee dwara pampinhee cheyavachu. electronic pampinhee paddhatulalo soshal media, email, nyuus aggregators mariyu prachurana website mariyu serch injin phalitaala drushyamaanata undavacchu. pampinhee kosam saampradaaya chandha vyapara namuunaalu moodu pradhana vargaluga vibhajinchabaddaayih
chellinchina circulation.
eee namoonaalo, patrikanu paatakulaku prati-issue praatipadikana ledhaa chandha dwara vikrayistaaru, ikkada vaarshika rusumu ledhaa nelawari dhara chellinchabadutundi mariyu sanchikalanu paatakulaku tapala dwara pamputaaru. chellimpu circulation nirvachinchina paatakula ganaamkaalanu anumatistundi.
chellinchani circulation.
dheeni ardham cover dhara ledhu mariyu samasyalu ivvabadataayi, udaaharanaku veedhi pampineedaarulu, vimanayana samsthalalo ledhaa itara utpattulu ledhaa prachuranalatho chaerchabadataayi. eee namuunaa nirdishta janabha laeni vaariki samasyalanu andinchadam kaligi untundi kabatti, ganaamkaalu pampinhee cheyabadina samasyala sankhyanu matrame suuchistaayi, vaatini evaru chaduvutaaru anevi kaadu.
niyantrita prasarana.
idhi aneka vaanijya patrikalu (parisrama aadhaarita patrikalu) upayoginche namuunaa, idhi arhata kaligina paatakulaku matrame pampinhee cheyabadutundi, tarachugaa uchitamgaa mariyu edho oka rakamaina survey dwara nirnayinchabadutundi. kharchula kaaranamgaa (udhaa.zii.mudrana maadhyamtho anubandhinchabadina, mudrana mariyu tapala), prachuranakartalu okadaanni abhyardhinche prati okkariki uchita kaapeelanu pampinhee cheyakapovachhu (arhata laeni leads); badulugaa, vaaru niyantrita prasaranalo panicheestaaru, vyaparamlo sabhyudiga prati vyakti arhata aadhaaramgaa uchita sabhyatvaalanu evaru pondavacho nirnayistaaru (mariyu konugolu chese sambhaavyata, udaaharanaku, udyoga sheershika nundi nirnayinchabadina corporate konugolu adhikaram kaligi unde avakaasam). idhi prakatanadaarula lakshya prekshakulaku prakatanalu andutayani adhika sthaayi khachitatvanni istundi mariyu idhi vrudhaa mudrana mariyu pampinhee kharchulanu nivaaristundi. eee taruvaati modal varald wide web aavirbhaavaaniki mundu vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadindi mariyu ippatikee konni sheershikala dwara upayoginchabadutundi. udaaharanaku, united kingdamlo, aneka computer-parisrama patrikalu eee namuunaanu upayogistaayi, veetilo "computer weakley" mariyu "computing" mariyu finance loe "waters magazine" unnaayi. prapancha media parisramaku, oka udaaharana "veediyo antarjaateeya" avutundi.
charitra.
1663loe germanylo praarambhamaina saahitya mariyu tatvasastra patrika "erbalich monats unterredungen" patrikalaku mottamodati udaaharana. "1741loe londonlo modatisaarigaa prachurinchabadina "dhi gentlemen magazine" modati saadhaarana-aasakti patrika. sylvanus urban" anae kalam paerutoe "dhi gentlemen magazine" nuu sampaadinchina edward cave, sainika giddangi yokka saaruupyatapai "magazine" anae padaanni upayoginchina modati vyakti, coat "oka patrikalo unnatlugaa bhadraparachadaaniki nelawari sekarana". 1842loe herbert ingram sthaapinchina "dhi illustrated london nyuus" modati illustrated weakley nyuus magazine.
britton.
ippatikee mudrinchabadutunna puraatana viniyogadaarula patrika "dhi scots magazine", idhi 1739loe modatisaari prachurinchabadindi, ayithe yajamanyamlo bahula maarpulu mariyu mottam 90 samvatsaraalaku paiga prachuranalo antaraalu aaa vaadananu balaheenaparustaayi. "lloyd jabita" 1734loe edward lloyd yokka ingland coffey shoplo sthaapinchabadindi; mariyu daani online platfam ippatikee rojuvaareegaa naveekarinchabadinappatiki, idhi 274 samvatsaraala taruvaata 2013 nundi patrikagaa prachurinchabadaledu.
france.
praacheena paalanalo, atyanta pramukha patrikalu, saastravettala kosam 1665loe sthaapinchabaddaayi, mariyu 1631loe sthaapinchabaddaayi. zeane loret france yokka modati paatrikeyulalo okaru. athanu 1650 nundi 1665 varaku sangeetam, nrutyam mariyu parisian samajam yokka varapu vaartalanu padyamloo vyaapti chesaadu, dheenini athanu "gazit burlesk" anie pilichadu, dheenini "laa muse hystoric" (1650,1660,1665) yokka moodu samputaalugaa sameekarinchaaru. french patrikalu british vaari kante oka taram venukabadi unnaayi, endukante vaaru kuleenula avasaralanu teerchaaru, ayithe kotta british sahacharulu madhyataragati mariyu sraamika vargaala vaipu drushti saarinchaaru.
paarislo kendra prabhutvam patrikalu sensor cheyabaddaayi. vaaru rajakeeyamgaa puurtigaa prasaantamgaa laeru-tarachugaa vaaru charchi durviniyogaalu mariyu adhikara yantranga asamarthatanu vimarsinchaaru. vaaru raacharikaaniki maddatu icchaaru mariyu viplavanni prerepinchadamlo vaaru garishtamgaa chinna paatra pooshinchaaru. viplavam samayamlo, kotta patrikalu vividha vargaalaku prachara samsthalugaa pradhana paatralu poeshinchaayi. zeane-paal marat (1743-1793) atyanta pramukha sampadakudu. athani "la 'amee du peepul", marat dveshinche prajala satruvulaku vyatiraekamgaa diguva vargaala hakkula kosam teevramgaa vaadinchaadu; athanu hatya cheyabadinappudu adhi moosiveyabadindi. 1800 taruvaata nepolian kathinamaina sensorshipnu tirigi vidhinchaadu.
1815loe nepolian vellipoyina taruvaata patrikalu abhivruddhi chendaayi. chaalaavaraku paris loe undevi mariyu saahityam, kavitvam mariyu kathalaku ekkuva praadhaanyatanichaayi. vaaru matha, saamskrutika, raajakeeya samaajaalaku seva chesaaru. raajakeeya sankshobha samayaallo vaaru tama paatakula abhipraayaalanu vyaktam chesi, aakruti cheyadaaniki sahayapaddaru, tadwara maarutunna raajakeeya samskrutilo pradhana amsaalu. udaaharanaku, 1830loe paarislo enimidi catholic patrikalu undevi. edhee adhikarikamga charchi yajamanyamlo ledhaa spaansar cheyabadaledu mariyu avi borban racharikanni padagottina 1830 juulai viplavam vanti prastuta samasyala gurinchi vidyaavantulaina kaathaliklalo abhipraayaala shrenini pratibimbimchaayi. chaalaa mandhi borban rajulaku balamaina maddatudaarulu, conny mottam enimidi mandhi chivariki kotta prabhutvaaniki maddatunu koraru, poura kramaanni parirakshinche vishayamlo tama vignaptulanu chesaaru. vaaru tarachugaa charchi mariyu rajyam madhya sambandhaanni charchinchaaru. saadhaaranamgaa, vaaru aadhyaatmika vishayaalapai drushti pettaalani, rajakeeyaalalo paalgonakuudadani poojaarulanu koraru. charitrakaarudu emm. eee prakriya charchi mariyu kotta chakravarthy madhya dooraanni srushtinchindani, charchi-rashtra sambandhaala gurinchi mariyu raajakeeya adhikaaraaniki muulam gurinchi kotta avagahananu pempondinchadaaniki kaathalikkulaku veelu kalpinchindani patricia dougherty chepparu.
turkey.
general.
dhi monitur ottoman" anedi frenchlo vraayabadina oka gazit, idhi modatisaarigaa 1831loe rendava mahmud kramamlo prachurinchabadindi. idhi ottoman saamrajyam yokka modati adhikaarika gazit, dheenini alegzander block, adbhutamaina portu kharchutho savarinchaaru. daani paeru bahusha french vaartaapatrika "lae monitur universal" nuu suuchistumdi. idhi varanikokasari vidudala cheyabadindi. "monitur" nuu ottoman turkish loki anuvadinchadaaniki uddesinchina "takwim-ii vekaayi" konni nelala taruvaata prachurinchabadindi. denmark maajee consul "m" dwara savarinchabadina taruvaata. francesi, taruvaata "hassuna dii ghiyez", dheenini chivaraga lucian ruut savarinchindi. ayithe, rayabara karyalayala satrutvaanni edurkontu, 1840laloe moosiveyabadindi.
vyangyamgaa.
turkey vyangya patrikalu sudeergha sampradaayaanni kaligi unnaayi. 1869loe praarambhamaina mottamodati vyangya patrikallo okati "diogen". sumaru 20 vyangya patrikalu unnaayi; vaatilo "pengwen" (70,000 varapu prasaram), "lemon" (50,000) mariyu "uykusuz" pradhaanamainavi. chaaritraka udaaharanalalo ojuj aral yokka patrika "girgar" (idhi 1970laloe 500,000 circulationku cherukundi) mariyu "marco passa" (1946loe praarambhinchabadindi) unnaayi. itarulu "ell-manyak" mariyu "lomback".
united states.
valasarajyala america.
valasarajyala kaalamlo prachurana chaalaa khareedaina parisramagaa undedi. kaagitam mariyu printer siraaku digumati chesukunna vastuvulapai pannu vidhinchabadindi mariyu vaati naanhyata asthiramgaa undedi. antar rashtra sunkaalu mariyu paelavamaina rahadari vyavastha praantiiya sthaayilo kooda pampinheeki aatamkam kaliginchaayi. aneka patrikalu praarambhinchabaddaayi, chaalaa varaku konni sanchikalalone viphalamayyayi, conny prachuranakartalu prayatnistuunae unnaaru. benjamin franklin 1741loe american kaalaneela modati patrikallo okataina "general magazine und hystorical chronicle" nuu oohinchinatlu chebutaaru. thamus peyin sampaadakeeyam chesina "pensylvania patrika", swalpakaalam matrame nadichindi, conny viplavaatmaka yuddha samayamlo chaalaa prabhaavavantamaina prachuranagaa nilichindi. swaatantrya prakatana paataanni kaligi unna tudi sanchika 1776loe prachurinchabadindi.
19va sataabdam chivarilo.
19va sataabdam madhyalo, nelawari patrikalu prajaadarana pondaayi. konni vaartalu, varnachitraalu, kavitalu, charitra, raajakeeya sanghatanalu mariyu saamaajika charchalanu kaligi undatam praarambhinchadaaniki avi saadhaarana aasaktigaa undevi. vaartaapatrikalu kakunda, avi vinodaatmaka kathalu, kavitalu mariyu chitraalato paatu prastuta sanghatanala nelawari recorduga undevi. vaartala nundi bayatapadina modati patrikalu "harpers" mariyu "dhi atlantic", ivi kalalanu pempondinchadampai drushti saarinchaayi. harpers" mariyu "dhi atlantic" rendoo netikee konasagutunnayi, harpers oka saamskrutika patrikagaa mariyu atlantic pradhanamgaa prapancha sanghatanalapai drushti saarinchindi. harper yokka prarambha prachuranalu "mobi dick" yokka prarambha prachuranalu ledhaa prapanchamlooni mottamodati atlantic telegraph cable veyadam vanti prasiddha sanghatanalu vanti prasiddha rachanalanu kooda kaligi unnaayi; ayithe, prarambha contentlo ekkuva bhaagam british sanghatanala nundi tagginchabadindi.
patrikalu abhivruddhi chendadam saahitya vimarsha mariyu raajakeeya charchalo perugudalanu prerepinchindi, vastunishtha vaartaapatrikala nundi marinta abhipraayaala vaipu kadilindi. mudranala madhya perigina samayam mariyu vraayadaaniki ekkuva sthalam panditulu mariyu vimarsanaatmaka pariseelakulachae praja vaadanalaku oka vedikanu andinchindi.
patrikalaku prarambha kaalaanuguna puurveekulu 1800la chivaralo aadhunika nirvachanaaniki abhivruddhi chendadam praarambhinchaaru. panulu nemmadigaa marinta pratyaekamainavigaa marai mariyu saadhaarana charcha ledhaa saamskrutika patrikalu viniyogadaarula marketku anugunamgaa maravalasi vachindi, ivi samasyalu mariyu sanghatanala yokka marinta sthaanikeekarana kosam aaratapaddayi.
pragatiseela sakamha 1890-1920luu.
1900 taruvaata saamuuhika prasarana patrikalu chaalaa saadhaaranam ayyayi, konni vandala vaela mandhi chandaadaarulalo prasaram ayyayi. kondaru 1920laloe million maarkunu daataaru. adhi media yugam. jaateeya prakatanala vegavantamaina vistarana kaaranamgaa, cover dhara daadaapu 10 sentlaku gananeeyamgaa padipoyindi. rajakeeyaalalo, sthaanika prabhutvaalalo, pedda vyapaaraalalo, mukhyamgaa "macrackers" dwara avineetini bhaareega vyaapti cheyadam oka kaaranam."vaaru saamaajika mariyu raajakeeya papalu mariyu lopaalanu bahirgatam cheyadaaniki pramukha patrikalaku raasina paatrikeyulu. vaaru tama sonta parisoedhanaatmaka journalism reportingpy aadharapaddaru; mukrakarlu tarachugaa saamaajika rugmatalu mariyu corporate mariyu raajakeeya avineetini bahirgatam cheyadaaniki panicheesaaru. deerghakaalika pattana pedarikam, asurakshita pani paristhitulu mariyu baala kaarmikula vanti saamaajika samasyala gurinchi prajalalo avagahana penchutuu, corporate guttaadhipatyaalu mariyu vankara raajakeeya yantraalanu 'mcclure' luu anie pilavabade 'mccrocking myagajainlu' upayoginchaayi.
vyardhaalu, avineeti, kumbhakonalanu bahirgatam cheyadamlo naipunhyam kaligina paatrikeyulu rae stannard baker, georg creel, brand whitelock vanti rashtra, sthaanika sthaayilo panicheesaaru. linkan stephens vanti itarulu aneka pedda nagarallo raajakeeya avineetini bahirgatam chesaaru; idaa tarbel zaan dii. rockfeller yokka praamaanika chamuru samstha. 1905loe shamyul hopkins audums aneka patent aushadhaalalo jarigina moesaanni choopinchaadu, upton synclair yokka 1906 navala "dhi jangil" maamsam elaa pyaak cheyabadindane daani gurinchi bhayankaramaina chitrananu ichindi, mariyu 1906loe kooda, david graham phillips yoopai oka pokkulugala neraropananu vidudala chesaadu.ess. senate. aaa chettanu mottam paiki lepi vaaru sahayam cheyadam ledani firyadu chesinappudu roosvelt eee paatrikeyulaku vaari maaruperunu icchaaru.
21va sataabdam.
statista parisoedhanaa vibhagam prakaram, 2009loe uttara americalo prayogaala kante patrikalu moosiveyadam ekkuva. 2010-2015 samayamlo rendu ganaamkaalu ksheeninchinappatikii, aaa samvatsaraallo prati okkati moosiveyadam kante ekkuva sankhyanu praarambhinchaayi, konnisaarlu 3:1 nishpattilo. marinta irukaina drushti kendrikarinchandi, media finder.2014 modati aaru nelallo 93 kotta patrikalu praarambhinchabaddaayi, ayithe aaa kaalaparimitilo 30 matrame moosiveyabaddaayi. atyanta kotta prachuranalanu roopondinchina vargam "praantiiya aasakti", veetilo "12va & broad" mariyu "craft biir & bruying" thoo sahaa aaru kotta patrikalu praarambhinchabaddaayi. ayithe, rendu patrikalu tama mudrana schedulanu marchukovalasi vachindi. johnson publishing yokka "jett" digital formatku maarutuu saadhaarana sanchikalanu mudrinchadam nilipivesindi, ayithe ippatikee vaarshika mudrana editionnu mudristundi. "ladys home journal" vaari nelawari schedule mariyu chandaadaarula kosam home delivareeni nilipivesi traimaasika newstand-matrame pratyeka vaddii prachuranagaa maarindi.
2013 chivari nundi ganaamkaala prakaram, 2012 nundi 2013 varaku top 25 magazinelalo 22kii chandha sthaayilu taggai, kevalam "time", "glamour" mariyu "espin dhi magazine" sankhyalanu penchaayi.
mahilala patrikalu.
american mahilala patrikalalo "seven systers" "ladys home journal", "good house keeping", "mccalls", "umens day", "redd book", "family circle" mariyu "better homes und guardens" unnaayi. godies ladys book" mariyu "harpers bazar" vanti konni patrikalu 19va sataabdapu saampradaaya linga paatralanu nokki chebutuu mahilaa prekshakula kosam pratyaekamgaa uddesinchabaddaayi. "harpers bazar" anedi fyaashan, fyaashan upakaranaalu mariyu vastraalapai pratyaekamgaa drushti saarinchina modatidi. house keeping gurinchi upadaesaatmaka vishayalanu cherchadam anedi fyaashan magazine yokka panikimaalinatanam gurinchi aandolana chendutunna mahilalu mariyu purushula vistruta prekshakulaku patrika yokka aakarshananu penchi undavacchu.
rakalu.
mahilalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuntaru.
fyaashan.
1920laloe, kotta patrikalu german yuvatulaku vaaru konugolu cheyalanukuntunna tagina dustulu mariyu upakaranaala kosam indriya chitram mariyu prakatanalatho vignapti chesaayi. dye dame" mariyu "daas blat derr hosphra" yokka niganigalade paejeelu "nyuu fraun", "nyuu gurl" nuu pradarsinchaayi-dheenini americanlu flopper anie pilicheevaaru. eee aadarsavantamaina yuvatulu andamgaa, aardhikamgaa swatantramgaa, taja faashanlanu aasaktigaa viniyoginchevaaru. patrikalu aamenu fyaashan, kalalu, kreedalu mariyu automobiles mariyu telephones vanti aadhunika saanketika parignaanampai tajaga unchaayi.
tallidandrula.
bharyalanu mariyu tallulanu lakshyamgaa chesukunna modati mahilaa patrika 1852loe prachurinchabadindi. salaha vyasalu, prakatanalu mariyu tallidandrulaku sambandhinchina vividha prachuranala dwara, mahilala patrikalu maatrutvam mariyu pillala pempakam gurinchi abhipraayaalanu prabhaavitam chesaayi. saamuhikamgaa vikrayinchabadina mahilaa patrikalu tallidandrula aachaaraalaku sambandhinchina saamskrutika viluvalanu roopondinchi, marchai. anduvalla, mahilalu mariyu tallidandrulanu lakshyamgaa chesukunna patrikalu maatrutvam mariyu pillala pempakam gurinchi aalochanalapai adhikaram mariyu prabhavanni chupayi.
matam.
matha samuuhaalu 100 samvatsaraalaku paiga matha siddhaantaanni vyaapti cheyadaaniki mariyu teliyajeyadaaniki patrikalanu upayogistunnaayi. "dhi friend" anedi 1827loe philadelphialo oka pedda quaker vibhedam samayamlo sthaapinchabadindi; idhi nirantaram prachurinchabadindi mariyu 1950la madhyalo pratyarthi quaker samuuhaalu adhikarikamga rajipadinappudu "friends journal" gaa paeru maarchabadindi.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo praarambhinchina aneka catholic patrikalu ippatikee chelaamanilo unnaayi, veetilo unnaayi; "St. anthony messenger "1893loe sthaapinchabadindi mariyu seyint yokka franciscon frears (ofm) prachurinchindi. zaan dhi baptist provins, sinsinnati, ohiyo, laas angels aadhaarita "tidings" 1895loe sthaapinchabadindi (2016loe "angelous" gaa paeru maarchabadindi), mariyu tidings corporation mariyu roman catholic archdiosis off laas angels samyuktamgaa prachurinchindi, mariyu 1907loe farrin mission society off america sthaapinchina "marinol", idhi 100 kii paiga deshaalalo samstha yokka swachchanda mariyu missionary pani gurinchi vaartalanu testundi. united stateslo 100 kii paiga catholic patrikalu prachurinchabaddaayi, mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa vaelaadi unnaayi, ivi sphuurtidaayakamaina sandeshaala nundi nirdishta mataparamaina kramaalu, nammakamaina kutumba jeevitam, prapanchavyaaptamgaa charchi edurkontunna prapancha samasyala varaku unnaayi.
yehovasakshula praadhamika patrika, "dhi watchtower" nuu charless tage russell 1879 joolailo "geons watch tower und herold off christ 's presence" anae paerutoe praarambhinchaaru. patrika yokka public edition prapanchamlo atyanta vistrutamgaa pampinhee cheyabadina magazinelalo okati, prati sanchikaku sagatuna sumaru 36 millionla printing undhi.
pramukhulu, maanava aasakti mariyu gassip.
pramukha vyaktulu mariyu pramukhula kathalu mariyu photolanu prachurinche patrikalu united stateslo chaalaa kaalamgaa prajaadarana pondina roopamgaa unnaayi. 2019loe, "peepul magazine" 98.51 millionla nivedinchabadina cherikatho mottam cherikalo ESPN magazine tarvaata rendava sthaanamlo nilichindi.
vruttiparamaina.
vaanijya patrikalu ledhaa vyaparam nundi vyaparam varaku patrikalu anie kooda piluvabade vruttiparamaina patrikalu nirdishta parisramalalo panichese paatakulanu lakshyamgaa chesukuntaayi. eee patrikalu saadhaaranamgaa parisrama pokadalu mariyu parisramalooni nipunulaku aasakti kaliginche vaartalanu cover chestaayi. sabhyatvaalu tarachugaa vruttiparamaina sanghamlo sabhyatvamtho vastaayi. nirdishta vruttiparamaina prekshakulaku utpattulu mariyu sevalanu vikrayinche companylu prakatanala niyamakam ledhaa prakatanala nundi vruttiparamaina patrikalu aadaayaanni pondavacchu. udaaharanalalo "prakatanala yugam" mariyu "automotive vaartalu" unnaayi.
cover.
konni patrikala mukhachitrampai undatam anedi gowravam ledhaa vishishtatagaa pariganinchabadutundi. udaaharanalalo "samayam", "rolling stone", "vog" mariyu "sports illustrated" unnaayi. udaaharanaku chudandi 
cover art kooda chudandi.
patrika cover indicator anedi chaalaa teevramaina aardhika suuchika kaadu, dheenini konnisaarlu saanketika vislaeshakulu teevramgaa pariganistaaru.