
pasupu raatilo thodella charitra

pasupu raatilooni thodella charitralo buudida thodella ("kaanis lupus") yokka adavi janabhanu pasupu raathi jaateeya udyaanavanam mariyu pedda pasupu raathi paryaavarana vyavasthaku nirmoolinchadam, lekapovadam mariyu tirigi pravesapettadam unnaayi. 1872loe eee udyaanavanam srushtinchabadinappudu, montana, wyoming mariyu idaholalo thodella janabha appatike ksheeninchindi. jaateeya udyaanavanam yokka srushti thodellu ledhaa itara maamsaahaarulaku rakshananu andinchaledu, mariyu 1900la modati dasaabdaalalo prabhutva predator niyantrana karyakramalu tappanisarigaa pasupu raayi nundi buudida thodelunu tolaginchadaaniki sahayapaddayi. chivari thodellu 1926loe pasupu raatitoe champabaddaayi. aaa taruvaata, thodella gurinchi appudappudu nivedikalu inca sambhavinchaayi, ayithe 1900la madhyalo sthiramaina thodella janabha antarinchipoyindani mariyu pasupu raatitoe levani saastravettalu dhruveekarinchaaru.
1940la nundi, udyaanavana nirvaahakulu, jeevasaastravettalu, parirakshakulu mariyu paryaavaranavettalu budidarangu thodelunu ellostone jaateeya udyaanavanamloki tirigi pravesapettadaaniki oka pracharamga maaradam praarambhinchaaru. 1973 naati antarinchipothunna jaatula chattam aamodinchabadinappudu, chattaparamaina punahpraarambhaaniki maargam spashtam cheyabadindi. 1995loe, lamar loyalo buudida thodellanu pasupu raatilo tirigi pravesapettaaru. prapanchavyaaptamgaa thodellanu tirigi pravesapettinatlugaa, pasupu raatilo thodellanu tirigi pravesapettadam chaalaa kaalamgaa vivadaspadamga undhi.
tolagimpu (1872-1926)..
1872loe, ellostone jaateeya udyaanavanam srushtinchabadinappudu, eee udyaanavanamlo vanyapraanulaku inca etuvanti chattaparamaina rakshana ledhu. udyaanavanam prarambha samvatsaraallo, nirvaahakulu, vetagallu mariyu paryatakulu taamu chusina yea aata ledhaa predatornu champadaaniki swechchagaa undevaaru. buudida thodelu eee avaanchaneeya hatyaku mukhyamgaa gurayye avakaasam undhi, endukante idhi saadhaaranamgaa avaanchaneeya predatorga pariganinchabadindi mariyu appatike daani uttara america shreni antataa uddeshapoorvakamgaa nirmoolinchabadindi, saadhaaranamgaa pasuvulanu rakshinche prayojanamtho. janavari 1883loe, united states antargata karyadarshi henry emm. chaalaa udyaanavana jantuvulanu vetaadadaanni nishedhistuu teller nibandhanalanu jaarii chesaadu, ayithe thodellu, coets, elugubantlu, parvata simhaalu mariyu itara chinna maamsaahaarulaku eee nibandhanalu vartinchavu.
kontakaalam tarvaata yuu.ess. 1890 augustu 1naa sainyam eee udyaanavanam yokka paripalananu chepattindi, modati sainika superintendent ayina kepten moose haaris, edainaa vanyapraanulanu bahirangamgaa vetaadataaniki anumatinchaadu mariyu anni predator niyantrananu udyaanavanam paripalanaku vadilivesadu. ayithe, adhikaarika recordulu U anie chuupistunnaayi.ess. 1914 varaku sainyam thodellanu champe vidhananni amalu cheyadam praarambhinchaledu.
1885loe, congress vanyapraanula rakshana kosam shaastreeya parisoedhanalu nirvahinchaalanae spashtamaina uddesyamto aardhika pakshula shaastram mariyu ksheerada shaastram vibhaganni srushtinchindi. aaa agency twaralone yuu ayindi.ess. jeevasambandhamaina survey, idhi U kii mundunnadi.ess. chepalu mariyu vanyapraanula seva. 1907loe, paaschaatya pasuvulu mariyu pasuvula parisramala raajakeeya ottiditoe, eee agency oka samishti predator niyantrana karyakramanni praarambhinchindi, dheenini chivariki "janthu nashtam niyantrana" anie pilicharu. eee karyakramam phalitamgaa 39 yuu loe 1,800 thodellu mariyu 23,000 coets maraninchaayi.ess. 1907loe matrame jaateeya adavulu. 1916loe, jaateeya udyaanavana seva srushtinchabadinappudu, daani enable chese chattamlo "atuvanti jantuvulanu mariyu atuvanti vruksha jeevulanu naasanam cheyadaaniki thana abheeshtaanusaaram andinchadaaniki antargata karyadarshi adhikaram icchina padaalu unnaayi, ivi perkonna udyaanavanaalu, smaaraka chihnalu mariyu reservationla vaadakaaniki hanikaram kaavacchu".
1926 natiki ellostone jaateeya udyaanavanam nundi sthiramaina buudida thodelu poralanu tolaginchinatlu saadhaaranamgaa angeekarinchabadindi, ayinappatikee jaateeya udyaanavana seva 1933 varaku udyaanavanamlo predator niyantrana vidhaanaalanu konasaaginchindi. ayithe, 1927 nundi 1977 varaku jaateeya udyaanavana seva-praayojita adhyayanam, udyaanavanamlo thodellanu aneka vandala "sambhaavya" veekshanhalu unnayani velladinchindi. 1977 madhya mariyu 1995loe thodellanu tirigi pravesapettinappudu, eee udyaanavanamlo thodellanu marinta nammadagina drushyaalu kanipinchaayi, veetilo ekkuva bhaagam eee udyaanavanamlo saasvatamgaa nivasinchakundaa eee praantaanni daatutunna ontari ledhaa jantalugaa nammutaaru.
thodella hatyaku sambandhinchina adhikaarika recordulu.
1916loe jaateeya udyaanavana seva eee udyaanavanaanni niyantrinchadaaniki mundu, yuu.ess. sainyam vaari padaveekaalamlo 14 thodellanu champindi (1886-1916), chaalaa varaku 1914-15 samvatsaraalalo. 1940loe, pramukha vanyapraanula jeevasaastravetta adolph murii thana "jantujaala shreni nem. 4-united states jaateeya udyaanavanaala jantujaalam-ellostone jaateeya udyaanavanamlooni coet yokka paryaavarana shaastram."eee nivedikalo, 1915 mariyu 1935 madhya park nirvaahakulu etaa nivedinchinatlugaa, champabadina thodella sankhyanu murie lekkinchaaruh
1980laloe naveekarinchabadina parisoedhanaloo, park loe thodellanu chivarisariga 1926loe soda batte creak sameepamlo dorikina rendu kukkapillalanu park rangerlu champinappudu adhikarikamga champinatlu dhruvikarinchabadindi. grater ellostone paryaavarana vyavasthalo champabadina chivari thodelu (neti chattaparamaina vaeta ledhaa niyantrana charyalaku mundu) mae 1943loe wind river reservationlo sthaanika american gorrela kaaparudaina leo kotenoir park yokka dakshina sarihaddu sameepamlo thodelunu kalchi champinappudu sambhavinchindi.
lekapovadam (1926-1995).
paryaavarana prabhavalu.
thodellu poeyina tarvaata, elk janabha peragadam praarambhinchindi. taruvaati konni samvatsaraalalo, ellostone jaateeya udyaanavanam yokka paristhitulu teevramgaa ksheeninchaayi. 1929 mariyu 1933loe ellostone sandarsinchina saastravettala brundam, "memu dheenini modatisaari chusinappudu eee shreni dayaneeyamaina paristhitulalo undhi, appati nundi daani ksheenata kramamga perugutondi."eee samayaniki chaalaa mandhi jeevasaastravettalu bhoomi ksheeninchadam gurinchi mariyu mokkalu chanipovadam gurinchi aandolana chendaaru. elk park lopala perugutuu undhi mariyu akuralche, aspen mariyu cotton wood vanti chekka jaatulu adhika methatho badhapaddayi. park servies elkunu bandhinchadam mariyu taralinchadam praarambhinchindi, adhi prabhaavavantamgaa lenappudu, vaarini champesindi. elk janabha niyantrana paddhatulu 30 samvatsaraalaku paiga konasagayi. elk niyantrana paridhi marinta ksheeninchadaanni nirodhinchindi, conny daani mottam paristhitini meruguparachaledu. konnisaarlu, elk janabhanu niyantrinchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki thodellanu tirigi pasupu raatiki teesukuraavadam gurinchi prajalu prastaavistaaru. mukhyamgaa park nundi vaatini vijayavantamgaa tolaginchina taruvaata, ellostone nirvaahakulu thodellanu tirigi teesukuraavadaaniki aasakti chuupaleedu. elk niyantrana 1960la varaku konasaagindi. 1960la chivaralo, sthaanika vetagallu tama congress sabhyulaku chaalaa takkuva elk undani firyadu cheyadam praarambhinchaaru, mariyu congress sabhyulu ellostoneku nidhulu samakuurchadam maanestaanani bedirinchaaru. elk janabhanu mallee penchadaaniki veelu kalpinche niyantrana paddhatigaa elknu champadam vadulukunnaru. elk janabha peragadamtho, shreni yokka naanhyata aneka itara jantuvulanu prabhaavitam chesindi. thodellu lekunda, coet janabha natakeeyamgaa perigindi, idhi pranghorn jinka janabhanu pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chesindi. ayithe, athi pedda elk janabha thodellu lekapovadamtho pasupu raayi paryaavarana vyavasthalo atyanta lothaina maarpulaku kaaranamaindi.
punahprarambham karyakramalu.
pasupu raatilo buudida thodelunu punaruddharinche pracharam park yokka predator-pray ecologyki sambandhinchina aneka praathamika adhyayanaalalo daani muulaalanu kaligi undhi. 1940loe adolph murii "ellostone national paarkulo coet yokka paryaavarana shaastram" nuu prachurinchaadu. aaa adhyayanam mariyu athani 1940-41 pani "dhi wolfs off mount mckinley" thodella samrakshanaku shaastreeya punaadini nirminchadamlo keelaka paatra poeshinchaayi. 1944loe, pramukha vanyapraanula jeevasaastravetta aldo leopold, okappudu aasaktigala predator controll nyaayavaadi, 1944loe "dhi wolfs off north america", young und goldman, gurinchi thana sameekshalo eee krindi vyaakhyalu chesaru
1960la natiki, paryaavarana vyavasthala gurinchi saamskrutika mariyu shaastreeya avagahana thodelu mariyu itara pedda mamsaahaarula patla vaikharini maarchindi. kontavaraku, indulo robbert peyin yokka keystone jaatula bhavana aavirbhavam kooda undhi. 1960la praarambhamlo, pramukha kenadian vanyapraanula jeevasaastravetta ayina douglus pimlat uttara raakeelalo thodella punaruddharanaku pilupunicchaaru. 1970loe american wolf nipunudu, david meck "dhi wolf dhi ecology und behaviour off yaan antarinchipothunna jaatulu" (1970,1981) nuu prachurinchaadu, idhi thodelu mariyu daani paryaavaranampai daani prabhavam gurinchi oka ghnaanoodaya adhyayanam. 1978loe, vanyapraanula jeevasaastravetta zaan weaver thana praathamika adhyayanam "wolfs off ellostone" nuu prachurinchinappudu, athanu eee krindi sifaarsutoe nivedikanu muginchaaduh
antarinchipothunna jaatula samrakshana chattam 1966 kinda antarinchipothunna (1967) jaatulalo buudida thodelu okati. ayithe, antarinchipothunna jaatula chattam 1973 aamodinche varaku, buudida thodelunu pasupu raathi jaateeya udyaanavanam mariyu pedda pasupu raathi paryaavarana vyavasthaku tirigi pravesapettadaaniki chattaparamaina aadharam ledhaa prakriya ledhu. antarinchipothunna jaatula chattam yuu nii kattubadi undhi.ess. antarinchipothunna" anie perkonna prati jaatiki punaruddharana pranaalikalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki chepalu mariyu vanyapraanula seva. modati punaruddharana pranaalika 1980loe puurtayimdi, conny peddagaa aadarana pondaledu. 1987loe, yuu.ess. chepalu mariyu vanyapraanula seva savarinchina "uttara raathi parvata thodelu punaruddharana pranaalika" nuu prachurinchindi, idhi thodelu tirigi pravesapettadaaniki daariteesindi. eee pranaalika jaateeya udyaanavana seva, chepalu mariyu vanyapraanula seva, vidyaavaettalu, rashtra vanyapraanula samsthalu mariyu paryaavarana samuuhaala madhya sahakaara prayatnam. daani karyanirvahaka saaraamsam eee krindi vaatini kaligi untundih
1991loe congress yuu. esku darsakatvam vahinchindi.ess. ellostone national park mariyu central idaho praantaalalo thodellanu tirigi pravesapettadam kosam paryaavarana prabhava prakatana (eis) nuu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki chepalu mariyu vanyapraanula seva. tudi prakatana april 14,1994naa prachurinchabadindi, mariyu ellostone mariyu central idaholo thodellanu tirigi sthaapinchadaaniki aidu sambhaavya pratyaamnaayaalanu teevramgaa pariseelinchindi.
pratyaamnaayam 1 sifaarsu cheyabadindi mariyu chivariki sweekarinchabadindih
tudi ees tirigi pravesapettadaaniki maargam terichindi, conny vyatiraekata lekunda kaadu. thodellu park velupala unnappudu "prayogaatmaka janabha" taginantagaa rakshinchabadaledani paerkontuu sierra club mariyu national aaduban society tirigi pravesapettina pranaalikanu vyatiraekimchaayi. idaho, wyoming mariyu montana vyavasaya karyalayalu thodelu yokka tappu upajaatulu-"kaanis lupus irremotus" (uttara raathi parvata thodelu) kuu badulugaa "kaanis lupus accidentalis" (vaayuvya thodelu (kenada)) nuu tirigi pravesapettadaaniki empika chesinatlu aadhaaramgaa eee pranaalikanu vyatiraekimchaayi. eee abhyantaraalu adhigaminchabaddaayi mariyu janavari 1995loe, thodellanu bhouthikamgaa pasupu raatiloki tirigi pravesapettadam prakriya praarambhamaindi.
punahprarambham (1995-prastutam).
prarambha vidudalalu 1995-96.
janavari 1995loe, yuu.ess. kenadaaloni albertaloni hinton sameepamlo unna jasper jaateeya udyaanavanaaniki thoorpuna unna bahula samuuhaala nundi kenadian vanyapraanula adhikarulu 14 thodellanu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. eee thodellu rendu sarukulalo pasupu raatilo vachayi-janavari 12,1995 (8 thodellu) mariyu janavari 20,1995 (6 thodellu). eshaanya thoorpu ellostone jaateeya udyaanavanamlooni lamar loyalo christal creak, roez creak mariyu soda batte creak anae moodu alavaataina pennulugaa vaatini vidudala chesaaru. marchi 1995loe, pennulu teravabaddaayi mariyu marchi 21 mariyu marchi 31,1995 madhya, mottam 14 thodellu pasupu raatitoe vadulugaa unnaayi.
kenadaalo bandhinchabadina padihedu adanapu thodellu janavari 1996loe ellostone loe vachayi mariyu april 1996loe cheef joseph, loane starr, druid peak mariyu nez pursey pennula nundi paarkuloki vidudala cheyabaddaayi. tirigi pravesapettadaaniki 3 nundi 5 samvatsaraalu padutundani pranaalika cheyabadindi, kaani sahaja punarutpatti mariyu manugada saripotundani adhikarulu viswasinchinanduna ivi udyaanavanamloki vidudala chesina chivari thodellu.
tirigi pravesapettinappati nundi vaarshika thodelu sthithi.
thodella janabha taggutundi, avi sambhavinchinappudu, "antarnirmita kalahalu", aahara ottidi, maanj, kukala distemper, park velupala unna praantaalalo thodellanu chattabaddhamgaa vetaadatam (creeda kosam ledhaa pasuvula rakshana kosam) mariyu 2009loe oka sandarbhamlo, park adhikarulu maanava nivaasa thodelunu pranantakamga tolaginchadam valla sambhavistaayi.
tirigi pravesapettina tarvaata paryaavarana prabhavalu.
1995loe tirigi pravesapettinappati nundi saastravettalu ellostone paryaavarana vyavasthapai prabhavalanu parisoedhimchi adhyayanam chestunnaru.
udyaanavanamlo thodella janabha peragadamtho, vaariki ishtamaina aaharam ayina elk janabha taggindi. tirigi pravesapettadaaniki mundu, thodellu samvatsaraaniki sagatuna oka thodeluku 12 elkulanu champutayani eis anchanaa vesindi. thodellu ippudu samvatsaraaniki sagatuna 22 elklanu champutunnanduna eee anchanaa chaalaa takkuvagaa niroopinchabadindi. elk loe eee ksheenata phalitamgaa vrukshajaalamlo maarpulu vachayi, mukhyamgaa villos, cotton woods mariyu aspenlu bhaarii kalapatho kuudina praantaala anchula vembadi unnaayi. thodelu champadam anedi elk sankhyala ksheenataku neerugaa aapaadinchabadinappatikii, thodelu vaeta dwara elk pravartana gananeeyamgaa maarindani konni parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi. thodella sthiramaina uniki elknu takkuva anukuulamaina aavaasaalloki nettivesindi, vaati ottidi sthaayini penchindi, vaati poeshanhanu mariyu vaati mottam janana retunu tagginchindi.
thodellu vaatini tirigi pravesapettina taruvaata coets yokka mukhyamaina mamsaharuluga marai. appati nundi, 1995 mariyu 1996loe, sthaanika coet janabha naatakeeya punarnirmaanam dwara vellindi. thodellu tirigi vachhe varaku, maanava prabhavalu lekapovadam valla ellostone national park americalo atyanta dattamaina mariyu atyanta sthiramaina coet janabhalo okatigaa undedi. thodelu tirigi pravesapettina rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata, pootii minahaayimpu mariyu intragild predation rendinti dwara thodellaku mundu unna koyotla janabha 50 saataaniki taggindi. thodellanu tirigi pravesapettina pasupu raayi praantaalalo coet sankhya 39 saatam takkuvagaa undhi. oka adhyayanamlo, radeo collar cheyabadina koyetlalo sumaru 16 saatam thodellache vetaadabaddaayi. pasupu raathi coets phalitamgaa tama bhuubhaagaalanu marchukovalasi vachindi, bahiranga pacchika bayalla nundi nitaruga unna bhuubhaagaaniki marai. bahiranga pradaesamloe mrutadehaalu ikapai koyetlanu aakarshinchavu; oka koyetnu chadunaina bhoobhaagamlo vembadinchinappudu, adhi tarachugaa champabadutundi. vaaru nitaruga unna bhoobhaagamlo marinta surakshitamgaa bhaavistaaru, akkada vaaru tarachugaa vembadinche thodelunu diguvaku nadipistaaru. thodelu daani taruvaata vachinappudu, coet chuttoo tirigi paiki parugettutundi. thodellu, baruvugaa undatam valla, aapalevu mariyu coet pedda aadhikyanni pondutundi. rendu jaatula madhya bhouthika gharshanalalo saadhaaranamgaa pedda thodellu aadhipatyam chelayinchinappatiki, koyotlu vaati sankhyanu minchipothe thodellapai daadi chestayani telisindi. rendu jaatulu avakaasam icchinappudu okari kukkapillalanu marokaru champukuntaayi.
coets, vaati vaipu, sahajamgaa nakkalanu anachivestaayi, kabatti taggina coet janabha nakkala perugudalaku daariteesindi, mariyu "idhi kundellu mariyu chinna jinka vanti coet vetaku, alaage chinna elukalu mariyu naela-goodu pakshulaku nakkalu kommalu manugada yokka asamaanatalanu maarustundi. eee maarpulu konni muulaalu, moggalu, vittanaalu mariyu keetakaalu entha tarachugaa tintunnayo prabhaavitam chestaayi, idhi sthaanika mokkala sanghaala samatulyatanu maarustundi, mariyu aahara golusu nundi sileendhraalu mariyu suukshmajeevula varaku maarutundi."
thodella uniki kooda park yokka beaver janabhalo naatakeeya perugudalato samanamga undhi; 2001loe ellostonelo kevalam oka beaver kaalanee unna chota, 2011 natiki paarkulo tommidi beaver kaalaneelu undevi. thodella uniki elkunu marinta vistrutamgaa brouse cheyadaaniki prothsahinchinatlu anipistundi, idhi villo standlapy vaari ottidini taggistundi, idhi sheethaakaalamlo beaverlu manugada saaginchaalsina mokka. paryaavarana vyavasthalo beaverla punaruddharinchabadina uniki sthaanika pareevaahaka praantampai gananeeyamaina prabhavalanu chooputundi endukante beaver aanakattala uniki pravaham yokka kaalaanuguna pappudhanyalanu kooda tolagistundi; neeti pattikanu recharge cheyadaaniki neetini nilva chestundi; mariyu chepalaku challani, needa neetini andistundi."beaver aanakattalu kothanu kooda nirodhistaayi mariyu moose, otters, mink, wading pakshulu, waterfaul, chepalu, ubhayacharaalu mariyu marinnintiki kotta cheruvu mariyu chittadi aavasalanu srushtistaayi."
adevidhamgaa, thodellanu tirigi pravesapettina taruvaata, elk yokka perigina vetaadatam pasupu raayi yokka grizzley elugubanti janaabhaaku prayojanam chekurchindi, endukante idhi grizzley elugubantlaku mukhyamaina aahara vanaru ayina jaateeya udyaanavanamlo berrila perugudalalo gananeeyamaina perugudalaku daariteesindi.
thodelu champe jantuvulanu thodellu tudichivesi, kaakulu, vulvarainlu, battatala eagles, bangaaru eagles, grizzley elugubantlu, nalla elugubantlu, jays, magpiece, martens mariyu coets vanti vatiki matrame parimitam kakunda vistruta shreni jantuvulanu tinipistaayi.
intalo, thodelu samuuhaalu tarachugaa kougarlache cheyabadina champulanu paerkontaayi, idhi aaa jaatulanu loya vaeta mydaanaala nundi vaari saampradaaya parvatapraanta bhuubhaagaaniki tirigi nadipinchindi.
paryaavarana vyavasthalooni itara vrukshajaalam mariyu jantujaalampai thodelu vanti sikharam predatornu tirigi pravesapettadam yokka paie nundi krindiki prabhavam anedi trophic cascadeku oka udaaharana.
2009 antarinchipothunna jaatula jabita nundi tolaginchabadindi.
endukante montana, wyoming mariyu idaholalo buudida thodelu janabha thodelu punaruddharana pranaalika lakshyalanu cherukovadaniki taginantagaa kolukundi, mae 4,2008naa, yuu.ess. chepalu mariyu vanyapraanula seva uttara raathi parvata pratyeka janabha vibhagam anie piluvabade buudida thodelu janabha yokka sthithini "antarinchipothunna" nundi "prayogaatmaka janabha-avasaram laenidi" gaa maarchindi.
pasupu raayi mariyu pedda pasupu raayi paryaavarana vyavasthalooni thodellu eee janabhalo vastaayi. hodaalo maarpuku pratispandanagaa, idaho mariyu montana looni rashtra vanyapraanula adhikarulu tama aamodinchabadina rashtra thodelu nirvahana pranaalikalaloo bhaagamgaa thodellapai kotaa aadhaarita vaeta seasonlanu amalu chesaaru. paryaavarana samuuhaalu jabita tolagimpu mariyu vaeta seasonlanu vyatiraekimchaayi, conny vaatini aapadaniki chattaparamaina prayatnaalu chesinappatiki ("vanyapraanula rakshakulu mariyu itarulu. kenn salazar mariyu itarulu."), 2009 septembarulo montanalo praarambhamaina thodelu vaetanu konasaaginchadaaniki anumatinchaaru.
udyaanavana sarihaddula lopala thodellu ippatikee puurtigaa rakshinchabadinappatiki, idaho ledhaa montana looni udyaanavana sarihaddula velupala saahasinchina thodellanu ippudu chattabaddhamgaa vetaadavachhu. eee vaeta samayamlo, montana vetagallu park yokka eshaanya muulaloe tarachugaa unde absaroka-bertooth aranyamlo aneka thodellanu chattabaddhamgaa champaru.
pratispandanalu.
vetaku avakaasaalu.
" "ii. dii. 2" "nundi, montana chepalu, vanyapraanulu mariyu udyaanavanaalu kommula rahita anumatulanu 2,882 nundi 1,400kii 51 saatam tagginchaayi. vaaru 2006kii 100 anumatulanu matrame pratipaadinchaaru, idhi 1995loe jaarii chesina 2,660 anumatula nundi 96 saatam taggudala. praarambhamlo, kolukunna modati aidellalo elk meeda thodelu vaeta prabhavalu kanugonabadaledu, endukante elk sankhyalu ii. dii. 1kii samanamga undevi. ayithe, 1995 sheethaakaalam nundi 2004 sheethaakaalam varaku, elk sankhya baga taggindi, uttara shrenilo thodella sankhya 21 nundi 106kii peragadamtho 16,791 nundi 8,335kii padipoyindi, ayinappatikee elugubantla vaeta, maanava pantala perugudala, marinta teevramaina sheethaakaalam mariyu karuvulu kooda karanaluga unnaayi". 2000 nundi, telisina maranaalalo 45 saatam mariyu radeo collared aavu-elk yokka vaeta-kaaranamaina maranaalalo 75 saatam thodellaku aapadinchabaddaayi. adhe kaalamlo maanavula valla maranaalu telisina maranaalalo 8-30% gaa unnaayi. thodella sheethaakaala aahaaramlo pasupu raathi elk 92 saatam varaku untundi, sheethaakaalamlo elk meeda pasupu raathi thodella mottam champe raetlu etaa thodeluku 22 gongali purugulugaa anchanaa veyabaddaayi. idhi ealo anchanaa vesina thodelu retuku 12 gongali purugula kante ekkuva.
upajaatulu.
chaaritraatmakamgaa, modata pasupu raayi sthaanika thodelu janabha upajaatula krinda vargeekarinchabadindi. ell. irremotus ". parichayam kosam yea upajaatulanu upayoginchaalane samasya levanettinappudu, yuu.ess. chepalu mariyu vanyapraanula seva pratinidhulu buudida thodella vargeekarana anekasaarlu savarinchabadindani, mariyu "sii" anie paerkonnaaru. ell. irremotus "oka pratyaekamaina upajaatulu kaadu, conny oka bhougolika roopaantaram. kenadian thodella vyavasthaapaka janabhanu upayoginchadam yokka samuchitatapai moodu prachuranalu cheyabaddayi brooster mariyu fritz eee udyamaaniki maddatu icchaaru, ayithe novac asalu pasupu raathi thodellu "sii" thoo samanamga unnayani nirnayinchaaru. ell. nubilus, "minnesotaalo ippatike unna upajaatulu, mariyu brooster mariyu fritz pratipaadinchina kenadian jantuvulu upajaatulaku chendinavi" sii. ell. accidentalis, "gananeeyamgaa pedda jantuvu. thodellu takkuva janyu vaividhyaanni chuuputaayi, asalu janabha emainappatiki antarinchipoyindi anedi brooster mariyu fritz yokka anukuulamgaa undatam venuka unna kaaranam. dheenini novac vyatiraekimchaaru, pratipaadita kenadian thodella kante minnesotan thodellu parimaanam mariyu aakaaramlo asalu janaabhaato chaalaa pooli untaayani ayana vaadinchaaru, ayinappatikee athanu "sii" anie angeekarinchaadu. ell. maanava jokyaniki mundhe bahusha 'accidentalis' appatike dakshinam vaipu valasapoyi undavacchu. pravesapettina thodellu mariyu asalu thodella madhya parimaana vyatyaasam vaastavaaniki 6-7 saatam matrame anie dugg smith paerkonnaadu mariyu minnesotan thodellaku elk mariyu baisan thoo anubhavam ledani mariyu parvata bhuubhaagaaniki anugunamgaa levani paerkonnaadu. smith mariyu ellostone national park "tappu thodelu" pravesapettabadindane vaadananu khandistunnayi.