
maargam nashtam

maargam nashtam, ledhaa maargam ksheeninchadam, anedi vidyudayaskaanta tarangam antariksham gundaa vyaapti chendutunnappudu shakti saandrata (ksheeninchadam) loe taggudala. telecommunication vyavastha yokka link budget vislaeshanha mariyu roopakalpanalo maargam nashtam oka pradhana bhaagam.
eee padaanni saadhaaranamgaa wireless communicationlu mariyu signal prachaaramlo upayogistaaru. maargam nashtam anedi free-space nashtam, vakreebhavanam, vivartana, pratibimbam, eparcharu-medium coupling nashtam mariyu shoshana vanti aneka prabhaavaala valla kaavacchu. maargam nashtam bhuubhaagam aakrutulu, paryaavaranam (pattana ledhaa graameena, vrukshasampada mariyu aakulu), vyaapti madhyamam (podi ledhaa thematho kuudina gaali), transmitter mariyu receiver madhya dhooram mariyu antennala etthu mariyu sthaanam dwara kooda prabhaavitamavutundi.
kaaranaalu.
maargam nashtam saadhaaranamgaa khaalii pradaesamloe radeo tarangam mundu sahaja vistarana valla kalige "pracharam nashtalu" (idhi saadhaaranamgaa nirantaram perugutunna golam aakaraanni teesukuntundi), "shoshana nashtalu" (konnisaarlu chochukupovadam nashtalu anie pilustaaru), signal media gundaa vellinappudu vidyudayaskaanta taramgaalaku paaradarsakamgaa lenappudu, radiovave mundu bhaagamlo kontha bhaagam apaaradarsaka addanki kaaranamgaa addukunnappudu "vivartana nashtalu" mariyu itara drugvishayaala valla kalige nashtalu untaayi.
transmitter dwara prasarinche signal kooda okesari receiverku aneka mariyu vividha margallo prayaaninchavacchu; eee prabhavanni multy paath antaaru. bahula maargam taramgaalu receiver antenna vadda militam avtayi, phalitamgaa sweekarinchina signal vistrutamgaa maaravacchu, idhi taramgaala teevrata mariyu saapeksha vyaapti samayam mariyu prasaram cheyabadina signal yokka bandwidth yokka pampineeni batti untundi. raelae fading drushtaamtamlo taramgaala jokyam yokka mottam shakti sthalam yokka functionga vaegamgaa maarutundi (dheenini "small scale fading" anie pilustaaru). chinna taraha ksheenata anedi takkuva vyavadhilo ledhaa prayaana dhooramlo radeo signal vaisaalyamlo vegavantamaina maarpulanu suuchistumdi.
nashtam ghaataankam.
wireless communicationla adhyayanamlo, maargam nashtanni maargam nashtam ghaataankam dwara suuchimchavachchu, dheeni viluva saadhaaranamgaa 2 nundi 4 paridhiloo untundi (ikkada 2 anedi khaalii pradaesamloe pracharam kosam, 4 anedi saapekshamgaa nashta vaataavaranaala kosam mariyu bhoomi uparitalam nundi puurti oohaatmaka pratibimbam vishayamlo-chadunaina bhoomi namuunaa anie pilavabadedi). bhavanalu, stadialu mariyu itara antargata vaataavaranaala vanti konni vaataavaranaalaloo, maargam nashtam ghaataankam 4 nundi 6 paridhiloo viluvalanu cherukogaladu. marovaipu, oka sorangam taranga maargadarsigaa panichestundi, phalitamgaa maargam nashtam ghaataankam 2 kante takkuvagaa untundi.
maargam nashtam saadhaaranamgaa db loe vyakteekarinchabadutundi. daani saralamaina roopamlo, maargam nashtam suutraanni upayoginchi lekkinchavacchu.
ikkada suutram _ 2 anedi decibels loe maargam nashtam, suutram _ 3 anedi maargam nashtam ghaataankam, suutram _ 4 anedi transmitter mariyu receiver madhya dhooram, saadhaaranamgaa meterlalo kolustaaru, mariyu suutram _ 5 anedi sthiraamkam, idhi vyavastha nashtalaku kaaranamavutundi.
radeo injanir suutram.
radeo mariyu antenna injaneerlu khaalii sthalamlo rendu isotropic antennala feed paayintla madhya signal maargam nashtam kosam eee krindi saralikruta suutraanni (fries transmission formula nundi teesukobadindi) upayogistaaruh
db loe maargam nashtam 
ikkada suutram _ 2 anedi decibels loe maargam nashtam, suutram _ 8 anedi tarangadairghyam mariyu suutram _ 4 anedi tarangadairghyam vale adhe unitlalo transmitter-receiver dhooram. antarikshamlo shakti saandrataku suutram _ 8paie aadharapadatam ledani gamaninchandi; isotropic receiving antenna yokka samarthavanthamaina sangraha praantaanni parigananaloki teesukoovadaaniki suutramloe chara suutram _ 8 undhi.
anchanaa.
maargam nashtam yokka ganananu saadhaaranamgaa "anchanaa" antaaru. paina perkonna "khaalii sthalam" pracharam ledhaa "chadunaina-bhoomi namuunaa" vanti saralamaina sandarbhaalalo matrame khachitamaina anchanaa saadhyamavutundi. aacharanaatmaka sandarbhaallo, vividha rakaala anchanaala dwara maargam nashtam lekkinchabadutundi.
"ganaanka" "paddhatulu (" "yaadruchchika" "ledhaa" "anubhavika" "anie kooda pilustaaru) radeo linkula yokka vilakshana taragatula venta kolichina mariyu sagatu nashtaalapai aadharapadi untaayi". saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche ituvanti paddhatulalo okumura-haataa, cast haataa modal, doubleu.sii.vai.lii, modalainavi. veetini "radeo taranga prasaara namuunaalu" anie kooda pilustaaru mariyu saadhaaranamgaa cellular netvarklu mariyu public land mobile networkla (plmn) roopakalpanalo upayogistaaru. chaalaa ekkuva frequency (vhcf) mariyu ultra hye frequency (yuhechf) frequency bandlo wireless communicationla kosam (vaakii-taakeelu, pooliisulu, taxilu mariyu cellular phonelu upayoginche byaandlu), saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche paddhatullo okati kharchu-239 project dwara suddhi cheyabadina okumura-haataa. itara prasiddha namuunaalu walfish-ikegami, doubleu. sii. vai. lii, mariyu erseg. efm radeo mariyu tv prasaram kosam p.1546 (p.370 kii varasudu) sifaarsuloo vivarinchina vidhamgaa itoo modalnu upayoginchi maargam nashtam saadhaaranamgaa anchanaa veyabadutundi.
taranga vyaapti yokka bhouthika niyamaala aadhaaramgaa nirnayaatmaka paddhatulu kooda upayoginchabadataayi; rae tracing atuvanti paddhatullo okati. eee paddhatulu anubhavika paddhatula kante maargam nashtam gurinchi marinta khachitamaina mariyu nammadagina anchanaalanu utpatti chestayani bhaavistunnaaru; ayithe, avi ganana prayatnamlo gananeeyamgaa khareedainavi mariyu bhavanalu, paikappulu, kitikeelu, talupulu mariyu godalu vanti pracharam sthalamlooni anni vastuvula yokka vivaranaatmaka mariyu khachitamaina vivaranapai aadharapadi untaayi. eee kaaranaala valla avi pradhanamgaa chinna prachara maargaala kosam upayoginchabadataayi. antennalu mariyu feeds vanti radeo parikaraala roopakalpanalo saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche paddhatullo parimita-vyatyaasam samaya-domine paddhati okati.
itara frequency bandlalo (medium wave (emdableu), short wave (esdablue ledhaa hcf), microwave (eshchf)) loe maargam nashtam idhe vidhamaina paddhathulatho anchanaa veyabadutundi, ayithe concreat algorithamlu mariyu suutraalu vhcf/yuhechf kosam chaalaa bhinnamgaa undavacchu. ess. doubleu/hetch. eff. bandlo maargam nashtam gurinchi nammadagina anchanaa veyadam mukhyamgaa kashtam, mariyu daani khachitatvam vaataavarana anchanaalatho polchavachhu.
radeo horizone kuu dhooram kante gananeeyamgaa takkuva dooraalalo maargam nashtanni lekkinchadaaniki sulabhamaina anchanaalu
udaaharanalu.
yuhechf bandlo panichese umts, gsm vanti cellular networklalo, antarnirmita praantaalalo maargam nashtam viluva bays transsiver station (bts) mariyu mobile madhya link yokka modati kilometeruku 110-140 db cherukovacchu. modati padhi kilometres maargam nashtam 150-190 db kaavacchu ("gamanika": eee viluvalu chaalaa sumaruga untaayi mariyu maargam nashtam viluvalanu vyakteekarinchadaaniki upayoginche sankhyalu chivariki "kaavacchu", ivi khachitamaina ledhaa binding ganaamkaalu kaavu-rendu ververu margallo oke dooraaniki maargam nashtam chaalaa bhinnamgaa undavacchu mariyu ververu samayaallo kolichinatlayithe adhe maargamlo kooda idhi bhinnamgaa undavacchu.)
mobile sevala kosam radeo taranga vaataavaranamloo mobile antenna bhoomiki daggaragaa untundi. line-off-sait pracharam (laas) namuunaalu baga savarinchabaddaayi. saadhaaranamgaa paikappu paibhaagaalaku paina unna bii. tii. ess antenna nundi signal maargam sthaanika bhouthika vaataavaranamloki (kondalu, chetlu, illu) vakreekarinchabadutundi mariyu laas signal arudugaa antennaku cherukuntundi. paryaavaranam antennapy pratyaksha signal yokka aneka vikshaepanhalanu utpatti chestundi, ikkada saadhaaranamgaa 2-5 vikshepam signal bhagalu vectorialga jodinchabadataayi.
eee vakreebhavana mariyu vikshaepana prakriyalu signal balam kolpovadaniki kaaranamavutaayi, idhi mobile antenna kadilinappudu (raelae fading) maarutundi, idhi 20 db varaku takshana vaividhyaalaku kaaranamavutundi. anduvalla bhouthika vaataavaranam yokka swabhaavaanni batti 8-25 db yokka nashtamtho poliste signal balam yokka adhikatanu andinchadaaniki network roopondinchabadindi, mariyu kadalika kaaranamgaa ksheeninchadaanni adhigaminchadaaniki maroe 10 db.