
chaturmukha vilupta sanghatana

 pleastocene chivari sagam nundi holocene prarambham varaku (prastutam kante 000 samvatsaraala mundu) aneka pradhanamgaa megaphounal jaatula antarinchipovadaanni chusindi, dheeni phalitamgaa prapanchavyaaptamgaa janthu saandrata mariyu vaividhyam ksheeninchindi. eee antarinchipoyina megaphounal jaatula sthaanamlo paryaavarana vaarasatvam vistrutamgaa lekapovadam, phalitamgaa gatamlo sthaapinchabadina janthu sambandhaalu mariyu aavasala paalana maarpu dwara plystocene chivari kaalamlo antarinchipovadam munupati antarinchipovadam nundi vaeru cheyabadindi. antarinchipoye samayam mariyu teevrata praantaanni batti maarutuu untaayi mariyu maanava mariyu vaataavarana kaarakaala yokka vividha kalayikala dwara nadapabadutunnayani bhaavistunnaaru. megafouna janabhapai maanava prabhavam vaeta ("atigaa champadam") alaage bahusha paryaavarana maarpu dwara nadichindani bhaavistunnaaru. antarinchipovadamlo maanava mariyu vaataavarana kaarakaala saapeksha praamukhyata deerghakaala vivaadaaniki daariteesindi.
australia-nyuu ginia (sahul) loe sumaru 50,000 samvatsaraala kritam mariyu americalo sumaru 13,000 samvatsaraala kritam praarambhamaina pradhana viluptaalu sambhavinchaayi, eee praantaalaku prarambha maanava valasalatho samanamga. uttara eurasialo 50,000 mariyu 10,000 samvatsaraala kritam padivela samvatsaraala kritam antarinchipovadam jarigindi, ayithe americalo antarinchipovadam daadaapu ekakaalamlo jarigindi, garishtamgaa 3000 samvatsaraalu matrame. mottammeeda, pleastocene chivarilo prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna anni megaphounal jaatulalo 65 saatam antarinchipooyaayi, uttara americalo 72 saataaniki, dakshina americalo 83 saataaniki mariyu australialo 88 saataaniki perigayi.
jeeva bhougolika rajyam dwara viluptaalu.
parichayam.
plystocene chivari kaalamlo, daani kante ekkuva baruvunna aneka ksheeradaalu antarinchipooyaayi. africa nundi maanava valasa dhooram entha ekkuvagaa untundo, megafouna viluptula nishpatti kramamga ekkuvagaa undhi, australia mariyu uttara mariyu dakshina americalo atyadhika vilupta raetlu unnaayi.
antarinchipovadam yokka perigina paridhi aadhunika maanavula valasa vidhananni pratibimbistumdih africa nundi marinta dhooramlo, iteevala maanavulu eee praantamloo nivasinchaaru, aaa vaataavaranaalu (daani megafounatho sahaa) manavulaku alavaatu padataniki takkuva samayam pattindi (mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa).
chivari himanadeeya garishta ettulo megaphounal viluptaaniki etuvanti aadharalu laevu, idhi perigina chali mariyu himanadeeyaalu pleastocene viluptaaniki karakalu kaadani suuchistumdi.
eee viluptatanu vivarinchadaaniki moodu pradhana parikalpanalu unnaih
prastuta andubaatulo unna dayta mariyu charitrapurva ovar kill parikalpana madhya konni asamaanatalu unnaayi. udaaharanaku, akasmaattugaa australian megafouna antarinchipoye samayam gurinchi aspashtatalu unnaayi. charitrapurva athi hatya parikalpanaku maddatu ichhe aadharalalo konni dveepaalalo megafouna vaari khandantara daayaadula adrushyam taruvaata sahasrabdaluga konasaginatlu unnaayi. udaaharanaku, uttara mariyu dakshina america naela somaritanam antarinchipoyina chaalaa kaalam tarvaata, unnigala maamutlu pradhana bhoobhaagamlo antarinchipoyina 1,000 samvatsaraala taruvaata maarumuula rangel dveepamlo chanipoyayi, ayithe stellers samudra aavulu uttara pasiphik khandantara tiiraala nundi adrusyamaina taruvaata vaela samvatsaraala paatu vivikta mariyu janavasalu laeni commander deevula nundi konasagayi. eee dveepa jaatula taruvaata adrushyam maanavulu eee dveepaalanu taruvaata valasarajyaluga maarchadamtho sambandham kaligi undhi.
maanava raaka samayalu ledhaa vaataavarana maarpu megaphounal viluptaalaku praathamika kaaranamaa anae daanipai asalu charchalu tappanisarigaa bhoogarbha shaastram yokka aadhaaraalatho paatu bhougolika kaalanirdhaarana paddhatulapai aadharapadi undevi. iteevala, manugadalo unna megaphounal janabha yokka janyu vislaeshanhalu kotta aadhaaraalanu andinchaayi, idhi eee nirdhaaranaku daariteesindihi "mukhyamgaa gatha 75,000 samvatsaraalalo megafouna yokka gamaninchina janabha ksheenatanu anchanaa veyadamlo vaataavaranam asamarthatha, eee thedhee chuttoo megafouna dynamics yokka pradhana chodaka saktigaa maanava prabhavam maarindani suuchistumdi."
maanava baadhyata siddhaantaaniki pratyaamnaaya parikalpanalo gatha himanadeeya kaalaaniki sambandhinchina vaataavarana maarpu, mariyu yuva dryas prabhava parikalpana, alaage bolide prabhaavaala valla antarinchipovadam anae tolman parikalpana unnaayi.
iteevali parisoedhanalu prati jaathi paryaavarana maarpulaku bhinnamgaa spandinchindani suuchistunnaayi, mariyu yea okka amsam kooda pedda sankhyalo antarinchipovadaanni vivarinchadu. vaataavarana maarpula paraspara charya, jaatula madhya pootii, asthira janabha gatiseelata mariyu maanava vaeta kaaranaalu undavacchu.
africa.
africa athi takkuva prabhaavitamaina praantaalalo okati ayinappatikee, eee praantam ippatikee antharinchipovadamtho baadhapadindi, mukhyamgaa pleastocene-holocene parivartana chivarilo. eee viluptaalu pradhanamgaa vaataavarana paramgaa gaddi bhoomula aavasalalo maarpula valla nadichevi.
dakshina, aagneya mariyu thoorpu asea.
vishwasaneeyamaina thedhee lekapovadam valla bhaarata upakhandamlo antarinchipoye samayam anischitamgaa undhi. chainees pradaesaalaloo ilanti samasyalu nivedinchabaddaayi, ayithe aaa praantamloo megaphounal taxa halocene varaku manugada saaginchinatlugaa etuvanti aadharalu laevu. agneyasia mariyu dakshina chainaalo viluptaalu paryaavarana maarpu phalitamgaa bahiranga nundi moosivesina atavee aavaasaalaku marayani pratipaadinchabadindi. 
airopa mariyu uttara asea.
 
polyarchitic rajyam mottam european khandam antataa vistarinchi, caucasus mariyu madhya asea gundaa uttara chaina, cyberia mariyu beringia varaku uttara asea varaku vistarinchi undhi. pleastocene chivari kaalamlo, eee praantam daani goppa vaividhyam mariyu biomela chaitanyaaniki prasiddhi chendindi, veetilo madhyadhara pareevaahaka praantam yokka vecchani vaataavaranaalu, bahiranga samasheetoshna adavulu, shushka maidaanaalu, parvata heath land mariyu chittadi chittadi neelalu unnaayi, ivanni himaninadam mariyu antarhimaana kaalaala (stadials) madhya paraspara maarpula yokka teevramaina vaataavarana hecchutaggulaku gurayye avakaasam undhi. ayithe, pleastocene chivari kaalamlo eee praantaanni ekam chesi nirvachinchina paryaavarana vyavastha vistaaramaina mamuth gaddi naela. airopa yokka chivari pleastocene vaataavaranam yokka mukhya lakshanaalalo okati, aneka stadials madhya tarachugaa paristhitulu mariyu biota yokka teevramaina turnover, idhi oka sataabdamloopu sett cheyagaladu. udaaharanaku, himanadeeya kaalamlo, mottam uttara samudram neetitho paarudala cheyabadi doggerlandga erpadindi. chivari pradhana challani kaalam kristupurvam 25,000 nundi kristupurvam 18,000 varaku sambhavinchindi mariyu chivari himanadeeya garishtamgaa piluvabadutundi, fenno-scandinavian manchu palaka uttara airopalo ekkuva bhaganni kappi unchinappudu, alpine manchu palaka madhya-dakshina airopaloni mukhyamaina praantaalanu aakraminchindi.
airopa mariyu uttara asea, neti kante chaalaa challaga mariyu podigaa unnanduna, ruchikaramaina adhika utpaadakata gala gaddi, moolikalu mariyu villo podalatho aadhipatyam chelaayinche paryaavarana vyavastha ayina mamuth gaddi maidaanaalu ekkuvagaa aadhipatyam chelayinchayi. idhi vistrutamaina gaddi maidaana jantujaalaaniki maddatu ichindi mariyu iberian dveepakalpamloni speyin nundi aadhunika kenadaaloni yucan varaku thoorpu vaipu vistarinchindi. eee praantamloo aneka jaatula methalu nivasinchevi, ivi neti aafrikaalo unna vaati parimaanaanni pooli pedda mandalugaa koodi undevi. pedda gaddi bhoomulalo tirige janabha kaligina jaatulalo unnigala mamuth, unnigala khadgamrugam, elasmotherium, gaddi naela, pleastocene gurram, kasturi, garbhaasayaalu, raine deer, vividha jinkalu (meka kommula jinka, mangolian gajel, saiga jinka mariyu vakreekruta kommula jinka) mariyu gaddi naela pica unnaayi. mamsaahaarulalo eurasia guha simham, skimitar pilli, guha haina, buudida thodelu, dhole mariyu architic nakka unnaayi.
eee pedda gaddi bhoomula anchulalo marinta podha lanty bhuubhaagam mariyu podi sankhaakaara adavulu mariyu adavulu (atavee gaddi maidaanam ledhaa taiga maadirigaa) kanipistaayi. megafouna yokka brousing samuuhamloo unni khadgamrugam, pedda jinka, moose, "sarvalus", tarpan, aurox, wood land baisan, ontelu mariyu chinna jinkalu (cyberian roow jinka, erra jinka mariyu cyberian kasturi jinka) unnaayi. godhuma elugubantlu, vulvarainlu, guha elugubantlu, thodellu, links, chirutapululu mariyu erra nakkalu kooda eee biomelo nivasinchevi. nalla samudram chuttoo thoorpu airopa anchula nundi beringia varaku pululu kooda dasalavaareegaa undevi. parvata gaddi bhoomi, subalpine sankhaakaara adavi, alpine tandra mariyu virigina, virigina vaalulatoe kuudina marinta parvata bhoobhaagamlo, argali, chamois, ibex, mouflan, erra panda, pica, thodellu, chirutapululu, ursus esppi vanti aneka jaatula parvata jantuvulu unnaayi."mariyu uttara asealo manchu chirutapululu, baikal yaak mariyu manchu gorrelatho links. mamuth gaddi maidaanaaniki uttaraana unna architic tandra, dhruva elugubanti, thodelu, raine deer mariyu kasturi vanti jaatulato aadhunika paryaavarana saastraanni pratibimbistumdi.
itara biomelu, takkuva gurtinchabadinappatiki, chivari pleastocene airopalo jantujaala vaividhyaaniki dohadapadatamlo mukhyamainavi. samasheetoshna gaddi maidaanaalu mariyu madhyadhara savannah vanti vecchani gaddi bhoomulu "stephanorhenous", european baisan mariyu onagerlaku aatidhyam icchaayi. eee jeevaavaranaalalo saiga jinkalu, simhaalu, skimitar pillulu, thodellu, pleastocene gurram, gaddi pandulu, vakreekruta kommula jinkalu, aarochlu mariyu ontelu vanti bhaarii gaddi jantuvula kalagalupu kooda undhi. samasheetoshna sankhaakaara, akuralche, mishrama visaalamaina aakulu mariyu madhyadhara adavi mariyu bahiranga adavulalo neerugaa dantaalu gala enugulu, "primegasserus", "stephanorhenous", adavi pandhi, european baisan, tahar mariyu turr vanti bovids, etruscon elugubanti mariyu chinna jinka (roow jinka, erra jinka, pallam jinka mariyu madhyadhara jinka) vanti "ursus" jaatulu, links, torpen, thodellu, dollu, moose, pedda jinka, adavi baisan, chirutapululu mariyu aarochlu vanti aneka pedda gaddi jaatulu undevi. unni khadgamrugalu mariyu mamuth appudappudu eee samasheetoshna jeevaavaranaalalo nivasinchevi, kathinamaina himaaneenadaala nundi tappinchukovadaaniki pradhanamgaa samasheetoshna jantujaalamto kalisipotayi. vecchani chittadi neelalaloo, european neeti gede mariyu hippopotamus undevi. eee aavasalu suukshma saranaalayaalaku mariyu dakshina airopa mariyu daani anchulaku parimitam ayinappatikee, iberia, italii, balkanlu, ukrain nalla samudra pareevaahaka praantam, caucasus mariyu paschima asealo unnappatikee, antar-himanadeeya kaalamlo eee biomelu chaalaa ekkuva uttara paridhini kaligi unnaayi. udaaharanaku, hippopotamus grate britton mariyu strait-tusked enugulanu netherlandslo nivasinchedi, iteevala cree. puu. 80,000 mariyu 42,000 cree. puu.
homininlu nivasinche modati suuchanalu 7.2 laksala samvatsaraala naati "gracopithecus" kanugonadam, mariyu creatlo 57 laksala samvatsaraala paatha paadamudralu-ayithe 18 laksala samvatsaraala kritam nundi georgialo sthirapadina nivaasaalu gurtinchabaddaayi, "homo erectus" dwara germany mariyu fraansku munduku sagai. pramukha saha-prastuta mariyu tadupari jaatulalo "homo antessor", "homo sepronensis", "homo hydelbergensis", neanderthals mariyu denisovans unnaayi, ivi sumaru cree. puu. 38,000 homo sapiens nivaasaaniki mundu unnaayi. african mariyu eurasian homo samuuhaala madhya vistrutamaina sambandham kaneesam cree. puu. 500,000 loe mariyu mallii cree. puu. 250,000 loe raathi-sadhana saanketika parignaanam badilee dwara kontavaraku telusu.
airopa yokka chivari pleastocene biota antarinchipoye rendu dasalanu daatindi. kristupurvam 13,000 kii mundu, mukhyamgaa kristupurvam 50,000 mariyu 30,000 madhya, konni jantujaalam antarinchipooyaayi. eee jaatulalo guha elugubanti, elasmotherium, strait-tusked enugu, stephanorhenous, water gede, neanderthals mariyu skimitar pilli unnaayi. ayithe, cree. puu. 13,000 mariyu cree. puu. 9,000 madhya atyadhika jaatulu aaripoyaayi, antarinchipooyaayi ledhaa teevramaina janabha sankochaalanu anubhavinchaayi, ivi chinna dryalatho mugustaayi. aaa samayamlo scatland mariyu scandinavialo chinna manchu palakalu undevi. vaataavarana paristhitulalo shaashwata maarpu ledhaa mahabhakshakula ksheeninchina, vicchinnamaina ledhaa antarinchipoyina janabha kaaranamgaa paryaavarana vyavastha nirvahana lekapovadam valla, bhaarii gaddi naela daani munupati shrenilo ekkuva bhaagam nundi adrusyamaindi. idhi praantam antataa antarinchipoye sudigundiki daariteesindi, phalitamgaa jeeva-utpaadakata mariyu defanation chakreeyamgaa taggutaayi. madhyadhara dveepaalaina sardinia, sisily, malta, cyprus mariyu creat vanti dveepakalpa jaatulu maanavulu aaa dveepaalanu valasarajyaluga chesina samayamlone antarinchipooyaayi. jantujaalamlo marugujju enugulu, megasserinlu mariyu hippopotamus, mariyu pedda pakshulu, neerunaayi mariyu elukalu unnaayi.
nedu unikilo unna aneka jaatulu vaati samakaaleena shrenulaku dakshinaana ledhaa paschimaana unna praantaalalo unnaayi. udaaharanaku, eee jaabitaaloni anni architic jantujaalam chivari pleastocene yokka vividha dasalalo iberian dveepakalpam vanti dakshina praantaalalo nivasinchaayi. iteevala antarinchipoyina jeevulanu  ± gaa gurtistaaru. quaterinary vilupta sanghatana samayamlo airopa mariyu uttara aasiyaaloni mukhyamaina bhagala nundi ledhaa anni puurva shrenula nundi antarinchipoyina jaatulu-
uttara americalo viluptaalu plistocene chivarilo, prastutaaniki 400 samvatsaraala mundu, sumaruga kendrikrutamai unnaayi, idhi yuva dryas sheetaleekarana kaalam praarambhamtho paatu vaetagaadu-sekarinche clovis samskruti aavirbhaavamto saha-sambhavinchindi. uttara america antarinchipovadamlo maanava mariyu sikharagra kaarakaala saapeksha praamukhyata mukhyamaina vivaadaaniki daariteesindi. viluptaalu mottam 35 jaatulu. alasca-yucan praantaaniki dakshinaana uttara america kosam radiocarbon rikaardu nammadagina kalakramanni nirminchadaaniki "saripodu" anie varninchabadindi.
uttara america viluptaalu (saakaahaarulu (hetch) ledhaa maamsaahaarulu (sii) gaa gurtinchabaddaayi):
praanaalatoe bayatapadinavaru konni vidhaluga nashtaala vale gananeeyamgaa unnaru baisan (hetch), gray wolf (sii), links (sii), grizzley bair (sii), american block bair (sii), jinka (ii.zii. caribou, moose, vapiti (elk), "odocoilius" esppi.) (hetch), pranghorn (hetch), white-lipped pekkari (hetch), muscox (hetch), bigarn gorrelu (hetch), mariyu parvata meka (hetch); praanaalatoe bayatapadina jaatula jaabitaalo quaterinary vilupta sanghatana samayamlo antarinchipoyina jaatulu kooda unnaayi, conny dakshina america avashesha janabha nundi madhya holocene samayamlo vaati shrenulalo kaneesam kontha bhaganni tirigi valasarajyaluga marcharu, udaaharanaku kaugar (sii), jagwar (sii), jaint antiator (sii), collared pekkari (hetch), oselat (sii) mariyu jagvarundi (sii). praanghaarnlu mariyu pedda antiatorlu minaha annee maanava maamsaahaarulato abhivruddhi chendina asea puurveekula nundi vachayi. praanghaarnlu rendava vegavantamaina bhuu ksheeradam (chiruta taruvaata), ivi vaetagaallanu tappinchukovadaaniki sahayapadi undavacchu. eee jantuvulu 240,000 samvatsaraala kritam uttara americalo modatisaarigaa kanipinchaayi kabatti, adhika hatyala sandarbhamlo baisan manugadanu vivarinchadam chaalaa kashtam, anduvalla gananeeyamaina kaalam paatu maanava mamsaahaarula nundi bhougolikamgaa tolaginchabaddaayi. puraatana baisan sajeeva baisanga parinaamam chendadamtho, pleastocene chivarilo khandam antataa baisan antarinchipoledu (ayinappatikee eee jaathi aneka praantaalalo praantiiyamgaa antarinchipoyindi). holocene kaalam mariyu iteevali kaalamlo baisan manugada anedi atigaa champe paristhitiki viruddhamgaa undhi. plestocene chivari natiki, maanavulu modata uttara americaloki pravesinchinappudu, eee pedda jantuvulu bhougolikamgaa 200,000 samvatsaraalaku paiga teevramaina maanava vaeta nundi vaeru cheyabaddaayi. eee apaaramaina bhoogarbha kaala vyavadhini batti choosthe, baisan daadaapu khachitamgaa sthaanika uttara america pedda ksheeradaala vale amayakamga undedi.
uttara americalo antarinchipoye alalatho mudipadi unna samskruti clovis prajalatho mudipadi unna paleo-american samskruti ("q".vii."), pedda jantuvulanu champadaaniki eete visirevaarini upayogistaarani bhaavinchaaru. charitrapurva athi hatya parikalpana" paie pradhana vimarsha emitante, aaa samayamlo maanava janabha chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi mariyu/ledhaa bhougolikamgaa antagaa vistrutamgaa ledhu, atuvanti paryaavaranaparamgaa mukhyamaina prabhavalanu chuupagala saamarthyam kaligi undakapovachhu. eee vimarsha antarinchipovadaanni vivarinche vaataavarana maarpula drushyaalu svayamchaalakamgaa defaultga praadhaanyata ivvabadataayani ardham kaadu, ayithe, vaataavarana maarpula vaadanalaloo balaheenatala kante ekkuva edainaa atigaa champadaaniki maddatugaa pariganinchavacchu. rendu kaarakaala kalayika yokka oka roopam aamodayogyamainadi kaavacchu, mariyu vaataavarana maarpula kaaranamgaa ippatike ottidiki guraina janaabhaato pedda ettuna antarinchipovadaanni saadhinchadam chaalaa sulabham avutundi.
dakshina america.
dakshina america yea khandamloonainaa atyanta ghoramaina nashtalanu chavichusindi, daani megafounalo 83 saatam antarinchipoyindi. prastutaaniki 1,000 samvatsaraala mundu 13,000-10 viramamlo antarinchipovadam jarigindani bhaavistunnaaru, antarcitic jalubu tirogamanam (uttara ardhagolamlo yuva dryas kante mundu mariyu takkuva teevramaina sheetaleekarana kaalam) mariyu fishtail prakshepaka binduvula aavirbhavam, idhi dakshina america antataa vistrutamgaa vyaapinchindi. fishtail prakshepaka binduvulu pedda aata vaetaloe upayoginchabaddaayani bhaavistunnaaru, ayithe antarinchipoyina megafounanu maanavulu dopidi chesinatlu pratyaksha aadharalu chaalaa arudu. megafouna antarinchipoyina taruvaata fishtail paayintlu vaegamgaa adrusyamayyaayi, mariyu chinna vaetanu vetaadataaniki marinta saripoye itara sailulu bharti cheyabaddaayi. uttara america kante maanavulu saampradayakamgaa antarinchipovadaaniki kaarana karakamga takkuvagaa perkonabaddaaru, ayithe iteevali scholarship dheenini savaalu cheyadam praarambhinchindi.
pasiphik (australia mariyu oshiyaniya).
australian megafouna antarinchipovadaaniki sambandhinchi rendu parikalpanalu unnaayi, modatidi avi khandamloki aadima australianla raakato antarinchipooyaayi, rendavadi sahaja vaataavarana maarpula kaaranamgaa australian megafouna antarinchipoyindi. eee siddhaantam unikilo undataaniki pradhana kaaranam emitante, 40,000 samvatsaraala kritam varaku megafouna manugada saaginchinatlu aadharalu unnaayi, homo sapiens australialo adugupettina puurti 30,000 samvatsaraala taruvaata. homo sapiens mariyu megafouna sahajeevanam yokka gananeeyamaina kaalam undani suuchistumdi. eee samayamlo unna eee jantuvula aadharalu shilaja recordulu mariyu samudra avakshepana nundi vachayi. praarambhamlo, nairuti australia teeramlo bhaarata mahasamudramlo travvina avakshepana core, mokkala tine ksheeradaala paeda nundi manugada saaginchina sporormiella anae fungus unikini suuchistumdi. 45,000 samvatsaraala kritam avakshepanalo eee beejaamsaala samruddhi nairuti australia bhoobhaagamlo appati varaku chaalaa pedda ksheeradaalu unnayani suuchistumdi. sumaru 45,000 samvatsaraala kritam konni vaela samvatsaraalalo megafouna janabha koolipoyindani avakshepana dayta suuchimchimdi, idhi vegavantamaina vilupta sanghatananu suuchistumdi. adanamgaa, uttara australialoni athi pinna vayaskudaina megafouna sait ayina south walker creak vadda kanugonabadina silaajaalu, kaneesam 16 jaatula megafouna 40,000 samvatsaraala kritam varaku akkada manugada saaginchinatlu suuchistunnaayi. antekakunda, 40,000 samvatsaraala kritam south walker creak vadda homo sapiens jeevulaku balamaina aadharalu laevu, anduvalla eee megafouna antarinchipovadaaniki etuvanti maanava kaaranaanni aapaadinchalemu. ayithe, 40,000 samvatsaraala kritam dakshina neeti kaaluva pedda ettuna paryaavarana ksheenataku aadharalu unnaayi, dheeniki antarinchipovadaaniki kaaranamani cheppavacchu. eee maarpulalo mantalu peragadam, gaddi bhoomula taggimpu mariyu manchineeti nashtam unnaayi. adhe paryaavarana ksheenata australia antataa kanipinchindi, aaa samayamlo vaataavarana maarpula vaadana marinta balopetam ayindi. aaa samayamlo australia vaataavaranaanni takkuva sagatu vaarshika avapaatam kaaranamgaa prakruti drushyam mottam endipovadam anie varninchavachhu, deenivalla takkuva manchineeti labhyata mariyu prakruti drushyam antataa ekkuva karuvu paristhitulu erpadataayi. mottammeeda, idhi vrukshasampadalo maarpulaku daariteesindi, mantalu perigayi, gaddi bhoomulalo mottam taggudala mariyu ippatike korata unna manchineeti kosam ekkuva pooteeki daariteesindi. eee paryaavarana maarpulannii australian megafounaku 90 saatam megafouna jaatulu antarinchipovadaaniki kaaranamayyelaa cheyalekapoyayi.
kontamandi saastravettalu panchukunna moodava parikalpana emitante, maanava prabhavalu mariyu sahaja vaataavarana maarpulu australian megafouna antarinchipovadaaniki daariteesaayi. australialo sumaru 75 saatam pakshika-shushka ledhaa shushka prakruti drushyam anie gamaninchadam mukhyam, anduvalla megafouna jaatulu maanavula maadirigaane manchineeti vanarulanu upayoginchukuntaayani ardhame. phalitamgaa, karuvu paristhitulu konasagadamto manchineeti kosam pootii kaaranamgaa vetade megafouna parimaanaanni idhi penchi undavacchu. ippatike podi paristhitulu mariyu taggutunna gaddi bhoomula paina, homo sapiens agamya bhoomini tagalabettadaaniki agni vyavasayanni upayoginchaaru. idhi saakaahaara megafounalo keelaka aahara bhaagamaina mokkalanu kaligi unna appatike kanumarugaipoyina gaddi maidaanaanni marinta tagginchindi. australian megafouna antarinchipovadaaniki nijamaina kaaranampai shaastreeya ekaabhipraayam laenappatikee, homo sapiens mariyu sahaja vaataavarana maarpulu rendoo aaa samayamlo australialo unnanduna prabhavam chuupaayani nammavacchu. mottammeeda, maanavulu doshi anie soochinche apaaramaina aadharalu unnaayi, conny vaataavarana maarpulanu australian megafouna viluptaaniki puurtigaa kaaranamani tosipuchadam dwara manaku mottam chitram dorakadam ledhu. 45, 000 samvatsaraala kritam australialo sambhavinchina vaataavarana maarpu paryaavarana vyavasthanu asthiraparichindi, idhi maanavula vaeta mariyu agni vyavasaayaaniki mukhyamgaa haani kaligistundi; idhi bahusha australian megafouna antarinchipovadaaniki daariteesindi.
sahul (australia mariyu kotta giniyaatho kuudina puurva khandam) loe, prapanchamlooni itara praantaala kante mundugaane akasmaattugaa mariyu vistrutamaina viluptaalu sambhavinchaayi. chaalaa sakshyalu maanava raaka taruvaata sumaru cree puu 63,000 samvatsaraala kaalanni suuchistaayi, ayithe khachitamaina thedhee paridhi gurinchi shaastreeya vaadana konasagutondi. migilina pasiphik (nyuu caledonia mariyu oshiyaniya vanti itara australian dveepaalu) loe konni vishayaalalo chaalaa taruvaata, sthaanika jantujaalam kooda saadhaaranamgaa pleastocene chivarilo mariyu prarambha holocene loe maanavula raakato twaragaa nasinchindi. eee vibhaagamlo europeanlu aaya dveepaalanu kanugonadaaniki mundu jarigina viluptaalu matrame unnaayi.
taruvaati viluptaalatoe sambandham.
holocene ledhaa maanavajanya viluptata ekkada praarambhamavutundane daanipai, mariyu chaturmukha vilupta sanghatana ekkada mugustundane daanipai ledhaa vaatini ververu sanghatanalugaa pariganinchaalaa anae daanipai saadhaarana ekaabhipraayam ledhu. 100, 000 mariyu 200,000 samvatsaraala kritam africa nundi modati aadhunika maanavulu vyaapinchinappati nunde maanavajanya viluptaalu praarambhamai undavacchani kondaru suuchimchaaru, australia, newzealand mariyu madagaskarlalo iteevali maanava valasarajyala taruvaata vegavantamaina megaphounal viluptam dheeniki maddatu istundi, adhe vidhamgaa edainaa pedda, anukuulamaina predator kotta paryaavarana vyavasthaloki velutundi. chaalaa sandarbhaallo, vaeta ottidi kooda takkuva untene pedda jantujaalaanni, mukhyamgaa bhougolikamgaa vivikta dveepaalanu tudichiveyadaaniki saripotundani soochinchabadindi. antarinchipoyina iteevali bhagalalo matrame mokkalu kooda pedda nashtalanu chavichusai.
mottammeeda, holocene viluptatanu paryaavaranampai maanava prabhavam dwara vargeekarinchavachhu. 21va sataabdam varaku holocene viluptam konasaagutundi, adhika chepalu pattadam, samudra aamleekarana mariyu ubhayachara sankshobham jeevavaividhyam yokka daadaapu saarvatrika, cosmopolitan ksheenataku konni vistruta udaaharanalu.
vaeta parikalpana.
vaeta parikalpana maanavulu mahabhakshakulanu antarinchipoye varaku vetaadaarani suuchistumdi, idhi aaa jantuvulanu vaetaadina maamsaahaarulu mariyu scavengerla antarinchipovadaaniki kaaranamaindi. eee parikalpana megaphounal viluptaaniki plystocene maanavulanu baadhyata vahistundi. blitzcrig" anie piluvabade oka roopaantaram, eee prakriyanu saapekshamgaa vaegamgaa chitreekaristundi. dheeniki konni pratyaksha aadharalu maanava avasheshaalatho kalipi kanugonabadina konni megafouna silaajaalu, megaphounal emukalalo kanipinche embeded baanaalu mariyu tool cutt maarkulu mariyu atuvanti vaetanu varninche european guha chitraalu. jeeva bhougolika aadharalu kooda suchistunnayihi maanavulu abhivruddhi chendina prapanchamlooni praantaalu australia, americas, madagaskar mariyu newzealand vanti itara praantaalatoo poliste, prapanchamlooni prarambha maanavulu laeni praantaalatoo poliste, prastutam vaati plistocene megaphounal vaividhyam (asea mariyu aafrikaaloni enugulu mariyu khadgamrugalu) ekkuvagaa unnaayi. 
paristhitula paramgaa, oka praantamloo maanavula roopaaniki, akkada antarinchipovadaaniki madhya unna sannihita sambandham eee drushtaamtaaniki baruvunu andistundi. megaphounal viluptaalu vistaaramaina kaalam mariyu atyanta vaividhyamaina vaataavarana paristhitulanu kaligi unnaayi. australialo mottamodati viluptaalu daadaapu 50,000 bipi puurti ayyayi, chivari himanadeeya garishta sthaayiki mundhe mariyu ushnograta peragadaaniki mundhe. nyoojilaandlo iteevali viluptata 500 bipi kante mundu mariyu sheetaleekarana kaalamlo puurtayimdi. eee teevratala madhya uttara america, dakshina america mariyu madagaskar vanti pradaesaalaloo vaataavarana saaruupyata lekunda megaphounal viluptaalu kramamga sambhavinchaayi. nirdhaarinchagala ekaika saadhaarana amsam maanavula raaka.
eee drugvishayam praantaalalo kooda kanipistundi. sumaru 50,000 samvatsaraala kritam australialo ksheeradaala vilupta tarangam telisina vaataavarana maarpulatoe kaadu, maanavula raakato samanamga untundi. adanamgaa, konni vaela samvatsaraala taruvaata maanavulache valasarajyamga maarina tasmania kante pedda kangaaruu "protemnodon" vanti pedda ksheerada jaatulu australia pradhana bhoobhaagamlo twaragaa maraninchinatlu telustondi.
maanava vaeta dwara antarinchipovadaaniki puraavastu anveshanalu, vaati asthipanjaraalalo ponduparachabadina prakshepaka binduvulatoe kuudina mamutla puraavastu anveshanalu, aadhunika amayaka jantuvula pariseelanalu vaetagaallanu sulabhamgaa cherukovadaniki veelu kalpinchadam dwara mariyu mosiman mariyu martin, mariyu whittington mariyu dike, mariyu iteevala alroy dwara computer namuunaala dwara maddatu ivvabadindi.
2015loe prachurinchina oka adhyayanam, vividha khandaalu ledhaa dveepaalalo maanavula raakato prati jaathi antarinchipoyinatlu telisina samaya kitikeelanu parasparam anusandhaaninche aneka vaela drushyaalanu amalu cheyadam dwara eee parikalpanaku marinta maddatu ichindi. dheenini gatha 90,000 samvatsaraalugaa vaataavarana punarnirmaanaalato poolchaaru. maanava vyaapti mariyu jaatula viluptam yokka sahasambandhaalanu parisoedhakulu kanugonnaru, maanava prabhavam antarinchipovadaaniki pradhana kaaranamani suuchistumdi, ayithe vaataavarana maarpu antarinchipovadaaniki tarachudanaanni penchindi. ayithe, adhyayanam asea pradhana bhuubhaagam yokka shilaja recordulalo antarinchipoye raetu takkuvagaa unnatlu kanugondi.
ovar kill parikalpana.
vaeta parikalpana yokka oka roopaantaram ayina ovar kill parikalpananu 1966loe paal ess pratipaadinchaaru. martin, arizona vishwavidyaalayam yokka edaari prayogasaalalo geosciences emeritus professor.
vaeta parikalpanapai abhyantaraalu.
eee siddhaantaaniki pradhana abhyantaraalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
vaataavarana maarpula parikalpana.
19va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo, himanadeeya mariyu antar himanadeeya yugaalu unnayani, avi konni jantuvula praabalyam ledhaa adrusyamtho edho okavidhamgaa mudipadi unnayani saastravettalu modata grahinchinappudu, pleastocene manchu yugam mugimpu anedi antarinchipovadaaniki vivarana kaavacchu anie vaaru oohinchaaru.
aneka megafouna yokka parinaama charitralo himanadeeyaalu unnanduna, chivari himanadeeya garishta sthaayi tarvaata matrame ituvanti viluptaalu jarugutaayani vimarsakulu abhyantaram vyaktam chestunnaru. plystocene megaphounal kuurpu munupati interglacials kante gananeeyamgaa bhinnamgaa undavacchani oka adhyayanam suuchistumdi, idhi plystocene janabhanu mukhyamgaa vaari paryaavaranamloo maarpulaku gurayye avakaasam kalpistundi.
konni aadharalu vaataavarana maarpulaku vyatiraekamgaa australiaku vartinche chellubaatu ayye parikalpanagaa untaayi. antarinchipoye samayamlo unna vaataavaranam (40,000-50,000 bp) neti vaataavaranaanni pooli undani, antarinchipoyina jantuvulu shushka vaataavaranaaniki balamgaa anugunamgaa unnayani choopabadindi. maanavulu prakruti drushyamloki pravesinchina samayam ayina oke takkuva vyavadhilo anni viluptaalu jarigaayani aadharalu suuchistunnaayi. antarinchipovadaaniki pradhana yantraangam bahusha chaalaa takkuva agni-anukuula prakruti drushyamlo agni (maanavulu praarambhinchinadi). isotopic aadharalu manugadalo unna jaatula aahaaramlo aakasmika maarpulanu chuuputaayi, idhi antarinchipovadaaniki mundu vaaru anubhavinchina ottidiki anugunamgaa untundi.
airopa, australia mariyu americalaku viruddhamgaa agneyasialo labhinchina aadharalu, vaataavarana maarpu mariyu perugutunna samudra mattam aneka saakaahaara jaatula antarinchipovadaaniki mukhyamaina karakalu anie suuchistunnaayi. vrukshasampada perugudalalo maarpulu mariyu prarambha maanavulu mariyu ksheeradaalaku gatamlo viviktamaina, sthaanikeekarinchina paryaavarana vyavasthalaku kotta pravesha margalu empika chesina janthu samuuhaalaku hanikaram.
american grate lakes praantam nundi mastodanla dantaala vislaeshanha nundi pondina konni aadharalu vaataavarana maarpula parikalpanaku viruddhamgaa kanipistaayi. eee praantamloo vaati antarinchipovadaaniki aneka vaela samvatsaraala mundu, mastodanlu paripakvata samayamlo vayassu taggipoye dhoranini chuuputaayi. ksheenistunna paryaavarana paristhitula nundi ottillanu edurkontunte idhi evarainaa aasinchaedaaniki viruddhamgaa untundi, conny maanava vaeta valla janabha taggadam valla erpade antar-nirdishta pootii taggudalaku anugunamgaa untundi.
ushnograta perugudala.
manchu yugam mugimputho mudipadi unna atyanta spashtamaina maarpu ushnogratalo perugudala. 15, 000 bipi mariyu 10,000 bipi madhya, prapancha sagatu vaarshika ushnogratalalo 6 masim perugudala sambhavinchindi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa antarinchipovadaaniki kaaranamani bhaavinchaaru.
eee parikalpana prakaram, wisconsin manchu palakanu kariginchadaaniki taginanta ushnograta perugudala challani-sweekarinchina ksheeradaalapai taginanta ushna ottidini kaliginchi, avi chanipovadaniki kaaranamai undavacchu. himanadeeya chali samayamlo shareera vaedini kaapaadataaniki sahayapade vaati bhaarii bochu, adanapu vaedini paaraveyadaanni nirodhinchi, ksheeradaalu vaedi alasatatho chanipovadaniki kaaranamai undavacchu. pedda ksheeradaalu, vaati uparitala vaisaalyam-parimaana nishpatti taggadamtho, chinna ksheeradaala kante adhvaannamgaa undevi.
gatha 56,000 samvatsaraalanu cover chese oka adhyayanam, ushnograta maarpulatoe vegavantamaina vedekkadam sanghatanalu megafouna antarinchipovadampai mukhyamaina prabhavanni chuupaayani suuchistumdi. puraatana dna mariyu radiocarbon dayta sthaanika janyu janabha oke jaatilooni itarulu ledhaa adhe jaatilooni itarulu bharti chesaarani suuchistumdi. janabha manugada saranaardhula uniki mariyu suduura chedaragottadaalapai aadharapadi undedi, ivi maanava vetagallache antaraayam kaliginchi undavacchu.
ushnograta parikalpanaku vyatiraekamgaa vaadanalu.
gatha 10,000 samvatsaraalugaa manam chusina prastuta antarhimanadeeya vaarshika sagatu ushnograta munupati antarhimanadeeyaala kante ekkuvagaa ledani adhyayanalu suuchistunnaayi, ayinappatikee adhe pedda ksheeradaalu chaalaa varaku idhe vidhamaina ushnograta perugudalanu thattukogaligaayi.
adanamgaa, rangel dveepam mariyu seyint looni mamuts vanti aneka jaatulu. vaataavaranamloo maarpulu unnappatikee paal dveepam maanava rahita saranalayalalo manugada saaginchindi. vaataavarana maarpulaku kaaranamaite (vaati samudra vaataavaranaalu pradhana bhuubhaagamlooni teerapraanta janaabhaaku ivvani vaataavarana maarpula nundi kontha rakshananu andiste tappa) idhi oohinchabadadu. saadhaarana paryaavarana anchanaala prakaram, chinna janabha mariyu marinta anukuulamaina vaataavaranaalaku valasa vellalekapovadam valla vaataavarana maarpula kaaranamgaa dveepa janabha antarinchipoye avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi.
perigina khandantarata samayam ledhaa pradaesamloe vrukshasampadanu prabhaavitam chestundi.
itara saastravettalu perugutunna teevramaina vaataavaranam-vaedigaa unna vesavi mariyu challani siitaakaalaalu-"khandantaram" gaa suuchimchabadataayi ledhaa varshapaatamlo sambandhita maarpulu antarinchipovadaaniki kaaranamavutaayani pratipaadinchaaru. vividha parikalpanalu krinda vivarinchabaddaayi.
vrukshasampada maarpulu bhougolikamgaa.
vrukshasampada mishrama atavee-udyaanavanam nundi pratyeka praeri mariyu adavulaku maarindani choopabadindi. idhi andubaatulo unna aahara rakalanu prabhaavitam chesi undavacchu. takkuva perugudala rutuvulu pedda saakaahaarula antarinchipovadaaniki mariyu aneka itara vaati marugujjuku kaaranamai undavacchu. eee sandarbhamlo, gamaninchinatlugaa, baisan mariyu itara pedda ruminants gurralu, enugulu mariyu itara monogastrics kante merugga panicheestaayi, endukante ruminants parimita parimaanamlo adhika fiber aaharam nundi ekkuva poeshanhanu pondagalugutaayi mariyu anty-herbivari taxinsnu baga edurkogalugutaayi. kabatti, saadhaaranamgaa, vrukshasampada marinta pratyekamainappudu, takkuva aahara vasyata kaligina saakaahaarulu icchina praantamloo jeevaanni nilabettukovadaaniki mariyu punarutpatti cheyadaaniki avasaramaina vrukshasampada misramaanni kanugonalekapovacchu.
varshapaatam maarpulu samayam.
khandantaratvam peragadam valla takkuva mariyu takkuva oohinchadagina varshapaatam shakti mariyu poeshanhaku avasaramaina mokkala labhyatanu parimitam chesindi. varshapaatamlo eee maarpu punarutpattiki anukuulamaina samayanni parimitam chesindani auxelrad mariyu vadha suuchimchaayi. idhi pedda jantuvulaku asamanamga haani kaliginchavacchu, endukante avi ekkuva kaalam, marinta vasyamaina sambhoga kaalaalanu kaligi untaayi, anduvalla pratikuulamaina seasonlalo chinna pillalanu utpatti chesi undavacchu (antey.ii., perugutunna kaalamlo shiftula kaaranamgaa taginanta aaharam, neeru ledhaa aasrayam andubaatulo lenappudu). dheeniki viruddhamgaa, chinna ksheeradaalu, vaati chinna jeevita chakralu, takkuva punarutpatti chakralu mariyu takkuva garbhadhaarana kaalaalato, vyaktulugaa mariyu jaatulugaa vaataavaranam yokka perigina oohinchaleni sthithiki sardubaatu chesi undavacchu, idhi vaari punarutpatti prayatnaalanu santaanam manugadaku anukuulamaina paristhithulatho samakaaleekarinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. alaa ayithe, chinna ksheeradaalu takkuva santaanaanni kolpoyi undevi mariyu paristhitulu marosari santaana manugadaku anukuulamgaa unnappudu punarutpatti prayatnaanni punaraavrutam cheyagaligevi.
2017loe oka adhyayanam airopa, cyberia mariyu americalaloni paryaavarana paristhitulanu 25,000-10,000 ybp nundi chusindi. saakaahaara-nirodhaka mokkalaku maddatu ichhe vistrutamaina chittadi neelalugaa mega herbivorlaku maddatu ichhe shreni bhoomula parivartanaku mundu ksheenata mariyu garishta varshapaataaniki daariteese deerghakaalika vedekkadam sanghatanalu sambhavinchaayani adhyayanam kanugondi. thematho nadiche paryaavarana maarpu megaphounal viluptaaniki daariteesindani, africa yokka bhoomadhyarekhaku minchina sthaanam edaarulu mariyu madhya adavula madhya shreni bhoomini konasaaginchadaaniki anumatinchindi, anduvalla akkada takkuva megafouna jaatulu antarinchipooyaayani adhyayanam pratipaadinchindi.
khandantara parikalpanalaku vyatiraekamgaa vaadanalu.
vimarsakulu khandantara parikalpanalatho aneka samasyalanu gurtinchaaru.
megafouna antarinchipovadam valla bhaarii gaddi naela adrushyamai undavacchu. alascalo ippudu kaademmulu, mamuts mariyu gurralaku maddatu ivvaleni takkuva poeshaka naela undhi. aarr. dayle gutri dheenini akkada megafouna antarinchipovadaaniki kaaranamani paerkonnaadu; ayithe, athanu daanini venukaku ardham chesukuni undavacchu. permafrastnu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki pedda saakaahaarula nashtam nedu pedda saakaahaarulaku maddatu ivvaleni challani neelalanu anumatistundi. nedu, truckulu permaphrast gaddini vichchinnam chesina aarkitiklo, mariyu vibhina vrukshajaalam mariyu jantujaalaaniki maddatu ivvavacchu. adanamgaa, alaskaloni mattiki eruvulanu jodinchadam valla bhaarii gaddi mydaanaala yugamlo unnatlugaa gaddi mallee perugutundani chaapin (chaapin 1980) choopinchindi. bahusha, megafouna antarinchipovadam mariyu daaniki anugunamgaa paeda kolpovadam aadhunika mattiloo takkuva poeshaka sthaayilaku daariteesindi, anduvallane prakruti drushyam ikapai megafounaku maddatu ivvadu.
vaataavarana maarpu mariyu atigaa champadam rendintikee vyatiraekamgaa vaadanalu.
ovar kill ledhaa vaataavarana maarpula parikalpanalu rendoo sanghatanalanu puurtigaa vivarinchalevani gamaninchavacchuhu brouserlu, mishrama feedarlu mariyu naan-rumenant grazer jaatulu ekkuvagaa badhapaddayi, ayithe saapekshamgaa ekkuva rumenant grazerlu manugada saaginchaaru. edemaina, ovar kill parikalpana yokka vistruta vaividhyam dheenini anchanaa veyavachu, endukante rendava arder predation (krinda chudandi) ledhaa anthropogenic fair dwara chesina vrukshasampadalo maarpulu brouse jaatulaku vyatiraekamgaa enchukoobadataayi.
hyper disease parikalpana.
siddhaantam.
hyper disease parikalpana, rose dii dwara munduku vachindi. ii. macfee mariyu preston eah. marks, plystocene chivari kaalamlo pedda ksheeradaala antarinchipovadaaniki kottagaa vacchina aadima maanavula paroksha prabhavalu kaaranamani perkondi. hyper disease parikalpana maanavulu ledhaa jantuvulu vaaritho prayaanistunnaayani pratipaadistundi (udhaa.zii.kollu ledhaa pempudu kukkalu) sthaanika ksheeradaala haani kaliginche janabhalo okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva atyanta vishapuurita vyaadhulanu pravesapetti, chivariki antarinchipovadaaniki kaaranamavutaayi. chinna jaatulu vaati jeevita charitra lakshanaala kaaranamgaa ekkuva sthithisthaapakathanu kaligi unnanduna (udhaa.zii.takkuva garbhadhaarana samayam, ekkuva janabha parimaanaalu modalainavi.). eurasia nundi uttara americaloki ksheeradaalu munupati valasalu antarinchipovadaaniki kaaranam kaananduna maanavulu dheeniki kaaranamani bhaavistunnaaru.
iteevali kaalamlo prajalu digumati chesukunna vyaadhulu antarinchipovadaaniki kaaranamayyaayi; udaaharanaku, havaiki avian malarianu teesukuraavadam dveepamlooni vivikta pakshulapai pedda prabhavanni choopindi.
oka vyaadhi nijamgaa end-plystocene viluptaalaku kaaranamaite, adhi santrupti parachavalasina aneka pramaanaalu unnaayi (macfee & marks 1997 looni pattika 7.3 chudandi). modata, vyadhikaarakam oka jalasaya jaatilo sthiramaina vaahaka sthithini kaligi undaali. antey, vyaadhi sokadaniki avakaasam unna atidheyulu andubaatulo lenappudu adhi paryaavaranamloo tananu taanu nilabettukogalagaali. rendavadi, vyadhikaaraka karakam adhika sankramana retunu kaligi undaali, tadwara idhi daadaapu anni vayasula mariyu lingaala vyaktulaku sokagaladu. moodavadi, idhi sii maranaala retutho chaalaa praanaantakam ayi undaali. 50-75%. chivaraku, idhi manavulaku teevramaina muppu kaliginchakundaa bahula atitheya jaatulaku sokagala saamarthyaanni kaligi undaali. manavulaku vyaadhi sokavachu, conny vyaadhi atyanta praanaantakam kakudadu ledhaa mahammarini kaliginchalekapovachhu.
oka suuchana emitante, vyadhikaarakaalu vistaristunna maanavula dwara vaaru teesukuvacchina pempudu kukala dwara vyaapinchayi, ayithe idhi mukhyamgaa america mariyu australialo antarinchipoye kaalakramaaniki saripodu.
rendava-kramam predation parikalpana.
drushyam.
rendava-kramam predation parikalpana prakaram, maanavulu kotta prapanchamloki pravesinchinappudu vaaru maamsaahaarulanu champe vidhananni konasaaginchaaru, idhi paatha prapanchamlo vijayavantamaindi, conny avi marinta samarthavantamgaa unnanduna mariyu saakaahaarulu mariyu maamsaahaarulu anevi, jantujaalam marinta amayakamga unnanduna, avi khandam yokka paryaavarana samatulyatanu debbateesenduku taginanta maamsaahaarulanu champai, idhi adhika janabha, paryaavarana alasata mariyu paryaavarana pathanaaniki kaaranamavutundi. eee parikalpana jantuvulu, mokkalu mariyu maanava janabhalo maarpulaku kaaranamavutundi.
paristhiti eee krindi vidhamgaa untundih
maddatu.
dheeniki computer modal, pleastocene vilupta namuunaa (pem) maddatu ichindi, idhi anni chararaasulaku (saakaahaarula janabha, saakaahaarula niyamaka raetlu, maanavudiki avasaramaina aaharam, saakaahaarula vaeta raetlu modalainavi) oke oohalu mariyu viluvalanu upayogistundi.) maamsaahaarulanu vetaadatam kosam kakunda. idhi atigaa champe parikalpananu (predator vaeta = 0) rendava-kramam predationtho polchi chustundi (vividha parugula kosam predator vaeta 0.01 mariyu 0.05 madhya maarutuu untundi). phalitaala prakaram, rendava-shreni vaeta anedi atigaa champadam kante antharinchipovadamtho marinta sthiramgaa untundi (edama vaipuna phalitaala graph).
plystocene vilupta namuunaa anedi bahula parikalpanala yokka ekaika pareeksha mariyu viluptaaniki kaaranamayye taginanta vaataavarana maarpulanu krutrimamgaa pravesapettadam dwara kalayika parikalpanalanu pratyaekamgaa pareekshinche ekaika namuunaa. atigaa champadam mariyu vaataavarana maarpulanu kalipinappudu avi okadaanikokati samatulyam chesukuntaayi. vaataavarana maarpu mokkala sankhyanu taggistundi, atigaa champadam valla jantuvulu tolaginchabadataayi, anduvalla takkuva mokkalu tintaaru. vaataavarana maarpulatoe kalipi rendava-shreni vaeta vaataavarana maarpula prabhavanni teevrataram chestundi. (kudi vaipuna phalitaala graph).
rendava-kramam predation parikalpanaku baisan janabhalo bhaarii perugudala undani paina perkonna pariseelana maddatu istundi.
yuva dryas prabhava parikalpana.
yuva dryas prabhava parikalpana, sumaru 12,900 samvatsaraala kritam uttara americalo oka commet prabhavam ledhaa gaali paeludu sambhavinchindani, idhi yuva dryas sheetaleekarananu praarambhinchina yantraangam anie perkondi. meksikoolooni akapulkoloni american geophysical union yokka 2007 vasantakaala ummadi samavesamlo modatisaarigaa bahirangamgaa samarpinchabadina, yuva dryas prabhava parikalpana apakeerti pondindi mariyu vivadaspadamga undhi.

