kloka maxima

kloka maxima (, litt. "atipedda muruguneeti") prapanchamlooni mottamodati muruguneeti vyavasthalalo okati. dheeni paeru roman devata ayina clossina nundi vachindi. roman rajyam ledhaa prarambha roman ganatantram samayamlo nirminchina dheenini sthaanika chittadi neelalanu paaraveyadaaniki mariyu nagaram nundi vyardhaalanu tolaginchadaaniki puraatana romlo nirminchaaru. idhi nagaram pakkana pravahinche tieber nadiki vyardhaalanu teesukuvellindi. muruguneeru vedika augustem vadda praarambhamai ponte roto mariyu ponte paalatino vadda mugisindi. idhi bahiranga kaluvaga praarambhamaindi, conny kalakramena idhi chaalaa pedda muruguneerugaa abhivruddhi chendindi. agrippa chaalaa muruguneetini punaruddharinchi punarnirminchaaru. muruguneeti kaaluvalalo idhi matrame abhivruddhi kaadu. modati sataabdam CE natiki mottam padakondu roman kaaluvalu muruguneetiki anusandhaninchabaddayi. roman saamrajyam patanam taruvaata muruguneetini ippatikee upayoginchaaru. 1800la natiki idhi paryataka aakarshanagaa maarindi. muruguneeti paarudalalo konni bhagalu netikee upayoginchabadutunnaayi. ippatikee upayoginchabadutunnappatiki, idhi roman samskruti mariyu roman injaneering yokka pavitra chihnamgaa entho viluvainadigaa undedi.
nirmaanam mariyu charitra.
sampradaayam prakaram, idhi praarambhamlo kristupurvam 600 loe rome raaju tarkinius priscus aadesaala meraku nirminchabadi undavacchu. athanu muruguneeti kaaluvalanu nirminchamani etruscon kaarmikulanu mariyu prajabhipraya sekaranadaarulanu aadesinchaadu. cloca maxima, priscus mariyu athani kumarudu tarquinius superbus nirminchadaaniki mundu, roman forum dwara bhoomini chittadi nundi ghana bhavana maidaanamgaa maarchadaaniki panicheesaaru, tadwara velabramnu tirigi pondaaru. dheenini saadhinchadaaniki, vaaru daanini 10-20,000 cubic meterla matti, kankara mariyu sidhilaalatoe nimpaaru. 
muruguneeti jeevitam praarambhamlo idhi pradhana gottam chuttoo kendreekrutamaina itukalatho varusalo unna bahiranga chaanellanu kaligi undedi. eee dasalo daaniki paikappu undakapovachhu. ayithe, muruguneeti kaaluva antataa vistarinchi unna chekka randhraalu daanipai chekka vantenalu nirminchabadi undavacchani suuchistunnaayi, ivi bahusha paikappula panicheestaayi. pratyamnaayamgaa, muruguneeti kaaluvanu nirminchadaaniki avasaramaina paranjaaku randhraalu sahayamga panichesi undavacchu. kloka maxima kooda modata oka bahiranga kaaluva ayi undavacchu, idhi poruguna unna moodu kondala nundi udbhavinchina pravaahaala nundi erpadindi, ivi pradhana vedika dwara mariyu taruvaata tieber varaku pravahistaayi. nagaramloni nirmaana sthalam marinta viluvainadigaa maaradamtho, kaaluva kramamga nirminchabadindi. 
chivari roman republic samayaniki eee muruguneeru nagaram yokka pradhana tuphaanu kaluvaga maarindi. idhi 1,600 meterla podavaina vyavasthagaa abhivruddhi chendindi. cree. puu. rendava sataabdam natiki 101 meterla podavaina kaaluva undedi, adhi kappabadi muruguneeti kaluvaga vistarinchabadindi. pliny dhi elder, 1va sataabdam chivaralo vraastuu, prarambha cloca maximanu "endugaddi thoo nindina wagan velladaaniki anumatinchenta peddadigaa varninchaadu."chivariki, vistaristunna nagaramtho paatu muruguneeti paarudala peragadam konasaginchalekapoyindi. romanlu muruguneeti kaaluvala kante itara dwaaraala dwara vyardhaalanu paaravestaaru. 31 BCE nundi 192 CE manholes varaku muruguneetini access cheyadaaniki upayoginchavacchu, eee samayamlo kaaluva dwara prayaaninchavacchu. manholes palarayi silpaalatoe alankarinchabaddaayi, mariyu kaaluvalu roman concreat mariyu flinttho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi.
1va sataabdam natiki romuku neetini sarafara chesina padakondu jalamargalu chivaraku diocletian snanalu mariyu trajan snanalu, alaage prabhutva fountainlu, saamraajya rajabhavanalu mariyu private illu vanti aneka bahiranga snanalanu sarafara chesina taruvaata muruguneeti kaaluvalalo pravahinchaayi. nirantara neeti sarafara vyardhaalanu tolaginchadaaniki mariyu muruguneetini addankula nundi dhooramgaa unchadaaniki sahaayapadindi. uttama jalaalu traaguneeti sarafara kosam ketayinchabaddayi, mariyu rendava naanhyata gala neetini snaanaala dwara upayoginchabadutundi, veetilo nundi vachhe jalapaataalu nagara veedhula krinda muruguneeti netvarkku anusandhaaninchabadi untaayi. roman saamrajyam yokka jeevitaantam cloca maxima baga nirvahinchabadindi mariyu netikee puraatana forum, velabrum mariyu forum bovarium krinda, pattana kendram nundi varshapu neeru mariyu sidhilaalanu paarutundi. iteevali kaalamlo, migilina margalu aadhunika muruguneeti vyavasthaku anusandhaninchabaddayi, pradhanamgaa nadhi nundi vachhe backwash samasyalanu edurkovataniki.
roman saamrajyam patanam taruvaata kloka maxima upayoginchadam konasaagindi. konasaagindi cardinal chhamberline muruguneeti nirvahana kosam chellinchadaaniki rome nivaasitulapai pannu vidhinchaaru. 1800la natiki kloka maxima paryataka aakarshanagaa prachuryam pondindi. 1842 nundi 1852 varaku muruguneeti kaaluvala vibhagalu paarudala cheyabaddaayi. cheyabaddaayi phoram mariyu torre dii conty dwara muruguneeti bhaagaalanu survey cheyadaaniki mariyu punaruddharinchadaaniki italian injanir ayina pietro norduchini rome nagaram niyaminchindi. niyaminchindi german puraavastu shaastravetta oto ludwig richter muruguneeti pataanni roopondinchaaru. eee prayatnaalu paarisuddhyampai prajala aasaktini punaruddharinchayi.
maargam.
kloka maxima forum augustem vadda praarambhamaindi mariyu puraatana rome shivaaru praantaala sahaja marganni anusarinchindi, idhi kurinal, viminal mariyu eskillin kondala madhya daariteesindi. idhi forum off nerwa, arch off jaanas, forum bovarium, basilica emilia mariyu forum romanam dwara kooda daatindi, idhi velabrum vadda mugustundi. ponte roto mariyu ponte paalatino dwara muruguneeti paarudala erpadindi. veetilo konni netikee kanipistaayi. pradhana muruguneeti saakhalannii 'adhikaarika' kaluvaluga kanipistaayi, ivi praja marugudodlu, snaanapu gadulu mariyu itara praja bhavanalaku sevalu andistaayi. romloni private nivaasaalu, dhanavanthula kooda, muruguneeti kosam oka vidhamaina ses-pitt erpaatupai aadhaarapadevi.
praamukhyata mariyu prabhavalu.
kloka maxima peddadih strabo prakaram "endugaddi thoo nindina vyaganlu daatadaaniki" taginanta peddadi. idhi oka million poundla vyardhaalu, neeru mariyu avaanchita vastuvulanu ravana cheyagaladu, veetini rome sameepamloni veedhulu, chittadi neelalu mariyu nadulalo padesaru. avanni muruguneeti dwara tieber nadiki teesukellabaddaayi. idhi varshapu neeru, chettha mariyu chindatam sekarinchadaaniki gattarlu mariyu sekanuku padhi cubic meterla neetini pampinhee cheyadaaniki kandyootlanu upayoginchindi. nirmaanamloo chadunaina palakalu ledhaa raallatho khajanalu moosiveyabaddaayi. eee muruguneeru avakshepaalanu nirodhinchadaaniki kandaka godanu upayoginchindi.
daani neetilo kontha bhaagam ippatikee kalushitamai undhi, kalushitamaina neeru chaalaa mandhi neetipaarudala, eetha, snanam mariyu traagadaaniki aadharapadi undhi. muruguneeti kaaluva domala sankhyanu tagginchindi, tadwara chittadi praantaalanu paaraveyadam dwara malaria vyaaptini parimitam chesindi. elukalatho sahaa jantuvulu muruguneeti kaaluvaloki pravesinchagalavu.
kloka maxima anedi injaneering yokka atyanta viluvaina ghanata. idhi pavitramainadi kooda ayi undavacchu. romanlu neeti kadalikanu pavitramgaa bhaavinchinanduna, "cloca maxima" kii mataparamaina praamukhyata undavacchu. mataparamaina praamukhyata pakkana pedithe, "cloca maxima" daani vayassu mariyu injaneering parakramam yokka pradarsana kaaranamgaa prasamsimchabadi undavacchu. livy muruguneetini ilaa varnistundihi eee rojullo kotta vaibhavam chaalaa arudugaa oka myaachnu utpatti cheyagaligina panula kosam.- titus livius, titus livius, dhi history off rome, pustakam 1 rachayita pliny dhi elder satabdaalugaa muriki jalaala varadalanu thattukogala saamarthyam kaaranamgaa "cloca maxima" nuu injaneering adbhutamgaa varninchaaru. roman senator mariyu pandithudaina casiodorus "varia" loe muruguneeti vyavasthanu prasamsimchaaru. cloca maxima roman nagarikataku chihnamgaa, itarula kante daani shreshtatagaa undedi. roman rachayitalu matrame cloca maximanu prasamsimchina vyaktulu kaadu. british rachayita henry james idhi aayanaku ilaa ichindani perkonnaduh "neenu ippativaraku andukunna puraatana kaalam yokka atyanta lothaina mariyu durbharamaina mudra."
roman kaaluvala vyavastha roman saamrajyam antataa chaalaa anukarinchabadindi, mukhyamgaa roman kaaluvala nundi pushkalamaina neeti sarafaraatho kalipinappudu. aadhunika aangla nagaramaina yark-eborakamloni muruguneeti vyavastha mukhyamgaa aakattukundi mariyu daanilo kontha bhaagam ippatikee manugadalo undhi.

