
yoodula samskruti

yoodula samskruti anedi puraatana kaalamlo erpadinappati nundi prastuta yugam varaku yoodula samskruti. judaism anedi vishwaasam aadhaarita matam kaadu, conny oka orthoprox mariyu ethnoralison, idhi pani, abhyasam mariyu gurtimpuku sambandhinchinadi. yoodula samskruti matam mariyu prapancha drukpathaalu, saahityam, media mariyu cinema, kala mariyu vaastusilpam, vantakaalu mariyu saampradaaya dustulu, lingam, vivaham mariyu kutumbam, saamaajika acharalu mariyu jeevanasaili, sangeetam mariyu nrutyam vanti aneka amsaalanu kaligi undhi. yoodula samskrutilooni konni amsaalu yoodulalo nundi, marikonni yoodula atidheya prajalatho paraspara charya nundi, marikonni ippatikee samajam yokka antargata saamaajika mariyu saamskrutika gatiseelata nundi vastaayi. 18va sataabdaaniki mundu, matam yoodula jeevitamlooni daadaapu anni amsaalalo aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi, mariyu samskrutini prerepinchindi. loukikavaadam vachinappati nundi, puurtigaa loukika yoodu samskruti kooda adhe vidhamgaa udbhavinchindi.
charitra.
aikya racharikam nundi yoodula samaajamlo raajakeeya aikyata ledhu. appati nundi izrael janabha ellappuduu bhougolikamgaa chedaragottabadindi (yoodula pravaasulanu chudandi), tadwara 19va sataabdam natiki, ashkenazi yoodulu pradhanamgaa thoorpu mariyu madhya airopalo unnaaru; sephardi yoodulu ekkuvagaa madhyadhara praantamloo nivasinche vividha samajalalo vyaapinchaaru; mizrahi yoodulu pradhanamgaa paschima asea antataa vyaapinchaaru; mariyu itara yoodula janabha madhya asea, ethiopia, caucasus mariyu bhaaratadesamlo nivasinchaaru. (yoodula jaathi vibhaagaalanu chudandi.)
eee yoodu samaajaala madhya adhika sthaayi communication mariyu traaphik unnappatikee-spanish vichaarana taruvaata madhya airopalo unikilo unna ashkenazi samajalalo aneka sephardic bahishkrutulu kalisipooyaaru; chaalaa mandhi ashkenazimlu ottoman saamraajyaaniki valasa vacchaaru, idhi syrian-jevish kutumba paeru "ashkenazi" kii daariteesindi; iraqi-jevish vyaapaarulu bhaaratadesamlo oka pratyaekamaina yoodu samajanni erpaatu chesaaru; kontavaraku, eee yoodu janabhalo chaalaa mandhi ghettoisation, "dhimma" yokka muslim chattalu, mariyu vaari matha naayakulache yoodulu mariyu bahudevataradhana prajala madhya sampradimpula saampradaaya nirutsaahamto chuttumuttabadina samskrutula nundi kattirinchabaddaaru.
thoorpu airopaloni madhyayuga yoodu samajalu satabdaalugaa vibhina saamskrutika lakshanaalanu pradarsinchadam konasaginchayi. ghnaanoodayam yokka saarvatrika vampulu unnappatikee (mariyu haskala udyamamlo judaism lopala daani pratidhvani), thoorpu airopaloni chaalaa mandhi yiddish matlade yoodulu tamanu taamu oka pratyaekamaina jaateeya samuuhamgaa-baibil hebru nundi 'aam yehudi' gaa chudatam konasaaginchaaru-conny, eee aalochananu ghnaanoodayam viluvalaku anugunamgaa, vaaru eee bhavananu oka jaathi samuuhamgaa sameekarinchaaru, dheeni gurtimpu matam meeda aadharapadi ledhu, idhi ghnaanoodayam aalochana kinda oka pratyeka vargamloki vachindi.
yiddish matlade yoodula samskrutilo vyaapinchina "bhinnamaina conny vivikta yoodu aatma" uniki gurinchi constantine massiusa raasaaru. romanticism perugudala saadhaaranamgaa eurup antataa jaateeya gurtimpu bhavanni vistarinchadamto idhi teevramaindi. udaaharanaku, 19va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo saadhaarana yoodula kaarmika samuuhamlooni sabhyulu saadhaaranamgaa mataparamainavaaru kaadu, mariyu eee samuuhamlooni chaaritraka naayakulalo okaru kraistava matamloki maarina pillala, ayithe swayamgaa oka abhyasakudu ledhaa vishwaasi kraistavudu kaadu.
madhya mariyu paschima airopalo jarugutunna yoodula vimukti udyamaaniki haskalah thoo kalipi yoodulu loukika samaajamloki pravesinche avakaasaanni srushtinchindi. adhe samayamlo, thoorpu airopalo jarigina maranahomam, 1880 mariyu 1920 madhya sumaru 2 millionla yoodu valasadaarulu punaravasam pondina united statesku valasala perugudalanu prerepinchindi.
1931 natiki, holocastku kontakaalam mundu, prapanchamlooni yoodula janabhalo 92 saatam mandhi askenazi muulaaniki chendinavaaru. loukikavaadam airopalo "loukika judaism" anie piluvabade oka kotta, intaku mundennadoo vinani bhavana kosam pooraadina udyamaala shrenigaa udbhavinchindi. eee kaaranaala valla, aanglam matladevaru mariyu kontavaraku, aanglam matlade europeanlu "loukika yoodu samskruti" gaa bhaavinche vaatilo chaalaa varaku, saaraamsamlo, madhya mariyu thoorpu airopalo parinaamam chendina yoodu saamskrutika udyamam, taruvaata valasadaarulu uttara americaku teesukuvacchaaru.
1940laloe, holocast airopalo chaalaa varaku nivasistunna yoodu samajalanu nirmuulinchi naasanam chesindi. idhi, izrael rashtram yokka srushti mariyu arab bhoomula nundi yoodula nishkramanatho kalipi, marinta bhougolika maarpuku daariteesindi.
saampradaaya judaayijamnu aacharinche vaarilo loukika samskrutini nirvachinchadam kashtam, endukante mottam samskruti, nirvachanam prakaram, matha sampradaayaalato mudipadi undih pratyeka jaathi mariyu mataparamaina gurtimpu yokka aalochana 'aam izrael' yokka hibru sampradaayaaniki videshee. (idhi mukhyamgaa sanaatana judaism vishayamlo nijam.) institute pharr yoodu und community research adhipati gyaarii tabin, saampradaaya yoodu samskruti gurinchi ilaa annaru
matam mariyu samskruti madhya vairudhyam nijamgaa ledhu. prati mataparamaina lakshanam samskrutitoe nindi untundi; prati saamskrutika charya matatatvamtho nindi untundi. yoodula samskrutiki yoodula mandiraalu goppa kendraalu. nijaaniki jeevitam antey emiti? aaharam, sambandhaalu, susampannata.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. yoodula jeevitam kooda anthe. mana sampradayalalo chaalaa varaku sahajamgaa samskruti yokka amsaalanu kaligi unnaayi. paas ovar sedder chudandi-idhi tappanisarigaa goppa theatre. yoodula vidya mariyu samskruti laeni matatatvam antha aasaktikaramgaa ledhu.
tell aviv vishwavidhyaalayamlo soundaryam mariyu vakchaturya professor mariyu jerusalemlo judaism samskruti kosam meater kalaasaala vyavasthaapakudu mariyu vidya director ayina yakov malkin ilaa vraasaaru
nedu chaalaa mandhi loukika yoodulu yoodula saamskrutika karyakalapalalo palgontaru, udaaharanaku yoodula selavulanu chaaritraka mariyu prakruti pandugalagaa jarupukovadam, kotta vishayaalatoe mariyu roopamtho nimpadam ledhaa jananam, baar/byaat mitzwa, vivaham mariyu loukika paddhatiloo santaapam vanti jeevita chakra sanghatanalanu gurtinchadam. vaaru yoodula samskruti mariyu itara samskrutulatoe daani sambandhaaniki sambandhinchina amsaalanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki, "havurot", saamskrutika sanghaalu mariyu loukika samajamandiralalo kalisi vastaaru, mariyu vaaru soviet yoodula swechchaku maajee udyamam mariyu maranahomam, vivaksha mariyu mataparamaina balaprayogaanni edurkovataniki udyamaala vanti loukika yoodula udyamaala dwara samanvayam cheyabadina praja mariyu raajakeeya charyalalo palgontaru. yoodula loukika maanavataavaada vidya, praamaanika yoodula mariyu prapancha saahityam dwara mariyu nyayam mariyu daatrutvam yokka aadarsaalanu korukune saamaajika maarpu kosam samsthala dwara saarvatrika naitika viluvalanu pempondistundi.
uttara americalo, loukika mariyu saamskrutika yoodu udyamaalu moodu godugu samsthalugaa vibhajinchabaddaayih society pharr humanistic judaism (shz), congress off secular yoodu samsthalu (csjo), mariyu workens circle.
tatvasaastram mariyu matam.
yoodula tatvasaastramlo yoodulu ledhaa yoodula mataaniki sambandhinchi nirvahinchina anni tatvaalu untaayi. yoodula tatvasaastram puraatana mariyu baibil yugam, madhyayuga yugam mariyu aadhunika yugam (haskala chudandi) thoo sahaa yoodula charitralo aneka pradhana yugaalalo vistarinchabadindi.
puraatana yoodula tatvasaastram bybillo vyakteekarinchabadindi. professor prakaram. izrael yoodula tatvasaastram yokka suutraalu bybillo praarambhamavutaayi, ikkada yoodula ekeshwaravaada nammakaala punaadulu, oke devunipai nammakam, devudu mariyu prapancham mariyu prakrutini vaeru cheyadam (paantheeyijaaniki viruddhamgaa) mariyu prapancha srushti vantivi kanugonavacchu. tatvasaastramtoe anubandhinchabadina itara baibil rachanalu keertanalu, ivi ayana rachanala dwara devuni gnaanaanni mechukovadaniki aahvanaalanu kaligi unnaayi; dheeni nundi, kontamandi panditulu suuchistunnaaru, yoodamatam oka taatvika antar-pravahanni mariyu mataprasamgaalanu kaligi undhi, idhi tarachugaa hebru baibilloni ekaika nijamaina taatvika rachanaga pariganinchabadutundi; daani rachayita prapanchamlo maanavula sthaanaanni mariyu jeevita ardhaanni ardham chesukovadaniki prayatnistaadu. tatvasaastraaniki sambandhinchina itara rachanalu deuterocononical pustakaalaina sirach mariyu book off vision loe chudavachu.
hellenistic yugamlo, hellenistic judaism yoodula matha sampradaayaanni greeku samskruti mariyu tatvasaastram yokka amsaalatoe militam cheyaalani aakaankshinchindi. tatwavetta philo greeku tatvaanni yoodula tatvasaastramtoe militam cheyadaaniki mariyu samanvayam cheyadaaniki taatvika roopakaanni upayoginchaadu. athani pani plato mariyu mosesnu oka taatvika vyavasthagaa militam cheyadaaniki prayatnistundi. athanu pavitra grandhaalanu (baibil) ardham chesukune roopaka vidhananni abhivruddhi chesaadu, dheeniki viruddhamgaa (paatha-shaili) aksharala vivarana vidhanalu. aneka kraistava charchi tandrulaku ayana roopaka vivarana mukhyamainadi, kontamandi panditulu devuni srujanaatmaka suutramgaa logolu anae ayana bhavana prarambha kraistava saastraanni prabhaavitam chesindani bhaavistunnaaru. ayithe, itara panditulu pratyaksha prabhavanni tiraskarinchaaru, conny philo mariyu prarambha kraistava matam rendoo oka saadhaarana muulam nundi teesukunnaayani chepparu.
puraatana yugam mariyu madhya yugaala madhya yoodula tatvasaastram chaalaa varaku talmud mariyu midrashlo vyakteekarinchabadina rabbinik saahityam chuttoo kendrikrutamai undhi. 9va sataabdamloo sadia gaav emunoth vae-dev anae vachananni rachinchaadu, idhi judaism yokka siddhaantaala yokka modati kramabaddhamaina pradarsana mariyu tatvasastra punaadi. speyinlo yoodula samskruti yokka swarna yugamlo moses ibn izra, abraham ibn izra, solaman ibn gabirol, yehuda halevi, isak abravanel, nahmanides, joseph albo, abraham ibn daud, jerona yokka nisim, bahya ibn pakuda, abraham baar hayya, joseph ibn zaddiq, hasdoy crescas mariyu isak benn moses arama vanti aneka mandhi prabhaavavantamaina yoodu tatvavettalu unnaaru. atyanta mukhyamainadi mymonides, yoodula prapanchamtho paatu, islaamik mariyu paaschaatya prapanchaalalo pramukha tatwavetta mariyu bahumukhuluga pariganinchabaddaadu. speyin velupala, itara tatvavettalu nutton 'ell all-fayumi, elia dell medigo, jedia benn abraham bedersey mariyu gersonides.
aadhunika yugamlo yoodula tatvaanni pradhanamgaa airopalo, spinoism vyavasthaapakudu ayina baruch spinoza vanti tatvavettalu vyaktam chesaaru, vaari paniloo aadhunika hetubaddhata mariyu baibil vimarsalu unnaayi mariyu 18va sataabdapu ghnaanoodayam kosam punaadi veyadam jarigindi. athani pani paaschaatya tatvasaastram yokka atyanta mukhyamaina aalochanaaparulalo okarigaa gurtimpu pondindi; itarulu isak orobio dii castro, tjvi ashkenazi, david neeto, isak cardoso, jacob abendana, uriel daa costa, francisco sanches mariyu moses almosnino. 18va sataabdamloo moshe mendelsone aalochanatho kotta shakam praarambhamaindi. mendelsone nuu "moodava moses" gaa varninchaaru, aayanatho judayijamlo kotta shakam praarambhamavutundi, kotta yugaalu moses pravakthatho mariyu moses mymonidesto praarambhamainatle. mendelsone oka german yoodu tatwavetta, ayana aalochanalaku european yoodula punarujjeevanam, haskala (yoodula ghnaanoodayam) runapadi undhi. samskarana pratinidhulu aayananu tama aadhyaatmika tandrigaa cheppukodaaniki nirodhakatanu kaligi unnappatikee, aayananu samskarana judaism yokka tandrigaa suuchistaaru. mendelsone nuu germanlu mariyu yoodulu iddaroo thana kaalamlooni pramukha saamskrutika vyaktigaa pariganinchaaru. yoodula ghnaanoodaya tatvasaastramlo menachem mendell lefin, saloman maimon mariyu isak satanov unnaayi. taruvaati 19va sataabdamloo loukika mariyu mataparamaina tatvasaastram rendoo unnaayi mariyu elijah benamojeg, herman kohen, moses hess, samson rafale hirsh, shamyul hirsh, nachman croachmal, samuel david luzatto mariyu bress love vyavasthaapakudu nachman vanti tatvavettalu unnaaru. 20va sataabdamloo pramukha tatvavettalu jackwess derida, carle popper, emmanuel levinas, cloude levi-strass, hilarii putnam, alfred tarsky, ludwig whitzenstein, eah. zhe. ayyar, walter benzin, raymond aaron, theoder doubleu. alankaaram, isaiah berlin mariyu henry bergson.
vidya mariyu rajakeeyaalu.
yoodula grandham mariyu sampradayalalo kanipinche naitika nammakaala dwara tarachugaa prabhaavitamayye loukika yoodulalo spashtamgaa kanipinche vaividhyaanni paakshikamgaa vivarinchadaaniki upayogapade naitika mariyu raajakeeya abhipraayaala shreni yoodula charitra praarambhamlo spashtamgaa kanipistundi. iteevali sataabdaalaloo, airopa mariyu americaloni loukika yoodulu raajakeeya vaamapakshaala vaipu moggu chuupaaru, mariyu 19va sataabdapu kaarmika udyamam mariyu saamyavaadam puttukalo keelaka paatralu pooshinchaaru. pravaasa yoodulu kooda raajakeeya varnapatam yokka sampradaayavaada vaipu praatinidhyam vahistundagaa, rajakeeyamgaa sampradaayavaada yoodulu kooda raajakeeya hakkulooni aneka itara amsaala kante bahuvachanavaadaaniki sthiramgaa maddatu istunnaru. kontamandi panditulu dheenini halakha nundi udbhavinchina yoodulu matamarpidi cheyakudadani bhaavistunnaaru. eee saarvatrika matam lekapovadam chaalaa mandhi yoodulu pravaasa deshaalalo minoritylugaa nivasistunnaaru, mariyu cree. sha. 363 nundi yea kendra yoodula mataparamaina adhikaram unikilo ledhu anae vaastavamtho kalipi undhi. yoodula viluva vidya, mariyu vidya yokka viluva yoodula samskrutilo balamgaa ponduparachabadindi.
aardhika karyakalapalu.
madhya yugaalalo, european chattalu yoodulu bhoomini kaligi undadaanni nirodhinchaayi mariyu jewish kaani europeanlu anusarinchadaaniki ishtapadani itara vruttulloki velladaaniki vaariki saktivantamaina prothsaahaanni icchaayi. madhyayuga kaalamlo, kraistava majoritylo dabbu appu ivvadaaniki mariyu vaddii vasoolu cheyadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa chaalaa balamaina saamaajika kalankam undedi. airopaloni chaalaa praantaalalo 18va sataabdam chivari varaku, mariyu konni pradaesaalaloo inca taruvaati thedhee varaku, roman catholic prabhutvaalu (mariyu itarulu) yoodulanu bhoomini kaligi undadaanni nishedhinchaayi. marovaipu, charchi, endukante aneka baibil shlokaalu (udhaa.zii.leviticus (leviticus) vaddeeni nishedhistuu, edainaa vaddeeni vasoolu cheyadam daivika chattaniki viruddhamani prakatinchindi, idhi pavitra kraistavulu muuladhanaanni vaanijyaparamgaa upayoginchadaanni nirodhinchindi. connon chattam yoodulaku vartinchananduna, vaaru poplu durviniyogadaarulapai vidhinchina mataparamaina sikshalaku baadhyata vahincharu. kraistava paalakulu kramamga yoodula vanti vyaktula taragatini kaligi undatam valla prayojanam chuusaaru, vaaru bahishkaranaku baadhyata vahinchakundaa vaari upayogam kosam muuladhanaanni sarafara cheyagalaru, anduvalla eee maargamlo paschima airopa yokka dabbu vaanijyam yoodula chetulloki vachindi.
ayithe, banking lavadevila dwara yoodulu pedda mottamlo sampaadinchina daadaapu prati sandarbhamloonuu, aaa vidhamgaa sampaadinchina aasti vaari jeevitakaalamlo ledhaa vaari maranam taruvaata raaju chetulloki vachindi. idhi inglaandlooni linkan yokka aaron, navarelo izmel dii ablitas, provencelo heliot dii vesol, aragon loe benvenist dii porta modalaina vatiki jarigindi. eee kaaranamgaane raajulu yoodulaku maddatu icchaaru, vaaru kraistavulu kavadanni kooda vyatiraekimchaaru (endukante aaa sandarbhamlo vaddii dwara sampaadinchina vaari sampadanu vaari maranam taruvaata kireetam swaadheenam chesukolekapoyindi). anduvalla, ingland mariyu fraanslo raajulu prati matamarpidi cheyabadina yooduku charchi dwara pariharam chellinchaalani demand chesaaru. eee rakamaina raaja kutra banker mariyu/ledhaa vyapari yokka moosa paatranu srushtinchadamlo oka amsam.
aadhunika muuladhana vyavastha abhivruddhi chendadam praarambhinchadamtho, vaanijyam mariyu parisramaku runaalu avasaram ayyayi. yoodulu eee sevalanu andinchadam dwara kotta aardhika rangamlo pattu saadhinchagaligaaru kaathalikkulu kanivaruga, vaaru "vaddii" kii vyatiraekamgaa mataparamaina nishedhaaniki kattubadi laeru; mariyu judaism paramgaa, hillel chaalaa kaalam kritam vaddii vasoolu cheyadampai thoraa nishedhaanni tirigi ardham chesukunnadu, jeevanopaadhi kosam avasaramainappudu vaddeeni anumatistundi.
sains und technology.
mataparamaina paandityamu yokka balamaina yoodu sampradaayam tarachugaa yoodulanu loukika paandityamu kosam baga siddham chesindi. konni samayaallo mariyu pradaesaalaloo, yoodulu vishwavidyaalayaalalo chaduvukokunda nishedhinchadam dwara ledhaa vaarini parimita sankhyalo matrame anumatinchadam dwara dheenini vyatiraekimchaaru (yoodula kotaa chudandi). satabdaalugaa, bhuswamula taragatulalo yoodulaku takkuva praatinidhyam undhi, conny vidyaavaettalu, vruttulu, aardhika, vaanijyam mariyu aneka shaastreeya rangaalalo chaalaa merugaina praatinidhyam undhi. 1901 mariyu 2014 madhya prapanchavyaaptamgaa yoodulu ledhaa yoodula puurveekulugaa telisina 193 mandhi vyaktulaku nobel bahumati labhinchindani, veerilo bhouthika saastramlo 26 saatam, rasayana saastramlo 22 saatam mariyu sareeradharma shaastram ledhaa vaidyamlo 27 saatam mandhi unnaaru. ganitam mariyu computer sains rangaalalo, turing avaardu graheetalalo 31 saatam mariyu ganitamlo 27 saatam kshetraalalo patakaalu yoodulu ledhaa unnaaru.
vignaana saastramlo prarambha yoodula karyakalapalanu hebru bybillo chudavachu, ikkada konni pustakaalu bhouthika prapancha vivaranalanu kaligi unnaayi. baibil vishwodbhava shaastram bhouthika viswam yokka baibil mudranu roopondinchadaaniki kalisi kuttina chedurumaduru sangrahaavalokanam andistundi. baibil, puttuka srushti kathanam vanti bhaagaalato, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa praacheena shaastreeya khagola shaastram madhya poolikalu unnaayi. bybillo vividha prakshaalana acharalu kooda unnaayi. udaaharanaku, suuchimchina oka aacharam, kushturogini subhrapariche saraina vidhaanamtho vyavaharistundi. idhi chaalaa vistrutamaina prakriya, idhi oka kushtu vyaadhi ippatike kushtu vyaadhi nundi nayam ayina tarvaata nirvahinchabadutundi, vistrutamaina prakshaalana mariyu vyaktigata parisubhratatoe kuudinadi, conny baadhitudu shubhraparachabaddadani suuchimchadaaniki vaari raktaanni upayoginchadam dwara oka pakshi mariyu gorrepillalanu tyaagam cheyadam kooda indulo untundi.
thoraa inter cropping (lev) nuu nishedhistundi. 19:19, dute 22:9), aadhunika vyavasaya saastramlo sthiramaina vyavasayam mariyu sendriya vyavasaayamtho tarachugaa mudipadi unna oka abhyasam. mosaic code loe chetlu () mariyu pakshulu () vanti sahaja vanarula parirakshanaku sambandhinchina nibandhanalu unnaayi.
madhyayuga kaalamlo khagola shaastram yoodula panditulalo praathamika rangamgaa undedi, vistrutamgaa adhyayanam cheyabadi, abhyasinchabadindi. pramukha khagola saastravettalalo abraham jacuto unnaaru, ayana 1478loe thana hebru pustakam "haa-hibber haa-gadol" nuu prachurinchaaru, indulo ayana soura vyavastha gurinchi raasaaru, suuryudu, chandrudu mariyu aidu grahala sthaanaalanu chaart chesaaru. athani pani portugees anveshana prayaanaalaku upayogapadindi mariyu vasco daa gaama mariyu christopher columbus kooda dheenini upayoginchaaru. chandra bilaniki "jagat" anie paeru pettaru. ganita shaastravetta mariyu khagola shaastravetta abraham baar hiah haa-naasi x2-x + b = 0 anae chaturasra sameekaranaaniki puurti parishkaranni chaerchadaaniki modati european pustakaanni rachinchaaru mariyu leonardo faibonachi yokka panini prabhaavitam chesaaru. baar hayya anedi edainaa vruttaaniki eee krindi sameekaranaanni avibhaajya paddhati dwara niroopinchabadindih s = lxr/2, ikkada s anedi uparitala vaisaalyam, l anedi chuttukolata podavu mariyu r anedi vyaasaartham.
portugees punarujjeevana yoodu vaidyuraalu garsia dii ortaa ushnamandala vaidyaaniki maargadarsakudu. athanu 1563loe thana rachana coloquios daas simples ii drogas daa indianu prachurinchaadu, idhi eee kaalamlo airopalo teliyani ledhaa gandaragolam mariyu tappudu samaachaaraaniki sambandhinchina padaarthaala shrenitho vyavaharistundi. asiatic ushnamandala vyaadhulanu, mukhyamgaa kalara gurinchi vivarinchina modati european athanu; athanu kalara baadhithuraaliki shavapareeksha chesadu, idhi bhaaratadesamlo namodu cheyabadina modati shavapareeksha. pradhanamgaa khagola valaya-dial yokka aavishkartagaa piluvabade bonnet dii lots, dheeni dwara soura mariyu nakshatraala ettulanu kolavavacchu mariyu raatri mariyu pagatipuuta goppa khachitatvamto samayanni nirnayinchavacchu. itara sambandhita vyaktulu abraham ibn ezra, dheeni chandra bilam "abenezra" paeru pettaru, david guns, juda ibn verga, khagola shaastravetta mashallah ibn athari, chandrunipai bilam "mesala" paeru pettaru.
albert inestein germanylo janminchina saiddhaantika bhouthika shaastravetta, charitralo atyanta pramukha saastravettalalo okarigaa pariganinchabaddaadu, tarachugaa "aadhunika bhouthika saastraaniki pitamahudu" gaa pariganinchabaddaadu. saapeksha siddhaantampai ayana chesina viplavaatmaka krushi 20va sataabdamloo saiddhaantika bhouthika shaastram mariyu khagola saastraanni marchivesindi. modata prachurinchabadinappudu, saapekshata pradhanamgaa isak neuton srushtinchina 200 samvatsaraala naati yaantrika siddhaantaanni adhigaminchindi. bhouthika shaastra rangamlo, saapekshavaadam praathamika kanaala saastraanni mariyu vaati praathamika paraspara charyalanu meruguparichindi, anhu yuganiki naandi palikindi. saapekshata, vishwodbhava shaastram mariyu khagola bhouthika shaastram neutron nakshatraalu, krishna randhraalu mariyu gurutvakarshana taramgaalu vanti asaadhaarana khagola drugvishayaalanu anchanaa vaesaayi.
inestein prasiddha dravyarashi-shakti samaanatvaanni "e = mc2" nuu roopondinchi, photoelectric prabhavanni vivarinchaadu. ayana chesina pani bigg byaang siddhaantam (inestein yokka saadhaarana saapekshata georges lemitraenu prabhaavitam chesindi), quantum mechanics mariyu anhu saktitoe sahaa bhouthika saastramlooni aneka rangaalanu prabhaavitam chesindi.
manhatton project anedi rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo modati anhu baambulanu utpatti chesina parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi project mariyu eee prajectulo chaalaa mandhi yoodu saastravettalaku mukhyamaina paatra undhi. anhu bambu pitamahudu" gaa tarachugaa pariganinchabade saiddhaantika bhouthika shaastravetta robbert oppenheimer 1942loe laas alamos jaateeya prayogasaalalo manhatton prajectuku darsakatvam vahinchadaaniki empika cheyabaddaadu. anhu golusu praticharyanu roopondinchina bhouthika shaastravetta leo sgillard; "hydrogen bambu pitamahudu" mariyu stanisla ulam; anhu kendrakam mariyu praathamika kanaala siddhaantaaniki eugene wigner dohadapaddadu; hohns bethe, dheeni paniloo nakshatra nucleosynthesis undhi mariyu rahasya laas alamos prayogasaalalo saiddhaantika vibhaagaaniki adhipatigaa unnaaru; richard faneman, neels bohr, victor weascope mariyu joseph rotblatt.
ganita shaastravetta mariyu bhouthika shaastravetta alegzander friedman viswam vistaristunnadi, ippudu friedman sameekaranalugaa piluvabade sameekaranaala samiti dwara paripaalinchabadutundane siddhaantaaniki maargadarsakatvam vahinchaaru. bhouthika shaastravetta mariyu radeo khagola shaastravetta ayina arno allon penzias, bigg byaang siddhaantaanni sthaapinchadaaniki sahayapadina cosmic microwave nepathya vikiranam yokka saha-aavishkarta, saastravettalu robbert herman mariyu ralf alfar kooda aaa rangamlo panicheesaaru. quantum mechanicslo yoodula paatra kooda mukhyamainadi mariyu eee siddhaantaaniki chaalaa mandhi prabhaavavantamaina vyaktulu mariyu maargadarsakulu yoodulu neels boar mariyu anuvu nirmaanampai ayana chesina pani, maaks borne (shroadinger sameekaranam), wolfgang pauli, richard faneman (quantum chromodynamics), fritz london pani london dispersion fores mariyu london sameekaranaalapai, walter heatler mariyu juuliyan schwinger quantum electrodynamicspy pani, quantum information, david boam (potential) loe maargadarsakudu.
manasika vislaeshanha pitaamahudigaa piluvabade sigmund frayid 20va sataabdapu atyanta prabhaavavantamaina saastravettalalo okaru. roogi mariyu manasika vislaeshakudi madhya sambhaashana dwara manasikavyadhi chikitsaku oka clinical paddhati ayina manasika vislaeshanhanu srushtinchadamlo, freed uchita anubandham yokka upayogam vanti chikitsa paddhatulanu abhivruddhi chesi, badileeni kanugoni, vislaeshanhaatmaka prakriyaloo daani pradhana paatranu sthaapinchaadu. laingikata yokka punarnirvacanam daani shishu roopaalanu chaerchadaaniki frayid yokka eedipas complexenu manasika vislaeshanhaatmaka siddhaantam yokka kendra siddhaantamgaa roopondinchadaaniki daariteesindi. korika-neraverpulugaa kalalanu ayana vislaeshanha cheyadam valla rogalakshanaala nirmaanam yokka clinical vislaeshanha mariyu anachiveta yokka vidhanalu alaage manassu yokka chetana sthithulanu vichchinnam chese agencyga apasmaraka sthithi gurinchi ayana siddhaantaanni vivarinchadaaniki namuunaalanu andinchaaru. manasika prakriyalu mariyu nirmaanaalu pettubadi pettabadina mariyu srungaara jodimpulanu utpatti chese shakti, mariyu punaraavrutam, dvesham, dookudu mariyu naraala aparaadhaaniki muulam ayina marana prerana, kaamashakti unikini frayid pratipaadinchaadu.
ganita shaastravetta, bhouthika shaastravetta ayina zaan vaan neuman, ganitam, kriyaatmaka vislaeshanha, ergodic siddhaantam, jyaamiti, topology, sankhya vislaeshanha, quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics mariyu game siddhaantam vanti aneka rangaalaku pradhana sahakaram andinchaaru. computing mariyu computer abhivruddhitho kooda oka pradhana panigaa chesina ayana, vaan neuman architecture anae computer nirmaanaanni suuchimchi, vivarinchaadu mariyu leanier prograaming, selph-replicating mesheenlu, yaadruchchika computing mariyu ganaamkaalapai panicheesaadu. emmy nother nairoopya beejaganitam mariyu saiddhaantika bhouthika saastraaniki aame chesina adbhutamaina krushiki prasiddhi chendina prabhaavavantamaina ganita shaastravetta. ganita charitralo atyanta mukhyamaina mahilagaa aneka mandhi pramukha saastravettalu varninchina aame, valayalu, kshetraalu mariyu algibras siddhaantaalalo viplavaatmaka maarpulu teesukuvacchaaru. bhouthika saastramlo, nothers siddhaantam samaruupata mariyu parirakshana chattaala madhya praathamika sambandhaanni vivaristundi.
marinta visaeshamaina sahakaarulalo heinrich heartz mariyu steven weinberg vidyudayaskaantamlo unnaaru; carle sagan, athani rachanalu sukruni adhika uparitala ushnogratala aavishkaranaku kendramgaa unnaayi mariyu grahaantara jeevitam yokka shaastreeya parisoedhanaku ayana chesina krushiki prasiddhi chendaayi; felix hasdorf (topology vyavasthaapakudu); edward whitten (m-siddhaantam); vaitee zinsburg mariyu levou (zinsburg-landou siddhaantam); yakir aharonv (aharonov-boam prabhavam); boris podolsky mariyu nathan rosen (approx paradox); moshe carmeli (gaze siddhaantam). rudolph lipchitz (lipchitz konasagimpu); paal kohen (continume hypothesis, empika yokka suutram); laurent schwartz (pampinhee siddhaantam); grigori margulis (lye group); richard emm. corp (ganana siddhaantam); aadhi shamir (rsa, guudha lipi shaastram); judia perl (krutrima medhassu, beyesian network); maaks neuman (colosus computer); carle gustav jacob jacobi (jacobi elliptic functionlu, jacobian matricks mariyu determinant, jacobi simbal). sidney altman (molecular biology, rna); melvin calvin (calvin saikil); oto valach (alycyclic sammelanam); paal burg (nucleic aamlaala jeevarasaayana shaastram); adaa yonath (chrystallography, ribosome yokka nirmaanam); daan shechtman (quasicrystal); juuliyas accelroad mariyu bernard cotz (neurotransmitter); elly metnicop (macrophage yokka aavishkarana); selman waxman (streptomycin yokka aavishkarana); rosalind franklin (dna); carle digeressey (maatra); steffen jay gouled (parinaamaatmaka jeevasaastram); baruch shamuel blumberg (hepatitis virus); daan shechtman (quasicrystal); juuliyas accelroad mariyu bernard cotz (neurotransmitter); eli metnicop (macrophage yokka aavishkarana);
shaastreeya aavishkaranalu mariyu parisoedhanalatoe paatu, yoodulu jabita cheyabadina namuunaala vanti aneka rangaalalo gananeeyamaina mariyu prabhaavavantamaina aavishkaranalanu srushtinchaaruh 
seagfried marcus-modati kaaru aavishkarta, automobile maargadarsakudu; disk record phonograph developer emile berliner; maig aircraft yokka saha-aavishkarta mikhail gurevich; lazer yokka aavishkarta theodor maiman; televisionla kosam wireless remot controll yokka aavishkarta robbert adler; edwin hetch. land-land camera aavishkarta; bob cohn-tcp mariyu aipi aavishkarta; bram kohen-bittorrent srushtikarta; sergi brin mariyu laurie pages-google srushtikartalu; laaslo bio-baall point penn; simcha blass-drip irrigation; lii felsenstein-osborne 1 designer; jeev suraski mariyu aandii guttmans php saha-srushtikartalu mariyu gend technologyla vyavasthaapakulu; ralf hetch. bair, "veediyo games yokka tandri".
saahityam mariyu kavitvam.
yoodula saandrata ekkuvagaa unna konni pradaesaalaloo, vibhina loukika yoodula upa samskrutulu udbhavinchaayi. udaaharanaku, 19va sataabdam chivaralo vienna, austria ledhaa 50 samvatsaraala taruvaata newyork nagaram (mariyu 20va sataabdam madhyalo laas angels) yokka saahitya mariyu kalaatmaka jeevitamlo jaathi yoodulu apaaramaina nishpattini yerparuchukunnaru. eee srujanaatmaka yoodulalo chaalaa mandhi mukhyamgaa mataparamaina vyaktulu kaadu. saadhaaranamgaa, vividha kalalalo yoodula kalaatmaka samskruti vaaru nivasinchina samskrutini pratibimbistumdi.
loukika yoodula samskruti yokka saahitya mariyu naatakeeya vyakteekaranalu pratyaekamgaa hebru, yiddish, judo-tott ledhaa ladino vanti yoodula bhaashalalo undavacchu ledhaa idhi aanglam ledhaa german vanti chuttupakkala samskrutula bhaashalo undavacchu. 19va sataabdamloo yeddish bhaashalo loukika saahityam mariyu naataka rangam ekkuvagaa praarambhamaindi mariyu 20va sataabdam madhya natiki ksheeninchindi. praardhanalo upayoginchaleni hebru punaruddharana anedi 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo jarigina oka drugvishayam, idhi geonismtho daggari sambandham kaligi undhi. ijrayello hebru vadakam kakunda, oka yoodu samajam oka yoodu bhashanu matladutunda ledhaa daani pradhana upanyaasa vahanamga yoodu ledhaa naan-jewish bhashanu matladutunda anedi saadhaaranamgaa aaa samajam entha viviktamgaa ledhaa kalisipoyindane daanipai aadharapadi untundi. udaaharanaku, 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo polland yokka shtettles mariyu newyork nagaramloni diguva thoorpu vaipuna unna yoodulu chaalaa saarlu yiddish matladevaru, ayithe 19va mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo germanylo vileenam cheyabadina yoodulu german matladevaru, mariyu united stateslo americalo janminchina yoodulu inglish matladataru.
yoodu rachayitalu iddaroo oka pratyaekamaina yoodu saahityaanni srushtinchaaru mariyu vaaru nivasistunna aneka deshaala jaateeya saahityaaniki dohadapaddaru. khachitamgaa loukikamainadi kaanappatikee, sholem alichem (dheeni sekarinchina rachanalu 28 samputaalu) mariyu isak bashevis gayakudu (1978 nobel bahumati vijaeta) vanti rachayitala yiddish rachanalu, thoorpu airopa mariyu america rendintiloonuu yoodula anubhavampai drushti saarinchi, vaari swantha kaanannu yerparustaayi. united stateslo, phillip roth, soul bello mariyu aneka itara yoodu rachayitalu goppa american rachayithalalo okarigaa pariganinchabaddaaru mariyu vaari aneka rachanalalo spashtamaina loukika yoodu drukpathaanni ponduparichaaru. allen ginsburg kavitvam tarachugaa yoodula itivruttaalanu (mukhyamgaa "houl" mariyu "kadish" vanti prarambha sweeyacharitra rachanalu) taakutundi. prapancha saahityaaniki krushi chesina itara prasiddha yoodu rachayithalalo heinrich haine, german kavi, mordecoy ritch larr, kenadian rachayita, isak babel, russian rachayita, franz kafka, off prague mariyu harry mullisk unnaaru, vaari navala "dhi discovery off heaven" 2007 pole dwara "atyuttama dutch pustakam" gaa velladaindi.
aadhunika judaism oka oxford guide" loe, tell aviv vishwavidhyaalayamlo soundaryam mariyu vakchaturya professor mariyu jerusalemlo judaism samskruti kosam meater kalaasaala vyavasthaapakudu mariyu vidya director ayina yakov malkin ilaa vraasaaru
loukika yoodula samskruti, vaaru srushtinchabadina takshana saamaajika-saamskrutika sandarbhaaniki minchi jeevinche rachanalu, soundarya aanandam mariyu yoodulu mariyu yoodulu kaani vaaru panchukunna aalochanala mulaluga kaalapareekshaga nilichina saahitya rachanalanu sweekaristundi. vaatilo sholem alichem, itjik manger, isak bashevis gayakudu, phillip roth, soul bello, ess vanti yoodu rachayitala rachanalu unnaayi.vai. agnon, isak babel, martin bubar, isaiah berlin, haim nahman bialic, yehuda amichai, amos oj, eah.bii. yehoshuva, mariyu david grossman. idhi paaschaatya samskruti, yoodula samskruti, veetilo heinrich haine, gustav mahler, leonard bernstein, maark chagal, jacob epstein, benn shaan, amedio modigliani, franz kafka, maaks reinhardt (goldman), ernst lubits mariyu vudii allen vanti vaatipai gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chuupina kalakhandalanu kaligi undhi.
itara pramukha sahayakulu "foundation syries" rachayita isak asimov mariyu "ii, robot", "nitefall" mariyu "devatalu tamanu taamu"; joseph heller ("catch-22"); r.ell. stein ("goosebumps" syries); zhe. dii. salinger ("railo catcher"); maikhel chaaban ("kavalir & clay yokka adbhutamaina saahasakrutyaalu", "yiddish pooliisula union"); marcel proust ("kolpoyina samayam kosam vetakadam"); orther miller ("ammakandaarudi maranam" mariyu "crucible"); will isner ("devunito oppandam"); shell sylverstein ("chettu ivvadam"); orther coastler ("madhyahnam cheekati", "padamuudava tega"); soul bello ("herzog"); chaaritraka navala syries "saapam raajulu" georg aarr. aarr. martin yokka "eah sang off ice und fair" navalalu.
saahityamlo nobel bahumati graheetallo 13 saatam mandhi yoodulu ledhaa unnaaru.
yoodu saahityamlo maroka amsam naitikata, dheenini musar saahityam antaaru. eee saahityaanni mataparamaina mariyu loukika rachayitalu rachinchaaru.
yoodula charitraloni vividha yugaalalo vividha kavulu hebru kavitvaanni vyaktam chesaaru. baibil kavitvam baibil kaalamlooni kavitvaaniki sambandhinchinadi, idhi hibru baibil mariyu yoodula pavitra grandhaalalo vyakteekarinchabadindi. madhyayuga kaalamlo yoodula kavitvaanni pradhanamgaa piyutim mariyu yehuda halevi, shamyul ibn nagrilla, solaman ibn gabirol, moses ibn izra, abraham ibn izra mariyu dunash benn labrat vanti aneka mandhi kavulu vyaktam chesaaru. aadhunika hebru kavitvam ekkuvagaa hebru bhasha punaruddharana yuganiki sambandhinchinadi, haskala yugamlo moshe chaim luzatto maargadarsakatvam vahinchaaru mariyu hayeem nahman bialic, nathan alterman mariyu shaal chernichovsky vanti kavulu vijayam saadhinchaaru. 
theatre.
yiddish theatre.
ukrainian yoodu abraham goldfathen 1876loe romanialoni iyaasilo modati professional yiddish-bhasha naataka brundaanni sthaapinchaadu. marusati samvatsaram, athani brundam roman bhaashalo apaaramaina vijayanni saadhinchindi. 
atyanta priyamaina. oka dasaabdamloo, goldfaden mariyu itarulu ukrain, russia, polland, germany, newyork nagaram mariyu gananeeyamaina ashkenazik janabha unna itara nagaralaku yiddish theatres teesukuvacchaaru. 1890 mariyu 1940 madhya, newyork nagaramlo, yiddish theatre jillaalo matrame dozenuku paiga yiddish theatre groupulu unikilo unnaayi, ivi asalu natakalu, sangeethaalu mariyu naataka rachanalu mariyu opera yokka yiddish anuvaadaalanu pradarsinchaayi. bahusha yiddish bhasha natakalalo atyanta prasiddhamainadi "dhi dibbook" (1919) bye ess. ansky.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo newyorkloni yiddish theatre parimaanamlo aangla bhasha theatreku poteegaa nilichindi mariyu tarachugaa naanhyathalo daanini adhigaminchindi. 1925loe vacchina "newyork times" vyaasam vyaakhyalu,.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru.yiddish theatre.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. ippudu sthiramaina american samstha mariyu thoorpu airopa nundi valasalapai aadhaarapadadu. yiddish matlade ledhaa vraayalaeni vyaktulu yiddish vedika pradarsanalaku haajaravutaaru mariyu rendava avenuelo vistruta dharalanu chellistaaru."eee vyaasam aaa samayamlo newyork yoodula saamskrutika jeevitam yokka itara amsaalanu kooda prastaavinchindi, vaatilo aaa samayamlo vistrutamaina newyork yiddish bhasha patrikalo edu dinapatrikalu undevi.
vaastavaaniki, ayithe, taruvaati taram american yoodulu pradhanamgaa yiddishnu minahayinchi aanglamlo matladaru; vaaru yiddish theatre yokka kalaatmaka saktini american theatrical pradhana sravantiloki teesukuvacchaaru, conny saadhaaranamgaa takkuva nirdishtamgaa yoodu roopamlo.
soloman mikhoyals darsakatvam vahinchina yiddish theatre, mukhyamgaa masco state jewish theatre, 1948loe yoodula patla prabhutva vidhananni stallin tippikotte varaku soviet union yokka kalala drushyamlo kooda pramukha paatra pooshinchindi. (muulaalu laeni cosmopolitan, hatya cheyabadina kavula raatri chudandi.)
montrial yokka dora german yiddish theatre 50 samvatsaraala pradarsana tarvaata abhivruddhi chendutune undhi.
european theatre.
vaari vimukti nundi rendava prapancha yuddham varaku, yoodulu chaalaa churukuga unnaaru mariyu konnisaarlu european theatre yokka konni roopaalalo kooda aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru, mariyu holocast taruvaata chaalaa mandhi yoodulu aaa saamskrutika roopaanni konasaaginchaaru. udaaharanaku, naajeeki mundu germanylo, neetsche adigina "neti manchi natudu yoodudu kaadu?", natana, darsakatvam mariyu rachana sthaanaalanu tarachugaa yoodulu nimpevaaru. macadonald mariyu yoodula girijana sameeksha rendoo saadhaaranamgaa yoodula vyatiraeka mulaluga pariganinchabadataayi, conny vaari vaastava vaadanalaloo sahetukamgaa jagrattagaa untaayi. "imperial berlinlo, yoodu kalaakaarulu pradarsana kalalalo mundanjalo kanipinchaaru, unnata natakam nundi cabarey mariyu review vanti marinta prajaadarana pondina roopaala varaku, chivariki chalanachitram. yoodu prekshakulu taamu chusina vaatini amodinchara ledhaa anae daanitoe sambandham lekunda vinootna rangasthalaanni pooshinchaaru."british charitrakaarudu paal johnson, finn dii seeklelo european samskrutiki yoodula sahakaarampai vyaakhyaanistuu, ilaa vraasaaru
yoodula prabhavam ekkuvagaa unna praantam theatre, mukhyamgaa berlinlo. carle sternheim, orther snitzler, ernst toller, erwin piscator, walter hassenclaver, ferenk molnar mariyu carle juckmayer vanti naataka rachayitalu mariyu maaks reinhardt vanti prabhaavavantamaina nirmaatalu vedikapai aadhipatyam chelaayinchadaaniki konnisaarlu kanipinchaaru, ivi aadhunika vamapaksha, republican anukuula, prayogaatmaka mariyu laingika saahasopetamainavigaa undevi. conny adhi khachitamgaa viplavaatmakamainadi kaadu, mariyu adhi yoodula kante viswajaneenamainadi.
yoodulu kooda austria, britton, france mariyu russialo (aaa deshaala jaateeya bhaashalalo) natakalu mariyu naatakaalaku bhaarii kakapoyina, ilanti rachanalu chesaaru. vienna, paris mariyu german nagaraalloni yoodulu cabarey vyakteekaranaku oka prasiddha mariyu prabhaavavantamaina maargamgaa kanugonnaru, endukante weamer republicklo german cabarey "ekkuvagaa yoodula kalaaruupam". madhya european natakasalalo yoodula prameyam naajeela perugudala mariyu saamskrutika sthaavaraala nundi yoodulanu prakshaalana chese samayamlo nilipiveyabadindi, ayinappatikee chaalaa mandhi paschima airopa ledhaa united statesku valasa vacchi akkada pani konasaaginchaaru.
aangla bhasha naatakasaala.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo newyork yokka saktivantamaina yiddish naataka jilla sampradaayaalu pootii paduthuu, visaala maargamloki pravesinchaayi. aanglam matlade naatakamlo yoodu valasadaarulu airopa nundi naatakeeya vaastavika udyamam mariyu constantine stanislavsky yokka tatvasaastram vanti navala naataka aalochanalanu teesukuvacchaaru, dheeni bodhanalu yiddish naataka-sikshana pondina natana siddhaantakarta stella adler vanti aneka yoodu-american natana upaadhyaayulanu prabhaavitam chestaayi. yoodula valasadaarulu sangeeta naataka sailini mariyu americalo naataka vinodam yokka munupati roopaalanu srushtinchadamlo mariyu abhivruddhi cheyadamlo keelaka paatra pooshinchaaru, mariyu kotta, vilakshanhamaina american, kalaa roopam, broadway sangeetaanni aavishkarinchaaru. 
brandies vishwavidyaalaya professor stephen zhe. whitefield ilaa vyakhyaaninchaadu, "tera venuka kante, vedika venuka unna pratibha ardha sataabdaaniki paiga vaastavamgaa oka jaathi samuuham yokka guttadhipatyam. adhi.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. yoodula samskruti madhyalo visaala marganni gurtinche [a] lakshanam. newyork vishwavidyaalayam professor laurence maslan matladutu "yoodulu lekunda american sangeetamu undadu.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. jaz meeda nallajati sangeetakaarula prabhaavaaniki vaari prabhavam paryavasanamga undhi; eee roopamlo entha mandhi yoodulu palgonnaro anthe unnaaru. gerom carrene vanti itara rachayitalu, sangeeta natakalu mariyu itara american vinoda roopaalu yoodu-americanla sahakaaraaniki pratyaekamgaa runapadi unnayani paerkonnaaru, endukante "hasyanatulu, gassip colomistlu, paatala rachayitalu mariyu gayakula" asiatic gumpu "lekunda aadhunika broadway undakapovachhu, adhi diguva thoorpu vaipu ayina, harlem (idhi nallatidi kaavadaaniki mundu oka yoodu ghetto), neurk ledhaa washington, dii.sii."adevidhamgaa, clezmare company director aaron kulaa vislaeshanhaloo,
anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru.yoodula anubhavam ellappuduu sangeetam dwara uttamamgaa vyakteekarinchabadindi, mariyu broadway ellappuduu yoodu-american anubhavamlo antarbhaagamgaa undhi.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. thedaa emitante, theatre, opera, symphany, ballet, publishing companylu, gayaka brundaalu, yoodula samaajamandiraalu mariyu marinni vanti vistruta shreni kalaatmaka kaaryakalaapaalato kuudina oka antahvishaya rahadaarini chaerchadaaniki "yoodula broadway" yokka nirvachananni vistarinchavacchu. eee saktivantamaina prakruti drushyam yoodu-american kalakarudi jeevitam, samayalu mariyu srujanaatmaka phalitaanni pratibimbistumdi.
19va mariyu 20va sataabdaala praarambhamlo european operetta, sangeethaaniki puurvagaami, tarachugaa paal abraham, leo austure, edmond isler, leo phaal, bruno granichstedden, jackwess offbatch, emerich kalman, sigmund romberg, ascar strass mariyu rudolph friml vanti yoodu swarakartala rachanalanu kaligi undhi; taruvaati naluguru chivariki united statesku velli newyork vedikapai vaari rachanalanu roopondinchaaru. bijet yokka "carmen" (saraina operetta kaadu, conny munupati opera comic roopam yokka pani) kosam libretistulalo okaru yoodu ludovic halevi, tental halevi nundi swarakarta yokka menakodalu (bijet swayamgaa yoodudu kaadu, conny athanu pedda halevi kumartenu vivaham chesukunnadu, athanu kraistava matamloki maarina yoodula vaarasudani chaalaa mandhi anumanincharu, itarulu athani sangeetamlo yoodu-dhwaninche viramalanu gamaninchaaru). viennies libretist victor leone yoodu swarakartalu mariyu rachayitala sambandhaanni operetta roopamtho sangrahinchaaduh "operetta kosam prekshakulu kanneellatho navvalanukuntunnaru-mariyu jerusalem naasanam ayinappati nundi gatha rendu vaela samvatsaraalugaa yoodulu sarigga adhe chestunnaru". sangeeta naatakaala parinaamamlo maroe amsam voudeville, mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo eee roopaanni yoodu hasyanatulu mariyu jaak bennie, funny brais, eddie contor, marks brothers, annah holded, all jolson, mollie pican, sophi tucker mariyu edd winn vanti natulu anveshinchi vistarinchaaru. broad vae reviewlu mariyu ilanti vinodaala dwara guttadhipatyam pondina kaalamlo, yoodu nirmaata florenz ziegfeld thana moorkhatvamtho theatrical sannivesamlo aadhipatyam chelaayinchaadu.
1910 natiki yoodulu (vaarilo ekkuva mandhi thoorpu airopa nundi valasa vachinavaaru) appatike newyork nagara janabhalo naaluginta oka vanthu mandhi unnaaru, mariyu daadaapu ventane yoodu kalaakaarulu mariyu medhaavulu aaa nagaram yokka saamskrutika jeevitampai, mariyu kalakramena, desham mottampai tama prabhavanni chuupadam praarambhinchaaru. adevidhamgaa, aadhunika sangeetaanni operetta, munupati american vinodam mariyu african-american samskruti mariyu sangeetam, alaage yoodu samskruti mariyu sangeetam yokka kalayikaga uttamamgaa varninchagaliginappatiki, modati "book musicals" yokka vaastava rachayitalu yoodu gerom kern, ascar hammerstein II, georg mariyu iraa gershwin, georg ess. kaufman mariyu morrie riskind. aaa samayam nundi 1980la varaku vijayavantamaina sangeeta rangasthala swarakartalu, paatala rachayitalu mariyu pustaka rachayithalalo ekkuva mandhi yoodulu (oka mukhyamaina minahaayimpu protestant cole porter, athanu broad vae meeda antha vijayavantam kaavadaaniki kaaranam athanu "yoodu sangeetam" anie piliche daanini vraasaadani angeekarinchaadu). rodders mariyu hammerstein, fraank loser, learner mariyu love, steffen sondhim, leonard bernstein, steffen schwartz, conder mariyu ebb mariyu dozenla koddi itarulu sangeeta naatakaala "swarna yugam" loe yoodulu. 1947loe uttama original score kosam toney avaardu sthaapinchabadinappati nundi, sumaru 70 saatam nominated skorlu mariyu 60 saatam vijaeta skorlu yoodu swarakartalache cheyabaddaayi. paschima chivara mariyu broadway rendintiloonuu vijayavantamaina british mariyu french sangeeta rachayithalalo, cloude-maikhel sconberg mariyu lionel bart itarulalo yoodulu.
yoodula swarakartalu mariyu naataka rachayitala sangeethaaniki unna anubandhaaniki oka vivarana emitante, "saampradaaya yoodula mataparamaina sangeetaanni tarachugaa oke gayakudu, oka cantor nadipinchagaa, kraistavulu brunda gayananni nokki chepparu."
eee rachayithalalo chaalaa mandhi eee sangeetaanni sameekaranam, samaajamlo bayati vyaktula angeekaaram, united stateslo jaathi paristhiti, pattudala dwara addamkulanu adhigaminchadam mariyu saadhaaranamgaa yoodu americanlu mariyu paaschaatya yoodulaku sambandhinchina itara amsaalanu anveshinchadaaniki upayoginchaaru, tarachugaa eee amsaanni telusukovadaaniki suukshmamaina mariyu maaruveshamlo unna kathalanu upayogistaaru. udaaharanaku, kern, rodders, hammerstein, gershwins, harrold arlen mariyu yip harberg, minorityla saamaajika sahanam saadhaaraneekarinchadaaniki mariyu jaathi samarasyanni prothsahinchadaaniki sangeeta mariyu operaalanu raasaaru; eee rachanalalo "show boat", "porgi mariyu bess", "finian yokka indradhanassu", "dakshina pasiphik" mariyu "dhi king und ii" unnaayi. swarnayugam mugimpulo, rachayitalu kooda "paikappupai fiddler" mariyu "rogs" vanti yoodula vishayalanu mariyu samasyalanu bahirangamgaa mariyu bahirangamgaa parishkarinchadam praarambhinchaaru; bart yokka "blitz!"yoodulu mariyu anyajanula madhya sambandhaalanu kooda parishkaristundi. jasson robbert braun mariyu alfred uhri yokka "kavaatu" anedi yoodu vyatiraekata mariyu chaaritraka american jatyahankaram rendinti yokka sunnitamaina anveshana. eestar-passover vedukala samayamlo diguva thoorpu vaipuna "paschima vaipu katha" gaa maarina asalu bhavana sett cheyabadindi; pratyarthi mutaalu yoodulu mariyu italian kaathalikkulu ayi undaali.
pramukha yoodu nirmaatalu, darsakulu, designerlu mariyu pradarsakulalo boris aaransan, david belasco, joel gray, minscoff kutumbam, jeero mostel, joseph pop, mandy pattinkin, netherlander kutumbam, harrold prins, maaks reinhardt, gerom robbins, shubert kutumbam mariyu juulii taymore unnaaru. yoodula naataka rachayitalu kooda sangeethethara natakam mariyu rangasthalaaniki, vistruta maargam mariyu praantiiya rangasthalaaniki kooda dohadapaddaru. edna ferber, mose haart, lilian hellman, orther miller mariyu neel saiman american naataka charitralo pramukha yoodu naataka rachayithalalo kondaru matrame. pulitzer bahumatini geluchukunna natakalu mariyu sangeethaalalo sumaru 34 saatam yoodu americanlu rachinchi swaraparichaaru.
association pharr yoodu theatre anedi yoodu vishayaalatoe theaterpy drushti saarinche american mariyu antarjaateeya theatres rendintinee kaligi unna samakaaleena samstha. idhi yoodula naataka rachayitalanu chaerchadaaniki kooda vistarinchindi.
hebru mariyu izrael theatre.
mottamodati hibru bhasha natakam 1550 loe maantuvaaku chendina yoodu-italian rachayita rachinchaaru. 17va sataabdapu amsterdamlo rabbeelu mariyu kabbaalistulu konni rachanalu raasaaru, ikkada yoodulu himsa nundi saapekshamgaa vimukti pondaaru mariyu mataparamaina mariyu loukika yoodula samskrutulu rendoo abhivruddhi chendaayi. eee prarambha hebru natakalanni baibil ledhaa aadhyaatmika vishayaala gurinchi, tarachugaa talmudic upamaanaala roopamlo undevi. 19va sataabdapu airopalo vimochana anantara kaalamlo, chaalaa mandhi yoodulu shakespeare, molier mariyu shiller vanti goppa european naatakaalanu anuvadinchaaru, paatralaku yoodula paerlanu icchaaru mariyu kathaamsaanni nataru mariyu yoodula sandarbhamlo amarcharu.
ayithe, aadhunika hebru theatre mariyu drama, airopalo aadhunika hebru abhivruddhitho praarambhamaindi (modati hebru theatrical "professional performance" 1918loe mascolo jarigindi) mariyu iravayyava sataabdapu yoodula jaateeya punarujjeevana udyamamtho daggari sambandham kaligi undhi. hebru theatre prarambha samvatsaraallo daanitoe paatu vacchina chaaritraka avagahana mariyu praamukhyata daani kalaatmaka mariyu soundarya abhivruddhini nirdesinchaayi. eee sampradaayaalu tvaralo ijraayelku natabaddayi. natton alterman, hayyim nahman bialic, leh goldberg, ephraim kishon, hanoch levin, ahron megged, moshe shameer, abraham shlonsky, yehoshwa sobol mariyu eah vanti naataka rachayitalu. bii. yehoshuva hibru bhasha natakalu raasaaru. eee rachanalalo spashtamgaa saadhaaranamaina itivruttaalu holocast, arab-izrael sangharshana, yoodula yokka ardham mariyu yoodula izrael lopala samakaaleena loukika-mataparamaina udriktatalu. atyanta prasiddha hebru theatre company mariyu izrael yokka jaateeya theatre habima (hebrulo "vedika" anie ardham), idhi 1913loe lithuvenialo erpadindi mariyu 1917loe russialo tirigi sthaapinchabadindi; maroka pramukha izrael theatre company kameri theatre, idhi "izrael yokka modati mariyu pramukha repertory theatre".
judo-tott theatre.
parvata yoodula modati naatakeeya karyakramam 1903 decemberlo jarigindi, upadhyayudu mariyu geonist ayina asaf agarunov, habroo nundi anuvadinchabadina naam shoikovich kathanu pradarsinchi, "burn pharr burn" anie, paatasaala upadhyayudu nagdimuna benn simona (shimunov) vivaham gouravaartham dheenini pradarsinchaaru.
1918loe, rabbi yashayo rabinovic netrutvamloni soviet unionloni derbentlo oka drama studio praarambhinchabadindi.
1935loe, modati soviet union theatre derbentlo praarambhinchabadindi, indulo moodu brundaalu unnaayi-russian, parvata yoodulu mariyu turk. idhi manashir mariyu khanum shalumov netrutvamloni naataka vruttaalapai aadhaarapadindi. praarambhamlo, vruttamlo, purushulu stree paatralanu pooshinchaaru. taruvaata, mahilalu natakasalalo palgonadam praarambhinchaaru. 1939loe, judo-tott theatre dagestanloni theatres pandugalo vijaetagaa nilichindi.
rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo, chaalaa mandhi natulanu sainyamlo chaerchaaru. yuddhamlo chaalaa mandhi naataka natulu maraninchaaru. 1943loe, theatre daani panini tirigi praarambhinchindi, 1948loe moosiveyabadindi. adhikaarika kaaranam daani laabhaapekshalenidi.
1960laloe, theatre thana karyakalapalanu tirigi praarambhinchindi mariyu daani rendava uchchasthitilo undhi. nati, akhso iliagwavena shalumova (1909-1985), "gauravaneeya kalaakaarini dagestan assar" theatreku tirigi vachindi. aame rachayita hizgil avshalumov kathala aadhaaramgaa "(zuhuri shmi derbendi)"-shimi derbendi bhaarya-"shanugarh" paatranu pooshinchindi.
1970laloe prajala judo-tott theatre nirvahinchabadindi. chaalaa samvatsaraalu, daani darsakudu abram avdalimov, "dagestan asr yokka gauravaneeya saamskrutika kaaryakarta", gayakudu, natudu mariyu naataka rachayita. athani varasudu roman ijiyev, athani adbhutamaina sevaku arder off dhi badge off hohner labhinchindi.
1990laloe, judo-tott theatre maroka sankshobhaanni edurkondih idhi arudugaa pradarsanalu nirvahinchindi mariyu premierlu laevu. 2000loe matrame, idhi purapalaka rangasthalamgaa marinappudu, daani karyakalapalanu tirigi praarambhinchagaligindi. 2000 nundi 2002 varaku, eee naatakasaalaku natudu mariyu sangeetakaarudu rajeel semenovic illiaguve (1945-2016) naayakatvam vahinchaaru, "dagestan ganatantram yokka samskruti yokka gauravaneeya kaaryakarta."taruvaati rendu samvatsaraalu theatreku alessia isakova naayakatvam vahinchaaru.
2004loe, lev acovlevich manakhimov (1950-2021), "dagestan republic yokka gauravaneeya kalakarudu", theatre yokka kalaatmaka darsakudu ayyadu. manakhimov maranam taruvaata, boris yudev naataka rangaaniki adhipati ayyadu.
cinema.
yiddish theatre ippatikee theatre prapanchamlo oka pradhana saktigaa unna yugamlo, 100 kii paiga sinimaalu yiddishlo roopondinchabaddaayi. ippudu chaalaa mandhi poyaaru. pramukha chitraalalo "shulamit" (1931), "athani bhaarya premikudu" (1931), "aame prajala kumarte" (1932), naajii vyatiraeka chitram "dhi wandering jurie" (1933), "dhi yiddish king lear" (1934), "shir hashirim" (1935), anni kalalalo atipedda yiddish chitram hitt "yiddle mitn fiddle" (1936), "naa bidda ekkada undhi?"(1937)," "green fields" "(1937)," "debook" "(1937)," "dhi singing blocksmith" "(1938)," "tevia" "(1939)," "mirel ephros" "(1939)," "long ist derr veg" "(1948), mariyu" "gaad, myaan und deville" "(1950)".
aangla bhasha american chalanachitra parisramalo yoodu vyavasthaapakula jabita puraanamainadih shamyul goldwyn, luis bii. mayer, warner brothers, david oo. seljnik, marcus love, mariyu adolph zukor, nakka, kevalam konni paeru pettadaniki, mariyu suupar-agent maikhel ovitz, maikhel isner, lev waszerman, jeffrey cotzenberg, steven spielberg mariyu david geffen vanti parisrama diggajaalato iteevali kalalalo konasaagutundi. ayithe, veetilo konni chalanachitra kalaku ledhaa spielberg minaha, vaari vishayaala empikaku pratyaekamgaa yoodula sunnitatvaanni techhaayi. charitrakaarudu eric hobsbaum eee paristhitini eee krindi vidhamgaa vivarinchaaduh
marinta pratyaekamgaa yoodula sunnitatvaanni marks brothers, mell brooks ledhaa vudii allen chitraalalo chudavachu; hollywood chitra parisrama nundi pratyaekamgaa yoodula chitraalaku itara udaaharanalu barbra straisand vehicle "yental" (1983), ledhaa zaan frankenheimer yokka "dhi fixara" (1968). iteevala, "nannu mea paerutoe pilavandi" (2017) nuu yoodula sunnitatvamto kuudina chitraaniki udaaharanagaa ivvavacchu. eee rojullo yoodula chalanachitrotsavaalanu prapanchamlooni aneka pradhana nagarallo boston jf, shaan francisco jf, jerusalem jf modalaina vaatitho sahaa vistruta prekshakulaku ituvanti chitraalanu parichayam chese vahanaluga nirvahistunnaaru.
radeo mariyu television.
modati radeo golusulu, radeo corporation off america mariyu columbia prasaara vyavastha, yoodu-american david sarnaf mariyu vilium ess chetha srushtinchabaddaayi. paale, varusaga. eee yoodula aavishkartalu nalupu-telupu mariyu rangu televisionla modati utpattidaarulalo kooda unnaaru. americaloni yoodula valasa samajalalo 1930la nundi 1950la varaku "swarna yugam" thoo abhivruddhi chendutunna yiddish bhasha radeo kooda undhi.
united stateslo yoodula television takkuvagaa unnappatikee (jaateeya yoodula television, ekkuvagaa mataparamainadi, vaaraaniki moodu gantalu matrame prasaram chestundi), yoodulu daani prarambha rojula nundi american televisionlo nimagnamai unnaaru. side seasure mariyu milton berley nundi john nadulu, gilda rodner, mariyu aandii coffman nundi billie christal nundi jerrie seinfeld varaku, yoodula stand-up hasyanatulu american televisionku chihnaluga unnaaru. prarambha radeo mariyu televisionlo pramukha paatra pooshinchina itara yoodulu eddie contor, all jolson, jaak bennie, walter winchell mariyu david suskind. ekkuva mandhi bommalu laurie king, maikhel savage mariyu howard sturn. paal johnson vislaeshanhaloo, "broadway sangeeta, radeo mariyu tv annee yoodula pravaasa charitralo oka praathamika suutraaniki udaaharanalu yoodulu vyaparam mariyu samskrutilo puurtigaa kotta rangaanni teravadam, itara aasaktulu swaadheenam chesukovadaniki, gilled ledhaa vruttiparamaina kotalanu nirminchadaaniki mariyu vaatini pravesinchadaaniki niraakarinchadaaniki avakaasam rakamunde, vaari gurtunu yerparachukovadaniki oka" tabula rasa "."
mottamodati television paristhiti haasya chitraalalo okataina "dhi goldbergs" nuu pratyaekamgaa yoodula parisaraalalo branxlo sett chesaaru. goldbergs" yokka bahiranga yoodu vaataavaranam oka american television dharavahikaku asadhaaranamgaa unnappatikee, "brooklin bridge" (1991-1993) mariyu bridget loves berney vanti konni itara udaaharanalu unnaayi. television haasya chitraala srushtikartalu mariyu rachayithalalo kooda aabharanaalu apaaramaina paatra poeshinchaayih vudii allen, mell brooks, selma diamond, laurie gelbart, carle reiner mariyu neel saiman andaruu side seasure kosam raasaaru; reiner kumarudu rabin norman leertho kalisi "aall inn dhi family" (idhi tarachugaa yoodula vyatiraekata mariyu itara pakshapaata samasyalatho nimagnamai untundi) loe panicheesaaru; laurie david mariyu jerrie seinfeld hitt sitcom "seinfeld", "larne maikhels, all franken, rossie shuster, mariyu alon zweebel" satterday nait live "1970laloe vaividhyamaina pradarsanalo kotta jeevitaanni oopiri peelchukunnaaru.
iteevala, american yoodulu "dhi wire" mariyu "dhi sopranos" vanti "navya" television dhaaraavaahikalaku keelaka paatra pooshinchaaru. anni kaalaalaloonuu goppa television siriislaloo okatigaa prasamsalu pondina "dhi wire" nuu david saiman roopondinchaaru. saiman executive producer, head raitar mariyu show rannarga kooda panicheesaaru. mathue weiner "sopranos" yokka aidava mariyu aarava seasonlanu utpatti chesi, taruvaata "picchivaallanu" srushtinchaadu.
marinta visaeshamaina sahakarulu david benioff mariyu dii. bii. vees, "game off thrones" tv syries srushtikartalu; raan levit "vivaahita" saha srushtikarta.anie paerkonnaaru.anie paerkonnaaru. pillalatho "; dammon lindeloff mariyu zhe. zhe. abrams, "kolpoyina" saha-srushtikartalu; david crain mariyu marta coffman, "snehitula" srushtikartalu; "veerula" srushtikarta tim cring; "doctor hoo" yokka saha-srushtikarta sidney neuman; srushtikarta darren starr, "sex und dhi city" mariyu "melrose plays"; aaron spelling, "beverley hills, 90210" yokka saha-srushtikarta; chuck lorre, "bigg byaang theory" mariyu "rendunnara mandhi purushulu" yokka saha-srushtikarta; gideon raaf, "matrubhumi" aadhaaramgaa "yuddha khaideela" srushtikarta; aaron ruben mariyu sheldon leonard saha-srushtikartalu "mariyu griffith"; athanu 60 nimishala pradarsana yokka srushtikarta; athanu "shorter" yokka srushtikarta; shorter yokka saha-srushtikarta; shorter yokka saha-srushtikarta; shorter yokka saha-srushtikarta; shorter yokka saha-srushtikarta; shorter yokka saha-srushtikarta; shorter yokka saha-srushtikarta; shorter yokka saha-srushtikarta; shorter yokka saha casby show" yokka saha-srushtikarta weinberger; "deadwood" srushtikarta david milk; steven leviton, "aadhunika kutumbam" yokka saha-srushtikarta; dick thodelu, "laa & arder" srushtikarta; david shoar, srushtikarta "house"; maaks mutnik mariyu david kohan srushtikartalu "will & grays"; aadam horowitz mariyu edward kitts srushtikartalu "vans apon eah time (tv syries)". saaraa jessica parker, vilium shotner, leonard nimoy, milaa kunis, jaak ephron, hank azaria, david duchovney, fred savage, jaach broff, noah vail, aadam broady, catey sigal, saaraa maikhel gellar, alyson hannigan, maikhel trachtenberg, david schwimmer, lisa cudro mariyu mayim bialic vanti natula natanalo kooda yoodula mukhyamaina paatra undhi.
sangeetam.
yoodula sangeeta rachanalu kooda yoodulu nivasinche deshaala samskrutulanu pratibimbistaayi, atyanta mukhyamaina udaaharanalu united states mariyu airopalo shaastreeya mariyu prajaadarana pondina sangeetam. ayithe, konni sangeetam, izrael sangeetam, izrael jaanapada sangeetam, clezmare, sephardic mariyu ladino sangeetam mariyu mizrahi sangeetam vanti nirdishta yoodu samaajaalaku pratyekamainadi.
shaastreeya sangeetam.
vimochanaku mundu, vivahalu mariyu itara sandarbhaallo clesmorim pradarsanalu minaha, airopalo daadaapu anni yoodu sangeetam pavitra sangeetamgaa undedi. phalitamgaa 19va sataabdam varaku european shaastreeya sangeetamlo yoodula uniki lekapovadam, chaalaa takkuva minahaayimpulato, saadhaaranamgaa salamon rossie mariyu cloude duckwin (modati panini "yoodula kala sangeetam" yokka prarambhamga pariganistaaru) vanti nirdishta kuleena rakshana dwara praarambhinchabadindi. yoodulu inglaandlooni pradhana sravanti samaajamlo pravesinchina taruvaata (kramamga 17va sataabdamloo vaaru tirigi vacchina taruvaata), france, austria-hangari, german saamrajyam mariyu russia (aaa kramamlo), european sangeeta drushyaaniki yoodula sahakaram kramamga perigindi, conny pradhana sravanti european sangeetam roopamlo, pratyaekamgaa yoodu sangeetam kaadu. yoodula srungaara swarakartalaku (desham prakaram) mukhyamaina udaaharanalu charless-valentin alcon, paal ducas mariyu france nundi framental hollywey, joseph desoir, carle goldmark mariyu bohemia nundi gustav mahler (eee samayamlo chaalaa mandhi austrian jyooreelu neti austria kaani saamrajyam yokka bayati praavinsulaku chendinavi kaadu), felix mendelsone mariyu giacomo mayerbear germany nundi, mariyu russia nundi anton mariyu nikolai rubinstein. gayakulalo zaan brahmam mariyu giuditta pasta unnaaru. joseph jochim, ferdinand david, carle tousig, henry herz, leopold our, jassa hyphetz mariyu ignaz moshels vanti aneka pramukha yoodu violine mariyu pianist vertuosilu unnaaru. 20va sataabdamloo yoodula swarakartalu mariyu pramukha vaayidyakaarula sankhya perigindi, alaage vaari bhougolika pampinhee kooda perigindi. 20va sataabdapu yoodula swarakarthalalo austria nundi arnold skoenberg mariyu alegzander vaan zemlinsky, germany nundi hohns isler mariyu curt wheel, bohemia nundi victor ulman mariyu jaromir weinberger mariyu taruvaata check republic (maajee ashwitz nirmuulana shibiraalalo maraninchaadu), united states nundi georg gershwin mariyu aaron copeland, france nundi darius milhoud mariyu alegzander tansman, russia nundi alfred snitke mariyu lera ourbatch, argentine nundi laalo shrin mariyu marrio devidovsky mariyu izrael nundi paal-haim mariyu shulam shitlu unnaaru. yoodu swarakartalu anubandhinchina konni kalaa prakriyalu mariyu shaastreeya sangeetam yokka roopaalu unnaayi, mukhyamgaa srungaara kaalamlo french grand opera. eee kalaa prakriyaloo atyanta phalavantamaina swarakarthalalo giacomo mayerbear, frum dental hollywey, mariyu taruvaata jackwess offenbatch unnaaru; haalii yokka "laa joove" scrib yokka libretto meeda aadharapadi undhi, idhi yoodula anubhavamtho chaalaa vadulugaa anusandhaaninchabadi undhi.
yoodula swarakartala archestra mariyu operatic sangeeta rachanalu saadhaaranamgaa loukikamgaa pariganinchabadataayi, chaalaa mandhi yoodula (alaage naan-jewish) swarakartalu tama sangeetamlo yoodula itivruttaalu mariyu uddeshaalanu chaerchaaru. konnisaarlu idhi rahasyamgaa cheyabadutundi, clezmare byaand sangeetam vantidi, idhi chaalaa mandhi vimarsakulu mariyu pariseelakulu mahler yokka symphany nem. 1, mariyu 19va sataabdamloo eee rakamaina yoodula prastaavana chaalaa saadhaaranam, okari yoodatvaanni bahirangamgaa pradarsinchadam anedi oka yoodudi vileena avakaasaalanu debbateestundi. ayithe, 20va sataabdamloo, chaalaa mandhi yoodu swarakartalu pratyaksha yoodu suuchanalu mariyu itivruttaalato sangeetaanni raasaaru, udhaa.zii. david amram ("symphany-" aatma paatalu "), leonard bernstein (" kadish symphany "," chitchester keertanalu "), ernest bloach (" shelomo "), arnald skoenberg, marrio castelnovo-tedesco (" violine concerto nem. 2 ") curt wheel (" saasvatamaina rahadari ") mariyu hugo veesgall (" takshana pavuram yokka keertana ").
iravayyava sataabdam chivaralo, morton feldman, georjee ligeti ledhaa alfred snitte vanti pramukha swarakartalu samakaaleena sangeeta charitraku gananeeyamaina sahakaram andinchaaru.
prajaadarana pondina sangeetam.
american saampradaaya prajaadarana pondina sangeetam mariyu jaz pramaanaala yokka goppa paatala rachayitalu mariyu paatala rachayitalu pradhanamgaa yoodulu, veerilo harrold arlen, gerom kern, georg gershwin, fraank loser, richard rodgers mariyu ireving berlin unnaaru.
nrutyam.
baibil sampradaayaala nundi udbhavinchina yoodu nrutyaanni yoodulu aanandam mariyu itara mataparamaina bhavodvegala vyakteekaranaku maadhyamgaa chalakalamga upayogistunnaru. prati yoodu diasporic samajam vivaha vedukalu mariyu itara vishishta kaaryakramaala kosam daani swantha nrutya sampradaayaalanu abhivruddhi chesindi. udaaharanaku, thoorpu airopaloni ashkenazi yoodula kosam, nrutyaalu, vaati paerlu vaayinchina vividha rakaala clezmare sangeethaaniki anugunamgaa undevi, ivi shtettle vivaha vedukalo pradhaanamainavi. yoodula nrutyaalu rendoo chuttupakkala unna anyamata sampradaayaalu mariyu kalakramena samrakshinchabadina yoodula moolaalache prabhaavitamayyaayi. "ayinappatikee yoodulu tama poruguna unna jewish kaani prajala nundi chaalaa bhinnamgaa unde saareeraka vyakteekarana bhashanu abhyasinchaaru, pradhanamgaa chetulu mariyu aayudhaala kadalikala dwara, yuvakula chetulato marinta klishtamaina legg work thoo."ayithe, saadhaaranamgaa, chaalaa mataparamaina saampradaaya samajalalo, vyatiraeka lingaaniki chendina sabhyulu eee karyakramalalo kakunda itara samayaallo kalisi nrutyam cheyadam ledhaa nrutyam cheyadam patla kopam undedi.
haasyam.
yoodula haasyam anedi thoraa mariyu midrash naati judayijamlo haasyam yokka sudeergha sampradaayam, conny saadhaaranamgaa airopalo udbhavinchina iteevali moukhika, tarachugaa sweeya-avamaanakaramaina mariyu tarachugaa kathaatmaka hasyanni suuchistumdi. yoodula haasyam gatha vanda samvatsaraalugaa united stateslo muulaalanu santarinchukundi, idhi vaadevilletho praarambhamai, radeo, stand-up, film mariyu television dwara konasaagindi. gananeeyamaina sankhyalo american hasyanatulu yoodulu ledhaa unnaaru.
drushya kalalu.
sangeetam ledhaa naatakaalato poliste, drushya kalalalo pratyaekamaina yoodu sampradaayam takkuvagaa undhi. yoodula sangeetam mariyu saahityamlo gatamlo chuupinatlugaa, vimukti mundu yoodula samskruti anicanism yokka mataparamaina sampradaayam aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi, idhi chaalaa matuku aamodinchabadina kaaranam. rendava aagna "chekkina chitraalu" gaa arhata pondhe chaalaa drushya kalanu nishedhinchindani chaalaa mandhi rubbinical adhikarulu viswasinchinanduna, yoodu kalaakaarulu 18va sataabdam chivaralo praarambhamaina sammilita european samajalalo nivasinche varaku chaalaa arudugaa undevaaru. prarambha mataparamaina sanghaalu vigraharadhana prayojanaala kosam kalanu upayogistunnayane bhayalu unnappatikee, yoodula "pavitra" kala taanakhlo namodu cheyabadindi mariyu yoodula puraatana kaalam mariyu madhya yugaala antataa vistarinchindi. jerusalemloni gudaram mariyu rendu devalayalu "yoodula kala" kii mottamodati udaaharanalugaa unnaayi. saadhaarana yugam yokka modati sataabdaalaloo, yoodula matha kala kooda madhyadhara chuttoo unna siriya mariyu grease vanti praantaalalo srushtinchabadindi, veetilo yoodula godalapai kudyachitraalu unnaayi, veetilo dura europass yoodula mandiram matrame praanaalatoe bayatapadindi, 2017 loe aisil dwara daani vidhvamsamku mundu, alaage romloni yoodula samadhulu.
kaneesam puraatana kaalam chivarilo prakaasavantamaina vraatapratula yokka yoodula sampradaayam evaruu manugada saaginchaledu, conny prarambha madhyayuga kraistava kalalo teesukunna runaala nundi oohinchavachhu. taruvaati roman kaalam nundi aneka vilaasavantamaina bangaaru gaaju mukkalu yoodula muulaamsaalanu kaligi unnaayi. aneka hellenistic-shaili naela mojaayiklu kooda izrael mariyu palestinelo puraatana kaalam nundi yoodulalo tavvabaddaayi, mukhyamgaa raasichakram yokka sankethaalu, idhi neelapai takkuva-sthaayi sthithilo spashtamgaa aamodayogyamgaa undhi. naaran vanti konni, sumaru cree. sha. 600 naati jeevula chitraalaku vyatiraekamgaa pratispandanaku sakshyalanu chuuputaayi. beat shhe 'arim vadda unna guha smasaanavaatika vadda savapetika mariyu godala alankarana yoodu mariyu hellenistic muulaamsaala misramaanni chooputundi. ayithe, sumaru 700 mariyu 1100 CE madhya aneka sataabdaala kaalamlo gurtinchadagina yoodu kala yokka manugada chaalaa arudu.
madhya yugapu rabbinik mariyu cabalistic saahityamlo vachana mariyu graphic kala kooda unnaayi, veetilo chaalaa varaku prasiddhamaina prakaasavantamaina haggadaalu ayina sarajevo haggadah mariyu neuremberg mahjor vanti itara vraatapratulu unnaayi. veetilo konni yoodu kalaakaarulache mariyu konni kraistavulache chitreekarinchabaddaayi; adevidhamgaa vividha madhyamalalo kontamandi yoodu kalaakaarulu mariyu hastakalaakaarulu kraistava commissionlapy panicheesaaru. airopa velupala, yemenite yoodu vendi panivaaru daani kalaatmakataku prasamsimchabadae chakkaga tayaaru chesina vendi yokka vilakshanhamaina sailini abhivruddhi chesaaru. drushya kalalo (aneka itara kalala maadirigaa) yoodula parimita bhagaswamyam nundi european saamskrutika jeevitamlo eee saakhaloki vaari pedda udyamaaniki vacchina eee aakasmika maarpunu johnson mallii sangrahinchaaruh
mallii, yoodu kalakarudi raaka oka vintha drugvishayam. satabdaalugaa, yoodula kalalo chithreekarinchabadina aneka jantuvulu (konni maanavulu ayinappatikee) unnaayi anedi nijam, avih thoraa kartenlapai simhaalu, juda nanelapai gudlagoobalu, capernum rajadhaanulapai jantuvulu, founten anchuna unna pakshulu-tunisloni 5va sataabdamloo naaro yoodula samajamandiram; thoorpu airopalo kalapa yoodula samaajamandiraalapai chekkina jantuvulu kooda undevi-vaastavaaniki yoodula kalapa-chekkadam aadhunika yoodula plaastik kalakarudi namuunaa. 1920loe whitebsk vadda mudrinchina yiddish jaanapada-alankaaram pustakam, chagal yokka sonta pasuvula samrakshanhashaala maadirigaane undhi. conny jeevinchi unna maanava pratimanu chithreekarinchadaaniki pavitra yoodula pratighatana 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo ippatikee balamgaa undhi.
nepolian vijayaalato airopa antataa vyaapinchina vimukti kii mundu airopalo kontamandi yoodu "loukika" kalaakaarulu unnaaru. dheeniki minahaayimpulu unnaayi, mariyu salmon audler 18va sataabdapu milan loe pramukha portrait chitrakaarudu. drushya kalalalo paalgonadamlo jaapyam pantommidava sataabdam varaku european shaastreeya sangeetamlo yoodula bhagaswamyam lekapovadaanni samaantaramgaa chooputundi, idhi 20va sataabdamloo aadhunikavaadam perugudalato kramamga adhigaminchabadindi. 19va sataabdamloo chaalaa mandhi yoodu kalaakaarulu unnaaru, conny modati prapancha yuddham mugimpulo yoodu kalaatmaka karyakalapalu vruddhi chendaayi. yoodula kalaatmaka punarujjeevanaaniki 1901 aidava geonist congresslo muulaalu unnaayi, indulo yoodula kalaakaarulu mariyu kalaakaarulu unna kalaa pradarsana kooda undhi.emm. lilian mariyu herman kottaru. eee pradarsana kalanu yoodula samskruti yokka vyakteekaranagaa chattabaddham cheyadaaniki sahaayapadindi. nadin neeszawar prakaram, "1905 varaku, yoodulu ellappuduu vaari pustakaalalo munigipooyaaru, conny modati russian viplavam nundi, vaaru vimukti pondaaru, rajakeeyaalalo tamanu taamu kattubadi chesukuni kalaakaarulu ayyaru. nijamaina yoodu saamskrutika punarjanma. airopaloni aadhunika kalaatmaka udyamaalalo vyaktigata yoodulu kanipinchaaru-vivikta yoodu samajalalo nivasinchevaaru minaha, loukika yoodu samskrutiki dohadapadutunnarani ikkada jabita cheyabadina chaalaa mandhi yoodulu vaaru nivasinchina prajala samskrutulalo mariyu vaaru nivasinchina deshaalalo kooda palgonnaru. ayithe, chaalaa sandarbhaallo, eee prajala pani mariyu jeevitaalu rendu vibhina saamskrutika rangaalalo undavu, conny rendinti amsaalanu kaligi unna okadaanilo unnaayi.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo, yoodulu mukhyamgaa montpernasse udyamamlo (chaim soutain, maark chagal, jools paskin, yitzac frankel frenl mariyu maikhel kikoin sahaa), mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata nairoopya vyakteekaranavaadulalo pramukhamgaa kanipinchaaruh alegzander bogen, helen frankenthaller, adolph gottlieb, phillip guston, aall hold, lii crossner, barnet neuman, milton resnick, jaak varkav, maark rotko mariyu luis shanker, alaage samakaaleena kalaakaarulu, aadhunikavaadulu mariyu post modernistulalo. aneka mandhi russian yoodulu sundaramaina roopakalpana kalalo pramukhamgaa unnaaru, mukhyamgaa paina perkonna chagal mariyu aaronson, alaage viplavaatmaka leone buxt, itarulu kooda chithrinchinatlugaa. oka mexican yoodu kalakarudu pedro friedberg; frida kahlo tandri yoodudaa ledhaa lutheran anae daanipai charitrakaarulu vibhedistunnaru. gustav climt yoodudu kaadu, conny daadaapu athani poeshakulu mariyu athani aneka namuunaalu unnaaru. pradhana kalakarulalo chagal thana itivruttaalalo atyanta pratyaekamgaa yoodudu kaavacchu. conny kala graphic designloki masakabaaradamtho, yoodula paerlu mariyu itivruttaalu marinta pramukhamgaa marataih leonard baskin, all hirshfeld, peater maaks, benn shaan, art spiegelman mariyu soul steinberg.
chitralekhanam kakunda itara madhyamalalo kooda yoodulu chaalaa mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaaru; silpakalalo vaari prameyam taruvaata vachindi, bahusha "chekkina chitraalaku" vyatiraekamgaa unna bhaavaala kaaranamgaa. conny 19va mariyu 20va sataabdaala taruvaata moses jacob ejekil (american, dii 1917), surr jacob epstein (american-british, dii 1959), osip jadkin (french, dii 1967) naam gabo (russian, dii 1977), ascar neman (crotian, dii 1985), luis nevelson (american, dii 1988), herbert ferber (american, dii 1991) vanti aneka pramukha yoodu shilpulu unnaaru. 
photography konni mukhyamaina vyaktulu andrey kertes, robbert fraank, helmut neuton, gyaarii vinogrand, sindii sherman, steve lehmann mariyu aadhi ness; installation art mariyu streat artlo kontamandi pramukha vyaktulu sigalita lando, diday mariyu maikhal rovner.
comics, kaartoonlu mariyu animation.
comics kalalo vyakteekarinchabadinatlugaa graphic art, yoodu kalaakaarulaku kooda keelaka rangamgaa undhi. american comic pustakaala bangaaru mariyu vendi yugaalalo, yoodula paatra adhikamgaa undhi mariyu madhyamam yokka pramukha srushtikartalalo pedda sankhyalo yoodulu unnaaru.
1935loe "prasiddha funnies" anie piluvabade modati pustakaanni prachurinchinappudu aadhunika comic pustakaanni roopondinchadamlo maaks gains oka maargadarsaka vyakti. 1939loe, athanu jaak libowitz mariyu harry donenfeldlatho kalisi aall-american publications (yeae group) nuu sthaapinchaadu. eee prachurana asalu "autum, flash, green laantaru, hockman" mariyu "vandar umen" vanti aneka suuparheeroola srushtiki prasiddhi chendindi. donfeld mariyu libowitz kooda "detective comics" mariyu "action comics" pampinhee chese jaateeya anubandha prachuranala yajamaanulu. aaa samstha kooda disi comics kuu puurvagaami.
1939loe, pulp magazine prachuranakarta martin goodman sakalamlo prachuranalanu erpaatu chesaaru, 1960la nundi, idhi adbhuta kamiksuga prasiddhi chendindi. marwell loe, staan lii, jaak kirbi, laurie liber mariyu jooe saiman vanti kalaakaarulu "spider myaan, hulk, kepten america, iron myaan, thore, daredeville" mariyu jatlu "adbhutamaina naalugu, prateekaaraalu", "ex-menn" (daani aneka paatralatho sahaa) mariyu "la" latho sahaa aneka rakaala paatralu mariyu saamskrutika chihnalanu srushtinchaaru.hetch.ii.ii.ell.dii."anie paerkonnaaru. staan lii comixlo yoodula paatranu yoodula samskrutiki aapaadinchaaru.
disi comics loe yoodula paatra kooda mukhyamainadi; yoodu kalaakaarulu jooe shuster mariyu jerrie seagel srushtinchina "superman" paatra, paakshikamgaa baibil vyakti samson meeda aadharapadi undhi. superman paakshikamgaa moses mariyu itara yoodula moolakaalache prabhaavitamayyaadani kooda soochinchabadindi.
disi comixlo ekkuvagaa baab caine, bill finger mariyu martin nodel, "green laantaru, batman" srushtikartalu mariyu "rabin, joker, riddler, scarecro" mariyu "catt women" vanti aneka sambandhita paatralu; gill caine, "autum" mariyu "iron fist" yokka saha-srushtikarta.
taruvaati yugaala comics loe palgonna vaarilo chaalaa mandhi kooda yoodulu, juuliyas schwartz, jooe cubert, genet cohn, lenn wean, peater david, neel gaiman, criss claremont mariyu brian maikhel bendis vantivi. comixlo pedda sankhyalo yoodu paatralu kooda unnaayi, "magneto, quixilver, kitty pride, dhi thing, saskwatch, sabra, ragman, legian" mariyu "moone nait" vantivi, veerilo yoodula charitraloni sanghatanalu mariyu yoodula jeevitamlooni amsaalachae prabhaavitamayyaaru.
1944loe, maaks gains "ii. sii. comics" nuu sthaapinchaaru. eee samstha 1940la nundi 1950la madhyakaalam varaku bhayanaka kalpana, naera kalpana, vyangya, sainika kalpana mariyu vignaana kalpanalo pratyekata kaligi undhi, mukhyamgaa "rahasya kathala nundi kathalu" syries, "bhayam yokka ventade", "bhayanaka walt", "naera suspenstorylu" mariyu "shock suspenstorylu". prachuranakarthatho anubandham unna yoodu kalakarulalo all feldstein, dave burg mariyu jaak camen unnaaru.
will isner oka american cartoonist mariyu american comic book parisramalo panichesina toli cartoonistulalo okarigaa prasiddhi chendaaru. athanu "spirit" comics syries mariyu graphic navala "devunito oppandam" srushtikarta. eesnar avaarduku ayana gouravaartham paeru pettaru, mariyu prati samvatsaram comics maadhyamamlo saadhinchina vijayaalanu gurtinchadaaniki ivvabadutundi.
1952loe, vilium gains mariyu harway curtzmann oka american haasyam patrika "myaad" nuu sthaapinchaaru. idhi vistrutamgaa anukarinchabadindi mariyu prabhaavavantamgaa undhi, idhi vyangya maadhyamaalanu alaage 20va sataabdapu saamskrutika prakruti drushyaanni prabhaavitam chesindi, editor all feldstein daani 1970la circulation garishta samayamlo paatakula sankhyanu rendu millionlaku penchaaru. itara prasiddha cartoonistulu lii phaak srushtikarta "fantum" mariyu "mandrake dhi manjitian"; maikhel netzer yokka hebru comics yoori-aann srushtikarta mariyu yoori fink srushtikarta jibeng!vilium steag, "shrek!" srushtikarta"; daniel cloves," "enimidi bantula" "srushtikarta; graphic navala" "mouse" "mariyu" "mudi" "(francois mouleetho) kalaatmaka spiegelman srushtikarta".
animationlo, yoodula animatorla paatranu chaalaa mandhi vyaktam chestaru gendy tartakovsky "dextors laboratory" mariyu "samuray jaak" vanti aneka animation tv sireesla srushtikarta; "south park" yokka mott stone koo-srushtikarta; "bambi" mariyu "snow white und dhi seven dwarfs" nuu animate cheyadaaniki sahayapadina david hilberman; friz freleng, "luney tunes"; sii. hetch. greenblatt, "chouder"; mariyu "harway beaks"; ralf bakshi, "fritz dhi catt, wizards, dhi lard off dhi rings, heavy traaphik, koonskin, hay good look ', fair und ice, mariyu" coole varald "; alex hirsh, gravity falls srushtikarta; dave fleesher mariyu luu fleesher," fleesher studiolu "vyavasthaapakulu; maaks fleesher," betty boop "," poppy "mariyu" superman "yokka animation; rebecca shugarh, steven viswam yokka srushtikarta. animationnu utpatti chese aneka companylu yoodulache sthaapinchabaddaayi, "dreamworks" vantivi, daani utpattulalo "shrek, madagaskar, kung phuu panda" mariyu "dhi prins off eejipt" unnaayi; "warner brose".", dheeni animation vibhagam" luney tyoonlu, chinna toon adventures, animaniax, pinky und dhi brain "mariyu" freekazoid! "vanti kaartoonlaku prasiddhi chendindi."anie annaru.
vantakaalu.
yoodula vantalo madhya thoorpu, madhyadhara, spanish, german mariyu thoorpu european vanta sailulatoe sahaa aneka samskrutula aaharaanni militam chestundi, ivanni aaharaanni kosher cheyavalasina avasaram dwara prabhaavitamayyaayi. anduvalla, bagels, hummus, stuffed cabage mariyu blints vanti "yoodula" aaharaalu anni itara samskrutula nundi vachayi. eee aaharaala sammelanam, alaage tigimis, collent, jephilet chepalu mariyu matza bantulu vanti pratyaekamaina yoodula sahakaram yoodula vantakaalanu tayaaru chestaayi.
philo-semitism.
philo-semitism ("tatvasaastram" anie kooda pilustaaru) ledhaa "judophilia" anedi yoodula patla, vaari charitra, vaari samskruti mariyu yoodula prabhavam, mukhyamgaa oka anyamatam yokka bhaagamlo aasakti, gowravam mariyu prasamsa. yoodula samaajamlo, philo-semitism anedi yoodula samskruti patla aasakti mariyu yoodulagaa pariganinchabade vastuvula patla premanu kaligi untundi.
thoorpu asea deshaalalo chaalaa takkuva mandhi yoodulu nivasistunnaaru, conny rendava prapancha yuddha samayamlo vaari bhaagaswaamya yuddha anubhavaala kaaranamgaa, vaarilo kondarini mukhyamgaa saanukuula konamlo chuustaaru. dakshina korea mariyu chaina udaaharanalu. saadhaaranamgaa, yoodulu telivainavaaru, vyapara avagahana kaliginavaaru mariyu kutumba viluvalu mariyu baadhyatalaku kattubadi unnatlu sanukoolamgaa muusagaa bhaavistaaru, conny paaschaatya prapanchamlo, paina perkonna rendu moosapothalalo modatidi tarachugaa mosapurita mariyu duraasaku pratikuulamgaa ardham chesukunna samaanamainavi. dakshina korea praathamika paatasaalallo, vidyaarthulu talmud chadavavalasi untundi.

