
italmens

itelmens (itelmen итонмон,) rashyaalooni kamchataka dveepakalpamloni oka sthaanika jaathi samuuham. itelmen bhasha chukchi mariyu koryakto suduuramgaa sambandham kaligi undhi, idhi chukotko-kamchatkan bhasha kutumbaanni yerparustundi, conny idhi ippudu vaastavamgaa antarinchipoyindi, ekkuva mandhi itelmen jaathi vaaru russian bhashanu matlade sthaanikulu. eah. pii. volodine itelmen bhasha yokka vyaakaranaanni prachurinchaaru.
samishtiga kaamchadallu anie piluvabade kamchatka (itelmen, ainu, koryaklu mariyu chuwans) sthaanika prajalu, 18va sataabdamloo cosac vijayam dwara naasanam kaavadaaniki mundu dveepakalpamlo nivasinche yaabhai vaela mandhi sthaanikulatho gananeeyamaina vaetagaadu mariyu matsyakaara samajanni kaligi unnaaru. sthaanikulu mariyu kosakla madhya entha antagaa vivaham jarigindi antey "kamchadal" ippudu majority mishrama janabhanu suuchistumdi, ayithe "itelmens" anae padam itelman bhashanu nirantaram matladevariki ketayinchabadindi. 1993 natiki, bhasha matlade 100 kante takkuva mandhi vruddhulu migilipoyaru, conny 1989 janabha lekkala prakaram sumaru 2,400 mandhi prajalu tamanu taamu jaathi matasthulugaa bhaavinchaaru. 2002 natiki, eee sankhya 3,180kii perigindi, mariyu bhashanu punaruddharinche prayatnaalu jarugutunnaayi. 2010 janabha lekkala prakaram, russialo 3,193 italmenlu unnaaru.
itelmens pradhanamgaa dveepakalpam madhyalo kamchataka nadhi loyalo nivasinchaaru. vileenam kaavadaaniki mundu itelmenlanu vivarinche konni moolaalalo okati georg wilhelm steller, athanu thana goppa uttara dandayaatralo (kaamchatkaaku rendava dandayaatra) vitus baringto kalisi unnadu.
puurva-vijayavantamaina italmen samajam.
graama nirmaanam.
kamchatka dveepakalpamloni vividha nadula venta itelmenlu sthirapaddaaru. dveepakalpaaniki modati kosaklu vacchina samayamlo, 1650la praarambhamlo, 200 nundi 300 mandhi nivaasitula madhya gramalu undevi, 1744loe steller khaataa kuurpu samayaniki eee sankhya 40 ledhaa 50kii taggindi. prati graamam oke pitruswamya gruham chuttoo kendrikrutamai undedi. saadhaaranamgaa, vivaham korukune yuvakulu tama bhaarya graamamlo cheraaru. oka graamam tananu taanu nilabettukodaniki chaalaa peddadigaa marinappudu, adhi vibhajinchabadindi mariyu graamastulalo kontha bhaagam adhe nadhi venta maroka chota oka sthaavaraanni srushtistundi. steller nadhi nundi nadiki maandalikaala yokka goppa vaividhyaanni vivaristaadu, endukante itelmenlu pradhanamgaa nadini panchukune samaajaalato communicate chesevaaru.
italmen illu.
vesavi mariyu sheethaakaalaalo itelmens ververu illalo nivasinchevaaru. november nundi janavasalu unde siitaakaalapu illu, oka deerghachaturasram aakaaramlo mattiloo tavvabadindi. lopali bhaagamlo thema chochukupokunda nirodhinchadaaniki godalu karralu mariyu gadditho kappabaddayi. nivaasam madhyalo unna naalugu kiranaalu inti paikappuku maddatu icchaayi, daanipai teppalu veyabaddaayi, idhi matti godalaku matti paibhaganni kaluputundi. chekka teppala paina, sumaruga gaddini veyabadindi, daani paina tavvina murikini unchi, stamp cheyabadindi. naalugu stambhaala oka vaipuku, rendu kiranaala maddatutoe, poga randhram mariyu pravesha dwaaramgaa upayoginche oka dwaaram. poyyiki edurugaa, vaaru nadini edurkontunna bayati vaipu oka marganni nirminchaaru, idhi mantalu veliginchinappudu matrame terichi unchabadindi. vividha nidra gruhalanu kalapa mukkalatho vaeru chesaaru, veetipai gaddi chapalu mariyu raine deer ledhaa seal tokkalanu manchamgaa upayoginchaaru.
vesavi nelallo, itelmenlu "pem" ledhaa "pemmy" anie piluvabade ettaina illalo nivasistaaru. vesavilo naela karigipovadamto, siitaakaalapu illa antastulu varadalu modalayyayi. vesavi nelallo, graamamlo prati kutumbam sheethaakaalamlo maadirigaa pedda intini panchukoovataaniki badulugaa vaari swantha intlo nivasinchevaaru. eee ettaina gruhalu, ledhaa kosaklu piliche "balaganlu", ettaina platformlapy pyramidlu, dakshina mariyu uttara vaipu oka talupu. vaataavaranam yokka teevramaina thema kaaranamgaa podi nilva kosam illanu penchadam avasaram. chaalaa gramalalo, vesavi mariyu sheethaakaala gruhaalato paatu, neelapai nirminchina gaddipotlu undevi, veetini vanta aaharam, samudrapu neeti nundi uppunu mariginchadam mariyu kovvunu utpatti cheyadaaniki upayoginchevaaru. rashyanlu vachhe varaku gramalu matti goda ledhaa paalisedlatoe chuttumuttabadi undevi, aaa taruvaata eee aacharam nishedhinchabadindi.
matam.
itelmens bahudevataradhana mataaniki sabhyatvam pondaaru. srujanaatmaka devudini "kutka" ledhaa "kutaga" anie pilicheevaaru. athanu anni vishayaala srushtikartagaa pariganhinchabadinappatiki, steller athani patla puurti aaradhana lekapovadaanni vivaristaadu. itarulu athani muurkhatvaaniki jeevitamlooni samasyalu mariyu ibbandulanu aapaadistaaru, mariyu atanni twaragaa tittadam ledhaa sapinchadam chestaaru. kutka" nuu "chaachii" anae telivaina streetho vivaham chesukunnatlu vaaru vishwasinchaaru, aame atanni chaalaa moorkhatvam nundi kaapaadutundani mariyu nirantaram atanni sarididdaarani cheppabadindi. "kutka" kamchataka dveepakalpamloni goppa nadulalo nivasinchindani nammutaaru, mariyu prati nadiki oka kumarudu mariyu kumartenu migilchaarani chebutaaru, idhi dveepakalpamlo unna goppa vaividhyamaina maandalikaalanu vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. itelmenlu samudramlo nivasinchi, chepala roopamlo nivasinchina "mitg" anae aneka aatmalanu kooda poojinchaaru. vaaru "ushaakhtu" anie piluvabade atavee spritelanu vishwasinchaaru, vaaru prajalanu pooli untaarani chepparu. parvata devatalu "gamuli" ledhaa chinna aatmalu anie piluvabaddaru, veeru ettaina parvathaalalo, mukhyamgaa agniparvataalalo nivasinchevaaru. meghalalo urumulu, merupulu mariyu tuphaanulaku kaaranamaina "billukay" devudu nivasinchaadani nammutaaru. vaaru "kamma" anie piluvabade oka deyyaanni bhaavinchaaru, athanu niznoy graamam velupala oka chettulo nivasistunnadani cheppabadindi, idhi prati samvatsaram baanaalatoe kaalchabadutundi.
kaarmika vibhajana.
saadhaaranamgaa, aneka panulu panchukunnappatiki, lingam aadhaaramgaa shrama chaalaa spashtamgaa vibhajinchabadindi. chepalu pattetappudu, purushulu mariyu mahilalu kalisi teppinchevaaru, ayithe purushulu matrame chepalu pattaru, ayithe mahilalu chepalanu subhraparachadam mariyu endabettadam mariyu gudlu sekarinchadam vanti anni sambandhita panulanu chesaaru. inti nirmaanamloo, purushulu anni kalapa panulanu, travvakam mariyu vadrangi panulanu nirvahinchagaa, mahilalu elugubanti bhujam bladelatho chesina emuka sikilsto gaddini kattirinche panini chesaaru. puliyabettina chepalu mariyu kukka aaharam minaha, purushulaku vadiliveyabadina mottam chepala sarafaraanu mahilalu siddham chestaaru. mahilalu vittanaalu, berrylu mariyu fireweed sekarinche anni panulanu chestaaru, idhi oka rakamaina teaga upayoginchabadutundi. gaddi nundi vaaru nilva mariyu ravana kosam chapalu, sanchulu, buttalu mariyu pettelanu nirmistaaru. kukka mariyu raine deer tokkalanu purushulu mariyu mahilalu dharinche vividha dustulalo charmasuddhi chesi, rangulu veyinchi kuttutaaru.
aaharam.
itelmen vinodaatmakamgaa tappa arudugaa oka sett tine samayanni gamaninchevaaru. vaaru "opaanaa" (vecchani aaharam) ledhaa taja chepalu tinetappudu tappa kutumbamgaa kooda arudugaa tintaaru. vaari sthaanika dveepa poruguvaaru, eevnks mariyu acots maadirigaa kakunda, vaaru veyinchina aaharaanni aasvaadincharu, ekkuvagaa challani aaharaanni tintaaru. villo ledhaa birch beradutho kuudina chepa gudlu oka saadhaarana pradhaanamainavi. utsavaalalo aasvaadinche oka saadhaarana aaharam, "selaga", sarana, paine ginjalu, fireweed, cow parsnip, bistart muulaalu mariyu seal, timingalam ledhaa chepala noonelo vandina vividha berriilatoe tayaaru chesina misramam. lopatakaanlo, puliyabettina berry paaneeyam viniyoginchabadindi, ayithe itara itelmen sthaavaraalu puliyabettina paaneeyaalanu srushtinchaayani etuvanti suuchana ledhu.
cosac vijayam.
vladimir atlasov raakaku mundu kamchatkalo aneka russian poraataala katha sakshyalanu steller udaharinchaaru. atlasov 1695loe luca morozconu nigha prayatnaaniki pampadam dwara kamchatkanu jayinchadam praarambhinchaadu, mariyu oka samvatsaram taruvaata 120 mandhi purushulatho, veerilo sagam mandhi yukakghir sahayakulu, kappam sekarinchadaaniki mariyu kireetam kosam eee praantaanni vileenam cheyadaaniki bayaludaeraadu. raine deer venuka bhaagamlo anadyrsk bay nundi bayaluderi, vaaru paschima teeramlo chaalaa varaku anveshinchi, akkada janabhanu longadeesukoovadaaniki thoorpuna parvataalanu daataaru. 1696 juulai madhya natiki, athanu kamchataka nadiki cherukunnadu, aaa samayamlo athanu thana paarteeni rendugaa vibhajinchaadu, oka brundam paschimam vaipu tirigi vachindi mariyu marokati thoorpu teeramlo migili undhi. eee samayamlo yukaghir sahayakulu tirugubaatu chesi, aruguru rashyanlanu champi, aarugurini gaayaparichaaru. oka corac brundam adanamgaa atlasov yokka prayaaneekula raine deer mandatho paaripoyindi, conny vaarini rashyanlu vembadinchi oka vyaktini champaru.
kamchataka nadhi yokka thala vadda, vaaru modata aneka bhaareega balavardhakamaina itelmen sthaavaraalanu edurkonnaru. ikkada vaarini modatlo sthaanikulu hrudayapuurvakamgaa swaagatinchaaru, mariyu pootii lekunda nivaalulu arpinchaaru. vaaru oka pratyarthi itelman gramanni nadipai nundi tolaginchadaaniki munduku sagaru, itelmenlatho kuutamini susthiram chesaaru. eee praantamloo mottamodati cosac sthaavaram bolsheretsk, dheenini 1703loe atlasov sthaapinchaaru, ayithe steller aaa gaali-sanchi atlasov raakato idhi appatike oka pramukha graamam anie paerkonnaadu."
akkada athanu kanugonna itelmens bandeegaa unna japanese vyapari gumasta swaadheenam, athanu oka dandayaatralo bhaagamgaa unnadu, idhi kamchataka nadhi vaddaku vachinappudu oodanu dhvamsam chesi, itelmens adhigaminchindi. modatlo khaideeni bharatadesam nundi vacchina hinduugaa bhaavinchina atlasov, "hando" ledhaa tokyo anae padampai gandaragolaniki daariteesindi, atanni mascoku pampinchaadu, akkada peater dhi grate atanni japanese bhasha paatasaalanu sthaapinchaadu.
1706loe, senior paalaka adhikarulu koryakla brundamchae champabaddaru mariyu saadhaarana arachakam yokka kaalam samruddhiga undhi. kosaklu avasaramaina chattaparamaina kappam mottamto goppa swechhanu teesukovadam praarambhinchaaru mariyu itelmenlanu banisaluga teesukune paddhatini praarambhinchaaru, tarachugaa vaaritho joodam adatam mariyu vyaparam cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. eee samayamlo, tirugubaatlu tarachugaa jarigaayi. jailulo kontakaalam gadipina taruvaata, dveepakalpamlo saantibhadratalanu tirigi vidhinche prayatnamlo atlasov chattaparamaina niyantrananu tirigi praarambhinchaadu. 1711loe, athani manushulu tirugubaatu chesi, athanu niznekamchatsk kuu paaripoyina taruvaata, athani mancham meeda hatya cheyabaddaadu, akkada ataniki aasrayam ivvabadindi. tirugubaatudaarulu prabhutva panini konasaginchinatlayite vaariki maranasiksha nundi minahaayimpu icchaaru. eee vidhamgaa dveepakalpam yokka dakshina konaku mariyu kuril deevulapai dandayaatranu danila antsiferov mariyu evon kozirevsky naayakatvamlo nirvahinchaaru.
athani paalanalo, itelmenlu vaari uttara poruguvaaraina koryaklatho pottu pettukunnaru mariyu antsiferovnu athani mancham meeda kalchi champaru. 1715loe dveepakalpamlo mashoochi vyaapti chendhe varaku tirugubaatlu saantaparachaledu, aaa samayamlo russian kireetam aidu samvatsaraala kappam mariyu kaneesam 200 mandhi rashyanla praanaalanu kolpoyindi.
kalakramena, migilina janabha vileenam cheyabadindi. aatmahatyala raetu perugutundatam valla, kireetam sthaanikulanu vaari praanaalanu teesukokunda nishedhinche chattanni roopondinchindi. matamlo russian sanaatanulu, conny roopaalu mariyu acharalalo spashtamgaa itelmen ayina pedda mishrama janabha udbhavinchindi. prabhutvam eee mishrama pillalaku takshaname chattaparamaina hodaanu manjuru chesindi, mariyu italmen mahilalu sampradaaya matamloki vivaham chesukovadaniki chattabaddhamgaa anumatinchabaddaaru. kaamchatkaaku baring yokka rendava yaatra raakato, kosakla raakaku mundu janabha sumaru 10 saataaniki taggindi.
tadupari charitra.
tupaakulu, pogaaku, tii, chakkera mariyu vodka vanti vastuvulu 19va sataabdamloo italmenlaku vistrutamgaa andubaatulo undevi. kalakramena, aneka mandhi itelmenlu russian sanaatana charchilo baptismnu angeekarinchaaru, ayithe aacharanalo anaemism vistrutamgaa undipoyindi. 1889 janabha lekkala prakaram itelmen janabha 4,029 gaa namodu cheyabadindi; 1959 natiki, idhi 1,109kii padipoyindi, ayithe 1989 janabha lekkala prakaram janabha 2,480kii perigindi. 1930laloe russian-medium paatasaala vidya pramaanamgaa maarindi, 1989 janabha lekkala prakaram, aidugurilo okari kante takkuva mandhi itelmen bhashanu matladagaligaru.