
vidya manastatvasaastram

vidya manastatvasaastram anedi maanava abhyasam yokka shaastreeya adhyayanaaniki sambandhinchina manastatvasaastram yokka saakha. abhignaa mariyu pravartanaa drukpathaala nundi abhyasa prakriyala adhyayanam, parisoedhakulu medhassu, abhignaa abhivruddhi, prabhavam, prerana, sweeya niyantrana mariyu sweeya bhavana, alaage abhyaasamlo vaari paatralo vyaktigata vyatyaasaalanu ardham chesukovadaniki anumatistundi. vidya manastatvasaastram yokka rangam bodhana roopakalpana, taragati gadhi nirvahana mariyu madimpuku sambandhinchina vidya karyakalapalanu meruguparachadaaniki pareeksha mariyu kolatato sahaa parimaanaatmaka paddhatulapai ekkuvagaa aadhaarapadutundi, ivi jeevitakaalam antataa vividha vidya paristhitulalo abhyasa prakriyalanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki upayogapadataayi.
vidya manastatvasaastraanni itara vibhaagaalato daani sambandham dwara kontavaraku ardham chesukovacchu. idhi pradhanamgaa manastatvasaastram dwara teliyajeyabadutundi, idhi vaidyasaastram mariyu jeevasaastram madhya sambandhaaniki saaruupyamaina aaa vibhaagaaniki sambandhinchinadi. idhi neurosines dwara kooda teliyajeyabadutundi. vidya manastatvasaastram vidya adhyayanaalalo bodhanaa roopakalpana, vidya saanketikata, paatyapranaalika abhivruddhi, samsthaagata abhyasam, pratyeka vidya, taragati gadhi nirvahana mariyu vidyaarthi preranatho sahaa vistruta shreni pratyaekatalanu teliyajestundi. vidya manastatvasaastram abhignaa shaastram mariyu abhyasa saastraala nundi teesukobadindi mariyu dohadam chestundi. vishwavidyaalayaalalo, vidya manastatvasastra vibhagalu saadhaaranamgaa vidya vibhagalalo untaayi, bahusha parichaya manastatvasastra paatyapustakaalalo vidya manastatvasastra vishayaala praatinidhyam lekapovadaniki kaaranam kaavacchu.
vidya manastatvasastra rangamlo maanavulalo abhyasa prakriyala kosam kotta vyuuhaalanu roopondinchadamlo ghnaapakasakti, sambhaavita prakriyalu mariyu vyaktigata vyatyaasaala (abhignaa manastatvasaastram dwara) adhyayanam untundi. vidya manastatvasaastram operating conditioning, functionalism, structuralism, constructivism, humanistic psychology, gestalt psychology mariyu information prosessing siddhaantaalapai nirminchabadindi.
gatha iravai samvatsaraalalo vidya manastatvasaastram oka vruttigaa vegavantamaina vruddhi mariyu abhivruddhini chusindi. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo saadhaarana taragati gadhi paatyaamsaalanu anusarinchaleni pratyeka vidya vidyaarthulaku erpaatlaku daariteese medhassu pareeksha bhaavanatho paatasaala manastatvasaastram praarambhamaindi. 1900la prarambham nundi madhyakaalam varaku jaathi asamaanata mariyu vibhajanaku vyatiraekamgaa poraatam ippatikee chaalaa pramukhamgaa unnanduna, paatasaala manastatvasaastram yokka maroka pradhana drushti rangu pillala antaraanni moosiveyadamlo sahayapadatam. ayithe, "paatasaala manastatvasaastram" aneka vibhina rangaalalo aneka mandhi manastatvavettala paddhatulu mariyu siddhaantaala aadhaaramgaa chaalaa kotta vruttini nirminchindi. taragati gadilo pravartanaa, abhignaa mariyu saamaajika manastatva saastraanni kalipinappudu levanettina prasnalanu ardham chesukune prayatnamlo vidya manastatvavettalu manoroga vaidyulu, saamaajika kaaryakartalu, upaadhyaayulu, prasangam mariyu bhasha chikitsakulu mariyu salahaadaarulatoo kalisi panicheestunnaaru.
charitra.
adhyayana rangamgaa, vidya manastatvasaastram chaalaa kottadi mariyu 20va sataabdam varaku nirdishta abhyasamga pariganinchabadaledu. rojuvaaree bodhana mariyu abhyaasampai pratibimbaalu charitra antataa kontamandi vyaktulu ghnaanam, bodhana yokka swabhaavam mariyu ghnaanam mariyu abhyasam yokka badileeloo abhivruddhi vyatyaasaalapai vivarinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchaayi. eee amsaalu vidyaku mukhyamainavi, phalitamgaa, avi maanava ghnaanam, abhyasam mariyu saamaajika avagahananu ardham chesukovadamlo mukhyamainavi.
praacheena kaalam.
vidya manastatvasaastraaniki sambandhinchina konni aalochanalu mariyu samasyalu plato mariyu aristatle kaalam nativi. tatvavettalu mariyu sophistulu vidya yokka uddesyam, shareera sikshana mariyu manasika-motaru naipunhyaala pempakam, manchi paatra yokka nirmaanam, naitika vidya yokka avakaasaalu mariyu parimitulu gurinchi charchinchaaru. vaaru maatlaadina konni itara vidya amsaalu sangeetam, kavitvam mariyu itara kalala prabhavalu, vyakti abhivruddhipai, upadhyayudi paatra mariyu upadhyayudu mariyu vidyaarthi madhya sambandhaalu. plato ghnaana samuparjananu oka sahajamaina saamardhyamgaa chusindi, idhi prapancha anubhavam mariyu avagahana dwara abhivruddhi chendutundi. maanava ghnaanam yokka eee bhavana prakruti verses maanava ghnaanam yokka nirantara vaadanagaa parinaamam chendindi. eee roeju paristhitulanu ardham chesukovadamlo mariyu neerchukoevadamloo pempondinchandi. marovaipu, aristatle, anubandham ledhaa pathakam dwara ghnaanam yokka aalochanaku aapadinchabaddadu. athani naalugu anubandha niyamaalalo vaarasatvam, saameepyata, saaruupyata mariyu viruddhata unnaayi. athani adhyayanalu gurthuku tecchukoovadaanni pariseelinchaayi mariyu abhyasa prakriyalanu sulabhataram chesaayi.
prarambha aadhunika yugam.
zaan loke punarujjeevanaantara airopalo atyanta prabhaavavantamaina tatvavettalalo okarigaa pariganinchabaddaadu, eee kaalam 1600la madhyalo praarambhamaindi. lokenu "aangla manastatvasastra pitamahudu" gaa pariganistaaru. loke yokka atyanta mukhyamaina rachanalalo okati 1690loe vraayabadindi, dheeniki "maanava avagahanaku sambandhinchina vyaasam" anie paeru pettaru. eee vyaasamlo, ayana "tabula rasa" anae padaanni pravesapettaaru, dheeni ardham "khaalii slet"."neerchukoevadam anedi anubhavam dwara matrame saadhinchabadutundani, manamandaram ghnaanam lekunda janminchaamani loke vivarinchaaru.
athanu sahaja abhyasa prakriyala gurinchi plato siddhaantaaniki viruddhamgaa anusarinchaadu. manassu sahajamaina aalochanala dwara kakunda anubhavaala dwara erpadutundani loke nammadu. loke eee aalochananu "anubhavavaadam" ledhaa ghnaanam ghnaanam mariyu anubhavam meeda matrame nirminchabadindane avagahanagaa pravesapettaadu.
1600la chivaralo, zaan loke prajalu pradhanamgaa bahya saktula nundi neerchukuntaarani oohanu munduku tecchaadu. manassu oka khaalii palaka (tabalaa rasa) laaga undani, saadhaarana mudrala vaarasatvaalu anubandham mariyu pratibimbam dwara sanklishtamaina aalochanalaku daariteestaayani ayana viswasinchaadu. ghnaanam yokka praamaanikatanu pareekshinchadaaniki oka pramaanamgaa "anubhavavaadam" nuu sthaapinchina ghanata lokeku dakkindi, tadwara sahaja mariyu saamaajika saastraalalo prayogaatmaka paddati yokka tadupari abhivruddhiki sambhaavita chatraanni andistundi.
18va sataabdamloo tatwavetta zeane-jackwess ruso vidya rangamlo, mukhyamgaa thana taatvika navala "emile" ledhaa vidyapai atyanta prabhaavavantamaina siddhaantaala samitini samarthinchaaru. eee pustakaanni pillalanu pempondinchadaaniki aacharanaatmaka maargadarsigaa upayogincharaadani perkonnappatiki, daanilo vivarinchina bodhanaa vidhananni emmanuel cont mariyu johann wolfgang vaan gothetho sahaa ghnaanoodaya samakaaleenulu prasamsimchaaru. vidya patla pillala kendrikruta vidhananni, vaariki emi, elaa bodhinchaalo enchukovadamlo pillala vayassunu parigananaloki teesukoovaalani ruso vaadinchaaru. mukhyamgaa athanu pillala swayampratipatti gala tarka saamarthyaanni pempondinchadaaniki, anubhavapurvaka vidya yokka praamukhyatanu nokki cheppadu. ruso yokka tatvasaastram johann bernhard basedotho sahaa vidya samskartalanu prabhaavitam chesindi, athani namuunaa paatasaalalo daatrutvam athani aalochanalanu alaage johann heinrich pestalogeni aakarshinchindi. saadhaaranamgaa ruso aalochana germany, switzerland mariyu netherlandslo bodhana shaastram abhivruddhipai gananeeyamaina pratyaksha mariyu paroksha prabhavanni choopindi. adanamgaa, pillala abhivruddhiki zeane piaget yokka dasha-aadhaarita vidhanam ruso siddhaantaalaku samaantaramgaa unnatlu gamaninchabadindi.
1890 kii mundu.
juvan vives, johann pestology, friedrich frabel mariyu johann herbart vanti vidya tatvavettalu 1800la chivaralo manastatvasaastram praarambhaaniki sataabdaala mundu vidya paddhatulanu pariseelinchaaru, vargeekarinchaaru mariyu teerpu icchaaru.
juvan vives.
juvan vives (1493-1540) induction nuu adhyayana paddhatigaa pratipaadinchaaru mariyu prakruti adhyayanam yokka pratyaksha pariseelana mariyu daryaaptunu vishwasinchaaru. ayana adhyayanalu maanavataavaada abhyaasampai drushti saarinchaayi, idhi paandityavaadaanni vyatirekinchindi mariyu tatvasaastram, manastatvasaastram, rajakeeyaalu, matam mariyu charithratho sahaa vividha vanarulache prabhaavitamaindi. neerchukoevadaaniki paatasaala yokka sthaanam mukhyamani nokkicheppina modati pramukha aalochanaaparulalo ayana okaru. paatasaalanu dhwaninche sabdaalaku dhooramgaa unchaalani, gaali naanhyata baagundaalani, vidyaarthulu, upaadhyaayulaku pushkalamgaa aaharam undaalani ayana suuchimchaaru. vidyaarthula vyaktigata vyatyaasaalanu ardham chesukovadam yokka praamukhyatanu vives nokkichepparu mariyu abhyasanni neerchukoevadaaniki oka mukhyamaina saadhanamgaa suuchimchaaru.
vives thana vidya aalochanalanu 1538loe thana rachana "dii anima ett vita" loe parichayam chesaadu. eee prachuranalo, vives thana vidya aadarsaalaku oka amarikaga naitika tatvaanni anveshistaadu; dheenitho, aatma yokka vividha bhagalu (aristatle aalochanala maadirigaane) prati okkati vibhina kaaryakalaapaalaku baadhyata vahistaayani, ivi vilakshanamgaa panicheestaayi. modati pustakam vividha "aatmalanu" cover chestundih "vrukshaatma aatma;" idhi poeshanha, perugudala mariyu punarutpatti yokka aatma, "sunnitamaina aatma", indulo aidu bahya indriyaalu untaayi; "cositative aatma", indulo antargata indriyaalu mariyu abhignaa soukaryaalu untaayi. rendava pustakamlo hetubaddhamaina aatma yokka vidhulu unnaih manassu, sankalpam mariyu ghnaapakasakti. chivaraga, moodava pustakam bhavodvegala vislaeshanhanu vivaristundi.
johann pestology.
swiss vidya samskarta ayina johann pestology (1746-1827) paatasaalalooni vishayaala kante pillalanu nokki chepparu. pestology pillalaku prarambha vidya keelakam, tallulaku nirvahinchadaginadi anae aalochanatho maddatu ichhe vidya samskarananu prothsahinchindi. chivariki, prarambha vidyatho eee anubhavam "naitikatatoe kuudina aarogyakaramaina vyaktiki" daariteestundi."pestology vidya kosam samsthalanu teravadam, talli bodhana gruha vidya kosam pustakaalu rayadam mariyu vidyaarthulaku praathamika pustakaalu rayadam, ekkuvagaa kinder garten sthaayipai drushti pettadam vanti vatiki gurtimpu pondindi. thana taruvaati samvatsaraallo, athanu bodhanaa manyuvallu mariyu bodhanaa paddhatulanu prachurinchaadu.
ghnaanoodayam samayamlo, pestology yokka aadarsaalu "vidya" nuu pravesapettaayi. idhi vidya dwara parishkarinchaalsina saamaajika samasyala aalochananu pravesapettadam dwara saamaajika samasyalaku, vidyaku madhya vantenanu srushtinchindi. horlacher ghnaanoodayam samayamlo dheeniki atyanta pramukha udaaharana "vyavasaya utpatti paddhatulanu meruguparachadam" anie vivarinchaadu."
johann herbart.
johann herbart (1776-1841) nuu vidya manastatvasastra pitaamahudigaa pariganistaaru. vishayam mariyu upaadhyaayudipai aasakti dwara abhyasam prabhaavitamavutundani ayana viswasinchaadu. kotta samacharam ledhaa vishayalanu samarpinchetappudu upaadhyaayulu vidyaarthula prastuta manasika samuuhaalanu-vaariki ippatike telisina vaatini-parigananaloki teesukoovaalani ayana bhaavinchaaru. herbart ippudu adhikaarika dasalu anie piluvabade vaatini teesukuvacchindi. upaadhyaayulu upayoginchaalsina 5 dasaluh
1890-1920.
eee kaalamlo vidya manastatvasaastramlo mugguru pradhana vyaktulu unnaru vilium james, zii. stanley haall, mariyu zaan dway. eee mugguru vyaktulu 19va sataabdam chivarilo gananeeyamgaa ativyaapti chendina saadhaarana manastatvasaastram mariyu vidya manastatvasaastramlo tamanu taamu vaeru chesukunnaru.
vilium james (1842-1910).
kotta vibhagam yokka aakaankshalu vidya samasyalaku pariseelana mariyu prayogaala shaastreeya paddhatula anuvartanampai aadharapadi unnappudu 1890-1920 kaalam vidya manastatvasaastram yokka swarna yugamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. 1840 nundi 1920 varaku 37 millionla mandhi prajalu united statesku valasa vacchaaru. idhi praathamika paatasaalalu mariyu madhyamika paatasaalala vistarananu srushtinchindi. valasala perugudala vidya manastatvavettalaku ellis dveepamlo valasadaarulanu pareekshinchadaaniki medhassu pareekshanu upayoginche avakaasaanni kooda andinchindi. darvinism pramukha vidya manastatvavettala nammakalanu prabhaavitam chesindi. eee kramasikshana prarambha samvatsaraallo kooda, vidya manastatvavettalu eee kotta vidhanam yokka parimitulanu gurtinchaaru. maargadarsaka american manastatvavetta vilium james ilaa vyaakhyaaninchaaduh
james americalo manastatvasastra pitamahudu, conny athanu vidya manastatvasaastraaniki kooda krushi chesaadu. 1899loe prachurinchabadina thana prasiddha upanyaasaala shreni "manastatvasaastrampai upaadhyaayulatho charchalu" loe, james vidyanu "pravartana yokka sampaadinchina alavaatlu mariyu pravartanaku dhoranula samstha" gaa nirvachinchaaru. upaadhyaayulu "vidyaarthiki pravartanaku sikshana ivvali", tadwara athanu saamaajika mariyu bhouthika prapanchaaniki saripotadani ayana paerkonnaaru. upaadhyaayulu kooda alavaatu mariyu sahajatvam yokka praamukhyatanu grahinchaali. vaaru spashtamaina mariyu aasaktikaramaina samacharanni andinchaali mariyu eee kotta samacharam mariyu vishayalanu vidyaarthiki ippatike telisina vishayaalatoe anusandhaaninchaali. shraddha, ghnaapakasakti, aalochanala anubandham vanti mukhyamaina samasyalanu kooda ayana prastaavistaaru.
alfred binnet.
alfred binnet 1898loe "mental fettig" nuu prachurinchaadu, dheenilo athanu prayogaatmaka paddhatini vidya manastatvasaastraaniki vartimpajeyadaaniki prayatninchaadu. eee prayogaatmaka paddhatiloo ayana rendu rakaala prayogaalanu, prayogasaalalo chesina prayogaalu mariyu taragati gadilo chesina prayogaalanu samardhinchaaru. 1904loe ayana praja vidyaasaakha mantrigaa niyamitulayyaaru. eee samayamlone ayana abhivruddhi vaikalyalunna pillalanu vaeru cheyadaaniki oka maargam kosam vetakadam praarambhinchaaru. asaadhaaranatanu" nayam cheyavachani namme kaaranamgaa binnet pratyeka vidya kaaryakramaalaku gattiga maddatu icchaadu. binnet-saiman pareeksha modati medhassu pareeksha mariyu "saadhaarana pillalu" mariyu abhivruddhi vaikalyalunna vaari madhya thedaanu gurtinchina modatidi. oke vayassu gala pillalu mariyu vayassu gala pillala madhya vyaktigata vyatyaasaalanu adhyayanam cheyadam mukhyamani binnet nammadu. bodhana mariyu manchi abhyasa vaataavaranaanni srushtinchetappudu upaadhyaayulu vyaktigata vidyaarthula balaalanu mariyu mottam taragati gadhi avasaralanu parigananaloki teesukovadam chaalaa mukhyamani ayana vishwasinchaaru. upaadhyaayulu pillalalo vyaktigata vyatyaasaalanu chudagaligela, alaage vidyaarthulaku anugunamgaa paatyaamsaalanu sardubaatu chesukogaligela, pariseelanaloo sikshana ivvadam mukhyamani kooda ayana vishwasinchaaru. padaarthaala abhyasam mukhyamani kooda binnet nokki chepparu. 1916loe levis terman binnet-saimannu savarinchaadu, tadwara sagatu skoru ellappuduu 100gaa untundi. eee pareeksha stanford-binetga piluvabadindi mariyu idhi atyanta vistrutamgaa upayoginche medhassu pareekshalalo okati. turman, binnet maadirigaa kakunda, adhika medhassu unna pratibhaavantulaina pillalanu gurtinchadaaniki medhassu pareekshanu upayoginchadaaniki aasakti chuupaadu. chedapurugulugaa prasiddhi chendina pratibhaavantulaina pillala gurinchi thana rekhansha adhyayanamlo, pratibhaavantulaina pillalu pratibhaavantulaina peddalu avtarani terman kanugonnadu.
edward thardic.
edward thardic (1874-1949) vidyalo shaastreeya udyamaaniki maddatu icchaaru. athanu anubhavika sakshyam mariyu kolatapai bodhanaa paddhatulanu aadharam chesukunnadu. thardic vaayidya conditioning siddhaantam ledhaa prabhavam yokka chattanni abhivruddhi chesaaru. prabhava chattam prakaram, sanghaalu aahlaadakaramainavi anusarinchinappudu balopetam avtayi mariyu aanandinchanivi anusarinchinappudu sanghaalu balaheenapadataayi. neerchukoevadam anedi oka samayamlo ledhaa incrementlalo konchem jarugutundani, neerchukoevadam anedi oka svayamchaalaka prakriya anie mariyu daani suutraalu anni ksheeradaalaku vartistaayani kooda ayana kanugonnaru. badilee siddhaantampai robbert vudvartho thardic chesina parisoedhanaloo oka vishayam neerchukoevadam anedi subjectlu okela unte maroka vishayam neerchukunee mea saamarthyaanni matrame prabhaavitam chestundani kanugonnaru. eee aavishkarana classiclanu neerchukoevadampai takkuva praadhaanyata ivvadaaniki daariteesindi, endukante classiclanu adhyayanam cheyadam mottam saadhaarana medhassuku dohadam cheyadani vaaru kanugonnaru. abhignaa panulalo vyaktigata thedaalu oka vyaktiki saadhaarana medho saamarthyam kante enni uddeepana-pratispandana namuunaalu unnayane daani valla anie cheppina modativaarilo thardic okaru. upayoginchina padaalu mariyu nirvachanaalanu nirnayinchadaaniki saastriiyamgaa aadhaarapadina padha nighantuvulanu ayana andinchaaru. viniyogadaarula paripakvata sthaayini parigananaloki teesukunna modatidi nighantuvulu. athanu prati nirvachanamlo chitraalu mariyu sulabhamaina uchchaarana maargadarsini kooda ekikrutam chesaadu. thardic abhyasa siddhaantam aadhaaramgaa ankaganita pustakaalanu andinchaaru. ayana anni samasyalanu saadhaarana medhassunu meruguparachadaaniki matrame kakunda, adhyayanam cheyabadutunna vatiki marinta vaastavikamgaa mariyu sambandhitamgaa chesaaru. paatasaala sambandhita vishayaalalo paniteerunu kolavadaniki praamaaneekarinchabadina pareekshalanu ayana abhivruddhi chesaaru. pareekshaku ayana chesina atipedda sahakaram caved intelligence pareeksha, idhi medhassuku bahumitiya vidhananni upayoginchindi mariyu nishpatti sthaayini upayoginchina modatidi. athani taruvaati pani kramabaddheekruta bodhana, naipunhya abhyasam mariyu computer aadhaarita abhyaasampai undih
zaan davy.
zaan davy (1859-1952) united stateslo pragatiseela vidya abhivruddhipai pedda prabhavanni chuupaaru. taragati gadhi pillalanu manchi pourulugaa tayaaru chesi, srujanaatmaka medhassunu sulabhataram cheyaalani ayana vishwasinchaaru. paatasaala nepathyam velupala vartimpajeyagala aacharanaatmaka taragatula erpaatuku ayana munduku vacchaaru. vidya anedi subject aadhaaritamgaa kakunda vidyaarthi aadhaaritamgaa undaalani kooda ayana bhaavinchaaru. deveki, vidya anedi tarataraala prajalanu okachota chaerchadaaniki sahayapadina oka saamaajika anubhavam. vidyaarthulu cheyadam dwara neerchukuntaarani ayana paerkonnaaru. pariseelana, samasya parishkaram mariyu vichaarana dwara vidyaavantulanu cheyagala churukaina manassunu ayana viswasinchaadu. 1910loe ayana raasina 'hou vii think' anae pustakamlo, asalu aalochana mariyu samasya parishkaranni prothsahistunnanduna vidyaarthiki uttejapariche mariyu aasaktikaramaina reetilo vishayalanu andinchaalani nokki chepparu. vishayam vidyaarthi swantha anubhavaniki sambandhinchinadigaa undaalani kooda ayana paerkonnaaru.
zeane piaget.
zeane piaget (1896-1980) 20va sataabdamloo abhivruddhi manastatvasaastramlo atyanta saktivantamaina parisoedhakulaloo okaru. athanu abhignaa abhivruddhi siddhaantaanni abhivruddhi chesaadu. telivitaetalu naalugu ververu dasallo abhivruddhi chendaayani eee siddhaantam perkondi. puttuka nundi 2 samvatsaraala vayassu varaku sensorimotor dasha, 2 nundi 7 samvatsaraala vayassu varaku preoperational sthithi, 7 nundi 10 samvatsaraala vayassu varaku concreat kaaryaacharana dasha mariyu 12 samvatsaraalu mariyu anthakante ekkuva vayassu nundi adhikaarika kaaryaacharana dasha dasalu. pillala abhignaa abhivruddhiki neerchukoevadam parimitam ayindani kooda ayana viswasinchaadu. piaget vidya manastatvasaastraanni prabhaavitam chesaadu endukante abhignaa abhivruddhi mukhyamainadani mariyu vidyalo shraddha vahinchaalsina vishayam anie athanu modata nammadu. piagetian siddhaantampai chaalaa varaku parisoedhananu american vidya manastatvavettalu nirvahinchaaru.
1920-prastutam.
1920 nundi 1960 varaku unnata paatasaala mariyu kalaasaala vidyanu pondhe vaari sankhya natakeeyamgaa perigindi. enimido taragati nundi vachhe teenejlaku chaalaa takkuva udyogaalu andubaatulo unnanduna, 1930laloe unnata paatasaala haajaru perigindi. eee samayamlo united stateslo pragatiseela udyamam praarambhamaindi mariyu pragatiseela vidya aalochanaku daariteesindi. vidya manastatvavetta ayina zaan flanagan, poraata shikshanaarthula kosam pareekshalu mariyu yuddha sikshanalo suuchanalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. 1954loe nalla mariyu telupu pillalapai vibhajana prabhavalapai kenneth clark mariyu athani bhaarya chesina krushi supreme court kesu braun vii loe prabhaavavantamgaa undhi. vidya boardu. 1960la nundi neti varaku, eee samayamlo abhignaa manastatvasaastram yokka prabhavam mariyu abhivruddhi kaaranamgaa vidya manastatvasaastram pravartanaa drukpatham nundi marinta abhignaa aadhaarita drukpathaaniki maarindi.
gerom bruner.
piaget yokka abhignaa vidhaanaalanu vidya manastatvasaastramlo ekikrutam cheyadaaniki gerom bruner prasiddhi chendindi. upaadhyaayulu vidyaarthulanu prashninchadaaniki, anveshinchadaaniki mariyu prayogaalu cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinche samasya parishkara vaataavaranaanni srushtinche aavishkarana abhyasam kosam ayana vaadinchaaru. bruner thana pustakam "dhi proses off education" loe, vishayam yokka nirmaanam mariyu vyakti yokka abhignaa saamarthyaalu neerchukoevadamloo mukhyamainavani paerkonnaadu. eee amsam yokka praamukhyatanu ayana nokki chepparu. vishayam gurinchi vidyaarthi avagahanaku vishayam elaa nirminchabadindo mukhyamainadani, vidyaarthiki ardham chesukovadaniki sulabhamaina vidhamgaa amsaanni roopondinchadam upadhyayudi lakshyam anie kooda ayana vishwasinchaaru. 1960la praarambhamlo, bruner paatasaala pillalaku ganitam mariyu vignaana saastraanni bodhinchadaaniki africa vellaadu, idhi paatasaala vidyanu oka saamskrutika samsthagaa athani drukpathaanni prabhaavitam chesindi. makola abhivruddhilo kooda bruner prabhaavavantudu, idhi maanava shaastram mariyu vignaana saastraanni kalipe vidya karyakramam. eee karyakramam maanava parinaamam mariyu saamaajika pravartananu anveshinchindi. head start programme abhivruddhiki kooda ayana sahayam chesaaru. vidyapai samskruti prabhavam patla aayanaku aasakti undedi, vidya abhivruddhipai pedarikam prabhavam gurinchi ayana pariseelinchaaru.
benzin poostundi.
benzin bloom (1903-1999) chikago vishwavidhyaalayamlo 50 samvatsaraalaku paiga gadipadu, akkada athanu vidya vibhaagamlo panicheesaadu. vidyaarthulandaruu neerchukoogalarani ayana vishwasinchaaru. ayana vidya lakshyaala vargeekarananu abhivruddhi chesaaru. lakshyalanu moodu vibhagaluga vibhajinchaaruh abhignaa, bhaavaatmaka mariyu manasika prerana. abhignaa domine manam elaa alochistamo daanitoe vyavaharistundi. idhi sulabhamaina nundi marinta sanklishtamaina varaku konasagimpuga unde vargaluga vibhajinchabadindi. eee vargaalu ghnaanam ledhaa gurthuku tecchukovadam, grahinchadam, anuvartanam, vislaeshanha, samslaeshanha mariyu moolyaankanam. bhaavaatmaka domine bhavodvegalato vyavaharistundi mariyu 5 vargaalanu kaligi undhi. vargaalu drugvishayaanni sweekaristunnaayi, aaa drugvishayaaniki pratispandistunnaayi, viluva, samstha mariyu viluvalanu antargatamgaa chestaayi. psychomotor domine motaru naipunyaalu, kadalika mariyu samanvayam abhivruddhitho vyavaharistundi mariyu 7 vargaalanu kaligi undhi, ivi kooda saralamaina nundi atyanta sanklishtamainavi. psychomotor domine yokka 7 vargaalu avagahana, samiti, guided response, mechanism, sanklishta bahiranga pratispandana, anusarana mariyu muulam. vargeekarana shaastram vistruta vidya lakshyalanu andinchindi, ivi vargeekarana saastramlooni aalochanalaku anugunamgaa paatyaamsaalanu vistarinchadamlo sahaayapadataayi. vargeekarana anedi united states kante antarjaateeyamgaa ekkuva prabhavanni kaligi unnatlu pariganinchabadutundi. antarjaateeyamgaa, upaadhyaayula sikshana nundi pariksha samagri abhivruddhi varaku vidya yokka prati amsamlo vargeekarana upayoginchabadutundi. spashtamaina abhyasa lakshyalanu teliyajeyadam mariyu churukaina vidyaarthini prothsahinchadamlo bloom viswasinchaadu. upaadhyaayulu vidyaarthulaku vaari balaalu mariyu balaheenatalapai abhiprayanni andinchaalani ayana bhaavinchaaru. bloom kalaasaala vidyaarthulu mariyu vaari samasya parishkara prakriyalapai kooda parisoedhana chesaaru. samasya yokka aadharaanni mariyu samasyaloni aalochanalanu ardham chesukovadamlo avi bhinnamgaa unnayani ayana kanugonnaru. samasya parishkara prakriyaloo vidyaarthulu samasya patla vaari vidhanam mariyu vaikharilo thedaalu unnayani kooda ayana kanugonnaru.
nathaniel gaze.
bodhananu meruguparachadam mariyu bodhanalo palgone prakriyalanu ardham chesukovadampai athani parisoedhana drushti saarinchinanduna nathaniel gaze (1917-2008) vidya manastatvasaastramlo oka mukhyamaina vyakti. bodhana mariyu vidya manastatvasaastramlo prarambha parisoedhanalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki sahayapadina "bodhanapai parisoedhana handbook" (1963) pustakaanni ayana savarinchaaru. gaze bodhanalo parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhi kosam stanford centarnu sthaapinchaaru, idhi bodhanapai parisoedhanaku dohadapadindi alaage mukhyamaina vidya manastatvavettala vidyanu prabhaavitam chesindi.
drukpathaalu.
pravartanaa.
apployed behaviour analysis, operative conditioning yokka pravartanaa suutraalanu upayoginche parisoedhana aadhaarita shaastram, aneka vidya amarikalalo prabhaavavantamgaa untundi. udaaharanaku, upaadhyaayulu taragati gadhi niyamaalanu anusarinche vidyaarthulaku vividha vastuvulaku prasamsalu, nakshatraalu ledhaa tokenlatho marpidi chesukovadam dwara kramapaddhatilo bahumati ivvadam dwara vidyaarthi pravartananu maarchavacchu. pravartananu maarchadamlo puraskarala samarthatha pradarsinchabadinappatiki, vidyalo vaati vadakanni sweeya-nirnaya siddhaantam yokka pratipaadakulu vimarsinchaaru, vaaru prasamsalu mariyu itara bahumatulu antargata prerananu balaheenaparustaayani paerkonnaaru. lakshya pravartananu nirvahinchadaaniki vidyaarthiki ippatike adhika sthaayi antargata prerana unnappudu vanti nirdishta paristhitulalo spashtamaina bahumatulu antargata prerananu taggistaayani aadharalu unnaayi. conny haanikaramaina prabhavalanu choopinche phalitaalu, kramamga perugutunna paniteeru pramaanaanni saadhinchinanduku bahumatulu icchinappudu, bahumatulu antargata prerananu penchutaayi anae itara paristhitulalo, sakshyam dwara samatulyam cheyabadataayi. autism spectrum rugmatalaku chikitsa cheyadaaniki upayoginche keelaka pratispandana chikitsato sahaa aneka prabhaavavantamaina chikitsalu anuvartita pravartana vislaeshanha suutraalapai aadharapadi unnaayi.
abhignaa.
prastuta vidya manastatvavettalalo, abhignaa drukpatham pravartanaa drukpatham kante vistrutamgaa nirvahinchabadutundi, bahusha idhi lakshanaalu, nammakalu, ghnaapakaalu, preranalu mariyu bhavodvegalu vanti kaarana sambandhita manasika nirmaanaalanu angeekaristundi. ghnaapakasakti nirmaanaalu samacharanni elaa grahistaaru, proses chestaaru, nilva chestaaru, tirigi pondutaaru mariyu marachipotaru anedaanni nirnayistaayani abhignaa siddhaantaalu paerkontunnaayi. abhignaa manastatvavettalu siddhaantaparachina ghnaapakasakti nirmaanaalalo allan pyvio yokka dwandwa coding siddhaantam dwara vivarinchabadina pratyaekamaina conny anusandhaaninchabadina drushya mariyu shabda vyavasthalu unnaayi. vidya manastatvavettalu multimedia pradarsanala nundi prajalu elaa neerchukuntaaroo vivarinchadaaniki dwandwa coding siddhaantam mariyu abhignaa load siddhaantaanni upayoginchaaru.
antara abhyasa prabhavam, manasika parisoedhana dwara balamgaa maddatu ichhe abhignaa drugvishayam, vidyalo vistrutamgaa vartistundi. udaaharanaku, paatham yokka rendava patanam takshanam kakunda alasyam ayinappudu paatham yokka parignaanam yokka pareekshalo vidyaarthulu merugaina paniteeru kanabarustaaru (chitram chudandi). vidyaaparamaina manastatva shaastra parisoedhana anedi ghnaana manastatvasaastram nundi vacchina itara phalitaala vidyaku vartinchadaanni dhruveekarinchindi, udaaharanaku samacharanni takshanam mariyu aalasyamgaa nilupukodaniki ghnaapakaalu upayoginchadam valla kalige prayojanaalu.
pramukha abhignaa manastatvavettala abhiprayam prakaram, samasya parishkaram anedi neerchukoevadaaniki praadhamikamainadi. idhi vidya manastatvasaastramlo oka mukhyamaina parisoedhanaa amsamgaa undhi. oka vidyaarthi deerghakaalika ghnaapakasakti nundi tirigi pondina schemacu ketayinchadam dwara oka samasyanu ardham chesukuntadani bhaavistaaru. chaduvutunnappudu vidyaarthulu edurkone samasyanu "activation" antaaru."working memory samayamlo vidyaarthi yokka vachana praatinidhyaalu unnappudu idhi jarugutundi. idhi samacharanni grahinchakundaa mariyu daanini nilupukogaligi undakunda vidyaarthi vishayalanu chadavadaaniki kaaranamavutundi. working memory yokka reader yokka praatinidhyaalalo working memory lenappudu, vaaru "nishkriyaatmakata" anie piluvabadedaanni anubhavistaaru."nishkriyaatmakata sambhavinchinappudu, vidyaarthiki vishayaala gurinchi avagahana untundi mariyu samacharanni nilupukogalugutaaru. modati patanam samayamlo nishkriyaatmakata sambhaviste, rendava patanam samayamlo paatakudu nishkriyaatmakataku gurikawalsina avasaram ledhu. paatakudu vaari ghnaapakasaktini penchadaaniki vachanam yokka "saaraamsam" pondadaaniki matrame tirigi chadavavalasi untundi. samasyanu tappu schemacu ketayinchinappudu, vidyaarthi drushtini ketaayinchina schemacu viruddhamgaa unna samasya yokka lakshanaala nundi tolagistaaru. samasya mariyu mundugaa unna schema madhya mappingnu kanugone klishtamaina dasha tarachugaa samasya parishkaaraaniki saaruupya aalochana yokka kendrikaranaku maddatugaa perkonabadutundi.
medhassu yokka abhignaa drukpatham.
prati vyaktiki pravrutti, abhyasam mariyu abhivruddhi phalitamgaa vachhe lakshanaalu, saamarthyaalu mariyu savaalla yokka vyaktigata profile untundi. ivi telivitaetalu, srujanaatmakata, abhignaa shaili, prerana mariyu samacharanni proses chese, communicate chese mariyu itarulatoe sambandham kaligi unde saamardhyamlo vyaktigata vyatyasaluga vyaktamavutaayi. paatasaala vayassu pillalalo kanipinche atyanta prabalamaina vaikalyalu attension deficit hyperactivity desorder (ADHD), learning disability, dyslexia mariyu speach desorder. takkuva saadhaarana vaikalyalalo medho vaikalyam, vinikidi lopam, mastishka pakshavaatam, muurcha mariyu andhatvam unnaayi.
playtoo nundi tatvavettalu medhassu siddhaantaalanu charchinchinappatikii, medhassu pareeksha anedi vidya manastatvasaastram yokka aavishkarana mariyu aaa kramasikshana abhivruddhitho samanamga untundi. medhassu yokka swabhaavam gurinchi nirantara charchalu saadhaarana medhassu anie piluvabade oke karakam, bahula kaarakaala (udhaa.zii., thotamaali yokka bahula medhassu siddhaantam), ledhaa daanini assalu kolavagalama. aacharanalo, vyaktigata vidya chikitsa avasaramayye pillalanu gurtinchadaaniki aardhikamgaa abhivruddhi chendina deshaalalo stanford-binnet iqu test mariyu wisk vanti praamaanika parikaraalu vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutunnaayi. bahumatigaa vargeekarinchabadina pillalaku tarachugaa vegavantamaina ledhaa susampannamaina karyakramalu andinchabadataayi. gurtinchina lopaalu unna pillalaku dhwani avagahana vanti nirdishta naipunhyaalalo merugaina vidyanu andinchavacchu. praathamika saamardhyaalato paatu, vyakti yokka vyaktitva lakshanaalu kooda mukhyamainavi, telivitaetalu mariyu gatha paniteerunu niyantrinchina tarvaata kooda, manassakshi mariyu unnata vidya vijayaalanu saadhinchaalani aasinche vyaktulu ekkuva.
abhivruddhi.
abhivruddhi manastatvasaastram, mukhyamgaa abhignaa abhivruddhi manastatvasaastram, vidya manastatvasaastraaniki pratyeka drukpathaanni terustundi. endukante vidya mariyu abhignaa abhivruddhi yokka manastatvasaastram aneka keelakamaina oohalapai kalustaayi. modata, abhignaa abhivruddhi yokka manastatvasaastram abhivruddhi yokka varusa dasalalo maanava abhignaa saamarthyaanni nirvachistundi. vidya anedi vidyaarthulaku gnaanaanni pondadamlo mariyu vividha vayasulalo vaari avagahana mariyu samasya parishkara saamardhyaalaku anugunamgaa unde naipunhyaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadamlo sahayapadatam. anduvalla, abhivruddhi kramamlo vidyaarthula sthaayini telusukovadam vaaru grahinchagala ghnaanam yokka rakam mariyu sthaayi gurinchi samacharanni andistundi, idhi vividha paatasaala taragatulalo bodhinchaalsina amsaanni nirvahinchadaaniki oka chatramgaa upayoginchabadutundi. piaget yokka abhignaa abhivruddhi siddhaantam vidyaku, mukhyamgaa ganitam mariyu vignaana vidyaku antha prabhaavavantamgaa undataaniki idhe kaaranam. adhe disalo, abhignaa abhivruddhi yokka neo-piagean siddhaantaalu paina perkonna aandolanalato paatu, bodhanalo bhavanalu mariyu naipunhyaala kramam anedi varusa vayassu sthaayilanu vargeekarinche prosessing mariyu working memory saamardhyaalanu parigananaloki teesukoovaalani suuchistunnaayi.
rendavadi, abhignaa abhivruddhi yokka manastatvasaastramlo abhignaa maarpu elaa jarugutundo ardham chesukovadam mariyu abhignaa saamarthyaanni abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinche karakalu mariyu prakriyalanu gurtinchadam untaayi. vidya abhignaa maarpunu kooda pettubadi pedutundi, endukante ghnaana nirmaanam vidyaarthulanu diguva sthaayi nundi unnata sthaayiki taralinche samarthavanthamaina bodhanaa paddhatulanu oohistundi. samasyalaku pratyaamnaaya parishkaaraalato vaastava ledhaa manasika charyalapai pratibimbam, kotta bhaavanalanu tagg cheyadam ledhaa vaatini gurthuku tecchukoovadaaniki mariyu maanasikamgaa maarchadaaniki sahayapade chihnalaku parishkaralu vanti yantraamgaalu abhignaa abhivruddhi yokka yantraamgaalanu elaa upayoginchavachho konni udaaharanalu matrame.
chivaraga, abhignaa abhivruddhi yokka manastatvasaastram abhignaa prakriyalu mariyu saamardhyaala samsthalo, vaati maarpu retulo mariyu vaati maarpu yokka yantraamgaalalo vyaktigata vyatyaasaalaku sambandhinchinadi. antargata mariyu antar-vyaktigata vyatyaasaalaku antarleenamgaa unna suutraalu vidyaaparamgaa upayogapadataayi, endukante prosessing mariyu praatinidhya saamarthyam, sweeya-avagahana mariyu sweeya-niyantrana vanti abhignaa abhivruddhi yokka vividha koonaalaku sambandhinchi vidyaarthulu elaa bhinnamgaa untaro telusukovadam mariyu ganita, shaastreeya ledhaa moukhika saamardhyalu vanti avagahana yokka vividha rangaalu, upaadhyaayudiki ververu vidyaarthula avasaralanu teerchadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi, tadwara evaruu venukabadaru.
nirmaanaatmaka.
nirmaanaatmakata anedi abhyasa siddhaantam yokka oka vargam, dheenilo samstha mariyu abhyasakudi mundastu "ghnaanam" mariyu anubhavaniki mariyu tarachugaa abhyasa prakriya yokka saamaajika mariyu saamskrutika nirnayakaalaku praadhaanyata ivvabadutundi. vidya manastatvavettalu piaget yokka abhignaa abhivruddhi siddhaantamtoe gurtinchabadina vyaktigata (ledhaa manasika) nirmaanaatmakatanu saamaajika nirmaanaatmakata nundi vaeru chestaaru. saamaajika nirmaanaatmaka namuunaa abhyasam jarige sandarbhaanni abhyaasaaniki kendramgaa bhaavistundi. idhi abhyasanni saamskrutika prakriyagaa pariganistundi. abhyaasakula samskrutini bahirgatam cheyadam dwara prajalu neerchukuntaaru. vaaru abhyaasakula pravartananu gamaninchi, aacharistaaru mariyu 'sambandhita paribhashanu enchukuni, pravartananu anukarinchi, kramamga abhyasam yokka nibandhanalaku anugunamgaa panicheyadam praarambhistaaru'. kabatti, ganita samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki saadhanaalanu upayoginchi ganita saastravettaku parichayam cheyadam dwara oka vidyaarthi ganita shaastravetta kavadam neerchukuntaadu. kabatti oka nirdishta domine off naledge nii neerchukoevadaaniki vidyaarthulu domine yokka bhaavanalanu neerchukoevadam saripodu. domine yokka abhyaasakulu praamaanikamaina karyakalapalalo bhaavanalanu upayoginchadam gurinchi vaariki avagahana kalpinchaali.
saamaajika nirmaanaatmaka namuunaapai prabalamaina prabhavam saamaajika saamskrutika abhyaasampai lev vaigotsky yokka pani, manasika nirmaanaalanu roopondinchadaaniki peddalu, marinta samarthulaina sahacharulu mariyu abhignaa saadhanaalatho paraspara charyalu elaa antargatamgaa untayo vivaristundi. "sameepa abhivruddhi praantam" (jedpidi) anedi oka vyakti yokka manasika abhivruddhini vargeekarinchadaaniki upayoginche vaigotsky anae padam. vyaktulu tamantata taamugaa cheyagala panulu vaari manasika abhivruddhi gurinchi puurti avagahananu ivvavani ayana viswasinchaadu. athanu modata jedpidini "swatantra samasya parishkaram dwara nirnayinchabadina vaastava abhivruddhi sthaayi mariyu vayojana maargadarsakatvamlo ledhaa marinta samarthulaina sahacharula sahakaaramtho samasya parishkaram dwara nirnayinchabadina sambhaavya abhivruddhi sthaayi madhya dhooram" gaa nirvachinchaadu.ayana thana vaadananu cheyadaaniki oka prasiddha udaaharananu udaharinchaaru. paatasaalalo iddaru pillalu modata enimidella abhivruddhi sthaayilo samasyalanu parishkarinchagalaru (antey, 8 samvatsaraala vayassu unna pillalaku vilakshanamainadi) ververu abhivruddhi sthaayilalo undavacchu. prati bidda oka vayojanula nundi sahayam pondinatlayithe, okaru tommidella sthaayilo pradarsana ivvagaligaaru mariyu okaru pannendu samvatsaraala sthaayilo pradarsana ivvagaligaaru. pannendu mariyu enimidi madhya, ledhaa tommidi mariyu enimidi madhya unna eee vyatyaasaanni manam" sameepa abhivruddhi praantam "anie pilustaamu."inca paripakvam chendani conny paripakvata prakriyaloo unna vidhulanu, repu paripakvata chendaboye vidhulu conny prastutam pinda sthithilo unna vidhulanu jedpidi nirvachistundani ayana annaru.eee praantam abhyasakudi prastuta saamarthyam mariyu kontha saamarthyam unna bodhakudi sahayamtho vaaru saadhinchagala saamarthyam dwara brocket cheyabadutundi.
pillala abhyasam mariyu abhignaa abhivruddhi madhya sambandhaanni vivarinchadaaniki jedpidini vaigotsky oka manchi maargamgaa chushadu. jedpidiki mundu, abhyasam mariyu abhivruddhi madhya sambandhaanni eee krindi moodu pradhana sthaanaalaku kudinchavachhuh 1) abhivruddhi ellappuduu abhyaasaaniki mundu untundi (udhaa.zii., nirmaanaatmakata): pillalu neerchukunee mundu oka nirdishta paripakvata sthaayini cherukovali; 2) neerchukoevadam mariyu abhivruddhini vaeru cheyalemu, conny badulugaa ekakaalamlo jarugutundi (udhaa.zii., pravartanaavaadam): mukhyamgaa, abhyasam anedi abhivruddhi; mariyu 3) abhyasam mariyu abhivruddhi ververu, conny paraspara prakriyalu (udhaa.zii., gestaltism): oka prakriya ellappuduu maroka prakriyanu siddham chestundi, mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa. vaigotsky eee moodu pradhana siddhaantaalanu tiraskarinchaadu, endukante neerchukoevadam ellappuduu jedpidilo abhivruddhiki mundu undaalani athanu nammadu. vaigotsky prakaram, marinta parignaanam unna itarula sahayam dwara, oka pillavadu pillala vaastava abhivruddhi ledhaa paripakvata sthaayiki minchina naipunyaalu ledhaa naipunhyaala amsaalanu neerchukoevacchu. jedpidi yokka diguva parimiti anedi swatantramgaa panichese pillavadu cherukune naipunhyam sthaayi (pillala abhivruddhi sthaayi anie kooda pilustaaru). eguva parimiti emitante, marinta samarthudaina bodhakudi sahayamtho pillavadu cherukogala sambhaavya naipunhyam yokka sthaayi. eee konamlo, pillala swatantra saamarthyaala paramgaa abhivruddhini vargeekarinche punaraavrutta drukpathaaniki viruddhamgaa, abhignaa abhivruddhi gurinchi bhavishyat drukpathaanni jedpidi andistundi. jedpidi yokka eguva parimiti dwara purogati mariyu sadhana marinta parignaanam unna itarula (enkoo) bodhanaa mariyu paranjaaku-sambandhita saamarthyaala dwara parimitam cheyabadutundi. enko saadhaaranamgaa vruddhudu, marinta anubhavagnudaina upadhyayudu ledhaa perentga bhaavistaaru, conny tarachugaa abhyasakudi thoti vyakti ledhaa vaari juuniyar kaavacchu. enko oka vyakti kooda kanavasaram ledhu, adhi oka yantram ledhaa pustakam ledhaa drushya mariyu/ledhaa audeo input yokka itara muulam kaavacchu.
vaigotsky siddhaantaanni vivaristuu, gerom bruner mariyu itara vidya manastatvavettalu bodhanaa paranjaanu yokka mukhyamaina bhavananu abhivruddhi chesaaru, dheenilo saamaajika ledhaa samachara vaataavaranam neerchukoevadaaniki maddatunu andistundi, avi antargatamgaa marinappudu kramamga upasamharinchabadataayi.
zeane piaget yokka abhignaa abhivruddhi.
zeane piaget oka jeevi daani paryaavaranaaniki elaa anugunamgaa untundane daanipai aasakti chuupaaru. piaget sisuvulu puttinapudu panichese schematho janmistaarani oohinchaaru, dheenini athanu "reflexes" anie pilichadu. piaget abhignaa abhivruddhilo naalugu dasalanu gurtinchindi. naalugu dasalu sensorimotor dasha, prii-operational dasha, concreat kaaryaacharana dasha mariyu adhikaarika kaaryaacharana dasha.
conditioning mariyu abhyasam.
balyam, kaumaram, yuktavayassu mariyu vruddhaapyamlo abhyaasakula lakshanaalanu ardham chesukovadaniki, vidya manastatvasaastram maanava abhivruddhi siddhaantaalanu abhivruddhi chesi, vartimpajestundi. tarachugaa prajalu parinati chendutunna koddi daatutunna dasalugaa suuchimchabadataayi, abhivruddhi siddhaantaalu manasika saamardhyalu (ghnaanam), saamaajika paatralu, naitika tarkam mariyu ghnaanam yokka swabhaavam gurinchi nammakaalalo maarpulanu vivaristaayi.
udaaharanaku, vidya manastatvavettalu zeane piaget yokka abhivruddhi siddhaantam yokka bodhanaa anuvartanampai parisoedhanalu nirvahinchaaru, dheeni prakaram pillalu abhignaa saamarthyam yokka naalugu dasala dwara parinati chendutaaru. pillalu sumaru 11 samvatsaraala kante ekkuva vayassu vachhe varaku nairoopya taarkika aalochana cheyalerani, anduvalla chinna pillalaku khachitamaina vastuvulu mariyu udaaharanalanu upayoginchi neerpinchaalsina avasaram undani piaget oohinchaaru. concreat nundi nairoopya taarkika aalochanaku maaradam vanti parivartanalu anni rangaalalo oke samayamlo jaragadani parisoedhakulu kanugonnaru. oka pillavadu ganitam gurinchi nairuupyamgaa aalochinchagaladu, conny maanava sambandhaala gurinchi tarkinchetappudu khachitamaina aalochanaku parimitam ayi undavacchu. bahusha piaget yokka atyanta saasvatamaina sahakaram emitante, prajalu sweeya-niyantrana prakriya dwara tama avagahananu churukuga nirminchukuntaaru anae athani antardrushti.
piaget naitika tarkam yokka abhivruddhi siddhaantaanni pratipaadinchaaru, dheenilo pillalu pravartana mariyu phalitaala aadhaaramgaa naitikatapai amayaka avagahana nundi uddeshaala aadhaaramgaa marinta adhunaatana avagahanaku purogamistaaru. naitika abhivruddhi gurinchi piaget abhipraayaalanu laurence colberg naitika abhivruddhi yokka dasha siddhaantamgaa vivarinchaaru. dasha siddhaantaalalo vivarinchina naitika tarkam naitika pravartanaku taginadi kaadani aadharalu unnaayi. udaaharanaku, bedirimpulanu vivarinchadaaniki modeling (naitikata yokka saamaajika abhignaa siddhaantam vivarinchina vidhamgaa) vanti itara amsaalu avasaram.
pillala abhivruddhi yokka rudolph steiner yokka namuunaa saareeraka, bhavodvega, abhignaa mariyu naitika abhivruddhini abhivruddhi dasalalo piaget taruvaata vivarinchina maadirigaane paraspara sambandham kaligi untundi.
abhivruddhi siddhaantaalu konnisaarlu gunaatmakamgaa vibhina dasala madhya marpuluga kakunda, pratyeka kolatalapai kramamga perugudalugaa pradarsinchabadataayi. ghnaanasaastra vishwaasaala abhivruddhi (ghnaanam gurinchi nammakalu) prajala vishwaasamlo kramamga maarpula paramgaa vivarinchabaddaayih ghnaanam yokka khachitatvam mariyu saasvatam, saamarthyam yokka sthirathvam mariyu upaadhyaayulu mariyu nipunula vanti adhikaarula viswasaneeyata. prajalu vidya mariyu paripakvatalo pondutunna koddi ghnaanam gurinchi marinta adhunaatana nammakalanu pempondinchukuntaaru.
prerana.
prerana anedi pravartananu sakriyam chese, maarganirdesam chese mariyu konasaginche antargata sthithi. vidyaarthulu elaa neerchukuntaaru mariyu vishayam patla vaaru elaa pravartistaaru anae daanipai prerana aneka prabhava prabhavalanu chooputundih
preranapai vidya manastatvasastra parisoedhana anedi vidyaarthulu oka paniki teesukuvacche sankalpam ledhaa sankalpam, vaari aasakti sthaayi mariyu antargata prerana, vaari pravartanaku maarganirdesam chese vyaktigatamgaa nirvahinchabade lakshyalu mariyu vaari vijayam ledhaa vaiphalyaaniki kaaranaala gurinchi vaari nammakaniki sambandhinchinadi. antargata prerana vaari swantha pratiphalaalugaa panichese kaaryakalaapaalato vyavaharistundi, bahya prerana parinaamaalu ledhaa sikshala dwara teesukuvacche preranalatho vyavaharistundi. bernard weiner abhivruddhi chesina aapaadimpu siddhaantam yokka oka roopam vidyaaparamaina vijayam ledhaa vaiphalyaaniki kaaranaala gurinchi vidyaarthula nammakalu vaari bhavodvegalu mariyu preranalanu elaa prabhaavitam chestayo vivaristundi. udaaharanaku, vidyaarthulu vaiphalyaanni saamarthyam lekapovadam anie aapaadinchinappudu, mariyu saamarthyaanni aniyantritamgaa bhavinchinappudu, vaaru siggu mariyu ibbandi yokka bhavodvegalanu anubhavistaaru, tatphalitamgaa krushini tagginchi, paelavamaina paniteerunu chuuputaaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, vidyaarthulu vaiphalyaanni krushi lekapovadam anie aapaadinchinappudu, mariyu krushini niyantrinchadaginadigaa bhavinchinappudu, vaaru aparaadha bhavananu anubhavistaaru, tatphalitamgaa krushini penchutaaru mariyu merugaina paniteerunu chuuputaaru.
sweeya-nirnaya siddhaantaanni (esditi) manastatvavettalu edward desi mariyu richard ryaan abhivruddhi chesaaru. esditi maanava pravartananu nadipinchadamlo estidi yokka praamukhyatapai drushti pedutundi mariyu swaabhaavika perugudala mariyu abhivruddhi dhoranulanu kaligi untundi. idhi oka vyakti yokka pravartana enthavaraku sweeya-prerana mariyu sweeya-nirnayaatmakamainado nokki chebutundi. vidyaaramgaaniki vartimpajesinappudu, sweeya-nirnaya siddhaantam pradhanamgaa vidyaarthulaloo abhyaasampai aasakti, vidya yokka viluva mariyu vaari swantha saamarthyaalu mariyu lakshanaalapai vishwaasaanni prothsahinchadaaniki sambandhinchinadi.
abhyaasakula lakshyalu vaaru vidyaaparamaina panulatho nimagnamayye vidhananni elaa prabhaavitam chestayo kooda preranaatmaka siddhaantaalu vivaristaayi. naipunhyam gala lakshyalu" unnavaaru tama saamarthyaanni, gnaanaanni penchukoovadaaniki prayatnistaaru. paniteeru vidhana lakshyalu" unnavaaru adhika gradela kosam prayatnistaaru mariyu vaari saamardhyaalanu pradarsinchadaaniki avakaasaalanu korukuntaru. paniteeru egavetha" lakshyalu unnavaaru vaiphalyam yokka bhayamtho nadapabadataru mariyu vaari saamarthyaalu bahirgatamayye paristhitulanu nivaaristaaru. naipunhyam lakshyalu vaiphalyam edurkontunnappudu pattudala, savaalu chese panulaku praadhaanyata, srujanaatmakata mariyu antargata prerana vanti aneka saanukuula phalitaalato mudipadi unnayani parisoedhanalu kanugonnayi. paniteeru egavetha lakshyalu adhyayanam chesetappudu takkuva ekagrata, avyavastheekruta adhyayanam, takkuva sweeya-niyantrana, nissara samachara prosessing mariyu pareeksha aandolana vanti pratikuula phalitaalato mudipadi untaayi. paniteeru vidhana lakshyalu saanukuula phalitaalato mudipadi untaayi, mariyu sahayam koradaniki ayishtata mariyu nissara samachara prosessing vanti konni pratikuula phalitaalu untaayi.
vidyaarthula vijayavantamaina vidya paniteerulo niyantrana yokka sthaanam oka pradhana amsam. 1970luu mariyu 80laloe, cassandra bii. unnata vidya course panini abhyasinche vidyaarthula vidya saadhanaku sambandhinchina niyantrana sthaanaanni adhyayanam chestu white gananeeyamaina vidya parisoedhana chesaaru. aame vidya parisoedhanalu mariyu prachuranalalo ekkuva bhaagam juuliyan bii siddhaantaalapai drushti saarinchaayi. antargata niyantrana mariyu vijayavantamaina vidya paniteeru yokka praamukhyataku sambandhinchi rotter. tama krushi marinta vijayavantamaina vidya phalitaalaku daariteestundani grahinchi, vishwasinche vyaktulu, adrushtam ledhaa vidhini batti kakunda, unnata sthaayilo vidyaaparamgaa konasaginchi, saadhistaarani white nivedinchaaru. anduvalla, eee vishayamlo vidya mariyu counselling andinchadam chaalaa mukhyam.
saanketikata.
bodhanaa roopakalpana, padaarthaalu, karyakalapalu mariyu abhyasam kosam paraspara vaataavaranaala kramabaddhamaina roopakalpana, vidya manastatva siddhaantaalu mariyu parisoedhana dwara vistrutamgaa teliyajeyabadutundi. udaaharanaku, abhyasa lakshyalu ledhaa lakshyalanu nirvachinchadamlo, bodhanaa roopakartalu tarachugaa benzin bloom mariyu sahacharulu srushtinchina vidya lakshyaala vargeekarananu upayogistaaru. bloom panditya abhyasanni kooda parisoedhimchaaru, idhi oka bodhanaa vyuuham, dheenilo abhyaasakulu daani mundastu lakshyalanu praaveenyam pondina tarvaata matrame kotta abhyasa lakshyaaniki munduku saagutaaru. okariki okaru shikshanhato naipunhya abhyasam kalayika chaalaa prabhaavavantamgaa untundani, taragati gadhi bodhanalo saadhaaranamgaa saadhinchina phalitaalanu adhigaminchi abhyasa phalitaalanu utpatti chestundani bloom kanugonnadu. maroka manastatvavetta ayina gagne intakumundu pani vislaeshanha yokka prabhaavavantamaina paddhatini abhivruddhi chesaaru, dheenilo antima abhyasa lakshyam mundastu avasaraala sambandhaala dwara anusandhaaninchabadina abhyasa lakshyaala sopaanakramamgaa vistarinchabadutundi.
eee krindi saanketika vanarula jaabitaalo vidya manastatvavettalu mariyu vaari vidyaarthulaku computer-aided bodhana mariyu medhassu unnaih
vidyaavishayaka manastatvasastra rangaaniki saanketikata chaalaa avasaram, manastatvavettaku matrame kakunda, pareeksha, samstha mariyu vanarula varaku, vidyaarthulaku kooda. keey-12 nepadhyamlo nivasinche vidya manastatvavettalu tama samayanni ekkuva bhaagam pratyeka vidya vidyaarthulapai kendrikaristaru. ipad applications mariyu veediyolu vanti saanketika parignaanam dwara neerchukunee vikalanga vidyaarthulu taragati gadilo neerchukoevadaaniki marinta nimagnamai, prerepinchabaddaarani kanugonabadindi. liu mariyu itarulu. abhyasa-aadhaarita saanketikata vidyaarthulaku marinta drushti kendreekarinchadaaniki anumatistundani, abhyasa saanketikatalato abhyasam marinta samarthavantamgaa untundani vivarinchandi. saamaajika-bhavodvega vaikalyalunna vidyaarthulu dooravidyalo paalgonadaaniki kooda abhyasa saanketikata anumatistundani rachayitalu vivaristunnaaru.
applications.
bodhana.
bodhanaa abhyaasaaniki maarganirdesam cheyadaaniki mariyu upadhyaya vidya kaaryakramaalaku punaadi vaeyadaaniki taragati gadhi nirvahana mariyu bodhana saastrampai parisoedhana nirvahinchabadutundi. taragati gadhi nirvahana yokka lakshyalu neerchukoevadaaniki anukuulamaina vaataavaranaanni srushtinchadam mariyu vidyaarthula sweeya-nirvahana naipunhyaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadam. marinta pratyaekamgaa, taragati gadhi nirvahana saanukuula upadhyaya-vidyaarthi mariyu thoti sambandhaalanu srushtinchadaaniki, pani pravartananu konasaaginchadaaniki vidyaarthi samuuhaalanu nirvahinchadaaniki mariyu nirantara manasika-saamaajika samasyalanu pradarsinche vidyaarthulaku sahayam cheyadaaniki counselling mariyu itara manasika paddhatulanu upayoginchadaaniki prayatnistundi.
chaalaa uttara america upadhyaya vidya karyakramalalo parichaya vidya manastatvasaastram saadhaaranamgaa avasaramaina adhyayana rangam. aaa sandarbhamlo bodhinchinappudu, daani content maarutuu untundi, conny idhi saadhaaranamgaa abhyasa siddhaantaalu (mukhyamgaa ghnaana aadhaaritamainavi), prerana, vidyaarthula abhyasam yokka anchanaa mariyu taragati gadhi nirvahana gurinchi samasyalanu nokki chebutundi. oka abhivruddhi anedi saadhaaranamgaa samrakshanaa upadhyaya vidyalo pradarsinchabade vidya manastatvasastra amsaala gurinchi marinta vivaraalanu andistundi.
counselling.
sikshana.
vidya manastatvavetta kaavadaaniki, vidyaarthulu tamaku nacchina under graduate degreeni puurti cheyavachu. appudu vaaru vidya manastatvasaastram, counselling manastatvasaastram ledhaa paatasaala counselling adhyayanam cheyadaaniki graduate paatasaalaku vellaali. nedu chaalaa mandhi vidyaarthulu "manastatvavetta" birudunu pondadaaniki vaari doctorate degreelanu kooda pondutunnaru. vidya manastatvavettalu vividha rakaala amarikalalo panicheestaaru. kontamandi vishwavidyaalayaalalo pani chestaaru, akkada vaaru maanava abhivruddhi, abhyasam mariyu vidya yokka abhignaa mariyu saamaajika prakriyalapai parisoedhana chestaaru. vidya manastatvavettalu vidya samagri, taragati gadhi karyakramalu mariyu online korsula roopakalpana mariyu srushtilo salahadaruluga kooda panicheyavacchu. keey-12 paatasaala amarikalalo panichese vidya manastatvavettalu (us mariyu kenadaaloni paatasaala manastatvavettalu sannihitamgaa sambandham kaligi unnaaru) masters mariyu doctoral sthaayilalo sikshana pondutaaru. madimpulanu nirvahinchadamtho paatu, paatasaala manastatvavettalu vidyaaparamaina mariyu pravartanaa jokyam, counselling, upaadhyaayula sampradimpulu mariyu sankshobha jokyam vanti sevalanu andistaaru. ayithe, paatasaala manastatvavettalu saadhaaranamgaa vidyaarthula patla vyaktigatamgaa ekkuva drushti saaristaaru.
aneka unnata paatasaalalu mariyu kalaasaalalu vidya manastatvasastra korsulanu ekkuvagaa andistunnaayi, konni kalaasaalalu dheenini saadhaarana vidya avasaramgaa andistunnaayi. adevidhamgaa, kalaasaalalu vidyaarthulaku pihech pondadaaniki avakaasaalanu andistaayi.dii. vidya manastatvasaastramlo.
UKloe, vidyaarthulu tadupari vidya, placement mariyu parisoedhanaa thesis kaligi unna moodu samvatsaraala doctoral korsuku darakhaastu cheyadaaniki mundu british psychological society (under graduate ledhaa masters sthaayilo) chetha gurtimpu pondina degreeni kaligi undaali.
iteevali samvatsaraalalo, americaloni aneka vishwavidyaalaya sikshanaa karyakramalalo jaathi, lingam, vaikalyam, gaayam mariyu pedarikam vanti samasyalapai drushti saarinche paatyaamsaalanu chaerchaaru, mariyu aaa samasyalu abhyasam mariyu vidya phalitaalanu elaa prabhaavitam chestaayi. perugutunna vishwavidyaalayaalu eee rangaalalo pani cheyadaaniki mariyu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki nipunulanu anumatinche pratyeka dhruvapatraalanu andistunnaayi (antey.ii. autism nipunulu, gaayam nipunulu).
upaadhi drukpatham.
2014loe chaalaa vruttula kante united stateslo manastatvavettala upaadhi vaegamgaa perugutundani anchanaa veyabadindi. prati naluguru manastatvavettalalo okaru vidya nepadhyaalalo panicheestunnaaru. united stateslo, praathamika mariyu madhyamika paatasaalallo manastatvavettala madhyastha jeetam mae 2004 natiki US $58,360.
iteevali dasaabdaalalo, uttara america vidya manastatvasaastramlo vruttiparamaina parisoedhakulugaa mahilala bhagaswamyam natakeeyamgaa perigindi.
parisoedhana paddhatulu.
vidya parisoedhana yokka konni itara rangaalaku viruddhamgaa, vidya manastatvasaastramlo parimaanaatmaka paddhatulu pradhana vichaarana vidhanam, conny gunaatmaka mariyu mishrama paddhatula adhyayanalu kooda saadhaaranam. vidya manastatvasaastram, manastatvasaastram yokka itara rangaala maadirigaane pariseelana, paraspara sambandham mariyu prayogaatmaka adhyayana roopakalpanala samatulyatapai aadharapadi untundi. paatasaala amarikalalo aadhaarapadina dayta mariyu manasika chararaasula namuunaa yokka sanklishtatalanu batti, vidya manastatvavettalu cycometric paddhatulu, meta-vislaeshanha, regression discontinuity mariyu latent variable modalingtho sahaa aneka saadhaarana ganaanka saadhanaala abhivruddhilo mundanjalo unnaaru.

