
dhegihan valasalu

praacheena haake tegaloni uttara america bhaaratheeyulu kaalinadakana chesina sudeergha prayaanam dhegihan valasalu mariyu vibhajana. prastuta illinais/kentucky mariyu nebrasca varaku valasala samayamlo, vaaru kramamga aidu samuhaluga vidipoyaaru. prati okkati swatantramaina mariyu chaaritraatmaka tegagaa maarindi. avi omaha, ponca, kaav ledhaa consa, osej mariyu kwapav.
dhegiha" anae padam mottam aidu bharatiya tegalanu suuchistumdi, endukante vaaru dhegihaa seovan bhashanu matladataru. sambandhita bhaashalatho paatu, vaaru puurveekula tega nundi vacchina ummadi muulam gurinchi moukhika sampradaayaanni panchukuntaaru. eee tegala vibhajana samayam mariyu avi pratyeka samuhaluga unikilo undataaniki mundu charitra kontha charchaneeyaamsamgaa undhi.
vibhajanaku mundu.
kwapa, ponca, omaha, osej mariyu kaavlu oka sampradaayaanni panchukuntaaru, gatamlo vaaru oke prajalu. chaaritraka kaalamlo konni tegalu vistrutamgaa chellacheduruga unnappatikee, bandhutva samuuhaalu (vamsaalu) mariyu daggari sambandham unna bhaashalatho samaanamaina girijana samstha eee vaadanaku maddatu istundi. (ponca mariyu omaahaa nebrascalo, consasloni kaav, missouriilooni osej sthirapaddaaru, arkansas kwaapaaku matrubhoomigaa maarindi.)
prarambha tegaloni prajalu tamanu taamu hoga anie pilicheevaaru. idhi "nayakulu" anie anuvadistundi, antey munupati taraalu ledhaa "puurveekulu" anie ardham. vaaru beradu illa gramalalo nivasinchaaru, kundalu tayaaru chesaaru, vetaadi, sekarinchi, chinna mottamlo mokkajonnanu penchaaru. james oven dorsey, alis cunningham fletcher, omaha indian frances laa flesh mariyu itara aasaktigala vyaktulu sekarinchina girijana moukhika charitra prakaram, prarambha dhegihaa prajalu diguva ohiyo nadhi loyalo nivasinchaaru. 
eee ummadi sampradaayam vivadaspadamga undhi. 1980 natiki, dheenini "saadhaaranamgaa vruttiparamaina puraavastu saastravettalu tiraskarinchaaru". oka siddhaantam prakaram, eee tegalu mississippi nadiki paschimaana unna praantaalalo deerghakaalamgaa nivasinchevaaru, akkada swethajaatheeyulu vaarini edurkonnaru. edemaina, 1993loe, susanne vehick puraavastu shaastram khachitamainadi kaadani, mariyu prastuta dhegihan deshaala moukhika charitralu mississippian dasha samskrutulatoe saaruupyatalanu mariyu cadovan lakshanaalu lekapovadaanni punaruddaristaayani oppinche vaadana chesaaru.
valasalu.
konni kaaranaala valla eee tega 1673 kii mundu ohiyo nadipai prayaanam praarambhinchindi. paatha samskruti vichchinnam, mokkajonna pempakaaniki pratikuulamaina vaataavarana maarpulu, antuvyaadhulu mariyu/ledhaa irokwoyan mariyu algonquin bhaarateeyulatoo sangharshanhalaku valasalu samadhanam ayi undavacchu.
prayaanistunnappudu, vaaru gudaralalo nivasinchaaru, cover diguvana raallatho bhadraparachabadindi. hogaalu kotta bhuubhaagamlooki maarinanduna, valasalu konnisaarlu chorabatluga marai.
diguva chuupina vidhamgaa valasalaku vividha kaalakramaalu unnaayi. konni samuuhaalu cree. sha. 500 lone missauri/kahokia praantamloki prayaaninchi undavacchu. appudu migilina prajalu taruvaata vacchaaru, bahusha kahokia dwara aakarshinchabaddaaru. kahokia vidipovadam, mariyu/ledhaa thoorpu sthaanikula nundi vacchina ottidi, manchi kosam mississippini daatadaaniki preranagaa undi, migilina kadalikalanu krinda vivarinchina vidhamgaa chesi undavacchu. pratyamnaayamgaa, 1250 loe kahokia vidipovadam valla migilina dhigiha prajalu mississippini daatadaaniki veelu kaligindi. yea vidhamgaanainaa, osej, vaari chivari "udyamam" chesetappudu (mississippi meedugaa, osej nadiki) itara dhegihaa prajalanu kalusukuni, vaarini tegalo chaerchaaru, tadwara vaaru europeanlatho modati parichayam samayamlo aadhunika osejgaa maararu (osej charitra vaari bhasha matlade conny bhinnamgaa vyavaharinchina vyaktula samuuhaalanu kalisinatlu chebutundi, honga yuu-taa-none-disi [vivikta bhoomi prajalu] mariyu tsi haa shee [chivari vaaru]).
modati vibhajana.
ohiyo nadhi mukhadvaaraaniki cherukunna hoga, charma padavalalo mississippi nadini daatadam praarambhinchindi. modati vibhajana ikkade jarigindi. prajalalo kontha bhaagam thoorpu odduna dakshina disagaa mississippini anusarinchaaru ledhaa vaaru pravaahamtho dhooramgaa vellipoyaaru. vaaru diguva prajalu anie ardham vachhe kwapaga maararu. paschima teeramlo nadhi pravaahaaniki vyatiraekamgaa vellina vaaru omaha ledhaa eguva praanta prajalu ayyaru.
kwapa moukhika charitra modati vibhajana mississippi mariyu missauri nadula sangamam vadda jarigindani vivaristundi. idhi 1800la praarambhamlo thamus nattaltho paatu itarulaku kooda cheppabadindi. adanamgaa, ponca kooda dheenini perkontundi, headman raasina "bhoomipai nadustundi" chudandi. oka ethnographer idhi mississippi mariyu ohiyo sangamamlo undani siddhaantam chesinanduna idhi khachitamaina prakatana kaadu.
kwapa tega 1541loe mississippi sameepamlo hernando dii soto chetha edurkonabadi undavacchu. ayithe, andubaatulo unna aadharalu viruddhamgaa unnaayi (1938loe, dii soto commission athanu edurkonna kontamandi tunica bhaaratheeyulu anie nirdhaarinchindi).
bahusha, kwapa bhaaratheeyulu iteevala diguva mississippi praantamloo sthirapaddaaru, 1673loe jackwess markwett mariyu luis joliet yokka french dandayaatralo arkansas mukhadwaram sameepamlo mississippi nadhi venta vaarini edurkonnaru. 
ayova bhaaratheeyulu hogaalalo chaeri vaaritho paatu mississippini daati undavacchu. ayova prajalu modata diguva misouriiloo ledhaa dess moines nadipai oka pradaesamloe bharatiya valasadaarulanu kalusukuni vaaritho cheraarani itara vruttaamtaalu paerkontunnaayi.
paiki.
hoga yokka pradhana bhaagam uttaraana mississippini anusarinchindi. avi kalakramena vidipoyi osej, kaa, omaahaa mariyu ponca avtayi.
pedda samuuham misauri nadhi mukhadvaaraaniki cherukuni daanini anusarinchindani oka kathanam chebutondi. kontakaalam, vaaru prastuta gasconade county mariyu missouriilooni osej county praantamloo nivasinchaaru. chivariki, prajalu prayaanaanni konasaginchi osej nadiki cherukunnaru. mallii, samuuham vibajananu anubhavinchindi. jantuvula naraala vibhajanapai (daaraalu mariyu teegalagaa upayoginchevi) vibhedaalu eee vibhajanaku kaaranamayyaayi. kondaru osej nadhi dwara teliyani deshaanni anveshinchaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru mariyu varusaga osej indians mariyu kaa ledhaa consa indians ayyaru. cavs oka samuuhamloo samavesamai, tirigi vacchi, uttaraana missauri nadini anusarinchi consas nadhi varaku, akkada sthirapaddaaru.
taruvaata, arkaansaasloni osage mariyu kwapa ummadi muulam unnappatikee satruvulugaa marai. nebrascaloni omaahaa kooda kalakramena osejche satruvugaa pariganinchabadutundi.
omaha, osej/kaa samuuham nundi "kopamgaa unna manasika sthithilo" dhooramgaa nadustuu, misauri dakshina odduna prayaanistuunae unnaaru. vaaru chaaritan nadhi mukhadwaram vadda maroka tiiraaniki vellaaru.
minnesotaloni pipestone kwaareeki rendu ververu margalu munduku unchabaddaayi. prajalu modata chaaritan nadini, taruvaata dess moines nadini (maplo pacchani maargam) anusarinchaarani oka kathanam perkondi. itara samskaranalo prajalu missauri nadhi varaku prayaanistunnaaru mariyu spashtamgaa taruvaata pedda seox nadhi (maplo narinja maargam).
marinta bhinnamaina valasa katha emitante prajalu missauri (maplo pasupu maargam) kuu badulugaa mississippi paiki velataaru. dess moines nadhi odduna nilabadi, eee upanadiki daani muulam varaku anusarinchaalani vaaru nirnayinchukunnaaru. ikkada nundi, vaaru munduku sagaru mariyu catlinite kwaareeni kanugonnaru.
pipustone kwari sameepamlo sthiranivaasam.
prajalu aaa praantamloo erupu, pani cheyagala kaatlinaitnu kanugonnaru. vaaru oka pedda mukka yokka pavitra gottaniki thala chesaaru, taruvaata ponca yokka girijana gottamlo bhaagamgaa maararu. (ponca vaaru chivaraku paipuku kaandam cheyadaaniki mundu eshaanya nebrascaku sudeergha olasalanu puurti chesaaru).
prajalu pedda seox nadhi sameepamlo oka gramanni nirminchaaru, bahusha vaayuvya ayovaloni raktasraavam jarige pradaesamloe. vaaru seox (dakota) yokka vividha samuuhaala nundi daadiki gurai, oka pedda yuddham tarvaata sthaavaraanni vidichipettaru. zaan keey. 1685 samvatsaraaniki diguva anctonoi seox yokka sheethaakaala ganananu bharinchandi, "santy dakota omaha thegatho poraadaadu". chanipoyina chaalaa mandini graamaaniki sameepamlo unna oka visaalamaina dibbalo khananam chesaaru.
1879loe, ancton seox cheef strikes-dhi-rii pipestone kwaareepai vairudhya vaadanalaku yuddhanni aapaadinchaaru.
mallii kadalika.
prajalu dakshina disagaa vellaaru. appudu, vaaru missoureeni anusarinchi uttara disagaa vellinatlu telustondi. vaaru aaa kalapanu oka sarassu vadda oka pavitra stambhamgaa kattirinchaaru. kontamandi omaahaalu, conny andaruu kaadu, dheenini dakshina dakotaloni andis sarassuga gurtinchaaru. idhi 17va sataabdam chivari traimaasikamlo jarigi undavacchu.
bahusha, prajalu appudu pedda seox mukhadvaaraaniki sameepamlo unna pradaesaaniki tirigi vellaaru. misoureeki thoorpuna nivasistuu, vaaru paschima tiiraalaloo nivasistunna arikaara bhaaratheeyulanu vedhinchaaru. kalakramena, omaha pedda seoxpy oka kotta graamamlo sthirapadi, ikkada arikaaraatho (mariyu cheyenne mariyu oto kooda) shanti oppandam kudurchukunnaru. arikaara mahilalu omahaku erth laadjlanu nirminchadam neerpinchaaru.
pedda seox nadhi graamam bhaarata daadulaku guraindi. omaha, ippatikee ayova taruvaata, satruvu praantaanni manchi kosam vadilivesindi. prayaanamantaa inca kaalinadakana jarigindi.
french vyakti pierry-charless lae suur icchina samacharam kaneesam 17va sataabdam mugimpuku mundu eguva pedda seoxlo ekkado omahalu unnayani "gattiga suuchistumdi". 1714 taruvaata, french muulaalu omaha bhaaratheeyulanu itara pradaesaalaloo gurtinchaayi.
ponca oka tegagaa maarindi.
eguva praanta prajalu mallee uttara disagaa velli dakshina dakotaloni tellani nadhi mukhadwaram vadda missauri nadini daataaru. konni aadharalu ikkada valasalu tatkalikamga aagipoyaayani suuchistunnaayi. omaha yokka ponca vamsam kotta parisaraalalo marinta swatantramgaa maarindani telustondi. idhi oka vamsamgaa ledhaa oka pratyaekamaina tegagaa paschima disagaa bhoomini anveshinchinappatiki, migilina omaahaalu mariyu ayova tellani nadhee pattanam lone undipoyaayi.
ponca nalla kondala varaku cherukundi. vaaru omaha mariyu ayovalaku tirigi vacchaaru mariyu moodu samuuhaalu misouriiloo ummadi prayaanaanni praarambhinchaayi.
ponca nebrascaloni neobrara nagaraniki sameepamlo sthirapaddaaru. omaha mariyu ayova diguvaku konasagayi, conny bhavishyat nebrasca rashtramlone undipoyaayi. eee chivari mariyu shaashwata vibhajana 1714 mariyu 1718 madhya jarigi undavacchu.
ponca graamaala nundi nalla kondala varaku mariyu marinta paschimaana sudeergha prayaanaalanu chepadataru. nalla kondalaku oka paryatanalo, vaaru "padouka" thoo poraadaaru-mydaanaala apachi ledhaa komanche bhaaratheeyulu. taruvaata adhi sandhi kii vachindi, mariyu ponca padouka nundi modati gurralanu andukundi. 
swethajaatheeyulu 1785loe modatisaarigaa ponca tega gurinchi prastaavinchaaru. oka spanish patram nebrasca eshaanya muulaloe ponca maatrubhoomini khachitamgaa istundi.
vibhajana taruvaata.
omaha prajalu, kaa prajalu, osej desham, ponca mariyu kwaapaavlanu chudandi

