
afro-bolivianlu

afro-bolivianlu upa-sahara african vaarasatvaaniki chendina bolivian prajalu, anduvalla vivaranaatmaka "afro-bolivian" anedi vaari samajam nundi udbhavinchindani bhaavinche bolivialoni chaaritraka ledhaa saamskrutika amsaalanu suuchimchavachchu. idhi matam, sangeetam, bhasha, kalalu mariyu taragati samskruti vanti bolivian samaajamlo kanipinche african mariyu itara saamskrutika amsaala kalayikanu kooda suuchistumdi. afro-bolivianlu dhesha prabhutvam dwara bolivia yokka rajyanga jaathi samoohaalalo okarigaa gurtinchabaddaaru, mariyu madhyayuga kaalamlo aafrikaalo paalinchina chakravartula shreniki tirigi thana santatini gurtinchina rajuche lanchanaprayamga nadipinchabaddaaru. 2012 janabha lekkala prakaram vaari sankhya 432,000.
bolivialo baanisatvam yokka charitra.
1544loe, spanish vijaetalu ippudu potosi anie piluvabade nagaramlo vendi ganulanu kanugonnaru, idhi sero rico bays meeda undhi. vaaru sthaanikulanu ganulalo karmikuluga banisaluga cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. ayithe, ganulalo panichese sthaanikula aarogyam chaalaa paelavamgaa maarindi, kabatti spanish vaaru ganulalo panicheyadaaniki baanisalanu upa-sahara aafrikanlanu teesukuraavadam praarambhinchaaru. ganulalo panicheyadaaniki 16va sataabdam praarambhamloonae bolivialo baanisalanu teesukuvacchaaru. 17va sataabdamloo potosilo 30,000 mandhi aafrikanlanu ganulalo pani cheyadaaniki teesukuvacchaaru, dheeni nundi mottam potosi janabha sumaru 200,000 mandhi unnaaru. bolivialo baanisalu ekkuva khareedainavaaru, spanish kaalaneelalooni itara bhagalalo 800 pesolu varaku kharchu ayyevaaru. spanish saamrajyam yokka teerapraantamlooni baanisa naukaasrayaala nundi konugolu cheyavalasi vachindi mariyu cartagena, montevideo mariyu buenous ires vanti nagaraala nundi boliviaku trekking cheyalsi vachindi.
baanisalanu kashtataramaina paristhitulalo pani cheyadaaniki niyaminchaaru. ganulalo panichestunna kontamandi baanisalu konni nelala kante ekkuva kaalam jeevinchi undaledu. modatlo, baanisalu antha ettulo panicheyadaaniki alavaatu padaledu. ganullo pani chestunnappudu peelche vishapuurita smelter pogalu mariyu paadarasam aaviri kaaranamgaa eee sthaanika mariyu african kaarmikulalo chaalaa mandhi jeevitaalu antarinchipooyaayi. baanisalu ganulalo sagatuna 4 nelalu panicheesaaru. anduvalla vaaru tama kallanu rakshinchukovadaaniki ganulanu vidichipettinappudu kallaku patti kattavalasi vachindi, idhi cheekatiki anugunamgaa maarindi.
18 ellu daatina sthaanikulu, aafrikanlu ganullo 12 gantala shiftullo panicheyadam tappanisari ayinappatikee, chinna pillalu ganullo panicheyadaaniki ippatikee prasiddhi chendaaru. eee pillalu takkuva gantalu panicheesaaru; ayithe, vaaru ippatikee asbestas, visha vaayuvulu, guhalu mariyu paelullatoe sahaa anni mainarla yokka adhe atyanta kathinamaina paristhitulaku gurayyaru. 1545 madhya, 1825 varaku, valasarajyala kaalam mugise varaku, spaniards modata sthaanikulanu pani cheyadaaniki niyaminchinappudu, ganula pani kaaranamgaa enimidi millionla mandhi aafrikanlu mariyu sthaanikulu maraninchaarani anchanaa.
kottagaa teesukuvacchina chaalaa mandhi baanisalu kathinamaina paristhitulu mariyu vaataavaranam kaaranamgaa maraninchaaru. ganulaloni paristhitulaku vyatiraekamgaa baanisalanu balopetam cheyadaaniki spaniards maargam vaariki namaladaniki coca akulanu andinchadam. coca akulanu namaladam dwara, baanisalu tama indriyaalanu challaga maarchukoni, alaage aakali anubhootini tagginchi, ettulo unna anaarogyaanni tagginchaaru. potosi ganula maadirigaane, coca thotalu eee praantamloo nagadu pantagaa marai. juuliyoo pinedo puurveekula maadirigaane, hassendalapy coca akulanu saagu cheyadaaniki mariyu proses cheyadaaniki vaelaadi mandhi baanisalanu ravana chesaaru.
yungaalu.
1827loe vaari vimukti taruvaata (daani amalu 1851kii vaida padinappatikee), afro-bolivianlu yungas anae pradaesaaniki maararu. laa paaj nagaraniki uttaraana chaalaa dhooramlo laeni yungas, desamlo ekkuva bhaagam coca pandinche pradaesam. yungas looni coroco, mururata, chikaloma, kalakala-coscoma mariyu irupana vanti bhagalalo african vaarasatvaaniki chendina bolivianlu pedda sankhyalo unnaaru. bolivianlu yungaalaku makaam maarchadaaniki mundu, idhi ekkuvagaa swadeshi aymara prajalu mariyu mestizos (european mariyu sthaanika mishrama prajalu) nivasinche pradaesamgaa undedi.
samskruti.
sangeetam cheppandi.
bolivian samskrutilo atipedda african prabhavam seya sangeetam ledhaa laa seya. sayaa anae padam kikongo nundi udbhavinchindi, "mataparamaina panini pradarsistunnappudu padatam yokka charyanu suuchistumdi. bolivialo sayaa prajaadarana perugutunnappatiki, idhi ippatikee chaalaa tappugaa ardham chesukobadindi. saaya gurinchi avagahana lekapovadaniki kaaranam vaayidyaala yokka vivarana alaage laya chaalaa vilakshanamainadi. indulo african percussion thoo kuudina andean vaayidyaalu untaayi. praadhamika vaayidyam drum, idhi vaari african puurveekulu, dosakayalu, shekarlu mariyu cheelamanda praantamloo vaari dustulaku jodinchina jingles gantalatho patuga pampaaru.
sayaa pradarsana samayamlo, afro-bolivianlu aimara shaili dustulanu dharistaaru. mahilalu ribbanlatho prakaasavantamaina bahula-rangu jackettu, "polera" anie piluvabade bahula-rangu langaa, chetilo "manta" (venuka cover) mariyu bowler topeeni dharistaaru. marovaipu purushulu topi, vindu chokka, nadumu chuttoo aimara shaili dustulu, "bayeta pyantu" anie piluvabade unni mandapati vastram pyantu mariyu cheppulu dharistaaru.
saaya yokka prati laya nrutyaaniki maarganirdesam chese caporal (foreman) dwara jingle ganta kottadamtho praarambhamavutundi. eee caporal (capataz anie kooda pilustaaru) chetilo kudjel (korada debba), alankarinchina pyantu mariyu cheelamanda sameepamlo jingle gantalatho nrutyakaarulaku maarganirdesam chestundi. eee nrutyam samayamlo tama sonta guide unna mahilalu, tama pandlanu kadilistuu, chetulu kalapadam, alaage baas drum mariyu kocha vaayinche purushulatho sambhaashanhalu paadataaru.
caperals.
bolivialoni andean praantamloo copporales oka prasiddha nrutyam. idhi 1969loe estrada pacheko sodarulache prajaadarana pondindi, chaaritraatmakamgaa nalla baanisalu, saadhaaranamgaa mishrama jaathi, bootlu dharinchi, korada debba pattina 'caporal' ledhaa 'paryaveekshakudu' paatra nundi prerana pondindi, eee nrutyam bolivialoni yungas praantam nundi udbhavinchindi. ayithe, nrutyamlooni amsaalu (dustulu vantivi) european muulaaniki chendinavi.
inca.
morenada anedi bolivialo jaanapada nrutyam. potosi vendi ganulalo pani cheyadaaniki boliviaku teesukuvacchina african baanisala baadhalatho eee nrutyam udbhavinchindi. cheekati musugula yokka apaaramaina naaluka eee ganula kaarmikula bhouthika sthithini suuchimchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi mariyu matracas yokka gandaragolalu tarachugaa baanisala golusulanu gandaragolamto mariyu "tella purushulanu" vyangyamgaa matladatam thoo mudipadi untaayi.
bhasha.
afro-bolivianlu saampradayakamgaa tama sonta creol bhashanu konasaaginchaaru, munupati bojal spaanishku linkulu unnaayi. 
afro-bolivian racharikam.
afro-bolivian raaja gruham anedi bolivialoni bahulajaati raashtramlo bhaagamgaa adhikarikamga gurtinchabadina oka aachaarabaddhamaina racharikam. raaja kutumbam anedi banisaluga boliviaku teesukuvacchina oka vamsaaniki chendina vaarasulu. vyavasthaapaka chakravarthy, yuchicho, kango mariyu senegalese muulaaniki chendinavaadani, mariyu ippudu laa paaj departmentga unna laas yungas praantamlooni marquis dii pinedo yokka haasendaaku teesukuvacchaaru. itara baanisalu atanini raaja nepathyam unna vyaktigaa (puraatana kango raajyaaniki chendina yuvaraju) gurtinchaarani aaropinchabadindi, athani mondem rajakutumbam chetha matrame unchabadina raaja girijana gurtulato bahirgatam cheyabadindani chusinappudu; athanu taruvaata 1823loe pattabhishekam cheyabaddaadu. racharikam netikee manugada saagistondi mariyu prastuta chakravarthy, raaju juuliyoo pinedo, yuchicho yokka pratyaksha varasudu.
samskrutini kaapaadandi.
eee afro-bolivianlu swechchagaa unnappatikee, vaari samskrutini konasaaginchadaaniki prayatninchadamlo vaariki inca kashtamaina poraatam undhi. vaari samskrutilooni aneka amsaalu adrusyamavadam praarambhinchi antarinchipotunnaayi. valasavaada durakramanaku, vaari vimochana anantara samskrutini minahaayinchadaaniki vaaru chaalaa balamgaa poradavalasi vachindi. vindulu, vaari creol bhasha (appati nundi taggipoyindi), valasavaadam dwara manugada saaginchina matam vanti amsaalu saamskrutikamgaa antarinchipooyaayi, ayithe sakalaalu migili unnaayi.
bolivialo chaalaa varaku nundi ontarigaa undatam valla afro-bolivianlu bolivian spanish mandalikam matladataru, idhi united stateslo african-american sthaanika aanglamtho samanamga untundi. african-bolivianlu, roman kaathalikkulu kaavadamtho paatu makumbalo acharalu mariyu vuuduu mataalu vanti african diasporic mataala amsaalanu kaligi unnaaru, pradhanamgaa chikaloma mariyu mururata pattanaallo prabalamgaa unna kraistava matha abhyasanni prabhaavitam chesaaru. vaaru eee samskrutini pattukogaligina margalalo okati vaari sangeetam mariyu nrutyam dwara. upa-sahara aafrikaalo puurveekula muulamtoe nrutyaalu, vaayidyaalu mariyu paddhatulu vanti sangeeta sampradaayaalu, neti varaku, afro-bolivian gurtimpunu nirvachistaayi.
nedu afro-bolivianlu.
25, 000 mandhi afro-bolivianlu yungaalalo nivasistunnaarani anchanaa veyabadindi. vaaru tama samskruti gurinchi garvamgaa unnaaru mariyu daanini kaapaadataaniki chaalaa kashtapaddaru. vaastavaaniki, mururata pattanamlo, afro-bolivianlu tama saampradaaya samskrutini konasaginchagaligaru, prastutam juuliyoo pinedo netrutvamloni nirantara afro-bolivian racharikanni konasaginche sthaayiki. afro-bolivianlu kochabamba mariyu santa cruze dii laa sierraalo thoorpuna vyaapinchaaru.
afro-bolivian samajam tama samskrutini kaapaadukoovadaaniki teevramgaa krushi chesinappatiki, chaalaa mandhi afro-bolivianlu asahanam kaaranamgaa teevramaina jatyahankaram mariyu samajam nundi ontari bhavalanu anubhavistunnatlu nivedinchaaru. vaastavaaniki afro-bolivialo jatyahankaram mariyu vivakshanu neerapuuritam chese chattalu nemmadigaa aamodinchabaddaayi, endukante modati vivakshata vyatiraeka chattam (chattam 45) 2010loe aamodinchabadindi mariyu himsaatmaka nirasana mariyu allarlaku guraindi. 2009loe adhyakshudu ivo morals jaateeya raajyaamgaaniki savaranalanu jodinchaaru, idhi afro-bolivianla hakkulanu vivarinchindi mariyu atuvanti swechhala rakshanaku haamii ichindi. eee savaranalu saadhaaranamgaa sthaanika prajalaku kooda vistarinchaayi mariyu moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata jaateeya janabha gananalo cherchabadanappatiki bolivialo afro-bolivianlanu minority samuuhamgaa adhikarikamga gurtinchaayi. 2009loe dhesha rajyangam naveekarinchabadadamto paatu, adhyakshudu morals aksharaasyatanu meruguparachadaaniki mariyu bolivialo merugaina jaathi sambandhaalanu srushtinchadaaniki krushi chestu jaatyahankaaraanni neerapuuritam chese vidhaanaalanu roopondinchadaaniki valasarajyala nirmuulana kosam upa mantritva saakhanu srushtinchaaru. european valasaraajyaalache prabhaavitamaina varnavaadam mariyu jaatyahankaaraanni tolaginchadaaniki kooda valasarajyala nirmuulana kosam upa mantritva saakha panichestundi, adhe samayamlo "antar saamskrutikata" yokka tatvaanni kooda prothsahistundi, dheenilo desamloni pourulu prati jaathi samuuhaala sampradaayaalu mariyu saamskrutika paddhatulanu samaajaaniki sahakaramga gurtistaaru.

