
voltage suuchana

voltage reference anedi parikaramlo load, vidyut sarafara vaividhyaalu, ushnograta maarpulu mariyu samayam gadiche koddi sthiramaina (sthiramaina) voltagenu utpatti chese electronic parikaram. vidyut sarafara, analog-tuu-digital converterlu, digital-tuu-analog converterlu mariyu itara kolata mariyu niyantrana vyavasthalalo voltage suuchanalu upayoginchabadataayi. voltage suuchanalu paniteerulo vistrutamgaa maarutuu untaayi; computer vidyut sarafara kosam oka niyantrakam daani viluvanu naamamaatrapu viluvalo konni saatam lopala matrame unchavacchu, ayithe prayogasaala voltage pramaanaalu khachitatvaalu mariyu sthirathvaanni millionku bhagalalo kolustaayi.
metrologylo.
clark sell mariyu weston sell vanti tadi-rasayana kanaalu mottamodati voltage suuchanalu ledhaa pramaanaalu, ivi ippatikee konni prayogasaala mariyu kramaankanam anuvartanaallo upayoginchabadutunnaayi.
metrologylo upayoginche prayogasaala-grade gener diode secondary salid-state voltage pramaanaalanu samvatsaraaniki millionku 1 bhaagam driftho nirminchavacchu.
sampradaaya" volt viluva ippudu josephson prabhavanni upayoginchi suupar conductive integrated circuitla dwara nirvahinchabadutundi, idhi josephson voltage pramaanamaina biliyanku 1 bhagala khachitatvaniki voltagenu pondutundi. suupar conductive tunnellinglo sambhaavya kotta prabhavalu" anae sheershikato 1962loe brian david josephson prachurinchina eee patrika 1973loe bhouthika saastramlo josephsonku nobel bahumatini sampaadinchindi.
gatamlo, paadarasam byaatariilu soukaryavantamaina voltage suuchanalugaa mukhyamgaa photographic light meterlu vanti portable parikaraalalo upayoginchabadevi; paadarasam byaatariilu vaati upayogakaramaina jeevitakaalamlo chaalaa sthiramaina utsarga voltagenu kaligi undevi.
ghana sthithi parikaraalu.
edainaa semiconductor diode ghaataanka voltage/current lakshanaanni kaligi untundi, idhi konnisaarlu voltage referencega upayoginche samarthavanthamaina "mokali" voltagenu istundi. eee voltage germanium diodlaku 0.3 vii nundi konni kaanti vidudala chese diodlaku sumaru 3 voltla varaku untundi. eee parikaraalu balamaina ushnograta aadharapadataanni kaligi untaayi, ivi ushnograta kolataku ledhaa analog circuitlalo pakshapaataanni bharti cheyadaaniki upayogapadataayi.
aneka electronic parikaraalaku upayogapade mitamaina sthirathvam mariyu khachitatvam yokka reference voltagenu andinchadaaniki gener diodlanu tarachugaa upayogistaaru. oka himasampata diode current paridhiloo idhe vidhamaina sthiramaina voltagenu pradarsistundi. eee rakamaina atyanta sthiramaina diodelu gener diodnu forward diodto siriisloo unchadam dwara ushnogratanu bharti cheyadam dwara tayaaru cheyabadataayi; atuvanti diodelu rendu-terminal parikaraluga tayaaru cheyabadataayi, udhaa.zii. 1n821 shreni 7.5 m vadda mottam voltage 6.2 v taggudalanu kaligi untundi, conny konnisaarlu integrated circuitlalo kooda chaerchabadataayi.
integrated circuitlalo upayoginche atyanta saadhaarana voltage reference circuit bandgap voltage reference. bandgap aadhaarita suuchana (saadhaaranamgaa 'bandgap' anie pilustaaru) diode antataa abhivruddhi chendina voltage kuu ververu current saandratala vadda pakshapaatamto unna rendu bipolar junctionla madhya voltage vyatyaasaanni bahulamgaa jodinchadaaniki analog circuitlanu upayogistundi. diode voltage pratikuula ushnograta gunakam (i.ii. idhi perugutunna ushnogratato taggutundi), mariyu junction voltage vyatyaasam saanukuula ushnograta gunakam kaligi untundi. eee gunakaalanu raddu cheyadaaniki avasaramaina nishpattilo jodinchinappudu, phalitamgaa sthiramaina viluva semiconductor yokka bandgap voltage kii samaanamaina voltage avutundi. silicon loe, idhi sumaru 1.25 vii. khananam cheyabadina-gener suuchanalu takkuva sabdam sthaayilanu kooda andinchagalavu, conny aneka battery-aadhaarita parikaraalalo andubaatulo laeni adhika operating voltagelu avasaram.
gyaas nimpina parikaraalu.
gyaas nimpina gottalu mariyu nion deepaalu kooda voltage suuchanalugaa upayoginchabaddaayi, pradhanamgaa tube aadhaarita parikaraalalo, gyaas utsarganu konasaaginchadaaniki avasaramaina voltage saapekshamgaa sthiramgaa untundi. udaaharanaku, pramukha rca 991 "voltage regulator tube" anedi oka neey-16 nion deepam, idhi 87 voltla vadda veliginchi, aapai utsarga maargam antataa 48-67 voltlanu kaligi untundi.

