
hedera

saadhaaranamgaa iv (bahuvachanam ivs) anie piluvabade hedera, paschima airopa, madhya airopa, dakshina airopa, macaronesia, vaayuvya africa mariyu thoorpu madhya-dakshina asea antataa japan mariyu taiwan varaku sthaanikamgaa unna aralysi kutumbamloni satataharita adhirohana ledhaa naela-kotte vudii mokkala jaatula yokka oka jaathi.
vivarana.
neelapai avi 5-20 centimeters ettuku minchakunda oogutuu untaayi, conny ekkadaaniki tagina uparitalaalapai, chetlu, sahaja raathi avutkroplu ledhaa kwari rock faces ledhaa nirminchina raathi mariyu chekka nirmaanaalu vanti maanava nirmita nirmaanaalatoo sahaa, avi bhoomiki kaneesam 30 meterla ettulo ekkavacchu. ivs rendu rakaala aakalanu kaligi untaayi, arachetito lobe cheyabadina chinna aakulu creeping mariyu climbing kaandam meeda mariyu puurti suuryarashmiki gurayye saaravantamaina pushpinche kaandam meeda, saadhaaranamgaa chetla kireetaalalo ledhaa raathi mukhaala paibhagalalo, 2 mea ledhaa anthakante ekkuva etthu nundi untaayi. baalya mariyu vayojana remmalu kooda bhinnamgaa untaayi, modatidi sannaga, anuvainadigaa mariyu poranu uparitalaaniki (raathi ledhaa chettu beradu) atikinchadaaniki chinna vaimanika muulaalatoe scrambling ledhaa climbing cheyadam, rendodi mandamgaa, sweeya-maddatu mariyu muulaalu lekunda untundi. puvvulu aidu chinna rekulatho aakupaccha-pasupu rangulo untaayi; ivi saradrutuvu nundi sheethaakaalam praarambhamlo godugulalo utpatti avtayi mariyu thenelo chaalaa samruddhiga untaayi. eee pandu aakupaccha-nalupu, muduru oodaa ledhaa (arudugaa) pasupu berry 5-10 mimi vyaasam okati nundi aidu vittanaalatoe untundi, sheethaakaalam chivaralo vasanta rutuvu madhyalo pandutundi. berrilanu tine pakshulu vittanaalanu chedaragodataayi.
eee jaatulu aaku aakaram mariyu parimaanam (mukhyamgaa baalya aakula) mariyu aaku trichomla nirmaanamloo, alaage parimaanamlo mariyu kontavaraku, puvvulu mariyu pandla rangulo vivaramgaa bhinnamgaa untaayi. chromosome sankhya kooda jaatula madhya bhinnamgaa untundi. praathamika dviguna sankhya 48 kaga, konni 96 thoo tetraploid, marikonni 144 thoo hexaploid mariyu 192 chromosomelatho acta ployed.
paryaavaranam.
aivilu eurasia mariyu uttara africaku chendinavi, conny uttara america mariyu australiaku parichayam cheyabaddaayi. vaaru uttara americaloni chedirina atavee praantaalapai daadi chestaaru. iv vittanaalu pakshula dwara vyaapistaayi.
thene mariyu pandla utpattiki aivilu pradhana paryaavarana praamukhyatanu kaligi untaayi, ivi rendoo samvatsaramlo konni itara thene ledhaa pandla vanarulu andubaatulo unnappudu utpatti cheyabadataayi. iv theneteega "colletes headerey" puurtigaa iv puvvulapai aadharapadi untundi, daani mottam jeevita chakram iv pushpinche chuttoo untundi. eee pandlanu thrushlu, block caps mariyu kalapa paavuraalato sahaa aneka rakaala pakshulu tintaayi. konam shades, takkuva visaala-sarihaddu pasupu underving, scalloped hazel, chinna konam shades, chinna dummu alalu (ivi pratyaekamgaa ivni tintaayi), mingu-thoka chimmata mariyu villo andam vanti konni jaatula lepidoptera larvalu akulanu tintaayi.
iv yokka dattamaina chekka chikkullo akasherukaalaku chaalaa vistruta shreni aasrayam mariyu sheethaakaalam. pakshulu mariyu chinna ksheeradaalu kooda ivlo goodu kattutaayi. idhi uparitala vaisaalyam mariyu atavee parisaraala sanklishtatanu penchadaaniki upayogapadutundi.
vargeekarana.
eee krindi jaatulu vistrutamgaa aamodinchabaddaayi; avi aakula diguva bhaagamlo scale lanty ledhaa stellet tricomlu unnaya anae daanipai aadharapadi rendu pradhana samuhaluga vibhajinchabaddaayih
iv jaatulu ekkuvagaa allopatric mariyu daggari sambandham kaligi untaayi, mariyu chaalaa sandarbhaalalo "hetch" yokka rakalu ledhaa upajaatulugaa pariganinchabaddaayi. helix, "varninchabadina modati jaathi. maajee soviet union yokka dakshina bhagalalo aneka adanapu jaatulu varninchabaddaayi, conny chaalaa mandhi vrukshashaastragnulu vaatini pratyaekamainavigaa pariganincharu.
aiveesto kuudina ekaika dhruveekarinchabadina hybrid intergeneric hybrid "× fatshedera liji", idhi "fatsia japonica" mariyu "hedera hibernica" madhya cross. eee sankara jaatulu 1910loe fraanslooni oka thotalo okasari utpatti cheyabaddaayi mariyu eppuduu vijayavantamgaa punaraavrutam kaaledu, eee sankara jaatulu vrukshasampada pracharam dwara saagulo nirvahinchabadutunnaayi. hedera helix" mariyu "hetch" madhya sannihita sambandham unnappatikee. hybernica (saapekshamgaa iteevala varaku nirdishtamainadigaa pariganinchabadindi), vaati madhya sankarajaatulu inca kanugonabadaledu. ayithe eee jaatilooni konni jaatula parinaamamlo sankareekarana oka paatra pooshinchi undavacchu.
saagu mariyu upayogam.
aivilu vaati sthaanika paridhiloo mariyu itara pradaesaalaloo anukuula vaataavaranaalaloo saagulo, vaati satataharita aakulu, vanyapraanulanu aakarshinchadam mariyu irukaina naatadam pradaesaalaloo mariyu soundarya jodimpu kosam podavaina ledhaa vedalpaina godalapai ledhaa vikaaramaina godalu, kanchelu mariyu chetla stumpsnu daachadaaniki anuvartanayogyamaina design kosam chaalaa prachuryam pondaayi. udyaanavana upayogam kosam vividha rakaala aakulu mariyu/ledhaa asaadhaarana aaku aakaraalato kuudina aneka saagu mokkalu empika cheyabaddaayi. 
samasyalu mariyu pramaadaalu.
chetla meeda.
iv climbing chetlu chetlaku haani kaligistaya ledhaa anae daanipai chaalaa charcha jarigindi. airopalo, matti poeshakaalu, kaanti mariyu neeti kosam pootii unnappatikee, haani saadhaaranamgaa takkuvagaa untundi, mariyu bhaarii iv perugudalaku maddatu ichhe vruddhaapya chetlu gaali debbatinadaaniki kaaranamavutaayi. britton yokka wood land trust prakaram, "iv chetlanu gonthu nulimi champesinatlu chalakalamga aaropanalu unnaayi, conny idhi chettuku assalu haani kaliginchadu, kaneesam 50 jaatula vanyapraanulaku kooda maddatu istundi."uttara americalo haani mariyu samasyalu marinta mukhyamainavi, ikkada iv daani sthaanika khandaalalo daani saktini niyantrinche sahaja tegullu mariyu vyaadhulu lekunda untundi; oka chettu yokka kiranajanya samyogakriya ledhaa nirmaana balam neerugaa maranaaniki daariteese dookudugaa iv perugudala ledhaa avakaasavaada vyaadhi mariyu keetakaala daadula dwara adhigaminchavacchu.
aakramanaatmaka videshee.
aneka iv jaatulu sahaja sthaanika mokkala aavasalalo, mukhyamgaa nadeeteera mariyu atavee rakaalalo teevramaina hanikara jaatulugaa (hanikara videshee) marai, alaage uttara americaloni paschima mariyu dakshina praantaala thotalalo telikapati siitaakaalaalatoe udyaanavana kalupu mokkaga kooda marai. aivilu dattamaina, teevramgaa oopiri peelchukune, needanu thattukogala satataharita ground kavarnu srushtistaayi, ivi drudamaina bhoogarbha dumpalu mariyu bhoomi paina unna runnerla dwara pedda sahaja mokkala samaja praantaalalo vaegamgaa vyaapinchi sthaanika vrukshasampadanu adhigaminchagalavu. california mariyu itara rashtraallo udyaanavanamlo alankaara mokkaluga ivs vadakam ippudu konni adhikara paridhulalo nirutsaahaparachabadindi ledhaa nishedhinchabadindi. australialo kooda ilanti samasyalu unnaayi. udaaharanaku, rendu deshaalalo uttara africa karuvu-thattukogala "hetch. conariensis "mariyu" hetch. algeriensis "mariyu european" hetch. helix "nuu modata thota, udyaanavanam mariyu rahadari thotapani loe saagu chesaaru, conny avi teerapraanta adavulu mariyu nadeeteera paryaavarana vyavasthalalo dookudugaa daadi chesaayi, ippudu khareedaina nirmuulana karyakramalu avasaram ayyayi.
vishapuuritam.
berrylu madhyastamgaa vishapuuritamainavi. iv aakulalo triterpenoid saponinlu mariyu falcarinol untaayi.
falcarinol contact dermatitisnu prerepinchagaladu. idhi rommu cancer kanaalanu kooda champutundani niroopinchabadindi.
keetakaalu kottukupotayi.
iv puvvulu hymenoptera dwara paraagasamparkam cheyabadataayi mariyu saadhaarana kandireegaku mukhyamgaa aakarshanheeyamgaa untaayi.
vyutpatti mariyu itara paerlu.
iv anae paeru paatha aangla "effig" nundi vachindi, idhi german "effue" thoo gurtinchabadindi, teliyani asalu ardham. shaastreeya paeru "hedera" anedi eee mokkaku shaastreeya latin paeru. britainlo ikapai upayoginchani paatha praantiiya saadhaarana paerlaloo, raallu mariyu itukalapai atukkupoyi perige vidhaanaaniki "bindwood" mariyu "lovestone" unnaayi. us pasiphik coast praantiiya saadhaarana paerlu "hetch. conariensis loe "california iv" mariyu "algerian iv" unnaayi; "hetch" kosam. helix, "praantiiya saadhaarana paerlaloo saadhaarana" inglish iv "unnaayi.
iv anae paeru boston iv (japanese theega "parthenosisus tricyspidata", kutumba vitasilo), cape-iv (austeracy kutumbamlo "senesio angulatus" mariyu "delaria odoreta" kosam parasparam marchukobadindi), poison-iv (anacardiaceae kutumbamlo "taxicdendron radicons"), swedish iv (lamiacy kutumbamlo chuttabadina plectranthus "plectrants verticillatus"), mariyu kenilworth iv (plantagenacy kutumbamlo "symbalariasis") vanti aneka itara sambandham laeni mokkalaku saadhaarana paerugaa upayoginchabadindi.
saamskrutika prateekavaadam.
sheethaakaalam antataa konasagadam dwara european samskrutulanu akattukunna aneka itara satataharita mokkala maadirigaane, iv saampradayakamgaa aadhyaatmika praamukhyatatoo nimpabadindi. dushtasaktulanu tarimikottadaaniki daanini illaloki teesukuvacchaaru.
puraatana romulo iv pushpaguchcham oka vyakti traagi undakunda nirodhinchagaladani nammutaaru, mariyu atuvanti pushpaguchhaanni matthu devudu batches dharinchevaadu.
united kingdamlo towerlanu pracharam cheyadaaniki saampradayakamgaa iv podalu ledhaa iv-chuttina stambhaalu upayoginchabadutunnaayi, inca aneka pabbulanu ippatikee iv anie pilustaaru.
iv yokka antukune swabhaavam dheenini prema mariyu snehaaniki chihnamgaa chestundi, okappudu navadampatulaku iv ichhe poojaarula sampradaayam undedi, mariyu idhi chanipoyina chetlaku atukkupoyi akupacchagaa unnanduna, idhi sareeram yokka maranam taruvaata aatma yokka saasvatamaina jeevitaaniki chihnamgaa kooda pariganinchabadindi.
saampradaaya british chrismus karol, "holey und dhi iv", ivni virgine maereeki chihnamgaa upayogistundi.
iv-kappabadina sidhilaalu prakruti drushya chitralekhanamlo srungaara udyamamlo pradhaanamainavi, udaaharanaku phillip james dii latherboarg (1790) rachinchina "moonlight churchyardku sandarsakudu", joseph mallard vilium turner (1794) rachinchina "tintern abbe, west front" mariyu frances town (1809) rachinchina "netley abbe". eee sandarbhamlo iv maanava prayatnaala yokka taatkaalikatanu mariyu prakruti yokka udaatta saktini suuchimchavachchu. 
aiveeto kappabadina chaaritraka bhavanala chitram paatha mariyu pratishtaatmaka american vishwavidyaalayaala samuuhaaniki iv leag anae paerunu ichindi. 
iv 2010 chitram "aritty" mariyu eee chitram yokka posterlo vistrutamgaa natinchindi.

