
bhaaratadesamlo chaina prajalu

bhaaratadesamlo chainees prajalu hohn chainees mariyu tibeton muulaalu mariyu sthaavaraala communitylu. chaina nundi valasa vachinavaaru mariyu saranaarthula nundi vacchina shaashwata sanghaalu alaage bhaaratadesamlo taatkaalika praatipadikana pravaasa samajam unnaayi.
valasa kaarmikula sangham british valasa paalanalo praarambhamaindi mariyu 19va sataabdam chivaralo kalakatta mariyu madraaslooni odarevulalo pani chestu koddi sankhyalo vacchina vaaritho marinta pramukhamgaa maarindi mariyu tholu utpattula tayari mariyu vaanijyam mariyu chainees restaurantlanu nadapadam dwara kolkata saamaajika mariyu aardhika jeevitaaniki dohadapadindi.
2013loe mumbailo kolkataalo nivasistunna janabha 2,000, chaina prajala janabha daadaapu 4,000, veerilo chaalaa mandhi bahula-taram muulaalu kaligi unnaaru.
bahula-taram hohn chainees mariyu tibeton community nundi vaerugaa, 2015 natiki bhaaratadesamlo panichestunna sumaru 1,000 mandhi chainees pravaasulu unnaaru, veeru saadhaaranamgaa bhaaratadesamlo perugutunna brandlu mariyu vyaparalu chese companyla sankhya kosam rendu nundi moodu samvatsaraala oppandaalapai panicheestunnaaru.
charitra.
chaina nundi prayaaninchina modati rikaardu faxian laa/laa (phaa-heane) sanyasi, ayana tatkalikamga taampraliptanu sandarsinchaaru, idhi ippudu 5va sataabdam ADloe tamluk. itara bhashala prabhaavaala kaaranamgaa, bengali bhaashalooni aneka padaalu chainees prabhaavaalaku aapaadinchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, "chakkera" kuu bengali padam "chaina" anae padam chaina anae padam nundi vachindi, mariyu pingaanii chaina kosam "chinamati" vanti padaalu chainees prabhavalanu suuchistaayi.
bhaaratadesamlo namodu cheyabadina mottamodati chainees sthiranivaasi tong jeedipappu, 18va sataabdam chivaralo budge budge sameepamlo adugupettina vyapari. jeedipappu oka chakkera karmaagaaramto paatu cheraku thotanu erpaatu chesindi. jeedipappu thana thotalalo mariyu karmagaramlo panicheyadaaniki chainees kaarmikula brundaanni teesukuvacchindi. idhi bhaaratadesamlo modati chainees sthaavaram. jeedipappu kontakaalam tarvaata maraninchindi mariyu chainees setilarlu kolkataku vellaaru. eee pradaesaaniki tong jeedipappu paeru meeda achipur anie paeru pettaru. achipurlo ippatikee jeedipappu samadhi mariyu oka chainees aalayam kanipistaayi.
portugees india.
chaina nundi portugeesu vaaru apaharinchina chainees pillalanu portugees bhaaratadesamlo banisaluga vikrayinchaaru. konni vruttaamtaala prakaram, porchugeesulu kontamandi chainees pillalanu kaalchaaru mariyu tinnaru. portugees bhaaratadesamlo, bharatiya muslim kunjali marakkarlu poorchugeesulaku vyatiraekamgaa poraadaaru mariyu vaari noukalapai daadi chesaaru. kunjali marrakaarlalo okaru (kunjali IV) portugees oodaloo banisaga unna chinali anae chainees baaludini rakshinchaaru. kunjaliki atanipai chaalaa ishtam undedi, athanu thana atyanta bhayapade leftinentlalo okadu, matabhrashta muslim mariyu poorchugeesulaku satruvu ayyadu, yuddhamlo vaarini bhayapettadu. poorchugeesulanu kunjali mariyu athani chainees kudi chethi manishi bhayabhraantulaku gurichesadu, chivariki, porchugeesulu kaalikat yokka samorin thoo pottu pettukunna taruvaata, andrey furtado dii mendoka aadhvaryamlo vaaru kunjali mariyu chinali dalaalapai daadi chesaaru, mariyu vaarini vidichipettutaanani vaagdaanam chesina taruvaata vaarini samorin poorchugeesuku appaginchaadu. portugees charitrakaarudu diogo doow couto, kunjali mariyu chinaaleelanu swaadheenam chesukunnappudu vaarini prasninchaadu. kunjali poorchugeesuku longipoyinappudu athanu akkada unnadu, mariyu ilaa varninchabadindihi "veerilo okaru chainale, oka chainees, athanu malakkaalo sevakudigaa unnadu mariyu portugeesu baanisa anie cheppabaddadu, oka fusta nundi baludiga teesukobaddadu, taruvaata kunhaliki teesukuvacchaadu, athanu athani patla entha premanu kaligi unnado athanu pratidaanitoe atanni viswasinchaadu. athanu murish muudanammakaalaku goppa pratipaadakudu mariyu malabar antataa kraistavulaku satruvu mariyu samudramlo bandeelugaa teesukoni akkadiki teesukuvacchina vaariki athanu vaarini amaraveerulugaa chesinappudu atyanta sunnitamaina rakaala himsanu kanugonnadu."
british india.
1772 nundi 1911 varaku kalakatta anie piluvabade kolkata british indiaku rajadhaanigaa undedi. bhougolikamgaa chaina nundi bhoomi dwara sulabhamgaa cherukogala metropolitan praantam ayinappatikee, british raaj shakam chivari varaku kalakattaalo koddi mandhi chainees prajalu unnaaru; chaina valasadaarulu badulugaa barmaku velladaaniki enchukuntaaru. kalakatta cherukunna mottamodati chainees muulaaniki chendina vyaktulalo yang thaay chow (aaa.keey.eah. 1778loe vacchina tong achue mariyu yang daa jhaavo). athanu uttara chainees ledhaa gwangdong ledhaa chainaalooni fujian provins nundi vacchina hakka, athani intiperu yokka uchchaarana dwara teerpu istaadu. bhaarata governor general warren hustings, prastutam achipur anie piluvabade oka pradaesamloe cheraku thotala pempakam mariyu chakkera karmagaranni erpaatu cheyadaaniki jeedipappuku bhoomini manjuru chesaaru, idhi hugley nadhi odduna unna budge-budge pattanaaniki sameepamlo undhi. 1778 samvatsaram nundi eest india company recordula prakaram, "jeedipappuku 650 bigaala bhoomini budge-budge kuu dakshinaana 6 mailla dhooramlo vaarshika adde ruu. 45kii manjuru chesaaru". tolinati chaina valasadaarulu chaalaa mandhi khiddarpur revulalo panicheesaaru. 1788loe vacchina oka pooliisu nivedikalo boow bazar veedhi sameepamlo gananeeyamaina sankhyalo chaina janabha sthirapaddaarani paerkonnaaru. budge budge pattanaaniki sameepamlo unna bhoobhaagamlo atchev erpaatu chesina chakkera millu itara chainees valasadaarulanu aakarshinchindi mariyu tvaralo daani chuttoo oka chinna samajam erpadindi. 1783 natiki, atchev chanipoyadani maaku telusu-oka eest india company nyaayavaadi thana estate executor nundi dabbu teeyadaaniki prayatnistunnatlu oka lekha choopistundi. 1804loe kalakatta gazitlo oka prakatana chakkera millu ammakaniki undani prakatinchindi. oka aalayam mariyu tong achi samadhi ippatikee migili unnaayi mariyu chainees noothana samvatsaramlo nagaram nundi vacchina chaalaa mandhi chaineeyulu sandarsistaaru.
1837loe kalakattaalo 362 mandhi chainees prajalu matrame unnaarani taruvaata british janabha ganana kanugondi. dharmatollah sameepamloni chainees quarterlo unna yuddha devudu gwan yuu aalayam oka saadhaarana samavesa sthalam. veeranta purushulu, bhaaratadesamlo british valasavaada karuvula nundi vidhvamsam taruvaata british vadrangi vyaapaaraaniki sahayam cheyadaaniki vacchaaru.
assamlo, assamlo theyaaku thotala sthaapana taruvaata, british adhikarulu chaina kaarmikulu, chetivruttulavaaru, theyaaku raitulu mariyu theyaaku tayaareedaarula olasalanu prothsahinchaaru, vaaru appudu abhivruddhi chendutunna british yaajamaanyamloni theyaaku thotalalo panicheesaaru. 1838loe valasalu prarambhamayyayi. vaaru twaralone bhasha addankini adhigaminchi, kalavadam praarambhinchaaru, chaalaa mandhi chaineeyulu sthaanika mahilalanu vivaham chesukuni assamlo kotta samajanni sthaapinchaaru. 1962 naati saino-indian yuddhamlo nirbandhamlo unna kaalamlo assamloni chainees valasadaarulanu sthaanikula nundi bhouthikamgaa vaeru cheyadam kashtamgaa maarina sthaayiki antar vivaha sandarbhaalu perigayi. chaina nundi chaineeyula swachchanda valasala parampara konasaagindi. idhi kottagaa sthaapinchabadina samajam yokka sthalaanni vistarinchindi mariyu valasadaarulu sthaanika ammayilanu vivaham chesukuni sthirapadatamtho dheenini marinta bahula-saamskrutika mariyu bahula-jaatigaa maarchindi. vaari bhouthika lakshanaalu marai; vaarasulu chainees bhashanu marchipoyaaru. puurtigaa krushi mariyu pattudala dwara, sthaanabhramsham chendina chaineeyulu tamaku kotta jeevitaanni srushtinchukunnaaru mariyu abhivruddhi chendaaru. aneka 'chaina patty' ledhaa chinna chaina pattanaalu assamloni vividha praantaalalo puttukochayi-veetilo makum yokka chaina patty atipeddadi.
alabaster prakaram, vadrangulatho paatu charmaniki tayaareedaarulu mariyu shoe tayaareedaarulu kooda undevaaru. charmasuddhi karmagaralanu nadapadam, tholutho panicheyadam saampradayakamgaa unnata kula hinduvulalo gouravapradamaina vruttigaa pariganinchabadaledu, mariyu panini diguva kulam "muthis" mariyu "chammers" kuu tagginchaaru. ayithe, valasavaada bhaaratadesamlo adhika naanhyata gala tholu vastuvulaku adhika demand undhi, dheenini chaineeyulu neraverchagaligaaru. sthaanika chaineeyulu naduputunna licenses pondina nallamandu guhalu mariyu nishedhita vastuvulu takshaname labhinche "cheenaa bazar" gurinchi kooda alabaster prastaavinchaaru. ayithe, 1947loe bhaarata swaatantryam vachhe varaku nallamandu chattaviruddham kaadu. sataabdam chivaralo, modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo raajakeeya tirugubaatlu, pedarikam kaaranamgaa valasalu nirantaraayamgaa konasagayi. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, chaina yaajamaanyamloni modati charmasuddhi karmagaralu puttukochayi.
saino-indian yuddham.
1962 naati sino indian yuddham samayamlo bharatadesamloni chaineeyulu bhaaratheeyulache bhaarata vyatiraeka bhaavaala aaropanalanu edurkonnaru. yuddham taruvaata, bharatadesam december 1962loe defence off india chattanni aamodinchindi, idhi "satruvaina muulaaniki chendina vyaktini (anumaaninchabadina) nirbandhamlo unchadaaniki mariyu nirbandhinchadaaniki anumatinchindi."eee chattam yokka vistruta bhasha kevalam chainees intiperu, chainees raktam yokka oka chukka ledhaa chainees jeevita bhagaswamy unnanduku yea vyaktini ayina arrestu cheyadaaniki anumatinchindi. krooramaina chattam prakaram, rajasthan looni deoliloni edaari jailu shibiramlo chainees muulaaniki chendina 10,000 mandini nirbandhinchinatlu anchanaa veyabadindi. vaarandaruu guudachaarulugaa aaropanalu edurkonnaru, conny okka abhiyogam kooda niroopinchabadaledu. 1964loe, chaalaa mandhi interneelu balavantamgaa mariyu ekapakshamgaa bahishkarinchabaddaaru, phalitamgaa aneka kutumbaalu vidipoyaayi. migilina vaaru 1965loe vidudalayyaaru. chivari interneelu naalugunnara samvatsaraala nirbandham taruvaata 1967 madhyalo deoli nundi vidudalayyaaru.
kalakattaalo chaina janabha sagaaniki, 20,000 nundi 10,000kii taggindi. migilipoyina vaarini satruvulugaa bhaavinchaaru, mariyu chaalaa mandhi restaurant, charmasuddhi mariyu shoe tayari vyapaaraalalo tappa yea udyogaanni kaligi undalekapoyaru. antekakunda, vaari kadalikalanu parimitam chesaaru. vaaru nelaku okasari niyaminchabadina police stationlaku nivedinchaalsi undedi, mariyu 1990la madhyakaalam varaku, vaaru tama illa nundi konni kilometres kante ekkuva dhooram prayaaninchadaaniki pratyeka anumatula kosam darakhaastu cheyalsi undedi.
1976loe bharatadesam, chaina dautya sambandhaalanu tirigi praarambhinchinappudu paristhiti upasamanam chendindi. ayithe, 1998 varaku jaathi chaineeyulaku sahajamaina bharatiya pourasatvam anumatinchabadaledu. 2005loe, chainees aksharaalalo modati rahadari gurtunu chaina town, tangralo unchaaru.
assamlo, vividha pradaesaalaloo nivasistunna chaina prajalanu saayudha dalaalu chuttumuttayi mariyu vaari illanu vidichipettavalasi vachindi. vaarini rendu, moodu rojula paatu surakshitamaina pradaesaaniki taralistaamani adhikarulu chepparu. vaaru tamatho paatu patraalu tappa maredi teesukelladaaniki anumatinchabadaledu. makum praantamloo, vaarini ettukoni oka goshaalalo penchaadu, akkada nundi vaarini dibrugarh jailuku teesukellaaru. itara praantaalalo vaarini arrestu chesi police stationku teesukuvacchi jaillalo pettaru. appudu vaarini moosivesina railulo ekkamani koraru, adhi vaarini raajasthaanloni deoli nirbandha shibiraniki teesukellindi. idhi edu rojula sudeerghamaina, puurti baadhatho kuudina prayaanam. sisuvulu, garbhinii streelu, vruddhulu mariyu anaarogyamtho unnavaarini kooda arrestu chesi, anni maanava hakkulanu ullanghistuu shibiraniki pampaaru. kontakaalam tarvaata bhaarata prabhutvam nirbandhamlo unnavaarini konni byaachlalo tirigi chainaku bahishkarinchaalani nirnayinchindi. eee prakriyaloo, prabhutvam yaadrucchikamgaa paerlanu enchukovadamtho appatike vibhajinchabadina kutumbaalu mallee vibhajinchabaddaayi. vaarilo ekkuva mandhi chainaku bahishkarinchabaddaaru. chaalaa mandhi bharatiya (assamy) bharyalu kooda tama bhartalatho kalisi tama pillalatho chainaku vellaaru. rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata tama pradaesaalaku tirigi raavadaaniki anumatinchabadina nirbandhamlo unna vyaktulu mallee clishta paristhitini edurkonnaru. chaalaa mandhi prajala aastulanu satruvula aastulugaa vaelam vaesaaru. vaariki maddatu ivvadaaniki samajam, prabhutvam laevu. vaaru puurtigaa dukkhamlo, ontarigaa jeevinchavalasi vachindi. vaarilo chaalaa mandhi bahishkarinchabadina vaari kutumba sabhyulanu mallee kalavaledu.
bharatiya chainees vantakaalu.
chainees bhaaratheeyulu kooda fusion indian chainees vantakaalu (chainees vantakaalu) abhivruddhiki dohadapaddaru, idhi ippudu bharatiya paaka drushyamlo antarbhaagamgaa undhi. mukhyamgaa bengali vantakaalapai chainees prabhavalu spashtamgaa kanipistaayi.
sanghaalu.
deerghakaalika.
nedu vaaru kolkata mariyu mumbailooni jaathi parisaraalalo unnaaru. mumbailo 2015loe chainees santatiki chendina janabha 4,000.2013loe kolkataalo 2,000 mandhi chainees santatiki chendinavaaru undagaa, 200 mandhi bharatiya santatiki chendina chainees unnaaru.
bhaaratadesamlo atyanta kanipinche chainees community kolkattaalo kanipistundi, ikkada rendu chinatownlu unnaayi. okati tangralo undhi mariyu konnisaarlu paatha chinatown anie piluvabade tyratta bazar vadda munupati chinatown sthaapinchabadindi. tyratti bazar mariyu tangraalo chaina uniki taggindi. eee samaajamlooni paatha taram charmasuddhi karmagarala yajamaanulu, saas tayaareedaarulu, shoe shaapula yajamaanulu, restaurantlu mariyu beauty paarlarla yajamanuluga panicheestunnaaru. kotta taram pedda sankhyalo dantavaidya chikitsaku vellaaru. dharmatollah sameepamlo unna bentic veedhiloo unna aneka shoe shaapulu chaineeyula yajamanyamlo mariyu nirvahinchabadutunnaayi. eee restaurantlu bharatiya chainees vantakaala vistrutamgaa labhinche roopamlo chainees mariyu bharatiya paaka sampradaayaala kalayikaku daariteesaayi. bhaaratadesamlo videshee chainees vaanijyam" ledhaa seong poun anae oka chainees vaartaapatrika kolkattaalo prachurinchabadindi, conny 2005 nundi vacchina ganaamkaalu ammakalu 500 nundi 300 kaapeelaku taggayani chuupistunnaayi. okappudu, grays ling liang aangla paatasaala vidyaarthulaloo 90 saatam mandhi chaineeyulu. conny 2003loe 1500 mandhi vidyaarthulaloo vaaru kevalam 15 saatam matrame unnaaru. vaaru chaduvukunna missionary paatasaalala prabhavam kaaranamgaa kolkata chaineeyulalo chaalaa mandhi kraistavulu. nirmaanaparamgaa, kolkata meeda chainees mudra yokka oka lakshanam chainees devalayalu. chainees nyuu iyar/chandramana noothana samvatsaram nyuu iyar vistrutamgaa jarupukuntaaru alaage jaang yuvan festival chainees mariyu mid-saradrutuvu festival chainees. kolkata chaineeyulu chainees noothana samvatsaraanni simham nrutyam mariyu dragon nrutyamtho jarupukuntaaru. idhi prati samvatsaram janavari chivarilo ledhaa fibravari praarambhamlo nirdishta samvatsaram yokka bhramana chandra calender (θ) prakaram jarupukuntaaru.
jhang zing chetha kolkata chainees gurinchi samagra adhyayanam iteevala prachurinchabadindi.
pravaasulu.
bhaaratadesamlo pravaasa chainees kaarmikulu mumbai, dhhillee, chennai mariyu bengaluru nagarallo kendrikrutamai unnaaru. povoy yokka mumbai parisaraalanu "aardhika kaalam" chainees pravaasulaku "raboye kendram" gaa varninchindi, vaaru vaartaapatrika prakaram "tamalo taamu sannihita sanghaalanu yerparuchukuntaru."vaari atitheya samajalalo chainees pravaasula merugaina ekikarana takkuva samaya vyavadhi basa dwara debbatintundi, tarachugaa pani oppandamlo bhaagamgaa rendu nundi moodu samvatsaraalu matrame untundi. alaage veesa nibandhanalanu paatinchadaaniki chaalaa mandhi mamuluga bharatadesam nundi nishkraminchi vellipovali.
pramukha vyaktulu.
pramukha chainees moolavaasulalo mishrama bharatiya mariyu chainees puurveekulu ayina chainees prajalu unnaaru.

