polish-lithuvanian commonwealth

polish-lithuvanian commonwealth, adhikarikamga polland rajyam mariyu grand duchy off lithuvania, ledhaa kevalam polland-lithuvania anie piluvabadedi, idhi oka dvi-samakhya rashtram, konnisaarlu dheenini federation anie pilustaaru, polland mariyu lithuvania yokka samakhya, nijamaina unionlo oka saadhaarana chakravartiche paalinchabadindi, athanu polland raaju mariyu lithuvania grand duke rendoo. idhi 16va sataabdam nundi 17va sataabdam varaku airopaloni atipedda mariyu atyadhika janabha kaligina deshaalalo okati. 17va sataabdam praarambhamlo, daani atipedda praadaesika sthaayilo, commonwealth dadapuga vistarinchi undhi mariyu 1618 natiki daadaapu 12 millionla bahula-jaathi janabhanu konasaaginchindi. polish mariyu latin rendu saha-adhikaarika bhashalu.
kaamanveltnu juulai taggindi lublin union sthaapinchindi, conny polland rajyam yokka kireetam mariyu lithuvania yokka grand duchy 1386 nundi polish raani jadviga (headwig) mariyu lithuvania yokka grand duke jogaila vivaahamtho "vaastava" vyaktigata unionlo undhi, athanu polland raaju "jurr uxoris" vladisla II jaagilolo pattabhishekam cheyabaddaadu. kolukundi; modati vibhajana, vibhajana rendava vibhajana rashtra parimaanaanni baga tagginchaayi. 1795 moodava vibhajanalo commonwealth uniki nundi vidipoyindi.
eee union samakaaleena rashtraalalo aneka pratyeka lakshanaalanu kaligi undhi. daani raajakeeya vyavastha raacharika adhikaarampai kathinamaina tanikheela dwara vargeekarinchabadindi. eee chekkulanu prabhuvula ("sjlachta") niyantranalo unna saasanasabha ("sejm") amalu chesindi. eee vilakshanhamaina vyavastha 1791 raajyaangabaddhamaina racharikam mariyu samakhya vanti prajaswamyam yokka aadhunika bhavanalaku puurvagaami. commonwealth yokka rendu bhagalu adhikarikamga samanamga unnappatikee, polland unionlo aadhipatya bhagaswamiga undhi.
polish-lithuvanian commonwealth adhika sthaayi jaathi vaividhyam mariyu saapeksha matha sahanam dwara gurtinchabadindi, warsa confederation chattam 1573 dwara haamii ivvabadindi; ayithe, matha swechcha yokka sthaayi kalakramena maarutuu vachindi. 1791 rajyangam kaathalikkulanu "aadhipatya matam" gaa gurtinchindi, warsa samakhya vale kakunda, conny matha swechcha ippatikee daanitoe manjuru cheyabadindi.
aneka dasaabdaala sreyassu taruvaata, idhi sudeergha raajakeeya, sainika, aardhika ksheenata kaalamloki pravesinchindi. daani perugutunna balaheenata 18va sataabdam chivaralo daani poruguvaari (austria, prussia mariyu russia) madhya vibhajanaku daariteesindi. daani pathanaaniki kontakaalam mundu, commonwealth bhaarii samskarana prayatnaanni sweekarinchindi mariyu 3 mae raajyaamgaanni amalu chesindi, idhi aadhunika european charitralo modati krodeekarinchina rajyangam mariyu united states rajyangam taruvaata aadhunika prapancha charitralo rendavadi.
paeru.
eee rashtram yokka adhikaarika paeru polland rajyam mariyu grand duchy off lithuvania (,,). latin padam saadhaaranamgaa antarjaateeya oppandaalu mariyu doutyamlo upayoginchabadindi.
17va sataabdamloo mariyu taruvaata dheenini 'atyanta nirmalamaina commonwealth off polland' (,), polish rajyam yokka commonwealth ledhaa commonwealth off polland anie kooda pilicheevaaru.
paschima europeanlu tarachugaa paerunu 'polland' gaa saralikrutam chesaaru mariyu chaalaa gatha mariyu aadhunika moolaalalo dheenini polland rajyam ledhaa kevalam polland anie pilustaaru. rendu deshaala paraspara haameelo 'commonwealth off polland' mariyu 'commonwealth off too nations' (,) anae padaalanu upayoginchaaru. polish-lithuvanian commonwealth mariyu german poliyan-litown anae aangla padaalu 'commonwealth off too nations' roopaantaram yokka anuvadaluga chudabadatayi.
itara anadhikaarika paerlaloo 'republic off nobels' () mariyu 'modati commonwealth' () unnaayi, rendo polish republic nundi vaeru cheyadaaniki charitra rachanalo idhi saapekshamgaa saadhaaranam.
charitra.
mundumaata (1370-1569).
polland rajyam mariyu lithuvania grand duchy 13va mariyu 14va sataabdaalaloo yuddhalu mariyu pottula varusaku lonayyayi. rendu raashtraala madhya sambandhaalu konnisaarlu bhinnamgaa undevi, endukante prati okkati eee praantam yokka raajakeeya, aardhika ledhaa sainika aadhipatyam kosam pooraadutuu potipadevi. kramamga, polland daani dakshina porugu desamaina hangareeki balamaina mitradesamgaa undipoyindi. sthaanika piast raajavamsaaniki chendina chivari polish chakravarthy, kasimir dhi grate, chattabaddhamaina maga vaarasudiki tandri lekunda november 5,1370naa maraninchaadu. tatphalitamgaa, kireetam athani hangerian menalludu, anjou yokka luis meeda padindi, athanu polandto vyaktigata unionlo hangari rajyaanni paripaalinchaadu. lithuveniatho vistrutamaina sambandhaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadamlo oka praathamika dasha dasha talettina vaarasatva sankshobham. luis 1082 septembaru 10naa maraninchaadu, athani mamaiah maadirigaane, athani taruvaata oka kumarudini utpatti cheyaledu. athani iddaru kumartelu, maerii mariyu jadviga (head wig), vistaaramaina dwandwa raajyampai hakkulu kaligi unnaaru. 
polish prabhuvulu maereeni aame chellelu jaadvigaaku anukuulamgaa tiraskarinchaaru, dheeniki kaaranam kontavaraku maereeki lugzembergloni sigismandto anubandham undatam. bhavishyat raani raajapratinidhini yuva vilium hobsburg, austriaku chendina duke thoo nischitaartham chesaaru, conny kuleenula yokka konni vargaalu vilium desheeya prayojanaalanu pondalemani nammutuu bhayapaddaru. badulugaa, vaaru lithuvania yokka grand duke ayina jogaila vaipu tirigaaru. jogaila jeevitakaala anyamatavaadi mariyu 1385 augustu 14naa crevo unionpy santakam cheyadam dwara vivaham meeda kaathalikkulanu sweekaristaanani pratigna chesaadu. eee chattam lithuvenialo kraistavatvaanni vidhinchindi mariyu polandnu dwaipaakshika raajyamgaa maarchindi, rendu saarvabhoumaadhikaarulu paalinchina rajyam; vaari vaarasulu mariyu varusa chakravartulu varusaga raaju mariyu grand duke birudulanu kaligi unnaaru. antima nibandhana lithuvenianu palish raajyamlo saasvatamgaa ("saasvatamgaa vartinchedi") vileenam cheyaalani nirdesinchindi; ayithe, idhi 1569 varaku amaluloki raaledu. jogaila 4 marchi 1386naa vavel cathedrallo vladisla II jaageelogaa pattabhishekam cheyabaddaadu.
union off lublin (1569).
ekikaranaku mundu aneka chinna oppandaalu jarigaayi, mukhyamgaa krakov mariyu vilnius union, vilnius mariyu radom union mariyu grodno union. lithuvania yokka balaheenamaina sthaanam mariyu daani thoorpu paarsvamlo perugutunna udriktatalu polandto sannihita bandhaanni korukovadaniki prabhuvulanu oppinchaayi. oka samakhya aalochana merugaina aardhika avakaasaalanu andinchindi, adhe samayamlo uttara, dakshina mariyu thoorpu vairudhya raashtraala nundi lithuvania sarihaddulanu bhadraparichindi. takkuva lithuvanian prabhuvulu polish sjlachta anubhavinche vyaktigata adhikaralu mariyu raajakeeya swechchalanu panchukoovadaaniki aasaktigaa unnaaru, conny swayampratipatti bhavana lekunda, grand ducheeni kevalam provinsga polandlo chaerchadaaniki polish demandlanu angeekarinchaledu. erra" radvila rudasis mariyu athani bandhuvu "nalla" radviol, lithuveniyaaloni iddaru pramukha prabhuvulu mariyu sainika commanderlu, union nuu gattiga vyatiraekimchaaru.
oke ekikruta commonwealth yokka teevramaina pratipaadakudu sigismund II augustus, athanu pillalu laenivaadu mariyu anaarogyamtho unnadu. charitrakaarula abhiprayam prakaram, ayana churukaina prameyam eee prakriyanu vegavantam chesi, union saadhyamayyelaa chesindi. 1569 janavari 10naa lublin nagaramlo samavesamaina paarlamentu (sejm) kii rendu deshaala nundi raayabaarulu hajarayyaru. adhe samvatsaramlo vileenam jarugutundani, rendu paarlamentulanu ummadi saasanasabhagaa vileenam chestamani angeekarinchaaru. ika nundi swatantra parliamentary snaatakotsavam ledhaa aaharaanni anumatinchaledu. polish kireetam yokka prajalu ikapai lithuvanian bhoobhaagamlo bhoomini konugolu cheyadamlo parimitam kaaledu mariyu oke currency sthaapinchabadindi. sainyam vaerugaa unnappatikee, ekikruta videsanga vidhanam antey lithuvanian dalaalu sangharshana samayamlo dohadam cheyalsina baadhyata kaligi undatame kakunda vaari prayojanaaniki kaadu. phalitamgaa, aneka lithuvanian magnetlu oppandaalanu khandinchaaru mariyu nirasanaga assembleeni vidichipettaru. rendava sigismund thana adhikaranni grand dukega upayoginchaadu mariyu union charyanu "kantumaasiyamlo" amalu chesaadu. bhayamtho, haajarukaani prabhuvulu ventane charchalaku tirigi vacchaaru. lubelin union nuu samavesamaina pratinidhulu aamodinchaaru mariyu juulai 1naa hajarainavaru santakam chesaaru, tadwara polish-lithuvanian commonwealth erpadindi.
taruvaata sigismund maranam taruvaata rajyanga vyavasthalo sardubaatlu cheyabadina oka madhyantaram jarigindi; eee sardubaatlu polish prabhuvula saktini gananeeyamgaa penchaayi mariyu nijamaina ennikaina racharikanni sthaapinchaayi.
sikharam mariyu swarna yugam (1573-1648).
11 mae 1573naa, fraansku chendina rendava henry kumarudu, catherine dii medisi kumarudu henry dii valois, warsa velupala jarigina modati raaja ennikalaloo polland rajuga mariyu lithuvania grand dukega prakatinchabaddaadu. sumaru 40,000 mandhi prabhuvulu oka sataabdaala sudeergha sampradaayamaina prabhuvula prajaswamyam (bangaaru swechcha) loe ootu vaesaaru. sigismund maranaaniki mundu henry ippatike abhyardhigaa nilabaddadu mariyu french anukuula vargaala nundi vistrutamaina maddatunu pondaadu. eee empika hobsburg aadhipatyaanni tagginchadam, french-mitraraajyaala ottomanlatho gharshanalanu antam cheyadam mariyu fransto laabhadaayakamaina vaanijyam nundi labham pondadam lakshyamgaa oka raajakeeya charya. simhasananni adhishtinchina taruvaata, henry "pacta conventa" anie piluvabade oppanda oppandampai santakam chesi, henrican articlesnu aamodinchaadu. eee chattam polish-lithuvanian commonwealthlo paalana yokka praathamika suutraalu mariyu rajyanga chattalanu perkondi. juun juun, henry polandnu vidichipetti, thana sodarudu mariyu puurveekudu charless ikes maranam taruvaata french kiriitaanni pondadaaniki tirigi vellaadu. aaa taruvaata simhasana khaliga prakatinchabadindi.
1575 december 12naa primate jakub uchansky rendava maximilian, pavitra roman chakravartini tadupari rajuga prakatinchinappudu eee madhyavartitvam mugisindi. eee nirnayaanni hobsburg vyatiraeka sankeernam khandinchindi, idhi "sthaanika" abhyardhini demand chesindi. rajeegaa, 13 december 1575naa annah jagiyallon-sigismund augustus sodari mariyu jagioloni raajavamsam sabhyudu-kotta chakravarthy ayyaru. prabhuvulu ekakaalamlo stephen batorini saha-rajapratinidhigaa ennukunnaaru, veeru "jyoor uxoris" nuu paripaalinchaaru. bathori ennika vivadaspadamga niroopinchabadindi-lithuvania mariyu ducal prussia modatlo transylvanianlanu tama palakudiga gurtinchadaaniki niraakarinchaayi. sampanna odarevu nagaram gdansk (danzig) tirugubaatu chesi, denmark sahayamtho, tatastha elblog (elbing) kuu samudra vaanijyaanni addukundi. nagaram yokka vistrutamaina kotalaloki chochukupolekapoyina bathori, ekkuva adhikaralu mariyu swechhala kosam demandlaku longipoyadu. ayithe, athani vijayavantamaina livonian pracharam livonia mariyu duchy off courland mariyu semigalia (aadhunika estonia mariyu latvia, varusaga) vileenam cheyabadi mugisindi, tadwara commonwealth prabhavanni baltikloki vistarinchindi. murry mukhyamgaa, polland baltic samudramlo riga yokka hansiatic nagaranni pondindi.
pondindi, sweeden yokka zaan III mariyu catherine jagiyallan kumarudu sigismund vasa-ennikalaloo vijayam saadhinchaadu, conny athani vaadananu austria yokka maximilian III bahirangamgaa vyatiraekimchaaru, athanu kotta raajunu savaalu cheyadaaniki sainika dandayaatranu praarambhinchaadu. nishedhinchabadindi zaan zamoysky chetilo athani otami polland mariyu sweeden simhaasanampai sigismund yokka hakkunu moosivesindi. sigismund sudeergha paalana polish swarna yuganiki mugimpu mariyu rajata yugam praarambhaaniki gurthugaa nilichindi. bhaktudaina catholic ayina ayana nirankusatvaanni punaruddharinchaalani, prati-samskarana yokka ettulo roman kaathalikkulanu vidhinchaalani aasinchaaru. sweedanlooni protestantla patla ayana asahanam swaatantra yuddhaaniki daariteesindi, idhi polish-swedish unionku mugimpu palikindi. paryavasanamga, athanu sweedanlo thana maama charless icks vasa chetha tolaginchabaddaadu. polandlo, zebridovsky tirugubaatu krooramgaa anachiveyabadindi.
sigismund III appudu vistarana vidhananni praarambhinchindi, praarambhinchindi aaa desham samasyala samayam anie piluvabade antaryuddhamtho badhapadutunnappudu russiapy daadi chesindi. juulai juulai, rekkalugala husaarlatoe kuudina sankhyaabaddamaina polish dalam, clushino yuddhamlo rashyanlanu odinchindi, idhi tadupari rendu samvatsaraalu masconu swaadheenam chesukovadaniki mariyu aakraminchadaaniki stambhaalanu veelu kalpinchindi. russiaku chendina avamaanakaramaina vaasili vaasili oka bonulo vaarsaavku ravana chesaaru, akkada athanu sigismandku nivaali arpinchaadu; vaasili taruvaata cheralo hatya cheyabaddaadu. commonwealth dalaalu chivariki november 4,1612naa (russialo aikyata dinotsavamgaa jarupukuntaaru) tarimikottabaddaayi. thoorpuna polland-lithuvania vistruta bhuubhaagaalanu manjuru chesi, daani atipedda praadaesika vistarananu gurtinchina sandhi thoo yuddham mugisindi. 1598 mariyu 1613 madhya kaneesam aidu millionla mandhi rashyanlu maraninchaaru, idhi nirantara sangharshana, karuvu mariyu sigismund dandayaatra phalitamgaa jarigindi.
polish-ottoman yuddham (1620-21) aagneya airopaloni moldavia nundi polandnu upasamharinchukovalasi vachindi, conny khotin vadda turklapy sigismund vijayam sultanet yokka aadhipatyaanni tagginchindi mariyu chivariki osman II hatyaku daariteesindi. idhi sigismund paalana kaalam varaku turkish sarihaddunu bhadraparichindi. polish-swedish yuddhamlo (1626-1629) vijayalu saadhinchinappatikii, alasipoyina commonwealth sainyam altmark oppandampai santakam chesindi, idhi livonialo ekkuva bhaganni gustavus adolphus aadhvaryamlo sweedanku appaginchindi. adhe samayamlo, desamloni saktivantamaina paarlamentulo prabhuvula aadhipatyam undedi ("chitram". 2) muppai samvatsaraala yuddhamlo paalgonadaaniki vimukhamgaa unnavaaru; eee tatasthata samakaaleena airopalo chaalaa varaku naasanam chesina raajakeeya-matha sangharshana yokka vidhvamsam nundi deshaanni tappinchindi.
eee kaalamlo, polland kalalu mariyu vaastusilpamlo saamskrutika melkolupu mariyu vistrutamaina parinaamaalanu anubhavistondi; modati vasa raaju bahirangamgaa videshee chitrakaarulu, hastakalaakaarulu, sangeetakaarulu mariyu injaneerlanu spaansar chesaadu, vaaru athani abhyardhana meraku commonwealthlo sthirapaddaaru.
sigismund pedda kumarudu, ladislas ladislas etuvanti pedda vyatiraekata lekunda athani taruvaata vladisla vladisla adhikaaramloki vacchaadu. naipunhyam kaligina vyuuhakarta ayina ayana firangulalo pettubadi pettadu, sainyanni aadhuneekarinchaadu mariyu commonwealth yokka thoorpu sarihaddulanu teevramgaa rakshinchaadu. stuhmsdorff oppandam prakaram, athanu polish-swedish yuddhaala samayamlo kolpoyina livonia mariyu baltics praantaalanu tirigi pondaadu. hobsburg lanu aaraadhinche thana tandriki bhinnamgaa, vladisla fransto sannihita sambandhaalanu korukunnadu mariyu idhi mantuva duke charless ii gonjaga kumarte maerii luis gonjaga nuu vivaham chesukunnadu.
varadalu, tirugubaatlu mariyu vienna (1648-1696).
taruvaati dasaabdaalalo varusa debbala taruvaata commonwealth yokka shakti mariyu sthirathvam ksheeninchadam praarambhinchindi. vladisla sodarudu zaan II kasimir balaheenamgaa mariyu napumsakamgaa niroopinchabaddaadu. bahula saamskrutika mariyu mega-vaividhya samakhya ippatike desheeya samasyalanu edurkondi. mataparamaina mariyu jaathi minorityla himsa balopetam kaavadamtho, aneka samuuhaalu tirugubaatu cheyadam praarambhinchaayi.
commonwealth yokka aagneya sarihaddu praantaalalo nivasinche swayam paalita ukrainian kosakla pradhana tirugubaatu tirugubaatu polish mariyu catholic orthodox ukrain anachivetaku vyatiraekamgaa allarlu chesindi, dheenini khmelnitsky tirugubaatu anie pilicheevaaru. dheeni phalitamgaa, periyaslav oppandam nibandhanala prakaram, russian jaar rakshana kosam ukrainian abhyardhana jarigindi. jarigindi, polland nundi perugutunna muppu, mariyu thana totter mitrarajyalache vidichipettabadinappudu, khmelnitsky ukreyinnu russian rakshanalo swayampratipatti kaligina dacheegaa cherchamani jaarnu koraadu. japorigian ukrain yokka russian vileenam kramamga airopaloni aaa bhaagamlo polish prabhavanni bharti chesindi. taruvaati samvatsaraallo, polish sthiranivaasulu, prabhuvulu, kaathalikkulu mariyu yoodulu tama rajyalalo kosaklache prerepinchabadina prateekaara saamuuhika hatyalaku baadhitulu ayyaru. kaamanveltku maroe debba debba swedish dandayaatra, dheenini varada anie pilustaaru, dheeniki transylvanian duke georg II rakoji mariyu brandenberg yokka elector frederic vilium dalaalu maddatu icchaayi. icchaayi bromberg oppandam prakaram, catholic polland protestant prussiapai thana aadhipatyaanni thyajinchavalasi vachindi; vachindi; okappudu mukhyamaina duchy prussia raajyamgaa roopaantaram chendindi, idhi 18va sataabdamloo pradhana european saktigaa maarindi mariyu polland yokka atyanta saasvatamaina satruvugaa niroopinchabadindi.
17va sataabdam chivaralo, balaheenapadina commonwealth raaju, zaan III sobisky, ottoman saamrajyaanni oodinchadaaniki pavitra roman chakravarthy leopold leopold pottu pettadu. pettadu jarigina vienna yuddham kraistava airopa mariyu islaamik ottomanla dalaala madhya 250 samvatsaraala poraatamlo chivari malupu tirigindi. muslim purogatiki sataabdaala tarabadi vyatiraekata kaaranamgaa, commonwealth "antemurale christianitatis" (kraistava matam yokka bullark) anae paerunu pondindi. taruvaati 16 samvatsaraalalo, goppa turkish yuddham danube nadiki dakshinaana saasvatamgaa turkeylanu nadipistundi, mallii madhya airopaku muppu kaliginchadu.
raajakeeya gandaragolam mariyu ghnaanoodayam (1697-1771).
(1697-1771) zaan sobisky maranam jaateeya saarvabhoumaadhikaara kaalanni nissandehamgaa muginchindi, mariyu eee praantampai polland yokka saapeksha adhikaram vaegamgaa ksheeninchindi. 18va sataabdam natiki, daani raajakeeya vyavastha asthirata kaamanveltnu antaryuddham anchuku teesukuvacchindi mariyu rashtram videshee prabhaavaaniki ekkuvagaa guraindi. migilina european saktulu dhesha vyavaharalalo nirantaram jokyam chesukunnayi. oka raaju maraninchina taruvaata, aneka raaja gruhalu tama abhyardhulaku otlu pondaalane aasatoe churukuga chorabadayi. eee aacharam saadhaaranamainadi mariyu spashtamgaa kanipinchindi, mariyu empika tarachugaa avineetiparulaina prabhuvulaku bhaarii lanchaala phalitamgaa undedi. france yokka luis XIV francois luis, prins off conteelo, james luis sobisky, bavaria yokka maximilian emmanuel mariyu saxony yokka frederic augustusku vyatiraekamgaa bhaareega pettubadi pettadu. lutheranism nundi kaathalikkulaku maaradam sampradaayavaada peddavaallu mariyu pope amayaka XIII nii aascharyaparichindi, vaaru tama aamodaanni vyaktam chesaaru. 1697 juunloo jarigina frederic ennikaku aardhika sahayam cheyadam dwara imperial russia mariyu hobsburg austria kooda dohadapaddayi. simhaasanaaniki athani padoonnati yokka chattabaddhatanu chaalaa mandhi prasninchaaru; conty yuvaraju ekkuva otlu pondaadani mariyu saraina vaarasudani oohinchabadindi. frederic thana sainyamtho kalisi polandku velli yea pratipakshaanni anachiveyadaaniki prayatninchaadu. septembarulo athanu rendava augustus gaa pattabhishekam cheyabaddaadu mariyu adhe samvatsaram novemberlo gdansk sameepamlo conty yokka sankshipta sainika nischitaartham phalinchaledu.
vetin house polland-lithuvania mariyu saxonylanu ekakaalamlo paripaalinchi, rendu raashtraala madhya adhikaranni vibhajinchindi. adhikaranni pondadaaniki thana vivaadaaspada margalu unnappatikee, rendava augustus kalalapai vilaasavantamgaa kharchu chesaadu mariyu rendu deshaalalo vistrutamaina saamskrutika mariyu nirmaana (barok) vaarasatvaanni migilchaadu. polandlo, athanu vilaanovnu vistarinchaadu mariyu yuddhaala raaja kotanu aadhunika rajabhavana nivasamga punaruddharinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchaadu. nagaramloni lekkalenanni mailuraallu mariyu smaaraka chihnalu saxon rajulanu soochinche paerunu kaligi unnaayi, mukhyamgaa saxon thota, saxon aksham mariyu maajee saxon rajabhavanam. eee kaalamlo pattana pranaalika, veedhi ketayimpu, aasupatrulu, paatasaalalu (collegium nobilium), praja udyaanavanaalu mariyu grandhaalayaalu (zaluski library) abhivruddhi chendaayi. viniyogadaarulugaa prabhuvula demandlanu teerchadaaniki saamuuhika sthaayilo utpatti chese modati karmagaralu praarambhinchabaddaayi.
grate northern waar yokka ettulo, rendava augustusku vyatiraekamgaa stanisla leszinsky mariyu sweeden spaansar chesina itara peddavaallachae oka sankeernam (warsa confederation) erpadindi. augustus saxony yokka electorga yuddhamloki pravesinchinanduna polish-lithuvanian commonwealth eee samayamlo adhikarikamga tatasthamgaa undhi. swedish paarlamentu maddatu icchina polish sampradimpula pratipaadanalanu vismarinchi, charless kaamanveltloki pravesinchi, pravesinchi clisso yuddhamlo mariyu mariyu pultsk yuddhamlo saaks-polish dalaalanu oodinchaadu. charless appudu augustusnu tolaginchadamlo vijayam saadhinchaadu mariyu mariyu athani sthaanamlo stanislanu niyaminchadaaniki sejm (paarlamentu) nii balavantam chesaadu. augustus augustus simhasananni tirigi pondaadu, conny conny athani sonta maranam polish vaarasatva yuddhaaniki daariteesindi, indulo stanislav marosari kireetam swaadheenam chesukovadaniki prayatninchaadu, esaari france maddatutoe. shanti sthaapana (1736) thana tandri taruvaata moodava augustus loe mugisindi.
saapeksha shanti mariyu nishkriyaatmakata prapancha vedikapai polland pratishtanu balaheenaparichaayi. polish acharalu mariyu sampradaayaalu videshee pratidaanikii anukuulamgaa vadaliveyabaddaayani, porugu rashtraalu tama prayojanam kosam polandnu dopidi cheyadam konasaaginchaayani alexander bruckner paerkonnaaru. antekakunda, americalo paschima airopa perugutunna vanarula dopidi commonwealth sarafaraalanu takkuva keelakam chesindi, dheeni phalitamgaa aardhika nashtalu sambhavinchaayi. aagashtu III commonwealthlo takkuva samayam gadipadu, badulugaa dersaden yokka saxon nagaranni ishtapadataadu. athanu heinrich vaan brahlnu vaisray mariyu polish vyavahaaraala mantrigaa niyaminchaadu, athanu rajakeeyaalanu schizartoriskis mariyu rodvilles vanti palish magnet kutumbaalaku vidichipettadu. eee kaalamlone polish ghnaanoodayam molakettadam praarambhinchindi.
vibhajanalu (1772-1795).
(1772-1795), kuleena stanisla august poniyatovsky thana maajee premikudu catherine dhi grate, russia saamraagni ayina german kuleena mahila yokka sahakaram mariyu maddatutoe chakravartigaa ennikayyaaru.
ponitovsky samskaranala prayatnaalaku antargatamgaa mariyu baahyamgaa balamaina pratighatana eduraindi. kaamanveltnu sthireekarinche yea lakshyam ayina daani pratishtaatmaka mariyu dookudu poruguvaariki pramaadakaram. thana puurveekula maadirigaane, athanu kalaakaarulu mariyu vaastusilpulanu spaansar chesaadu. chesaadu athanu warsa corps off cadetsnu sthaapinchaadu, idhi polandlo anni vargaala samaajaaniki modati rashtra paatasaala. unnaayi raaju mariyu paarlamentu european charitralo modati vidya mantritva saakha ayina jaateeya vidya kamishannu erpaatu chesaaru. millionlu, raaju ippatikee upayogamlo unna puraatana sainika alankarana ayina sadguna sainikula srushtini aadesinchaadu. stanisla august puraatana raajyaala samskrutini, mukhyamgaa rome mariyu grease samskrutini kooda mecchukunnaru; neoclassism nirmaana mariyu saamskrutika vyakteekarana yokka prabalamaina roopamgaa maarindi.
rajakeeyamgaa, ayithe, vistaaramaina commonwealth sthiramaina ksheenatalo undhi mariyu 1768 natiki, idhi ippatikee swatantra rashtramgaa unnappatikee, russian saamrajyam yokka rakshita raajyamgaa rashyanlu pariganinchadam praarambhinchaaru. polandpai ekkuva niyantrana catherine dautya, sainika vyuuhaalaku kendramgaa undedi. naalugu samvatsaraala sejm yokka mae rajyangam vanti samskaranala prayatnaalu chaalaa aalasyamgaa vachayi. eee deshaanni russian saamrajyam, prussia yokka german rajyam mariyu austrian hobsburg racharikam moodu dasallo vibhajinchaayi. 1795 natiki, polish-lithuvanian commonwealth airopa patam nundi puurtigaa tolaginchabadindi. 1918 varaku polland mariyu lithuvania swatantra deshaalugaa tirigi sthaapinchabadaledu.
rashtra samstha mariyu rajakeeyaalu.
bangaaru swechcha.
commonwealth yokka raajakeeya siddhaantam "maa rashtram raaju adhyakshatana oka ganatantra rajyam". chhaansalar zaan zamoysky eee siddhaantaanni "rex regnaut ett naan-governornat" ("raaju paalistaadu conny [litt") anie cheppinappudu saaraamsam icchaaru."mariyu"] paalinchadu "). commonwealthlo paarlamentu, sejm, alaage "senate" mariyu ennikaina raaju ("pick") undevaaru. 1 "). raaju henry yokka vyasalalo perkonna pourula hakkulanu alaage athani ennikala samayamlo charchinchina "pacta conventalo" perkonna pourula hakkulanu gowravinchaalsina baadhyata raaju kaligi unnadu.
chakravarthy adhikaram gananeeyamaina kuleena vargaaniki anukuulamgaa parimitamaindi. prati kotta raaju, polland raajakeeya vyavasthaku aadhaaramaina (mariyu mataparamaina sahanam yokka apuurvamaina haameelu kaligi unna) henrican articlesnu samarthistaamani pratigna cheyalsi vachindi. kalakramena, henrican vastuvulu paakta conventatho vileenam cheyabaddaayi, nirdishta pratignalu raaju-ennikainavaaru angeekarinchaaru. appati nundi, raaju samarthavantamgaa kuleena vargamtho bhagaswamiga unnadu mariyu senatorla brundam nirantaram paryaveekshinchaevaadu. saasanam (kotta chattalanu aamodinchadam), videshee vyavaharalu, yuddha prakatana mariyu pannu (ippatike unna pannula maarpulu ledhaa kotta vaatini vidhinchadam) vanti mukhyamaina vishayaalapai raajunu veeto cheyagaladu.
commonwealth raajakeeya vyavastha punaadi, "bangaaru swechcha" (ledhaa, 1573 nundi upayoginchina padam), indulo unnaih
commonwealth yokka moodu praantaalu (krinda chudandi) kontha svayampratipattini kaligi unnaayi. prati voivode ship kii daani swantha paarlamentu (sezmic) undedi, idhi jaateeya sejm kuu poz (deputy) empika mariyu nirdishta oating suuchanalatoe deputyni chaarj cheyadamtho sahaa teevramaina raajakeeya adhikaranni upayoginchindi. lithuvania yokka grand dacheeki daani swantha pratyeka sainyam, khazana mariyu chaalaa itara adhikaarika samsthalu undevi.
golden liberty daani samayaniki asaadhaaranamaina rashtraanni srushtinchindi, ayithe venis republic vanti samakaaleena nagara-rashtraalalo kontavaraku ilanti raajakeeya vyavasthalu unikilo unnaayi. rendu rashtraalanu "serenisima respublica" ledhaa "atyanta nirmalamaina ganatantram" gaa abhivarninchaaru. chaalaa european deshaalu kendrikarana, sampoorna racharikam mariyu mataparamaina mariyu rajavamsa yuddhaaniki velutunna samayamlo, commonwealth vikendrikarana, samakhya mariyu samakhya, prajaswamyam mariyu mataparamaina sahanam vanti vaatipai prayogaalu chesindi.
eee raajakeeya vyavastha daani kaalaaniki asaadhaaranamainadi, itara saamaajika taragatulapai mariyu raacharika raajakeeya vyavasthapai sjlachta kuleena vargam adhirohana nundi udbhavinchindi. kalakramena, sjlachta taginanta adhikaaraalanu (1505 nihil novi chattam dwara sthaapinchabadinavi vantivi) sekarinchindi, yea chakravarthy adhikaarampai sjlachta pattunu vichchinnam cheyaledani aasinchalekapoyadu. commonwealth raajakeeya vyavasthanu oka saadhaarana vargamloki cherchadam kashtam, conny dheenini tatkalikamga eee krindi mishramamgaa varninchavachhuh
magnet oligarki.
daadaapu rendu sataabdaala taruvaata taruvaata jagilonian raajavamsam mugimpu commonwealth prabhutva pelusu samatulyatanu debbateesindi. adhikaram kendra prabhutvam nundi prabhuvulaku marintagaa padipoyindi.
simhasananni nimpadaaniki aavartana avakaasaalanu andinchinappudu, "sjlachta" balamaina mariyu deerghakaalika raajavamsaanni sthaapinchani videshee abhyardhulaku praadhaanyatanichindi. eee vidhanam tarachugaa puurtigaa asamarthulaina ledhaa prabhuvulatho nirantaram balaheenapariche sangharshanhalo unna chakravartulanu utpatti chesindi. inca, transylvania (1576-86) nundi samarthavanthamaina stephan battery vanti mukhyamaina minahaayimpulanu pakkana pedithe, videshee muulaaniki chendina raajulu commonwealth prayojanaalanu tama sonta desham mariyu paalaka gruhaniki longadeesukoovadaaniki moggu chuupaaru. idhi mukhyamgaa swedish house off vasa nundi ennikaina modati iddaru raajula vidhanalu mariyu charyalalo kanipinchindi, vaari rajakeeyaalu kaamanveltnu sweedantho sangharshanhaloki teesukuvacchaayi, idhi delz (1655) anie piluvabade yuddhamlo mugisindi, idhi commonwealth yokka swarna yugam mugimpu mariyu commonwealth ksheenata prarambhanni soochinche sanghatanalalo okati.
zebridovsky tirugubaatu (1606-1607) polish peddavaalla saktilo gananeeyamaina perugudalanu mariyu "szlachta prajaswamyam" nuu "pedda alpajanarajyam" gaa marchadanni gurtinchindi. commonwealth raajakeeya vyavastha bayati jokyaniki gurayye avakaasam undhi, endukante videshee saktulu lancham icchina sejm deputylu samskaranala prayatnaalanu nirodhinchadaaniki vaari libaram veetoni upayoginchavacchu. idhi kaamanveltnu naasanam chesi, 17va sataabdam madhya nundi 18va sataabdam chivari varaku oka sataabdaaniki paiga raajakeeya pakshavaatam mariyu araachakamlo munchivesindi, ayithe daani poruguvaaru vaari antargata vyavaharalanu sthireekarinchaaru mariyu vaari sainika saktini penchaaru.
aalasyamgaa samskaranalu.
commonwealth chivariki thana raajakeeya vyavasthanu samskarinchadaaniki teevramaina prayatnam chesindi, maarindi; 3 mae 1791 raajyaamgaanni sweekarinchindi, dheenini charitrakaarudu norman davis airopalo eee rakamaina modatidigaa paerkonnaadu. viplavaatmaka rajyangam puurvapu polish-lithuvanian kaamanveltnu vamsapaaramparya raacharikamtho polish-lithuvanian samakhya rashtramgaa punarnirminchindi mariyu paatha vyavastha yokka aneka haanikaramaina lakshanaalanu raddu chesindi.
kotta rajyangam
ayithe, eee samskaranalu chaalaa aalasyamgaa vachayi, endukante kaamanveltnu daani poruguvaaru ventane anni vaipula nundi aakramincharu, kaamanveltnu balaheenamaina buffer statega vadiliveyadamlo santrupti chendaaru, conny deshaanni balopetam cheyadaaniki stanisla august poniyatovsky mariyu itara samskartala prayatnaalaku teevramgaa pratispandinchaaru. 3 mae rajyangam yokka raajakeeya samskaranalu mariyu commonwealth european saktigaa thana sthaanaanni tirigi pondhe avakaasam yokka viplavaatmaka chikkulanu russia bhayapadindi. catherine dhi grate mae raajyaamgaanni thana prabhaavaaniki pranantakamainadiga bhaavinchi, polish raajyaamgaanni jacobinicalga prakatinchindi. grigori alexandrovich potenkin targovica samakhya kosam chattanni roopondinchaaru, raajyaamgaanni "prajaasvaamya aalochanala antuvyaadhi" gaa paerkonnaaru. intalo, prussia mariyu austria dheenini marinta praadaesika vistaranaku oka sakuga upayoginchaayi. prashyan mantri evald friedrich vaan hertzberg raajyaamgaanni "prashyan raacharikaaniki debba" anie pilicharu, balopetam ayina polland marosari prashyapai aadhipatyam chelaayistundani bhayapaddaru. chivariki, 3 mae rajyangam puurtigaa amalu cheyabadaledu, mariyu commonwealth daani sweekarana tarvaata kevalam naalugu samvatsaraala taruvaata puurtigaa unikilo ledhu.
aardhika vyavastha.
commonwealth aardhika vyavastha pradhanamgaa vyavasaya utpatti mariyu vaanijyam meeda aadharapadi undedi, ayithe akkada kalaakaarula varkshaaplu mariyu tayari karmagaralu samruddhiga undevi-mukhyamgaa kaagitapu millulu, tholu charmasuddhi karmagaralu, inupa panimutlu, gaaju panimutlu mariyu ituka thotalu. konni pradhana nagaralu hastakalaakaarulu, aabharanaala tayaareedaarulu mariyu gadiyara tayaareedaarulaku nilayamgaa undevi. ekkuva parisramalu mariyu vyaparalu polland raajyamlo kendrikrutamai unnaayi; lithuvania yokka goppa duchy marinta grameenamgaa undedi mariyu daani aardhika vyavastha vyavasayam mariyu vastra tayari dwara nadapabadindi. polandloni nairuti praantamloo maining abhivruddhi chendindi, idhi seesam, boggu, raagi mariyu uppu vanti sahaja vanarulatho samruddhiga undhi. polland-lithuvenialo upayoginche currency "zloaty" (antey "bangaaru") mariyu daani upaghatakam, "gross". ducats, thallers mariyu shillingla roopamlo videshee naanhelu vistrutamgaa aamodinchabaddaayi mariyu marpidi cheyabaddaayi. gdansk nagaraniki daani swantha naanheelanu tayaaru chese hakku undedi. undedi, tadeuses kosiusko modati polish notlanu jaarii cheyadam praarambhinchaadu.
dhanyam (raie), pasuvulu (eddulu), bochulu, kalapa, naara, ganjai, buudida, taaru, carminic aamlam mariyu umber egumati dwara paschima airopa sarafaraalo desham mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchindi. 16va sataabdamloo bhoomi meeda mariyu samudra vaanijyam dwara european marketlaku desham egumatullo trunadhaanyaalu, pasuvulu mariyu bochu daadaapu 90 saatam unnaayi. gdansk nundi, noukalu diguva deshaalaloni pradhana odarevulaku saruku ravana chestaayi, antwerp mariyu amsterdam vantivi. leapsig mariyu neuremberg nagaralu vanti pavitra roman saamraajyamloni german praavinsulaku ekkuvagaa bhoomi margalu, sajeeva pasuvula (sumaru 50,000 talala mandalu) charmalu, uppu, pogaaku, janapanara mariyu patthi egumati kosam upayoginchabaddaayi. pratigaa, commonwealth wine, biir, pandlu, anyadesa sugandha dravyaalu, vilaasavantamaina vastuvulanu (udhaa.zii. tapestries, "pick. 5 "), furniture, battalu alaage ukku mariyu upakaranaalu vanti paarisraamika utpattulu.
vyavasaya rangamlo thotala pempakam vyavastha (serfs) aadhaaramgaa bhuusvaamyavaadam aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi. 15va sataabdamloo polandlo baanisatvam nishedhinchabadindi, nishedhinchabadindi lithuvenialo adhikarikamga raddu cheyabadindi, daani sthaanamlo rendava baanisatvam vachindi. saadhaaranamgaa oka kuleenula bhuswamilo "folwork" untundi, idhi antargata mariyu bahya vaanijyam kosam migulu utpatti cheyadaaniki daasulu panichese pedda vyavasaya praantam. eee aardhika erpaatu commonwealth prarambha samvatsaraallo paalaka vargaalu mariyu prabhuvulaku baga panichesindi, idhi dhanyam vyaparamlo atyanta sampanna yugaalalo okati. commonwealth dhanyam vaanijyam yokka aardhika balam 17va sataabdam chivari nundi ksheeninchindi. yuddhaala valla vaanijya sambandhaalu debbatinnaayi, commonwealth daani ravana moulika sadupaayaalanu ledhaa daani vyavasaya paddhatulanu meruguparachalekapoyindi. eee praantamlooni daasulu paaripovadaaniki ekkuvagaa pralobhapaddaaru. eee samasyanu edurkovadamlo mariyu utpaadakatanu meruguparachadamlo commonwealth yokka pradhana prayatnaalalo daasula panibharanni penchadam mariyu egumati-netrutvamloni daasya paalana anie piluvabade prakriyaloo vaari swechchalanu marinta parimitam cheyadam unnaayi.
oka folwark yajamani saadhaaranamgaa eee lothattu vaanijyamlo 80 saatam niyantrinche gdansk vyaapaarulato, uttaraana aaa samudrapu odarevuku dhanyanni ravana cheyadaaniki oka oppandampai santakam chestaadu. kaamanveltloni lekkalenanni nadulu mariyu jalamargalu vistula, pilika, bugg, shaan, nida, vaipraj, neman vanti ravana prayojanaala kosam upayoginchabaddaayi. eee nadulu nadhee naukaasrayaalu mariyu dhanyapu gadulatho saapekshamgaa abhivruddhi chendina moulika sadupaayaalanu kaligi unnaayi. chaalaa varaku nadhi ravana uttara disagaa kadilindi, dakshina disagaa ravana takkuva labhadayakamga undhi, mariyu baarlu mariyu teppalu tarachugaa kalapa kosam gdansklo vikrayinchabaddaayi. taggindi augusto vadda customs post erpadina taruvaata grodno oka mukhyamaina pradaesamgaa maarindi, idhi grand duchy nundi kireetam bhoomulaku prayaaninchae vyaapaarulaku chekpayintga maarindi.
paschima airopatho poliste commonwealth pattana janabha takkuvagaa undhi. khachitamaina sankhyalu ganana paddhatulapai aadharapadi untaayi. oka muulam prakaram, commonwealth pattana janabha 17va sataabdamloo mottam janabhalo 20 saatam undagaa, netherlands mariyu italianlalo idhi sumaru 50 saatamgaa undhi. 7 "). maroka muulam chaalaa takkuva sankhyalanu suchistundihi polandlo 4-8% pattana janabha, netherlandslo 34-39% mariyu italeelo 22-23%. burjuwa vargamtho polchinappudu, vyavasaayamlo commonwealth yokka aasakti, prabhuvula visaesha sthaanamtho paatu, pattaneekarana prakriya chaalaa nemmadigaa, tadwara parisramala abhivruddhi nemmadigaa jarigindi. prabhuvulu tama prayojanam kosam dhanyam dharanu kooda niyantrinchagaligaaru, tadwara chaalaa sampadanu pondagaligaaru. kaamanveltloni konni atipedda vaanijya pradarsanalu lublinlo jarigaayi.
umber road ("pick") vanti aneka puraatana vaanijya margalu. 4) polland-lithuvania antataa vistarinchindi, idhi airopa nadibodduna undhi mariyu videshee vyaapaarulu ledhaa sthiranivaasulanu aakarshinchindi. lekkalenanni vastuvulu mariyu saamskrutika kalakhandalu commonwealth dwara oka praantam nundi maroka praantaaniki velladam konasaagindi, mukhyamgaa desham madhyaprachyam, ottoman saamrajyam mariyu paschima airopa madhya anusandhanamgaa undhi. udaaharanaku, pertia nundi kaamanveltku digumati chesukunna isfahan raggulanu paschima airopalo tappugaa "polish raggulu" () anie pilicheevaaru.
sainyam.
polish-lithuvanian commonwealth looni sainyam polish rajyam nundi mariyu grand lithuvanian duchy nundi sainyala vileenam nundi udbhavinchindi, ayithe prati rashtram daani swantha vibhaganni nirvahinchindi. samyukta saayudha dalaalalo polandlo niyaminchabadina kireetam sainyam (armia coronna) mariyu grand duchylo lithuvanian sainyam (armia litska) unnaayi. itara deshaalalo general ledhaa supreme kamaandarku samaanamaina hodaalo unna hetman sainyaniki naayakatvam vahinchaaru. sejm paarlamentu ledhaa senate sammati lekunda chakravartulu yuddham prakatinchaleru ledhaa sainyanni pilavaleru. 17va sataabdam madhyakaalam nundi polish-lithuvanian commonwealth naavikaadalam sainika nirmaanamloo ennadoo pradhana paatra pooshinchaleedu.
rendu sambandhita aayudhaala yokka atyanta pratishtaatmakamaina nirmaanam vaari 16va mariyu 17va sataabdapu bhaarii aswikadalam rekkalu gala husarla ("husaria") roopamlo undagaa, polish raaja rakshakulu mariyu padaatidalamlooni unnatavargam; regimentlanu raaju mariyu athani kutumbam paryaveekshinchaevaaru. paryaveekshinchaevaaru, grate sejm bhaarii samskaranalanu aamodinchindi mariyu sainyam yokka bhavishyat nirmaanaalanu nirvachinchindi; kireetam sainyanni padihedu kshetra padaatidala regimentlu mariyu enimidi aswikadala brigedlatho naalugu vibhagaluga vibhajinchaalsi undhi, pratyeka vibhaagaalanu minahayinchi; lithuvanian sainyanni rendu vibhagaluga, enimidi kshetra regimentlu mariyu pratyeka vibhaagaalanu minahayinchi rendu aswikadala brigedlugaa upavibhajana cheyavalasi undhi. amalu cheyabadithe, samskarana daadaapu 100,000 mandhi sainikula sainyanni anchanaa vesindi.
aaa raashtraala sainyalu airopaloni itara praantaalalo saadhaarana samstha nundi bhinnamgaa undevi; bardach prakaram, paschima airopalo saadhaaranamaina kirai nirmaanaalu ("vojsko nazemne") polandlo ennadoo vistruta prajaadarana pondaledu. ayithe, videshee kirai sainikulu kaneesam 17va sataabdam prarambham varaku marinta unnata padaatidala vibhagalalo gananeeyamaina bhaganni yerparuchukunnarani brazinsky paerkonnaadu. 16va sataabdapu polandlo, aneka itara nirmaanaalu sainyam yokka pradhana bhaganni yerparuchukunnayi. oka chinna nilabadi unna sainyam, "obrona potokjna" ("nirantara rakshana") sumaru 1,000 mandhi balamaina, raaju chellinchinadi, mariyu pradhanamgaa samasyaatmaka dakshina mariyu thoorpu sarihaddulalo unchabadindi. dheeniki yuddha samayamlo sameekarinchabadina rendu nirmaanaalu-polite ruszeni (levy enn maas kosam polish-ekkuvagaa goppa nites-land holderla bhuswamya sunkam), mariyu sangharshana kosam polish commanderlu niyaminchina "vojsko jaseejne", dheeniki anubandhamgaa unnaayi. idhi itara european kirai nirmaanaala nundi bhinnamgaa undhi, dheeniki polish adhikarulu naayakatvam vahinchaaru, mariyu sangharshana mugisina tarvaata raddu cheyabadindi.
lublin unionku chaalaa samvatsaraala mundu, polish "obrona potokjna" samskarinchabadindi, endukante eee erpaatunu konasaginche uddesyamto raaja bhoomulapai vidhinchina "quarta" pannu paeru pettabadina "vojsko quarsian" srushtini 1562-1563 loe sejm (polland jaateeya paarlamentu) chattam chesindi. eee erpaatuku raaju kooda chellinchaadu, mariyu saantikaalamlo, barduch prakaram sumaruga sumaruga, 000 mandhi purushulu undevaaru; brazinsky brazinsky, 000 paridhini istaadu. idhi ekkuvagaa prabhuvulachae (szlachta) nirvahinchabade telikapati aswikadalam unitlatho koodi, hetmanlache aadesinchabadindi. tarachugaa, yuddhakaalamlo, sejm "vojsko quarsian" parimaanamlo taatkaalika perugudalanu chattabaddham chestundi.
commonwealth mugisina taruvaata, polish-lithuvanian sainika sampradaayaanni nepolian polish dalaalu mariyu duchy off warsa sainyam konasaginchayi.
samskruti.
shaastram mariyu saahityam.
aadhunika saamaajika mariyu raajakeeya aalochanala abhivruddhiki commonwealth oka mukhyamaina european kendramgaa undedi. idhi daani arudaina pakshika-prajaasvaamya raajakeeya vyavasthaku prasiddhi chendindi, tatvavettalache prasamsimchabadimdi, mariyu prati-samskarana samayamlo daadaapu asamaanamaina matha sahanam kosam prasiddhi chendindi, saantiyutamgaa sahajeevanam chestunna roman catholic, yoodu, sanaatana kraistava, protestant mariyu muslim (suufii) sanghaalu. 18va sataabdamloo, french catholic rulir 16va sataabdapu polland gurinchi ilaa vraasaadu "mana rojullo matha saakutho vibhajinchabadina eee desham, airopalo sahanam yokka udaaharanagaa nilichina modati rashtram. eee raashtramlo, charchilu mariyu yoodula madhya maseedulu erpaddaayi."commonwealth polish sodarula prasiddha kraistava saakhaku, british mariyu american unitarianism yokka puurvagaamulaku daariteesindi.
daani raajakeeya vyavasthatho, commonwealth andrez fraize modzevsky (1503-1572) ("pick") vanti raajakeeya tatvavettalaku janmanichindi. 9 "), wargineck grjimala gosliki (1530-1607) mariyu piotar scarga (1536-1612). taruvaata, stanisla stassic (1755-1826) mariyu hugo kolaja (1750-1812) rachanalu 3 mae 1791 raajyaamgaaniki maargam sugamam cheyadaaniki sahayapaddayi, dheenini airopalo norman davis eee rakamaina modatidigaa pilustaaru.
krakov yokka jagilonian vishwavidyaalayam prapanchamlooni puraatana vishwavidyaalayaalalo okati okati sthaapinchabadindi), vilno yokka jesuit akaadameetho kalisi kalisi sthaapinchabadindi) avi kaamanveltloni pradhana panditula mariyu shaastreeya kendraalugaa unnaayi. unnaayi erpadina "jaateeya vidya kosam commission" kosam polish ayina komisza educoxy narodovz, prapanchamlooni modati jaateeya vidya mantritva saakha. commonwealth saastravettalaloh martin chromer (1512-1589), charitrakaarudu mariyu cartographer; maikhel sendivogius (1566-1636), rasavaadi mariyu rasayana shaastravetta; zaan brozec (laatinlo "ionase brossius") (1585-1652), palimath oka ganita shaastravetta, vaidyudu mariyu khagola shaastravetta; chrizzofto arsisevsky (porchugeesulo "chrestophle dii 'artischou arsisevsky") (1592-1656), injanir, ethnographer, general mariyu brazil niyantrana kosam spanish saamraajyamtho yuddhamlo dutch west indies companyki admiral; kazimier simenoviz (1600-1651), military injanir, rockett nipunudu mariyu rockett nipunudu; athanu kartlozevsky, sahaja nipunudu, kartlozevsky kartlozevsky, (idi4), (idi4), (idi4), (idi4), (idi4), (ii 11 "); aadam adamandi kochansky (1631-1700), ganita shaastravetta mariyu injanir; baall shem tove (hebrulo θβελ στοβ) (1698-1760), hasidic judaism vyavasthapakudigaa pariganinchabaddaadu; marcin oodalaaniki pokjobat (1728-1810), khagola shaastravetta mariyu ganita shaastravetta (" pick ". 12 "); zaan chrigistophe cluke (1739-1796), prakruti shaastravetta, vyavasaya shaastravetta mariyu keetaka shaastravetta, zaan johnston (1603-1675) panditudu mariyu vaidyudu, scottish prabhuvula nundi vacchaaru. vacchaaru check upadhyayudu, shaastravetta, vidyavetta, rachayita zaan amos comenius, prati samskarana kinda nirasanakaarulu himsimchabadinappudu commonwealthlo aasrayam pondaaru.
zaan kochanovsky ("pick") thoo sahaa aneka commonwealth rachayitala rachanalu classicga pariganinchabadataayi. 10 "), vacla potaki, ignacy kraasiki, mariyu juuliyan ursin neemseevij. chaalaa mandhi "sjlachta" sabhyulu ghnaapakaalu mariyu diarylu raasaaru. bahusha atyanta prasiddhamainavi albricht stanisla rodgiville (1595-1656) raasina "polish charitra yokka ghnaapakaalu" mariyu zaan chryzostem pasek ("ca."1636-" "ca"."1701). jakub sobisky (1590-1646) (zaan III sobisky tandri) pramukha diarylu raasaaru. raasaaru khotin dandayaatra samayamlo athanu "commenarium chotinensis belli libri tress" (chosim yuddham yokka diary) anae daireeni raasaadu, idhi idhi gdansklo prachurinchabadindi. dheenini vacla potoki thana itihaasa padyam, "transacza vojini chosimskies" ("chosim yuddham yokka purogati") kuu aadhaaramgaa upayoginchaaru. athanu thana kumaarula prayaanaaniki sambandhinchina suuchanalanu kooda rachinchaadu, idhi aaa yugamloni udaara vidyaku manchi udaaharana, krakov (1640) mariyu france (1645).
kala mariyu sangeetam.
commonwealth yokka kala mariyu sangeetam ekkuvagaa prabalamaina european pokadala dwara roopondinchabadindi, ayinappatikee desamloni minoritylu, vidaeseeyulu mariyu sthaanika jaanapada samskrutulu kooda daani bahumukha swabhaavaaniki dohadapaddayi. antyakriyalu mariyu itara mukhyamaina vedukalalo upayoginche savapetika chitraalu ("portratee trumien") sarmatian kaalam yokka oka saadhaarana kala roopam. oka niyamam prakaram, atuvanti chitraalanu aaru ledhaa enimidi vaipula aakaaramlo, adhika, alankarinchabadina catafalk meeda unchina savapetika mundu bhaagamlo veyabadi, lohapu palakku vrelaadadeeyabadevi. ivi commonwealth yokka unnata samskrutilo pratyaekamaina mariyu pratyaekamaina lakshanam, ivi airopalo marekkada kanipinchavu. idhe vidhamaina sampradaayam roman egyptulo matrame aacharinchabadindi. polish chakravartulu mariyu prabhuvulu tarachugaa videshee chitrakaarulu mariyu chetivruttulavaarini aahvaaninchi, spaansar chestaaru, mukhyamgaa diguva deshaala (netherlands, flanders mariyu belgium), germany ledhaa italii nundi. unnata-taragati nivaasaalu, rajabhavanalu mariyu maanarla lopali bhagalu paschima airopa nundi digumati chesukunna goda vastraalatoe ("arasi" ledhaa "tapisseria") alankarinchabaddaayi; atyanta prasiddha sekarana kraakovloni wawell raaja kotalo pradarsinchabadina jagilonian vastraalu.
france mariyu polish-lithuvanian commonwealth madhya aardhika, saamskrutika mariyu raajakeeya sambandhaalu "eah laa polonise" anae padaaniki daariteesaayi, french antey "polish-shaili". "polish-shaili" fraansku chendina luis luis maerii leszzymska vivaahamtho, versiles rajabhavanamlo polish samskruti abhivruddhi chendadam praarambhinchindi. baldachinlatho kappabadina polish padakalu ("litt eah laa polonize") french chatouselo luis xv furnitureku kendra binduvugaa maarindi. jaanapada puula muulaamsaalu alaage polish fyaashan versiles vadda kuleenulu dharinche byaak-dropped polonize dustulu ("robe eah laa polonize") roopamlo prachuryam pondaayi.
polland-lithuvania matha samskrutulu commonwealth charitra mottamlo sahajeevanam chesaayi mariyu okadaanikokati chochukupoyayi-yoodulu sweekarinchina jaateeya dustulu, runapadaalu mariyu calcule saadhaaranam ayyayi mariyu gananeeyamaina protestant janabha unna praantaalalo roman catholic charchilu polland-lithuveniyaaloni itara praantaala kante alankaranalo chaalaa saralamgaa undevi. byzantine chihnala ("pick") goppa prajaadaranaloo paraspara prabhavam marinta pratibimbimchimdi. 13 ") mariyu neti polland (block madonna) mariyu lithuvania (maa laedii off dhi gate off daan) yokka pradhanamgaa latin bhoobhagalalo maerii bommalanu pooli unde chihnalu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, ruthenian orthodox mariyu protestant kalaloki latin chorabaatlu kooda sampradaayamainavi ("pick". 3 ").
mataparamaina mariyu loukika karyakramalalo sangeetam oka saadhaarana lakshanam. aaa disagaa chaalaa mandhi kuleenulu charchi mariyu paatasaala gayaka brundaalanu sthaapinchaaru, mariyu vaari swantha sangeetakaarula brundaalanu niyaminchaaru. kondaru, stanisla lubomirsky vanti vaaru tama sonta opera houselanu (ippudu vaishnikj loe) nirminchaaru. itarulu, janasj scummin tiskywicz mariyu chrigistophe raadjivillu vanti vaaru kalala spaansarshipku prasiddhi chendaaru, ivi vilno (vilnius) looni vaari kortulalo vaari saasvatamgaa nilupukunna archestralalo vyaktamayyaayi. vasa house kinda sangeeta jeevitam marinta abhivruddhi chendindi. videshee mariyu desheeya swarakartalu iddaroo commonwealthlo churukuga unnaaru. sigismund III raayal archestra kosam luca marenzio, annibel stable, asprilio passelli, marco skaachi mariyu diomeds cato vanti italian swarakartalu mariyu nirvaahakulanu teesukuvacchaaru. rajasabha kosam swaraparichi, vaayinchina pramukha gruha sangeetakaarulalo bartlomese pekeel, jassec rojiki, aadam zarzebsky, marcin meeljevsky, stanisla sylvester zarzinsky, damian stachoviz, mycologe zeelensky mariyu grezgorge gorjikki unnaaru.
vaastusilpam.
polish-lithuvanian commonwealth looni nagaraala vaastusilpam polish, german mariyu italian pokadala kalayikanu pratibimbimchimdi. italian paddhatulu ledhaa chivari punarujjeevanam saampradaaya burger vaastusilpampai teevra prabhavanni choopindi, veetini eee roeju varaku gamaninchavacchu-kotalu mariyu nivaasaalu vampu lagzias, colonades, bay vindos, balconylu, portals mariyu alankaara balastradlatho kuudina central italian kortu yaardlatho amarchabaddayi. paikappu kudyachitraalu, graphito, plafands mariyu coffering (namuunaa paikappulu; polish "casseton"; italian "cassetone" nundi) vistrutamgaa unnaayi. paikappulu saadhaaranamgaa terrakota paikappulatho kappabadi undevi. palish paddhatiloo atyanta pratyaekamaina lakshanam mukhabhaagamlo cornis paina alankaara "atakalu". uttara polland-lithuvania mariyu livonialoni nagaralu netherlands, belgium, uttara germany mariyu scandinaviatho polchadagina nirmaana vyakteekarana yokka praadhamika roopamgaa hansiatic (ledhaa "dutch") sailini sweekarinchaayi.
barok vaastusilpam parichayam polland mariyu lithuvania antataa aneka jesuit mariyu roman catholic charchila nirmaanam dwara gurtinchabadindi, mukhyamgaa kraakovloni peater mariyu paal charchi, nesvijloni corpus christy charchi, lublin cathedral mariyu kalwaria zebridovska vadda unesco-jabita cheyabadina abhayaaranyam. alankaara barok mariyu rococo yokka manchi udaaharanalalo krakov looni seyint anaes mariyu pojnaanlooni faraa charchi unnaayi. maroka lakshanam nalla palarayi yokka saadhaarana upayogam. balipeetaalu, faantlu, portals, balastrades, stambhaalu, smaaraka chihnalu, samadhi raallu, thala raallu mariyu mottam gadulu (udhaa.zii. warsa, St looni raaja koota vadda palarayi gadhi. vilnius cathedral yokka kasimir chappel mariyu wawell cathedral vadda vasa chappel) nalla paalaraayitho vistrutamgaa alankarinchabaddaayi, idhi 17va sataabdam madhyakaalam tarvaata prachuryam pondindi.
peddavaallu tarachugaa tama kosam smaaraka chihnaluga nirmaana prajectulanu chepattaru charchilu, cathedrallu, mathaalu ("chitram". 14 "), mariyu warsa looni prastuta adhyaksha bhavanam vanti rajabhavanalu mariyu grand hetman stanisla konikpolsky nirminchina pidharti koota. atipedda prajectulu mottam pattanaalanu kaligi unnaayi, ayithe kalakramena vaatilo chaalaa varaku aspashtataloki vellipotaayi ledhaa vadiliveyabadataayi. eee pattanaalaku saadhaaranamgaa spaansar chese peddavaari paeru pettaru. atyanta pramukhamaina vaatilo jamosh undhi, dheenini zaan zamoysky sthaapinchaaru mariyu italian vaastusilpi bernardo morando roopondinchaaru. polland antataa unna peddavaallu raajulato pootii paddaru. 1627 mariyu 1644 madhya "palajjo inn forteza" shaililo nirminchina smaaraka koota criztoper, kotalu chuttoo aneka praamganaalanu kaligi undhi. ilanti balavardhakamaina samudayalalo lancut mariyu crossiginloni kotalu unnaayi.
barok kaalam chivaralo orient samskruti mariyu kala patla unna aakarshana jolochiv (jlokjov) looni queen maarii yokka chainees pales dwara pratibimbistumdi. 18va sataabdapu magnet rajabhavanalu (pravesha dwaaram mariyu thota madhya) nirminchina barok suburban nivaasam yokka vilakshana rakanni suuchistaayi. daani vaastusilpam-paatha commonwealth bhavana sampradaayaalato european kala yokka vileenam vaarsaavloni vilanov paleslo kanipistundi ("pick". 15 "), bialistokloni braniki pales, rodgin podlaskiloni potoki pales, rogalinloni raseensky pales, neiboro pales mariyu lubartov sameepamloni kojlova pales. takkuva kuleenulu "dworek" anie piluvabade graameena gruhaalalo nivasinchaaru. 18va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo neoclassism barok sthaanamlo vachindi-polland-lithuvania yokka chivari palakudu, stanisla august poniyatovsky, puraatana rome yokka shaastreeya nirmaanaanni entho mecchukunnaru mariyu daanini polish ghnaanoodayam yokka chihnamgaa prothsahinchaaru. dveepam meeda unna rajabhavanam mariyu St yokka velupali bhaagam. vaarsaavloni anne charchi maajee commonwealth yokka neoclassical vaarasatvamlo bhaagam.
"sjlachta" mariyu sarmatijam.
sjlachta" yokka prabalamaina bhaavajaalam "sarmatijam" gaa maarindi, dheeniki sarmatiyanla paeru pettaru, veeru stambhaala puurveekulu anie aaropistaaru. eee vishwaasa vyavastha "sjlachta" samskrutilo oka mukhyamaina bhaagamgaa undhi, daani jeevitamlooni anni amsaalanu chochukupoyindi. szlachta", "gurrapu swarry, sampradaayam, rajagruhalalo praantiiya vintha jeevitam, shanti mariyu saantivaadam madhya samaanatvaanni kalpinchina sarmatism; purushulaku oriental-prerepita smaaraka chihnalu ledhaa dustulu (" zupan "," kontusz "," sukmana "," paas kontasjovi "," delia "," sjabla "); european barok vaastusilpaaniki anukuulamgaa; latin aalochana ledhaa vyakteekarana yokka bhashaga aamodinchabadindi; mariyu bangaaru swechhalo daadaapu jaateeyavaada aikyata mariyu garvam yokka bhavanni srushtinchadam dwara bahula-jaathi prabhuvulanu ekikrutam cheyadaaniki upayogapadindi.
daani prarambha, aadarsavaada roopamlo, dharmavaadam oka saanukuula saamskrutika udyamaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchindihi idhi mataparamaina nammakam, nijayiti, jaateeya garvam, dhairyam, samaanatvam mariyu swechchaku maddatu ichindi. ayithe, kalakramena, idhi vakreekarinchabadindi. chivari teevra dharmavaadam vishwaasaanni matabhrashtatagaa, nijaayitiini raajakeeya amaayakatvamgaa, garvaanni ahankaramga, dhairyanni mondi pattudalagaa, swechhanu arachakamga maarchindi. 18va sataabdam chivari nundi desham antarinchipovadaaniki sarmatijam yokka doshaalu kaaranamani nindinchaaru. vimarsalanu, tarachugaa ekapakshamgaa mariyu atisayoktigaa, polish samskaranavaadulu samoola maarpulaku munduku teesukelladaaniki upayoginchaaru. eee sweeya-avahelanatho paatu german, russian mariyu austrian charitrakaarula rachanalu unnaayi, vaaru daani pathanaaniki polland kaaranamani niroopinchadaaniki prayatninchaaru.
janabha.
polish-lithuvanian commonwealth daani uniki antataa apaaramaina bahula saamskrutikamgaa undedi-idhi desamloni vistaaramaina bhoobhaagamlo nivasinche lekkalenanni mataparamaina gurtimpulu mariyu jaathi minoritylanu kaligi undhi. minority samuuhaala khachitamaina sankhya mariyu vaari janabhanu matrame oohinchavachhu. ganankaparamga, atyanta pramukha samuuhaalu dhruvalu, lithuvenianlu, germanlu, ruthenianlu mariyu yoodulu. gananeeyamaina sankhyalo cheklu, hangeriyanlu, livonianlu, romanlu, vlaachlu, armeniyanlu, italianlu, scots mariyu dutch (oledarjee) kooda unnaaru, veeru vyaapaarulu, sthiranivaasulu ledhaa mataparamaina himsa nundi paaripotunna saranaarthulugaa vargeekarinchabaddaaru.
lithuveniatho kalavadaniki mundu, polland rajyam chaalaa sajaateeyamgaa undedi; janabhalo sumaru 70 saatam polish mariyu roman kaathalikkulu. commonwealth erpaatutho, mottam janaabhaato poliste stambhaala sankhya 50 saataaniki taggindi. taggindi, janabha 7 millionlu, sumaru 4.5 million stambhaalu, 750,000 lithuvenianlu, 700,000 yoodulu mariyu 2 million ruthenianlu unnaaru. charitrakaarulu maikhel kopzinsky mariyu vozchich taigilsky taigilsky diulino sandhi taruvaata praadaesika vistaranatoe, commonwealth janabha 12 millionlaku cherukundani, veetilo dhruvalu kevalam 40 saatam matrame unnayani suuchistunnaaru. aaa samayamlo mottam janabhalo prabhuvulu 10 saatam, burgerlu 15 saatam unnaaru. chadarapu kilometeruku sagatu janabha saandrata majovialo 24, takkuva polandlo 23, ekkuva polandlo 19, lublin palatinetlo 12, lvo praantamloo 10, podolia mariyu volnialo 7 mariyu keev voyododshiplo 3. janasaandrata ekkuvagaa unde paschima bhuubhaagaala nundi prajalu thoorpu vaipu valasa vellae dhorani undedi.
17va sataabdam madhyalo dhesha janabhalo akasmaattugaa maarpu sambhavinchindi. rendava uttara yuddham mariyu 1648 nundi 1657 varaku kaalamlo karuvu taruvaata vacchina varadalu kaneesam 4 millionla maranaalaku kaaranamayyaayi. marinta praadaesika nashtaalato paatu, 1717 natiki janabha 9 millionlaku padipoyindi. 18va sataabdam antataa janabha nemmadigaa kolukundi; kolukundi; polland modati vibhajanaku mundu, commonwealth janabha sumaru 1 million prabhuvulatho sahaa 14 millionlu. millionlu polland janabha sumaru 11 millionlu, indulo 750,000 mandhi kuleenulu unnaaru.
desamlo atyanta bahula saamskrutika mariyu balamaina nagaram gdansk, idhi baltic mariyu polland yokka atyanta sampanna praantamloo oka pradhana hansiatic naukaasrayam. aaa samayamlo gdansklo german matlade majority prajalu nivasinchevaaru, inca pedda sankhyalo videshee vyaapaarulu, mukhyamgaa scottish, dutch ledhaa scandinavian velikiteetaku aatidhyam icchaaru. chaaritraatmakamgaa, lithuvania yokka goppa duchy polland rajyam kante vaividhyamainadi, mariyu aneka samskrutulu mariyu mataala draveebhavana kundagaa pariganinchabadindi. anduvalla, grand duchy nivaasulu litwax anie piluvabade lithuvenialo nivasinche yoodulu minaha, vaari jaateeyatato sambandham lekunda samishtiga litwins anie piluvabaddaru.
haamii ivvabadina mataparamaina sahanam unnappatikee, kramamga polanization mariyu prati-samskarana commonwealth yokka vaividhyaanni tagginchadaaniki prayatninchaayi; polish bhasha, latin, polish samskruti mariyu roman catholic mataanni saadhyamaina chota vidhinchadam dwara kontamandi minoritylanu verucheyadam dheeni lakshyam. 18va sataabdam chivari natiki, lithuvanian bhasha, samskruti mariyu gurtimpu balaheenamgaa maarindi; maarindi; desham paerunu "commonwealth off polland" gaa marcharu.
matam.
28 janavari 1573naa santakam chesina warsa samakhya minoritylu mariyu mataala hakkulanu bhadraparichindi; idhi anni vyaktulaku yea vishwaasaanni ayina swechchagaa aacharinchadaaniki anumatinchindi, ayithe mataparamaina sahanam konnisaarlu maarutuu untundi. norman davis vivarinchinatlugaa, "airopalo itara praantaalalo prabalamgaa unna paristhitulaku sambandhinchi warsa samakhya prakatana yokka padaalu mariyu saaraamsam asaadhaaranamainavi; mariyu vaaru rendu vandala samvatsaraalaku paiga ganatantramlo mataparamaina jeevita suutraalanu paripaalinchaaru."tadanantaram, catholic charchi polandlo prati-samskarananu praarambhinchindi, oppinche paddhatulu mariyu chattaparamaina margalapai ekkuvagaa aadhaarapadindi. phalitamgaa, aneka itara european deshaalatho poliste, polandloni kaathalikkulu mariyu protestantla madhya vivaadam saapekshamgaa saantiyutamgaa undhi.
migilina airopalo mataparamaina himsa rojuvaaree sanghatanagaa unna yugamlo polland matha swechcha chattalanu konasaaginchindi. polish-lithuvanian commonwealth anedi kraistava prapanchamlooni itara deshaalalo himsa nundi tappinchukovadaaniki prayatnistunna atyanta teevramaina matha vibhagalu aasrayam korina pradaesam. pradaesam polandlo nivasistunna matha bahishkaranaku guraina geovanni bernardino bonifasio dii 'orea, thana dattata teesukunna desham yokka dharmala gurinchi italeelooni oka sahodyogiki ilaa rasadu "meeru ikkada mea aalochanalu mariyu praadhaanyatalaku anugunamgaa, goppaga, rachana mariyu prachuranatho sahaa goppa swechchalaku kooda anugunamgaa jeevinchagalaru. ikkada evaruu sensor kaadu."itarulu, mukhyamgaa roman catholic charchi nayakulu, jesuitlu mariyu papal legates, polland yokka mataparamaina alpatvam gurinchi takkuva aasaavaadam kaligi unnaaru.
"eee desham matabhrashtulaku aasrayam kaliginche pradaesamgaa maarindi"-cardinal stanislas hosius, polandku papal legate.
commonwealth yokka maarumuula mariyu bahula-jaathi praantaalalo "polish" gaa undataaniki, matam mariyu rank kante jaathi suuchika chaalaa takkuvagaa undedi; idhi ekkuvagaa bhuswamya kuleena vargaaniki (szlachta) ketaayinchina hodha, indulo dhruvalu unnaayi, conny polish kaani muulaaniki chendina chaalaa mandhi sabhyulu kooda prati taruvaati tharamtho perugutunna sankhyalo catholic mataaniki maararu. polish kaani kuleenulaku ituvanti marpidi antey polish bhasha mariyu samskrutini sweekarinchina taruvaata polanization yokka chivari dasha. polland, commonwealth yokka saamskrutikamgaa atyanta abhivruddhi chendina bhaagamgaa, rajasabha, rajadhani, atipedda nagaralu, madhya airopalo rendava puraatana vishwavidyaalayam (prague taruvaata), mariyu marinta udaaravaada mariyu prajaasvaamya saamaajika samsthalu kaamanveltloni polish kaani prabhuvulaku irresistible ayaskaantamgaa niroopinchabaddaayi. 16va sataabdam nundi chaalaa mandhi tamanu taamu "gente ruthenus, nation polonus" (raktam dwara ruthenian, jaateeyata dwara palish) anie piluchukuntaaru.
phalitamgaa, thoorpu bhoobhagalalo polish (ledhaa polanized) kuleenulu raitulapai aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru, vaari goppa majority polish ledhaa catholic kaadu. antekakunda, dasaabdaala shanti thoorpu bhuubhaagaalaku (eee rojullo sumaruga paschima mariyu madhya ukrain) bhaarii valasarajyala prayatnaalanu teesukuvacchindi, prabhuvulu, yoodulu, kosaklu (saampradayakamgaa sanaatana), polish mariyu ruthanian raitula madhya udriktatalanu penchindi. taruvaati vaaru, ruthanian prabhuvulalo tama sthaanika rakshakulanu kolpoinappudu, himsanu sulabhataram chesina kosaklaku rakshana kosam marinappudu, idhi chivariki kaamanveltnu vichchinnam chesindi. breast union taruvaata thoorpu sanaatana mariyu greeku catholic charchi madhya gharshanalu, prabalamaina catholic matam dwara sanaatana mataala patla mottam vivaksha mariyu aneka cosac tirugubatla dwara udriktatalu teevrataram ayyayi. paschima mariyu uttaraana, aneka nagarallo gananeeyamaina german minoritylu undevi, ivi tarachugaa lutheran ledhaa samskarinchabadina charchilaku chendinavi. commonwealth kooda prapanchamlooni atipedda yoodula pravaasulalo okatigaa okatigaa sataabdam madhya natiki prapanchamlooni 80 saatam yoodulu polandlo nivasinchaaru ("pick". 16 ").
samskarana varaku, sjlachta ekkuvagaa kaathalikkulu ("pick". 13 "). ayithe, aneka kuleena kutumbaalu twaragaa samskarinchabadina mataanni sweekarinchaayi. prati-samskarana taruvaata, polandlo catholic charchi tirigi adhikaram pondinappudu, szlachta daadaapu pratyaekamgaa kathalikga maarindi.
aaa kireetam lithuvania janabha kante rettimpu mariyu taruvaati khazanaku aidu retlu aadaayaanni kaligi undhi. itara deshaala maadirigaane, commonwealth sarihaddulu, praantam mariyu janabha kalakramena maarutuu untaayi. jaam zapolsky shanti (1582) taruvaata, commonwealth sumaru 815,000 chadarapu kilometres visteernam mariyu 7.5 millionla janabhanu kaligi undhi. dulino (1618) oppandam taruvaata, commonwealth sumaru 990,000 chadarapu kilometres vistiirnamloo mariyu 11-12 millionla janabhanu kaligi undhi (sumaru 4 million stambhaalu mariyu oka million lithuvenianlaku daggaragaa).
vaarasatvam.
vaarasatvam nepolian bonaparte sthaapinchina duchy off warsa, daani muulaalanu commonwealth nundi gurtinchindi. november tirugubaatu (1830-31), janavari tirugubaatu (1863-64) mariyu mariyu itara punaruddharana udyamaalu kanipinchaayi, polish netrutvamloni intermarium ("midgimorge") samakhyanu srushtinchadaaniki joseph pilsudsky chesina viphala prayatnamtho, daani atipedda sthaayilo, uttaraana finland nundi dakshinaana balkanla varaku vistarinchi untundi. samakaaleena republic off polland tananu taanu commonwealth varasudiga bhaavistundi, ayithe modati prapancha yuddham mugimpulo tirigi sthaapinchabadina lithuvania republic, paatha polish-lithuvanian commonwealthlo lithuvanian rashtram yokka bhagaswamyanni chusindi, daani swaatantryam tirigi pondhe prarambha dasallo pratikuulamgaa undhi, ayithe iteevali samvatsaraalalo eee vaikhari maarutondi.
paripalana vibhagalu.
polland" anae padaanni saadhaaranamgaa eee mottam raajakeeya vyavasthanu suuchimchadaaniki kooda upayoginchinappatiki, polland vaastavaaniki polish-lithuvanian commonwealthlo oka pedda bhaagam matrame, indulo pradhanamgaa rendu bhagalu unnaih
commonwealth marintagaa vaayivodeshiplu ("vojevodjtwa") anie piluvabade chinna paripalana vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi. prati vaayivodshipnu voivode ("vojevoda", governor) paripaalinchaaru. vaayivodshiplu marintagaa "starstova" gaa vibhajinchabaddaayi, prati "starstovo" nuu "starstosta" nirvahistundi. nagaralanu castellanlu paripaalinchevaaru. eee niyamaalaku tarachugaa minahaayimpulu undevi, tarachugaa paripalana yokka "jeemiya" upa vibhaganni kaligi undevi.
okappudu kaamanveltku chendina bhoomulu ippudu aneka madhya mariyu thoorpu european deshaalalo ekkuvagaa pampinhee cheyabaddayi polland, ukrain, moldova (transnistria), bellarus, russia, lithuvania, latvia mariyu estonia. eguva hangareelooni konni chinna pattanaalu (nedu ekkuvagaa slovakia), lubovla (spis pattanaalu) oppandamlo polandlo bhaagamgaa marai.
commonwealth yokka itara mukhyamaina bhagalu, praantam ledhaa voivodespatip vibhaagaalaku sambandhinchi, ivi unnaih
commonwealth sarihaddulu yuddhalu mariyu oppandaalato marai, konnisaarlu oka dasaabdamloo aneka saarlu, mukhyamgaa thoorpu mariyu dakshina praantaalalo. jaam zapolsky shanti (1582) taruvaata, commonwealth sumaru 815,000 chadarapu kilometres visteernam mariyu 7.5 millionla janabhanu kaligi undhi. dulino (1618) oppandam taruvaata, commonwealth sumaru 1 million chadarapu kilometres (990,000 chadarapu kilometres) vistiirnamloo mariyu sumaru 11 millionla janabhanu kaligi undhi.
bhougolikam.
16va sataabdamloo, bolognalo adhyayanam chesina polish bishop mariyu cartographer martin chromer, "polland daani sthaanam, prajalu, samskruti, karyalayalu mariyu polish commonwealth gurinchi" anae paerutoe latin atlaasnu prachurinchaaru, idhi deshaaniki atyanta samagra maargadarsakulalo okatigaa pariganinchabadindi.
chromer rachanalu mariyu gerardus mercator vanti itara samakaaleena pataalu kaamanveltnu ekkuvagaa maidanaluga chuuputaayi. commonwealth yokka aagneya bhaagam, cressy, daani steppealaku prasiddhi chendindi. karpatian parvataalu dakshina sarihaddulo bhaagamgaa erpaddaayi, tatra parvata golusu ettainadi, mariyu baltic samudram commonwealth yokka uttara sarihaddunu yerparustundi. aaa samayamlo chaalaa european deshaala maadirigaane, commonwealth vistrutamaina atavee vistiirnaanni kaligi undhi, mukhyamgaa thoorpuna. nedu, bialoviza adavilo migili unnavi airopalo chivariga chekkuchedarakunda unna aadima adavulugaa unnaayi.
gamanikalu.
eah. sthaanika mariyu adhikaarika bhaashalalo paeruh
bii. kontamandi charitrakaarulu 1595 mariyu 1611 madhya polish rajadhani craco nundi warsa kuu maarina teedeeni paerkonnaaru, ayithe warsa 1793 varaku adhikarikamga rajadhaanigaa niyaminchabadaledu. commonwealth sejm lublin union taruvaata ventane warsa loe samavesam praarambhamaindi mariyu daani paalakulu saadhaaranamgaa akkada tama aasthaanaalanu nirvahinchaaru, ayinappatikee krakov loe pattaabhishekaalu konasagayi. oke rajadhani nagaram yokka aadhunika bhavana bhuswamya mariyu vikendrikruta commonwealthlo kontavaraku vartinchadu. varsavnu kontamandi charitrakaarulu mottam commonwealth rajadhaanigaa abhivarninchaaru. grand duchy rajadhani vilno konnisaarlu samstha yokka rendava rajadhaanigaa piluvabadutundi.

