
edward zhe. nell

edward zhe. nell (jananam juulai 16,1935) oka american aardhikavetta mariyu nyuu school pharr soshal researchlo maajee professor. 1969 nundi 2014 varaku kotta paatasaala adhyaapakulalo sabhyuduga unnaaru. athanu malcum bii ranknu saadhinchaadu. 1990loe smith professor off economics.
sthuula aardhika siddhaantam, dravya vislaeshanha mariyu aardhika, aardhika paddati mariyu tatvasaastram mariyu abhivruddhi rangamlo nell yokka sahakaralu unnaayi. aardhika siddhaantam mariyu paddatipai ayana vyasalu american economic review, journal off political ekaanami, journal off economic literature, cambridge journal off economics, eastern economic journal, review off political ekaanami, economic development und cultural change, analysis mariyu soshal research vanti pramukha journalslo prachurinchabaddaayi.
nell neoclassical economics yokka paddati mariyu taatvika punaadula gurinchi thana vimarsanaatmaka drukpathaaniki prasiddhi chendaadu, athani prasiddha pustakam "hetubaddhamaina aardhika manishi" (cambridge university press, 1975) loe pariseelinchaaru mariyu aangla hetubaddhavaadi tatwavetta martin holisto saha rachayitagaa unnaaru. parivartana vruddhi' yokka saadhaarana siddhaantaaniki kooda nell muulam. parivartana vruddhi yokka saadhaarana siddhaantam yokka puurti abhivruddhi 90laloe vachindi, mariyu "parivartana vruddhi yokka saadhaarana siddhaantam" gaa prachurinchabadindi (cambridge university press, 1998). parivartanaatmaka vruddhi siddhaantaaniki aadhaaramaina paddati/tatvasaastram vaastavikata yokka oka roopam, idhi kshetra sthaayi pani cheyadam dwara 'sambhaavita satyaalanu' nimpadam mariyu taruvaata drudamaina aadhaarita samsthaagata sambandhaala namuunaalanu nirminchadam aadhaaramgaa untundi.
jeevita charitra.
nell chikago shivaaru praantamaina illinayisloni reversidelo 1935 juulai 16naa janminchaadu, athanu marcella mariyu edward nell yokka ekaika kumarudu. ayana tandri vaayuvya vishwavidhyaalayamlo paatrikeyudu mariyu journalism professor; ayana haiskool journalism kosam quill und scroll foundationnu nadiparu. athani talli prabhutva paatasaala nirvahakudu, aapai roosvelt vishwavidhyaalayamlo vidya professor.
nell prinsetton vishwavidhyaalayaaniki (1954-1957) hajarayyadu mariyu athani B.1957loe (vudro willson paatasaalalo) "magna cuum laad". prinsetton vadda ayana adhyayana rangam chaalaa vaividhyamgaa undedi. aardhikasaastram mariyu rajakeeyaalapai abhiruchini kanugone mundu ayana ganitam, bhouthika shaastram mariyu tatvasaastram adhyayanam chesaaru.
1957loe aayanaku roads scholarship labhinchindi, adhi aayananu oxford vishwavidhyaalayaaniki teesukellindi. athanu appatike bii puurti chesinappatiki.aaa samayamlo aacharam prakaram, oxford atanini marokadaaniki cherchaadu. athanu 1959loe magdaleen kalasalalo fraank berchard mariyu david varsviktho kalisi chaduvutuu modati sariga peeelo patta pondaadu. aardhika vislaeshanha punaadulapai thana adhunaatana panini cheyadaaniki, thana doctorate theesisnu puurti cheyadaaniki mariyu thana parisoedhananu marinta abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki nell oxford vishwavidhyaalayamloni nuffield kalaasaala (1959-1962) loe basa chesaaru.
athanu weslian vishwavidhyaalayamlo bodhinchadaaniki americaku tirigi vacchaadu, conny taruvaata eest anglia vishwavidhyaalayamlo upanyaasam ivvadaaniki tirigi yuke vellaadu, cambridge vishwavidhyaalayamlo kooda parisoedhana chesaadu. saamaajika parisoedhana kosam kotta paatasaala nundi vividha viramalalo athanu bennington kalasalalo, mariyu barred kalasalalo, mcgill vishwavidhyaalayamlo, italeelooni siena vishwavidhyaalayamlo, mariyu germanyloni frankfurt looni university off bremen, mariyu gothe vishwavidhyaalayamlo bodhinchaadu. athanu airopalo-fraanslo, paris, orleans mariyu nais vishwavidyaalayaalalo-upanyaasaalu mariyu seminarlu icchaadu.oxford, mariyu cambridge vishwavidyaalayaalalo, mariyu thoorpu anglia, warwick, essex, mariyu sussex vadda; italeelo rome, milano, catania mariyu siena vishwavidyaalayaalalo; austrialo graz mariyu vienna vishwavidyaalayaalalo; germanylo bremen, frankfurt, keel, regensburg mariyu hanover vishwavidyaalayaalalo; kenadaalo, trent vishwavidyaalayam, vaatarloo, mcgill mariyu heck-montrial vadda. mariyu australialoni nyuu south wales, melbourne, nyuu kazil, adelide mariyu sidney vadda. eee upanyasalalo chaalaa varaku eee vishwavidhyaalayaalloni sahacharulatho kalisi parisoedhana prajectulatho mudipadi unnaayi.
aardhika saastraaniki thodpaatu.
aardhikasaastram mariyu tatvasaastram.
aardhikasaastram mariyu tatvasaastrampai nell yokka atyanta prasiddha parisoedhana 1975loe cambridge vishwavidyaalaya patrika "hetubaddhamaina aardhika manishi" (tatwavetta martin holisto saha rachayita) paerutoe prachurinchina pustakam. lavoy, dii. sii. (1977, p. 325) brand blanshard vanti tatvavettala dwara pratyakshavaadam yokka vinaasakaramaina vimarsalaku vaadinchaaru. vii. quain, ess. tolmin, a. aarr. laush mariyu carle popper, ippudu professorlu hollis mariyu nell yokka jodinchavachhu. eee rachayitalu chuupinatlugaa, napumsakatvaaniki aadhunika aardhika shaastram kaaranam, daani paddhatiloo undhi. aardhika shaastram yokka punarujjeevanam anedi oka bhinnamaina paddatini abhivruddhi cheyalsina avasaram undhi, idhi saamaajika saastraala yokka amsaalanu sahaja saastraala nundi vaeru chese amsaalaku shraddha chooputundi. prajalu anuvulu kaadani, samajam prayogasaala kaadani gurtinche paddhati manaku avasaram.
1960la prarambham nundi nell neoclassical parisoedhana karyakramanni vimarsistuu, neoclassical economics yokka cheppabadani oohalanu bayataku teesesi vaatini paddati pariseelanaku samarpinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu. ayana 1966loe 'pravartana namuunaalu' anae amsampai doctorate thesis chesaaru. hollis und nell (1975) aaa doctorate thesis yokka podigimpu. hollis und nell (1975) loe, vaaru ghnaanam yokka hetubaddha siddhaantam aadhaaramgaa neo-classisincu pratyaamnaaya drushtini roopondinchaaru. vaaru nava-vargavaadam mariyu pratyakshavaadam yokka paatyapustaka kalayikanu vibhajinchaaru, idhi ippudu telisina abhyantaraalaku vyatiraekamgaa sanaatana aardhika shaastram yokka rakshanaku chaalaa keelakam. (appati) prastuta neo-classical siddhaantaala vartinche samasyalapai drushti pettadam dwara paddati patla hollis mariyu nell yokka vidhanam saampradaaya vidhaanamtho vibhedistundi. oohinchina'-tadwara oohaatmaka-hetubaddhamaina agentla pravartananu vivarinche pondikaina siddhaantaalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. conny atuvanti siddhaantaalanu vaastava agentlaku vartimpajeyadaaniki paristhitulu emiti? neoka classical samadhanam hetubaddhamaina vyaktula drukpathampai aadharapadi untundi.
aardhika siddhaantam georgism.
aardhikamgaa, nell georgist pannu samskaranaku balamaina mariyu churukaina pratipaadakudu. aardhika saamardhyaaniki daani vistrutamgaa aamodinchabadina prayojanaala kosam matrame kaadu, bhuuvipanayam asamaanata mariyu aardhika asthirataku dohadam chestundani ayana vishwasinchaaru. nell maajee upaadhyakshudu mariyu henry georg school off soshal sains (newyork) boardu sabhyudu.
dabbu mariyu aardhika siddhaantam.
1960laloe ayana raasina modati patraalu ayana taruvaati paniki aadharam ayyayi. "vixel yokka circulation siddhaantam", dabbu elaa circulate avtundo vivarinche samasyanu nirdesistundi-antey, icchina mottam dabbu anni praathamika aardhika chararaasulanu elaa 'monetise' chestundo choopistundi. nijaaniki, lavoi, radrigues mariyu sekkaresia (2004, pp. 3-4)) 1967 praarambhamlo, nell journal off political ekaanameeloo vixel yokka monetary circuitpy oka kaagitaanni prachurinchaadani vaadinchaaru. akkada, athanu french circuit siddhaantaala pradhana kendramgaa maraboye aneka prasnalanu anveshinchaadu, mariyu avi modata oka chinna-telisina working paper (nell, 1986) loe, aapai 1996loe ghislain deleplacetho savarinchina atyanta vijayavantamaina pustakamlo, chalanamlo dabbu, mallee highlight cheyabaddaayi...1967loe thana vixelian framework lopala dravya prasaranapai raasina patramlo, mottam demand meeda mariyu dravya circuit moosivethapai vaddii chellimpula prabhavanni nell parigananaloki teesukunnadu. 1967 nundi kooda, aardhika vyavastha yokka nijamaina mariyu dravya amsaala madhya sambandham valla nell aakarshitudayindani memu nammutunnamu. aneka vidhaluga nell yokka vidhanam francois kwesneki tirigi velutundi; ikkada dabbu vividha taragatulu mariyu samaajamlooni rangaala madhya laavaadaeveelanu gurtistundi. input avtput mode' kuu prasiddhi chendinappatikii, aardhika vislaeshanhaku pradhana sahakaram 1928loe berlin vishwavidhyaalayamlo 'economics yaz eah circulation' (german bhaashalo 'wirtshaft als chresloff') paie ayana chesina doctorate thesislo kanugonavacchu."), l disalo.vaan bortkeywicz mariyu verner sombart. eee pani 'dravya prasarana' gurinchi nell yokka drushtini prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki sahaayapadindi. (vaaru intaku mundu kalusukunnappatiki, athanu aardhika vislaeshanha kosam samsthanu sthaapinchinappudu athanu leyantif gurinchi telusukunnadu.taruvaata athanu akkada pheyy duchin mariyu itarulanu kalusukuni mecchukunnadu. vaetana-labha sambandhaala gurinchi vaari adhyayanalanu, input-avtput mariyu paryaavaranampai panini ayana pratyaekamgaa prasamsimchaaru). zaan hicks (1967) 'lavadevila demand' madhya vyatyaasaanni gurtinchaaru, idhi nirmaanam mariyu oppandaalapai aadharapadi untundi, mariyu oohaajanita demandnu athanu 'swachchanda' vishayam anie varninchaadu, idhi empika siddhaantaaniki saraina vishayam. james tabin mariyu franco modigliani iddaroo dabbunu unchukovaalane nirnayaanni vislaeshistaaru; ayithe, vixel mariyu prarambha parimaana siddhaantakartalanu anusarinchi, adhi kharchu cheyabade namuunaatoe sambandham kaligi untundi, anni lavadevilu puurtigaa 'monetise' cheyabadindani nirdhaarinchadaaniki entha dabbu avasaramo nirnayinchadaaniki. eee prasnalu lentiff dwara prasnala nundi utpannamavutaayi.
robbert mundel nell laaga, athanu moodu saiddhaantika paatasaalala koodalilo untaadu keynesian, monetarist mariyu ricardian. prati shibiram aardhika vislaeshanha mariyu vidhana roopakalpanaku viluvainadigaa dohadam chestundi. mundell kosam, keynesianlu sthireekarana kosam samakhya budgetla gunaka prabhaavaaniki dohadam chestaaru; aardhikavettalu, vruddhi-prothsaahaka pettubadulanu prothsahinchadaaniki dravya sthirathvam; mariyu dhanavanthulu, saamaajika sankshemaanni penchadaaniki swechhaa vaanijyam mariyu pettubadi pravaahaala praamukhyata. nell adhe vidhamgaa keynesianlanu aakarshistaadu, conny dravya prasarana khaataala kosam paatha parimaana siddhaantakartalanu chustadu, mariyu viluva siddhaantam kosam dhanavantulanu aakarshistaadu, adhe samayamlo athanu aavishkarana mariyu pootii kosam joseph shumpetter vaipu chustadu.
moodu samvatsaraalugaa prasaram avtunna "shaastreeya sameekaranaalanu dabbu aarjinchadam" chivaraku 2004loe prachurinchabadindi. idhi chivaraku dravya prasarana kathanu okadaanitoe okati laagutundi, sthira muuladhanam aavirbhavam mariyu daaniki avasaramaina aardhika vyavasthatho sahaa parivartanaatmaka vruddhi yokka ottillu-modata dravya vyavasthalo, taruvaata banking loe kramabaddhamaina maarpulaku elaa daariteesaayo vivaristundi, phalitamgaa vaddii raetu nirnayinche vidhanam gananeeyamgaa maarindi.
parivartana vruddhi siddhaantam.
parivartanaseela vruddhi siddhaantam yokka modati prakatana 1988loe ayana raasina "sreyassu mariyu praja vyayam" anae pustakamlo vachindi, saanketikata hastakala aadhaaritamainappudu marketlu bhinnamgaa panichestaayane aalochananu idhi teliyajesindi. kharchulu bhinnamgaa nirminchabaddaayi, mariyu dharalu anuvainaviga untaayani ardhamaindi, conny upaadhi anedi vasyamgaa untundi. idhi kharchula nirmaanaanni maarchadaaniki prothsaahakaalanu ichindi, ayithe, idhi bhaarii utpattiki daariteesindi, mariyu dharalanu sthiramgaa unchadam mariyu upaadhini marchadam ardhamayye kharchula paristhitulaku daariteesindi.
parivartanaseela vruddhi siddhaantam yokka puurti abhivruddhi 90laloe vachindi, mariyu parivartanaseela vruddhi yokka saadhaarana siddhaantamgaa prachurinchabadindi (cambridge university press, 1998), samathoulyam yokka vimarsha nundi praarambhinchi-badulugaa srujanaatmaka vidhvamsamku maddatu ivvadam-samsthaagata nirmaanaala sthirathvaanni ardham chesukovadamlo oppandaalu mariyu baadhyatala paatra gurinchi paddati mariyu taatvika prasnala dwara panicheyadam, dabbu prasarana, utpaadakata mariyu utpatti nirmaanaanni ardham chesukovadam-mukhyamgaa muuladhana vastuvula vaetana billu mariyu viniyoga vastuvulalo muuladhana avasaraala madhya sambandham-aapai dynamics kii velutundi, mariyu akkada nundi mottam demand mariyu vyapara chakraniki velutundi. 'pettubadi' nii rendu dasalugaa vibhajinchaalih pettubadi pranaalika, idhi aavishkaranalapai aadharapadi untundi mariyu dharalu mariyu kharchula kosam pranaalika avasaram, mariyu pettubadi kharchu, idhi aadaayaalu mariyu aardhikampai aadharapadi untundi. dheenini mottamgaa cheppe oke okka, saralamaina "pettubadi function" undakudadu; sthuula namuunaalanu punarnirminchaali. chivaraku aardhika saktulu mariyu ottilla madhya paraspara charyalanu mariyu saamaajika samsthala maarutunna swabhaavaanni pariseelinchadam dwara eee pustakam mugustundi.
nell 'parivartana vruddhi' siddhaantaaniki muulam, idhi pettubadidaarii abhivruddhi namuunaanu varusa dasala dwara gurtistundi, veetilo prati dasalo marketlu bhinnamgaa sardubaatu chestaayi, mariyu alaa cheyadamlo, aavishkaranalaku daariteese market ottillaku daariteestundi, idhi vyavasthanu tadupari dasaku taralistundi. prati dasalo marketla paniteeru kontavaraku kharchula nirmaanam mariyu demand perugudala namuunaa dwara nirvahinchabadutundi, eee rendoo saanketikata mariyu aavishkaranalapai aadharapadi untaayi. eee vidhanam saiman kuznets yokka anubhavika panini aakarshistundi mariyu nicolus kaldor yokka saileekruta vaastavaala bhavananu upayogistundi; idhi W yokka panini kooda aakarshistundi. orther levis mariyu gunnar myrdall abhivruddhi dasalaku sambandhinchi. ayithe, idhi robbert solo yokka neo-classical vidhaanamtho kontavaraku matrame sthiramgaa untundi; aaa nirmaanamloo kaarmikulaku muuladhanam pratyaamnaayam keelakam. ayithe, parivartanaatmaka vruddhi sthiramaina sthithi aalochananu tiraskaristundi mariyu parimaanam mariyu praamukhyatalo kramam tappakunda maarutunna bahula rangaala namuunaanu andistundi. marovaipu, douglus north samsthalaku icchina praadhaanyata ikkada pratidhvanistundi. rose thamson (2004, pp. 81) pettubadidaarii abhivruddhini ardham chesukovadam anedi aardhika siddhaantam yokka saamardhyaalaku minchinadani, kaneesam daani adhikaarika samskaranalo ayina anie vaadinchaaru. antargatamgaa vinootnamaina, rangaalu mariyu deshaalalo asamaanamaina, mariyu samsthaagata nirmaanamloo gunaatmaka maarpula dwara abhivruddhi chendutunna, abhivruddhilo atuvanti sanklishtata untundi, marks, weblen, shumpeter mariyu chandler vanti pradhana antardrushtulu tarachugaa bayati adhikaarika siddhaantam nundi vastaayi. pettubadidaarii abhivruddhini ardham chesukovadaniki siddhaantaanni punahpraarambhinchaalani eee antardrushtula upayogam suuchistumdi. edward nell atuvanti punahkalpananu prayatnistaadu. aardhika samsthalu mariyu saanketikatalu oke, paraspara saktivantamaina prakriyaloo abhivruddhi chendutunna sanchita prakriyagaa abhivruddhini nell chitreekarinchaaru. parivartana vruddhi yokka saadhaarana siddhaantamlo (1998), ayana eee sanchita prakriyanu ardham chesukune panini siddhaantaaniki istaaru. tiji vidhaanamlo, marketlu aavishkaranalanu utpatti chestaayi, mukhyamgaa saanketika maarpulu, mariyu eee aavishkaranalu marketlanu punarnirmistaayi. eee prakriya pettubadidaarii abhivruddhiki oka disanu istundi, endukante rangaalu perugutaayi mariyu padipothayi, utpatti punarvyavastheekarinchabadutu mariyu marketlu punarnirminchabadataayi.
inca, geophrey emm. hudgeson (2004) vaadinchaaru edward nell yokka goppa mariyu ghnaanoodayam kaliginche "saadhaarana parivartana vruddhi" (1998) loe eduvandala paejeelaku paiga unnaayi mariyu aneka mandhi rachayitalanu udaharinchaaru. conny thorstein weblen gurinchi etuvanti suuchana ledhu. ayinappatikee weblen mariyu nell aalochanala madhya adbhutamaina sambandhaalu mariyu saaruupyatalu unnaayi. chaalaa spashtamgaa, rendoo aadhunika pettubadidaarii vidhanam yokka pramaadakaramaina gatiseelata mariyu tanikhi prabhaavaalato teevramgaa aandolana chendutunnayi. conny saaruupyatalu marinta lothugaa untaayi. pettubadidaarii abhivruddhiki sambandhinchina vaari pratyeka vaadanala yokka pradhana amsam saanketikata yokka praamukhyata mariyu paatra gurinchi lothaina avagahana. inca, nell (1998,26-36,410-68) "craft ekaanami" nundi "maas production" kuu maaradaaniki sambandhinchina keelaka vaadana, weblance (1904:364-68; 1914:230-355) vislaeshanhaloo "hastakalala" utpatti yugam nundi "yantra parisrama" kuu daani "yantra prakriya" thoo parivartanaku chaalaa daggaragaa samaantaramgaa undhi."nijaaniki, weblen mariyu nell iddaroo eee parivartananu pradhana aardhika, saamskrutika mariyu dynamic parinaamaalatoe pettubadi pedataaru. aneka sampradaaya siddhaantaalaku viruddhamgaa, parivartana vruddhi drukpathaaniki maddatu ichhe aardhika vislaeshanha praathamikamgaa hetubaddhamaina empikapai aadharapadi undadu. hetubaddhamaina empikaku, mariyu samathoulya siddhaantaaniki oka sthaanam undhi, conny nell drushtilo idhi oka adheena sthaanam-mariyu akkada karyakalapalalo ekkuva bhaagam vivaranaatmakamgaa kakunda suuchimchadaginadigaa untundi. vaastava marketlu ellappuduu chalanamlo untaayi; samathoulyam arudainadi mariyu dynamic vislaeshanha avasaram.
parivartanaatmaka vruddhi siddhaantaaniki aadhaaramaina paddati/tatvasaastram vaastavikata yokka oka roopam, idhi kshetra sthaayi pani cheyadam dwara 'sambhaavita satyaalanu' nimpadam mariyu taruvaata drudamaina aadhaarita samsthaagata sambandhaala namuunaalanu nirminchadam aadhaaramgaa untundi. phalitamgaa open models untaayi, ivi konni swabhavikamga nammadagani sambandhaalanu 'setting' cheyadam dwara matrame tatkalikamga muusivaeyabadataayi. idhi aardhika gananapai prabhavam chooputundi-anni aardhika sambandhaalu samanamga undavu. konni nammadaginavi mariyu nammadaginavigaa sthaapinchabadataayi; marikonni sahajamgaa nammadaganivi, mukhyamgaa munduku chusevi. avi 'aakasmikamgaa' maare avakaasam undhi. kshetrasthaayi pani mariyu manchi anchanaa dwara vaatini taatkaalika praatipadikana anchanaa veyali. indulo tappu aemee ledhu. conny dheeni ardham oka aardhika namuunaanu rendu bhagaluga vibhajinchaali-nammadagina sambandhaalu mariyu asthiramainavi.
eee mariyu itara samasyalatho vyavaharinchae nell yokka prachurinchabadina mariyu prachurinchani patraalu athani 1992 pustakam ("parivartana vruddhi mariyu samarthavanthamaina demand", newyork vishwavidyaalayam press, 1992) loe sekarinchabaddaayi. eee pustakam aaa samayamlo saadhyamainanta pratyaamnaaya vidhanam yokka samagra prakatnanu andinchadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. ayithe, venakki tirigi choosthe, idhi paakshikamgaa matrame vijayavantamavutundi; dabbu, credit mariyu banking gurinchi charcha ledhu. aaa samayamlo siddhaantam puurti kakapovadam valla prasarananu vadilivesaaru. mariyu parivartana vruddhi siddhaantam matrame geeyabadindi. ayithe, chaaritraka vibhagalu mariyu samarthavanthamaina demand siddhaantam chaalaa baga pradarsinchabaddaayi.
1992 pustakam vidudalainappudu dheeniki 1998loe nell prachurinchina pratyeka valume maddatu ichindi ("parivartana vruddhi mariyu vyapara chakram", london routledge, 1998). aaru deshaalalo dharalu, vaetanaalu, upaadhi, utpatti mariyu utpaadakata yokka kaala shrenini pariseelinchadam dwara, vidhanam yokka anubhavika praamaanikatanu pareekshinche kotta paatasaala vidyaarthula adhyayana samuuham yokka panini eee pustakamlo kaligi undhi. adhe samayamlo nell 1996loe oka pustakam raasaaru ("maarutunna aardhika vyavastha yokka bhaavam", london routledge, 1996) mariyu 'vyaktivaadam yokka vairudhyaalu' nuu roopondinchaaru, mariyu vyaktivaadam yokka saamaajika tatvasaastram yokka vimarsanu mariyu marinta santruptikaramaina vidhanam kosam salahalanu andinchaaru.
hastakala nundi saamuuhika utpattiki maaradam kotta vidhana avasaralaku daariteestundi; idhi abba learner 'functional finance' anie piliche daaniki pilupunistundi, conny chamuru shackla taruvaata kashta samayaallo eee vidhanam anukuulamgaa ledhu. taatkaalikamaite, vistrutamgaa, monetarisamto prayogam, mariyu 'fine tuning' mariyu demand managementto shaashwata bhramalu undevi. conny functional finance yokka praathamika amsaalu manchivi, mariyu aadhunika (fiat mariyu credit aadhaarita) dabbu, dabbu yokka avagahananu pratibimbistaayi, dheeniki 'anker' ledhu. eee roeju eee vidhananni punaruddharinchadam "chivari resort yajamani" (lr) kosam kaaryakramaaniki daariteestundi. idhi dravyolbanaanni parimitam chestu, puurti upaadhiki maddatu ichhe vidhana chatraanni andistundi. idhi aneka saamaajika lakshyalanu neraverchadaaniki kooda avakaasaanni andistundi. mariyu idhi parivartana vruddhini sadviniyogam chesukuntundi, idhi samakhya budgetnu tatastha ledhaa anukuula chakriya nundi prati-chakreeyamgaa maarustundi.
parivartanaatmaka vruddhi yokka marinta prabhavam emitante, shrama mariyu muuladhanam yokka gananeeyamaina chalanasheelata unte, oohaajanita ottilla kaaranamgaa matrame marakam raetlu konugolu shakti samaanatvam nundi vaidolagutaayi. maroe maatalo cheppalante, robbert mundel pratipaadinchina saarvatrika currency kaavaalsinadi matrame kaadu, parivartanaatmaka vruddhi prakriyala sahaja parakashtaga kanipistundi.
aardhika ganitam mariyu tatvasaastram.
iteevala nell thana sahodyogi karim eruuvaakiitoe kalisi nirmaanaatmaka aardhika ganana yokka paddati punaadulapai panicheesaaru. martin hollis mariyu ii dwara bahirgatam cheyabadina sthaanam.zhe nell (1975) yokka "hetubaddhamaina aardhika manishi" marinta vistarinchabadindi mariyu vaari iteevali pustakam "hetubaddhamaina aardhikavetta", edward elgar, 2013) loe abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. vaaru hollis und nell (1975) nuu "hetubaddhamaina aardhika manishi" gaa chudatam anedi nirmaanaatmaka aardhika vyavastha yokka shaastreeya punaadulanu punarnirminchadaaniki punaadigaa chuudataaniki chaalaa dhooram kaadani vaadinchaaru; okaru "hetubaddhamaina aardhika vyavastha manishi" anie cheppavacchu."trugway havelmo yokka asalu aalochanalanu puurti chese mariyu vistarinche punaadi ayina nirmaanaatmaka aardhika vyavasthanu punarnirminchadaaniki punaadigaa hollis mariyu nell (1975) frameworknu pariganinchadaaniki manchi kaaranaalu unnayani vaaru vaadinchaaru. havelmo (1944) rachana bahusha econometric modeling charitralo atyanta mukhyamaina mylurayi. idhi oka adbhutamaina monograph, duradrushtavasaattu econometrics kosam, idhi chaalaa mundugaane classicga maarindi, idhi tappugaa ardham chesukovadaniki kaaranam. havelmo yokka asalu aalochanalanu puurti chese mariyu vistarinche punaadi. havelmo (1944) rachana bahusha econometric modeling charitralo atyanta mukhyamaina mylurayi. idhi oka adbhutamaina monograph, duradrushtavasaattu econometrics kosam, idhi chaalaa mundugaane classicga maarindi, idhi tappugaa ardham chesukovadaniki kaaranam. vaaru tama vilakshanhamaina paddati sahakaranni kshetra pani mariyu sambhaavita vislaeshanhala mishramamgaa pradarsistaaru, idhi vaari namuunaalu vaastavikatalo baga adharapadela mariyu adhe samayamlo, bhavana paramgaa pondikainavi mariyu ganankaparamga taginantagaa undela roopondinchabadindi. alaa cheyadam dwara, vaaru adhunaatana aardhika vyavastha yokka 'manchi' sthuula-aardhika-sthaayi namuunaanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki avasaramaina aneka amsaalanu kooda roopondistaaru.
abhivruddhi aardhikasaastram.
iteevala, nell thana iddaru sahodyogulu federico mayer jaragoja mariyu karim eruuvaakiitoe kalisi "crash tarvaata prapancheekarananu tirigi kanugonadam" (2015loe jaragabotondi) paie panicheesaaru. eee pustakam federico mayer jaragoja pustakam "dhi varald forward" (jedd books, unesco, 2001) andinchina vishayaalapai aadharapadi undhi, nell thana opas magnum book general theory off transformational groth (cambridge university press, 1998) loe munduku tecchina saiddhaantika framework dwara punahsameekshinchabadindi mariyu animate cheyabadindi mariyu karim erooki (umm, heck-montrial, 2003) vistarinchindi, athanu parivartana vruddhi kotta drushtini mariyu kotta frameworknu andistundi, aardhika abhivruddhi gurinchi aalochinchadaaniki, daanini aardhika charitra yokka chatramloki teesukuvastundi. vaari sheershikalo ponduparachabadina eee pustakam yokka uddesyam, prapancheekarana labhadayakamga mariyu sthiramgaa undela chese vidhamgaa prapancheekarananu tirigi kanugonadam-idhi aneka adhyayanalaku sambandhinchina vishayam-conny idhi maanava abhivruddhiki daariteestundi. prapancha aardhika vyavasthanu manaveeyamgaa maarchadaaniki vaaru maargaalanu suuchimchaalanukuntunnaaru.
vyasalu.
vruttiparamaina aardhika shaastra patrikalalo 150 kii paiga vyasalu mariyu savarinchina samputaalu; vruttiparamaina tatvasastra patrikalalo 6 vyasalu; prasiddha patrikalalo aneka kathanaalu mariyu aneka tv interviewlu.