
chainees viluvidya

sahasrabdaluga, chainees viluvidya (chainees viluvidya kala) chainees samaajamlo keelaka paatra pooshinchindi. mukhyamgaa, praacheena chainees samskrutilo viluvidya pramukhamgaa pradarsinchabadindi mariyu
tatvasaastram-jou raajavamsam yokka aaru goppa kalalalo viluvidya okati (1146-256 bse); viluvidya naipunhyam chainees chakravartulaku oka dharmam; confucius swayamgaa viluvidya guruvu; mariyu lye zii (oka davoist tatwavetta) aasaktigala viluvidya nipunudu. chainees samaajamtho anubandhinchabadina samskrutulu vistruta bhougolika mariyu samaya paridhini kaligi unnanduna, chainees viluvidyatho anubandhinchabadina paddhatulu mariyu parikaraalu
vaividhyabharitamgaa untundi. 20va sataabdapu chaina yokka tupaakulu mariyu itara paristhitula merugudala sainika mariyu aachara abhyasamga viluvidya yokka pathanaaniki daariteesindi, mariyu 20va sataabdamloo chaalaa varaku oka saampradaaya villu mariyu baanam workshop matrame migili undhi. ayithe, 21va sataabdam praarambhamlo, villu mariyu baanaalanu nirminchaalani chustunna hastakalaakaarulalo aasakti punaruddharinchabadindi, alaage saampradaaya chainees shaililo abhyasa saanketikata kooda undhi.
chainees viluvidya abhyasanni viluvidya maargam () gaa suuchimchavachchu, eee padam 17va sataabdapu ming raajavamsam viluvidya manuals nundi udbhavinchindi, dheenini gavo ying (1570loe janminchaaru, maraninchaaru?). japanese (cudo) mariyu corian (gungdo) viluvidya sailulu vanti itara thoorpu asea sailulaku saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche paerlaloo kooda (, maargam) upayogaanni chudavachu.
upayoginchandi mariyu sadhana cheyandi.
chaaritraka kaalamlo, chainees prajalu vaeta, creeda, acharalu, pareekshalu mariyu yuddhaaniki viluvidyanu upayoginchevaaru.
yuddham.
chainaku mounted archery (gurrampai shooting) sudeergha charitra undhi. yuddha raashtraala kaalaaniki mundu (475-221 bce
), ratham nundi shooting anedi yuddhabhumi viluvidya yokka praathamika roopam. prati ratham oka driver, oka halbardier mariyu oka vaalu teesukuvelledi oka vilakshanhamaina erpaatu. chivariki, yuddhakaalamlo ratham viluvidya sthaanamlo gurrapu viluvidyaanni bharti chesaaru. hohn chaineeyulu mottamodata namodu chesina mounted archery upayogam cree. puu. 307 loe jhaavo raaju paalana samskaranalatho sambhavinchindi. thana prabhuvula nundi vyatiraekata unnappatikee, jhaavo wooling yokka sainika samskaranalalo sarihaddu jiangnu tegala viluvidya vyuuhaalanu avalambinchadam jarigindi, antey gurrapu nundi kalchadam mariyu sanchaara-shaili jodhparlaku anukuulamgaa hohn dustulanu vidichipettadam.
padaatidalaaniki, ishtapade prakshepaka ayudham cross boow, endukante oka baanam kalchadam kante okadaanni kalchadam takkuva sikshana avasaram. cree. puu. 600 natiki, chainees cross boses adhunaatana kaamsya trigger mechanismlanu upayoginchindi, idhi chaalaa ekkuva baruvulanu dra cheyadaaniki anumatinchindi. ayithe, cross boow trigger mechanisms ming raajavamsam (1368-1644 CE) samayamlo saralamaina designlaku tirigi vachayi, bahusha mangolian yuvan raajavamsam (1271-1368 CE) samayamlo kaamsya trigger mechanismsnu nirminche naipunhyam kolpovadam valla ledhaa madhyayuga chainees yuddhamlo chethi phirangula praamukhyata peragadam valla. edemaina, villu mariyu baanaanni upayoginche padaatidala viluvidya ippatikee shikshanhato paatu naukaadala yuddhaalalo mukhyamaina vidhulanu nirvahinchindi.
aacharam mariyu pareeksha.
jou raajavamsamlo (1146-256 bse), kuleenulu kramam tappakunda viluvidya aacharalanu nirvahinchevaaru, ivi kuleena sopanakramamlo kramaanni suuchistaayi mariyu balopetam chestaayi. vilakshanhamaina erpaatulo pevilionlo oka lakshyam vadda janta viluvidyakaarulu kaalpulu jaripaaru, daanitoe paatu utsava sangeetam mariyu wine untaayi. eee acharalalo, lakshyanni taakadaaniki saraina roopam mariyu pravartanatho shooting cheyadam mukhyamainadigaa bhaavinchabadindi. aachaarabaddhamaina viluvidya anedi tarachugaa naipunhyam kaligina conny drudamaina viluvagala viluvidyakaarula vilakshanhamaina chitranaku pratigaa panichesindi. confucius swayamgaa oka viluvidya guruvu, mariyu viluvidya mariyu viluvidya acharalapai athani swantha abhiprayam emitante "suddhi cheyabadina vyaktiki pootiitatvaaniki etuvanti upayogam ledhu. ayina athanu daanini nivaarinchalekapothe, atanni viluvidya dwara pootii padanivvandi!"
jhou raajavamsam taruvaata poura viluvidya acharalu anukuulamgaa laenappatikee, jhou-yugam acharala nundi prerana pondina pareekshalu hohn, tong, sang, ming mariyu quing vanti taruvaati raajavamsaalalo sainika silabaslo saadhaarana bhaagamgaa marai. eee pareekshalu sainika adhikaarulanu ennukoovadaaniki merrit aadhaarita maargaalanu andinchaayi. (imperial examination#military) kaalinadakana chese viluvidyatho paatu, pareekshalalo mounted viluvidya, alaage pratyaekamgaa roopondinchina balam pareeksha villulatho balam pareeksha kooda undedi.
ming chakravartulu football mariyu viluvidyanu abhyasinchaaru. aswarohana mariyu viluvidya anedi hanguelo yuvan mariyu ming militarylalo panichesina suonanku ishtamaina kaalakshepaalu. nishedhinchabadina nagaramlo jengtang chakravarthy viluvidya gopuraalanu nirminchaadu. hangvu nirminchina zian nagara godalapai viluvidya gopuraalu nirminchabaddaayi. ming raajavamsam samayamlo hanju sarassuku nanjinglo volunteerlu rakshana kalpinchaaru.
ganitam, chetivraata, saahityam, gurrapu swarry, viluvidya, sangeetam, acharalu anevi aaru kalalu.
gujijianlo, chattam, ganitam, chetivraata, gurrapu swarry, viluvidyaalaku ming hangvu chakravarthy confucian classiclatho paatu praadhaanyata icchaaru, alaage saamraajya pareekshalalo kooda avasaram. 1162loe vunn college off vaarlo sainiketara adhikaarulaku viluvidya mariyu gurrapu swarry elaa avasaramo, aaa vidhamgaa 1370loe hangvu dwara eee pareekshaku viluvidya mariyu gurrapu swaareeni jodinchaaru. nonging yokka meridian gate chuttoo unna praantaanni hangvu aadhvaryamlo gaardulu mariyu generals viluvidya kosam upayoginchaaru.
saamraajya pareekshalo viluvidya kooda undedi. sarihaddu sameepamlo nivasistunna hohn chaineeyulu gurrampai viluvidyaanni abhyasinchaaru. wang juu yokka viluvidya rachanalu ming mariyu yuvan samayamlo anusarinchabaddaayi mariyu ming viluvidya yokka kotta paddhatulanu abhivruddhi chesindi. ginling tuang ming samayamlo nonginglo viluvidyanu choopinchaadu. empika chesina raksaka sainikula kosam rajadhanilo viluvidya pootiilu jarigaayi.
gurrapu swarry mariyu viluvidya karyakalapalu jhu dii (angle chakravarthy) mariyu athani rendava kumarudu jhu gavoxula anukuula karyakalapalu.
angle chakravarthy pedda kumarudu mariyu varasudu ayina hangsi chakravarthy sainika vishayaalalo aasakti chuupaleedu, conny phut archarylo saadhinchaadu.
viluvidya mariyu gurrapu swaariilu jengde chakravarthy tarachugaa chese kaalakshepaalu. athanu napumsakulatoe kalisi viluvidya mariyu gurrapu swaareeni abhyasinchaadu. tibeton bouddha sanyaasulu, muslim mahilalu mariyu sangeetakaarulanu athani gaardu chian ning dwara pondaaru mariyu ataniki andinchaaru, athanu aspashtamaina dhanurdharaju mariyu sainika adhikari chiang pinn thoo parichayam ayyadu. 1514loe luu manavadu yuvaraju rajadroham yokka tappudu aaropanapai oka nishnaata sainika commander mariyu vaalu saamaanya hodaaku digajaaraaru.
viluvidya pootiilu, gurrapu swarry mariyu chetivraata rachanalu wanley chakravarthy yokka konni kaalakshepaalu.
viluvidya mariyu gurrapu swaareelanu lii jitcheng abhyasinchaevaaru.
vaeta.
chainees viluvidyalo vaeta oka mukhyamaina kramasikshana, mariyu vaeta drushyaalu
gurrapu viluvidyaanni upayoginchadam chainees kalaakrutiloo pramukhamgaa untundi.
saadhaarana villu mariyu baanaalanu upayoginchadam pakkana pedithe, vetaku rendu vibhina upa sailulu unnaayi. 
viluvidya udbhavinchindihi pellet villutho pakshulu, mariyu neeti pakshulatho pakshulu
oka mudi baanam. oka paylet villutho shooting, oka telikapati villunu upayoginchi untundi
raathi gulikanu kaalchadaaniki roopondinchina villu teegapai sanchulu. kramasikshana
pellet villunu kalchadam villutho kaalchadaaniki puurvagaami anie aaropinchabadindi
baanam, mariyu pellet shooting abhyasam aneka satabdaalugaa konasaagindi. dwara
dheeniki viruddhamgaa, oka mudipadi unna baanamtho vetaadatam (idhi chikkukodaniki uddesinchabadindi)
lakshyanni kuttadam kante) prarambha chitraalalo pradarsinchabadindi, conny adhi unnatlu anipinchindi
tong raajavamsam (618-907 CE) kante mundu maraninchaadu.
taggutundi.
corian mariyu japanese viluvidyaalaku viruddhamgaa (dheeni sampradaayaalu pratyaksha prasaram dwara samrakshinchabaddaayi), 19va mariyu 20va sataabdapu chaina paristhitulu chainees viluvidya sampradaayaalanu prastuta rojuku neerugaa prasaram cheyadam kashtataram chesaayi.
ming raajavamsam (1368-1644 CE) loe thupaakeela sainika upayogam praarambhamaindi, mariyu paatala raajavamsam (960-1279 CE) lone tupaki aayudhaala saadhaarana upayogam praarambhamaindi. eee dattata unnappatikee, nemmadigaa kaalpulu jarapadam mariyu prarambha thupaakeelalo viswasaneeyata lekapovadam valla villu mariyu addu villu sainika aayudhagaaramlo antarbhaagamgaa undipoyaayi. eee paristhiti quing raajavamsam (1644-1911 CE) mugimpuku daggaragaa maarindi, nammadagina tupaakula labhyata viluvidyanu sainika aayudhamgaa takkuva prabhaavavantamgaa chesindi. anduvalla, gwangju chakravarthy 1901loe sainika pareeksha syllabus nundi viluvidyanu raddu chesaadu.
1911loe saamraajya chaina patanam mariyu rendava sino-japanese yuddham (1937-1945) prarambham madhya, saampradaaya viluvidya abhyasanni punaruddharinchadaaniki swalpakaalika prayatnam jarigindi. rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata, saampradaaya villu tayaareedaarulu saamskrutika viplavam (1966-1976) varaku tama naipunyaanni konasaginchagaligaru, paristhitulu juu yuvan haavo vanti varkshaaplanu saampradaaya chainees villula tayaareeni nilipiveyavalasi vachindi.
aadhunika punarnirmaanam mariyu punaruddharana.
1998loe, juu yuvan haavo villu tayaareeni tirigi praarambhinchindi mariyu iteevala varaku saampradaaya chainees shaililo villu mariyu baanaalanu nirminche ekaika kriyaaseela workshop.
ayithe, hastakalaakaarulu, parisoedhakulu, prothsaahakulu mariyu ankitabhaavamtho chesina krushitho
autsaahikulu, saampradaaya chainees viluvidya abhyasam anubhavistunnaaru
21va sataabdamloo punaruddharana. 2009 nundi, vaaru vaarshika chainees saampradaaya viluvidya sadassunu erpaatu chesaaru. kotta avagahana mariyu punarnirmaanam dwara
eee viluvidya paddhatulalo, vaari lakshyam kotta jeevana sampradaayaanni srushtinchadam.
chainees viluvidya. hanfu autsaahikulu saampradaaya viluvidya aacharaanni kooda punaruddharinchaaru.
saanketikata.
viluvidya saanketikatalo aneka vaividhyaalu chaina charitra antataa abhivruddhi chendaayi, kabatti idhi
canonical chainees sailini puurtigaa perkonadam kashtam. hohn raajavamsam (cree. sha. 206-220 CE) kaneesam 7 viluvidya manyuvallu chelaamanilo unnaayi (general lii gwang chetha maanyuvaltho sahaa), mariyu ming raajavamsam (1368-1644 CE) kaneesam 14 ververu viluvidya mariyu cross boow siddhaantam yokka paatasaalalanu kaligi undhi, mariyu quing raajavamsam 14 ververu viluvidya paatasaalala nundi pustakaala prachurananu chusindi.eee sailulannintilo unna saaruupyata emitante avi manasika drushti mariyu yekagrataku goppa praadhaanyatanistaayi.
chainees viluvidyatho saadhaaranamgaa mudipadi unna droying shaili botanavelu dra, idhi mangolianlu, tibetanlu, koreanlu, bhaaratheeyulu, turklu mariyu pertianlu vanti itara asea prajalaku kooda pradhana dra paddhati; prasiddha minahaayimpu kyudoku japanese dra technic. ayithe, chaina charitra yokka munupati kalalalo (udhaa.zii., jhou raajavamsam), 3-vaelu dra adhe samayamlo saadhaaranam, adhe samayamlo botanavelu dra prachuryam pondindi.
inca, chainees viluvidya yokka vividha sailulu andinchabadataayi
shooting technic yokka itara amsaalapai vividha salahalu. udaaharanakuh paadaalanu elaa unchaali, yea ettulo langaru veyali
baanam, villu chethi vaelini elaa unchaali, daaniki ottidi vartimpajeyala vadda
villu cheyi, villu chetini vidudala chesina tarvaata villu chetiki tippala vadda, alaage
vidudala tarvaata dra chetini podiginchaalaa vadda anae daanipai.
 adanamgaa, vividha chainees sailulu vividha rakaala dra podavulanu upayoginchaayih saahityam, kala mariyu chaayaachitraalu chainees viluvidyakaarulu tama dra chetini vaari mundu bhujam daggara, vaari chempa daggara, vaari cheviki daggaragaa ledhaa vaari mukham daati unchadaanni varnistaayi.
aachara/pareeksha viluvidya saanketikata madhya dwaipaakshikata
yuddhabhumi viluvidya saanketikata vividha chainees sailula madhya vyatyaasaalaku mukhyamaina udaaharananu andistundi. tong raajavamsaaniki chendina rachayita ayina wang juu, vidudala tarvaata jarige aachara/pariksha sailini ishtapaddaru.
villu chetilo villu tirige chota, mariyu dra cheyi dwara anusarinchandi
neerugaa venakki vistarinchi undhi; dheeniki viruddhamgaa, jeng gongliang (sang raajavamsam), lii chengfen (evaru
ming raajavamsam generals yuu dayou mariyu kii jiguwang) mariyu gavo ying (ming raajavamsam) chetha prabhaavitamaindi.
soundarya amsaalanu (wang juu yokka phaalo-throo vantivi) anukuulamgaa vadilivesindi
marinta aacharanaatmaka saanketikatanu abhivruddhi cheyadam.
villu.
chaaritraka aadharalu mariyu puraavastu aadharalu vividha rakalainavi anie suuchistunnaayi.
prastuta chaina praantamloo chaaritraka villu rakalu unnaayi. chainees villu yokka chaalaa rakalu kommu villu (kommu-kalapa-naramu)
misramaalu), conny podavaina villu mariyu kalapa misramaalu kooda upayogamlo undevi.
chainees-shaili villula aadhunika punarutpattulu dheeni nundi prerana pondina aakaralanu sweekarinchaayi.
chaaritraka namuunaalu. conny saampradaaya nirmaana paddhatulanu upayoginchadamto paatu
(kommu-kalapa-paatha misramaalu vantivi), aadhunika hastakalaakaarulu mariyu tayaareedaarulu
fiberglass, carbon fiber mariyu vanti aadhunika padaarthaalu upayoginchabaddaayi.
fiber-balavantam plaastik.
eee krindi vibhagalu konnintipai prastuta avagahananu highlight chestaayi.
chainees villu kosam pradhana design vargaalu.
skythian-shaili kommu villulu.
eee shaili yokka kommu villulu asamanamga undevi mariyu oka pratyaekamaina, vakramainaviga sweekarinchabaddaayi.
deflex-reflexes profile (vyavaharikamgaa "kappid boow" aakaram anie pilustaaru).
puraavastu saastravettalu thoorpu jou raajavamsam (770-256 bce) naati skythian-shaili villula udaaharanalanu tavvaaru.
subexy mariyu yaangai saitlu.
podavaina villulu (sweeya villulu).
podavaina villulu mariyu kalapa mishrama villulu dakshina chainaalo prachuryam pondaayi, ikkada
thematho kuudina vaataavaranam kommu villulanu upayoginchadam marinta kashtataram chesindi. oka tavvina udaaharana
chainees langbo sumaruga yuddha raashtraalaku chendinadi-paschima hohn raajavamsam kaalam (cree. sha. puu. 475-cree. puu. 9), mariyu daani kolatalu 1.59 mea podavu, 3.4 centimeters vedalpu mariyu 1.4 centimeters mandam kaligi unnaayi.
chekka laminated villu.
thematho kuudina vaataavaranam kaaranamgaa dakshina chainaalo kalapa laminated villulu prachuryam pondaayi. hohn raajavamsam (cree. sha. 770-220 CE) dwara vasantakaalam mariyu saradrutuvu kaalam nundi tavvina villula aadhaaramgaa, chainees kalapa langinate yokka vilakshanhamaina nirmaanam bahula porala kalapa (veduru ledhaa mulbury vantivi) nundi tayaaru cheyabadina reflexes villu, pattu mariyu lakkatho chuttabadi untundi. atuvanti villula saadhaarana podavu 1.2-1.5 meterlu.
podavaina siah kommu villulu.
hohn raajavamsam nundi chainaalo podavaina sialatho kuudina villulu prachuryam pondaayi.
yuvan raajavamsam (cree. puu. 206-cree. puu. 1368). (siats anevi asea yokka vampu laeni chivari vibhagalu.
mishrama villu.) eee design hannik horn bosto saaruupyatalanu panchukuntundi.
niah, gansu mariyu khotan villulu podavaina siah villulaku udaaharanalu
chivari hohn nundi zin time varaku dating
kaalam (sumaru 200-300 CE).
eee kaalamlo, siyalu podavugaa mariyu sannaga undevi, ayithe pani chesevi
avayavaalaloni bhagalu chinnaviga mariyu vedalpugaa undevi. ayithe, yuvan kaalamlo,
podavaina siah villulu baruvugaa unde siah mariyu pani chese avayavaala kante irukainavigaa undevi
vaari hohn/zin-yugam puurveekulu.
ming raajavamsam horn boses.
ming raajavamsam (1368-1644 CE) samayamlo chinna villu namuunaalu prachuryam pondaayi. "wubi zii" (adhyayam 102) ming samayamlo prachuryam pondina aneka villu sailulanu vivaristundi.
rajavamsamha uttaraana, chinna-siah villu, gattipadda-siah villu, gattipadda-vantena villu,
mariyu podavaina siah villu; dakshinaana, chenzhou villu, chinna siah villu, alaage
veduru-mishrama villulu lakkatho puurtayyaayi; kaiyuan villunu ming chainaalooni anni praantaalalo upayoginchaaru. chinna-siah villu () munupati chainees kante bhinnamgaa untundi
daani siyaahlu chinnaviga undevi mariyu daani "munduku" konamlo amarchabadi undevi
vishraanti teesukunnappudu theega. dheeni roopakalpana bahusha dheeniki sambandhinchinadi
corian horn boow. kaiyuan villu () chinna nundi madhyastha parimaanamlo unde villu
podavaina siyaahlu kaligi, mariyu idhi unnata-sthaayi kosam empika yokka villu
adhikarulu.
vu bii yavo lyuu (adhyayam 4), maroka classic ming raajavamsam sainika manueval, wubi zii loe charchinchina vatiki bhinnamgaa unde villula samitini varnistundi. veetilo saadhaarana-prayojana villu, pedda-siah villu (padaatidalaaniki alaage aswikadalam kosam upayoginchabadindi), mariyu typing graama villu (idhi corian villu roopakalpananu pooli untundi mariyu uttara mariyu dakshina chainaalo daani unnatamaina hastakala kosam anukuulamgaa undedi) unnaayi.
saahityam mariyu kalalo ming villu varninchabadinappatikii, puraavastu saastravettalu asalu ming villu namuunaanu inca tirigi pondaledu.
quing raajavamsam kommu villu.
manchurian villu roopakalpana quing raajavamsam (1644-1911 CE) samayamlo chainaalo prachuryam pondindi.
itara asea mishrama designlaku viruddhamgaa, quing horn villulu peddavigaa undevi (paiki).
1. 7 meterla podavu varaku) mariyu podavaina, bhaarii siyaahlu (35 centimeters varaku) kaligi untaayi
podavu) pramukha theega vantenalatho. dheeni venuka unna saadhaarana suutram
sthirathvam mariyu saamardhyaaniki anukuulamgaa baanam vegaanni vartakam cheyadam design
konnisaarlu oka meetarnu minchina podavaina mariyu bhaarii baanaalanu samarthavantamgaa prayoginchandi.
podavu.
manchurian villu aadhunika tibeton mariyu mangolian villunu prabhaavitam chesindi
quing horn villu yokka chinna roopaalu.
chethi rakshananu geeyandi.
chainees aarcharlu saadhaaranamgaa botanavelu dra upayoginchinanduna, vaariki tarachugaa ungaramu ledhaa tholu gaardu roopamlo botanavelu rakshana avasaram. chaaritraka kaalamlo, botanavelu ungara padaarthaalalo jade, metal, dantam, kommu mariyu emukalu unnaayi (sendriya padaarthaalatho tayaaru chesina namuunaalanu tirigi pondadam kashtam ayinappatikee). viluvidya yokka praamukhyata kaaranamgaa, botanavelu ungaraala praamukhyata yuddhabhoomiki minchi vistarinchindih ungaraalu saadhaaranamgaa sthithi chihnaluga dharinchevaaru, mariyu hohn raajavamsam (220 CE) mugimpu varaku, avi kooda baligaa khananam cheyabadina vastuvulu. chainees botanavelu rakshana kosam puraavastu recordulu asampuurnamgaa unnappatikee, tavvina mariyu puraatana valayala namuunaalu kalakramena vividha rakaala namuunaalu prachuryam pondaayani suuchistunnaayi.
mottamodati tavvakaallo kanugonabadina chainees botanavelu ungaramu phu haavo (kristupurvam 1200 loe maraninchina) yokka shang raajavamsam samadhi nundi vachindi. aaa ungaramu oka valuga unna cylinder, ikkada villu teeganu pattukoodaaniki oka gaadi unna mundu bhaagam venuka bhaagam kante ekkuvagaa untundi. kwo counteeloo zin samadhi yokka marquis yokka tavvakam, shanxi oka paschima jou jade thumb ringnu velladinchindi, idhi oka lip design kaligi undhi, conny shang raajavamsam phu haa ring maadirigaane tavoti alankaranalanu kaligi undhi. hohn raajavamsam (cree. sha. puu.-220) dwara poraadutunna raashtraala kaalam nundi, tavvina valayalu saadhaaranamgaa oka pakkalo vilakshanhamaina spuurtitoe oka muduchukunna roopakalpananu kaligi undevi (spurr yokka paniteeru gurinchi aneka siddhaantaalu unnaayi). quing raajavamsam (1644-1911) nundi vacchina valayalu gundrani cylinderlu ledhaa d-aakarapu cylinderlu.
paina perkonna udaaharanalu kakunda, itara kaalaala nundi thumb ring designlanu vivarinchadam kashtam. udaaharanaku, hohn mariyu ming raajavamsaala (220-1368 CE) madhya puraavastu recordulalo botanavelu ungaraalu laevu, ayinappatikee samakaaleena saahityam (tong raajavamsam nundi wang juu yokka viluvidya manueval vantivi) chainees viluvidyakaarulu ippatikee botanavelu dra upayogistunnarani suuchistumdi. antekakunda, ming raajavamsam (1368-1644 CE) samayamlo vividha rakaala ring akaaraalu prachuryam pondaayani aadharalu suuchistunnaayi. lii chengfen yokka viluvidya manueval oval openinglatho kuudina ungaraalanu upayoginchamani vaadinchindi, mariyu gavo ying yokka viluvidya manueval lip chesina ungaraala vadakanni vivarinchindi mariyu lip chesina ungaraanni upayoginchi oka viluvidyakaarudini varninche drushtaamtaalanu kaligi undhi. ayithe, eee roeju varaku, ming raajavamsam nundi vachinatlu bhaavinche oke okka ring luu, quing botanavelu ring la nundi bhinnamgaa unde sthuupaakaara namuunaalanu kaligi unnaayi.
eee roeju varaku, 3-vaeli dra upayoginchi chainees aarcharlaku dra chethi rakshanaku chaalaa takkuva (edainaa unte) udaaharanalu unnaayi. ayithe, zin ding saan lii thu (jou raajavamsam viluvidya aachaaraalaku sachitra margadarshi) teeganu laagutuu suuchika, madhya mariyu ungarapu vellanu rakshinchadaaniki errati naanhelatho (juu zee saan anie pilustaaru) chesina tabnu varnistundi.
puraanaalu.
viluvidya gurinchi puraanaalu chainees samskrutini vyaapimpajaestaayi. chainees prajala puraana puurveekudu ayina pasupu chakravarthy villu mariyu baanaanni elaa kanugonnado oka prarambha katha charchistundihi
maroka puraanam suuryudini kalchadam. itara puraanaalaloo kooda houi thana sinnabar-erra villunu upayoginchi rakshasula (ivi prakruti vaipareetyaalaku roopakaalu) kalagaluputho pooraadutunnatlu unnaayi.
"okappudu oka parvatam diguvana unna oka graamamlo nivasinche chain anae vyakti unnadu. okaroju atanipai oka kundelu daadi chesindi. tananu taanu rakshinchukovadaaniki athanu oka chettu kommanu, sameepamloni chanipoyina jinka yokka naraanni teesukunnadu, mariyu athanu naela nundi oka karranu ettukunnadu mariyu thana kotta contraption upayoginchi karranu kaalchaaru mariyu kundelunu champaru. athanu tirigi vachinappudu graama prajalu atanni heero anie prasamsimchi rajuga chesaaru."

