
magnetohydrodynamics

magneto-fluid dynamics ledhaa hydro magnetics anie kooda piluvabade magnetohydrodynamics (emhechdi) anedi vidyut vaahaka dravaala namuunaa, idhi anni interpenetrating kana jaatulanu oke nirantara maadhyamgaa pariganistundi. idhi pradhanamgaa plasma mariyu drava lohalalo takkuva-frequency, pedda-sthaayi, ayaskanta pravartanaku sambandhinchinadi mariyu geophysics, austrophysics mariyu injaneeringtho sahaa aneka rangaalalo anuvartanaalanu kaligi undhi.
magneto hydro dynamics" anae padam 'ayaskanta kshetram', antey neeru, mariyu "udyamam" anae ardham nundi udbhavinchindi. emhechdi rangaanni hohns alfwen praarambhinchaaru, dheeniki athanu 1970loe bhouthika saastramlo nobel bahumatini andukunnadu.
charitra.
vidyut vaahaka dravaala yokka emhechdi vivarananu modata 1942loe "electromagnetic-hydrodynamic taramgaala uniki" anae sheershikato "prakruti" loe prachurinchabadina oka kaagitamlo hohns alfwen abhivruddhi chesaaru, idhi ippudu "alfwen taramgaalu" anie piluvabade vaati aavishkarananu vivarinchindi. alfwen modatlo eee taramgaalanu "vidyudayaskaanta-jalagatika taramgaalu" anie pilicheevaaru; ayithe, taruvaata kaagitamlo ayana ilaa paerkonnaadu, "'vidyudayaskaanta-jalagatika taramgaalu' anae padam kontha klishtamgaa unnanduna, eee drugvishayaanni 'ayaskanta-jalagatika' taramgaalu anie pilavadam soukaryavantamgaa undavacchu."
sameekaranaalu.
mhdloe, dravam yokka kadalikanu vyaktigata jaatula sagatu kadalikala sarala kalayikalanu upayoginchi vivaristaaruh current saandrata suutram _ 1 mariyu dravyarashi vegam suutram yokka kendram _ 2. icchina dravam loe, prati jaathi suutram _ 3kii sankhya saandrata suutram _ 4, dravyarashi suutram _ 5, vidyut chaarj suutram _ 6, mariyu sagatu vegam suutram _ 7 untaayi. dravam yokka mottam dravyarashi saandrata suutram _ 8, mariyu dravam yokka kadalikanu current saandrata dwara varninchavachhu, dheenini vyakteekarinchaaru
mariyu dravyarashi vegam yokka kendram ilaa vyakteekarinchabadindih
emhechdi nii konasagimpu sameekaranam, chalana sameekaranam, sthithi sameekaranam, ampere chattam, forreday chattam mariyu oom chattam kaligi unna sameekaranaala samiti dwara vivarinchavacchu. gathi vyavasthaku edainaa dravam vivaranhatho, kana pampinhee sameekaranam yokka atyadhika kshanaaniki moosiveta ujjaayimpu vartinchaali. idhi tarachugaa adiaboticity ledhaa isothermality paristhiti dwara ushna pravaahaaniki sumaruga saadhinchabadutundi.
adiabatic parimitiloo, antey, isotropic ottidi suutram _ 11 mariyu isotropic ushnograta yokka ooha, adiabatic suuchika suutram _ 12, vidyut nirodhakata suutram _ 13, ayaskanta kshetra suutram _ 14, mariyu vidyut kshetra suutram _ 15 nii konasagimpu sameekaranam dwara vivarinchavacchu.
sthithi yokka sameekaranam
chalana sameekaranam
takkuva-pounahpunya ampere chattam
farade chattam
mariyu oom yokka chattam
eee sameekaranam yokka karlnu teesukoni, ampere yokka chattam mariyu forreday yokka chattanni upayoginchi prerana sameekaranamlo phalitaalu,
ikkada suutram _ 23 ayaskanta vyaapti.
chalana sameekaranamlo, lorentz shakti padam suutram _ 24 nii ampere yokka chattam mariyu vector calculus identityni upayoginchi vistarinchavacchu.
ikkada kudi vaipuna modati padam ayaskanta udriktata shakti mariyu rendava padam ayaskanta ottidi shakti.
aadarsavantamaina emhechdi.
mhd yokka saralamaina roopam, aadarsha mhd, oom yokka chattamlo resistive padam formula _ 26 itara padaalaku sambandhinchi chinnadi anie bhaavistundi, tadwara daanini sunnaki samanamga teesukovachhu. idhi pedda ayaskanta punassamyojana sankhyala parimitiloo sambhavistundi, eee samayamlo ayaskanta prerana anedi parigananaloki teesukunna vegam mariyu podavu pramaanaala vadda ayaskanta vyaaptipai aadhipatyam chelaayistundi. tatphalitamgaa, ayaskanta saktini gathi saktigaa marche aadarsha mhd looni prakriyalu, "aadarsha prakriyalu" gaa suuchimchabadataayi, vaedini utpatti cheyalevu mariyu entropeeni penchalevu.
aadarsha mhdkii antarleenamgaa unna oka praathamika bhavana ghaneebhavinchina-inn fluxes siddhaantam, idhi sthuula dravam mariyu ponduparachabadina ayaskanta kshetram okadaanitoe okati "mudipadi" ledhaa "stambhimpajesina" anie cheppagalige vidhamgaa kalisi kadaladaaniki parimitam cheyabadindani perkondi. anduvalla, dravyam yokka bhaarii vegamtho kadulutuu, adhe ayaskanta kshetra rekhapai unde yea rendu binduvulu ayina, vyavasthalo dravam pravaahaala dwara binduvulu jodinchabadinappatiki, adhe kshetra rekhapaine untaayi. dravam mariyu ayaskanta kshetram madhya anusandhanam dravam looni ayaskanta kshetram yokka topologyni parishkaristundi-udaaharanaku, ayaskanta kshetra rekhala samitini mudi loki kattinatlayithe, dravam athi takkuva nirodhakatanu kaligi unnanta kaalam avi alaage untaayi. ayaskanta kshetra rekhalanu tirigi anusandhaaninchadamlo eee kashtam dravam ledhaa ayaskanta kshetram yokka muulaanni kadilinchadam dwara saktini nilva cheyadam saadhyapadutundi. aadarsha mhd kosam paristhitulu vichchinnamaite shakti andubaatulo untundi, ayaskanta kshetram nundi nilva chesina saktini vidudala chese ayaskanta punahsamyogaanni anumatistundi.
aadarsha mhd sameekaranaalu.
aadarsha mhd loe, nirodhakam suutram _ 26 anedi aadarsha oom yokka chattanni ichhe oom yokka chattamlo adrusyamavutundi,
adevidhamgaa, induction sameekaranamlo ayaskanta vyaapti padam suutram _ 29 aadarsha prerana sameekaranaanni istuu adrusyamavutundi,
plaasmaalaku aadarsha emhechdi yokka vartimpu.
aadarsha mhd anedi eee krindi sandarbhaalalo matrame khachitamgaa vartistundihi
nirodhakata yokka praamukhyata.
asampuurnamgaa vaahaka dravam loe ayaskanta kshetram saadhaaranamgaa plasma yokka nirodhakathatho prasarana niyamanni anusarinchi dravam gundaa kadulutundi, idhi prasarana sthiraamkamgaa panichestundi. dheeni ardham aadarsha mhd sameekaranaalaku parishkaralu icchina parimaanamlo unna praantaaniki parimita samayaniki matrame vartistaayi, vyaapti vismarinchadam chaalaa mukhyam avutundi. soura kriyaaseela praantamloo (gharshana nirodhakata nundi) vyaapti samayanni vandala nundi vaela samvatsaraala varaku anchanaa veyavachu, idhi suuryarashmi yokka vaastava jeevitakaalam kante chaalaa ekkuva-kabatti nirodhakatanu vismarinchadam sahetukamgaa anipistundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, samudrapu neeti yokka meater-parimaana parimaanam millie seconlalo koliche ayaskanta vyaapti samayanni kaligi untundi.
bhouthika vyavasthalalo kooda-ivi peddavi mariyu vaahakamainavi, avi lundqvist sankhya yokka saadhaarana anchanaalu nirodhakatanu vismarinchavacchani suuchistaayi-nirodhakata ippatikee mukhyamainadi kaavachuh 109 kante ekkuva kaarakaala dwara plasma yokka prabhaavavantamaina nirodhakatanu penche aneka asthiratalu unnaayi. merugaina nirodhakata saadhaaranamgaa current sheetlu ledhaa fine scale magnetic turbulance vanti chinna sthaayi nirmaanam erpadatam phalitamgaa untundi, idhi aadarsha mhd virigina vyavasthaloki chinna praadaesika pramaanaalanu pravesapedutundi mariyu ayaskanta vyaapti twaragaa sambhavinchavachhu. idhi jariginappudu, nilva chesina ayaskanta saktini taramgaalugaa vidudala cheyadaaniki plasmalo ayaskanta punahsamyogam sambhavinchavachhu, padaartham yokka bhaarii yaantrika tvaranam, kana tvaranam mariyu vaedi.
adhika vaahaka vyavasthalalo ayaskanta punassamyojanam mukhyam endukante idhi samayam mariyu sthalamlo saktini kendrikaristundi, tadwara plasma meeda ekkuva kaalam sunnitamaina saktulu vartimpajeyadam valla himsaatmaka paelullu mariyu vikiranam paelullu sambhavinchavachhu.
dravam puurtigaa vahakamga pariganinchabadanappudu, conny aadarsha mhd kosam itara paristhitulu santrupti chendinappudu, nirodhakata mhd anie piluvabade podiginchina namuunaanu upayoginchadam saadhyamavutundi. indulo oms chattamlo oka adanapu padam untundi, idhi gharshana nirodhakatanu roopondistundi. saadhaaranamgaa emhechdi computer anukaranalu kaneesam kontavaraku nirodhakatanu kaligi untaayi endukante vaati ganana grid sankhya nirodhakatanu parichayam chestundi.
emhechdi vyavasthalalo nirmaanaalu.
aneka emhechdi vyavasthalalo chaalaa varaku vidyut pravaham sannani daadaapu rendu-dimensional ribbanlugaa kudinchabadutundi, dheenini current sheetlu anie pilustaaru. ivi dravaanni ayaskanta domainlugaa vibhajinchagalavu, dheeni lopala pravahalu saapekshamgaa balaheenamgaa untaayi. prastuta sheetlu
soura carona konni meterla nundi konni kilometres mandam madhya untundani bhaavistaaru, idhi ayaskanta domainlatho poliste chaalaa sannaga untundi (ivi vaela nundi vandala vaela kilometres podavu untaayi). maroka udaaharana bhoomi yokka ayaskaantamandalamloo undhi, ikkada prastuta sheetlu sthalaakrutigaa vibhina domainlanu vaeru chestaayi, bhoomi yokka ianospherelo chaalaa bhaganni soura gaali nundi vaeru chestaayi.
alalu.
emhechdi sameekaranaalanu upayoginchi utpannamayye taranga reetulanu magnetohydrodynamic taramgaalu ledhaa emhechdi taramgaalu antaaru. ekareeti mariyu sthiramaina ayaskanta kshethramtho dravam kosam saralikruta aadarsha-mhd sameekaranaala nundi pondagalige moodu mhd taranga reetulu unnaih
eee reetulu taranga vaahaka parimaanam nundi swatantramgaa unde dasha vaegaalanu kaligi untaayi, kabatti avi chedaragottadaanni anubhavinchavu. dasha vegam taranga vaahaka mariyu ayaskanta kshetram madhya konampai aadharapadi untundi. swatantra samayam ledhaa bhaarii kshetraaniki sambandhinchi ekapaksha konamlo vyaapti chendutunna mhd tarangam vyaapti sambandhaanni santrupti parustundi.
ekkada
idhi alfwen vegam. eee saakha kotha alfwen modku anugunamgaa untundi. adanamgaa dispersion sameekaranam istundi
ekkada
idhi dhwani yokka aadarsha vayuvu vegam. plus branch faast-emhechdi wave modku anugunamgaa untundi mariyu mainus branch sloe-emhechdi wave modku anugunamgaa untundi. eee taramgaala lakshanaala saaraamsam andinchabadindihi
dravam sampuurnamgaa vahakamga lekunte, parimita vaahakatanu kaligi unte, ledhaa snigdha prabhavalu unte emhechdi dolanalu tadisipotayi.
prayogasaala mariyu khagola bhouthika plasma yokka remot diagnostics kosam emhechdi taramgaalu mariyu dolanalu oka prasiddha sadhanam, udaaharanaku, suuryuni yokka carona (coronal seismology).
parimitulu.
gathi prabhaavaala praamukhyata.
emhechdi (mariyu saadhaaranamgaa dravam siddhaantaalu) yokka maroka parimiti emitante, avi plasma balamgaa dheekonadam anae oohapai aadharapadi untaayi (idhi paina jabita cheyabadina modati pramaanam), tadwara guddukovatam yokka samaya sthaayi vyavasthalooni itara lakshana samayala kante takkuvagaa untundi, mariyu kanaala pampinheelu garishtamgaa untaayi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa fusion, space mariyu austrophysical plasmalalo kaadu. idhi sandarbham kanappudu, ledhaa vaddii chinna praadaesika pramaanaalalo unnappudu, pampinhee function yokka naan-maxwellion akaaraaniki sarigga khaataalu unde kinetic modalnu upayoginchadam avasaram kaavacchu. ayithe, emhechdi saapekshamgaa saralamainadi mariyu plasma dynamics yokka aneka mukhyamaina lakshanaalanu sangrahistundi kabatti idhi tarachugaa gunaatmakamgaa khachitamainadi mariyu anduvalla tarachugaa modati modalnu prayatninchabadutundi.
drava namuunaala dwara sangrahinchabadani mariyu mukhyamgaa gatiseelakamaina prabhavalalo double poralu, landou damping, vistruta shreni asthiratalu, antariksha plasmalalo rasayana vibhajana mariyu electron runaway unnaayi. ultra-hye intensity lazer paraspara charyala vishayamlo, shakti nikshepana yokka nammasakyam kaani takkuva samaya pramaanaalu antey hydrodynamic sankethaalu mukhyamaina bhouthika saastraanni sangrahinchadamlo viphalamavutaayi.
applications.
bhougolika bhouthika shaastram.
bhoomi yokka aavarana krinda rendu bhaagaalato kuudina core untundih ghana lopali core mariyu drava bayati core. rendintiloo gananeeyamaina parimaanamlo inumu untundi. ayaskanta kshetram samakshamlo drava bayati core kadalikalu mariyu eddeelu coriolis prabhavam kaaranamgaa adhe vidhamgaa amarchabadataayi. eee anchulu bhoomi yokka asalu ayaskanta kshetraanni penche ayaskanta kshetraanni abhivruddhi chestaayi-idhi swayam-nilakadagala prakriya mariyu dheenini geomagnetic dynamo anie pilustaaru.
emhechdi sameekaranaala aadhaaramgaa, glatzmyer mariyu paal roberts bhoomi yokka antargata suupar computer namuunaanu roopondinchaaru. vaela samvatsaraala paatu virtual timelo anukaranalanu amalu chesina taruvaata, bhoomi yokka ayaskanta kshetramlo maarpulanu adhyayanam cheyavachu. anukarana phalitaalu pariseelanalatoo manchi oppandamlo unnaayi, endukante anukaranalu bhoomi yokka ayaskanta kshetram prati konni laksala samvatsaraalaku okasari tipputundani sarigga anchanaa vaesaayi. flips samayamlo, ayaskanta kshetram puurtigaa adrushyam kaadu-idhi marinta sanklishtamgaa maarutundi.
bhookampaalu.
konni paryaveekshanha kendraalu bhookampaalaku mundu konnisaarlu athi takkuva pounahpunyam (ulf) karyakalapalu perugutaayani nivedinchaayi. dheeniki oka adbhutamaina udaaharana californialo 1989 loe vacchina loma praita bhookampaaniki mundu sambhavinchindi, ayithe tadupari adhyayanam idhi sensor panicheyakapovadam kante konchem ekkuva anie suuchistumdi. 2010 december 9naa, bhuu saastravettalu, 2010loe 7 megawatla teevratatoo sambhavinchina bhookampaaniki mundu nelaloo haiteepai gulph radeo taramgaalalo naatakeeya perugudalanu demeter upagraham gamaninchinatlu prakatinchaaru. bhookampaalaku mundastu heccharika vyavasthalo bhaagamgaa eee paddhatini upayoginchavacchaa anie telusukovadaaniki parisoedhakulu eee sahasambandham gurinchi marinta telusukovadaaniki prayatnistunnaaru.
antariksha bhouthika shaastram.
bhoomi sameepamlo mariyu soura vyavastha antataa antariksha plasmala adhyayananni antariksha bhouthika shaastram antaaru. antariksha bhouthika saastramlo parisoedhimchina praantaalu ionosphere nundi arora varaku, bhoomi yokka ayaskaantaavaranam, soura gaali mariyu coronal maas ejectionla varaku pedda sankhyalo amsaalanu kaligi untaayi. 
sthaanika bhougolika vaataavaranamloo plasma yokka janabha elaa sankarshana chendutundo ardham chesukovadaniki emhechdi frameworknu roopondistundi. bhoomi yokka ayaskanta kshetram (bhoomi yokka ayaskanta kshetram mariyu soura gaali madhya sarihaddu), valaya pravaham, aroral electrojetlu mariyu bhougolikamgaa prerepinchabadina pravaahaala nirmaanam vanti bhoomi yokka ayaskaantamandalamloo drugvishayaanni anukarinchadaaniki parisoedhakulu prapancha namuunaalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. 
prapancha emhechdi namuunaala yokka oka pramukha upayogam antariksha vaataavarana suuchanaloe undhi. teevramaina soura tuphaanulu upagrahaalu mariyu moulika sadupaayaalaku vistrutamaina nashtanni kaliginche saamarthyaanni kaligi untaayi, anduvalla ituvanti sanghatanalanu mundugaane gurtinchadam chaalaa mukhyam. antariksha vaataavarana anchanaa kendram (ess. doubleu. pii. sii) bhoomipai antariksha vaataavarana sanghatanala raaka mariyu prabhavalanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki emm. hetch. dii namuunaalanu naduputundi.
khagola bhouthika shaastram.
nakshatraalu, grahala madhya sthalam (grahala madhya sthalam), mariyu bahusha nakshatraala madhya madhyamam (nakshatraala madhya sthalam) mariyu jetlatho sahaa khagola bhouthika saastraaniki emhechdi vartistundi. chaalaa khagola bhouthika vyavasthalu sthaanika ushna samatulyatalo undavu, anduvalla vyavasthalooni anni drugvishayaalanu vivarinchadaaniki adanapu chalana chikitsa avasaram (khagola bhouthika plasma chudandi).
1919loe joseph larmer siddhaantam prakaram suuryuni ayaskanta kshetraala valla suuryarashmi erpadutundi. soura gaali kooda emhechdi dwara nirvahinchabadutundi. avakalana soura bhramanam anedi suuryuni dhruwala vadda ayaskanta lagadam yokka deerghakaalika prabhavam kaavacchu, idhi suuryuni yokka vistarinchina ayaskanta kshetram dwara oohinchabadina parker sarpila aakaram kaaranamgaa oka emhechdi drugvishayam.
gatamlo, suuryudu mariyu grahala erpaatunu vivarinche siddhaantaalu suuryuniki dravyaraasilo 99.87% elaa undho vivarinchalekapoyaayi, ayinappatikee soura vyavasthalo koneeya vaegaaniki 0.54% matrame undhi. suuryudu erpadina vayuvu mariyu dhooli vanti moosivesina vyavasthalo, dravyarashi mariyu koneeya vegam rendoo samrakshinchabadataayi. aaa parirakshana antey, megham madhyalo kendrikrutamai suuryudini yerparuchukune dravyarashi, oka skater vaari chetulanu lagadam laaga vaegamgaa tirugutundani suuchistumdi. prarambha siddhaantaalu anchanaa vesina bhramana adhika vegam proto-suuryudu erpadataaniki mundhe vidipoyindi. ayithe, ayaskanta-rakta-gathi prabhavalu suuryuni koneeya vegaanni bayati soura vyavasthaloki badilee chesi, daani bhramanaanni mandagistaayi.
aadarsha mhd yokka vichchinnam (ayaskanta punarlambana roopamlo) soura jwaalalaku kaaranam kaavacchu. suuryarashmi meeda unna soura kriyaaseela praantamlooni ayaskanta kshetram, pradhana current sheet koolipoyinappudu akasmaattugaa vidudalayye saktini, kadalika, ex-raelu mariyu radiation gaa nilva cheyagaladu, idhi kshetraanni tirigi anusandhaanistundi.
sensorlu.
ayaskanta-rakta-gatinicche sensorlu aerospace injaneering vanti jadatva navigation vyavasthalalo koneeya vaegaala khachitamaina kolatala kosam upayoginchabadataayi. sensor parimaanamtho khachitatvam merugupadutundi. sensor kathinamaina vaataavaranamloo manugada saaginchagaladu.
injaneering.
emhechdi anedi plasma nirbandham, anhu reactorla drava-loha sheetaleekarana mariyu vidyudayaskaanta casting (itarulatoe paatu) vanti injaneering samasyalaku sambandhinchinadi.
magnetohydrodynamic drive ledhaa emhechdi propulsor anedi magnetohydrodynamics upayoginchi, kadile bhagalu laeni vidyut mariyu ayaskanta kshetraalanu matrame upayoginchi samudrapu naalaalanu munduku nadipinche paddhati. pani suutramloe chodaka (gyaas ledhaa neeru) vidyudeekarana untundi, idhi appudu ayaskanta kshetram dwara nirdesinchabadutundi, vahananni vyatiraeka disalo nettiveyavacchu. konni pani chese namuunaalu unnappatikee, emhechdi drivelu aacharana saadhyam kaavu.
eee rakamaina chodakamu yokka modati namuunaanu 1965loe california vishwavidyaalayam, shanta barbara vadda mechanical injaneering professor ayina stevard vae nirminchi pareekshinchaaru. maargam, westinghouse electric vadda thana udyogam nundi selavu meeda, eee kotta chodaka vyavasthatho jalaantargaamini abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki thana senior-iyar under graduate vidyaarthulanu niyaminchaadu. 1990la praarambhamlo, japaanlo oka foundation (ship & oshan foundation (minato-kuu, tokyo)) oka prayogaatmaka padavanu nirminchindi, "yamato-1", idhi drava healium dwara challabade suupar kandaktarnu kaligi unna magnetohydrodynamic drivenu upayoginchindi mariyu gantaku 15 kimmy vegamtho prayaaninchagaladu.
potassium-vittana boggu dahana vayuvu dwara indhanamgaa emhechdi vidyut utpatti marinta samarthavanthamaina shakti marpidi saamarthyaanni choopinchindi (ghana kadile bhagalu lekapovadam adhika ushnogratala vadda operationku anumatistundi), conny kharchu-nishedhaatmaka saanketika ibbandula kaaranamgaa viphalamaindi. rapidi kaaranamgaa praadhamika boggu dahana gadhi goda vaiphalyam oka pradhana injaneering samasya.
microfluidicslo, sanklishtamaina microchannel designlo nirantara, naan-pulsetting pravahanni utpatti cheyadaaniki emhechdi oka dravam pampugaa adhyayanam cheyabadutundi.
asthiratalanu anachiveyadaaniki mariyu pravahanni niyantrinchadaaniki lohala nirantara casting prakriyaloo emhechdi amalu cheyavachu.
paarisraamika emhechdi samasyalanu open soars software eof-libraryni upayoginchi roopondinchavacchu. rendu anukarana udaaharanalu vidyudayaskaanta levitation draveebhavanam kosam uchita uparitalamtho 3dii emhechdi, mariyu shaashwata ayaskaantaalanu tippadam dwara drava lohanni kadilinchadam.
ayaskanta aushadham lakshyam.
cancer parisoedhanaloo oka mukhyamaina pani prabhaavita praantaalaku aushadham pampinhee cheyadaaniki marinta khachitamaina paddhatulanu abhivruddhi cheyadam. oka paddhatiloo jeevasaastraparamgaa anukuulamaina ayaskanta kanaalaku (pherophluids vantivi) aushadham bandhinchadam untundi, ivi bahya sareerampai shaashwata ayaskaantaalanu jagrattagaa unchadam dwara lakshyaaniki maarganirdesam cheyabadataayi. magnetohydrodynamic sameekaranaalu mariyu parimita moolakam vislaeshanhalu raktapravaahamloni ayaskanta dravam kanaalu mariyu bahya ayaskanta kshetram madhya paraspara charyanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi.

