
bruno tott

bruno juuliyas florian tott (4 mae 1880-24 december 1938) oka prasiddha german vaastusilpi, pattana pranaalikakarta mariyu prashyan lithuvanian vaarasatvam (lithuvenianlo "tott" antey "desham") rachayita. athanu weamer kaalamlo churukuga unnadu mariyu athani saiddhaantika rachanalatho paatu athani bhavana roopakalpanalaku prasiddhi chendaadu.
prarambha jeevitam mariyu vrutti.
tout 1880loe conigsburglo janminchaadu. madhyamika paatasaala tarvaata, athanu bagwerkschule vadda chaduvukunnadu. taruvaati samvatsaraallo, tout hamberg mariyu vaisbaadenlooni vividha vaastusilpula karyalayalalo panicheesaaru. 1903loe, athanu berlinloni bruno mohring dwara niyaminchabaddaadu, akkada athanu "jugendstill" mariyu ukkutho raathi kalapadam dwara kotta nirmaana paddhathulatho tananu taanu parichayam chesukunnadu. 1904 nundi 1908 varaku, tout theoder fisher kosam stuttgartlo panichesi, pattana pranaalikanu adhyayanam chesaaru. 1906loe fisher dwara athanu thana modati kamishannu andukunnadu, indulo unteriexingenloni graama charchi punaruddharana jarigindi.
1908loe, athanu berlinku tirigi vacchi, ippudu berlin saanketika vishwavidhyaalayamaina "raayal technical hayyar school off charlotenberg" ("coniglich technishe hochshuel charlotenberg") loe kalaa charitra mariyu nirmaanaanni adhyayanam chesaadu. oka samvatsaram taruvaata, athanu franz hafmanto kalisi tott & hafman anae nirmaana samsthanu sthaapinchaadu.
tott yokka modati pedda prajectulu 1913loe vachayi. athanu thota nagara udyamaaniki kattubadi unna anucharudayyadu, dheeniki falkenberg estate kosam athani roopakalpana sakshyam.
kolonlo 1914 werkbund exhibition kosam german glass parisrama association kosam nirminchina glass pevillion yokka preshmatic gopuramlo kanipinche vidhamgaa awant-gaard yokka bhavishyat aadarsaalu mariyu paddhatulanu tout sweekarinchaadu. kevalam gaajunu uparitalamgaa ledhaa alankaara padaarthamgaa upayoginchadaaniki badulugaa gaajuto mottam bhavananni tayaaru cheyadame athani lakshyam. athanu gaaju-nadaka lohapu metlu, underlitingtho kuudina jalapaatam mariyu mosaic gaaju yokka rangu godalanu srushtinchaadu. alpine architecture" (1917) prachurana kosam ayana geesina rekhaachitraalu oka niraadambaramaina aadarsadhaama daarsanikudi rachanalu, mariyu athanu aadhunikavadigaa mariyu mukhyamgaa vyakteekaranavaadigaa vargeekarinchabaddaadu. german bhaashalo tout yokka saahitya rachanalalo ekkuva bhaagam aanglamloki anuvadinchabadaledu.
germany.
1910loe berlinlo sikshana pondina taruvaata, stuttgartlo theoder fisher samstha kosam panichesi, berlinlo thana sonta samsthanu sthaapinchina anubhavagnudaina vaastusilpi herman muthesius, thota nagara tatvaanni neerchukoevadaaniki inglaandunu sandarsinchaalani suuchimchaaru. muthesius atanni walter gropiyasto sahaa kontamandi "dutior werkbund" vaastusilpula brundaaniki kooda parichayam chesaadu. toutku saamyavaada saanubhooti undedi, modati prapancha yuddhaaniki mundu idhi athani purogatiki aatamkam kaliginchindi.
modati prapancha yuddhamtho tout yokka aacharanaatmaka karyakalapalu marai. athanu saantivaadi ayyadu, anduvalla sainika sevanu nivaarinchaadu. athanu eee vaastavikataku vyatiraekamgaa saanukuula aadarsadhaamaanni pradarsinchadam kante yuddham yokka krooratvaala nundi tappinchukovadaaniki takkuva vraasi, geeyadam praarambhinchaadu. moodu millionla nivaasitulaku sumaru 7 kimmy (4.3 mye) vyaasaarthamtho oka apaaramaina vruttaakaara udyaanavana nagaranni tout roopondinchaaru. nagara kireetam" chaalaa madhyalo undaali. "saktivantamaina mariyu cherukolenidi", idhi oka samajam mariyu saamskrutika kendram, aakaasaharmyam lanty, prayojana rahita "christal bhavanam" yokka parakashtaga undedi. "eee bhavanamlo oka andamaina gadhi tappa marokati ledhu, idhi theatre yokka kudi mariyu edama vaipuna unna rendu metla dwara mariyu chinna community center dwara cherukovacchu. edhi nirminchagalamo matrame neenu elaa vivarinchagalanu!", anie city crown gurinchi chepparu.
1912 nundi 1915 varaku magdeberglo rendu gruha nirmaana prajectulanu puurti chesina tout, ivi thota nagara tatvasaastram yokka maanaveeya kaaryaacharana mariyu pattana roopakalpana parishkarala dwara neerugaa prabhaavitamayyaayi. housing trust kosam roopondinchina samskarana estate magdeburg nairutilo 1912-15 loe nirminchabadindi. eee estatelo oka antastula terrus illu unnaayi mariyu idhi modati project, dheenilo rangunu design suutramgaa upayoginchaaru. estate nirmaanaanni carle crail konasaaginchaaru. tout 1921 nundi 1923 varaku magdeberglo nagara vaastusilpigaa panicheesaaru. athani kaalamlo konni nivaasa abhivruddhi bhavanalu nirminchabaddaayi, vaatilo okati 2,100 apartmentlatho kuudina herman beams estate (1925-28). 1921loe concreat trus mariyu central skylite "city und rural" exhibition haalnu tout roopondinchaaru.
jeevitakaala chitrakaarudaina tout thana european aadhunika samakaaleenula nundi rangu patla thana bhakti dwara vaeru cheyabaddaadu. magdeberglo vale, athanu thana modati pradhana commission, berlinloni 1912 "gartenstadt falkenberg" housing estateku utsaahamgaa, gharshana rangulanu vartimpajesaadu, idhi "paint baaks estatelu" gaa prasiddhi chendindi. 1914 gaaju pevillion, gaaju yokka kotta avakaasaalaku oka drushtaantam, kooda prakaasavantamaina rangulo undhi. tott mariyu athani aadhunika samakaaleenula madhya vyatyaasam 1927loe stutgartloni "weisenhofseedlung" housing exhibition kante ennadoo spashtamgaa kanipinchaledu. ludwig meas vaan derr rohay mariyu walter gropius nundi vacchina swachchamaina-telupu pravaesaalaku viruddhamgaa, tott house (sankhya 19) praathamika rangulalo paint cheyabadindi. leey carbusier ilaa arichaadani nivedinchabadindi, "naa deva, tout rangu-andhudu!"
1918 november viplavam samayamlo, council prajaswamyam aadhaaramgaa viplava kalaakaarula sangham ayina arbitstrat pharr kunstlo tott palgonnadu. eee samuuham "vaastusilpaaniki praamukhyata" nuu sweekarinchindi, anni yuddha smaaraka chihnalanu kuulchiveeyaalani demand chesindi mariyu kalanu samaajamlo viplavaatmaka saadhanamgaa chusindi. 1919 marchi nundi, tott adolph benne, sejar clain mariyu walter gropiyasto paatu vaari mugguru sabhyula nirvahana jattuku chendinavaaru. eee samuuham 1921loe vidipoyindi. 
1924loe tout berlin public housing cooperative yokka pradhana vaastusilpigaa niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu berlinloni aneka vijayavantamaina pedda nivaasa abhivruddhulaku (sthuula-sidelungen) pradhana roopakartagaa unnadu, mukhyamgaa 1925loe "hufficensedlung" ("harsshoe estate"), oka cheruvu chuttoo daani aakruteekaranaku paeru pettabadindi, mariyu 1926loe jehlendorflo kell-toms-hoot abhivruddhi ("ankuls cabin"), sthaanika restaurant paeru pettabadindi mariyu chetla mandapati thotalalo erpaatu cheyabadindi. eee rendu nirmaanaalu nirmaanamloo rangurangula vivaraala vaadakaaniki pramukha udaaharanalugaa marai.
berlin nagara vaastusilpi martin wagner kosam pani chesina tout, berlin yokka aadhunika gruha nirmaana estatelalo konnintini ippudu unesco prapancha vaarasatva pradaesaalugaa gurtinchaaru. eee designlalo vivaadaaspada aadhunika chadunaina paikappulu; suuryarashmi, gaali mariyu thotalaku praapyata; mariyu gyaas, vidyut kaanti mariyu snaanapu gadulu vanti udaara soukaryaalu unnaayi. raajakeeya sampradaayavaadulu eee parinaamaalu 'saadhaarana prajalaku' chaalaa sampannamainavani firyadu chesaaru. pragatiseela berlin mayer, gustav boses, vaarini samarthinchaaruh "memu samaajamlooni diguva sthaayilanu paiki teesukuraavaalanukuntunnam."
1924 mariyu 1931 madhya, tout brundam 12,000 kante ekkuva nivaasaalanu puurti chesindi. toutku nivaaligaa, gehag daani logolo gurrapu neredu estate yokka sangrahamaina graphiknu cherchindi. eee rashtra gruhanirmaana sanghaanni 1998loe berlin senate vikrayinchindi; daani chattaparamaina varasudu duteshay vonen.
japan.
udaaravaada raajakeeya saanubhootigala vaaru kaavadamtho, naajeela adhikaram pondinappudu tott germany nundi paaripoyaadu. 1932 mariyu 1933loe usrlo pani chestaanani vaagdaanam cheyabaddaadu, conny 1933 fibravarilo germanyki tirigi vacchi pratikuula raajakeeya vaataavaranaaniki vellavalasi vachindi.
adhe samvatsaram taruvaata, tott switzerlandku paaripoyaadu. appudu, japanese vaastusilpi isaburo yueno nundi aahvaanamtho, athanu france, grease, turkey mariyu vladivostoke dwara japan kuu prayaaninchi, mae 3,1933naa japaanlooni surugaku cherukunnadu. tout thana nivasanni takasaki, ganmaalo nirminchaadu, akkada athanu japanese samskruti mariyu vaastusilpam yokka moodu prabhaavavantamaina pustaka-nidivi prasamsalanu utpatti chesaadu, japanese vaastusilpam yokka chaaritraka saralatanu aadhunika kramasikshanhatho polchadu. kontakaalam paarisraamika roopakalpana upadhyayudiga panicheesaaru, mariyu athani deepaalu mariyu furniture namuunaalu tokyoloni miratis shoplo vikrayinchabaddaayi.
ise mandiram mariyu kyotoloni katsura imperial villaalo kanipinche japanese vaastusilpam yokka drudamaina, kaneesa siranu prasamsimchinamduku tout prasiddhi chendaadu. aadhunika drukpatham nundi katsura saamraajya villaalooni nirmaana lakshanaala gurinchi vistrutamgaa raasina modati vyakti aayane. nikko, thochigi vadda vistrutamgaa alankarinchabadina shogan tokugava iyasu punhyakshetraalatho dheeniki viruddhamgaa, "japan yokka nirmaana kalalu katsura kante ekkuvagaa peragavu, nikko kante takkuvagaa munigipovu" anie ayana pramukhamgaa chepparu. japanese minimalist soundaryampai tout rachana japaanlo prasamsaneeyam prekshakulanu kanugondi, tadanantaram lii carbusier mariyu walter gropius rachanalanu prabhaavitam chesindi.
japaanlo unna ekaika kathinamaina nirmaana pani shijuvokaloni atami vadda unna hyuga villaku podigimpu. 1936loe vyaapaaravaetta rihe hyuga yaajamaanyamloni asalu villaku diguvana unna pradaesamloe, mariyu kontha aadhunika mariyu kontha saampradaaya japanese shaililo, moodu gadulu saamaajika sanghatanalu mariyu sameepamloni sagami bepai veekshanhalaku adanapu sthalaanni andinchaayi.
turkey.
istanbul (prastutam, mimmer sainan fine arts vishwavidyaalayam) looni state academy off fine artslo architecture professorga padavini andukunnadu, 1936loe tott tarkeeki makaam marchadu. ankaaraalo athanu martin wagner mariyu tott yokka associate franz hillingertho sahaa itara german yuddhakaala bahishkrutulalo cheraadu, 1938loe vacchaadu. ayithe tott yokka konni rachanalu pratikuulamgaa sweekarinchabaddaayi mariyu "cubic" gaa label cheyabaddaayi. oka japanese snehitudiki raasina lekhalo ayana ilaa vraasaaru, "vaaru naaku goppa avakaasam icchaaru, vaaru naa hastakalaku naaku swechcha icchaaru. neenu 'cubic' kaani bhavananni nirmistaanu; vaaru anni aadhunikatanu cubic anie pilustunnaru. eee bhavanam kosam, neenu konni turkish muulaamsaalanu upayoginchaalani aalochistunnanu."athanu thana pravaasa uniki yokka nirmaana sampradaayaalanu kaluputuu, stanble yokka ortaki parisaraallo thana sonta intini roopondinchadaaniki munduku sagadu. athani studio kundalloni inestein towernu pooli undagaa, mundu drushyam japanese pagodanu gurtuchesindi.
germanyni vidichipettina taruvaata, tout kramamga aadhunikavaadam nundi dhooramgaa vellaadu. oka sahodyogi ilaa vyakhyaaninchaadu, "vruddhudaina prati okkari maadirigaane, tunta navajagarana suutraalatoe chikkukupoyadu mariyu kotta disagaa oka marganni kanugonalekapoyadu! neenu chaalaa niraasaku gurayyanu... atuvanti avant-guardistku idhi sigguchetu."
1938loe thana maranaaniki mundu, tout kaneesam maroe pustakaanni vraasi, turkey vidya mantritva saakha nundi commissionla krinda ankara mariyu trabjonelo aneka vidya bhavanalanu roopondinchaaru. eee bhavanaalalo atyanta mukhyamainavi ankara vishwavidyaalayam, ankara ataturk unnata paatasaala mariyu trabjon unnata paatasaalalo bhashalu, charitra mariyu bhougolika adhyaapakula adhyapakulu. athani chivari nirmaana project, sebesi paatasaala, asampuurnamgaa migilipoyindi. tout yokka chivari pani, athani maranaaniki oka nela mundu, 1938 november 21naa ankaaraalo mustafa kemal ataturk adhikaarika rashtra antyakriyalaku upayoginchina catafalk. idhi oka saadhaarana roopakalpana, indulo pedda chekka stambhaalu mariyu savapetikanu kappina genda unnaayi.
tout 1938 december 24naa maraninchaadu mariyu istanbul looni edirnekaapi amaraveerudi smasaanavaatikalo daani modati mariyu ekaika muslimetaramgaa vishraanti teesukunnaru.

