
hegra (madain salih)

muslimlaku all-hizzer () anie piluvabade hegra (), madin salih () anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi soudhi arabialoni hejaz praantamlooni madeenaa provinceloni all-ulaa praantamloo unna oka puraavastu pradaesam. avasheshaalalo ekkuva bhaagam nabatian rajyam (cree. sha. 1 va sataabdam) nativi. eee pradaesam rajyam yokka dakshinaana mariyu petra (ippudu jordanlo) taruvaata rendava atipedda nagaramgaa undhi, idhi daani rajadhani nagaram. varusaga nabatian palanaku mundu mariyu taruvaata lihanite mariyu roman aakramana jaadalu kooda chudavachu.
khurran pravakta salihula rojullo oka vaipu nooh (noah) mariyu hudh madhya, mariyu maroka vaipu ibraheem (abraham) mariyu moosa (moshe) madhya eee praantamlooni sthaavaraalanu sthaapistundi. ayithe, khurran adhyayalu (surah chudandi) kalakramanusaram kakunda vividha vishayaalatoe vyavaharistaayi anae vaastavam kaaranamgaa shlokaala kramam dwara khachitamaina chaaritraka kalakramanni pondalemu. khurran prakaram, tama vigrahaaraadhanaku, bhookampam mariyu merupu paelullatoe baadhapadinanduku thamoodilanu devudu sikshinchaadu. anduvalla, eee pradaesam oka saapagrastudaina pradaesamgaa khyaatini sampaadinchindi-paryaatakaaniki daani sambhaavyata kosam madain saalihnu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki prayatnistunnanduna jaateeya prabhutvam adhigaminchadaaniki prayatnistunna chitram.
2008loe unesco madin saalihnu vaarasatva pradaesamgaa prakatinchindi, idhi soudhi arabia yokka modati prapancha vaarasatva pradaesamgaa maarindi. puraatana kaalam chivari nundi baga samrakshinchabadina avasheshaala kosam, mukhyamgaa 131 smaaraka raathi-chekkina samadhulu, vaati vistrutamgaa alankarinchabadina mukhabhaagaalato, nabatian raajyaaniki idhi empika cheyabadindi.
paeru.
daani sudeergha charitra mariyu eee pradaesaanni aakraminchina aneka samskrutulu aneka paerlanu srushtinchaayi. strabo mariyu itara madhyadhara rachayitala suuchanalu nabatian sait kosam hegra () anae paerunu upayogistaayi. puraatana arabbulaku pampina (pravakta) salihunu madain saliha vadakam suuchistumdi, idhi baibil vyakti "methusela" ("mashela", pousaalo "mashala" "javelin manishi" ledhaa "katthi maranam"; "mathosalas") nundi udbhavinchina paeru mariyu gurtimpu.
hegra chaalaa kaalam paatu didan vale mukhyamainadi kaanappatikee, vidaeseeyulu oyasis hegra anie pilichinatlu telustondi. udaaharanaku, egyptulo nirminchina mariyu susaalo nirminchina goppa achemenid raaju darius yokka prasiddha vigraham arabbulanu "hugrer" anie pilustundi.
sthaanam.
hegra puraavastu pradaesam all-ulaa pattanaaniki uttaraana, madiinaaku vaayuvya disalo, mariyu jordan looni petraaku aagneyamgaa undhi. istakhri thana "raajyaala margalu" () loe ilaa vraasaadu
eee pradaesam basault peethabhoomi diguvana maidaanamlo undhi, idhi hijaz parvathaalalo oka bhaganni yerparustundi. sait yokka paschima mariyu vaayuvya bhagala krinda, neeti pattikanu lothu vadda cherukovacchu. eee nepathyam daani edaari prakruti drushyaaniki prasiddhi chendindi, vividha parimaanaalu mariyu ettula isukaraayi pantalatho gurtinchabadindi.
charitra.
prii-deadonite shakam.
khurranlo.
khurran prakaram, all-hizzer] pradaesamloe thamud tega sthirapadindi, vaaru "(tama kosam) daani mydaanaala nundi rajabhavanalu mariyu (chekkina) parvataala nundi, gruhalu". tega vigrahaaraadhanaku guraindi, anachiveta prabalamgaa maarindi. pravakta salih, eee pradaesam yokka paeru "madin salih" anie tarachugaa aapaadinchabadutundi, paschaattaapapadataaniki samuudulanu pilustaaru. thaamudilu heccharikanu vismarinchi, badulugaa oka parvatam venuka nundi garbhavati ontenu pilipinchamani saalihku aagnaapinchaaru. mariyu saalihku daivika missionku rujuvugaa, parvatam venuka nundi prajalaku garbhini onte pampabadindi. 
ayithe, oka minority matrame ayana maatalanu vinnaru. aviswaasulu pavitra ontenu tamaku cheppinatlugaa chusukovadaniki badulu champi, daani dhooda adhi vacchina chota nundi tirigi kondaku parigettindi. tama siksha jaragadaniki moodu rojula mundu tamuudeelaku ivvabadindi, endukante vaaru nammaledu mariyu heccharikanu pattinchukoledu. salih mariyu athani ekeshwaravaada anucharulu nagaranni vidichipettaru, conny itarulu devuniche sikshinchabaddaaru-vaari aatmalu bhookampam mariyu merupu paelulla madhya vaari nirjeeva sariiraalanu vadili vellaayi.
khurran mariyu sampradaayam prakaram, sargon II nundi 715bc saasanam suuchimchina daanikante chaalaa mundugaane thamud unikilo undhi. ayithe, islaamik adhyayanaalalo iteevali parisoedhanalu khurran sandarbham nundi thamood yokka khachitamaina kalakramanni pondalemani mariyu eee kathanam "puraatana prajala nirantara charitranu varninchadu, endukante ivi yea vamsapaaramparya vaarasatvamlo laevu, ledhaa avi okadaanitoe okati sankarshana chendavu."
robbert zii. tamood yokka asalu prajalu adrusyamaina taruvaata madin salih praantamloo nivasinche itara kotta samuuhaalu vaari paerunu sweekarinchaayani hoyland suuchimchimdi. eee suuchanaku abadullah ibn umar kathanam mariyu ibn katir vislaeshanha kooda maddatu istundi, idhi prajalu thamud praantaanni "all-hizzer" anie pilicheevaaru, ayithe vaaru madhaa 'inn saalihlooni praantaanni "ardh thamud" "thamud bhoomi" "mariyu" "beth thamud" "(thamud illu) anie pilicheevaaru. kabatti "thamud" anae padam madin salihlo nivasinche samuuhaalaku, lihanitelu mariyu nabaatanlu vanti vatiki vartinchaledu, conny aaa praantaaniki matrame vartistundi, mariyu shaastreeya muulaala prakaram, thamud sthaanika prajalalo migilina ekaika samuuham makkaku dakshinaana unna typhe nagaramlo nivasinche baanu takif tega anie angeekarinchabadindi.
rock rachanalu.
iteevali puraavastu parisoedhanalu athleb parvatam meeda matrame kakunda, madhya arabia antataa kooda aneka raathi rachanalu mariyu chitraalanu velladinchaayi. avi kristupurvam aarava sataabdam mariyu cree. sha. naalugo sataabdam madhya nativi mariyu avi thamudic anie piluvabadataayi. "inca sarigga adhyayanam cheyani eee pedda sankhyalo saasanaala kosam pantommidava sataabdapu panditulu kanugonna paeru "thamudic".
lihyan/dedanite yugam.
hegra (madaa 'inn saliha) sameepamlo unna athleb parvatam paina unna lihanite lipigaa nipunulache pariganinchabadina isuka raallapai guha kala yokka puraavastu jaadalu mariyu silaasaasanaalu, cree. puu. 3 va-2 va sataabdam nativi, eee praantam yokka prarambha maanava sthaavaraanni suuchistaayi, idhi manchineeti mariyu saaravantamaina mattiki andubaatulo unna vanaru. thoorpu, uttara, dakshina praantaala nundi vastuvulu eee praantamloo kalusukovadamto, lihyanla sthaavaram vaanijya kendramgaa maarindi.
nabatan shakam.
cree. sha. 1va sataabdamloo eee pradaesamloe vistrutamaina sthiranivaasam jarigindi, idhi nabatian raaju aretas IV philopatris (all-harit IV) (cree. puu. 9-40 AD) paalanaloki vachinappudu, athanu uttaraana petra taruvaata hegra (madaa 'inn salih) nuu rajyam yokka rendava rajadhaanigaa chesaadu. eee pradaesam bhaarii pattaneekarana udyamaanni aasvaadinchi, daanini nagaramgaa maarchindi. nabatian rock-cutt architecture yokka lakshanam, hegra (madaa 'inn salih) yokka bhoogarbha shaastram smaaraka nirmaanaala chekkadaaniki saraina madhyamanni andinchindi, vaati mukhabhaagaalapai nabatian lipulu chekkabaddayi. nabatianlu oyasis vyavasayanni kooda abhivruddhi chesaaru-raallaloo baavulu mariyu varshapu neeti cheruvulanu travvadam mariyu isukaraayi pantalalo praarthanaa sthalaalanu chekkadam. dakshina siriya (praantam) nundi uttaraana varaku, dakshinaana negev varaku, mariyu hejaz yokka takshana praantam varaku itara nabatian sthaavaraalalo ilanti nirmaanaalu kanipinchaayi. veetilo atyanta pramukhamainadi mariyu atipeddadi petra.
vaanijyam yokka koodali vadda, dhoopam, mirra mariyu sugandha dravyaala vaanijyaaniki guttadhipatyam kaligi unna nabatian rajyam abhivruddhi chendindi. bhoomi meeda caravan maargamlo unna mariyu erra samudra odarevaina egra komku anusandhaaninchabadina hegra, idhi nabatianlalo prasiddhi chendindi, pradhana uttara-dakshina vaanijya maargamlo pradhana staging postga daani sikharaaniki cherukundi.
roman shakam.
cree. sha. 106loe, samakaaleena roman saamrajyam nabatian rajyaanni swaadheenam chesukundi. hegraanu kaligi unna hejaz, roman provins off arabialo bhaagamaindi.
vaanijya prayaana pranaalika arabic dveepakalpamloni uttara-dakshina aksham nundi erra samudram gundaa samudra maargaaniki maarindi. aaa vidhamgaa, hegra vaanijya kendramgaa ksheeninchadam praarambhinchindi, idhi daani parityaagamuku daariteesindi. puraavastu adhyayanala aadhaaramgaa taruvaati parinaamaalu lekapovadam valla maddatu icchina nipunulu, puraatana kaalam chivarilo (pradhanamgaa edaareekarana prakriya kaaranamgaa) praarambhamaina eee pradaesam daani pattana vidhulannintinii kolpoyindani oohinchaaru. 1960luu mariyu 1970laloe, eshaanya arabialoni madain salihlo trajan yokka roman dalaalu aakraminchaayani, idhi arabialoni romanla arabia petria provins yokka vistarananu penchindani aadharalu kanugonabaddayi.
roman saamrajyam patanam nundi islam aavirbhavam varaku hegra charitra teliyadu. taruvaati sataabdaalaloo prayaanikulu mariyu yaatrikulu makkaku vellevaaru matrame dheenini appudappudu prastaavinchaaru. yaatrikulaku samagri mariyu neetini andistuu, huzz maargam venta hegra oka stationga panichesindi. eee vruttaamtaalaloo 14va sataabdapu yaatrikudu ibn bathuta chesina vivarana undhi, hegra yokka erra raathi-kosina samaadhulanu paerkontuu, appatiki dheenini "all-hizzer" anie pilustaaru."ayithe, akkada maanava karyakalapala gurinchi ayana prastaavinchaledu.
ottoman shakam.
ottoman saamrajyam 1517 natiki paschima arabianu mamlukla nundi swaadheenam chesukundi. damascus mariyu makka madhya huzz rahadari gurinchi prarambha ottoman vruttaamtaalaloo, hegra (madin salih) gurinchi prastaavinchabadaledu, 1672 varaku, turkish yaatrikudu, evlia selebi caravan "abyar salih" anae pradaesam gundaa vellaadani, akkada edu nagaraala avasheshaalu unnayani paerkonnaadu. dheenini yaatrikudu murtada ibn 'alawan "all-madain" anie piluvabade maargamlo vishraanti stapga paerkonnaadu."1744 mariyu 1757 madhya, damascus ottoman governor aadesaala meraku all-hizzer vadda oka kotanu 'adh pasha all-azm' gaa nirminchaaru. koota lopala oka pedda baavi dwara sarafara cheyabadina oka kunda kooda nirminchabadindi, mariyu eee pradaesam huzz yaatrikulaku oka roeju stapga panichesindi, akkada vaaru kharjuralu, nimmakayalu mariyu narinja vanti vastuvulanu konugolu cheyavachu. idhi makkaku teerthayaatra marganni rakshinchadaaniki nirminchina kotala shrenilo bhaagam.
all-ansari parisoedhanala prakaram, ottoman koota 1600 yea samvatsaraaniki chendina sthaavaraaniki sameepamlo kanugonabadindi.1984loe
19va sataabdam.
1812loe swiss anveshakudu johann ludwig berkhardt petraanu kanugonna taruvaata, charless montagu douty anae aangla yaatrikudu, damascus nundi huzz rahadaaripai unna kotatho kuudina ottoman pattanam ayina hegra (madaa 'inn salih) sameepamlo ilanti pradaesam gurinchi vinnadu. eee pradaesaanni cherukovadaniki, douty huzz caravan loe chaeri, 1876loe sidhilaala pradaesaaniki cherukuni, thana sandarsananu thana jarnallo record chesaadu, idhi "travels inn arabia deserta" gaa prachurinchabadindi. athanu rendu nelalu nivasinchina ottoman kotanu vivarinchina dotty, bedouin girijanulaku bhavanam velupala shaashwata shibiram undani paerkonnaadu.
19va sataabdamloo, all-hizzer yokka prastuta baavulu mariyu oyasis vyavasayanni sameepamloni tayma graamaaniki chendina sthiranivaasulu kramaanugatamgaa upayogistunnarani kathanaalu unnaayi. idhi 20va sataabdam varaku konasaagindi, ottoman sultan abdul hameed II aadesaala meraku eee pradaesam gundaa vellae hejaz railvenu (1901-08) nirminchaaru, tadwara vaayuvyamlo damascus mariyu jerusalemnu madeenaa mariyu makkaatho anusandhaaninchadaaniki, tadwara taruvaati teerthayaatranu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki mariyu islaamik vishwaasa kendraala ottoman paripalananu rajakeeyamgaa mariyu aardhikamgaa ekikrutam cheyadaaniki. locomotivela nirvahana kosam all-hijarku uttaraana oka station nirminchabadindi, mariyu railroad sibbandi kosam karyalayalu mariyu vasati gruhalu nirminchabaddaayi. railway eee pradaesaaniki ekkuva praapyatanu andinchindi. ayithe, modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo sthaanika tirugubaatulo idhi naasanam cheyabadindi. ayinappatikee, modati prapancha yuddham kaalam nundi 1930laloe soudhi arabia rajyam sthaapana varaku 1960la varaku aneka puraavastu parisoedhanalu eee pradaesamloe konasagayi. railway station kooda punaruddharinchabadindi mariyu ippudu 16 bhavanalu mariyu aneka rolling stacklanu kaligi undhi.
1960la chivari natiki, soudhi arabia prabhutvam eee praantamloo nivasinche sanchaara bedouin tegalaku nischala jeevanasailini pravesapettadaaniki oka karyakramanni roopondinchindi. vaaru all-hijarlo sthirapadaalani, ippatike unna baavulu mariyu aaa pradaesamlooni vyavasaya lakshanaalanu tirigi upayoginchaalani pratipaadinchabadindi. ayithe, 1972loe all-hijarnu puraavastu pradaesamgaa adhikarikamga gurtinchadam valla, aaa pradaesa sarihadduku minchi uttara disagaa bedouinla punaravasam jarigindi. indulo kotta vyavasaya bhoomi mariyu taja tavvina baavula abhivruddhi kooda undhi, tadwara all-hizzer rashtraanni parirakshinchadam jarigindi.
prastuta abhivruddhi.
1962loe, aneka saasanaala udaaharanalu kanugonabaddayi mariyu winnet mariyu reed dwara hijr (madaa 'inn salih) yokka puraavastu anchanaanu punaruddharinchaaru. 1970la praarambhamlo all-hizzer saitnu puraavastu nidhiga prakatinchinappatikii, appati nundi konni parisoedhanalu jarigaayi. mirdad ikkada kontakaalam nivasinchi 1977 nundi eee praantam gurinchi noteesulanu raasaaru. healey 1985loe ikkada adhyayanam chesi, 1993loe hijr (madain salih) saasanaala gurinchi oka pustakam raasaaru.
vastuvulu/kalakhandalanu poojinchadampai nishedham kaaranamgaa kaneesa puraavastu karyakalapalu jarigaayi. saamskrutika vaarasatva rakshana mariyu paryatakanni prothsahinchadaaniki prabhutva prayatnamlo bhaagamgaa puraavastu anveshanhalanu nirvahinchadaaniki soudhi arabia dandayaatralanu aahvaaninchinappudu, 2000loe eee sampradaayavaada charyalu sulabhataram cheyadam praarambhinchaayi. 2008loe eee puraavastu pradaesaanni unesco prapancha vaarasatva pradaesamgaa prakatinchaaru. eee praantaanni marinta paryaatakaaniki teravadaaniki mundu vaarasatva pradaesaalanu namodu chesi, samrakshinche prayatnaalalo bhaagamgaa eee praantam yokka iteevali puraavastu adhyayanalu jarigaayi.
vaastusilpam.
hegra yokka nabatian sait cree. sha. 1 va sataabdamloo nivaasa praantam mariyu daani oyasis chuttoo nirminchabadindi. eee samadhini nirminchadaaniki isukaraayi velupali pantalanu chekkaru. mottam naalugu samadhi pradaesaalu manugada saaginchaayi, veetilo 131 smaaraka raathi-chekkina samadhulu vistarinchi unnaayi, vaatilo chaalaa vaati mukhabhaagaalapai nabatian silaasaasanaalu chekkabaddayi
mottam 2,000 kaani ekakaalika khananam sthalaalu kooda eee pradaesamloe bhaagamgaa unnaayi. mukhabhaagaala yokka daggari pariseelana khananam cheyabadina vyakti yokka saamaajika sthithini suuchistumdi-nirmaanam yokka parimaanam mariyu alankarana vyakti yokka sampadanu pratibimbistumdi. konni mukhabhagalalo pravesha dwaaraala paina falakaalu undevi, ivi samadhi yajamaanulu, matha vyavastha mariyu vaatini chekkina rajamariyula gurinchi samacharanni andistaayi. aneka samadhulu sainika shrenulanu suuchistaayi, eee pradaesam okappudu sthaavaram yokka vaanijya karyakalapalanu rakshinchadaaniki uddesinchina nabatian sainika sthaavaramgaa undavacchani pramukha puraavastu saastravettalu oohinchaaru.
nabatian rajyam kevalam vaanijya koodali vaddane kakunda samskruti kuuda undhi. idhi sthaanika kalaatmaka shailitho kalipi, assyria, phoenicia, eejipt mariyu hellenistic alegzandriala nundi saileekruta amsaalanu sweekarinchi, mukhabhaga alankaranala yokka vividha muulaamsaalaloo pratibimbistumdi. roman saamrajyam aaa bhoobhaganni swaadheenam chesukunnappudu trogloditic samaadhulapai roman alankaranalu mariyu latin lipulu kooda kanipinchaayi. vistrutamaina bahya bhagalaku viruddhamgaa, raathi-kotha nirmaanaala lopali bhagalu teevramgaa mariyu saadaa untaayi.
jabal ithlib" anie piluvabade oka mataparamaina praantam eee pradaesaaniki eshaanyamlo undhi. idhi modata nabatan devata dushaaraaku ankitam cheyabadindani nammutaaru. ettaina raalla madhya podavaina mariyu petraalooni siknu gurtuchese irukaina carridar, muslim council-chhambar ledhaa laa-court ayina "diwan" haalku daariteestundi. saasanaalu unna chinna mataparamaina abhayaaranyaalu kooda sameepamloni raatilo kattirinchabaddaayi.
nivaasa praantam maidaanaaniki madhyalo, bayati pradaesaalaku dhooramgaa undhi. illu mariyu chuttupakkala goda nirmaanaaniki praathamika samagri suuryarashmi endina burada ituka. nivaasa praantam yokka konni avasheshaalu migili unnaayi.
neeti pattika kevalam lothu vadda unna sait yokka paschima mariyu vaayuvya bhaagamlo unna 130 baavula dwara neetini sarafara chestaaru. konni, vadulugaa unna neelaloo tavvinappatikee, isukaraayitho balopetam cheyavalasi vachinappatikee, vyaasamtho kuudina baavulanu raatilo kattirinchaaru.
praamukhyata.
puraavastu pradaesam shushka vaataavaranamloo undhi. podi vaataavaranam, aaa pradaesam vidichipettina taruvaata punaravasam lekapovadam, mariyu aaa praantam gurinchi prabalamgaa unna sthaanika nammakalu annee all-hizzer yokka asaadhaarana samrakshana sthithiki daariteesaayi, idhi nabatian jeevanasaili yokka vistrutamaina chitraanni andistundi. nabatan rajyam yokka dakshina paridhini gurtinchadaaniki, all-hizzer yokka oyasis vyavasayam mariyu prastuta baavulu icchina vaataavaranamloo nabaatanlu chesina avasaramaina anusaranalanu pradarsistaayi-daani pratyaekamaina sthaavaram nabatan raajyamlo rendava atipeddadi, idhi jordanloni marinta prasiddha petra puraavastu pradaesaaniki puurakam. vaanijya koodali vadda unna pradaesam yokka sthaanam, alaage vividha bhashalu, lipulu mariyu kalaatmaka sailulu daani smaaraka samaadhula mukhabhaagamlo pratibimbistaayi, idhi itara puraavastu pradaesaala nundi marinta vaerugaa untundi. idhi soudhi arabia yokka 4,000 puraavastu pradaesaalaloo "smaaraka chihnala rajadhani" anae maaruperunu sampaadinchindi.

