
suddhi (lohasastram)

lohasastramlo, suddhi anedi oka asuddha lohanni suddhi cheyadaanni kaligi untundi. kariginchadam mariyu calching vanti itara prakriyala nundi vaeru cheyavalasi untundi, endukante aaa rendintiloonuu mudi padaarthaaniki rasayana maarpu untundi, ayithe suddhi cheyadamlo, tudi padaartham saadhaaranamgaa rasaayanikamgaa asalu padaarthamthoo samanamga untundi, adhi matrame swachchamainadi. upayoginche prakriyalu pyrometallurgical mariyu hydrometallurgical paddhathulatho sahaa aneka rakalu.
naayakatvam vahinchandi.
couplation.
seesam nundi vendini velikiteese oka puraatana prakriya cupellation. seesam emuka buudida 'pareeksha' ledhaa 'kappel' loe kariginchi, uparitalam antataa gaalini ooputaaru. idhi lednu litharzga aakseekarana chesindi, alaage unna itara bays lohalanu kooda aakseekarana chesindi, vendi (mariyu bangaaram unte) aakseekarana lekunda migilipoyindi.
18va sataabdamloo, eee prakriya oka rakamaina pratidhvani kolimitho konasaginchabadindi, conny aaa gaalilo saadhaarana rakaniki bhinnamgaa karigina seesam uparitalampai gantala nundi ledhaa (19va sataabdamloo) eguravese cylinderla nundi eguraveyabadindi.
pattinson prakriya.
pattinson prakriyaku 1833loe daani aavishkarta hyoog lii pattinson patent pondaadu, athanu dheenini "seesam nundi vendini vaeru cheyadaaniki merugaina paddhati" gaa abhivarninchaadu. vendi jadalanu kaligi unna karigina seesamlo karigina nundi ghaneebhavinche modati loham seesam anae vaastavaanni idhi upayoginchukundi, migilina dravam venditho samruddhiga untundi. pattinson parikaraalu praathamikamgaa 13 inupa kundala varusa kante sanklishtamgaa aemee laevu, veetini diguva nundi vaedi chestaaru. sahajamgaa kontha saatam vendini kaligi unna kontha seesamnu kendra kundalo load chesi karigistaaru. aaa tarvaata challabarachadaaniki anumatinchaaru. seesam patishtam ayinappudu daanini pedda randhraala inupa laadellanu upayoginchi teesivesi, oka disalo tadupari kundaku taralistaaru, ippudu venditho samruddhiga unna migilina lohanni vyatiraeka disalo tadupari kundaku badilee chestaaru. eee prakriya oka kunda nundi maroka kundaku punaraavrutamaindi, seesaanni oka chivara kundalo perukupotundi mariyu maroka vaipu lohanni kundalo venditho samruddhiga untundi. saadhyamayye susampannata sthaayi seesam-vendi eutectic dwara parimitam cheyabadutundi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa eee prakriya tannuku 600 nundi 700 ounsula (sumaru 2 saatam) varaku aagipotundi, kabatti marinta vibajananu cupellation dwara nirvahistaaru.
eee prakriya oka tunnu kaneesam 250 graamula vendini kaligi unna seesam kosam aardhikamgaa upayogapadindi.
paarkulu prakriya.
1850loe patent pondina parkes prakriyaloo karigina jink upayoginchabadutundi. jink seesam thoo kalavaledu mariyu rendu karigina lohalanu kalipinappudu jink vaeru avutundi mariyu kevalam 2 saatam seesamnu mosukelle paibhaagaaniki telutundi. ayithe vendi pradhaanyamgaa jinklo karigipotundi, kabatti paibhagamlo telutunna jink vendiloo gananeeyamaina nishpattini kaligi untundi. jink ghaneebhavinchi, jink crustnu tolaginche varaku karigimpunu challabarustaaru. jinknu aaviritoe marchadam dwara vendini tirigi pondutaaru. seesam taginantagaa vendi laeni chota tappa, parks prakriya ekkuvagaa pattinson prakriyanu bharti chesindi, eee sandarbhamlo pattinson prakriya daanini tannuku 40 nundi 60 ounsula varaku vendiloo susampannam cheyadaaniki oka paddhatini andinchindi, aaa samayamlo parkes prakriyanu upayoginchi daanini chikitsa cheyavachu.
raagi.
agni suddhi.
raagi kariginchadam yokka prarambha utpatti asuddhamaina nalla raagi, idhi daanini suddhi cheyadaaniki padepade kariginchi, pratyamnaayamgaa aakseekarana chesi, tagginchabadutundi. draveebhavana dasallo okadaanilo, seesam jodinchabadindi. bangaaram mariyu vendi pradhaanyatagaa indulo karigipotayi, tadwara eee viluvaina lohala punaruddharanaku oka marganni andistundi. raagi palakalu ledhaa bolu-saamaanu tayaareeki anuvaina swachchamaina raagini utpatti cheyadaaniki, boggunu indhanamgaa upayoginchi marinta karige prakriyalu chepattabaddaayi. atuvanti agni-suddhi prakriyalanu padepade upayoginchadam valla 99.25% swachchamaina raagini utpatti cheyagala saamarthyam kaligi undhi.
electrolytic suddhi.
swachchamaina raagini electrolytic prakriya dwara pondavacchu, idhi asuddha raagini yanodga mariyu swachchamaina raagini kathodga upayoginchi nirvahinchabadutundi. electrolyte anedi raagi sulfate yokka aamla draavanam. kanam gundaa vidyuttunu pampadam dwara, raagi anode nundi karigi cathode meeda jama cheyabadutundi. ayithe malinaalu draavanamloo untaayi ledhaa karagani buradagaa sekarinchabadataayi. dynamo aavishkarana taruvaata matrame eee prakriya saadhyamaindi; idhi 1869loe southwales loe modatisaarigaa upayoginchabadindi.
inumu.
inumu.
paeludu kolimi yokka utpatti pig iron, indulo 4-5% carbon mariyu saadhaaranamgaa kontha silicon untundi. nakilee utpattini utpatti cheyadaaniki marinta prakriya avasaram, saadhaaranamgaa "suddhi" kante "jarimana" gaa varninchabadindi. 16va sataabdam nundi, idhi oka chakkati nakilee paddhatiloo chepattabadindi. 18va sataabdam chivaralo, dheeni sthaanamlo burada (burada kolimilo) bharti cheyadam praarambhinchindi, idhi kramamga bessemer prakriya dwara telikapati ukku utpatti dwara bharti cheyabadindi.
suddhi chesina inumu.
suddhi anae padaanni irukaina sandarbhamlo upayogistaaru. henry cart yokka asalu pudding prakriya, suukshmamaina forgelaku saadhaarana mudi padaarthamaina budidarangu pig inumu kante, mudi padaartham tellani cast inumu unna chota matrame panichesindi. budidarangu pig inumunu upayoginchadaaniki, silikaannu tolaginchadaaniki praathamika suddhi prakriya avasaram. pig iron nuu "aipothunna kolimilo" kariginchi, aapai oka kundaloki paarutundi. eee prakriya silikaannu aakseekarana chesi oka slagnu yerparustundi, idhi inumu meeda theeluthuu, truff chivara oka aanakattanu tagginchadam dwara tolaginchabadindi. eee prakriya yokka utpatti "finers metal" ledhaa "suddhi chesina inumu" anie piluvabade tellani loham.
viluvaina lohaalu.
viluvaina loha suddhi anedi viluvaina lohalanu goppa-loha padaarthaala nundi vaeru cheyadam. eee padaarthaalaku udaaharanalalo upayoginchina utprerakaalu, electronic samavesalu, khanijalu ledhaa loha misramaalu unnaayi.
prakriya.
goppa-loha padaarthaalanu vaeru cheyadaaniki, pyrolysis mariyu/ledhaa jalavisleshana vidhanalu upayoginchabadataayi. pyrolysis loe, nobel-metaliferous utpattulu itara padaarthaala nundi vidudala cheyabadataayi, kariginchi ghaneebhavinchi cinder gaa maari, aapai poyabadataayi ledhaa aakseekarana chendutaayi. jalavisleshanhalo, goppa-loha utpattulu akwa regialo (hydrochloric aamlam mariyu naitrik aamlamtho kuudinavi) ledhaa hydrochloric aamlam mariyu chlorin vaayuvulo draavanamloo kariginchabadataayi. taruvaata, konni lohalanu uppu, vayuvu, sendriya mariyu/ledhaa nitro hydrate anusandhaanamtho neerugaa avakshepinchavacchu ledhaa tagginchavachhu. aaa taruvaata, avi subhrapariche dasala gundaa velataayi ledhaa tirigi sphatikeekarinchabadataayi. viluvaina lohaalu lohapu uppu nundi calcination dwara vaeru cheyabadataayi. goppa-loha padaarthaalu modata jalavisleshanam cheyabadataayi mariyu aaa taruvaata ushnaparamgaa tayaaru cheyabadataayi (pyrolyse cheyabadataayi). konnisaarlu viluvaina lohalanu kaligi unde utprerakaalanu upayoginchinappudu eee prakriyalu manchi digubadini istayi. utprerakaalanu upayogistunnappudu, prati sandarbhamlo recycling utpattini tolaginchi, chakram dwara chalasarlu nadapabadutundi.

