
pattika yantram

pattika yantram anedi punch kardulapai nilva chesina samacharanni sangrahinchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki roopondinchina electromechanical yantram. herman holerith kanipettina eee yantram 1890 yuu kosam daetaanu proses cheyadamlo sahaayapadataaniki abhivruddhi cheyabadindi.ess. janabha ganana. accounting mariyu jabita niyantrana vanti vyapara anuvartanaala kosam taruvaati namuunaalu vistrutamgaa upayoginchabaddaayi. idhi unit record parikaraalu mariyu dayta prosessing parisrama anie piluvabade yantraala taragatini srushtinchindi.
suupar computing" anae padaanni 1931loe "newyork varald" vaartaapatrika columbia vishwavidyaalayam kosam ibm tayaaru chesina pedda custom-built tabulatornu suuchimchadaaniki upayoginchindi. 
1890 janabha lekkalu.
1880 janabha lekkala prakriyaku rendu samvatsaraalu pattindi. yuu nundi.ess. congress pratinidhulu mariyu pratyaksha pannulu rendintinee raashtraala madhya vibhajinchadaaniki prati padeellaku okasari janabha ganananu rajyangam aadesistundi, pedda sibbandi mariyu vegavantamaina recording vyavasthala kalayika avasaram.
1880la chivaralo herman holerith, railway tikketpai vividha sthaanaallo guddina randhraalanu upayoginchi vahakulu lingam mariyu sumaru vayassu vanti prayaaneekula vivaraalanu namodu cheyadaaniki prerana pondhi, yantram chadavagalige maadhyamamlo daetaanu namodu cheyadaanni kanugonnadu. yantram-chadavagalige madhyamam yokka munupati upayogaalu jackward maggalu vanti programme cheyabadina yantraalanu nadapadaniki suuchanala jaabitaala kosam (dayta kaadu) undevi. "kaagitapu tepto konni prarambha vichaaranala taruvaata, athanu punch kardulapai sthirapaddaadu..."holerith gundrani randhraalu, 12 varusalu mariyu 24 niluvu varusalatho punch kaardulanu upayoginchindi. kaardulu angulaalu 6-5/8 angulaalu kolustaaru. athani tabulator yaantrika counterlu penchadaaniki electromechanical solenoidlanu upayoginchindi. card readerpy spring-load chesina vairla samitini velaadadeeyabadindi. kaardulo unde randhraala sthaanaalaku anugunamgaa paadarasam kolanulu, kolanula meeda kaardu koorchundi. kardupai vairlanu nokkinappudu, punch chesina randhraalu vairlanu paadarasam kolanulalo munchiveyadaaniki anumatinchaayi, idhi lekkinchadaaniki, kramabaddheekarinchadaaniki mariyu kaardu chadivinatlu operatorku teliyajeyadaaniki gantanu amarchadaaniki upayoginche vidyut samparkaanni chestundi. tabulatorlo 40 counterlu undevi, okkokkati dial 100 vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi, rendu suuchika chetulato; okati prati lekkimpu pulls thoo oka unitnu adugu pettindi, marokati maroka dial puurti viplavam chesina pratisaaree oka unitnu munduku teesukellindi. eee amarika 9,999 varaku lekkinchadaaniki anumatinchindi. icchina pattika parugette samayamlo, counterlu oka nirdishta randhraaniki ketayinchabadavachu ledhaa, rile tarkaanni upayoginchadam dwara, randhraala kalayikaku ketayinchabadavachu, udhaa.zii. vivaahita jantalanu lekkinchadaaniki. kaardunu kramabaddheekarinchavalasi vasthe, kaardunu nilva cheyadaaniki kramabaddheekarana pette yokka compartment mootha teruchukuntundi, kaardulooni daetaanu batti compartment empika.
1890 janabha lekkala kosam holerith paddhatini upayoginchaaru. gumastaalu vayassu, nivaasa sthithi, lingam mariyu returns nundi itara samacharanni namodu chese kaardulalo randhraalanu punch cheyadaaniki keepanchlanu upayoginchaaru. sumaru 100 million kaardulu utpatti cheyabaddaayi mariyu mottam karyakalapallo kaardulu yantraala dwara naalugu saarlu matrame pampabaddayi."U prakaram.ess. janabha ganana beuro, janabha ganana phalitaalu "... schedule kante nelala mundugaane mariyu budget kante chaalaa takkuvagaa puurti chesaaru."
1890 janabha lekkala taruvaata.
accounting mariyu tracking inventoryki saanketikata yokka prayojanaalu ventane spashtamgaa kanipinchaayi. holerith punch card dayta prosessing parikaraalalo pratyekata kaligina "halerith electric tabulating system" gaa thana sonta vyapaaraanni praarambhinchaadu. 1896loe ayana pattika yantra samsthanu erpaatu chesaaru. aaa samvatsaramlo athanu holerith integrating tabulatornu pravesapettaadu, idhi randhraala sankhyanu lekkinchadame kakunda, punch kardulapai code cheyabadina sankhyalanu jodinchagaladu. punch kaardulu ippatikee pins mariyu mercurie pool readernu upayoginchi manaveeyamgaa chadavabadatayi. 1900loe aaa samvatsaram yuu loe upayoginchina halerith automatic feed tabulator kanipinchindi.ess. janabha ganana. 1906 rakam 1loe niyantrana panel cherchabadindi.
1911loe, holerith samsthatho sahaa naalugu corporations vileenam cheyabaddaayi (stock samuparjana dwara), aidava company, computing-tabulating-recording company (ctr) nuu erpaatu chesaayi. adhe samvatsaram adhikara accounting yantra samstha erpadindi, holerith maadirigaane, yantraalanu modata janabha ganana beurolo abhivruddhi chesaaru. 1919loe modati bull tabulator namuunaa abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. print cheyagala, tolaginchagala niyantrana phalakaalato kuudina tabulatorlu 1920laloe kanipinchaayi. 1924loe ctr paerunu antarjaateeya vyapara yantraalu (ibm) gaa marcharu. 1927loe remington raand powers accounting meshin companyni konugolu chesaaru. 1933loe pattika yantra samstha ibmlo vileenam cheyabadindi. eee companylu vaegamgaa mariyu marinta adhunaatanamaina pattikalu abhivruddhi cheyadaanni konasaginchayi, 1949 ibm 407 mariyu 1952 remington raand 409 vanti pattikalu. 1950laloe vaanijya electronic computerlanu pravesapettina taruvaata pattika yantraalu baga upayoginchabadatam konasaagindi.
unit record tabulatorlanu upayoginche aneka anuvartanaalu ibm 1401 vanti computerlaku valasa vellabaddaayi. eee valasaku sahaayapadataaniki fargo mariyu aarpiji anae rendu prograaming bhashalu srushtinchabaddaayi. tabulator niyantrana panellu yantra chakrampai aadharapadi unnanduna, fargo mariyu aarpiji rendoo yantra chakram yokka bhavananu anukarinchaayi mariyu sikshanaa samagri niyantrana panel verses niyantrana pyaanelnu choopinchindi. prograaming longuage coding sheet sambandhaalu.
operation.
daani praathamika roopamlo, oka pattika yantram oka samayamlo oka kaardunu chaduvutundi, kaardu yokka bhaagaalanu (kshetraalu) fyaan-foldu kaagitampai mudristundi, bahusha punarvyavastheekarinchabadutu mariyu kardupai okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva counterlaku punch cheyabadina okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva sankhyalanu jodistundi, veetini sanchayakaalu anie pilustaaru. prarambha namoonaalalo, mottaalanu pondadaaniki kaardu runn ayina tarvaata sanchayaka register dial lanu manaveeyamgaa chadavabadutundi. taruvaati namuunaalu neerugaa mottaalanu mudrinchagalavu. oka nirdishta punch unna kaardulanu vibhina pravartanaku kaaranamayye master carduluga pariganinchavacchu. udaaharanaku, konugolu chesina vastuvulanu record chese kramabaddheekarinchina kaardulatoe customer master kaardulanu vileenam cheyavachu. invoicelanu roopondinchadaaniki pattika yantram chadivinappudu, billing chirunama mariyu customer number master card nundi mudrinchabadataayi, aapai konugolu chesina vyaktigata vastuvulu mariyu vaati dhara mudrinchabadataayi. tadupari master card kanugonabadinappudu, mottam dhara sanchayakam nundi mudrinchabadutundi mariyu paejee tadupari paejee eguvana bayataku pampabadutundi, saadhaaranamgaa carriage controll tapenu upayogistundi.
varusaga dasalu ledhaa punch-card prosessing chakraalatho, okari vadda taginanta parikaraalu unte chaalaa sanklishtamaina gananalu cheyavachu. (aadhunika dayta prosessing paramgaa, prati dasanu oka SQL clazga bhaavinchavachchuh enchukondi (filter colums), aapai ekkada (filter kaardulu, ledhaa "varusalu"), appudu mottaalu mariyu lekkala kosam oka samuuham, taruvaata oka kramabaddheekarana; aapai bahusha vaatini maroka empika samuuhaaniki tirigi andinchandi mariyu avasaramaite mallee ekkada chakralu.) oka maanava operator prati dasalo vividha card deklanu tirigi pondavalasi untundi, load cheyalsi untundi mariyu nilva cheyalsi untundi.
enchukunna namuunaalu mariyu kalakramam.
holerith yokka modati tabulatorlu yuu kosam upayoginchabaddaayi.ess. 1890 janabha lekkalu.
150 kaardulu/nimishamtho panichese modati tabulating meshin company (tmc) automatic feed tabulator 1906loe abhivruddhi cheyabadindi.
modati tmc printing tabulator 1920loe abhivruddhi cheyabadindi.
ibm archives nundi tmc rakam IV accounting meshin (taruvaata ibm 301 gaa paeru maarchabadindi):
301 ("rakam IV" anie baga piluvabade) accounting yantram taragati empika, svayamchaalaka vyavakalanam mariyu nikara saanukuula ledhaa pratikuula balance yokka mudrananu kaligi unna modati card-niyantrita yantram. 1928 naati eee yantram pattika nundi accounting yantraalaku parivartanaku udaaharanagaa nilustundi. rakam IV nimishaaniki 100 kaardulanu jabita cheyagaladu.
hetch.doubleu.egli-bull tabulator modal tii30,1931
1933loe pravesapettina ibm 401: dhi 401, ibm alphabetic tabulatorlu mariyu accounting mesheenla sudeergha shrenilo prarambha pravesam. dheenini zhe netrutvamloni brundam abhivruddhi chesindi. aarr. oka vyakti kanipettina mukhyamaina vidhulu mariyu lakshanaalanu vileenam chesi, vaatini vileenam chesaaru. doubleu. mills, eff. zhe. ferman mariyu ii. zhe. rabenda. 401 nimishaaniki 150 kaardula vegamtho jodinchabadindi mariyu nimishaaniki 80 kaardula vegamtho alphanumerical daetaanu jabita chesindi.
ibm 405:1934loe pravesapettabadina 405 aksharaala accounting yantram chaalaa samvatsaraalugaa ibm dwara vikrayinchabadina praathamika book keeping mariyu accounting yantram. jodinche saamarthyaanni vistarinchadam, counter grouping yokka ekkuva vasyata, mottam varnamaala yokka pratyaksha mudrana, pratyaksha vyavakalanam mariyu edainaa counter nundi debit ledhaa credit balance yokka mudrana mukhyamaina lakshanaalu. saadhaaranamgaa 405 "tabulator" anie piluvabade eee yantram rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata varaku ibm yokka utpatti shrenilo pradhaanamainadigaa undipoyindi. encrypted german sandeshaalu upayoginche telisina-spashtamaina daadi cribla gurinchi kontha ghnaanam pondadaaniki hutt 8 vadda unna british vaaru halerith yantraalanu upayoginchaaru.
1948 nundi ibm 402 mariyu 403,405 varaku aadhuneekarinchabadina vaarasulu.
1952 bull gaama 3 nii eee tabulatorku ledhaa card reed/punch kii jodinchavachhu.
1949loe pravesapettina ibm 407, daadaapu moodu dasabdaluga ibm unit rikaardu utpatti shreniki pradhana aadharam. idhi taruvaata aneka prarambha electronic calculatorlu mariyu computerlaku input/avtput paridheeyamgaa upayogapadela maarchabadindi. daani mudrana yantraangam ibm 700/7000 shreni kosam ibm 716 line printerlo mariyu taruvaata 1970la madhyakaalam varaku ibm 1130thoo upayoginchabadindi.
1976loe ibm 407 accounting yantraanni marketing nundi upasamharinchukunnaaru, idhi unit rikaardu shakam mugimpunu suuchistumdi.
ibm 421
kooda chudandi.
shaastreeya gananala kosam pattikalu prarambha upayogam kosam chudandi

