
mosam

chattamlo, mosam anedi anyaayamaina ledhaa chattaviruddhamaina labhanni pondadaaniki ledhaa baadhithuraaliki chattaparamaina hakkunu harinchadaaniki uddesapurvaka mosam. mosam poura chattanni ullanghinchavacchu (udhaa.zii.mosam baadhituraalu mosam nivaarinchadaaniki ledhaa dravya pariharanni tirigi pondadaaniki mosam nerasthudipai daavaa veyavachu) ledhaa criminal chattam (udhaa.zii.mosam chesina nerasthudini prabhutva adhikarulu vichaarinchi khaidu cheyavachu), ledhaa idhi dabbu, aasti ledhaa chattaparamaina hakkunu kolpodu, conny maroka poura ledhaa neerapuurita tappulo oka amsamgaa undavacchu. mosam yokka uddesyam dravya labham ledhaa itara prayojanaalu kaavacchu, udaaharanaku pasport, prayaana patram ledhaa driving licenses ledhaa tanakha mosam pondadam dwara, ikkada nerasthudu tappudu prakatanala dwara tanakha kosam arhata saadhinchadaaniki prayatninchavacchu.
antargata mosam, "antargata mosam" anie kooda pilustaaru, udyogi vanti samsthalo evarainaa chesina mosam ledhaa prayatninchadam.
nakilee anedi oka pratyaekamaina bhavana, idhi labham pondaalane uddesyam lekunda ledhaa baadhitudini bhouthikamgaa debbateeyadam ledhaa harinchadam lekunda uddeshapoorvakamgaa mosam chestundi.
poura tappugaa.
saadhaarana chattaparamaina adhikara paridhiloo, oka poura tappugaa, mosam anedi oka himsa. rujuvu yokka khachitamaina nirvachanalu mariyu avasaralu adhikara paridhula madhya maarutuu unnappatikee, mosam yokka avasaramaina amsaalu saadhaaranamgaa uddeshapoorvakamgaa tappugaa chuupadam ledhaa baadhitudu aadhaarapadataaniki uddesinchina oka mukhyamaina vaastavaanni daachadam, mariyu vaastavaaniki badhitudi haani kosam aadharapadatam. nyaayasthaanamlo moesaanni niroopinchadam tarachugaa kashtamani cheppabadutundi, endukante mosam cheyalane uddesam prashnaarthakamaina keelaka amsam. anduvalla, moesaanni niroopinchadam anedi "itara poura daavaala kante ekkuva saakshya bhaaramtho" vastundi. konni adhikara paridhulalo baadhitudu spashtamaina mariyu nammadagina saakshyaala dwara moesaanni niroopinchaalsina avasaram undatam valla eee kashtam marinta teevrataram avutundi.
moesaalaku parishkaralalo upasamharana (i.ii.mosapuuritamgaa pondina oppandam ledhaa lavadevi yokka tirogamanam), jarigina haanini bharti cheyadaaniki dravya puraskaranni tirigi pondadam, dushpravartananu sikshinchadaaniki ledhaa nirodhinchadaaniki sikshaatmaka nashtalu mariyu bahusha itarulu.
mosapurita prerita oppandam sandarbhaalalo, oppandam ullanghinchinanduku ledhaa oppandam yokka nirdishta paniteeru kosam poura charyalo mosam rakshanagaa upayogapadavachhu. adevidhamgaa, mosam anedi nyayasthaanam thana nyaayamaina adhikara paridhini upayoginchukodaniki oka aadhaaramgaa upayogapadavachhu.
oka neeramgaa.
saadhaarana chattaparamaina adhikara paridhiloo, neerapuurita neeramgaa, mosam aneka roopaalanu teesukuntundi, konni saadhaaranamainavi (udhaa.zii.tappudu natana dwara dongatanam) mariyu konni nirdishta vargaala baadhitulu ledhaa dushpravartana (udhaa.zii., byaanku mosam, beema mosam, forgery). neeramgaa mosam yokka amsaalu kooda adevidhamgaa maarutuu untaayi. bahusha atyanta saadhaaranamaina neerapuurita mosam, tappudu natana dwara dongatanam, yokka avasaramaina amsaalu, baadhithuraalini aastitoe vidipinchamani oppinche uddesyamto tappudu praatinidhyam ledhaa natana dwara uddeshapoorvakamgaa mosam cheyadam mariyu baadhithuraalini praatinidhyam ledhaa natanapai aadhaarapadutuu aastitoe vidipinchadam mariyu baadhithuraaliki aastini unchaalani uddesinchina nerasthudu.
praantam vaareegaa.
uttara america.
kenada.
criminal code yokka section 380 (1) kenadaalo moesaalaku saadhaarana nirvachananni andistundihi
paina perkonna jarimaanaalato paatu, kortu ess kinda nishedha uttarvulanu kooda jaarii cheyavachu. 380.2 (oka vyakti "edainaa upaadhini korukovadam, pondadam ledhaa konasaginchadam, ledhaa maroka vyakti yokka real estate, dabbu ledhaa viluvaina bhadratapai adhikaram kaligi unde yea hodaalo ayina swachchanda sevakudigaa maaradam ledhaa undatam" nundi nirodhinchadam). idhi s kinda tirigi chellinche arder kooda cheyavachu. 380.3.
kenadian kortulu eee neeramloo rendu vibhina amsaalu unnayani perkonnayi
nashtam, pakshapaatam ledhaa pakshapaatam yokka pramaadam yokka rujuvu meeda laemi santrupti chendutundani kenada yokka supreenkortu perkondi; vaastava nashtam undaalsina avasaram ledhu. vaanijya rahasya ledhaa vaanijya viluva kaligina copyrite cheyabadina vishayam yokka swabhaavamlo rahasya samacharanni kolpovadam kooda neram paridhiloki vastundani nirdhaarinchabadindi.
united states.
neerapuurita mosam.
united stateslo neerapuurita mosam aaropanalaku rujuvu avasaralu tappanisarigaa itara neeraalaku avasaralaku samanamga untayih aparaadham sahetukamaina sandehaaniki minchi niroopinchabadaali. united states antataa mosam aaropanalu nashtam mottaanni batti dushpravartanalu ledhaa neeraalu kaavacchu. adhika viluva kaligina mosam adanapu jarimaanaalanu kooda prerepinchavacchu. udaaharanaku, californialo, $500,000 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva nashtam, moesaaniki saadhaarana jarimaanaato paatu adanamgaa rendu, moodu ledhaa aidu samvatsaraala jailu sikshaku daari teestundi.
yuu.ess. mosam anedi gananeeyamgaa takkuvagaa nivedinchabadina neram anie, vividha samsthalu mariyu samsthalu eee samasyanu parishkarinchadaaniki prayatnistunnappatiki, prabhutva rangamlo nijamaina prabhavanni saadhinchadaaniki ekkuva sahakaram avasaramani 2006 naati prabhutva mosam sameeksha teelchindi. samasya yokka sthaayi unikilo unna aneka prati-mosam kaaryakramaalanu okachota chaerchadaaniki chinna conny adhika saktitoe kuudina samstha avasaranni suuchimchimdi.
poura mosam.
adhikara paridhi mariyu mosam aaropinchina daavaa vese vaadi chesina nirdishta aaropanala prakaram amsaalu maaravacchu, united stateslo mosam kesu yokka vilakshana amsaalu
mosam yokka poura daavaanu sthaapinchadaaniki, united statesloni chaalaa adhikara paridhulaku mosam daavaalooni prati amsaanni pratyaekatatoe abhyardhinchaali mariyu saakshyaala aadhikyata dwara niroopinchaali, antey mosam jarigi undakapovachhu. konni adhikara paridhulu adhika saakshya pramaanaanni vidhistaayi, udaaharanaku mosam yokka amsaalanu spashtamaina, khachitamaina mariyu nammadagina saakshyaalato (chaalaa sambhaavya sakshyam) niroopinchaalsina washington rashtram yokka avasaram ledhaa saadhaarana chatta mosam spashtamaina mariyu nammadagina sakshyam dwara niroopinchabadaalane pensylvania yokka avasaram.
mosam kesulalo nashtaala kolata saadhaaranamgaa rendu niyamaalalo okadaanni upayoginchi lekkinchabadutundih
prativaadi mosam valla sannihitamgaa sambhavinchinatlu choopinchinatlayithe mariyu nashtam mottaalu nirdishtatatoe niroopinchabadinatlayite pratyeka nashtalanu anumatinchavacchu.
aneka adhikara paridhulu mosam kesulo vaadini sikshaatmaka ledhaa aadarsapraayamaina nashtapariharam koradaniki anumatistaayi.
asea.
chaina.
jhang yingyu yokka kathala sankalanam "dhi book off vanchanalu" (ikkada andubaatulo undhi; ca. 1617) ming chaina chivaralo prabalamaina vaanijya moesaalaku, mukhyamgaa prayaaninchae vyaapaaravaettalatoe kuudina moesaaniki sakshyam istundi. "dhi economist", CNN, mariyu itara media samsthalu chaina vyapara mariyu vaanijya paddhatulapai mosam ledhaa chedu vishwaasam sanghatanala gurinchi kramam tappakunda nivedistaayi. "forbes" cyber kraimnu chaina viniyogadaarulaku nirantara mariyu perugutunna muppuga paerkonnaadu.
bharatadesam.
bhaaratadesamlo naera chattalu bharatiya shikshaasmruthilo ponduparachabaddaayi. dheeniki criminal proseasure code mariyu indian evidence act anubandhamgaa unnaayi.
airopa.
united kingdom.
2016loe UKloe mosam valla kolpoyina viluva samvatsaraaniki 193 billion poundlu.
oka adhyayanam prakaram, janavari 2018loe "financial times" nivedinchina prakaram, 2017loe UK mosam viluva 15 samvatsaraala garishta sthaayi ayina £ 2.11bn kuu cherukundi. ganana samstha bii. dii. oo. 50,000 poundla kante ekkuva viluvaina moesaala kesulanu pariseelinchi, 2003loe 212thoo poliste 2017loe mottam sankhya 577kii perigindani kanugonnatlu vyaasam perkondi. prati sanghatanalo dongilinchabadina sagatu mottam 2003loe 1.5 million poundla nundi, 2017loe 577kii perigindani adhyayanam kanugondi.
crow clark whitehill, experion mariyu center pharr counter mosam studies adhyayanam prakaram, november 2017 natiki, UKloe mosam atyanta saadhaarana neeramgaa undhi. UK mosam kaaranamgaa samvatsaraaniki 190 billion poundlaku paiga kolpotundani adhyayanam suuchistumdi. ganaanka samayala" prakaram 2017 samvatsaraaniki UK anchanaa vesina gdp ($2,496 (£2,080) billion) loe £190 biliyanlu 9 saatam kante ekkuva.) britainlo moesaala anchanaa romenia, khatar mariyu hangari vanti deshaala mottam gdp kante ekkuva.
UK anty-fraad chaaritii mosam salaha brundam (fap) maroka sameeksha prakaram, vyapara mosam 144 billion poundlu kaga, vyaktulapai mosam £ 9.7bn gaa anchanaa veyabadindi. london velupala UK loe mosam baadhitulaku pooliisula nundi labhinche maddatunu eee samstha mukhyamgaa vimarsinchindi. mosam baadhitulanu saadhaaranamgaa UK yokka jaateeya mosam mariyu cyber crime reporting center, action friedku suuchimchinappatikii, eee naera nivedikalanu UK adhikarulu elanti gananeeyamaina chatta amalu charyalatho anusarinche avakaasam takkuvagaa undani FAP kanugondi.
2016 joolailo, 2016 varaku 10 samvatsaraalalo UKloe mosapurita karyakalapala sthaayilu £52 billionla nundi £193 biliyanlaku perigaayani nivedinchabadindi. london nagara pooliisu maajee commissioner ayina adrian leppard cheppinatlugaa, ituvanti neeraalu vaastavaaniki 12 loe 1 matrame nivedinchabaddaayi kabatti, eee sankhya oka sampradaayabaddhamaina anchanaa avutundi. nca yokka economic crime command director donald toon juulai 2016loe ilaa perkonnaduh "mosam valla yukeku vaarshika nashtalu 190 billion poundla kante ekkuvagaa unnayani anchanaa veyabadindi". ingland mariyu wales yokka naera survey nundi october 2015loe vidudala chesina ganaamkaalu, gatha samvatsaramlo ingland mariyu wales loe 51 laksala mosam sanghatanalu jarigaayani, idhi 12 mandhi peddalalo okarini prabhaavitam chesi, idhi atyanta saadhaarana naera roopamgaa maarindani kanugonnayi.
2016 joolailo kooda, jaateeya ganaamkaala karyalayam (ons) "gatha samvatsaram ingland mariyu vaelsloo daadaapu aaru millionla mosam mariyu cyber neeraalu jarigaayi mariyu 2016 marchi chivari varaku 12 nelallo rendu millionla computer durviniyoga neeraalu mariyu 3.8 millionla mosam neeraalu unnayani anchanaa vesindi". mosam UKloe prati padhi mandiloo okarini prabhaavitam chestundi. aanla prakaram, chaalaa varaku moesaalaku byaanku khaataa moesaalaku sambandhinchinavi. 2016 marchi varaku yukelo peddalapai maroe 63 laksala neeraalu (mosam kante bhinnamgaa) jarigaayani sheershika anchanaa nundi eee ganaamkaalu vaerugaa unnaayi.
2016loe jaateeya ganaamkaala karyalayam prachurinchina "naera haani suuchika" loe mosam cherchabadaledu. cardiff vishwavidhyaalayamlo criminology professor maikhel levi augustu 2016loe matladutu, UKloe pooliisulaku nivedinchabadina atyanta saadhaarana neeramgaa unnappatikee modati suuchika nundi mosam vadiliveyadam "chaalaa vicharakaram" anie vyakhyaaninchaaru. levi ilaa annadu, "meeku minahaayinchabadina konni vargaalu unte, avi svayamchaalakamgaa pooliisula praadhaanyatala nundi vadiliveyabadataayi."jaateeya audit karyalayam (navo) adhipati surr anus morse kooda ilaa annaru" "chaalaa kaalamgaa, takkuva viluva gala conny adhika parimaanamlo jarige neeramgaa, online moesaalanu prabhutvam, chatta amalu mariyu parisramalu vismarinchaayi". idhi ippudu ingland mariyu vaelsloo atyanta saadhaaranamgaa anubhavinche neram mariyu takshana pratispandananu korutundi."
hchm treasury 2011 janavarilo kendra prabhutva vibhaagaalaku "antargata moesaalanu parishkarinchadaaniki" sambandhinchina maargadarsakaalanu jaarii chesindi, aaa samayamlo aardhika ottillu mariyu sambhaavya sibbandi anavasaralu, "moesaaniki paalpadataaniki pralobhaaniki guraina" sibbandini edainaa avakaasaanni marinta ekkuvagaa upayoginchukovadaaniki daariteestaayani aandolana chendindi, "mosam nundi bahumati" mariyu gurtinche pramaadam madhya samatulyatalo saadhyamayye maarpunu gamaninchindi. maargadarsakatvamlo oka amsam emitante, "mosam suuchikala" kosam sibbandini sannaddham cheyadamh sibbandi, brundam ledhaa karyakalapala praantamlooni vyaktigata sabhyuniki "nisitamgaa pariseelinchadam" avasaramani aadharalu ledhaa suuchanalu.
2022loe, television karyakramam "scom interceptors" united kingdamlo ekkuva moesaalu aasiyaaloni paarisraamika-sthaayi scomming coll centerla nundi jarigaayani velladinchindi.
ingland, wales mariyu uttara ireland.
2007 nundi, ingland mariyu wales mariyu uttara irelandlo moesaalaku mosam chattam 2006 paridhiloki vachindi. eee chattaniki 8 november 2006naa raaja sammati ivvabadindi mariyu 15 janavari 2007naa amaluloki vachindi.
eee chattam mosam yokka naera neeraaniki chattabaddhamaina nirvachananni istundi, daanini moodu vargaluga nirvachistundi-tappudu praatinidhyam dwara mosam, samacharanni bahirgatam cheyadamlo viphalamavadam dwara mosam mariyu padavi durviniyogam dwara mosam. mosam chesina vyakti sankshiptamgaa doshigaa telinappudu (uttara irelandlo aaru nelalu) pannendu nelala varaku jarimana ledhaa jailu siksha ledhaa neraropanapai doshigaa telinappudu padhi samvatsaraala varaku jarimana ledhaa jailu siksha vidhinchabadataarani idhi andistundi. eee chattam ekkuvagaa mosam dwara aastini pondadam, aardhika prayojanaanni pondadam mariyu dongatanam chattam 1978 kinda srushtinchabadina itara neeraalaku sambandhinchina chattalanu bharti chestundi.
scatland.
scots chattamlo, mosam saadhaarana chattam mariyu aneka chattabaddhamaina neeraala paridhiloki vastundi. pradhana mosam neeraalu saadhaarana chatta mosam, uchchaarana, durviniyogam mariyu chattabaddhamaina mosam. scatlandlo mosam chattam 2006 vartinchadu.
prabhutva samsthalu.
teevramaina mosam karyalayam anedi united kingdom prabhutvam yokka oka vibhagam, idhi attarney generalku javaabudaareegaa untundi.
jaateeya mosam adhikaram (nfa), 2014 varaku, yukelo prati-mosam pratispandananu samanvayam chese prabhutva samstha.
siphas anedi oka british mosam nivaarana seva, idhi anni rangaalaku labhapeksha laeni sabhyatva samstha, idhi samsthalu tama databaselanu upayoginchi mosam daetaanu panchukoovadaaniki mariyu access cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. sibbandi antargata mosam mariyu aardhika mariyu sambandhita neeraala gurtimputoe sahaa moesaala nivaaranaku siphas ankitam cheyabadindi.
kharchu.
dhruveekarinchabadina mosam pariseelakula sangham 2010loe nirvahinchina sarvelo palgonnavaru, saadhaarana samstha thana vaarshika aadaayamlo aidu saatam moesaaniki kolpotundani, sagatuna 160,000 dollarla nashtanni chavichustundani anchanaa vaesaaru. yajamaanulu mariyu kaaryanirvahakulu chesina mosam udyogula mosam kante tommidi retlu ekkuva khareedainadi. banking, tayari mariyu prabhutvam ekkuvagaa prabhaavitamayye parisramalu.
mosapurita charyala rakalu.
nakilee patraalu anie piluvabade nakilee patraalu, nakilee patraalu anevi bhouthika nakilee ledhaa kalpanalo palgone mosam rakalu. okari vyaktigata samacharam ledhaa gurtimpu yokka "dongatanam", okaru marokari saamaajika bhadrata sankhyanu kanugoni, aapai daanini gurtimpugaa upayoginchadam vantidi, oka rakamaina mosam. mail, wire, phone mariyu internet (computer crime mariyu internet mosam) thoo sahaa aneka maadhyamaala dwara mariyu antataa mosam cheyavachu.
web yokka antarjaateeya swabhaavam mariyu viniyogadaarulu tama sthaanaanni dachukovadamlo soulabhyam, aanlainlo gurtimpu mariyu chattabaddhatanu tanikhi cheyadaaniki addamkulu mariyu piiki praapyata pondadaaniki andubaatulo unna vividha rakaala hacker paddhatulu annee internet mosam yokka vegavantamaina vruddhiki dohadapaddayi. konni deshaalalo, pannu moesaanni tappudu billing ledhaa pannu forgery kinda kooda vichaaristaaru. mosapurita "aavishkaranalu" kooda jarigaayi, udhaa.zii., sains, ikkada aakali takshana dravya labham kante pratishta kosam untundi.
vastuvula mosam.
taruvaata samaana aastula maarpidiki haamii ichhe oppandaaniki anugunamgaa oka nirdishta mottamlo karenseeni pondadam (ledhaa pondadaaniki prayatninchadam) chattaviruddhamaina charya, idhi chivariki eppatikee raadu, idhi oka rakamaina mosam, dheenini vastuvula mosam anie pilustaaru. pratyamnaayamgaa, eee padam eee krindi vatiki sambandhinchinadi kaavachuh maarpidilo namodu chesukovadamlo vaiphalyam; khaataadaarulaku uddeshapoorvakamgaa tappudu samacharanni andinche charya; chellimpudaarudiki labham chekurchalane ekaika uddesyamto laavaadaeveelanu amalu chese charya; khaataadaaru nidhula dongatanam.
gurtinchadam.
predictive analytics ledhaa forensic analytics thoo jatacheyabadina bhaarii mottamlo aardhika daetaanu sekarinchadam, aardhika moesaalanu punarnirminchadaaniki ledhaa gurtinchadaaniki electronic daetaanu upayoginchadam dwara pedda ettuna mosapurita karyakalapalanu gurtinchadam saadhyamavutundi.
mukhyamgaa computer aadhaarita vislaeshanhaatmaka paddhatulanu upayoginchadam valla lopaalu, kramaraahityaalu, asamarthathalu, akramalu mariyu pakshapaataalu bayatapadataaniki veelu kalpistundi, ivi tarachugaa antargata niyantrana parimitulanu daatadaaniki nirdishta dollar mottaalaku aakarshinche mosagaallanu suuchistaayi. eee unnata sthaayi pareekshalalo benford chattaniki sambandhinchina pareekshalu mariyu bahusha vivaranaatmaka ganaamkaalu anie piluvabade ganaamkaalu kooda untaayi. adhika-sthaayi pareekshala taruvaata ellappuduu atyanta kramarahita lavadevila chinna namuunaalanu vetakadaaniki marinta kendrikruta pareekshalu untaayi. mosam mariyu itara avakatavakalanu gurtinchadaaniki sahasambandham mariyu samaya-shreni vislaeshanha yokka suparichitamaina paddhatulanu kooda upayoginchavacchu.
mosam vyatiraeka ketayimpu.
moesaalanu nivaarinche lakshyamtho unna chattalaku minchi, mosalapai pooraadataaniki uddesinchina prabhutva mariyu prabhutvetara samsthalu kooda unnaayi. 1911 mariyu 1933 madhya 47 rashtraalu blue skye laa hodha anie pilavabade hodaanu sweekarinchaayi.
eee chattalu rashtra sthaayilo amalu cheyabaddaayi mariyu amalu cheyabaddaayi mariyu mosam nundi prajalanu rakshinchadaaniki securityla samarpana mariyu ammakalanu niyantrinchaayi. eee chattaala yokka nirdishta nibandhanalu raashtraala madhya maarutuu unnappatikee, vaatannintikii anni securityla samarpanalu mariyu ammakaala namodu, alaage prati yuu.ess. stock broker mariyu brokerage samstha. ayithe, eee neelirangu aakaasa chattalu saadhaaranamgaa asamarthamgaa unnatlu kanugonabadindi. muuladhana marketlapai prajala vishwaasaanni penchadaaniki united states adhyakshudu franklin dii. roosvelt, yuu nii sthaapinchaaru.ess. securitylu mariyu exchange commission (seka). stock marketnu niyantrinchadam mariyu securityla samarpana mariyu ammakam mariyu corporate reportingku sambandhinchina corporate durviniyogaalanu nivaarinchadam eee sec srushtiki pradhana kaaranam. stock exchangeelu, vaatipai securitylu vartakam chese companylu mariyu trading nirvahinchina brokerlu mariyu dealerlaku licenses ivvadaaniki mariyu niyantrinchadaaniki adhikaranni sekandku ivvabadindi.
marinta chadavandi.
mosam kakunda, uddesapurvaka moesaalu aneka sambandhita vargaalu unnaayi, veetilo vyaktigata labham ledhaa maroka vyaktiki nashtam kaliginche amsaalu undavacchu ledhaa undakapovachhuh