
gamveriwal

saadhaaranamgaa ganveriwala anie piluvabade ganveriwal (), paakistaanlooni dakshina punjabloni kolistan edaarilo unna oka puraavastu pradaesam. idhi indus loya nagarikataloni atipedda nagarallo okati, atyanta vistrutamaina kaamsya yuga nagarikatalalo okati, mariyu nagarikatalo nagara kendramgaa undani nammutaaru. eee pradaesaanni 1970laloe mahmad rafeek moghal tirigi kanugonnadu, conny sarigga tavvabadaledu. uparitala anveshanhala sekarana mariyu sait yokka survey itara indus loya pradaesaalaloo kanipinche matti ituka godalanu, alaage unicorn bommalu, raagi mudra mariyu akattukunna bankamatti palakanu choopinchindi. vyavasaya upayogam kosam chuttupakkala praantaanni nirantaram abhivruddhi cheyadamtho paatu sait madhyalo rahadari nirmaanam valla sait yokka bhavishyattu alaage edainaa tavvakam pani pramaadamloo undhi. 
sthaanam.
gamveriwala bhaarata sarihadduku sameepamlo ghaggar-hakra yokka podi nadeeteeramlo undhi, idhi ippudu vistaaramaina kolistan edaarilo bhaagam. sait parimaanam anedi vivaadaaspada samasya, naalugu ververu parimaanaalu ververu samayaallo nivedinchabaddaayi. 
eee nagaram indus loyaloni rendu pradhana nagaraala nundi samaana dhooramlo undhi, mohenjodaroku eesaanyamgaa 340 kii. mea. mariyu harappaku nairuti disalo 260 kii. mea. la dhooramlo undhi. 
iteevali kaalamlo eee pradaesam chuttoo unna bhoomi prajalaku nivaasayogyamgaa ledhu, conny indus loya nagarikata samayamlo eee praantam hakra nadhi dwara pooshinchabadindi, eee praantaanni saaravantamainadigaa chesindi mariyu eee praanta pourulu pantalanu pandinchagaligaaru mariyu jantuvulanu saagu cheyagaligaaru. 
chaaritraka sandarbham.
indus loya nagarikatalo 5va atipedda nagaram ganveriwala, cree puu 2600 nundi 1900 varaku pradhana kendramgaa undinattu nammutaaru. sindhu loya nagarikata kaamsya yugapu nagarikata, idhi daani atyunnata sthaayiki cherukunnappudu 5 millionla janabha kaligi undhi. mesopotamia mariyu puraatana egyptutho kalisi, idhi mottamodati sanklishta nagarikatalalo okati, mariyu eee moodintilo atyanta vistrutamainadi. indus loya nagarikataloni atipedda nagarallo gamveri vaalaa okati, conny idhi athi takkuva anveshinchabadinadi. gamveri vaalaa vilakshanhamaina indus nagarikata pattana pranaalikanu anusarinchinatlu nammutaaru. rendu ververu dibbala samakshamlo kanipinche vidhamgaa dheeniki eguva pattanam mariyu diguva pattanam unnaayi.
muruguneeti vyavasthalu, lekkimpu vyavasthalu, baga abhivruddhi chendina samachara marpidi sadhanam mariyu kalaatmaka kaaryakalaapaalaku chaalaa aadhaaraalatho nagarikata aaa samayamlo asadhaaranamgaa adhunaatanamainadi.ganveriwala pourulu puusalu, kundalu mariyu bommalu vanti chetipanula utpattilo, bladelu mariyu bankamatti palakalu vanti paarisraamika kalakhandala utpattilo palgonnarani kalakhandalu choopinchaayi. indus loyaloni pattanaalu mariyu nagarallo idhe sthaayi bhouthika samskruti kanipinchindi. eee praantamloo vistrutamaina vaanijyam jarigindani idhi suuchistumdi. indus loya mariyu mesopotamia madhya vaanijyam jarigindani kooda parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi. sindhu loya nagarikata pradhanamgaa vyavasaayampai aadharapadi undani puraavastu aadharalu suuchistunnaayi. dhanyalu mariyu thota kuuragaayalu pandinchabaddaayi, mariyu pasuvula pempakam eee praanta vyavasaya aardhika vyavasthaku mukhyamainadi.
harrappan bhashaku chendina aneka saasanaalu kanugonabadinappatiki, avi ardham chesukoleniviga migilipoyayi. vividha parisoedhakulu scriptnu ardham chesukogaliginatlu paerkonnaaru, ayithe eee vividha vaadanalapai inca etuvanti ekaabhipraayam kudurchukoledu. eee lipilo vividha chihnalu, vigraharadhana mariyu code padaalu untaayi, ivi bankamatti pattikalu, mudralu mariyu kundalapai vrayabaddayi. iteevali parisoedhana prakaram, dravida bhasha yokka aadhunika bhasha kutumbam, indus loya lipiki atyanta daggaragaa unde aadhunika bhasha kaavacchu.96 saatam khachitatva retunu kaligi unna oka kramamaina kolata vyavastha kooda nagarikata antataa upayoginchabadindi mariyu praamaaneekarinchabadindi. eee vyavastha dwaipaakshika mariyu dasaamsa vyavasthala antarleena suutraalanu anusaristundi.
sindhu loya rajakeeyamgaa elaa vyavastheekarinchabadindo spashtamgaa teliyadu, ayithe idhi kendrikruta naayakatvam mariyu aardhika vyavasthatho paatu sopanakramam aadhaaramgaa saamaajika vyavasthatho vyavastheekarinchabadi undakapovachhu, ayithe idhi modatagaa, mariyu itara prarambha nagarikatalalo chuusinatlugaa. eee praantam antataa samskrutilo kontavaraku ekaruupata unnappatikee, pedda mottamlo praantiiya vaividhyam undani puraavastu aadharalu chuupistunnaayi. indus loyalo aneka nagara-rashtraalu unnayani oohinchabadindi.
indus loya charitralo moodu vibhina kaalalu gurtinchabaddaayih prarambha harappa, harappa mariyu harappa anantara kaalam. prarambha harappa kristupurvam 3300 mariyu 2600 madhya kaalanni suuchistumdi, eee praantam antataa vibhina praantiiya samskrutulu unnaayi. eee samayamlo eee praanta janabhalo pedda perugudala kanipinchindi, idhi eee praantamlooni janabha parimaanam mariyu sthaavaraala sankhyalo perugudalanu chusindi.  puraavastu saastravettala nundi labhinchina aadharalu eee samayamlo saamaajika bhedam mariyu hastakala pratyekata praarambhamaindani suuchistunnaayi.
harappa kaalam kristupurvam 2600 mariyu 1900 madhya undhi mariyu pattana vaataavaranam mariyu pradhana nagara kendraalalo perugudala dheeni lakshanam. sthiranivaasaala parimaanaalu perigayi, alaage pattana nirmaana vaataavaranam kooda perigindi. eee praantam antataa praamaanika vyavasthalanu avalambinchaaru mariyu nirmaanaaniki kaalchina itukalanu upayoginchaaru. eee kaalamlo porugu nagarikatala madhya sambandhaalu erpaddaayi, eee kotta saamaajika-aardhika mariyu saamaajika-saamskrutika sambandhaalu marinta balamgaa anusandhaaninchabadina pattana samajanni srushtinchadaaniki sahayapaddayi.
harappa anantara kaalam kristupurvam 1900 loe sambhavinchindi, idhi indus loya yokka aardhika, raajakeeya mariyu saamskrutika sthithilo vistaaramaina maarpulatoe paatu paryaavaranamloo goppa maarpula kaalanni suuchistumdi. prastuta pakistan eshaanya bhaagamlo sthaavaraalaku anukuulamgaa pradhana nagaralu vadiliveyabaddaayi. eee samayamlo pourulu ghana baruvulu, chadarapu steatite mudralu mariyu talli devata vigrahalanu upayoginchadam manesarani aadharalu unnaayi, eee samayamlo kendrikruta niyantrana lekapovadam suuchistumdi.
sindhu loya nagarikata mugimpuku samayam mariyu kaaranam teliyadu. eee praantam yokka vaataavaranam mariyu bhougolika maarpula valla eee patanam jarigi undavacchani soochinchabadindi. bhoogola kadalika kaaranamgaa indus nadhi varadalu sambhavinchi undavacchu, ayithe ghaggar hakra nadhi endipoyindani nammutaaru. eee rendu nadulu indus loyaku pradhana neeti vanarugaa undi, vaati vyavasaya vyavasthaku maddatugaa unnanduna, eee maarpulu daani ksheenataku daariteesaayi. pratyamnaayamgaa, kontamandi panditulu maanava jokyalu, bahusha dandayaatra ledhaa nilakadaleni janabha perugudala eee pathanaaniki kaaranamai undavacchani oohinchaaru. 
punahshodhana mariyu tavvakam.
indus loyanu modata 1941loe charr aarel steyn kolistan edaarilo tirigi kanugonnaru. 1955loe henry feeled eee praantaanni mallee anveshinchindi. chivaraku, 1970laloe mahmad rafeek moghal eee praantaanni survey chesi, hakra nadeeteeram vembadi 174 paripakva harrapan pradaesaalanu tirigi kanugonappudu gamveriwala kanugonabadindi. ganveriwala daani parimaanam kaaranamgaa atyanta mukhyamaina pradaesam. idhi sindhu loya nagarikata yokka rendu rajadhani nagaralaina mohenjodaro mariyu harrappalanu pooli untundani mogalulu anchanaa vaesaaru.
pakistan prabhutvam puraavastu saakha mariyu museumla vibhagam punjab vishwavidyaalayam yokka puraavastu vibhaagaaniki licenses jaarii chesinappudu 2007loe ganverivaalaanu modatisaarigaa survey chesaaru. ganverivaalaanu mapp cheyadaaniki mariyu sait yokka bhavishyat tavvakaalaku sahaayapadataaniki sait yokka kramabaddhamaina gridnu erpaatu cheyadam dwara survey praarambhamaindi. eee pradaesam rendu dibbalatho roopondinchabadindi, dibba eah marinta thoorpuna undhi mariyu dibba bii, rendintiloo peddadi, saitku paschimaana undhi. pattanamlooni rendu praantaalaku sarukula ravana mariyu ravaanaaku pradhana veedhi kendra maargamgaa panichesindi. eee lakshanaalu gamveriwala indus nagarikataku vilakshanhamaina grid pranaalikanu anusaristundani suuchistunnaayi.
punjab vishwavidyaalayam brundam anchanaa vesina prakaram ganveriwala 81.5 hectorla vistiirnamloo undani moghal modatlo anchanaa vaesaaru, eee pradaesam kevalam 42 hectorlu matrame. moghal nivedinchina migilina 39 hectorlu isuka dibbalatho kappabadi undavacchani, tadupari tavvakaalato vaatini velikiteeyavacchani oohinchabadindi. gatha dasabdaluga kolistan edaari natakeeyamgaa maarindi. ayithe, eee rendu kolatalu khachitamainavi kaani saampradaaya kolata paddhatulapai aadharapadi unnaayi. idhi kolatalalo asamaanatanu vivarinchavacchani nammutaaru. 2008loe masih eee pradaesam 64 hectorla vistiirnamloo untundani anchanaa vaesaaru, chivaraku marinta adhunaatana kolata vyavasthalanu upayoginchi 2021loe nirvahinchina oka survey, gamveriwala pradaesam 66.7 hectarluga choopinche aakruti pataanni roopondinchindi. anduvalla iteevali anchanaa atyanta khachitamainadigaa pariganinchabadutundi, conny parimaanaanni nirdhaarinchadaaniki tavvakam avasaram.
bhavishyattulo ganveriwala tavvakaalu evaina savaallanu edurkontaayi, endukante eee praantam vyavasaya upayogam kosam abhivruddhi cheyabadutondi. eee praantam sainika karyakalapalu, private vaeta paarteelu mariyu nidhi vaetagaallaku kooda lobadi untundi, idhi saitnu debbateestundi. punjab vishwavidyaalayam nirvahinchina sarvelo uae nundi vaeta paarteela kosam gamveriwala sait madhyalo 4 meterla vedalpu gala rahadaarini nirminchinatlu gurtinchaaru. idhi sait kuu jarigina nashtaniki duradrushtakaram ayinappatikee, idhi dibbala eguva vibhagalalo siddhamgaa unna vibhaagaalanu andinchindi, idhi saitnu marinta pariseelinchadaaniki jattuku veelu kalpinchindi. eee samasyalu unnappatikee, gamveriwala pradaesamloe ekkuva bhaagam ippudu unna isuka dibbala dwara samrakshinchabadi undavacchani nammutaaru.
eee pradaesamloe etuvanti shaastreeya tavvakaalu jaragaledu, conny survey cheyadam, mapping cheyadam mariyu uparitala kalakhandalanu sekarinchadam dwara, ganveriwala vadda aneka mukhyamaina aavishkaranalu jarigaayi.90 centimeters vedalpu gala matti-ituka goda dibba eah meedugaa dakshina-uttara disagaa pravahistuu kanipinchindi. carbon namuunaalu eee pradaesam yokka eguva sthaayilanu harappa kaalam 3sii sumaru cree. puu. 2300 nundi 1900 varaku thedhee cheyagaligaayi. sait yokka aakrutulu vaati madhya nadustunna veedhulatho house blaxga oohinchabaddaayi. eee layowoot itara harappa sthaavaraala maadirigaane untundi, ayithe eee parikalpanalanu dhruveekarinchadaaniki saraina shaastreeya tavvakam paddhatulu avasaram. uparitala anveshanhalanu sekarinchi pariseelinchaaru. vaatilo paint cheyabadina mariyu saadaa, raagi panimutlu, raathi panimutlu, kaalchina itukalu, cheelika aakarapu itukalu, steatite disk puusalu mariyu agate puusalu unnaayi. gurtinchadagina aavishkaranalalo unicorn bommalu, raagi mudra mariyu akattukunna bankamatti palaka unnaayi.
mukhyamaina aavishkaranalu.
1972 nundi 2015 varaku ganveriwala nundi uparitala aavishkaranala sekaranalu chalasarlu nirvahinchabaddaayi. eee pradaesam lakshalaadi kalakhandalatho kappabadi undhi, veetini vaati paniteeru mariyu lakshanaala aadhaaramgaa naalugu ververu rakaluga vibhajinchavachhu; eee samuuhaalu itukalu, ghnaapakasakti kalakhandalu, alankaranalu mariyu bommalu mariyu upayogakaramaina kalakhandalu. vividha rakaala kalakhandalu saadhaaranamgaa ganveriwala vadda dibbala yokka vividha praantaalalo kanipistaayi, idhi nagaramloni vividha praantaalalo jarigina vividha saamaajika-aardhika karyakalapalanu pratibimbimchavachchu.
akattukunna matti palaka.
oka akattukunna bankamatti palaka dibbapai kanugonabadindi. indulo nagnamgaa, vistarinchina chetulato yogi sthithilo kuurchunna oka maga devata, athani krinda oka shishyuditho simhaasanampai kuurchuni undhi. eee maatra 2 centimeters podavu mariyu 1 centimeters vedalpu kaligi untundi. idhi virigi, vakreekarinchabadindi. tablet yokka maroka mukhampai moodu prasiddha indus lipi sankethaalu unnaayi.
raagi mudra.
chedugaa debbatinna raagi mudra kooda kanugonabadindi mariyu eee praantamloo kanugonabadina eee rakamaina modatidi. nashtam kaaranamgaa etuvanti sankethaalu gurtinchabadaledu, conny ex-rae fluorescence vislaeshanhaloo aaa mudra 99.89% swachchamaina raagitho koodi undani telindi.
unicorn vigrahalu.
gamveriwala vadda naalugu terracotta unicorn bommalu kanugonabaddayi, indus loyaloni pradaesaalaloo unicornla chitranalu tarachugaa kanipinchinappatikii, vaatini terracotta roopamlo kanugonadam chaalaa arudu. avi maroe moodu nagarallo (harappa, mohenjodaro mariyu chanhudaro) kanugonabadinappatiki, avi oke pradaesamloe intha pedda parimaanamlo ennadoo kanugonabadaledu.
terrakota mukkalu.
sidra gulzar sekarinchina moodu namuunaalanu (gndableu-1, gndableu-2, gndableu-3), namoonaalalo unna praathamika muulakaalanu gurtinchadaaniki sem-adx vislaeshanhanu upayoginchi vislaeshimchaaru. namuunaalu oka kooja meda nundi sakalaalu, oka randhraala kunda mariyu oka kunda yokka adugubhagam. namoonaalalo adhika sthaayi carbon mariyu silicon unnayani phalitaalu choopinchaayi. alaage, moodu namuunaalanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki upayoginche mudi padaarthaalu oke pradaesam nundi vachayani kooda chepparu. gndablue-2 thoo poliste gndablue-1 mariyu gndablue-3 loe inumu mariyu calcium yokka vibhina sthaayilu avi ververu ushnogratala vadda kalchabaddayani velladinchaayi.
itukalu.
gamveriwala pradaesamloe nirvahinchina sarvelo kaalchina itukalaku aadharalu kanugonabaddayi. indus loyaloni harappa kaalamlo, pedda nagaraala nirmaanaaniki upayoginche itukalu saadhaaranamgaa 1:2:4 nishpattilo nirminchabaddaayi. ganveriwala vadda kanugonna itukalu kooda eee praamaanika parimaanaanni anusarinchaayi. itukala parimaanaanni ekareetigaa unchadaaniki oka pratyeka acchunu upayoginchi undavacchani oohinchabadindi. kaalchina itukala uniki kooda eee praantamloo itukalanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki samruddhiga mudi padaarthaalu, alaage itukalanu kaalchadaaniki taginanta indhanam undani suuchistumdi.

