
raagam

raagam ledhaa raagam (raagam ledhaa raagam kooda) anedi bharatiya shaastreeya sangeetamlo sraavyamaina reetilo merugudala kosam oka sraavyamaina chatram. raagam" anedi shaastreeya bharatiya sangeeta sampradaayamlo oka pratyaekamaina mariyu kendra lakshanam, phalitamgaa shaastreeya european sangeetamlooni bhavanalaku pratyaksha anuvaadam ledhu. prati raagam sangeeta muulaamsaalatoe kuudina sraavyamaina nirmaanaala shreni, idhi bharatiya sampradaayamlo "manassuku rangu" veyagala saamarthyam kaligi undi prekshakula bhavodvegalanu prabhaavitam cheyagaladani bhaavistaaru.
prati "raagam" sangeetakaarudiki meruguparachadaaniki oka sangeeta chatraanni andistundi. sangeetakaarudu meruguparachadamlo "raagam" kuu nirdishta niyamaalaku anugunamgaa "raagam" anumatinchina swaraala kramaanni srushtinchadam untundi. "raagaala paridhi, bahar mariyu shahana vanti chinna" "raagaala" "nundi paatalu kante ekkuva kaadu, malcounlu, darbari mariyu yaman vanti pedda" "raagaala" "varaku untundi, ivi merugudalaku goppa avakaasaalanu kaligi untaayi mariyu veeti pradarsanalu oka gantaku paiga untaayi". "ragalu" kalakramena maaravacchu, oka udaaharana marwa, dheeni praathamika abhivruddhi saampradaaya madhya ashtakaniki viruddhamgaa diguva ashtakaniki digutondi. prati raagaaniki saampradayakamgaa bhavodvega praamukhyata mariyu kaalam, samayam mariyu manasika sthithi vanti sanketha anubandhalu untaayi. bharatiya sangeeta sampradaayamlo raagam anedi prekshakulalo nirdishta bhavalanu rekettinche saadhanamgaa pariganinchabadutundi. shaastreeya sampradaayamlo vandalaadi "ragalu" gurtinchabaddaayi, veetilo sumaru 30 saadhaaranamainavi, mariyu prati "raagaaniki" daani swantha "pratyaekamaina sraavyamaina vyaktitvam" untundi.
rendu pradhana shaastreeya sangeeta sampradaayaalu unnaayi, "hinduusthaanii" (uttara bharatiya) mariyu "karnataka" (dakshina bharatiya), mariyu "raaga" bhavana rendintikee samanamga untundi. "raagam" anedi sikku matam yokka praathamika grandhamaina "guru grunth sahib" vanti sikku sampradayalalo kooda kanipistundi. adevidhamgaa, idhi dakshina aasiyaaloni suufii islaamik samajalalo "kavvali" sampradaayamlo oka bhaagam. konni prasiddha bharatiya chalanachitra paatalu mariyu gajallu tama kuurpuloo "ragalu" nuu upayogistaayi.
prati raagamlo shadja ledhaa adhaara sadja anie piluvabade swaram (swaram ledhaa paeru gala swaram) untundi, dheeni swaraanni pradarsakudu ekapakshamgaa enchukovachhu. idhi "saptak" (vadulugaa, ashtakam) prarambham mariyu mugimpunu suuchimchadaaniki teesukobadutundi. raagamlo oka adhista kooda undhi, idhi swara maa ledhaa swara paa. adhista anedi ashtakanni rendu bhagaluga ledhaa "anga" gaa vibhajistundi-"puurvaamga", dheenilo diguva swaraalu untaayi, mariyu "uttaranga", dheenilo adhika swaraalu untaayi. prati raagaaniki oka "vaadi" mariyu oka "samvaadi" untaayi. vaadi" anedi atyanta pramukha swaram, antey oka merugudala sangeetakaarudu itara swaraala kante "vaadi" kii praadhaanyata istaadu ledhaa ekkuva shraddha istaadu. samvaadi anedi vaadi (ellappuduu vaadini kaligi laeni "anga" nundi) thoo hallu untundi mariyu raagamlo rendava atyanta pramukha swaram.
paribhasha.
samskruta padam "raaga" (samskrutamh raaga) bharatiya muulaalanu kaligi undhi, "* regg-" antey "rangu veyadam" anie ardham. greeku, pertian, khwarezmian mariyu "raakt", "rung", "raakt" mariyu itara bhaashalalo kagnetlu kanipistaayi. erupu" mariyu "rado" anae padaalu kooda sambandham kaligi unnaayi. monier monier-villiams prakaram, eee padam "rangu ledhaa rangu vese charya" ledhaa kevalam "rangu, rangu, rangu, rangu" kosam oka samskruta padam nundi vachindi. eee padam "bhavana, aapyaayata, korika, aasakti, aanandam ledhaa aanandam" nuu soochinche bhavodvega sthithini kooda suuchistumdi, mukhyamgaa oka vishayam ledhaa edainaa patla abhiruchi, prema ledhaa saanubhootiki sambandhinchinadi. praacheena bharatiya sangeetam sandarbhamlo, eee padam sraavyamaina swaram, sraavyata, suutram, prekshakulalo anubhava sthithini nirminchadaaniki sangeetakaarudiki andubaatulo unde sangeeta nirmaana vibhaganni suuchistumdi.
eee padam hinduu matam yokka puraatana pradhana upanishattulalo, alaage "bhagavadgeeta" loe kanipistundi. udaaharanaku, "maitri upanishattu" looni 3.5va vachanam mariyu "mundaka upanishattu" looni 2.2.9va padyam "raagam" anae padaanni kaligi unnaayi. mundaka upanishattu" aatma (aatma-brahma) mariyu padaartham (prakruti) gurinchi charchalo aatma padaarthaaniki "rangu, rangu, maraka, rangu" veyadu anae bhaavamtho dheenini upayogistundi. maitri upanishattu" anae padam "abhiruchi, antargata naanhyata, manasika sthithi" anae ardhamlo upayoginchabadutundi. raagam" anae padam bouddhamatam yokka puraatana grandhaalalo kooda kanipistundi, ikkada idhi oka paatra yokka moodu malinalalo okatigaa aanandakaramaina anubhavaala kosam "abhiruchi, indriyatvam, kamamu, korika" nuu suuchistumdi. pratyamnaayamgaa, "raagam" nuu bouddha grandhaalalo "rangu, rangu, rangu" anae ardhamlo upayogistaaru.
raagam" anae padam sraavyamaina aadhunika ardhamlo maataanga muni raasina "bruhadeshi" loe ledhaa bahusha 9va sataabdamloo kanipistundi. bruhadeshi" "raganni" "swaraala kalayika, idhi andamaina prakaasavantamaina gowravaalatho, saadhaaranamgaa prajalanu santoshaparustundi" "anie varnistundi".
bharatiya sangeeta shaastra professor emmy teey nizenhuis prakaram, "bruhadeshi" looni "dattilam" vibhagam aadhunika kaalam varaku manugada saaginchindi, ayithe prastuta grandhamlo perkonna puraatana sangeeta panditula vivaralu eee grandham rachinchabade samayaniki marinta sthirapadina sampradaayaanni suuchistunnaayi. adhe mukhyamaina aalochana mariyu namuunaa chatram praacheena hinduu grandhaalalo kanipistundi, "naradasik" mariyu bharata muni rachinchina classic samskruta rachana "naatya shaastram", dheeni kalakramam cree. puu. 500 mariyu cree. puu. 500 madhya, bahusha cree. puu. 200 mariyu cree. puu. 200 madhya untundani anchanaa veyabadindi.
bharata "veenha" thoo chesina anubhavika prayogaala shrenini vivarinchaadu, aapai athanu vinna vaatini polchadu, aidava viraamaala sambandhaanni parikaram yokka tuningku uddeshapoorvakamgaa prerepinchina maarpu yokka vidhiga paerkonnaadu. konni swaraala kalayika aahladakaramgaa untundani, marikonni alaa levani bharata perkondi. ayana vaayidyamtho prayogaalu chese paddhatulu puraatana bharatiya panditula tadupari panini prerepinchaayi, idhi varusa prastaaranala abhivruddhiki daariteesindi, alaage sangeeta swaram yokka paraspara sambandhaala siddhaantaalu, interlocking pramaanaalu mariyu idhi vineevaariki elaa anipistundi. bharata "bhairava", "kaushika", "hindola", "deepaka", "shree-raaga" mariyu "megha" lanu charchistaadu. ivi prekshakulalo oka nirdishta aapyaayatanu mariyu "bhavodvega sthithini rangu vese" saamarthyaanni prerepinchagalavani bharata perkondi. ayana encyclopedic "naatya shaastram" sangeetampai ayana adhyayanalanu pradarsana kalalatho anusandhaanistundi, idhi bharatiya pradarsana kalala sampradaayamlo prabhaavavantamgaa undhi.
kristupurvam 1va sataabdaaniki chendina "naradasiksa" anae itara puraatana grandham loukika mariyu mataparamaina sangeetaanni charchistundi, sambandhita sangeeta swaraalanu polchi chustundi. prati sangeeta swaraanni "varna" (rangulu) mariyu vella bhagalu vanti itara muulaamsaala paramgaa vivaristuu, prati sangeeta swaraanni deevatagaa gouravamgaa perkone mottamodati grandham idhi, idhi european sangeetamlo 12va sataabdapu gydonian chethi bhaavanatho samanamga untundi. ganitasaastraparamgaa layalu mariyu reetulanu ("raagam") amarchina adhyayananni "shaastram" (maatruka) anie pilustaaru.
hinduu matam yokka puraatana grandhaalalo, "raagam" yokka saanketika vidhaanaaniki "jaathi" anae padam upayoginchabadindi. taruvaata, "jaathi" antey parimaanaatmaka sthaayi taragatigaa udbhavinchindi, ayithe "raagam" prekshakula anubhavanni kaligi unna marinta adhunaatana bhavanaga maarindi. abhiruchi, prema, korika, aanandam' anae padaaniki alankaarika ardham kooda 'mahabharatamlo' kanipistundi. prema, andam' yokka pratyeka bhaavam, mukhyamgaa swaram ledhaa paata, kaalidaasudu mariyu panchatantram upayoginche shaastreeya samskrutamlo udbhavistundi.
charitra mariyu praamukhyata.
shaastreeya sangeethaaniki puraatana muulaalu unnaayi, idhi pradhanamgaa hinduu matamlo aadhyaatmika ("moksham") mariyu vinodam ("kaama") prayojanaala kosam kalala patla gowravam kaaranamgaa abhivruddhi chendindi.
"raagam", nrutyam mariyu sangeetam vanti pradarsana kalalatho paatu, chaaritraatmakamgaa hinduu matamlo antarbhaagamgaa undhi, kontamandi hinduvulu sangeetam anedi aadhyaatmika sadhana mariyu moksham (vimukti) kuu oka sadhanam anie nammutaaru. "hinduu sampradaayamlo "ragalu" sahaja unikini kaligi unnayani nammutaaru. kalaakaarulu vaatini kanipettaru, vaaru vaatini matrame kanugontaaru. hinduu matam prakaram, sangeetam maanavulanu aakarshistundi, endukante avi antima srushti yokka rahasya samarasyalu. saamaveda" (cree. puu. 1000) vanti daani puraatana grandhaalalo konni puurtigaa sraavyamaina itivruttaalaku anugunamgaa nirminchabaddaayi, idhi sangeethaaniki sett cheyabadina "rugvedam" looni vibhagalu. ragalu" nuu hinduulu daivika abhivyaktigaa bhaavinchaaru, sanklishtamaina vyaktitvamto devudu ledhaa deevatagaa pariganinchabade sangeeta swaram.
cree. sha. 1va sahasraabdi madhyalo jarigina hinduu matam bhakti udyamam samayamlo, "raagam" aadhyaatmikata yokka sangeeta saadhanalo antarbhaagamgaa maarindi. bhajan mariyu keertanalanu prarambha dakshina bharatadesa maargadarsakulu swaraparichi pradarsinchaaru. bhajan" loe sraavyamaina "ragalu" aadhaaramgaa uchita bhakti kuurpu untundi. keertana" anedi marinta nirmaanaatmaka jattu pradarsana, saadhaaranamgaa coll mariyu pratispandana sangeeta nirmaanamtho, sannihita sambhaashana maadirigaane untundi. idhi rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva sangeeta vaayidyaalanu kaligi untundi mariyu hinduu devatalaina shiva ("bhairav") ledhaa krishna ("hindula") thoo sambandham unna vividha "ragalanu" kaligi untundi.
13va sataabdam praarambhamlo uttara-madhya dakkan praantamloo (nedu maharashtralo oka bhaagam) yaadava raajavamsaaniki chendina raaju simhan pooshinchina sarngadeva rachinchina samskruta grandham "sangeetaratnakara" loe 253 "ragalu" gurinchi prastaavinchabadindi mariyu charchinchabadindi. migili unna "raagaala" venuka unna nirmaanam, saanketikata mariyu tarkampai atyanta puurti chaaritraka grandhaalalo idhi okati.
aadhyaatmika sangeetamlo "raagam" nuu cherchadam anae sampradaayam jainamatamlo mariyu bhaarata upakhandam vaayuvyamlo guru nanak sthaapinchina bharatiya matamaina sikhi matamlo kooda kanipistundi. sikku grandhamlo, grandhaalu oka "raagam" thoo jatacheyabadi, aaa "raagam" niyamaala prakaram paadabadataayi. sikku, punjabi adhyayanala professor ayina pashaura singh prakaram, puraatana bharatiya sampradaayaala "raagam", "taala" lanu sikku guruvulu jagrattagaa enchukuni, vaari shlokaalalo vileenam chesaaru. vaaru sikku matamlo "keertanalu" paadataaniki "hinduu sangeeta sampradayalalo upayoginche praamaanika vaayidyaala" nundi kooda enchukunnaaru.
bhaarata upakhandam yokka islaamik paalana kaalamlo, mukhyamgaa 15va sataabdamloo mariyu taruvaata, sufiyism yokka aadhyaatmika islaamik sampradaayam "kavvali" anie piluvabade bhakti paatalu mariyu sangeetaanni abhivruddhi chesindi. idhi "raagam" mariyu "taala" yokka amsaalanu kaligi undhi.
unnata aadhyaatmika sadhana kosam sanyaasulaku vinodam andinche lakshyamtho buddhudu sangeetaanni nirutsaahaparichaadu, conny pavitra shlokaalanu pathinchadaanni prothsahinchaadu. bouddhamatam yokka vividha praamaanika "tripitaka" grandhaalu, udaaharanaku, bouddha sanyaasitvaanni anusarinchevaariki "dashaa-shila" ledhaa padhi suutraalanu paerkontaayi. veetilo "nrutyam, gaanam, sangeetam mariyu praapanchika kalladdaalaku dhooramgaa undandi" anie sifaarsu chese suutram undhi. bouddhamatam oka bouddha saamaanya vyaktiki sangeetam ledhaa nrutyaanni nishedhinchaledu, conny daani praadhaanyata sangeeta "raagam" paie kakunda shlokaalapai undhi.
vivarana.
oka "raagam" konnisaarlu oka sangeetakaarudu panichese sraavyamaina niyamamgaa vivarinchabadutundi, conny dorotia fabian mariyu itarula prakaram, idhi ippudu sangeeta panditulalo chaalaa saralamaina vivaranagaa saadhaaranamgaa aamodinchabadindi. vaari abhiprayam prakaram, puraatana bharatiya sampradaayam yokka "raagam" nuu maanava communication kosam bhaashalo nirmaanaatmakamaina sett anae bhaavanatho polchavachhu, frederic courtland mariyu georg vaan dream varninchina paddhatiloo; raagam gurinchi telisina prekshakulu vaati pradarsanalanu akaaranamgaa gurtinchi, moolyaankanam chestaaru.
european panditulalo "raagam" nuu mecchukune, ardham chesukune mariyu vivarinche prayatnam prarambha valasarajyala kaalamlo praarambhamaindi. 1784loe, johns dheenini european sangeeta sampradaayamlooni "mode" gaa anuvadinchaaru, conny willard 1834loe "raagam" anedi mode mariyu tune rendoo anie paerkontuu atanni sarididdaaru. 1933loe, sangeeta professor ayina jose luiz martinez eee vivarananu "raagam" mode kante ekkuva sthiramgaa, sraavyata kante takkuva sthiramgaa, mode kii minchi mariyu sraavyata kante takkuvagaa, mariyu icchina mode ledhaa icchina sraavyata kante dhanikamainadigaa, idhi aneka pratyaekatalatoe mode anie paerkonnaadu.
raagam" anedi bharatiya sangeetam yokka pradhana bhavana, daani vyakteekaranalo pradhaanamainadi, ayinappatikee eee bhavanaku pratyaksha paaschaatya anuvaadam ledhu. walter coffman prakaram, bharatiya sangeetamlo oka visaeshamaina mariyu pramukha lakshanam ayinappatikee, "raagam" yokka nirvachananni okati ledhaa rendu vakyalalo ivvalemu. "raagam" anedi sangeetamlo kanipinche saanketika mariyu saiddhaantika aalochanala kalayika, mariyu padaalu vyakteekarana vaataavaranaanni srushtinchadaaniki padabandhaalanu elaa saralamgaa yerparustaayi anae daanitoe samanamga, swara swaram, saapeksha vyavadhi mariyu kramaanni kaligi unna sangeeta samsthagaa vivarinchavacchu. konni sandarbhaallo, konni niyamaalu tappanisari, marikonni aichhikamgaa pariganinchabadataayi. raagam" vasyatanu anumatistundi, ikkada kalakarudu saralamaina vyakteekaranapai aadhaarapadavachhu, ledhaa alankaranalanu jodinchavachhu, ayinappatikee adhe mukhyamaina sandesaanni vyaktam cheyavachu, conny manasika sthithi yokka bhinnamaina teevratanu prerepistundi.
oka "raagam" oka sthaayi meeda, sangeeta muulaamsaalatoe sraavyamgaa kramabaddheekarinchabadina swaraala samitini kaligi untundi. raagam" vaayinche sangeetakaarudu, saampradayakamgaa eee swaraalanu matrame upayoginchavacchani, conny sthaayi yokka konni sthaayilanu nokki cheppadaniki ledhaa meruguparachadaaniki swechchagaa untaadani bruno nettle paerkonnaadu. prati raagaaniki pratyaekamaina "rasa" (manasika sthithi, vaataavaranam, saaraamsam, antargata bhavana) nuu srushtinchadaaniki, prati "raagam" kosam sangeetakaarudu oka swaram nundi maroka swaraaniki elaa kadulutaro bharatiya sampradaayam suuchistumdi. oka "raagam" nuu oka sthaayilo vraayavacchu. siddhaantaparamgaa, 5 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva swaraalu icchina vaelaadi "ragalu" saadhyame, conny aacharanaatmaka upayogamlo, shaastreeya sampradaayam suddhi cheyabadindi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa aneka vandala meeda aadharapadi untundi. chaalaa mandhi kalaakaarulaku, vaari praathamika paripuurnamaina pradarsanasaalalo nalabhai nundi yaabhai ragalu unnaayi. "bharatiya shaastreeya sangeetamlo "raagam" anedi "taala" ledhaa "samaya vibhajana" gurinchi maargadarshakatvamto daggari sambandham kaligi untundi, prati unitnu "maatra" (beat, mariyu beats madhya vyavadhi) anie pilustaaru.
raagam" anedi oka raagam kaadu, endukante adhe "raagam" anantamaina sankhyalo swaraalanu andinchagaladu. raagam" anedi oka sthaayi kaadu, endukante aneka "ragalu" oke sthaayi meeda aadharapadi undavacchu. bruno nettle mariyu itara sangeeta panditula abhiprayam prakaram, oka "raagam" anedi oka vidhananni pooli unde oka bhavana, idhi tune mariyu scale domainla madhya untundi, mariyu idhi "vinevaarilo oka pratyaekamaina soundarya bhavana kosam mapp cheyabadi, nirvahinchabadutunna sraavyamaina lakshanaala yokka pratyeka shreni" gaa uttamamgaa bhaavinchabadutundi. shaastreeya bharatiya nrutyam pradarsana kalalatho chesinatlugaa, sangeetamtho "rasa" (saaraamsam, bhavana, vaataavaranam) nuu srushtinchadam "raagam" mariyu daani kalakarudi lakshyam. bharatiya sampradaayamlo, shaastreeya nrutyaalu vividha "raagaalaku" sangeetaanni amarchutuu pradarsinchabadataayi.
rotordam conservatory off music yokka jope boar "raagam" nuu "kuurpu mariyu merugudala kosam swara chatram" gaa nirvachinchaaru."ucla yokka ethnomusicology vibhagam chairman nazir jairajbhai, ragalanu sthaayi, aarohana mariyu avarohana rekha, asthirata, nokkicheppe swaraalu mariyu register, swaram mariyu aabharanaala dwara vaeru cheyabadi unnatlu varninchaaru.
raaga-raagini vyavastha.
"raagini" (devanagari raagini) anedi "purusha" raagam yokka "streelinga" pratiruupaaniki oka padam. ivi hinduu matamlo devata-devata itivruttaalaku samaantaramgaa bhaavinchabaddaayi, vividha madhyayuga bharatiya sangeeta panditulu veetini vividha rakaluga varninchaaru. udaaharanaku, 15va sataabdapu damodara mishra yokka "sangeeta-darpanam" grandham muppai "raagini" thoo aaru "ragalanu" pratipaadinchindi, idhi muppai aaru vyavasthanu srushtinchindi, idhi raajasthaanlo prachuryam pondindi. himachal pradesh vanti uttara himalaya praantaalalo, 16va sataabdapu mesakarna vanti sangeeta panditulu eee vyavasthanu prati raagaaniki enimidi mandhi vaarasulanu chaerchadaaniki vistarinchaaru, tadwara enabhai naalugu vyavasthanu srushtinchaaru. 16va sataabdam taruvaata, eee vyavastha marinta vistarinchindi.
sangeeta-darpanam" loe, bhairava "raagam" eee krindi raaginulatoe mudipadi untundih bhairavi, punyaki, bilavali, aslekhi, bangli. meskarna vyavasthalo, purusha mariyu stree sangeeta swaraalu kalipi harakh, pancham, disakh, bangal, maadhu, madhava, lalith, bilawal anie piluvabade "putra ragalu" utpatti cheyabadataayi.
eee vyavastha nedu upayogamlo ledhu endukante 'sambandhita' raagaalaku chaalaa takkuva ledhaa saaruupyata ledhu mariyu raaga-raagini vargeekarana aneka itara pathakaalatho ekibhavinchaledu.
ragalu mariyu vaati prateekavaadam.
uttara bhaarata "raaga" vyavasthanu "hinduusthaanii" anie kooda pilustaaru, ayithe dakshina bhaarata vyavasthanu saadhaaranamgaa "karnataka" anie pilustaaru. uttara bhaarata vyavastha oka roeju ledhaa oka seasonlo oka nirdishta samayanni suuchistumdi, maanava manassu mariyu manassu yokka sthithi rutuvula dwara mariyu rojuvaaree jeeva chakralu mariyu prakruti yokka layalu dwara prabhaavitamavutundane nammakamtho. dakshina bhaarata vyavastha vachananiki daggaragaa untundi, samayam ledhaa kaalaaniki takkuva praadhaanyata istundi.
raagam" dwara shaastreeya sangeetam yokka prateekaatmaka paatra soundarya aanandam mariyu okari manassunu aadhyaatmikamgaa suddhi cheyadam (yoga) rendoo. modatidi kaama saahityamlo ("kamasuutram" vantivi) prothsahinchabadindi, rendodi "naada-brahman" (dhwani yokka adhibhouthika brahman) vanti bhaavanalatho yoga saahityamlo kanipistundi. "udaaharanaku, "hindola raagam" anedi saadhaaranamgaa krishna dwara kaama (prema devudu) yokka abhivyaktigaa pariganinchabadutundi. "hindola" anedi "dola" pandugatho kooda mudipadi undhi, dheenini saadhaaranamgaa "vasantakaalapu rangula panduga" ledhaa holey anie pilustaaru. soundarya prateekavaadam yokka eee aalochana hinduu aalaya silpaalu mariyu chekkadaalalo, alaage raagamaala vanti chitra sekaranalalo kooda vyakteekarinchabadindi.
praacheena mariyu madhyayuga bharatiya saahityamlo, "raagam" devatalu mariyu devatalaku abhivyakti mariyu prateekagaa varninchabadindi. nii-dhaa-paa-maa-gaa-rii" vanti pentatonic mariyu hexatonic swaraalatoe "yagna" yagnaaniki samanamga sangeetam charchinchabadutundi, "nii-dhaa-paa-maa-gaa-rii" vanti pentatonic mariyu hexatonic swaraalu agnistoma, "rii-nii-dhaa-paa-maa-gaa" aswamedha, modalainavi.
madhya yugaalalo, bharatadesamloni sangeeta panditulu prati raganni rutuvulatoe anubandhinchadam praarambhinchaaru. udaaharanaku, 11va sataabdapu sanyadeva, vasantakaalamlo "hindola raagam", vesavilo "panaama", ruthupavanaalalo "sadjagrama" mariyu "takka", sheethaakaalam praarambhamlo "bhinnasajja" mariyu sheethaakaalam chivarilo "kaisika" uttamamainavani sifaarsu chestaadu. 13va sataabdamloo, sarngadeva marinta munduku velli, prati pagalu mariyu raatri layatho "raagam" nuu anusandhaaninchaadu. athanu tellavaarujaamuna swachchamaina mariyu saralamaina "ragalu", tellavaarujaamuna mishrama mariyu marinta sanklishtamaina "ragalu", madhyahnam varaku naipunhyam kaligina "ragalu", saayantram varaku prema-nepathya mariyu udvegabharitamaina "ragalu" mariyu raatriki saarvatrika "ragalu" anie jodinchaadu.
raagam mariyu ganitam.
khachitamaina forster prakaram, dakshina bhaarata "raagam" nuu kramabaddhikarinchadam mariyu vislaeshimchadam paie ganita adhyayanalu 16va sataabdamloo prarambhamayyayi. raagaala" ganana adhyayanalu sangeeta saastramlo churukaina rangam.
sankethaalu.
swaraalu raaga abhyaasamlo mukhyamaina bhaagam ayinappatikee, avi matrame raganni tayaaru cheyavu. oka raagam oka sthaayi kante ekkuva, mariyu aneka ragalu oke sthaayini panchukuntaayi. antarleena pramaanamloo naalugu, aidu, aaru ledhaa edu swaraalu undavacchu, veetini "swaraalu" (konnisaarlu "swara" anie pilustaaru) anie pilustaaru. swara" bhavana 28va adhyaayamlooni puraatana "naatya shaastram" loe kanipistundi. idhi swara kolata ledhaa vinagalige ekakam yokka ekakam "shruti" anie pilustundi, padyam 28.21 sangeeta sthaayini eee krindi vidhamgaa parichayam chestundi,
eee edu degreelu uttara bhaarata (hinduusthaanii) mariyu dakshina bhaarata (karnataka) anae rendu pradhana "raaga" vyavastha dwara panchukoobadataayi. solphage ("sargam") nuu sankshipta roopamlo neerchukuntaaruh "saa, rii (karnataka) ledhaa rae (hinduusthaanii), gaa, maa, paa, dhaa, nii, saa". veetilo modatidi "saa", mariyu aidavadi "paa", maarchaleni yankarluga pariganinchabadataayi, migilinavi rendu pradhana vyavasthala madhya bhinnamaina ruchulanu kaligi untaayi.
naatyasaastra" looni sangeeta siddhaantam, mauries winternitz paerkonnatlugaa, moodu itivruttaala chuttoo kendrikrutamai undhi-dhwani, laya mariyu sangeeta grandhaalaku vartinche gadyaamsam. ashtakamlo 22 "srutulu" ledhaa sangeeta swaraala suukshma viramalu ledhaa 1200 sentlu unnayani vachanam nokki chebutundi. praacheena greeku vyavastha kooda dheeniki chaalaa daggaragaa undani emmy teey nizenhuis paerkonnaadu, prati "shruti" 54.5 sentlaku lekkinche vyatyaasamtho, ayithe greeku enharmonic quarter-tone vyavastha 55 sentlaku lekkistundi. eee grandham "gramalu" (pramaanaalu) mariyu "murchanalu" (vidhanalu) gurinchi charchistundi, edu vidhaanaala (mottam 21) moodu pramaanaalanu prastaavistundi, konni greeku vidhanalu kooda vaati maadirigaane untaayi. ayithe, gaandhaara-graama kevalam "naatyasaastramlo" prastaavinchabadindi, ayithe daani charcha ekkuvagaa rendu pramaanaalu, padnaalugu reetulu mariyu enimidi naalugu "taanaalu" (gamanikalu) paie drushti pedutundi. vividha rakaala pradarsana kalalaku yea pramaanaalu uttamamainavo kooda eee vachanam charchistundi.
eee sangeeta amsaalu pramanaluga ("melhaa") vyavastheekarinchabaddaayi, mariyu "katurdandi prakaasika" modata charchinchinatlugaa, "raaga" yokka dakshina bhaarata vyavastha 72 pramaanaalatoo panichestundi. diguva tetracard yokka swabhaavaanni batti avi "puurvaamga" mariyu "uttaranga" anae rendu samuhaluga vibhajinchabaddaayi. anga" kii aaru chakralu ("chakra") unnaayi, ikkada "puurvaamga" ledhaa diguva chatushkonamu langaru veyabadi untundi, ayithe kalaakaarudiki suuchimchina "uttaranga" yokka aaru kramaparivartanalu unnaayi. eee vyavastha abhivruddhi cheyabadina taruvaata, bharatiya shaastreeya sangeeta panditulu anni pramaanaalaku adanapu "ragalu" abhivruddhi chesaaru. uttara bhaarata shaili paaschaatya diatonic reetulaku daggaragaa undhi, vishnu narayan bhatkhande abhivruddhi chesina punaadipai padhi "thaat" nuu upayoginchi nirminchabadindih "kalyan, bilawal, khamaj, coffey, asavari, bhairavi, bhairav, puurvii, marwa mariyu thodi". konni "ragalu" rendu vyavasthalaku saadhaaranam mariyu oke paerlanu kaligi untaayi, veetilo okati pradarsinchina "kalyan" gurtinchadaginadi. konni "ragalu" rendu vyavasthalaku saadhaaranam, conny hinduusthaanii vyavastha yokka "malcolu" vanti ververu paerlanu kaligi untaayi, idhi gurtinchadagina vidhamgaa karnataka vyavastha yokka "hindolam" thoo samanam. ayithe, konni "ragalu" rendu vyavasthalalo oke paeru pettabaddayi, conny avi "thodi" vantivi bhinnamgaa untaayi.
iteevala, uttara bhaarata shaililo raagaala vargeekarananu saricheyadaaniki 32 thaat vyavasthanu 'nayee vaignaanik paddati' anae pustakamlo pradarsinchaaru.
naalugu swaraalu unna ragalanu "(suurtar) ragalu" anie pilustaaru; aidu swaraalu unna vaatini "audava" (aandu) ragalu anie pilustaaru; aaru swaraalu unna vaatini "shaavada" (shadav); mariyu edu swaraalu unna vaatini "sampuurnaa" (puurna, samskrutam antey "puurti") anie pilustaaru. raagam bheemapalasi vanti aarohana mariyu avarohanalo swaraala sankhya bhinnamgaa undavacchu, indulo aarohanalo aidu swaraalu mariyu avarohanalo edu swaraalu mariyu avarohanalo aaru swaraalu mariyu avarohanalo edu swaraalu untaayi. ragalu vaati aarohana ledhaa avarohana kadalikalo bhinnamgaa untaayi. swaraala yokka kathinamaina aarohana ledhaa avarohana kramaanni anusarinchani vaarini "vakra" (vakra) ('vankara') ragalu antaaru.
karnataka raagam.
karnataka sangeetamlo, pradhana ragalanu "melakartalu" anie pilustaaru, dheeni ardham aksharala "sthaayi prabhuvu". dheenini "aasraya raagam" anie kooda pilustaaru, antey "raagam ivvadam" ledhaa "janaka raagam" antey "tandri raagam" anie ardham.
dakshina bhaarata sampradaayamlo "thaata" anevi utpanna raagaala samuuhaalu, veetini "janya ragalu" anie pilustaaru, antey "janminchina ragalu" ledhaa "aasrayam pondina ragalu" anie ardham. ayithe, eee padaalu neerchukuneetappudu sumaruga mariyu madhyantara padabandhaalu, endukante rendu porala madhya sambandhaalu sthiramgaa undavu ledhaa pratyaekamaina tallidandrula-pillala sambandhaanni kaligi undavu.
janaka ragalu "katapayadi suutram" anae pathakaanni upayoginchi kalisi samuuhaparachabadataayi mariyu "melakarta" ragaluga nirvahinchabadataayi. melakarta raagam antey aarohanam (aarohana sthaayi) mariyu avarohanam (avarohana sthaayi) rendintiloonuu mottam edu swaraalanu kaligi untundi. konni "melakarta" ragalu "harikambhoji", "kalyani", "kharharapriya", "mayamalavagoula", "sankarabharanam" mariyu "hanumatodi". janya ragalu anevi janaka raagaala nundi udbhavinchaayi, ivi maatru raagam nundi swaraala kalayikanu (saadhaaranamgaa swaraala upasamiti) upayogistaayi. konni janya ragalu "abheri", "abhogi", "bhairavi", "hindolam", "mohanam" mariyu "kambhoji".
eee 21va sataabdamloo kontamandi swarakartalu kotta ragalanu kanugonnaru. daa. emm. taanu srushtinchina mahati, laavangi, siddhadhi, sumukham vanti moodu swaraalalo raganni srushtinchina balamuralikrishnaku kevalam naalugu swaraalu unnaayi.
janaka raagaala jaabitaalo "kanakangi", "ratnangi", ganamurthy ", vanaspati", "manavati", taanaruupi ", senavati", hanumatodi ", dhenuka", natakapriya ", kokilapriya", roopavati ", gayakapriya", vakulabavanam ", mayamalavagoula", "chakravakam", "suuryakantam", "hatakambari", "jhankaradhvani", "natabhairavi", "keeravani", "kharharapriya", "gaurimanari", "varapriya", "maranji", "charabhoji", "harabhaji", "saraghambi", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji", "harbhanji
sikshana.
shaastreeya sangeetam sangeeta paatasaalala dwara ledhaa guru-shishya "parampara" (upadhyaya-vidyaarthi sampradaayam) dwara moukhika sampradaayam mariyu abhyasam dwara prasaram cheyabadindi. konnintini "gharana" (illu) anie pilustaaru, mariyu vaari pradarsanalu "sabalu" (sangeeta samsthalu) dwara pradarsinchabadataayi. prati "gharana" kalakramena swechchagaa meruguparachabadindi, mariyu prati "raagam" yokka anuvaadamlo thedaalu spashtamgaa kanipistaayi. bharatiya sangeeta paatasaala sampradaayamlo, chinna sankhyalo vidyaarthulu upadhyayudi daggara ledhaa vaaritho nivasinchevaaru, upadhyayudu vaarini aaharam mariyu bhojanam andinche kutumba sabhyuluga pariganinchevaaru, mariyu oka vidyaarthi sangeetamlooni vividha amsaalanu neerchukuni, tadwara vaari guruvu yokka sangeeta gnaanaanni konasaginchevaru. eee sampradaayam bharatadesamloni konni praantaallo konasaagutundi, mariyu chaalaa mandhi sangeetakaarulu vaari guruvula vamsaanni gurtinchagalaru.
pertian "rock".
pertian bhaashalo "rock" ledhaa "rung" (antey "rangu") anae sangeeta bhavana bahusha "raaga" yokka uchchaarana. harmonose farhat prakaram, eee padam parshiyaku elaa vachindo aspashtamgaa undhi, aadhunika pertian bhaashalo dheeniki ardham ledhu, mariyu pertialo "raaga" bhavana teliyadu.