
italian yuddhalu

italian yuddhalu, hobsburg-valois yuddhalu anie kooda pilustaaru, ivi 1494 mariyu 1559 madhya kaalamlo jarigina sangharshanhala shreni, ivi ekkuvagaa italian dveepakalpamlo poradayi, conny taruvaata flanders, reinland mariyu madhyadhara samudram varaku vistarinchaayi. praadhamika poraata yodhulu france yokka valois raajulu, mariyu pavitra roman saamrajyam mariyu speyinlooni vaari hobsburg pratyarthulu. ingland mariyu ottoman saamrajyam nundi parimita prameyamtho, yuddhamlooni vividha dasalalo vividha italian rashtraalu vaariki maddatu icchaayi.
1454loe sthaapinchabadina italic leag italeelo adhikara samatulyatanu saadhinchindi, conny 1492loe daani pradhana vaastusilpi lorenzo dii medisi maranam taruvaata vidipoyindi. ludovico sphorja aasayamtho kalipi, daani patanam 1494loe fraansku chendina charless VIII napilspy daadi cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi, idhi speyin mariyu pavitra roman saamrajyaanni aakarshinchindi. 1495loe balavantamgaa upasamharinchukunnappatiki, charless italian rashtraalu sampannamainavani, conny raajakeeya vibhajanala kaaranamgaa balaheenamgaa unnayani choopinchaadu, italeelooni konni praantaalanu france mariyu hobsburg la madhya european aadhipatyam kosam poraatamlo yuddhabhoomigaa marchadu.
gananeeyamaina krooratvamtho pooraadina eee yuddhalu samskaranala valla erpadina mataparamaina gandaragolam nepathyamlo jarigaayi, mukhyamgaa france mariyu pavitra roman saamrajyamlo. muttadi phirangidalamlo gananeeyamaina saanketika merugudalalato paatu, archwaybus ledhaa chethi tupaki vadakam saadhaaranam kaavadamtho, madhyayuga nundi aadhunika yuddhaaniki parinaamamlo ivi oka malupugaa pariganhinchabadutunnaayi. aksharaasyata kaligina commanderlu mariyu aadhunika mudrana paddhatulu kooda francesco gikkiyardini, nikolo machiyavelli mariyu blaise dii montluck vanti samakaaleena vruttaamtaalatoe sahaa gananeeyamaina sankhyalo modati vairudhyaalalo okatigaa marai.
1503 taruvaata, chaalaa varaku poraataalu lombardy mariyu peedmont meeda french dandayaatrala dwara prarambhamayyayi, conny kontakaalam bhoobhaganni swaadheenam chesukogaliginappatiki, vaaru saasvatamgaa alaa cheyalekapoyaru. 1557 natiki, france mariyu pavitra roman saamrajyam rendoo matampai antargata vibhajanalanu edurkonnaayi, ayithe speyin spanish netherlandslo sambhaavya tirugubaatunu edurkondi. kaateyu-combresses oppandam (1559) fraansnu italii nundi bahishkarinchindi, ingland nundi mariyu lorain yokka moodu bishaprikla nundi kaalisnu sampaadinchindi; mariyu idhi dakshina italeelo speyinnu aadhipatya saktigaa sthaapinchindi, naples rajyam mariyu sisily rajyaanni, alaage uttaraana duchy off milan nuu niyantrinchindi.
nepathyam.
venis ganatantram mariyu milan duchy madhya satrutvam kaaranamgaa chaalaavaraku nadiche lombardylo deerghakaalamgaa konasagutunna yuddhalu chivaraku 1454 loady oppandam dwara mugisai. aaa taruvaata koddikaalaanike italic leag anie piluvabade naan-aggression oppandam, idhi nalabhai samvatsaraala sthirathvam mariyu aardhika vistaranaku daariteesindi, idhi 1479 nundi 1481 varaku paajii kutra mariyu 1482 nundi 1484 varaku ferrara yuddham dwara matrame debbatindi. leag yokka pradhana maddatudaaru florentine palakudu lorenzo dii medisi, athanu france mariyu pavitra roman saamrajyaanni italian dveepakalpam nundi minahaayinche vidhananni kooda anusarinchaadu.
1492 eprillo lorenzo maranam italeelo france vistarinchaalani chustunna samayamlo leagnu teevramgaa balaheenaparichindi. fraansku chendina luis XI 1481loe thana bandhuvu charless IV off anjou nundi provence kounteeni vaarasatvamgaa pondinappudu, naples raajyampai anjevin daavaato paatu idhi udbhavinchindi. athani kumarudu charless VIII 1483loe athani taruvaata vacchaadu mariyu 1486loe fraanslo adhikarikamga provensenu vileenam chesaadu; daani marcelles mariyu tolan odarevulu madhyadharaku pratyaksha pravesaanni andinchaayi, tadwara athani praadaesika aasayaalanu konasaginche saamarthyaanni andinchaayi.
modati italian yuddhaaniki mundu, charless varusa oppandaala dwara itara european paalakula tatasthatanu kaapaadataaniki prayatninchaadu. veetilo 1492 navambarulo inglaandku chendina henry VII thoo jarigina shanti oppandam mariyu pavitra roman chakravarthy modati maximiliantho marchi 1493loe jarigina barcelona oppandam unnaayi. 
1494-1498 yokka italian yuddham.
appati milan raajapratinidhi ayina ludovico sphorja, napauls simhaasanampai anjevin vaadananu oka sakuga upayoginchi, italeepai daadi cheyamani fraansku chendina charless VIIIని prothsahinchinappudu yuddham praarambhamaindi. idhi ludovico bhaarya beatrice dii 'este mariyu athani menalludu aragon yokka isabella kumarudu zian galiazo sphorja madhya teevramaina satrutvam dwara nadapabadindi. milan vamsapaaramparya duke ayinappatikee, zian galiazonu 1481loe athani maama pakkana petti paviaku bahishkarinchaaru. iddaru mahilalu tama pillalu ducheeni vaarasatvamgaa pondela chudalanukunnaru mariyu isabella tandri 1494 janavarilo rendava alphonso ayinappudu, vaari hakkulanu bhadraparachadamlo aame athani sahayam korindi. septembarulo charless dveepakalpampai daadi chesaadu, ottoman turklaku vyatiraekamgaa crusadeku nepulsnu sthaavaramgaa upayoginchaalanukuntunnani paerkontuu daanini samarthinchaadu.
octoberulo, ludovico adhikarikamga milan duke ayyadu, athani maama vishaprayogaaniki gurainatlu prajaadarana pondina zian galiazo maranam taruvaata, french vaaru italii gundaa dadapuga ekagreevamgaa kavaatu chesi, november 8naa pisa, 17naa florence mariyu december 31naa romloki pravesinchaaru. chaarlesku girolamo savonarola maddatu icchaaru, athanu florencelo swalpakaalika daivaparipalananu sthaapinchadaaniki eee avakaasaanni upayoginchukunnadu, pope alegzander VI thana sainyanni papal raashtraala gundaa swechchagaa velladaaniki anumatinchaadu.
1495 fibravarilo, french vaaru naples raajyamlooni maante shaan geovanni campanoku cherukuni, daani neapolitan rakshana dalamtho oppandaalu kudurchukovadaniki raayabaarulanu pampaaru, vaaru vaarini hatya chesi, vaari mukkalu chesina mrutadehaalanu french linelaku tirigi pampaaru. fibravari 9naa, aagrahinchina muttadidaarulu phirangi kaalpulatoe koota godalanu ullanghinchi, aapai daanipai daadi chesi, lopala unna prati okkarinee champaru. napuls yokka saake" anie piluvabade, france yokka saktipai aandolanato anubandhinchabadina italeelo vistrutamaina agraham 1495 marchi 31naa leag off venis erpadataaniki daariteesindi, idhi venis, milan, speyin mariyu pavitra roman saamraajyamtho kuudina french vyatiraeka kootami.
taruvaata florence thoo kalisi, savonarola, papal rashtraalu mariyu maantuvaalanu padagottina taruvaata, eee sankeernam charless mariyu athani sainyanni fraanslooni vaari sthaavaraala nundi kattirinchindi. charless bandhuvu, luis dii orleans, ippudu milannu jayinchadaaniki ludovico vaipula maarpunu sadviniyogam chesukovadaniki prayatninchaadu, athanu thana ammamma valentina visconti dwara dheenini paerkonnaadu. juun 11naa, dalam firayinchinappudu athanu novaaraanu swaadheenam chesukuni, milan nundi nalabhai kilometres dhooramlo unna vijevano cherukunnadu. eee keelakamaina samayamlo, athani jeetam laeni sainikulu tirugubaatu anchuna unnappudu, ludovico stroke ledhaa naadii vichchinnam valla asamarthudayyaadu. athanu lenappudu, athani bhaarya beatrice dii 'este duchy mariyu nowara muttadini vyaktigatamgaa niyantrinchindi, chivariki luis thana swechchaku badulugaa longipovalasi vachindi. 
nepulsku chendina ferdinand II sthaanamlo french anukuula prabhutvam erpadina taruvaata, charless uttara disagaa tirigaadu mariyu juulai 6naa fornovo dii tarro velupala leag chetha addaginchabaddadu. phalitamgaa jarigina fornovo yuddhamlo, french vaaru tama pratyarthulanu tirigi thaaro nadhi meedugaa balavantamgaa balavantamgaa addukoni, vaari sarafaraalo ekkuva bhaganni vadili, aastipaiki konasagaru. irupakshaalu vijayanni prakatinchukunnaayi, conny leag bhaarii praananastaanni chavichusindi mariyu vaari tirogamanaanni aapadamlo viphalamainanduna, saadhaarana ekaabhipraayam frenchku anukuulamgaa undhi, idhi modati sthaanamlo pooraataaniki kaaranam. dakshinaana, konni prarambha tirogamanaalu unnappatikee, 1495 septembaru natiki rendava ferdinand thana raajyampai niyantrananu tirigi pondaadu. french dandayaatra chaalaa takkuvagaa saadhinchinappatikii, italian rashtraalu dhanavanthulu mariyu tulanaatmakamgaa balaheenamgaa unnayani, bhavishyat jokyanni bayati saktulaku aakarshanheeyamgaa chesindani idhi choopinchindi. charless swayamgaa 1498 april 7naa maraninchaadu, mariyu athani taruvaata maajee duke off orleans, luis XII ayyadu.
1499-1504 yokka italian yuddhalu.
eee sangharshana yokka tadupari dasha florence mariyu pisa ganatantram madhya deerghakaala satrutvamlo udbhavinchindi, idhi 1406loe florence chae vileenam cheyabadindi, conny 1494loe daani swaatantryaanni tirigi pondadaaniki french dandayaatranu sadviniyogam chesukundi. 1495loe charless tirogamanam unnappatikee, pisa genova, venis mariyu milan nundi maddatunu pondadam konasaaginchindi, veerandaroo florentine saktini anumanincharu. thana sthaanaanni balopetam chesukovadaniki, ludovico marosari oka antargata italian vyavaharanni parishkarinchadaaniki oka bahya saktini ahvaninchadu, eee sandarbhamlo chakravarthy modati maximilian. alaa cheyadamlo, maximilian french jokyaniki avasaramaina avarodhamgaa bhaavinchina venis leagnu balopetam cheyaalani aasinchaadu, conny florence taanu pisaaku anukuulamgaa unnaanani mariyu madhyavartitvaanni angeekarinchadaaniki niraakarinchaanani oppinchaadu. oka parishkaranni amalu cheyadaaniki, juulai 1496loe maximilian florentine nagaramaina livornoni muttadinchaadu, conny purushulu mariyu sarafara korata kaaranamgaa septemberlo upasamharinchukunnaadu.
1498 eprillo charless VIII maranam taruvaata, luis XIII milanpai maroka prayatnaanni pranaalika cheyadam praarambhinchaadu, adhe samayamlo naples raajyampai thana puurveekula vaadananu kooda konasaginchadu. italeelo french aasayaala valla kalige satrutvam gurinchi telusukunna ayana 1498 joolailo inglandto 1492 shanti oppandaanni punaruddharinchi, burgunditho french sarihaddulanu dhruveekarinche oppandampai santakam chesaaru. dheeni taruvaata augustulo aragon kuu chendina ferdinand II thoo marcosis oppandam jarigindi; idhi rendu deshaala madhya unna praadaesika vivaadaalanu parishkarinchanappatikii, pope minaha anni satruvulanu ummadigaa kaligi undataaniki angeekarinchindi."1499 fibravari 9naa, luis, ludovikoku vyatiraekamgaa venistoe sainika kootami ayina blois oppandampai santakam chesaadu.
eee oppandaalu khararu kaavadamtho, milanese bahishkaranaku guraina zian giacomo trivulgio aadhvaryamlo 27,000 mandhi unna french sainyam lombardipy daadi chesi, augustulo duchy off milan yokka paschima bhaagamlo unna rakshita pattanam ayina rokka dii 'arajonu muttadinchindi. french muttadi phirangidalam aidu gantala kante takkuva samayamlo godalanu ullanghinchindi mariyu pattanam longipoyina taruvaata, luis daani rakshana dalam mariyu poura paripaalanaloni senior sabhyulanu uriteeyaalani aadesinchaadu. itara milanese balamaina sthaavaraalu adhe vidhini edurkokunda longipoyayi, ayithe 1497loe beatrice maraninchina bhaarya ayina ludovico, thana pillalatho kalisi duchy nundi paaripoyi maximilian vadda aasrayam pondaadu. 1499 aktobaru 6naa, luis milanloki vijayavantamgaa pravesinchaadu.
florence ippudu pisa tirigi teesukovadamlo french sahayam koraadu, milan nuu swaadheenam chesukovadaniki maddatu ivvadaaniki vaaru niraakarinchinanduna luis oka abhyardhananu neraverchadaaniki tondarapadaledu. 1500 eprillo novarolo bandhinchi, thana jeevitaantam french jailulo gadipina ludovico thana ducheeni tirigi pondadaaniki chesina prayatnaalanu oodinchadamloo kooda athanu praarambhamlo nimagnamayyadu. edemaina, luis florensto manchi sambandhaalanu konasaaginchaalsina avasaram undhi, nepulsnu jayinchadaaniki athanu daani bhoobhaganni daatavalasi untundi, mariyu 29 juun 1500naa samyukta franco-florentine sainyam pisa velupala kanipinchindi. marosari, french phirangidalam twaragaa godalalo oka antaraanni terichindi, conny aneka daadulu tippikottabaddaayi mariyu juulai 11naa muttadi raddu cheyabadindi.
milan thana niyantranalo drudhamgaa undadamtho, luis fraansku tirigi vacchi, pisa digbandham cheyadaaniki florentinelanu vidichipettadu, chivariki 1509loe longipoyadu. nepulsnu jayinchadam praarambhinchadaaniki aatrutagaa, november 11naa athanu aragon yokka ferdinand IIthoo grenada oppandampai santakam chesaadu, idhi rendinti madhya rajyaanni vibhajinche oppandam. 1495loe nepal nundi french vaarini bahishkarinchadaaniki ferdinand maddatu icchinanduna, eee raayiteelu khareedaina yuddham lekunda raajyamlo ekkuva bhaganni pondadaaniki veelu kalpistaayani luis aasinchaadu. athani charyanu nikolo machiavelli mariyu aadhunika charitrakaarulu vanti samakaaleenulu vimarsinchaaru, 1499 marcosis oppandam appatike louisku avasaramaina pratidaanni ichindani vaadinchaaru, ayithe speyinnu naples loki aahvaaninchadam valla ataniki haani matrame kaliginchagaladani vaadinchaaru.
1501 joolailo, french sainyam kapuvaku cherukundi; nepless yokka fredericku vidheyulaina dalaalache balamgaa rakshinchabadindi, idhi oka chinna muttadi tarvaata juulai 24naa longipoyindi, conny taruvaata tolaginchabadindi. vistrutamaina bhouthika vidhvamsamtho paatu, chaalaa mandhi mahilalu saamuuhika atyaachaaraaniki gurayyaru mariyu italii antataa digbhraantini kaliginchina charyala prakaram, mrutula sankhya 2,000 nundi 4,000 varaku undavacchani anchanaa. itara pattanaalu adhe vidhini nivaarinchadaaniki prayatninchadamtho pratighatana kuppakoolindi mariyu october 12naa luis duke off nemarsnu naples loe thana vaisrayga niyaminchaadu. edemaina, grenada oppandam keelaka neapolitan bhuubhaagaala yajamanyanni nirnayinchalekapoyindi mariyu eee rendu saktula madhya sambandhaalapai vivaadaalu twaragaa vishapuuritamgaa marai. idhi 1502 chivarilo yuddhaaniki daariteesindi, idhi 1503 april 28naa serignola vadda, mariyu december 29naa garigliano vadda odipoyina taruvaata french marosari naples nundi bahishkarinchabadi mugisindi.
combroy leag yuddham.
18 october 1503naa, payas III sthaanamlo pope juuliyas II niyaminchabaddaadu, athanu pope raajyaala palakudiga uttara italeelo venetian shakti gurinchi aandolana chendaadu. eee bhayanni athani sonta pattanam genova panchukundi, idhi poe loya nundi bahishkarinchadaanni kooda vyatirekinchindi, mariyu maximilian, 1500loe gorizianu swaadheenam chesukovadam poruguna unna freulyni venetian swaadheenam chesukovadam valla bedirinchabadindi. luis XIII chetha niyantrinchabadina milan, venis yokka deerghakaala pratyarthi, ayithe ippudu naples raaju ayina ferdinand II, dakshina adriatic teeramlo venetian naukaasrayaalapai niyantrananu tirigi pondaalani korukunnadu. duchy off ferrara thoo paatu, juuliyas eee vibhina prayojanaalanu venetian vyatiraeka leag off combroy loki ekam chesaadu, idhi 10 december 1508naa santakam cheyabadindi.
1509 mae 14naa french vaaru agnadello vadda venetian sainyanni ekkuvagaa naasanam chesinappatiki, maximilian paaduvaanu swaadheenam chesukovadamlo viphalamai italii nundi vaidoligadu. ippudu luis XIII yokka saktini marinta pedda muppuga bhaavinchi, fibravari 1510loe pope juuliyas venistoe shanti oppandam kudurchukunnadu, aaa taruvaata maarchilo swiss khandaalato 6,000 kirai sainikulanu sarafara cheyadaaniki oppandam kudurchukunnadu. luis XIII papal rashtraalalo pedda bhaagaalanu aakraminchina oka samvatsaram poraatam taruvaata, october 1511loe juuliyas french vyatiraeka holey leagnu erpaatu chesaadu, indulo ingland, maximilian mariyu speyinku chendina henry VIII kooda unnaaru.
1512 april 11naa french sainyam spaanishnu ravenna vadda odinchindi, conny vaari nayakudu gaston dii foix champabaddadu, ayithe swiss milannu tirigi swaadheenam chesukuni, ludovico kumarudu massimiliano sporjaanu dukega punaruddharinchindi. aaa tarvaata leag sabhyulu dopideelanu vibhajinchadampai vibhedinchaaru, 1513 fibravari 20naa pope juuliyas maranam kaaranamgaa daaniki samarthavanthamaina naayakatvam lekunda poyindi. maarchilo, venis mariyu france oka kuutamini erpaatu chesaayi, conny juun nundi september 1513 varaku leag lombardiloni nowara mariyu laa motta, flandersloni ginegate mariyu inglaandlooni floadenloo vijayalu saadhinchindi. ayinappatikee, italeelo poraatam konasaagindi, yea paksham kooda nirnayaatmaka prayojanaanni pondalekapoyindi.
1515 janavari 1naa, luis XII maraninchaadu mariyu athani alludu frances I, athani puurveekula kaaranaanni teesukoni, 1515 septembarulo marignano vadda swisnu oodinchaadu. masiliano sphorja yokka aprasiddhatato kalipi, vijayam frances milannu tirigi pondadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi mariyu speyin mariyu pope leo X rendintikee poraatamlo takkuva prayojanam kanipinchadamtho holey leag kuppakoolindi. 1516 augustu 13naa santakam chesina noyan oppandamlo, speyinku chendina charless I fraansisnu duke off milanga angeekarinchagaa, frances nepulspy thana vaadananu charlespie "aamodinchaadu". ontarigaa vadili, decemberlo maximilian brassels oppandampai santakam chesaadu, idhi milan french swaadheenam nirdhaarinchindi.
1521-1526 yokka italian yuddham.
janavari 1519loe maximilian maranam taruvaata, german yuvarajulu juun 28naa speyinku chendina charless Inuu chakravarthy charless Vgaa ennukunnaaru. idhi speyin, diguva deshaalu mariyu pavitra roman saamrajyaanni oke palakudi krindaku teesukuvacchindi, antey france chuttoo "hobsburg ring" anie pilavabadedi. modati frances kooda saamraajya simhaasanaaniki abhyardhigaa unnadu, charlesto thana satrutvaaniki vyaktigata koonaanni jodinchaadu, idhi padahaarava sataabdamloo praathamika sangharshanhalalo okatigaa maarindi.
nawarre mariyu flandersloni hobsburg aastulapai daadiki pranaalika vesukunna frances, modata venistoe kotta kuutamiki angeekarinchadam dwara italeelo thana sthaanaanni bhadraparichaadu. leo X chakravarthy kosam thana abhyardhitvaaniki maddatu icchinanduna, athanu papal maddatupai kooda aadharapaddadu, kaani martin lutherku vyatiraekamgaa mariyu catholic charchiki pratipaadita samskaranalaku vyatiraekamgaa leo charless vaipu tirigi vacchaadu. 1521 navambarulo, fresio colonna mariyu pescara marquis aadhvaryamlo saamraajya-paal sainyam milannu swaadheenam chesukuni francesco sporjaanu dukega punaruddharinchindi. decemberlo leo maraninchina taruvaata, audrian VI 9 janavari 1522naa popga ennikayyaaru, milannu tirigi pondadaaniki french prayatnam april 27naa bikokalo otami dwara mugisindi.
1522 maeloe ingland saamraajya kootamilo chaeri franspy yuddham prakatinchindi. 1523 joolailo venis yuddhanni vidichipettaga, audrian novemberlo maraninchaadu mariyu athani taruvaata clement VII vijayam saadhinchakundaa poraataanni muginchadaaniki charchalu jarapadaniki prayatninchaadu. france lombardilo bhoomini kolpoinappatiki, aangla, saamraajya mariyu spanish sainyalu daadi chesinappatiki, aame pratyarthulaku vibhina lakshyalu unnaayi mariyu vaari daadulanu samanvayam cheyadamlo viphalamayyayi. france ledhaa saamrajyam chaalaa saktivantamgaa marakunda nirodhinchadame papal vidhanam kabatti, 1524 chivarilo clement rahasyamgaa fraansistoe pottu pettukunnadu, tadwara athanu milanpai maroe daadi cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinchaadu. 1525 fibravari 24naa, french sainyam pavia vadda vinaasakaramaina otamini chavichusindi, dheenilo fraansisnu bandhinchi speyinlo khaidu chesaaru.
idhi athani vidudalanu bhadraparachadaaniki udvegabharitamaina dautya vinyaasaalaku daariteesindi, indulo suleiman dhi grandable kosam french mission, ottoman sahayam koradam vantivi unnaayi. suleiman eee sandarbhamgaa palgonadanni nivaarinchinappatikii, idhi deerghakaalamgaa, tarachugaa gurtinchabadakapoyina, franco-turkish sambandhaaniki prarambham. modrid oppandampai santakam chesina taruvaata 1526 maarchilo frances chivariki vidudala cheyabaddaadu, dheenilo athanu artois, milan mariyu burgundi meeda french hakkulanu tyajinchaadu.
leag off kagnak yokka yuddham.
frances swechchagaa unnappudu, athani council modrid oppandaanni tyajinchindi, ottidi kinda dochukunna paristhitulanu kattubadi pariganinchalemani perkondi. saamraajya shakti ippudu papal swaatantryaaniki muppuga undani aandolana chendutuu, 1526 mae 22naa clement VII leag off kagnaknu erpaatu chesindi, dheeni sabhyulalo france, papal rashtraalu, venis, florence mariyu milan unnaaru. chaalaa mandhi saamraajya dalaalu nelala tarabadi chellinchani kaaranamgaa tirugubaatuku daggaragaa unnaayi mariyu leag armi commander ayina duke off arbino eee gandaragolaanni sadviniyogam chesukovalani bhaavinchaaru. ayithe, athanu adanapu swiss balagalu kosam vechi unna daadini alasyam chesaadu.
juun 24naa venetianlu lodeeni aakraminchinappudu leag sulabhamgaa vijayam saadhinchinappatikii, eee alasyam charless taja dalaalanu sameekarinchadaaniki mariyu marosari bahishkarinchabadda francesco sporjaaku vyatiraekamgaa joolailo jarigina milanese tirugubaatuku maddatu ivvadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. septembarulo, charless, nagara niyantrana kosam pratyarthi orsinisto pootii padina colonna kutumbam rompai daadiki nidhulu samakuurchaadu, mariyu clement vaarini upasamharinchukovadaaniki dabbu chellinchavalasi vachindi. milannu tirigi swaadheenam chesukovadaniki, frances 1527 praarambhamlo lombardipy daadi chesaadu, henry VIII chetha nidhulu samakuurchabadina sainyamtho, tadwara thana modati bhaarya catherine off aaragannu vidaakulu teesukoovadaaniki papal maddatunu pondaalani athanu aasinchaadu.
mae nelaloo, martin luther anucharulu ayina saamraajya dalaalu, romunu tolaginchi, castell shant 'engeloni muttadinchaayi, ayithe arbino mariyu leag sainyam bayata kuurchuni jokyam chesukovadamlo viphalamayyayi. romunu upasamanam cheyadaaniki french vaaru dakshinaana kavaatu chesinappatiki, novemberlo charless v thoo shanti oppandam kudurchukovadaanni nirodhinchadaaniki vaaru chaalaa alasyam chesaaru. intalo, italian rashtraalalo atipedda mariyu atyanta saktivantamaina mariyu atyanta prabhaavavantamaina sainyanni kaligi unna venis, ippudu leagku marinta dalaalanu andinchadaaniki niraakarinchindi. 1509 nundi 1517 varaku daani nashtaala valla balaheenapadindi mariyu ottomanlache daani samudra aastulu ekkuvagaa bedirinchabadatamto, andrea gritty kinda republic tatasthamgaa undataaniki prayatninchindi mariyu 1529 taruvaata poraatamlo palgonadanni nivaarinchindi.
1528 eprillo genois naukaadalam maddatutoe, oka french dandayaatra dalam augustulo vyaadhi vaarini upasamharinchukovalasi raavadaaniki mundu nepullanu muttadinchindi. yuddhanni muginchaalani irupakshaalu ippudu aandolana chendaayi, 1529 juun 21naa landrianolo maroe french otami taruvaata, frances augustulo charlesto combroy oppandaanni angeekarinchaadu. frances talli, luis off saavoy mariyu charless attha margaret charchalu jaripinanduna dheenini "shanti mahilala" anie pilustaaru, frances chaarlesnu milan, naples, flanders mariyu artois palakudiga gurtinchaadu. 1527loe tama medisi palakulanu bahishkarinchina florence matrame migili undadamtho venis kooda saantini nelakolpaadu. 1529 vesavilo bolognalo, charless V italii rajuga paeru pettabaddadu; pope clement tarapuna medisini punaruddharinchadaaniki athanu angeekarinchaadu, athanu swayamgaa medisi, sudeergha muttadi taruvaata, florence 1530 augustulo longipoyadu.
1530 kii mundu, italeelo videshee saktula jokyam swalpakaalika samasyaga pariganinchabadindi, endukante vaaru kalakramena daanini konasaginchalekapoyaru; udaaharanaku, 1494 mariyu 1501 loe french naples vijayalu mariyu 1499 mariyu 1515 loe milan vijayalu twaragaa tiragabaddaayi. marovaipu, venisnu saadhaaranamgaa itara rashtraalu atipedda muppuga bhaavinchaayi, endukante idhi oka "italian" shakti. italeelo charless V dwara bologna vadda sthaapinchabadina praamukhyata kooda tvaralo mugustundani chaalaa mandhi bhaavinchaaru, conny badulugaa idhi sudeergha saamraajya aadhipatyaaniki prarambham. ottoman vistarana nundi daani samudra saamrajyaanni rakshinchadaaniki anukuulamgaa 1530 taruvaata italii vyavahaaraala nundi venis upasamharinchukovadam oka amsam.
1536-1538 yokka italian yuddham.
combroy oppandam prakaram, francesco sphorja milan duke gaa tirigi niyaminchabaddaadu; ataniki pillalu lenanduna, charless V athani maranam taruvaata ducheeni vaarasatvamgaa pondutaadani kooda perkondi, idhi 1535 november 1naa jarigindi. frances dheenini angeekarinchadaaniki niraakarinchaadu, milan genova mariyu aastitoe paatu tanadi anie vaadinchi, marosari yuddhaaniki siddamayyaadu. 1536 eprillo, aastilooni valois anukuula amsaalu milannu swaadheenam chesukovadamlo viphalamainappatiki, imperial gaarisannu bahishkarinchaayi mariyu philippi dii chabot aadhvaryamlo french sainyam turinnu aakraminchindi.
dheeniki pratispandanagaa, spanish sainyam provence paie daadi chesi, 1536 augustu 13naa ikes nuu swaadheenam chesukundi, upasamharinchukune mundu, italii nundi vanarulanu mallinchina oka nishfalamaina dandayaatra, akkada paristhiti marinta teevramgaa maarindi. 1536 franco-ottoman kootami, vistruta shreni vaanijya mariyu dautya samasyalanu cover chese samagra oppandam, ottoman naukaadalam maddatutoe french bhuu dalaalatoe genova meeda ummadi daadiki kooda angeekarinchindi.
genova yokka rakshana dalam kanugonadam iteevala balopetam cheyabadindi, ayithe pranaalikaabaddhamaina antargata tirugubaatu kaaryaroopam daalchadamlo viphalamaindi, french badulugaa peedmaantlooni pinerolo, chiyeri mariyu carmagnola pattanaalanu aakraminchindi. 1537 antataa flanders mariyu uttara italeelo poraatam konasaagindi, ayithe ottoman naukaadalam naples chuttoo unna theera praantaalapai daadi chesi, italii antataa dandayaatraku bhayalanu penchindi. 1534loe clement sthaanamlo vacchina pope paal III, yuddhanni muginchaalani, 1538 maeloe rendu vaipula kalisi raavaalani aandolana chendaadu. juun 18naa santakam chesina nais oppandam, satrutvamlo padeella viraamaaniki angeekarinchindi, fraansnu chaalaa varaku telivigala, peedmont mariyu artois swaadheenam chesukovadaniki vadilivesindi.
1542-1546 yokka italian yuddham.
1538 naati sandhi ippatikee milan anie cheppukune frances mariyu modrid mariyu combroy oppandaalaku kattubadi undaalani pattubattina charless madhya antarleena udriktatalanu parishkarinchadamlo viphalamaindi. 1540loe charless thana kumarudu phillip duke off milan nuu niyaminchinappudu vaari sambandham kuppakoolindi, tadwara adhi fraansku tirigi vachhe avakaasam ledhu. 1541loe, charless ottoman naukaasrayamaina algeres meeda vinaasakaramaina daadi chesaadu, idhi athani sainyanni teevramgaa balaheenaparichindi mariyu suleiman thana french kuutamini tirigi sakriyam cheyadaaniki daariteesindi. ottoman maddatutoe, 1542 juulai 12naa frances marosari pavitra roman saamrajyampai yuddham prakatinchi, italian yuddham 1542-46 nuu praarambhinchaadu.
augustulo, french sainyalu spanish sarihaddulo perpignon, alaage 1477 kii mundu valois swaadheenam ayina artois, flanders mariyu luxemberg meeda daadi chesaayi. saamraajya pratighatana oohinchina daanikante chaalaa baleeyamgaa niroopinchabadindi, eee daadulanu chaalaa varaku sulabhamgaa tippikottaaru mariyu 1543loe henry VIII charlesto pottu pettukoni flanderslo athani daadiki maddatu ivvadaaniki angeekarinchaaru. irupakshaalu peddagaa purogati saadhinchaledu, mariyu haireddin barbarosa aadhvaryamlo samyukta franco-ottoman naukaadalam augustu 22naa naisnu swaadheenam chesukuni citadelnu muttadinchinappatikii, sheethaakaalam prarambham mariyu spanish naukaadalam undatam vaarini upasamharinchukovalasi vachindi. kraistava pattanampai kraistava, islaamik dalaala ummadi daadi digbhraantikaramgaa pariganinchabadindi, mukhyamgaa frances barbarossanu french naukaasrayamaina tolannu sheethaakaala sthaavaramgaa upayoginchadaaniki anumatinchinappudu.
1544 april 14naa, frances, count off injin netrutvamloni french sainyam, seresol vadda saamrajyaalanu odinchindi, idhi parimita vyuuhaatmaka viluva kaligina vijayam, endukante vaaru lombardilo marekkada purogati saadhinchadamlo viphalamayyaru. juunloo seravalle vadda saamraajya sthaanam marinta balopetam cheyabadindi, alphonso dii 'avalose florentine bahishkruta piero stroji netrutvamloni kirai dalaanni inglaandunu kalise maargamlo oodinchaadu. septembaru 10naa oka aangla sainyam bolognenu swaadheenam chesukoga, saamraajya dalaalu paris lopaliki munduku sagai. edemaina, madhyadhara samudramlo ottoman naavikaadala balam kaaranamgaa thana khazana ayipovadamtho, aandolana chendadamtho, september 14naa charless fraansistoe creppy oppandaaniki angeekarinchaadu, idhi tappanisarigaa 1542loe unna sthithiki punaruddharinchabadindi. oppandam henry VIIIని minahaayinchindi, 1546loe rendu deshaalu shanti nelakolpi, bolognenu swaadheenam chesukunnatlu nirdhaarinche varaku fransto yuddham konasaagindi.
1551-1559 yokka italian yuddham.
frances 1547 marchi 31naa maraninchaadu mariyu athani kumarudu fraansku chendina rendava henry athani taruvaata vacchaadu. athanu italeelo french sthaanaanni punaruddharinche prayatnaalanu konasaginchadu, itarulu bahishkarinchabadina italianlu mariyu athani bandhuvu frances, duke off disease, thana taata rene II, duke off lorain dwara naples simhasananni kaivasam chesukunnaru. henry mottamodata franco-ottoman kuutamini tirigi sakriyam cheyadam dwara mariyu 1551 augustulo tripolini swaadheenam chesukovadaniki maddatu ivvadam dwara thana dautya sthaanaanni balopetam chesukunnadu. thana bhaktito kuudina vyaktigata kaathalikkulu mariyu intlo huginote "mataviswaasaala" paie himsa unnappatikee, 1552 janavarilo athanu saamraajyamloni aneka protestant yuvaraajulato chamboard oppandampai santakam chesaadu, idhi ataniki tool, verdun mariyu metz anae moodu bishop lapai niyantrananu ichindi.
1552 maarchilo rendava schmalcaldic yuddham praarambhamaina taruvaata, french dalaalu moodu bishapriklanu aakraminchi lorainpai daadi chesaayi. 1553loe, frenchi-ottoman dalam genois dveepam korsikanu swaadheenam chesukundi, henry bhaarya catherine dii medisi maddatutoe, french maddatugala tuscon bahishkrutulu sienapai niyantrananu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. idhi henreeni florence palakudu kosimo dii medisitho gharshanaku gurichesindi, athanu 1554 augustu 2naa marciano vadda french sainyanni oodinchaadu; siena april 1555 varaku konasaginappatiki, idhi florence chetha vileenam cheyabadindi mariyu 1569loe tuscany grand duchylo bhaagamaindi.
1554 joolailo, speyinku chendina phillip II maerii Ithoo vivaham dwara ingland raaju ayyadu, novemberlo athanu thana tandri nundi naples mariyu sisily rajyalanu kooda andukunnadu, athanu atanni milan dukega tirigi dhruvikarinchaadu. 1556 janavarilo, charless adhikarikamga chakravarthy padavini vadulukuni, thana aastulanu vibhajinchaadu; pavitra roman saamrajyam athani sodarudu modati ferdinandku vellindi, speyin, daani videshee bhuubhaagaalu mariyu spanish netherlands philippku ketayinchabaddayi. taruvaati sataabdamloo, 1568 nundi 1648 enabhai samvatsaraala yuddhamlo flanders yokka spanish sainyaniki naples mariyu lombardy purushulu mariyu dabbuku pradhana vanarugaa marai.
1557 juunloo ingland yuddhamloki pravesinchindi, mariyu drushti flanders vaipu maarindi, akkada spanish sainyam frenchnu seyint loe odinchindi. augustu 10naa quentin. ayinappatikee, janavari 1558loe french vaaru 1347 nundi aangleyula aadheenamlo unna kaalisnu swaadheenam chesukunnaru, daani nashtam airopa pradhana bhoobhaagamlo neerugaa jokyam chesukune vaari bhavishyat saamarthyaanni teevramgaa tagginchindi. vaaru juunloo theonvillenu kooda swaadheenam chesukunnaru, conny shanti charchalu appatike prarambhamayyayi, 1562loe french matha yuddhaalaku daariteesina antargata sangharshanaku henry longipoyadu. 1559 april 3naa jarigina kaateyu-combresses oppandam italian yuddhaalanu muginchindi. coursica genovaku tirigi ivvabadindi, ayithe duke off saavoy emmanuel philibert uttara italeelo savoyard rashtraanni swatantra samsthagaa tirigi sthaapinchaadu. france callis mariyu moodu bishop lanu nilupukundi, itara nibandhanalu tappanisarigaa 1551loe unna sthaanaaniki tirigi vachayi. chivaraku, henry II mariyu phillip II ferdinandnu chakravartigaa gurtinchamani pope pius IVని koradaniki mariyu trent kounsilnu tirigi samavesaparachadaniki angeekarinchaaru.
paryavasanalu.
italian yuddhaala samayamlo european adhikara samatulyata gananeeyamgaa maarindi. 1494 loe italeelo french saktini dhruveekarinchadam valla austria mariyu speyinlu french vyatiraeka leaglo chaeradaaniki daariteesindi, idhi raajavamsam vivahala dwara france (diguva deshaalu, aragon, castile, saamrajyam) chuttoo "hobsburg ring" nuu erpaatu chesindi, idhi chivariki charless vii. marovaipu, charless vii padavee viramana taruvaata spanish mariyu austrian hobsburg la madhya hobsburg saamrajyam vibhajanatho chivari italian yuddham mugisindi. speyinku chendina phillip II speyin, dakshina italii mariyu dakshina americalo charless V chae nirvahinchabadina raajyaalaku varasudu. modati ferdinand germany nundi uttara italii varaku vistarinchi unna pavitra roman saamrajyamlo charless V varasudu mariyu hobsburg raacharikaaniki "suu juur" raaju ayyadu. pavitra roman saamrajyamlo bhaagamgaa konasaagutuu, hobsburg netherlands mariyu duchy off milan speyin rajuku vyaktigatamgaa vileenam cheyabaddaayi.
charless V saamrajyam vibhajana, paas-dii-kalais mariyu moodu bishop meeda french rashtram vistaranatoe paatu, fraansku saanukuula phalitam. ayithe, french valoisnu kolpoyi hobsburgs airopa mariyu italeelo praamukhyata pondindi. vaastavaaniki, eee rakshanaatmaka lakshyanni saadhinchadaaniki, france hobsburg saktiki vyatiraekatanu antam chesi, italeelo thana vaadanalanu vidichipettavalasi vachindi. rendava henry kooda peedmaantlo sthirapadina emmanuel philibertku, mariyu genova republicu korsikaku savoired rashtraanni punaruddharinchaadu. eee kaaranamgaa, france kosam italian yuddhaala mugimpu mishrama phalitamgaa pariganinchabadutundi.
yuddhaala mugimpulo, italii ekkuvagaa dakshinaana spanish hobsburg yokka vaisraayalteela madhya mariyu uttaraana austrian hobsburg yokka adhikaarika sthaavaraala madhya vibhajinchabadindi. catholic samskarana samayamlo pradhana saamskrutika mariyu raajakeeya prabhavanni konasaginchinanduna, madhya italeelo popasy atyanta mukhyamaina italian saktigaa migilipoyindi. yuddham samayamlo nilipiveyabadina trent council, shanti oppandaala nibandhanala dwara tirigi samavesamai 1563loe mugisindi.
vivaranalu.
france vishayamlo maadirigaane, hobsburg phalitam kooda vibhinnamgaa ardham cheyabadindi. 20va sataabdamloo garrett mattingly, eric cochrane mariyu manuel eff thoo sahaa aneka mandhi charitrakaarulu unnaaru. alvarez, italeelo spanish aadhipatyaaniki prarambhamga kaateyu-combresses saantini gurtinchaaru. aaa abhiprayam prakaram, charless V padavee viramana chesinappudu hobsburg saamrajyam vibhajana italeelo pavitra roman saamrajyam yokka sthaanaanni speyinku anukuulamgaa balaheenaparichindi, tadwara shanti ekkuvagaa taruvaati vijayam. ayithe, 21va sataabdapu charitra rachanalo eee amsampai punahpariseelana undhi. christin shaa thana savarinchina "italian wars (1494-1559)", maikhel J. saamraajya agentla" loe levin, "saamraajya parimitula" loe vilium reasure, dveepakalpamlo speyin aadhipatyaanni chaalaa parimitulu nirodhinchaayani, 1559 taruvaata italeelo itara saktulu kooda pedda prabhavanni chuupaayani paerkontuu spanish aadhipatya bhavananu tiraskarinchaaru.
christin shaa prakaram, speyin mariyu pavitra roman saamrajyam yokka dwandwa rakshana italeelo catue-combresses taruvaata sthaapinchabadindi. italian charitrakaarulalo, idhe vidhamaina abhiprayanni salvatore puglisi ("italeelo leey prime stret dell 'austria" loe) kaligi unnaaru, vaaru yuddhaala phalitaanni italeelo austrian mariyu spanish hobsburg shakti rendintikee prarambhamga ardham chesukunnaru. angelantonio spagnoletti thana "principe italiani ii spagna nell 'etaa barokka" loe barok italeepai thana rachanalalo benedetto crossnu pratidhvanistuu, cato-combresses taruvaata dveepakalpamlo papassi mariyu speyin rendu pradhana saktulugaa udbhavinchaayi. vaari abhiprayam prakaram, trent council mugimpu mariyu prati-samskarana prarambham dwara papassi sthaanam balopetam cheyabadindi. peater zhe. yuddhalu mugisina phalitamgaa italeelo saamraajya, spanish mariyu papal anae moodu ativyaapti chendutunna mariyu potipade bhuswamya netvarklu nirdhaarinchabaddaayani willson raasaaru. 1559 taruvaata italii raajakeeya mariyu saamaajika-aardhika paristhitini vivarinchadaaniki italian rachayitalu "refudalisation" ("refudolizzazione") vanti padaalanu kooda upayoginchaaru.
deerghakaalamlo, italeelo hobsburg praamukhyata konasaagindi, conny austria mariyu speyinlo raajavamsaala maarpu kaaranamgaa idhi gananeeyamgaa maarutuu vachindi. european vaarasatva yuddhaala taruvaata, austria yokka hobsburg-loraine saamraajya italii yokka bhuswamulapai pratyakshamgaa ledhaa parokshamgaa niyantrananu pondindi, ayithe dakshinaana spanish borbanla yokka cadet saakhaku vellindi. modata luis XIV aadhvaryamlo, taruvaata nepolian aadhvaryamlo, france italeelo tirigi vacchi hobsburg saktini edurkontundi, conny italii ekikarana matrame dveepakalpam nundi videshee saktulanu saasvatamgaa tolagistundi.
charless tilly thana rashtra nirmaana siddhaantamlo italian yuddhaalanu keelaka bhaagamgaa paerkonnaadu, endukante yuddhalu pedda sainyalu mariyu unnatamaina sainika saanketikata yokka viluvanu pradarsinchaayi. balavantam, rajadhani mariyu european rashtraalu, AD 990-1992" loe, tilly oka "samagra european rashtra vyavastha" nuu italian yuddhaalaku sahetukamgaa teedeeni ivvavacchani vaadinchaaru.
sainyam.
italian yuddhalu sainika saanketikata mariyu viewhalalo viplavanni suuchimchaayi, kontamandi charitrakaarulu avi aadhunika mariyu madhyayuga yuddhabhoomula madhya vibhajana binduvugaa unnayani suuchistunnaaru. samakaaleena charitrakaarudu francesco guecardini 1494 prarambha french dandayaatra gurinchi ilaa raasaadu...akasmaattugaa mariyu himsaatmaka yuddhalu prarambhamayyayi, oka villanu aakraminchadaaniki patte daanikante takkuva samayamlo oka rashtraanni jayinchadamtho mugisindi. oka nagaranni muttadinchadam mariyu swaadheenam chesukovadam chaalaa vaegamgaa maarindi mariyu nelallo kaadu, rojulu mariyu gantalalo saadhinchabadindi.
padaatidalam italian yuddhaala samayamlo lothaina abhivruddhini saadhinchindi, praadhamika paik-mariyu halbard-wheelding fores nundi archbusiers, pikeman mariyu itara dalaala marinta saralamaina amarikaku abhivruddhi chendindi. yuddhaala prarambha bhaagamlo landskenchlu mariyu swiss kirai sainikulu aadhipatyam konasaaginchagaa, 1521 naati italian yuddham paik mariyu shaat nirmaanaalalo saamuuhika tupaakula saktini pradarsinchindi.
1503loe french mariyu spanish dalaala madhya jarigina gharshana yuddhamlo aark bassula upayogaanni modatisaari pradarsinchindi. spanish general, gonjalo dii cardoba, thana archbusierla rendu samuuhaala madhya french purushula dalaanni aakarshistuu, tirogamanaanni nakilee chesaadu. french sainyam marksmenla madhya adugupettinapudu, rendu vaipula bulletla thoo kuudina kaalpulu jarigaayi. french vaaru haani kaliginche arquibusierlapy daadi cheyadaaniki mundhe, spanish aswikadalam daadi french dalaalanu vichchinnam chesi, vaarini balavantamgaa venakki tagginchindi. french sainyam tappinchukogaa, spanish vaaru teevramaina praananastaanni kaliginchaaru.
italian yuddhaalalo thupaakeelanu upayoginchadam entha vijayavantamaindante, tarachugaa archwaybus vaadakaaniki satruvugaa varninchabadina nikolo machiyavelli, nagaramloni pourulandarikee tupaakeeni elaa kalchalo teliyaalani "dhi art off waar" paie thana grandhamlo raasaadu.
anubhavagnulu vijaetalugaa maararu.
hernon cartes vanti chaalaa mandhi "vijaetalu" spanish americalo seva cheyadaaniki mundu italeeni pariganinchaaru, ayithe naples mariyu dakshina italii nundi pedda sankhyalo anubhavagnulu taruvaata valasavaadulugaa ledhaa sainikuluga akkadaku valasa vacchaaru. italeelo anubhavam tarachugaa sainika upaadhiki mundastu avasaramgaa pariganinchabadindi, ayithe charitrakaarudu gonjalo fernandez dii ovido vai waldes alaa chesina vaaru "dhanavanthulu kaavadamlo viphalamayyaarani" paerkonnaaru...sampadanu joodam aadaru ledhaa [edho okavidhamgaa] vaatini kolpoyaru "mariyu americalo paristhitulu chaalaa kathinamgaa unnayani suuchimchaaru. uttara americaloki thana dandayaatralo hernando dii sototho kalisi vacchina italian anubhavagnudaina francisco sebastian, eee anchanaanu angeekarinchaaru, endukante nivaasitula nundi "viluvanu dochukovadaanni pondalekapoyaru".
italian anubhavagnulalo 1511loe cubanu jayinchina diego velogquez dii cullar, francisco dii karvajal mariyu pedro dii valdivia unnaaru, veeriddaroo 1526loe pavialo poraadaaru. karvajal mariyu valdivia 1538loe spanish pratyarthi diego dii almagroku vyatiraekamgaa poraatamlo peruulooni pizaro sodarulato kalisi panicheesaaru. karvajal pijaarolato undipoyindi, ayithe valdivia chileeni jayinchadam praarambhinchi araco yuddhanni prerepinchindi. 1548 jakijahuwana yuddhamlo iddaroo vyatiraeka vaipula poraadaaru; karvajal khaidiigaa teesukunna taruvaata uriteeyabaddaadu, ayithe valdivia 1553loe tucapel vadda maraninchaadu.
aswikadalam.
puurtigaa saayudha madhyayuga gurram yokka tudi parinaamamaina bhaarii aswikadalam, italian yuddhaala yuddhabhoomulalo mukhyamaina aatagadiga migilipoyindi. ekkuvagaa vaari adbhutamaina gurraala kaaranamgaa, french gendorms saadhaaranamgaa itara raashtraala nundi bhaarii eguravesina dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa vijayavantamayyaayi, conny paikmenlaku chaalaa haani kaliginchevi. spanish vaaru gharshanalaku bhaarii aswikadalam mariyu telikapati aswikadalam ledhaa "ginets" nuu upayoginchaaru.
firangulu.
firangulu, mukhyamgaa kshetra firangulu, yuddhaala samayamlo edainaa pradhama shreni sainyamlo anivaarya bhaagamgaa marai. 1494loe charless VIII daadi chesinappudu, athanu kalverinlu mariyu bambu daadula modati nijamaina mobile muttadi railunu thanatho teesukuvacchaadu. indulo vividha aavishkaranalu unnaayi, antey chakraala bandlapai tupaakulanu amarchadam, aacharam prakaram eddula kante gurralu geeyadam, idhi vachinappudu satruvu balamaina sthaavaraaniki vyatiraekamgaa vaatini moharinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. eee chalanasheelata vaati telikapati nundi udbhavinchindi, kaamsya charchi gantalanu vaeyadaaniki upayoginche paddhatulanu upayoginchadam dwara saadhinchabadindi. bahusha atyanta mukhyamaina merugudala emitante, tarachugaa debbatinna raathi bantula kante inupa phirangi bantula srushti. eee kalayika antey charless nelalu ledhaa samvatsaraalu muttadini pratighatinchina oka ganta kotalanu samam cheyagaladu.
charitra rachana.
aksharaasyata, tarachugaa baga vidyaavantulaina commanderla uniki kaaranamgaa, yuddhaalalo palgonna vyaktula nundi vistrutamaina samakaaleena vruttaamtaalu andubaatulo unna modati pradhana sangharshanhalalo italian yuddhalu okati. ippatikee oka sataabdam kante takkuva vayassu unna aadhunika mudrana aavishkarana, sangharshananu smarinchukovadamlo kooda nissandehamgaa pedda paatra pooshinchindi. eee kaalamlooni pradhana charitrakaarulalo francesco guecardini mariyu pavolo sarpi unnaaru.
naamakaranam.
italian yuddhaalalo bhagala sangharshanhala paeru pettadam ennadoo praamaanikam kaaledu mariyu aaa kaalamlooni charitrakaarulalo maarutuu untundi. konni yuddhalu vibhajinchabadavachhu ledhaa bhinnamgaa kalapabadavacchu, deenivalla krama sankhya vyavasthalu vividha vanarula madhya asthiramgaa untaayi. yuddhaalanu vaati teedeela dwara ledhaa vaaritho poraadutunna chakravartulu suuchimchavachchu. saadhaaranamgaa, italian yuddhalu moodu pradhana dasalugaa vargeekarinchabadataayih 1494-1516; 1521-1530; mariyu 1535-1559.
samakaaleena kathanaalu.
italian yuddhaala prarambha bhaagaaniki pradhana samakaaleena vruttaantam francesco guecardini yokka "storia dii italia" ("italian charitra"), idhi sangharshana samayamlo vraayabadindi mariyu guecardini papal vyavahaaraalaku praapyata dwara prayojanam pondindi.

