
bays-cation santrupta nishpatti

bays-cation saturation ratio (bcsr) anedi naela pareeksha phalitaalanu ardham chesukune oka paddhati, idhi sthiramaina vyavasaayamlo vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutundi, dheeniki jaateeya sthiramaina vyavasaya samachara seva (aakarshanheeyamaina) maddatu istundi mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa oka million ekaraalaku (4,000 chadarapu kilometres) paiga vyavasaya bhoomulalo vijayavantamgaa upayoginchabadutundani cheppabadindi. chaalaa vishwavidyaalaya prayogasaalalu upayoginche saampradaaya paddhatini 'taginanta sthaayi', andubaatulo unna poeshakaala (slaan) ledhaa suuchika (yuke) vyavastha yokka taginanta sthaayi anie pilustaaru. taginanta sthaayi vyavastha anedi mokkalaku andubaatulo unna poeshaka sthaayilanu baga adhyayanam chesina paridhiloo unchadam, lopam ledhaa adanapu undakunda chusukovadam. bcsr vyavasthalo, matti catayans vividha nishpattula prakaram samatulyata kaligi untaayi, ivi tarachugaa 'aadarsavantamaina' ledhaa 'samatulya' mattini istayani paerkonabadataayi. eee nishpattulu calcium mariyu magnitium nishpatti vanti vyaktigata catayans madhya undavacchu ledhaa matti yokka catayans marpidi saamarthyam (cec) yokka saata santruptatagaa vyakteekarinchabadavachhu. chaalaa 'aadarsha matti' siddhaantaalu rendu vidhaanaalanu nokki chebutaayi. (ivi kooda chudandi-katayan marpidi saamarthyam)
khachitamgaa cheppalante, 'bays' catayans calcium, magnitium, potassium mariyu sodiyamlaku parimitam cheyabaddaayi, ivi bcsr paddhatulu samatulyataku sambandhinchina praadhamika poeshakaalu. edemaina, 'aadarsha matti' siddhaantaala yokka aneka pratipaadakulu ayanlu bhaswaram, sulfur mariyu chlorin alaage aneka chinna mariyu trace muulakaalanu samatulyam cheyadam yokka praamukhyatanu kooda nokki chebutaaru. lopam ledhaa vishapuuritatanu anumaaninchadaaniki tagina kaaranam unte tappa sampradaaya slaan vyavastha saadhaaranamgaa chinna mariyu trace muulakaala kosam pareekshinchadu.
bcsr maddatudaarulu tama paddhati slaan kante ekkuva pedda digubadini utpatti cheyakapoyinappatiki, vaati paddhatulanu upayoginchi samatulya matti ekkuva mokka, jantuvu mariyu maanava aarogyaaniki daariteestundani, alaage matti jeeva karyakalapalu mariyu saagu, vayuvu mariyu thema nilupudala yokka bhouthika lakshanaalanu penchutundani vaadinchaaru. eee vaadanalaku maddatu ivvadaaniki prastutam bahirangamgaa andubaatulo unna parisoedhana ledhaa trial dayta ledhu, conny sendriya polaallo bcsr vyavasthalu chaalaa vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutunnaayi mariyu raitulu mariyu thotala pempakandaarula nundi aneka saanukuula sakshyalu internetlo mariyu pratyaamnaaya vyavasaya saahityamlo chudavachu. chaalaa sandarbhaallo bcsr vyavasthalanu anusarinchadam valla pratikuula prabhaavaalaku daariteeyadu. raitulaku pradhana aandolana emitante, panta vaastavaaniki upayoginchagala daanikante ekkuva matti savaranalanu vartimpajeyadam anavasaramaina kharchu.
bcsr paddhatula charitra.
katayan marpidi suutraanni thamus vae mariyu zaan bennet laas 19va sataabdamloo rothamstead prayogaatmaka stationlo kanugonnaru. 1892loe askar love, okati ekkuvagaa unnappudu mariyu marokati lopam unnappudu calcium mariyu magnitium rendoo mokkalaku vishapuuritamainavani gamaninchaaru, tadwara saraina CA: mg nishpatti undavacchani suuchistumdi. 1901loe askar love mariyu dii.doubleu. aneka jaatulaku vistruta shreni nishpattulalo garishta perugudala pondinappatikee, marinta pareekshalu chesi, 5 nundi 4 varaku aadarsavantamaina CA: mg nishpattini suuchimchavachchu. 1916loe lipman appati varaku saahityaanni sameekshinchi, kontamandi parisoedhakulu konni jaatulaku 'optimal' ca: mg nishpattulanu gurtinchinatlu kanipinchinappatikii, ca: mg nishpatti perugudalanu prabhaavitam chesindane aadharalu levani nirdhaarinchaaru.
taruvaata, 1933loe, mosar kooda saahityaanni sameekshinchi, thana sonta prayogaalanu pradarsinchaadu, lipman maadirigaane, CA: mg nishpatti digubadini prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki etuvanti aadharalu levani nirdhaaranaku vacchaadu. adhika magnitium neelalaloo, takkuva digubadi asamatulyata valla kakunda calcium lopam valla anie ayana kanugonnaru. dheeni ardham, limming digubadini penchutundi, conny lopam sarididdabade varaku matrame.
1930la chivari nundi, misauri vishwavidhyaalayamloni matti vibhagam chhairman ayina vilium albrecht, misauri vyavasaya prayoga kendramlo katayan nishpattulu mariyu chikkullu perugudalanu parisoedhinchadam praarambhinchaaru. konni pacchika bayallu manchi aarogyaaniki anukuulamgaa unnayani gamaninchina albrecht, konni velalalo mattiloo catayans yokka aadarsha samatulyata "hetch, 10 saatam; ca, 60 nundi 75 saatam; enji, 10 nundi 20 saatam; keey, 2 nundi 5 saatam; naa, 0.5 nundi 5 saatam; mariyu itara catayans, 5 saatam" anie nirdhaaranaku vacchaadu. thana maranam taruvaata athanu thana patraalanu thana snehitudu charless valtersku vadilipettaadu, athanu aadarsavantamaina matti udyamaaniki kendramgaa konasagutunna akerusa patrikanu sthaapinchadam dwara aalochanalanu prothsahinchaadu.
albrecht atyanta gouravaneeyamaina matti shaastravetta ayinappatikee, athanu matti yokka nirdishta pihech viluvaku mokkalu sunnitamgaa undavu ledhaa parimitam kaavu anie paerkontuu matti pihech nuu tagginchaadu."badulugaa, mattini kattirinchadam valla kalige prayojanaalu mokkaku labhinche adanapu calcium nundi vastaayani, pihech perugudala nundi kaadani ayana vishwasinchaaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa chaalaa aadharalu unnappatikee, eee nammakanni anucharulu eee roeju varaku konasaaginchaaru. matti pihech niyantrinchabadani bcsrpy prarambha parisoedhanaloo chaalaa varaku maadirigaane, bcsrku maddatugaa albrecht parisoedhana nundi ghanamaina teermaanaalanu teesukovadam kashtam.
daadaapu adhe samayamlo albrecht missauri, f loe panicheestunnaaru.ii. eruvula kharchulanu tagginchadaaniki alfalfa mokkalalo potassium yokka adanapu viniyogaanni parimitam cheyadaaniki calcium savaranalanu upayoginchavacchaa anie newjerseelooni bair daryaaptu chestondi. eee adhyayanala nundi ayana 1945loe prins mariyu malcomlatho oka bulletin jaarii chesaaru, idhi tatkalikamga 'aadarsavantamaina matti' nishpattini pratipaadinchindi, ikkada marpidi cheyagala catayans nishpatti 65 saatam ca, 10 saatam enji, 5 saatam keey mariyu 20 saatam hetch. vaaru 1948loe tadupari prayogaalato (tattho prachurinchabadindi) vaari parikalpananu dhruveekarinchaaru.
1959loe E.aarr. seklo calcium 65 saatam nundi 85 saatam madhya unde elugubanti nishpattulaku savarananu graham suuchimchaaru. elugubanti mariyu graham rendoo vividha neelalanu vislaeshimchi, catayans nishpattulu mariyu naela utpaadakata madhya paraspara sambandhaanni gamaninchina taruvaata eee nirdhaaranalaku vachayi. marinta niyantrita vaataavaranamloo pareekshinchadaaniki anukuulamgaa aadhunika saastraalu eee vidhamaina taggimpunu saadhaaranamgaa nivaarinchinappatikii, vyavasaya shaastram mariyu paryaavarana saastramlo idhi chellubaatu ayye paddhatigaa pariganinchabadutundi, ikkada sahaja paryaavaranam yokka sanklishtata taggimpu paddhatulanu takkuva upayogakaramgaa chestundi. ayithe, elugubanti ledhaa graham rendoo nishpattulanu marchadam mariyu prabhavalanu adhyayanam cheyadam dwara vaari siddhaantaalanu pareekshinchinatlu kanipinchadu.
1981loe, baker mariyu amacher aadarsha nishpattini 60-80% ca, 10-20% mg, 2-5% k gaa punarnirvachinchaaru. oka dasaabdam taruvaata neel kinsey charless walters thoo kalisi "hands aann agronomy" anae pustakaanni saha-rachinchaadu, dheenilo athanu aadarsha nishpattulanu 60-70% ca, 10-20% mg, 3-5% k, 1% Na, 10-15 h, 2-4% itara catayans gaa nirvachinchaadu. kinsey pustakam bcsr vyavasthapai atyanta vistrutamgaa prasiddhi chendina mariyu prabhaavavantamaina rachanaga maarindi.
2008-2011 loe nirvahinchina konni adhyayanalu BCSR yokka samarthatha gurinchi sandehaalanu levanettutaayi.
bcsr mariyu mokkala digubadi.
ayithe, athanu gatamlo elugubantito panichesina 'aadarsha matti' nishpattulanu parisoedhinchadaaniki chesina taruvaata prayogamlo, calcium prabalamaina katayanga unnanta kaalam, nirdishta katayan nishpatti edhee ladino clover yokka merugaina digubadini utpatti cheyaledani nirdhaaranaku vachindi. aadarsha' paridhi kante chaalaa ekkuva, mg mariyu k 40 saatam varaku unnappatikee, digubadilo etuvanti vyatyaasam pondaledu.
digubadi mariyu katayan nishpattula madhya etuvanti sambandham ledani choopinche itara adhyayanalu appati nundi ilanti teermaanaalanu teesukunnaayi, calciumnu andinchadam magnitium kante samruddhiga untundi.
 parisoedhanalu ekkuvagaa calcium nishpattulanu parisoedhinchinappatikii, potassium mariyu magnitium nishpattulanu chuse adhyayanalu kooda digubadilo thedaalu choopinchaledu, ayithe lopam ledhaa adhikata ledhu. nijaaniki, elugubanti mariyu sahodyogula pareekshala yokka munupati saanukuula phalitaalu neerugaa matti pihech kii aapaadinchabadataayani telustondi.
bcsr mariyu poeshaka naanhyata.
bahusha bcsr (mariyu saadhaaranamgaa sendriya vyavasayam) yokka atyanta vivaadaaspada amsam sarigga samatulyamaina matti marinta pooshakamaina utpattulanu istundani abhyaasakula nammakalaku sambandhinchinadi. gatha ardha sataabdamloo pandlu mariyu kooragaayalalo khanija padaardhaalu taggayani konni adhyayanalu chuupimchinappatikii, idhi vivaadaaspadamainadi mariyu kaaranaalu anischitamgaa unnaayi. digubadi, ekaruupata, tegulu nirodhakata, roopaanni mariyu ruchi kante ekkuva kaalam (poeshaka naanhyataku manchi suuchika) kosam pempakam cheyabadina hybrid rakalu matti kante tappu kaavacchu anie oohinchabadindi. matti kuurputoe paatu, neetipaarudala mariyu suuryarashmi bahirgatam vanti itara amsaalu kooda siddhaantaparamgaa unnaayi, conny ippativaraku etuvanti nirdhaaranalanu teesukolekapoyayi.
vilium albrecht modata 'asamatulya' neelalaloo pandinche pantalu takkuva poeshaka viluvalanu kaligi unnayani, pasuvulanu mepe alavaatlanu adhyayanam cheyadam aadhaaramgaa-mukhyamgaa paeda paacheslo perige pacchani gaddini nivaarinchadam gurinchi suuchimchaaru. ayana zii thoo nirvahinchina oka adhyayanam.ii. bii. sii. ess. aarr siddhaantam yokka pratipaadakulu smithnu udaharinchaaru, conny vividha kaaranaala valla vimarsinchabaddaaru, veetilo pradhaanamainadi matti yokka pihech niyantrinchabadaledu, endukante albrecht pihech mukhyamainadani nammaledu. anduvalla, athanu calcium sthaayilatho mudipadi unna chikkullu yokka vaerla gaddakattadam (mariyu tadupari digubadi perugudala) loe perugudala bahusha pihech perugudala kaaranamgaa undavacchu, idhi vaerla gaddakattadaaniki avasaramaina suukshmapooshakam malibdinamnu vidudala chestundi. metha jantuvulalo chikkullu proteinku mukhyamaina muulam, anduvalla, calcium anuvartanaala nundi pacchika bayalla varaku pasuvula aarogyam perugutundani choopinche itara adhyayanalu pihech perugudala mariyu tadupari chikkullu perugudala kaaranamgaa undavacchu.
pratyaamnaaya vyavasaya saahityamlo daani praabalyam kosam prastaavinchadagina maroe adhyayanam emitante, 1948loe elugubantlu mariyu mutyaalu samyukta raashtraalaloni vividha neelalapai pandlu mariyu kuuragaayala khanija kuurpunu parisoedhinchaayi. nijaaniki, matti lakshanaalu mariyu panta poeshaka viluvalanu poolchadaaniki saahityam lekapovadam valla eee paatha adhyayanam chaalaa prabalamgaa undhi. matti kuurpu pantalalo khanija padaarthaalanu prabhaavitam chestundani adhyayanam suuchistumdi, ayithe pedda sankhyalo anveshinchani chararaasula kaaranamgaa drudamaina nirdhaaranalanu teesukovadam kashtam.
pooshakaahaarampai katayan nishpattula prabhavanni pareekshinchadaaniki pratyaekamgaa roopondinchina iteevali adhyayanalu takkuva prothsaahakaramgaa unnaayi. maark scanbeck nirvahinchina moodu samvatsaraala kshetra adhyayanam, 'sendriya utpattilo albrecht suutraanni dhruveekarinchadaaniki praarambhamlo chepattabadindi', vividha katayan nishpattula neelalaloo pandinche kuuragaayala brics (aadarsha matti samaajamlo chaalaa mandhi upayoginche poeshaka naanhyata yokka vivaadaaspada suuchika) loe etuvanti vaividhyam chuupaleedu. ayithe, scanbeck detaalo parimitulanu angeekarinchi, tadupari adhyayanam kosam pilupunicchaaru. adanamgaa, 2005loe, stevens mariyu itarulu."patthi naanhyata mariyu CA: mg nishpatti, mariyu 1996loe kellings modalaina vaati madhya etuvanti sambandham kanipinchaledu."alfalfa naanhyata mariyu digubadiki sambandhinchi adhe nirdhaaranaku vacchaaru.
bcsr mariyu matti yokka bhouthika lakshanaalu.
bhaarii bankamatti mattini vaati nirmaanaanni meruguparachadaaniki chalakalamga upayogistunnaru, ayithe BCSR abhyaasakulu alaa cheyadaaniki kaaranam Ph perugudala kante ca: mg nishpatti perugudala anie paerkonnaaru. ayithe, adhyayanalu matti nirmaanam anedi pHని oke vidhamgaa unchinappudu vistruta shreni ca: mg nishpattulalo nirvahinchabadutundani choopinchaayi. scanbeck yokka vyavasaya pareekshalalo mg santruptata taggadam valla sampeedana, thema, chorabatla raetu ledhaa matti balampai etuvanti prabhavam undadani kanugonnaru. vaastavaaniki albrecht suutram prakaram rendu neelalu atyanta 'asamatulyamainavi' anie athanu kanugonnadu, avi uttama bhouthika nirmaanam kaligina rendu neelalu. marovaipu midwest united states neelalapai chesina adhyayanam adhika mg "madhyapaschima neelalaloo uparitala sealing mariyu kothanu penchutundani nirdhaarinchindi."
bcsr mariyu matti jeevasaastram.
samatulya neelalu naela jeeva karyakalapalanu penchutaayani, kalupu mokkalu perugudala, tegulla daadini taggistaayani bcsr anucharulu paerkonnaaru. kalupu mokkalu mariyu tegulla taggudalaku neerugaa matti jeeva karyakalapalu mariyu tadupari pantala aarogyam peragadam kaaranamani cheppavacchu, anduvalla pariganinchavalasina ekaika amsam emitante bcsr neerugaa matti suukshmajeevula vaividhyam mariyu karyakalapalanu penchagaladaa anedi.
konni bacteria teevramaina paristhitulalo mudi muulakaalanu neerugaa jeevakriya cheyadaanni gamaninchinappatikii, micorisal sileendhraalu raathi nundi khanijalanu velikiteestaayani kanugonabadindi, matti jeevulalo adhika bhaagam sendriya padaarthaalapai pratyaekamgaa jeevistaayi. anduvalla, mattiloo khanija samatulyatalo evaina maarpulu pihechni marchadam dwara oohinchina prabhaavaalaku minchi matti jeevula janabhanu prabhaavitam chese avakaasam ledhu.
adhyayanalu dheeniki maddatu icchaayi-mg santruptata taggadam valla matti sendriya padaartham, jeeva karyakalapalu, kalupu mokkalu perugudala ledhaa vyaadhi sambhavinchadam vanti vaatipai gurtinchadagina prabhavam ledani skaan beck chuupimchaaru. cah enji nishpatti vanapamula janabha ledhaa kalupu mokkala perugudalapai gananeeyamaina prabhavam chuupaleedani kelling nirdhaarinchaaru.
skaan beck ilaa muginchaaduh "ippati varaku kanugonnavi anni neelalaku vaanchaneeya bays santruptata nishpatti kosam oke suutram yokka anuvartanaaniki maddatu ivvavu."
aacharanalo bii. sii. ess. aarr.
tama neelalanu samatulyam cheyadaaniki oka rakamaina bcsr siddhaantaanni upayoginchi prapanchavyaaptamgaa oka million ekaraalaku (4,000 chadarapu kilometres) paiga vyavasaya bhoomulu unnayani cheppabadindi, mariyu raitula sakshyalu dheenini aacharanaatmaka paddhatigaa maddatu istunnatlu anipistundi. ayithe, sthiramaina vyavasaayaaniki maarutunna raitulu daadaapu ellappuduu bcsrnu upayogistaaru, anduvalla itara matti merugudala paddhatulanu (cover pantalu, taggina saagu mariyu sendriya padaarthaalanu jodinchadam vantivi) ekakaalamlo upayoginchadam bcsr paddhati yokka prabhavalanu verucheyadam kashtataram chestundi. chaalaa mandhi bcsr abhyaasakulu vyavasayam patla 'sampoorna' vidhanam nundi sangrahinchabadinappudu vyavastha panicheyadani nokki chepparu. idhi daryaaptunu klishtataram chesinappatiki, idhi vidhananni chellanidigaa cheyadu, endukante sthiramaina vyavasayam yokka aneka itara amsaalu okadaanitoe okati kalisi matrame panicheestaayi. udaaharanaku, samagra tegulu nirvahanaku bahulasamvardhakaalu, cover pantalu, purugumandulanu tagginchadam mariyu vyavasaya ataveesaastram kooda kontha varaku avasaram, mariyu eee vishayaalannintinii vismaristhe daani samarthatha baga taggutundi.
sthiramaina vyavasaya parisoedhana mariyu vidya (saar) samstha spaansar chesina 3 samvatsaraala kshetra vichaarana yokka 2001 phalitaalu prati paddhatiloo naipunhyam kaligina prayogasaalala nundi sifaarsulanu upayoginchi raitulu nirvahinchina bcsr verses slaan yokka pakkapakkane poolika. bcsr paddhatini upayoginchi eruvula sagatu dhara ekaraaniki samvatsaraaniki $9.27 ekkuvagaa undani, adhika digubadi ledani adhyayanam kanugondi. sendriya utpattula dharala premiyamlanu parigananaloki teesukunnappatiki, bcsr paddhati marinta labhadayakamga undadani vaaru nirdhaarinchaaru. bcsr vyavasthala yokka 'saraina' sthaayilanu saadhinchadaaniki ituvanti phaladeekaranaaniki dasaabdaalu pattavachani kooda vaaru angeekarinchaaru. maroka adhyayanam prakaram, bcsr kharchulu sampradaaya phaladeekaranamtho poliste rettimpu anie kanugonnaru.
takkuva sesi neelalaku bcsr paddhatulanu vartimpajeyadam valla khanija lopam erpadutundani kooda aandolana vyaktam cheyabadindi, endukante mcque/100 graamula mattiga nirvachinchabadina kaneesa sthaayilu laevu. anduvalla, chaalaa takkuva sesi neelalaloo oka nirdishta moolakam yokka parimaanam-itarulaku saraina nishpattilo unnappatikee-panta avasaralaku chaalaa takkuvagaa undavacchu. maroe aandolana emitante, caco3 mariyu Caso4 yokka anuvartanaalu cec yokka athi anchanaaku daariteestaayi. eee aandolanalanu pakkana pedithe, bcsrnu upayoginche raitulaku pratikuula prabhavalu anavasaramaina kharchulu matrame avtayani, dheeni prayojanaalanu baga adhyayanam chesina itara sthiramaina vyavasaya paddhatulapai baga kharchu cheyagaligedi anie saadhaarana ekaabhipraayam.
teermaanaalu.
bcsrku anukuulamgaa chesina chaalaa parisoedhanalanu pihech loe maarpula dwara taginantagaa vivarinchavacchu. parimitamaina matti suukshmajeevula karyakalapalu, matti nirmaanam, natrajani sthireekarana mariyu metha yokka ruchini meruguparachadaaniki prasiddhi chendindi. idhi ca mariyu enji lopaalanu saricheyadaaniki, poeshaka labhyatanu maarchadaaniki mariyu panta perugudalanu mandaginche manganese mariyu aluminium vishapuuritatanu tagginchadaaniki kooda upayoginchabadutundi. bcsr aadhaaramgaa eruvula sifaarsulu private matti pareeksha prayogasaalalo vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutunnappatiki, santulanam meeda aadharalu panta digubadi ledhaa naanhyataku etuvanti prayojanam ledani suuchistunnaayi. edainaa grahinchina maarpu lopaalanu sarididdadam (idhi slaan paddhati dwara teesukobadindi) ledhaa sthiramaina vyavasaayaaniki maarutunnappudu kalipi upayoginche itara prayojanakaramaina matti paddhatula phalitamgaa undavacchu.
albrecht paddhatipai thana 2001 adhyayanamlo, scanbeck ilaa paerkonnaadu, "prachurinchina 100 kii paiga adhyayanalu mariyu aneka neelala salahaadaarulatoo sambhaashanhala sameeksha saraina katayan balancing anedi swabhavikamga nirdishta pradaesaaniki sambandhinchinadani rujuvulanu velladinchindi. chaalaa neelalu aarogyamgaa mariyu utpaadakamgaa undataaniki albrecht suutraaniki anugunamgaa undavalasina avasaram ledhu."