aardhika abhivruddhi

prabhutva rangam yokka aardhikasaastra adhyayanamlo, aardhika mariyu saamaajika abhivruddhi anedi oka desham, praantam, sthaanika samajam ledhaa oka vyakti yokka aardhika sreyassu mariyu jeevana naanhyatanu lakshyamgaa pettukunna lakshyalu mariyu lakshyaala prakaram merugupariche prakriya.
eee padam 20va mariyu 21va sataabdaalaloo tarachugaa upayoginchabadindi, conny eee bhavana paschimaana chaalaa kaalam nundi unikilo undhi. "aadhuneekarana," "paaschaatyeekarana" "mariyu mukhyamgaa" "paarisraamikeekarana" "anevi aardhika abhivruddhi gurinchi charchinchetappudu tarachugaa upayoginche itara padaalu". chaaritraatmakamgaa, aardhika abhivruddhi vidhanalu paarisraamikeekarana mariyu moulika sadupayalapai drushti saarinchaayi; 1960la nundi, idhi pedarika taggimpupai ekkuvagaa drushti saarinchindi.
aardhika abhivruddhi anedi prajala sreyassunu meruguparachadam lakshyamgaa oka vidhaanaparamaina jokyam ayithe, aardhika vruddhi anedi market utpaadakata mariyu gdplo perugudala yokka drugvishayam; aardhikavetta amartya saine aardhika vruddhini "aardhika abhivruddhi prakriyaloo oka amsam" gaa varninchaaru. aardhikavettalu pradhanamgaa vruddhi amsam mariyu aardhika vyavasthapai drushti pedataaru, ayithe samaja aardhika abhivruddhi parisoedhakulu saamaajika aardhika abhivruddhitho kooda tamanu taamu aandolana chendutaaru.
nirvachanam mariyu paribhasha.
aardhika abhivruddhiki khachitamaina nirvachanam vivadaspadamga undih 20va sataabdamloo aardhikavettalu abhivruddhini pradhanamgaa aardhika vruddhi paramgaa chusinappatiki, saamaajika saastravettalu badulugaa maarpu mariyu aadhuneekarana yokka vistruta prakriyalanu nokki chepparu. abhivruddhi mariyu pattana adhyayanala panditudu carle seedman aardhika abhivruddhini "oka samajam ledhaa praantaaniki merugaina mariyu vistrutamgaa panchukune aardhika sreyassu mariyu jeevana naanhyatanu srushtinchadaaniki bhouthika, maanava, aardhika mariyu saamaajika aastulanu srushtinchi, upayoginchukune prakriya" gaa sangrahinchaaru. daffney greenwood mariyu richard holt aardhika abhivruddhini aardhika vruddhi nundi vaeru chestaaru, aardhika abhivruddhi anedi "oka samaajamlooni vyaktula mottam" jeevana pramaanamloo vistrutamgaa mariyu sthiramaina perugudala ", mariyu talasari aadaayam vanti vruddhi charyalu jeevana naanhyathalo merugudalato sambandham kaligi undavu.
aardhika abhivruddhi anedi oka vistrutamaina bhavana mariyu gunaatmaka koonaalanu kaligi undhi.
aardhika abhivruddhi anedi aardhika vruddhini mariyu prajala sreyassunu nirnayinche konni mukhyamaina chararaasulaloo pragatiseela maarpulanu suuchistumdi, udhaa.jih aarogyam, vidya.
iova vishwavidyaalayam yokka center pharr international finance und development ilaa perkondih
eee bhavana yokka muulam anischitamgaa unnappatikee, kontamandi panditulu pettubadidaarii vidhanam yokka parinaamam mariyu bhuusvaamyavaadam yokka pathanamtho abhivruddhi daggari sambandham kaligi undani vaadistaaru. itarulu dheenini valasavaada anantara raajyamtho anusandhaanistaaru.
rendava prapancha yuddham nundi aardhikaabhivruddhini abhyasinchaevaaru kaani vaaru aardhikaabhivruddhini ardham chesukunnarani, antey talasari aadaayamlo perugudala, mariyu (prastutam lekapothe) paarisraamika deshaalaku samaanamaina jeevana pramaanaanni saadhinchadam anie kooda mansel mariyu vehn paerkonnaaru. aardhika abhivruddhini oka nirdishta samayamlo aardhika vyavastha yokka sthithini namodu chese sthira siddhaantamgaa kooda pariganinchavacchu. schumpeter mariyu backhaus (2003) prakaram, aardhika siddhaantamlo namodu cheyabadina eee samathoulya sthithilo maarpulu bayati nundi vachhe madhyavartitva kaarakaala valla matrame sambhavinchavachhu.
saamaajika aardhika abhivruddhi aavirbhavinchadaaniki loukika-hetubaddhata mariyu viswasaandrata puurva sharatulalo unnayani oka kotta adhyayanam suuchistumdi.
charitra.
aardhika abhivruddhi united states praarambhinchina yuddhaanantara punarnirmaana kaalamlo udbhavinchindi. udbhavinchindi, thana praarambhopanyaasam samayamlo, adhyakshudu harry truman abhivruddhi chendani praantaala abhivruddhini paschima deshaalaku pradhaanyatagaa gurtinchaaruh
1945 nundi abhivruddhi siddhaantamlo aneka pradhana dasalu unnaayi. alegzander gershenkron desham aardhika abhivruddhi praarambhamlo (itarulatoe poliste) entha takkuva abhivruddhi chendindo, konni paristhitulu sambhavinche avakaasam undani vaadinchaaru. anduvalla, anni deshaalu oke vidhamgaa purogati saadhinchadam ledhu. 1940la nundi 1960la varaku aadhuneekarana siddhaantaanni anusarinchi abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo paarisraamikeekarananu prothsahinchadamlo rashtram pedda paatra pooshinchindi. eee kaalam taruvaata taruvaata maanava muuladhana abhivruddhi mariyu punahpampineepai drushti saarinchina praathamika avasaraala abhivruddhi yokka swalpa kaalam jarigindi. jarigindi nava udaaravaadam udbhavinchindi, idhi swechhaa vaanijyam mariyu digumati pratyaamnaaya paarisraamikeekarana vidhaanaalanu tolaginche ejendaanu munduku teesukellindi.
aardhika saastramlo, aardhika abhivruddhi adhyayanam puurtigaa jaateeya utpatti ledhaa vastuvulu mariyu sevala mottam utpattipai drushti saarinchina saampradaaya aardhika shaastram yokka vistarana nundi puttindi. aardhika abhivruddhi anedi prajala hakkula vistarana mariyu anaaroogyam, poeshanha, aksharaasyata, vidya mariyu itara saamaajika-aardhika suuchikala vanti vaari sambandhita saamardhyaalaku sambandhinchinadi. adhika-vruddhi chendutunna deshaalu (singapur, dakshina korea, hankong) mariyu pranaalikaabaddhamaina prabhutvaala (argentine, chilly, sudan, uganda) perugudalato keynesian aardhikasaastram (prabhutva jokyanni samardhinchadam), neoclassical aardhikasaastram (taggina jokyanni nokki cheppadam) nepathyam nundi udbhavinchindi, aardhika vyavasthalu elaa abhivruddhi chendutayane eee 20va sataabdam madhyakaalamlo aardhika abhivruddhi mariyu marinta saadhaaranamgaa abhivruddhi aardhikasaastram udbhavinchindi. alaage, aardhikavetta albert oo. abhivruddhi aardhika saastraaniki pradhana sahakaram andinchina hirshmann, aardhika abhivruddhi prapanchamlooni paedha praantaalapai, pradhanamgaa africa, asea mariyu latin americalo, inca praathamika aalochanalu mariyu namuunaala pravaahampai drushti saarinchindani nokki chepparu.
abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo sthiramaina aardhika vruddhini nirdhaarinchadaaniki ravana, gruhanirmaanam, vidya mariyu aarogya samrakshanhalo kramabaddhamaina, deerghakaalika prabhutva pettubadulu avasaramani, mukhyamgaa moulika sadupayala aadhaarita abhivruddhiki asean mariyu european pratipaadakulu vaadinchaaru.
robbert mcnamara prapancha byaankulo 13 samvatsaraala kaalamlo, athanu keelaka maarpulanu pravesapettaadu, mukhyamgaa, byaanku yokka aardhika abhivruddhi vidhaanaalanu lakshya pedarika taggimpu vaipu marchadu. prapancha byaankulo ayana padaveekaalaaniki mundu, antarjaateeya mariyu jaateeya aardhika abhivruddhilo bhaagamgaa pedarikam gananeeyamaina drushtini aakarshinchaledu; abhivruddhi yokka drushti paarisraamikeekarana mariyu moulika sadupayalapai undedi. pedarikam kooda deshaalu kakunda prajalu edurkontunna paristhitigaa punarnirvachinchabadindi. martha finnemore prakaram, mcnamara padaveekaalamlo prapancha byaanku oppinchadam mariyu balavantam kalayika dwara paedarikaanni tagginche rashtraalanu "vikrayinchindi"."
aardhika abhivruddhi lakshyalu.
oka desham yokka abhivruddhi vividha bhaavanalatho mudipadi undhi, conny saadhaaranamgaa adhika utpaadakata, daani pourula praadhaanyatalanu saadhyamainanta khachitamgaa soochinche raajakeeya vyavasthalu, anni saamaajika samuuhaalaku hakkula vistarana mariyu vaatini pondhe avakaasaalu mariyu marinta saanketikamgaa mariyu logisticalga sanklishtamaina panulaku haajaru kaagala samsthalu mariyu samsthala saraina kaaryaacharana dwara aardhika vruddhini kaligi untundi (i.ii. pannulanu penchandi mariyu praja sevalanu andinchandi). eee prakriyalu daani aardhika vyavastha, raajakeeya vyavastha, samajam mariyu praja paripalananu nirvahinchadaaniki rashtra saamardhyaalanu vivaristaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, aardhika abhivruddhi vidhanalu eee amsaalalo samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki prayatnistaayi.
deenni drushtilo unchukuni, aardhika abhivruddhi anedi saadhaaranamgaa vividha rangaalu ledhaa soochikalalo (aksharaasyata raetlu, ayurdayam mariyu pedarikam raetlu vantivi) merugudalalato mudipadi untundi, ivi nirdishta aardhika abhivruddhi kaaryakramaala parinaamaala kante aardhika abhivruddhiki kaaranaalu kaavacchu. udaaharanaku, aarogyam mariyu vidya merugudalalu aardhika vruddhitho daggari sambandham kaligi unnaayi, conny aardhika abhivruddhiki kaaranam spashtamgaa undakapovachhu. edemaina, nirdishta aardhika abhivruddhi karyakramalu okesari aneka samasyalanu parishkarinchagalavani aasinchakapovadam mukhyam, endukante adhi vaariki adhigaminchaleni lakshyalanu yerparachadam, avi saadhinchadaaniki chaalaa arudu. edainaa abhivruddhi vidhanam parimita lakshyalanu nirdesinchaali mariyu 'akaala load baring' anie piluvabade pritchet, unnipandi mariyu andrus anae vatiki baadhitulu kakunda undataaniki kramamga oka vidhananni nirdesinchaali.
anekasaarlu nirdishta deshaala aardhika abhivruddhi lakshyalanu cherukolemu endukante avi rashtra saamardhyaalanu kaligi undavu. udaaharanaku, bhadrata mariyu policing ledhaa pradhana seva pampinhee vanti praathamika vidhulanu nirvartinche saamarthyam oka deshaaniki takkuvagaa unte, swechhaa vaanijya praantaanni (pratyeka aardhika mandalaalu) pempondinchaalani ledhaa balaheena janaabhaaku teekaalanu pampinhee cheyalanukune karyakramam vaari lakshyalanu saadhinche avakaasam ledhu. idhi bahula antarjaateeya samsthalu, sahaya karyakramalu mariyu itara pradaesaala nundi carbon-coppy paddhatiloo 'uttama paddhatulanu' nirvahinchadaaniki prayatninche palgone prabhutvaalu kooda takkuva vijayamtho vismarinchina vishayam. eee isomorphic anukarana-vaerae chota vijayavantamaina samsthaagata roopaalanu avalambinchadam, conny adhi swadesamlo parishkarinchakundaa samsthaagata panicheyakapovadaanni matrame daachipedutundi-desham thana abhivruddhi lakshyaalalo munduku saagani 'saamardhya uchchulalo' chikkukodaniki dohadam chestundi. dheeniki oka udaaharana videshee sahayam mariyu deshaala abhivruddhiki sahaayapadatamlo daani vijayala raetu gurinchi konni vimarsala dwara chudavachu.
videshee sahaya viraalaalaku sambhavinche prothsaahaka anukuulata samasyalaku minchi-videshee sahayam andinche deshaalu aardhika vruddhi yokka takkuva phalitaalu unna deshaalaku ivvadam konasagistunnayi, conny manjuru chese deshaala bhougolika raajakeeya aasaktulu mariyu ejendaatho pottu pettukunna avineeti naayakulatoe-videshee sahayam dwara mukhyamaina mottamlo prabhutva aadaayaanni pondadaaniki sambandhinchina aardhika durbalatvam samasyalu unnaayi. eee muulam nundi gananeeyamaina mottamlo aadaayaanni sekarinchagala prabhutvaalu tama pourulaku takkuva javaabudaareegaa untaayi (vaaru marinta swayampratipatti kaligi untaaru) endukante aaa vanarulanu chattabaddhamgaa upayoginchadaaniki vaariki takkuva ottidi untundi. chamuru vanti sahaja vanarula samruddhiga sarafara unna deshaalaku idhi namodu cheyabadinatle, prabhutva budjetlo ekkuvagaa videshee sahaya viraalaalu unna deshaalu, saadhaarana pannulu kakunda samarthavanthamaina prabhutva samsthalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki prothsaahakaalu unde avakaasam takkuva. idhi dhesha abhivruddhi prayatnaalanu balaheenaparustundi.
aardhika abhivruddhi vidhanalu.
daani vistrutamaina ardhamlo, aardhika abhivruddhi vidhanalu moodu pradhana rangaalanu kaligi untayih
sankochana dravya vidhanam anedi oka dhesha aardhika vruddhini mandaginchadaaniki kendra byaankulu upayoginche sadhanam. runaalanu tagginchadaaniki vaddii retlanu penchadam oka udaaharana. samyukta rashtraalalo, sankochana dravya vidhananni upayoginchadam valla mahilala nirudyogam perigindi. segvino mariyu hentz nirudyogam, jaathi dwara kaarmika shakti bhagaswamyam mariyu vaarshika kaarmika market ganaamkaalato prati 50 raashtraalaku panel datasetnu upayogistaayi. adanamgaa, sankochana dravya vidhanam kosam, vaaru samakhya nidhula retunu, byaankulaku vasoolu chese swalpakaalika vaddii retlanu upayogistaaru. tellajati mariyu nallajati mahilala nirudyogaaniki sambandhinchi samakhya nidhula retulo oka saatam point perugudala prabhavam varusaga 0.015 mariyu 0.043 anie segvino mariyu hentz segvino nirdhaarinchaaru.
aardhika abhivruddhilo perugutunna avagahana emitante praantiiya samuuhaalanu prothsahinchadam mariyu abhivruddhi chendutunna metropolitan aardhika vyavastha. neti prapancha drushyamlo, sthaanam chaalaa mukhyamainadi mariyu pootii prayojanamlo keelakamainadi.
antarjaateeya vaanijyam mariyu marakam raetlu aardhika abhivruddhilo keelaka samasyalu. currencylu tarachugaa takkuva viluva ledhaa adhika viluva kaligi untaayi, phalitamgaa vaanijya migulu ledhaa lotu erpadataayi. inca, prapancheekarana vruddhi aardhika abhivruddhini antarjaateeya vaanijyam mariyu prapancha viluva golusulu (zii. vii. sii) mariyu antarjaateeya aardhika marketlalo bhaagaswaamya dhoranulatho mudipettindi. gatha aardhika sankshobham abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaala aardhika vyavasthalapai bhaarii prabhavanni choopindi. aardhikavetta jayati ghosh matladutu, vividha rakaala aardhika samsthalanu andinchadam dwara abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo aardhika marketlanu marinta sthithisthaapakamgaa marchadam avasaramani paerkonnaaru. idhi chinna taraha utpattidaarulaku aardhika bhadratanu kooda penchutundi.
samstha.
aardhika abhivruddhi atyanta pratyaekamaina vrutti nipunula vruttiparamaina parisramagaa abhivruddhi chendindi. abhyasakulaku rendu keelaka paatralu unnaih okati vidhana roopakalpanalo naayakatvaanni andinchadam, marokati vidhanam, karyakramalu mariyu prajectulanu nirvahinchadam. aardhika abhivruddhi abhyaasakulu saadhaaranamgaa rashtra, praantiiya ledhaa purapalaka sthaayilo prabhutva karyalayalalo ledhaa sthaanika, praantiiya, rashtra ledhaa samakhya pannu dabbu dwara paakshikamgaa nidhulu samakurche prabhutva-private bhaagaswaamya samsthalalo panicheestaaru. eee aardhika abhivruddhi samsthalu vyaktigata samsthalugaa mariyu konni sandarbhaallo sthaanika prabhutvaala vibhagaluga panicheestaayi. kotta aardhika avakaasaalanu vetakadam mariyu vaari prastuta vyapara sampadanu nilupukovadam vaari paatra.
aardhika abhivruddhi samsthalatho bhaagaswaamyamto panichese aardhika abhivruddhi praathamika pani kaani aneka itara samsthalu unnaayi. vaatilo vaartaa madhyamalu, foundationlu, utilitylu, paatasaalalu, aarogya samrakshana pradaatalu, vishwaasa aadhaarita samsthalu mariyu kalaasaalalu, vishwavidyaalayaalu mariyu itara vidya ledhaa parisoedhanaa samsthalu unnaayi.
abhivruddhi suuchikalu mariyu suuchikalu.
oka praantam ledhaa desham yokka saapeksha aardhika purogatini anchanaa vaeyadaaniki aardhikavettalu mariyu bhougolika saastravettalu upayoginche vividha rakaala sthuula aardhika mariyu saamaajika saamskrutika suuchikalu ledhaa "kolamanalu" unnaayi. prapancha byaanku yokka "prapancha abhivruddhi suuchikalu" adhikarikamga gurtinchabadina antarjaateeya vanarula nundi etaa sankalanam cheyabadataayi mariyu jaateeya, praantiiya mariyu prapancha anchanaalanu kaligi untaayi.
talasari gdp-perugutunna abhivruddhi janabha.
talasari gdp antey sthuula jaateeyotpattini madhya-samvatsaram janabha dwara bhaaginchadam. gdpp antey aardhika vyavasthalo nivaasa utpattidaarulandaruu jodinchina sthuula viluva, edainaa utpatti pannulu mariyu utpattula viluvalo cherchani edainaa subsidilanu tagginchadam. kalpita aastula tarugudala ledhaa sahaja vanarula ksheenata mariyu ksheenata kosam taggimpulu cheyakunda idhi lekkinchabadutundi.
aadhunika ravana.
european abhivruddhi aardhikavettalu hye-speed railu moulika sadupayalu vanti aadhunika ravana networkla uniki desham yokka aardhika purogatiki mukhyamaina suuchika anie vaadinchaaru eee drukpatham praathamika railu ravana moulika sadupayala suuchika (britty suuchika anie pilustaaru) mariyu (savarinchina) railu ravana moulika sadupayala suuchika (arti) vanti sambandhita namuunaala dwara pratyaekamgaa vivarinchabadindi.
gdi mariyu ratnam parichayam.
linga samaanatvaanni kolavadaniki sahayapade suuchikanu roopondinche prayatnamlo, aikyaraajyasamiti rendu charyalanu roopondinchindih linga sambandhita abhivruddhi suuchika (gdi) mariyu linga saadhikaarata kolata (zem). eee suuchikalanu modatisaarigaa 1995 yuu. dii. pii. maanava abhivruddhi nivedikalo pravesapettaaru.
linga saadhikaarata charya.
linga saadhikaarata charya (ratna) mahilalu saadhinchina aardhika, raajakeeya mariyu vruttiparamaina laabhaalanu sangrahinchadampai drushti saarinche vividha suuchikalanu sameekarinchadampai drushti pedutundi. eee ratnam kevalam moodu chararaasulatoo koodi untundih aadaayaanni sampaadinche adhikaram, vruttiparamaina mariyu nirvaahaka udyogaalalo vataa mariyu parliamentary seetla vataa.
linga abhivruddhi suuchika.
linga abhivruddhi suuchika (gdi) maanava abhivruddhi vijayalalo linga antaraanni kolustundi. idhi aarogyam, ghnaanam mariyu jeevana pramaanaalu anae moodu chararaasula dwara purushulu mariyu mahilala madhya asamaanatanu parigananaloki teesukuntundi.

