pravaasulu

diaspora () anedi daani bhougolika muulam nundi vaerugaa unna praantaalalo chellacheduruga unna janabha. chaaritraatmakamgaa, eee padaanni modata hellenic prapanchamlo greekula chedaragottadaanni, taruvaata babylonian bahishkarana taruvaata yoodula chedaragottadaanni suuchimchadaaniki upayoginchaaru. diaspora" anae padaanni eee roeju oka nirdishta bhougolika sthaanamtho gurtinchabade, conny prastutam vaerae chota nivasistunna vyaktulanu suuchimchadaaniki upayogistaaru.
mukhyamgaa pedda sankhyalo pravaasa janaabhaaku udaaharanalu, arab-muslim vijayala samayamlo mariyu taruvaata udbhavinchina mariyu assyrian-muslim maranahomam taruvaata perugutuunae unna assyrian-kaldiya-syriac pravaasulu; 19va mariyu 20va sataabdaalaloo tama maatrubhoomini vidichipettina dakshina chaina mariyu bhaaratheeyulu; mahaa karuvu samayamlo mariyu taruvaata unikiloki vacchina airish pravaasulu; ettaina pradaesaala clearancelu mariyu lothattu clearancela tarvaata pedda ettuna abhivruddhi chendina scottish pravaasulu; bhaarata upakhandam nundi sanchaara roman janabha; italian diaspora mariyu mexican diaspora; circassian maranahomam taruvaata circassianlu; izrael-paalastiinaa sangharshana kaaranamgaa valasa vacchina paalastiiniyanlu; libenian jatyahankaram taruvaata valasa vacchina armenian pravaasulu; pradhanamgaa poura-yuddhaala kaaranamgaa valasa vacchina aangleyulu ledhaa valasadaarulu, taruvaata valasa vacchina aangleyulu, mariyu poura-yuddhaala kaaranamgaa valasa vachinavaaru, pradhanamgaa syrianlu, mariyu poura-yuddhaala kaaranamgaa valasa vachinavaaru, circassianla jatihatya taruvaata valasa vachinavaaru; circassianlu, izrael
samakaaleena kaalamlo, valasavaadam, vaanijyam/kaarmika valasalu ledhaa pravaasa samajalalo unna saamaajika samaikyata mariyu puurveekula bhuumulatoe vaari sambandhaalu vanti vividha rakaala pravaasulanu vaari kaaranaala aadhaaramgaa panditulu vargeekarinchaaru. konni pravaasa samajalu tama matrubhumi thoo balamaina saamskrutika, raajakeeya sambandhaalanu konasagistunnayi. aneka mandhi pravaasulaku vilakshanhamaina itara lakshanaalu puurveekula bhoomulaku tirigi ravadam, muulam unna praanthamtho yea vidhamaina sambandhaalanu konasaginchadam, alaage pravaasulalo itara vargaalato sambandhaalanu konasaginchadam mariyu kotta aatithya deshaalalo puurti samaikyata lekapovadam. pravaasulu tarachugaa tama chaaritraka anubandham unna deshamtho sambandhaalanu konasaagistaaru mariyu saadhaaranamgaa tama matrubhumi patla tama prastuta aatithya desham yokka vidhaanaalanu prabhaavitam chestaaru. "diaspora management" anae padam "videshaalalo tama pravaasulatoe sambandhaalanu pempondinchukovadaaniki rashtraalu anusarinche vidhanalu mariyu vaaru intiki 'tirigi vachinappudu' diasporic communityla vileenam mariyu ekikaranaku sahaayapadataaniki roopondinchina vidhanalu rendintinee vivarinchadaaniki haaris myelonus tirigi bhaavinchaaru."
2019 aikyaraajyasamiti nivedika prakaram, bharatiya pravaasulu 17.5 millionla janaabhaato prapanchamlone atipedda pravaasulu, taruvaata mexican pravaasulu, 11.8 millionla janabha, mariyu chainees pravaasulu, 1.7 millionla janabha.
vyutpatti.
diaspora" anae padam greeku kriya διασπείρω ("diaspiro"), "ii scotter", "ii spread ebout" nundi udbhavinchindi, idhi διά ("dia"), "madhya, dwara, antataa" mariyu kriya σπείρω ("spiro"), "ii soe, ii scotter". puraatana greesulo διασπορά ("diaspora") anae padaaniki "chellacheduruga" anie ardham, mariyu itara vishayaalatoepaatu, valasarajyala uddesyamto swaadheenam chesukunna bhoomiki valasa vacchina aadhipatya nagara-rashtra pourulanu suuchimchadaaniki, bhoobhaganni saamrajyamlo vileenam cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadindi. shaastreeya puraatana kaalam nundi pravaasulaku oka udaaharana sparton paalanalo messanianlu mariyu ejaanaitlanu sataabdam paatu bahishkarinchadam, dheenini tucidides thana "pelopomnesian yuddhaala charitralo" varninchaadu."
hebru baibil greeku bhaashaloki anuvadinchabadinappudu idhi modata eee asalu ardhamlo upayoginchabadindi; bahishkarana phalitamgaa srushtinchabadina pravaasula gurinchi modati prastaavana septagintlo kanipistundi, modatah
mariyu rendavadi
baibil greeku bhaashaloki anuvadinchabadina taruvaata, cree. puu. 740 mariyu 722 madhya assyrianlu izrael nundi bahishkarinchina uttara rajyaanni, alaage cree. puu. 587 loe babylonianlu dakshina rajyam nundi bahishkarinchina yoodulu, benjaminitlu mariyu levitlanu, cree. puu. 70 loe roman saamrajyam dwara roman judia nundi bahishkarinchabadina yoodulanu suuchimchadaaniki "diaspora" anae padaanni upayoginchaaru. idhi taruvaata izrael yokka chellacheduruga unna sthaanika janabha yokka chaaritraka kadalikalu mariyu sthaavaraala namuunaalanu suuchimchadaaniki upayoginchabadindi. dheenini yooda mataaniki sambandhinchi upayoginchinappudu mariyu savaranalu lekunda (kevalam, "diaspora") capitalize chesinappudu, eee padam pratyaekamgaa yoodu pravaasulanu suuchistumdi; idhi capitalize cheyabadanappudu, "diaspora" anae padam "swadeshi ledhaa sthirapadina matrubhumi nundi dhooramgaa" nivasistunna itara jaathi muulaalatoe unna saranaarthulu ledhaa valasa janabhanu suuchimchavachchu. pravaasula" yokka vistruta anuvartanam swaadheenam chesukunna janabha yokka bhavishyat praadaesika vaadanalanu tiraskarinchadaaniki assyrian dwaipaakshika saamuuhika bahishkarana vidhanam nundi udbhavinchindi.
nirvachanam.
oxford inglish dictionary online" prakaram, aangla bhaashalo "diaspora" anae padaanni mottamodata mottamodata khandamloni jaateeya protestant charchilalo suvaarta prakatinche "vistrutamaina" diaspora "panini (dheenini pilustaaru) suuchistuu upayoginchaaru. 1950la madhya natiki eee padam aanglamloki marinta vistrutamgaa vileenam cheyabadindi, itara nirdishta deshaalu ledhaa praantaala nundi gananeeyamaina sankhyalo deerghakaalika pravaasulanu kooda pravasuluga suuchistaaru. eee padam yokka ardhaaniki sambandhinchi oka vidya rangam, pravaasa adhyayanalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. aanglamlo, pedda aksharalu, mariyu savaranalu lekunda (antey, "pravaasulu"), eee padam yoodu matam sandarbhamlo yoodu pravaasulanu pratyaekamgaa suuchistumdi.
anni sandarbhaallo, "diaspora" anae padam sthaanabhramsham yokka bhavanni kaligi untundi. alaa varninchabadina janabha thana jaateeya bhuubhaagam nundi yea kaaranam chetanaina vaeru cheyabadindani, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa, "matrubhumi" ippatikee edainaa ardhavantamaina konamlo unte, edho oka samayamlo tama maatrubhoomiki tirigi raavaalani daani prajalaku oka aasha ledhaa kaneesam korika untundi. kontamandi rachayitalu, prajalu ardhavantamaina sthaanabhramsham yokka varusalo "tirigi paatukupoyina" kaaranamgaa pravaasulu oke intiki vyaamoham kolpovadaniki daariteeyavacchani paerkonnaaru. eee konamlo, vyaktulu tama pravaasula antataa bahula gruhalanu kaligi undavacchu, prati okkaritho edho oka rakamaina anubandhaanni konasaaginchadaaniki vividha kaaranaalu undavacchu. pravaasa saamskrutika abhivruddhi tarachugaa asalu nivaasa sthalamlo unna janabha kante bhinnamaina marganni teesukuntundi. kalakramena, dhooram nundi vaeru cheyabadina sanghaalu samskruti, sampradaayaalu, bhasha mariyu itara karakalalo maarutuu untaayi. pravaasulalo saamskrutika anubandham yokka chivari chihnalu tarachugaa bhasha maarpuku samaja pratighatanalo mariyu saampradaaya mataparamaina acharala nirvahanalo kanipistaayi.
paandityapu pani mariyu nirvachananni vistarinchadam.
vistarinchadam prachurinchina oka vyaasamlo vilium safran valasadaarula nundi pravaasulanu vaeru cheyadaaniki aaru niyamaalanu roopondinchaaru. veetilo samuuham vaari matrubhumi gurinchi oka puraanam ledhaa saamuuhika ghnaapakasaktini konasaginche pramaanaalu unnaayi; vaaru tama puurveekula maatrubhoomini tama nijamaina nivasamga bhaavistaaru, daaniki vaaru chivariki tirigi vastaaru; aaa matrubhumi punaruddharana ledhaa nirvahanaku kattubadi untaaru, mariyu vaaru maatrubhoomini "vyaktigatamgaa ledhaa parokshamgaa" vaari gurtimpunu roopondinche sthaayiki anusandhaanistaaru. safran yokka nirvachanalu yoodula pravaasula aalochana dwara prabhaavitamainappatikii, athanu eee padam yokka vistaristunna upayogaanni gurtinchaadu. safran loe raajakeeya ledhaa aardhika kaaranaala valla bahishkarinchabaddaarane pramaanam kooda undhi, taruvaata kotta aatithya samskrutilo sudeerghakaalam sthirapadindi. prabhutvam, rabin kohen oka pravaasa samuuham swachchandamgaa thana maatrubhoomini vidichipetti, aatithya samskrutulalo lothugaa kalisipovacchani vaadinchaaru.
rosers brubekar (2005) marinta samagramgaa kevalam moodu praathamika nirvachana pramaanaalanu vartimpajesaaruh modatidi, prajala bhougolika vyaapti (swachchandamgaa ledhaa balavantamgaa); rendavadi, "viluva, gurtimpu mariyu vidheyata yokka adhikaarika vanarugaa nijamaina ledhaa oohinchina 'matrubhumi' vaipu dhorani"; mariyu moodavadi, host samskrutiki bhinnamgaa unde vilakshanhamaina diasporic gurtimpunu parirakshinchadaaniki anugunamgaa saamaajika sarihaddunu nirvahinchadam. diaspora" anae padam vadakam vistrutamavutondani kooda brubekar paerkonnaaru. vaadukalo unna eee vistaranalo oka amsam "nirantaram vistaristunna kesulaku diaspora anae padaanni vartimpajeyadamha mukhyamgaa kontavaraku antarikshamlo chellacheduruga unna edainaa mariyu prati perugala janabha vargaaniki" anie ayana suuchimchaaru. 1900 mariyu 1910 madhya prachurinchabadina pravaasulapai 18 pustakaalalo 17 yoodula pravaasulapai unnayani choopinchadaaniki brubekar varald catt databasenu upayoginchaaru. upayoginchaaru ekkuva rachanalu yoodula pravaasula gurinchi kooda unnaayi, conny mariyu namoonaga teesukunna 20 pustakaalalo rendu (mottam 253 pustakaalalo) matrame yoodula kesu gurinchi unnaayi, mottam enimidi ververu pravaasulu indulo unnaaru.
brubekar "diaspora" anae padam yokka asalu upayogaanni eee krindi vidhamgaa vivarinchaaduh
eee padabandham yokka upayogam yokka prarambha vistarana dheenini armenian mariyu greeku diasporas vanti itara, saaruupya sandarbhaalaku vistarinchindani brubekar vaadinchaaru. iteevala, idhi vidaesaala nundi tama swadesamlo tama prameyaanni konasaginche valasa samuuhaalaku vartimpajeyabadindi, udaaharanaku benedict anderson gurtinchina suduura jaateeyavaadula vargam. (udaaharanalugaa) albanianlu, basquelu, hinduu bhaaratheeyulu, airish, japanese, kaashmeereelu, koreanlu, courds, paalastiiniyanlu mariyu tamilulu eee konamlo diasporaluga bhaavinchabaddaarani brubekar paerkonnaadu. inca, "maatrubhoomitho (kontavaraku) bhavodvega mariyu saamaajika sambandhaalanu konasaginche kaarmika valasadaarulu" kooda pravasuluga varninchabaddaaru.
eee padaanni upayoginchina tadupari sandarbhaallo, "sambhaavita matrubhumi gurinchi-'shaastreeya' pravaasulaku-suuchana inca marinta ksheeninchindi, puurtigaa kolpoye sthaayiki cherukundi". ikkada, brubacker "transathnic mariyu trans boarder bhasha vargaalanu" udaharinchaaru... hinduu, sikku, bouddha, confucian, huganat, muslim mariyu catholic "diasporas" thoo paatu francophone, anglophone mariyu lusophone 'communitylu' vantivi. 2005 natiki, dixie, white, liberal, gay, kweer mariyu digital diasporalapy vidya pustakaalu ledhaa vyasalu kooda unnayani brubekar paerkonnaaru.
kontamandi pariseelakulu nyuu orleans mariyu gulph teeram nundi nyuu orleans diaspora tuphaanu nepathyamlo taralimpunu label chesaaru, endukante gananeeyamaina sankhyalo taralimpudaarulu tirigi ralekapoyinappatiki, alaa cheyalane aakaankshalanu konasagistunnaru. agniska veenar (2010) eee padam yokka vistruta viniyogaanni paerkontuu, iteevala, "perugutunna saahityam nirvachananni samskarinchadamlo vijayam saadhinchindi, pravaasulanu daadaapu yea" janabha "gaa roopondinchindi mariyu ikapai vaari uniki yokka nirdishta" sandarbhaanni "suuchimchadu" anie vaadinchindi. aakarshanheeyamaina kraistavatvam marintagaa prapancheekarana chendutunnanduna, chaalaa mandhi kraistavulu tamanu taamu pravasuluga bhaavinchukuntaaru mariyu jaathi pravaasula yokka pradhana lakshanaalanu anukarinche oohaatmakatanu yerparuchukuntaru.
ikapai tama swadesamlo laeni vyaktula vruttiparamaina sanghaalanu kooda pravasuluga pariganinchavacchu. udaaharanaku, sains diasporalu antey tama parisoedhananu tama matrubhumi nundi dhooramgaa nirvahinche saastravettala sanghaalu mariyu vaanijya diasporalu anevi vyapari vidaeseeyula sanghaalu. sanghaalu prachurinchina oka vyaasamlo, khachig tolalian media corporate diaspora anae padaanni ekapakshamgaa mariyu sarikani paddhatiloo upayoginchindani vaadinchaaru, udaaharanaku "corporate tirugubaatu samayamlo kotta pradaesaalanu kanugonavalasi vacchina madhya-sthaayi, madhya-kereer executivelaku" vartistundi (10) corporate diasporanu upayoginchadam samakaaleena valasalu, sthaanabhramsham mariyu antarjaateeya chalanaseelataku sambandhinchina vistruta shreni drugvishayaalanu vivarinchadaaniki diaspora bhavana yokka perugutunna prajaadarananu pratibimbistumdi. corporate pravaasulu himsa, balavantam mariyu apraakrutikamgaa verucheyadam anae ardhaalanu nivaarinchadam ledhaa vyatirekinchadam kanipistundi, idhi pravaasula bhaavanatho chaaritraatmakamgaa mudipadi undhi, daani paandityapoorvaka upayogam valasadaarulatoe paatu corporations panichese maargaalanu parisoedhanaatmakamgaa vivarinchavacchu. eee vidhamgaa, corporate pravaasulu prajalu, chitraalu, siddhaantaalu mariyu muuladhanam yokka antarjaateeya prasarananu corporations nirvahinche iteevali pettubadidaarii vidhanam yokka saamskrutika tarkaanni drushtilo pettukokunda diasporic nirmaanaala jaathi charitralaku mundu varusalo undavacchu.
african diasporas.
atlantic baanisa vaanijyam samayamlo upa-sahara aafrikanla pravaasulu atyanta apakhyaati paalaina aadhunika pravaasulalo okaru. 10.paschima africa nundi 7 millionla mandhi prajalu ravana nundi bayatapadi cree. sha. 16va sataabdam chivaralo praarambhamai 19va sataabdam varaku banisaluga americaku vacchaaru. atlantic baanisa vaanijyam velupala, african diasporic communitylu sahasrabdaluga unikilo unnaayi. konni sanghaalu baanisala aadhaaritamainappatiki, itara samuuhaalu vividha kaaranaala valla valasa vachayi. 
8va sataabdam nundi 19va sataabdam varaku arab baanisa vaanijyam lakshalaadi mandhi aafrikanlanu asea mariyu hinduu mahasamudram deevulaku chedaragottindi. islaamik baanisa vaanijyam kooda bhaaratadesamlo african santatiki chendina sanghaala srushtiki daariteesindi, mukhyamgaa siddi, makrani mariyu srilanka kaafirlu.
cree. sha. 2va sataabdam praarambhamlo, aksam rajyam (aadhunika ethiopia) arabia dveepakalpamlo kaalaneelanu srushtinchindi. 5va sataabdamloo, axumite unnatavargaalu roman saamraajyamtho vaanijya maargaalanu sthaapinchina taruvaata kraistava mataanni avalambinchadam praarambhinchaayi. 6va sataabdamloo, eee praantamloo himsaku guraina kraistavulaku sahayam cheyadaaniki caleb raaju himyar (aadhunika yemen) paie varusa dandayaatralu chepattadu. eee poraataala samayamlo, eee praantam yokka aahlaadakaramaina vaataavaranam mariyu vyavasaya samruddhi kaaranamgaa sainikula aneka samuuhaalu aksamku tirigi rakudadani nirnayinchukunnaayi. eee samuuhaalu 600la nundi 3000la madhya varaku parimaanamlo undevani anchanaa. 
gatamlo, jaateeya african pasportlu unna valasa aafrikanlu advanced veesaalu lekunda padamudu african deshaalloki matrame pravesinchagaligevaaru. ekikruta bhavishyattunu konasaaginchadaaniki, african union (eyu) juulai juulai african union pasportnu praarambhinchindi, idhi eyu looni 55 sabhya deshaalalo okadaani nundi pasport unna vyaktulanu eee veesa rahita pasport kinda eee deshaala madhya swechchagaa tiragadaaniki anumatistundi mariyu jaateeya african pasportlatho valasadaarulanu africaku tirigi raavadaaniki prothsahistundi.
asea pravaasulu.
prapanchamlone atipedda asea pravaasulu bharatiya pravaasulu. 17. 5 millionlaku paiga anchanaa veyabadina videshee bharatiya samajam prapanchamlooni aneka praantaalalo, prati khandamlo vistarinchi undhi. idhi vividha praantaalu, bhashalu, samskrutulu mariyu vishwaasaalaku praatinidhyam vahinche vaividhyamaina, vaividhyamaina mariyu pariseelanaatmaka prapancha samajanni kaligi undhi (deshee chudandi). adevidhamgaa, airopalo sumaru 12 millionla mandhi unna romanlu bhaarata upakhandamlo tama muulaalanu kanugonnaru, airopalo vaari unikini madhya yugaalalo modatisaari dhruveekarinchaaru.
yoodula pravaasulu mottamodati asea pravaasulu. babylonian cheralo muulaalu mariyu taruvaata hellenism kinda valasalatho, pravaasulalo ekkuva mandhi roman vijayam, bahishkarana mariyu yoodula janabhanu banisaluga marchadam, vaari vaarasulu neti ashkenazim, seiferdim mariyu mijhraheem ayyaru, sumaru 15 millionla mandhi unnaaru, veerilo 8 millionlu ippatikee pravaasulalo nivasistunnaaru, ayithe eee sankhya ippudu izrael anie piluvabade daaniki geonist valasalaku mundu mariyu holocastlo 6 millionla yoodula hatyaku mundu chaalaa ekkuvagaa undhi.
chainees valasalu (chainees diaspora anie kooda pilustaaru; videshee chainees kooda chudandi) modatisaarigaa vaela samvatsaraala kritam sambhavinchindi. 19va sataabdam nundi 1949 varaku jarigina saamuuhika valasalu pradhanamgaa chaina pradhana bhoobhaagamlo yuddhalu mariyu aakali, alaage raajakeeya avineeti kaaranamgaa sambhavinchaayi. chaalaa mandhi valasadaarulu niraksharaasyulu ledhaa paelavamaina vidyaavantulaina raitulu, ippudu gurtinchabadina jaathi slur kuuliilu (chainees чи, aksharala "kashtapadi panichesevaaru") anie pilustaaru, veeru america, australia, dakshinaafrikaa, agneyasia, malaysia mariyu itara pradaesaala vanti kaarmikula avasaramtho abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalaku valasa vacchaaru.
daadaapu 9 millionla mandhi paakistaaneelu videshaalalo nivasistunna asealo pakistan pravaasulu moodava sthaanamlo unnaaru, ekkuvagaa madhyaprachyam, uttara america mariyu airopalo nivasistunnaaru.
kaneesam moodu rakaala nepali pravaasulanu gurtinchavacchu. prarambha vivahalu mariyu adhika janana raetu nepaul antataa thoorpu vaipu hinduu sthaavaraalanu, taruvaata sikkim mariyu bhutan loki nadipinchadamtho prarambha tarangam vandala samvatsaraala naatidi. bhutan raajakeeya unnatavargaalu bhutanese bouddhulu tama sonta desamlone alpasankhyakulugaa maare pramaadam undani grahinchadamtho mariyu edurudebba tagilindi. bhutan nundi kaneesam 60,000 mandhi jaathi nepaaleelu united stateslo punaravasam pondaaru. rendava tarangam 1815 loe praarambhamaina british kirai sainikula niyamakam mariyu british dheevulu mariyu agneyasialo padavee viramana tarvaata punaravasam dwara nadichindi. daadaapu bhuu korata teevrataram kaavadamtho, vidyaavantulaina kaarmikula sankhya nepaallo udyoga avakaasaalanu minchipovadamtho moodava dasha praarambhamaindi. udyoga sambandhita valasalu bhaaratadesamlo, madhyaprachyam, airopa mariyu uttara americaloni sampanna deshaalalo nepali enclavelanu srushtinchaayi. nepaul velupala nivasistunna nepaaleela sankhya gurinchi prastuta anchanaalu laksala varaku unnaayi.
siam loe, eee praantamlooni aneka raajyaala madhya praantiiya adhikara poraataalu 1700-1800la madhya siamese paalakulu siamese rajyam yokka eshaanya praantamlooni pedda praantaalalo sthirapadataaniki pedda sankhyalo laavo jaathi pravaasulaku daariteesaayi, ikkada ikkada laavo jaathi ippatikee oka pradhana karakamga undhi. eee kaalamlo, siam laavo rajadhaanini naasanam chesi, 19va sataabdamloo laavo tirugubaatuku naayakatvam vahinchina laavo raaju anuvongsenu swaadheenam chesukuni, himsimchi, champadu.
european diasporas.
european charitralo aneka pravaasula vanti sanghatanalu unnaayi. puraatana kaalamlo, balkanlu mariyu asea mainarlaku chendina greeku tegala vaanijya mariyu valasarajyala karyakalapalu greeku samskruti, matam mariyu bhasha yokka prajalanu madhyadhara mariyu nalla samudra pareevaahaka praantaala chuttoo vyaapti chesaayi, magna grecia (sisily, dakshina italii), uttara libia, thoorpu speyin, france yokka dakshina mariyu nalla samudra tiiraalaloo greeku nagara-rashtraalanu sthaapinchaayi. greekulu 400 kante ekkuva kaalaneelanu sthaapinchaaru. tyre mariyu carthage kooda madhyadhara praantaanni valasarajyaluga marchai.
alegzander dhi grate yokka acamenid saamrajyaanni jayinchadam hellenistic kaalaaniki naandi palikindi, asea mariyu aafrikaalo greeku valasarajyala kotta tarangam, eejipt, nairuti asea mariyu vaayuvya bhaaratadesamlo greeku paalaka taragatulu sthaapinchabaddaayi. madhya yugaalalo valasarajyalu mariyu valasala tadupari taramgaalu paatha sthaavaraalaku jodinchabaddaayi ledhaa kotta vaatini srushtinchaayi, tadwara greeku pravaasulanu tirigi nimpaayi mariyu idhi prapanchamlo atyanta deerghakaalika mariyu vistrutamaina vaatilo okatigaa maarindi. romanlu rome velupala mariyu roman saamrajyam antataa aneka kaalaneelu mariyu sthaavaraalanu kooda sthaapinchaaru.
aneka dasalanu kaligi unna valasa-kaala punaravasalu, charitralo aneka dasalalo oka samiti matrame. modati dasha valasa-kaala sthaanabhramsham (cree. sha. 300 mariyu 500 madhya) loe goths (ostrogoths mariyu visigots), vandals, franks, aneka itara german prajalu (burgundianlu, lombards, angles, saxons, jutes, subi mariyu alemani), alance mariyu aneka slavic tegala sthaanabhramsham unnaayi. rendava dasalo, cree. sha. 500 mariyu 900 madhya, slavic, turkic mariyu itara tegalu taralivelladam, thoorpu airopalo punaravasam pondadam mariyu kramamga daanini pradhanamgaa slavikga vadiliveyadam, anatolia mariyu kakasasnu modati turkic tegalu (avarlu, hanlu, khajarlu, pechenegs), alaage balgarlu mariyu bahusha magyarlu ravadam kanipinchindi. valasala chivari dasalo hangerian magyarla raaka kanipinchindi. scandinavia nundi dakshina mariyu thoorpu airopa, island, british dheevulu mariyu greenlandloki wiking vistarana. wiking lexicanku "diaspora" anae padaanni iteevala upayoginchadam vaari saamskrutika profilenu vaaru sthirapadina praantaalalo, mukhyamgaa uttara atlanticlo vaari dopidi khyaatiki bhinnamgaa highlight chestundi. saanghika shaastram anae padaaniki sambandhinchina marinta saanukuula ardhaalu wiking yugamlo scandinavian prajala udyamaanni kotta maargamlo chuudataaniki sahaayapadataayi.
atuvanti valasarajyala olasalanu pravasuluga niravadhikamgaa pariganinchalemu; chaalaa kaalam paatu, chivariki, valasadaarulu sthirapadina praantamloki puurtigaa kalisipotaru, adhi vaari kotta manasika matrubhumi avutundi. anduvalla hangareelooni aadhunika magyarlu 12 sataabdaala kritam hangerian magyarlu vadilipettina paschima cyberiaku chendinavaarani bhaavincharu; mariyu aangleyula vaarasulu, saxonlu mariyu janapanaralu vaayuvya germany maidaanaalanu tirigi aakraminchukovalani korukoru.
korukoru christopher columbus netrutvamloni spanish-aardhika dandayaatra americaku cherukundi, aaa taruvaata european anveshana mariyu valasarajyalu vaegamgaa vistarinchaayi. charitrakaarudu james axtel anchanaa prakaram 16va sataabdamloo 240,000 mandhi prajalu airopa vidichi americaku vellipoyaaru. valasalu konasagayi. 19va sataabdamloonae 50 millionlaku paiga europeanlu uttara, dakshina americaku valasa vacchaaru. itara europeanlu cyberia, africa mariyu australiaku vellaaru. sarigga spanish valasadaarulu pradhanamgaa speyinlooni aneka praantaala nundi vacchaaru, conny paedalu matrame kaadu (i.ii., chileelooni basquelu), mariyu gamyam kooda kalakramena maarutuu undevi. udaaharanaku, galicianlu modata xvii-XX samayamlo american kaalaneelaku vellaaru (pradhanamgaa mexico, cuba, argentine mariyu venezuvela matrame kaadu, francoist bahishkarana samayamlo chaalaa mandhi rachayitalu), taruvaata airopaku (france, switzerland) mariyu chivaraku speyin lopala (modrid, catalonia ledhaa bask deshaaniki).
19va sataabdam madhyalo praarambhamaina airish karuvu valla ledhaa "goppa aakali" valla erpadina airish pravaasulu 19va sataabdapu oka nirdishta udaaharana. ireland janabhalo 45 saatam nundi 85 saatam mandhi britton, united states, kenada, argentine, australia mariyu newzealand vanti praantaalaku valasa vacchaaru. airish pravaasula parimaanam airish puurveekulanu perkone prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna prajala sankhya dwara pradarsinchabadutundi; konni muulaalu eee sankhyanu 80 nundi 100 miliyanlugaa unchaayi.
1860la nundi, circassian prajalu, vaastavaaniki airopaku chendinavaaru, anatolia, australia, balkanlu, levant, uttara america mariyu paschima airopa dwara chedaragottabaddaaru, vaari janabhalo 10 saatam kante takkuva mandhi matrubhumi-chaaritraka syrcasialoni konni bhagalu (caucasus yokka aadhunika russian bhaagamlo) migilipoyaru.
scottish pravaasulalo highland clearancela tarvaata united states mariyu kenadaaku taralivache highlanderla pedda janabha undhi; alaage lothattu praantaalu, irelandlo alster scotsga mariyu americalo scatch-irishgaa marai.
italian charitralo rendu pradhana italian diasporalu undevi. modati pravaasulu 1880 loe, italii ekikarana jarigina rendu dasaabdaala taruvaata, praarambhamai, 1920la nundi 1940la praarambhamlo faasist italii perugudalato mugisindi. valasalaku pedarikam pradhana kaaranam, mukhyamgaa italeelo, mukhyamgaa dakshinaana "mezzadria" panchika panta abhivruddhi chendadamtho bhoomi lekapovadam, mariyu aasti tarataraalugaa upavibhajana cheyabadindi. mukhyamgaa dakshina italeelo paristhitulu kathinamgaa undevi. 1860la nundi 1950la varaku, italeelo chaalaa bhaagam aneka chinna pattanaalu mariyu nagaraalato kuudina graameena samajamga undedi, mariyu daadaapu aadhunika parisramalu laevu, indulo bhuu nirvahana paddhatulu, mukhyamgaa dakshina mariyu eshaanya praantaalalo, raitulanu bhoomipai undataaniki mariyu neelapai pani cheyadaaniki sulabhamgaa oppinchaledu. ekikarana taruvaata saamaajika aardhika paristhitulalo merugudalala phalitamgaa dakshina italii adhika janaabhaaku sambandhinchinadi maroka amsam. idhi janabha vruddhini srushtinchindi mariyu 19va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo kotta taraalu ekkuvagaa americaku valasa vellavalasi vachindi. kotta muuladhanam valasalu prapanchavyaaptamgaa lakshalaadi naipunhyam laeni udyogaalanu srushtinchaayi mariyu "pani mariyu rotte" kosam vetukutunna italianla saamuuhika valasalaku kaaranamayyaayi. rendava pravaasulu rendava prapancha yuddham mugisina taruvaata praarambhamai, daadaapu daadaapu muginchaaru. 1880 mariyu 1980 madhya, sumaruga sumaruga italianlu saasvatamgaa desham vidichi vellipoyaaru. 1980 natiki, sumaruga 25,000,000 italianlu italii velupala nivasistunnaarani anchanaa veyabadindi.
antargata pravaasulu.
irs pannu-minahaayimpu dayta prakaram, prakaram united states off americalo sumaru 4.3 laksala mandhi prajalu tama sonta raashtraala velupala taralivellaaru. 2011 tedx pradarsanalo, detroit sthaanika garlin gilchrist seatal mariyu washington, dii. sii. loe pratyaekamaina "detroit diaspora" communityla erpaatunu prastaavinchaaru, ayithe auto parisramalo tolagimpulu kooda michigaon nundi 2005 varaku gananeeyamaina blue-collar valasalaku daariteesaayi. raashtravyaapta pratibhaku pratispandanagaa, michigaon rashtram gananeeyamaina michigaon-diaspora janaabhaato united states antataa pradaesaalaloo "michagain" kereer-recruiting eeventlanu nirvahinchadam konasagistondi.
peeples republic off chainaalo, lakshalaadi mandhi valasa kaarmikulu desamloni abhivruddhi chendutunna teerapraanta mahanagaralalo ekkuva avakaasaalanu korukunnaru, ayithe chaina antargata abhivruddhi marinta peragadamtho eee dhorani mandaginchindi. chainees mahanagarallo valasa saamaajika nirmaanaalu tarachugaa ummadi swasthalamaina ledhaa provins vanti muulam meeda aadharapadi untaayi, mariyu niyaamakadaarulu mariyu foremen saadhaaranamgaa oke graamam nundi mottam pani sibbandini empika chestaaru. 2011 juun loe jarigina rendu ververu sanghatanalalo, sichuvanese valasa kaarmikulu dakshina tayari kendramaina gwangjou sameepamlo pooliisula dushpravartana mariyu valasa kaarmikula durviniyogaaniki vyatiraekamgaa himsaatmaka nirasanalu nirvahinchaaru.
cyberia janabhalo ekkuva mandhi 16va sataabdam nundi european russia nundi antargata valasalalo-swachchandamgaa ledhaa itaratra-muulaalanu kaligi unnaaru.
kenadaalo, kenadian charitralo aneka vibhina kaaranaala valla antargata valasalu sambhavinchaayi. atlantic kenada (mukhyamgaa newfoundland mariyu labrador) nundi albertaku kaarmikulu valasalu oka udaaharana, idhi 1990la praarambhamlo codd patanam mariyu 1992 codd fishing nishedham valla kontavaraku nadichindi. gatamlo atlantic praavinsula aardhika vyavasthalaku chepalu pattadam pradhana chodaka saktigaa undedi, eee pani nashtam aneka kutumbaalaku vipattugaa niroopinchabadindi. phalitamgaa, 1990la praarambhamlo mariyu 2000la chivarilo, atlantic praavinsula nundi vaelaadi mandhi prajalu desamlo marekkadaina, mukhyamgaa 2000la madhyakaalamlo chamuru vijrumbhana samayamlo alberta chamuru isukalo pani kosam provins nundi tarimikottabaddaaru. eee sraamika vyavasthaagata egumatini rachayita cate beaton thana 2022 graphic ghnaapakaalalo anveshinchaaru, idhi athabasca chamuru isukalo panichesina aame anubhavanni vivaristundi.
vivaristundi faasist paalana patanam, patanam rendava prapancha yuddham mugimputho, oka italian praantam nundi maroka praantaaniki pedda antargata valasa pravaham praarambhamaindi. 1950luu mariyu 1960la madhya italii anubhavinchina aardhika vruddhi kaaranamgaa eee antargata valasalu konasagayi mariyu nirantaram perigayi. eee aardhika vruddhi ekkuvagaa vaayuvya italeeki sambandhinchinadi, idhi aneka paarisraamika karyakalapala puttukalo paalgonnadi, valasa drugvishayam triveneto mariyu dakshina italii raitulanu prabhaavitam chesindi, vaaru pedda sankhyalo taralinchadam praarambhinchaaru. uttara italeelooni itara praantaalu kooda mantuva mariyu cremona vanti graameena praantaalu valasala valla prabhaavitamayyaayi. eee valasadaarula gamyasthanalu pradhanamgaa milan, turin, warres, como, lekko mariyu brianza. paina perkonna praantaala graameena janabha vaayuvyamlooni pedda paarisraamika kendraalaku, mukhyamgaa "paarisraamika tribhujam" anie pilavabade praantamloo ledhaa turin, milan mariyu genova nagarallo sheershaalato kuudina moodu vaipula bahubhujaaniki anugunamgaa valasalu modalupettaaru. madhya mariyu dakshina italeelooni konni nagaralu kooda (paripalana mariyu trutheeya rangaalalo upaadhi kaaranamgaa valasalaku guraina rome vantivi) spashtamaina valasala pravahanni anubhavinchaayi. eee valasa kadalikalato paatu graameena praantaala nundi chinna nagaralaku badilee cheyadam mariyu parvata praantaala nundi maidaanaalaku prayaaninchadam vanti takkuva teevrata kaligina itara pravahalu undevi. eee bhaarii valasa pravaahaaniki daariteesina pradhana kaaranaalu valasadaarula muula pradaesaalaloo jeevana paristhitulu (ivi chaalaa kathinamainavi), sthiramaina pani lekapovadam, adhika pedarikam raetu, aneka vyavasaya praantaala paelavamaina santanotpatti, annintikante mukhyamgaa dakshina italeeni vargeekarinche bhuu aastula vibhajana mariyu vyavastheekruta neeraala valla kalige abhadrata. mottam meeda, dakshina italii nundi uttara italeeki taralivellina italianla sankhya 4 millionlu. graameena praantaala nundi pedda nagaralaku valasa pravaham kooda kudinchi, mariyu aagipoyindi. adhe samayamlo, madhya taraha nagaraala vaipu mariyu chinna taraha graamaalaku uddesinchina vaati vaipu valasa kadalikalu perigayi.
iravayyava sataabdam.
iravayyava sataabdam bhaarii janabha kadalikalanu chusindi. konni prabhutva charyala dwara pedda ettuna vyaktula badileelanu kaligi unnaayi. sangharshana mariyu yuddhanni nivaarinchadaaniki konni valasalu jarigaayi. valasavaadam mugimpu vanti raajakeeya parinaamaala paryavasanamga itara pravaasulu erpaddaaru.
rendava prapancha yuddham, valasavaadam mariyu post-valasavaadam.
rendava prapancha yuddham (1939-1945) prarambhamainappudu, naajii german adhikarulu lakshalaadi mandhi yoodulanu bahishkarinchi champaru; vaaru romany, ukrain, rashyanlu mariyu itara baanisalatoe sahaa lakshalaadi mandhi itara prajalanu banisaluga ledhaa hatya chesaaru. kontamandi yoodulu himsa nundi paschima airopaloni aakraminchani praantaalaku ledhaa sarihaddulu muusivaeyabadataaniki mundhe americaku paaripoyaaru. taruvaata, itara thoorpu european saranaarthulu soviet vistarana nundi mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham mugisinappudu sthaapinchabadina inupa tera palanala nundi dhooramgaa paschimaaniki vellaaru. eee soviet vyatiraeka raajakeeya saranaarthulu mariyu sthaanabhramsham chendina vyaktulalo lakshalaadi mandhi paschima airopa, australia, kenada mariyu united states off americalo maraninchaaru.
rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata, soviet union mariyu communist-niyantrita polland, chekoslovekia, hangari mariyu yugoslavia lakshalaadi mandhi jaathi germanlanu bahishkarinchaayi, vaarilo ekkuva mandhi sataabdaala kritam aaa praantaallo sthirapadina valasadaarula vaarasulu. idhi german naajii dandayaatralaku mariyu swaadheenam chesukovadaniki paan-german prayatnaalaku pratispandanagaa jariginatlu aaropinchabadindi. saranaarthulaloo ekkuva mandhi paschima airopatho sahaa paschimaaniki vellaaru, mariyu padula vaela mandhi united stateslo aasrayam pondaaru.
rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata sthaanika jaathi italianlu (italian italianlu mariyu dalmatian italianlu), alaage jaathi slovenlu, croats mariyu istro-romanianlu yugoslav bhuubhaagam nundi istriya, quarner, juuliyan march alaage dalmatia, italii vaipu, mariyu takkuva sankhyalo, america, australia mariyu dakshinaafrikaa vaipu nishkramana mariyu nishkramananu istrian-dalmatian nishkramana anie pilustaaru. eee praantaalu jatiparamga mishramamgaa undevi, deerghakaalamgaa sthaapinchabadina chaaritraka croatian, italian mariyu sloven samaajaalato. vividha muulaala prakaram, eee gharshana taruvaata eee praantaalanu vidichipetti vellina vaari sankhya 230,000 nundi 350,000 italianlu (itarulu italian pourasatvaanni konasaaginchadaaniki enchukunna jaathi slovenlu, croats mariyu istro-romanianlu) gaa anchanaa veyabadindi. rendava prapancha yuddhamlo vandala ledhaa bahusha padivela mandhi sthaanika jaathi italianlu (istrian italianlu mariyu dalmatian italianlu) yugoslav pakshapaatulu mariyu ojnaache champabaddaru ledhaa sankshiptamgaa uriteeyabaddaaru, idhi "foib" oochakothagaa piluvabadindi. 1947 nundi, yuddham taruvaata, istrian italianlu mariyu dalmatian italianlu yugoslav adhikaarulache jaateeyeekarana, swaadheenam mariyu vivakshata pannu vanti takkuva himsaatmaka bedirimpulaku gurayyaru, idhi vaariki valasalu tappa vaerae empikanu ivvaledu. ivvaledu, yugoslavialo 36,000 mandhi italianlu prakatinchaaru, idhi rendava prapancha yuddhaaniki mundu asalu italian janabhalo kevalam 16 saatam. saatam croatialoo nirvahinchina mariyu mariyu slovenialo nirvahinchina janabha lekkala prakaram, maajee yugoslavialo migilipoyina italianla sankhya 21,894 mandhi (slovenialo 2,258 mandhi mariyu croatialoo 19,636 mandhi).
1936 nundi nundi athani maranam varaku franco sainika paalanalo speyin aneka mandhi raajakeeya kaaryakartalanu bahishkarinchindi.
rendava prapancha yuddham mariyu mariyu izrael tirigi sthaapinchabadataaniki mundu, arab prapanchamlo varusa yoodula vyatiraeka maaranahomaalu chelaregaayi, chaalaa mandhi paalastiinaa/ijraayelku paaripovadaaniki kaaranamayyaayi. adevidhamgaa paalastiinaa yuddhamlo kaneesam 7,50,000 mandhi paalastiiniyanlu bahishkarinchabaddaaru ledhaa kottagaa erpadina izrael nundi paripovalsi vachindi. chaalaa mandhi paalastiiniyanlu madhyapraachyamloni saranaarthi shibiraallo nivasistuunae unnaaru, marikondaru itara deshaalalo punaravasam pondaaru.
anchanaa bhaarata upakhandamlo jarigina vibhajana phalitamgaa bharatadesam, pakistan, prastuta bangladesh madhya lakshalaadi mandhi prajalu valasa vacchaaru. aaa kaalamlo jarigina mataparamaina himsalo chaalaa mandhi hatyaku gurayyaru, 2 millionla mandhi varaku maraninchinatlu anchanaa. anchanaa bharatadesam, pakistan swaatantryam pondina taruvaata british raaj yokka vaelaadi mandhi puurvapu prajalu bhaarata upakhandam nundi yukeku vellaaru.
19va sataabdam chivari nundi, 1910 nundi japan koreanu japanese kaalaneega chesindi. lakshalaadi mandhi chaineeyulu japan aakraminchani paschima praavinsulaku (mukhyamgaa nairutilo sichuwan mariyu yunnan mariyu vaayuvyamlo shanxi mariyu gansu) mariyu agneyasiaku paaripoyaaru. 100, 000 mandiki paiga koreanlu amur nadhi meedugaa japaneeyula nundi dhooramgaa russia suduura thoorpuna (taruvaata soviet unionloki) vellaaru.
pracchanna yuddham mariyu valasavaada anantara raashtraala erpaatu.
pracchanna yuddha samayamlo mariyu taruvaata, pedda sankhyalo saranaarthulu sangharshana nundi, mukhyamgaa appati abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaala nundi valasa vacchaaru.
madhyaprachyam mariyu madhya asealo jarigina tirugubaatu, veetilo konni united states mariyu soviet union madhya adhikara pooraataalaku sambandhinchinavi, kotta saranaarthula janabhanu utpatti chesaayi, ivi prapancha pravasuluga abhivruddhi chendaayi.
agneyasialo, chaalaa mandhi vietnamese prajalu fraansku valasa vacchaaru, taruvaata millionla mandhi united states, australia mariyu kenadaaku valasa vacchaaru, pracchanna yuddhaaniki sambandhinchina vietnam yuddham tarvaata. taruvaata, kambodia nundi 30,000 french "kolanlu" pole pott kinda 1975-1979 khamer roose paalanache bahishkarinchabadina taruvaata sthaanabhramsham chendaaru. kambodiyalo deerghakaalamgaa nivasistunna oka chinna, pradhanamgaa muslim jaathi samuuham, chaam prajalu dadapuga nirmuulinchabaddaaru. 1975 nundi vietnam nundi vietnamese prajala saamuuhika valasalu "padava prajalu" anae padaaniki prachuryam pondadaaniki daariteesaayi.
nairuti chainaalo, 1959 tibeton tirugubaatu viphalamaina taruvaata 14va dalai lama taruvaata chaalaa mandhi tibeton prajalu bharatadesaniki valasa vacchaaru. eee ala 1960la varaku konasaagindi, mariyu tibet vaanijyam mariyu paryataka rangaaniki teravabadinappudu maroka ala vachindi. sumaru 2,00,000 mandhi tibetanlu ippudu prapanchavyaaptamgaa chellacheduruga nivasistunnaarani anchanaa veyabadindi, vaarilo sagam mandhi bharatadesam, nepaul mariyu bhutan loe unnaaru. kolpoyina pourasatva patraalaku badulugaa, kendra tibeton paripalana tibeton saranaarthulaku green book gurtimpu patraalanu andistundi.
srilanka tamilulu chaaritraatmakamgaa udyogam kosam valasa vacchaaru, mukhyamgaa british valasa kaalamlo (1796-1948). (1796-1948) srilanka antaryuddham praarambhamainappati nundi, 800,000 mandiki paiga tamilulu sthaanika pravasuluga srilankalo sthaanabhramsham chendaaru, mariyu ara millionlaku paiga tamilulu pravaasa tamilulugaa bharatadesam, australia, newzealand, kenada, yuke mariyu eurup vanti gamyasthaanaalaku valasa vacchaaru.
vacchaaru maajee soviet union afghanistan paie dandayaatra phalitamgaa afghan pravaasulu unnaaru; adhikaarika mariyu anadhikaarika recordulu rendoo eee yuddham 6 millionlaku paiga prajalanu sthaanabhramsham chesindani, phalitamgaa prapanchavyaaptamgaa rendava atipedda saranaarthula janabha janabha 26 laksala) erpadindi.
chaalaa mandhi iranianlu 1979 iranian viplavam nundi paaripoyaaru, idhi america/british-angeekarinchina shaa pathanamtho mugisindi.
aafrikaalo, valasarajyala paalana mugisina taruvaata kotta shreni pravaasulu erpaddaaru. konni sandarbhaallo, deshaalu swatantram pondadamtho, europeanla aneka minority vaarasulu valasa vacchaaru; itarulu tarataraalugaa kutumba gruhaluga unna bhoomullone undipoyaaru. uganda uganda 80,000 mandhi dakshinaasiyaalanu bahishkarinchi, vaari vyaparalu, aastulanu swaadheenam chesukundi. pratyarthi saamaajika/jaathi samuuhaala (hutu mariyu tutsey) madhya jarigina ravandan antaryuddham pranantakamga maari, saranaarthula saamuuhika pravahanni srushtinchindi.
latin americalo, 1959 cuban viplavam mariyu communism pravesapettina taruvaata, oka million mandiki paiga prajalu cubanu vidichipettaru.
21va sataabdam praarambhamlo kotta jamaikan pravaasulu erpaddaaru. 1 million kante ekkuva dominicanlu videshaalalo nivasistunnaaru, veerilo ekkuva mandhi americalo nivasistunnaaru.
1965 nundi aaa desham yokka himsa mariyu antaryuddhaala nundi tappinchukovadaaniki oka million columbian saranaarthulu kolambiyanu vidichipettaru.
dakshina americalo, 1970luu mariyu mariyu sainika paalana kaalamlo vaelaadi mandhi argentine mariyu urugve saranaarthulu airopaku paaripoyaaru.
madhya americalo, nikaragvanlu, salvadoranlu, gwaatemaalanlu mariyu honduraanlu sangharshana mariyu paelavamaina aardhika paristhitula nundi paaripoyaaru.
paaripoyaaru jarigina ruwanda maranahomam nundi lakshalaadi mandhi prajalu paaripoyi porugu deshaalaku vellaaru.
1990la nundi mukhyamgaa 2000 nundi 4 nundi 6 millionla madhya zimbabwe nundi valasa vacchaaru, sudeergha saamaajika aardhika sankshobham kaaranamgaa zimbabwe pravaasulanu baga penchaaru, dakshinaafrikaa, united kingdom, australia, kenada mariyu chinna communitylalo pedda communitylanu yerparuchukunnaru. aneka deshaalu palgonna kangolo sudeergha yuddham kooda lakshalaadi mandhi saranaarthulanu srushtinchindi.
srushtinchindi dakshina korea pravaasula udyamam kaaranamgaa, migilina janabha vruddhaapyaanni konasaginchadamto, madhyataragati pedda sankhyalo valasa vachinappudu, maatrubhoomilo santanotpatti raetu padipoyindi. eee janabhalo maarpunu edurkovadaniki, dakshina korea prabhutvam prabhutvam pravaasa-nischitaartham vidhananni praarambhinchindi.
iravai okatava sataabdam.
madhyapraachya sangharshanhalu.
iraq yuddham taruvaata, 2011 natiki daadaapu 3 millionla mandhi iraq vaasulu sthaanabhramsham chendaaru, iraq lopala 13 laksala mandhi mariyu porugu deshaalalo 16 laksala mandhi, pradhanamgaa jordan mariyu syrialo. syrian antaryuddham marinta olasalanu balavantam chesindi, un anchanaala prakaram kaneesam 4 millionla mandhi sthaanabhramsham chendaaru.
iraan prajalu.
antarjaateeya valasa samstha prakaram, prakaram 2.8 laksala mandhi iranianlu valasa vacchaaru.ii.mottam janabhalo 3.3 saatam mandhi vidyaavaettalu kaga, 2023 natiki eee sankhya janabhalo 10 saataaniki perigindi. 4 millionla mandhi aafghanlu iraanlo unnaaru. 
venezula saranaarthula sankshobham.
hugo chavez adhyaksha padavi mariyu athani bolivarian viplavam sthaapana taruvaata, 16 laksala mandiki paiga venezula nundi valasa vacchaaru, dheenini bolivarian diaspora anie pilustaaru. venezula central university "venezula community ovarsees eah nyuu methed off exclast" anae sheershikato "ell universal" chesina oka adhyayanam yokka vislaeshanha prakaram, venijulaalooni bolivarian pravaasulu "aardhika vyavastha mariyu saamaajika nirmaanam rendinti ksheenata, prabalamaina neeraalu, anischiti mariyu sameepa bhavishyattulo naayakatvamlo maarpu kosam aasha lekapovadam" valla sambhavinchaayi.
pravaasa internet sevalu.
aneka web aadhaarita vaartaa portallu mariyu forum saitlu nirdishta pravaasa samaajaalaku ankitam cheyabaddaayi, ivi tarachugaa muulam lakshanam mariyu prastuta sthaana lakshanam aadhaaramgaa nirvahinchabadataayi. chaina yokka veechaat vanti mobile anuvartanaala yokka sthaana-aadhaarita networking lakshanaalu kooda vaari inti marketla velupala upayoginchinappudu online pravaasa sanghaalanu srushtinchaayi. ippudu, abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalaku chendina pedda companylu marinta parinati chendina marketloki pravesinchadaaniki pravaasa samajalanu upayoginchukovalani chuustunnaayi.
prajaadarana pondina samskrutilo.
"clint eastwood natinchina 2008 drama "graan torino", haang american pravaasulanu kaligi unna modati pradhana sravanti american chitram.

