
shur

shuwar, jivaro anie kooda pilustaaru, ivi equadorian mariyu peruvian amazonialo nivasinche sthaanika jaathi samuuham. vaaru vaari vaeta naipunhyaalaku mariyu thala kullipoye sampradaayaaniki prasiddhi chendaaru, dheenini tsanta anie pilustaaru.
shuwar bhasha jivaron bhasha kutumbaaniki chendinadi mariyu eee praantamloo 50,000 mandiki paiga prajalu dheenini matladataru. shuwar prajalu tama bhuubhaagaalanu rakshinchadamlo mariyu bahya satruvulapai daadi charyalalo yuddhamlo vaari naipunhyaaniki prasiddhi chendaaru. prastutam, chaalaa mandhi shuwar vyavasayam mariyu vaeta chuttoo vyavastheekrutamaina samajalalo nivasistunnaaru, ayithe kontamandi ganula tavvakam mariyu kalapa parisramalo kooda panicheestunnaaru. 
paeru.
shuwar bhaashalo shuwar antey "prajalu" anie ardham. shuwar bhasha matlade prajalu andis eguva parvataala madhya ushnamandala varshaaranyamlo mariyu ekuvaadorlooni amazon lothattu praantaala ushnamandala varshaaranyaalu mariyu savannalalo nivasistaaru. shuwar vividha pradaesaalaloo nivasistaaru-anduvalla, "muraiya" (konda) shuwar antey andis parvatapraantaalalo nivasinche prajalu; "achu" (chittadi-thaati) shuwar (ledhaa achuwar) antey andis (ekuvador) kuu thoorpuna unna tadi lothattu praantaalalo nivasinche prajalu.
shuwar spanish matladevarini "apatch" anie, spanish kaani mariyu shuwar kaani matladevarini "inkis" anie suuchistaaru. europeanlu mariyu european americanlu shuvaarnu "jivaros" ledhaa "gibaros" gaa suuchimchaevaaru; eee padam bahusha 16va sataabdapu spanish spelling "shuwar" nundi udbhavinchi undavacchu (gnere 1973 chudandi), conny "krooramaina" thoo sahaa itara ardhaalanu teesukundi; equador velupala, "jibaro" antey "graameena" anie ardham. shuwar prajalu aneka rakaala prayaana vruttaamtaalu mariyu saahasopeta saahityamlo pramukhamgaa chitreekarinchabaddaaru, endukante vaari munupati maanava talalu ("tsanta") kudimpu chese abhyasam patla paaschaatyula aakarshana undhi.
europeanlatho saamaajika samstha mariyu sambandhaalu.
16va sataabdamloo europeanlatho modati parichayam nundi, 1950luu mariyu 1960laloe shuwar samakhya erpaatu varaku, shuwar pakshika sanchaaramgaa undevaaru mariyu varshaaranyamlo chellacheduruga unna ververu gruhaalalo nivasinchevaaru, veelainantagaa bandhuvulu mariyu raajakeeya sambandhaala valla anusandhaaninchabadi undevaaru, corporate bandhuvula samuuhaalu ledhaa kendrikruta ledhaa samsthaagata raajakeeya naayakatvam lekapoyaru.
shuwar jeevitaaniki kendramgaa bhartha, athani bharyalu (saadhaaranamgaa iddaru), avivaahita kumaarulu mariyu kumartelato kuudina saapekshamgaa swayampratipatti kaligina kutumbam undedi. vivaham taruvaata kumaarulu tama janma gruhanni vidichipetti, alludu lopaliki velataaru (maatru nivaasam chudandi). purushulu vetaadi battalu nesevaaru; mahilalu thotapani chesevaaru. 1527loe, huana kepasi yokka inca sainyala chorabaatunu shuwar oodinchaadu.
16va sataabdamloo shuwar spaniardlatho modatisaari sampradinchinappudu, vaaru saantiyuta vaanijya sambandhaalloki pravesinchaaru. vaaru pannunu himsaatmakamgaa pratighatinchi, 1599loe spaniyardulanu tarimikottaaru.
20va sataabdamloo valasarajyam mariyu missionlu shuwar tamanu taamu "centros" anie piluvabade nucleated settlementlugaa punarvyavastheekarinchukova daariteesaayi. centros praarambhamlo catholic missionarylache suvaarta pracharanni sulabhataram chesindi, conny swadesheeyetara sthiranivaasula nundi shuwar bhoomi hakkulanu rakshinchadaaniki kooda oka maargamgaa maarindi. 1964loe shuwar centros pratinidhulu equadorian rashtra, prabhutvetara samsthalu mariyu antarjaateeya samsthalaku tama prayojanaalanu suuchimchadaaniki oka raajakeeya samakhyanu erpaatu chesaaru.
"tsanta", kunchinchukupoyina talalu.
19va sataabdamloo champabadina achuwar talalanu kudinche vistrutamaina prakriyaku europeanlu mariyu euro-americanlalo "muraiya shuwar" prasiddhi chendindi. shuwar kaani vaaru eee kunchinchukupoyina talalanu ("tsanta") yuddha trophylaga varninchinappatikii, shuwar vaaru talalapai aasakti chuupadam ledani mariyu vaatini trophylaga viluvainaviga bhaavincharani pattubattaru. badulugaa, vaaru baadhitula "muisak" ledhaa aatmanu vetiki, adhi kunchinchukupoyina thalalo mariyu daanilo undipoyindi. muisac" niyantrana tama bhaaryala mariyu kumartela sramanu niyantrinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundani shuwar purushulu vishwasinchaaru.
mahilalu myaanioknu saagu chesi, "chicha" (manioc biir) tayaaru chesaaru, idhi kalisi shuwar aahaaramlo ekkuva kelareelu mariyu carbohydratelanu andinchindi, mahilala shrama shuwar jeeva mariyu saamaajika jeevitaaniki keelakam. 19va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo europeanlu mariyu euro-americanlu shaatganlatho sahaa tayaaru chesina vastuvulanu vartakam cheyadam praarambhinchaaru, kudimpabadina talalanu tirigi adigaru. phalitamgaa thala vetatho sahaa sthaanika yuddhamlo perugudala, idhi shuvaarnu himsaatmakamgaa bhaavinchadaaniki dohadapadindi. 1961loe edmando beelawski vaari thala-kullipoye prakriyanu choopinche ekaika footageni roopondinchaaru.
yuktavayassu acharalu.
1940luu mariyu 1950laloe mission cheyadaaniki mundu shuwar samskruti yodhula samajanni nirvahinchadaaniki mariyu prothsahinchadaaniki panichesindi. daadaapu enimidi samvatsaraala abbayilanu vaari tandrulu ledhaa pinatandrulu sameepamloni jalapaataaniki moodu nundi aidu rojula prayaanamloo teesukuvelataaru, aaa samayamlo baaludu pogaaku neeru matrame tagevadu. edho oka samayamlo, aaa biddaku "maikuwa" ("datura arboria", solanesi) ivvabadutundi, aaa tarvaata athanu kshanika darsanaalanu ledhaa "arutam" nuu chustadane aasatoe. eee darsanaalu "vakani" ledhaa puurveekula aatma dwara utpatti cheyabadinatlu nammutaaru.
baaludu taginanta dhairyavantudaite athanu "arutam" nuu thaakavacchu mariyu "arutam vakani" nuu pondavacchu. idhi baaludini chaalaa balamgaa chestundi, mariyu aneka "arutam vacani" lanu kaligi undatam aaa baaludini ajeyamgaa chestundi. ayithe, shuwar vaaru tama "arutam vakani" nii sulabhamgaa kolpovachani nammadu, tadwara eee aacharaanni chalasarlu punaraavrutam chesaadu.
chaalaa mandini champadaaniki jeevinchina shuwar yodhudini "kakaram" anie pilicheevaaru. arutam vacani" kaligi unna vyakti saantiyutamgaa maraniste, vaaru kotta "vacani" kii janmanistaarani shuwar nammadu; "arutam vacani" kaligi unna evarainaa champabadithe, vaaru "muisac" kuu janmanistaarani nammadu.
anaaroogyam mariyu shamanism.
shuwar saadhaaranamgaa sahaja maranaanni viswasincharu, ayinappatikee measles mariyu scarlett feavour vanti konni antuvyaadhulu europeanlu ledhaa euro-americanlatho parichayam dwara pravesapettabadina vyaadhulu anie vaaru gurtinchaaru. vaaru pradhanamgaa eetelu mariyu tupaakulato poraadaaru, conny-eee praantamlooni aneka itara samuuhaala maadirigaane-tamanu "tsentsack", adrushya baanaalu champavachani kooda nammevaaru.
vivarinchaleni edainaa maranam atuvanti "tsentsack" kuu aapaadinchabadindi. tsentsack animate ayinappatikee, avi tamantata taamugaa panicheyavu. shamanlu (shuwar loe, "uvishin") "tsentsack" nuu kaligi undi niyantrinche vyaktulu. tsentsack" nuu kaligi undalante vaaru vaatini itara shamanla nundi konugolu cheyali; uttara mariyu thoorpuna nivasinche atyanta saktivantamaina shamanlu kwichuwa-matladevaru anie shuwar nammutaaru.
tsentak" nuu niyantrinchadaaniki, shuwar tappanisarigaa "natem" ("ayahuwaska") nuu teesukoovaali. satruvu sareeramloki "tsentsack" nuu kaalchadaaniki evarainaa shamannu niyaminchinappudu anaaroogyam sambhavistundani chaalaa mandhi shuwar nammutaaru. eee daadi rahasyamgaa jarugutundi mariyu evarainaa shamanlu ilaa chesinatlu angeekarinchinatlayithe chaalaa takkuva mandhi untaaru. evarainaa anaaroogyaaniki gurainatlayite vaaru rooga nirdhaarana mariyu chikitsa kosam shammon vaddaku vellavacchu.
saadhaarana rojuvaaree anaarogyaalaku vaaru upayoginche aneka mokkalu unnaayi. chaalaa mandiki eee mokkalu mariyu vaatini elaa tayaaru chesi upayoginchaalo telusu. appudappudu, vruddha mahilanu mukhyamgaa santanotpatti niyantrana, prasava mariyu kotta sisuvulaku salaha ledhaa sahayam kosam adugutaaru. "piripiri" (cyperus jaatulu) nuu vividha rakaala vyaadhulaku upayogistaaru.
shuwar mariyu equadorian rashtram.
eguva amazonlo chamuru aavishkarana eee praantamloo ekuvadorian mariyu peruvian aasaktini prerepinchindi. 20va sataabdamloo equadorian shuwar mariyu achuwar vanti peruvian samuuhaalaku gananeeyamgaa bhinnamaina charitralu unnaayi.
eekwadar loe kaneesam 40,000 shuwar, 5,000 "achuwar" mariyu 700 "shiwar" unnaayi.
19va sataabdam chivaralo catholic jesuitlu shuwar madhya missionlanu tirigi sthaapinchaaru, mariyu ettaina praantaala ("colonos") nundi paedha mariyu bhoomileni euro-ekuvadoriyanlu shuwar madhya sthirapadatam praarambhinchaaru. shuwar saantiyuta vaanijya sambandhaalloki pravesinchi, tayaaru chesina vastuvula kosam bhoomini marpidi chesukuni, spanish neerchukoevadaaniki tama pillalanu mission boarding paatasaalalaku pampadam praarambhinchaadu. 1935loe ekuvadorian prabhutvam kontavaraku euro-ekuvadorian bhoomiki praapyatanu niyantrinchadaaniki shuwar rijarvnu srushtinchindi mariyu sales (catholic) missionarylaku reservepy chaarj ichindi.
saamskrutika prakriyaloo missionarylu ekkuvagaa vijayavantamayyaaru, shuwar spanish bodhinchaaru, shuvaarnu kraistava matamgaa marcharu, shuvaarnu yuddhanni vidichipettamani prothsahinchaaru mariyu kunchinchukupoyina talala utpattini prothsahinchaaru, shuwar "arutam vakani" nuu pondina yuktavayassu aacharalanu vidichipettamani shuvaarnu prothsahinchaaru mariyu shuvaarnu market aardhika vyavasthalo palgonamani prothsahinchaaru. ekaswamya vivaham kosam bahubharyatvanni vidichipettamani shuvaarnu prothsahinchadamlo vaaru chaalaa varaku conny puurtigaa vijayavantam kaaledu. shamanism abhyasanni nirutsaahaparachadamlo vaaru saapekshamgaa viphalamayyaru.
1950la natiki shuwar sthiranivaasulaku gananeeyamaina mottamlo bhoomini kolpoyindi. eee samayamlo vaaru tama pakshika sanchaara mariyu chellacheduruga unna sthaavara namuunaanu vidichipetti, "centros" (spanish bhaashalo "kendraalu") anie piluvabade aidu nundi muppai kutumbaala kendraka sthaavaraalanu erpaatu cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. eee "centros" shuwar kuu missionary pravesaanni sulabhataram chesaayi. vaaru bhoomi kosam equadorian prabhutvaaniki shuwar petitionlaku kooda oka aadharaanni andinchaaru; badulugaa shuwar pacchika bayallugaa maarchadaaniki varshaaranyaalanu tolagistaanani vaagdaanam chesaaru, mariyu prabhutvam shuwar kosam pasuvulanu konugolu cheyadaaniki runaalanu andinchindi, vaatini vaaru market kosam sekaristaaru.
1960laloe sales missionarylu "centros" nayakulanu kalusukuni kotta samsthanu erpaatu cheyamani prothsahinchaaru. 1964loe vaaru "federation interprovintial dii centros shuwar-achuwar" ("shuwar mariyu achuwar centros yokka interprovintial federation") nuu erpaatu chesaaru; chaalaa mandhi "achuwar" ekuvadar loe nivasistunnaaru, ayithe chaalaa mandhi perulo nivasistunnaaru). samakhya prajaasvaamya mariyu kramaanugatamgaa vyavastheekrutamainadi, daani naayakulalo chaalaa mandiki ekuvadorian rashtram jeetam istundi.
1969loe samakhya equadorian prabhutvamtho oka oppandampai santakam chesindi, dheenilo samakhya shuwar reservepy paripalana adhikara paridhini sweekarinchindi. federation pillalaku vidyanu andinchadam, poura namodu mariyu bhuu-padaveekaalaanni nirvahinchadam mariyu pasuvula utpattini prothsahinchadam mariyu shuvaarnu market aardhika vyavasthalo marinta chaerchadaaniki uddesinchina itara kaaryakramaalanu prothsahinchadam vanti vidhulanu sweekarinchindi. appati nundi samakhya pratyeka achuwar samaakhyatho sahaa aneka samuhaluga vidipoyindi, ayithe vividha samuuhaalu snehapoorvaka sambandhaalanu konasagistunnayi.
samakhya krushiki dhanyavaadaalu, shuwar gurtimpu chaalaa balamgaa undhi. chaalaa mandhi shuwar kooda equadorian jaateeya-raajyamtho balamgaa gurtimpu pondaaru mariyu equadorian ennikala raajakeeyaalloki pravesinchaaru.
gatha konni samvatsaraalugaa, morona santiago mariyu jamora chinchip provinceulalo ganula tavvakam prajectula phalitamgaa sangharshana udbhavinchindi.
20 november 2018naa diana atamint, oka shuwar mahila, dhi shuwar association adhyakshuraalaindi.
jangil commands group (ivias).
chaalaa mandhi shuwar equadorian sainyamlo kooda panicheestaaru, mariyu sainyam shuvaarnu "bhayankaramaina yodhulu" gaa bhaavinchi, shuwar sainikula unnata "ivia" unitlanu erpaatu chesindi (ayithe niyaminchabadina adhikaarulandaruu shuwar kaanivaaru). eee unitlu 1995loe ekuvador mariyu peru madhya jarigina senepa yuddhamlo tamanu taamu vaeru chesukunnayi. ivia anae paeruku "adavi rakshasudu" anie ardham, idhi shuwar puraanaala nundi vachindihi ivia anedi prajalanu mringivese bhayankaramaina rakshasudu.
daani samskruti prakaram, yuvakulu tama satruvula talanu kudinchinappudu sainikulu avutaaru. ennadoo odipoledu" anedi ivias yokka ninaadam, idhi chorabaatudaarulanu oodinchina athani yodhula charitranu suuchistumdi.zii. incas huana kepasi dwara aadhikyamlo undhi. 1527 loe.
equias ("escula dii ivias crnl. gonjalo barragan) anedi amazon praantaaniki chendina sthaanika prajalaku sikshana ichhe baadhyata kaligina samstha. pastaza provinceloni shell loe unna sumaru 35 mandhi ivia sainikulu etaa eee paatasaala nundi pattabhadrulavutaaru.

