
teaca

teaca anedi oka nirdishta antu ledhaa praanaantaka vyaadhiki churukaina roganirodhaka saktini andinche jeeva tayari. teekaala bhadrata mariyu prabhavam vistrutamgaa adhyayanam cheyabadi dhruvikarinchabadindi. oka teaca saadhaaranamgaa vyaadhini kaliginche suukshmajeevulanu pooli unde agentnu kaligi untundi mariyu tarachugaa suukshmajeevi, daani vishapadaardhaalu ledhaa daani uparitala proteinlalo okadaani yokka balaheenamaina ledhaa champabadina roopaala nundi tayaaru cheyabadutundi. agent agentnu muppuga gurtinchadaaniki, daanini naasanam cheyadaaniki mariyu bhavishyattulo aaa agentto sambandham unna edainaa suukshmajeevulanu marinta gurtinchadaaniki mariyu naasanam cheyadaaniki shareera roganirodhaka vyavasthanu prerepistundi.
teekaalu roganirodhaka (sahaja ledhaa "adavi" vyadhikaarakam dwara bhavishyattulo sankraminche prabhavalanu nivaarinchadaaniki ledhaa meruguparachadaaniki) ledhaa chikitsa (cancer vanti ippatike sambhavinchina vyaadhitho pooraadataaniki) kaavacchu. konni teekaalu puurti sterilising roganirodhaka saktini andistaayi, dheenilo sankramana puurtigaa nivaarinchabadutundi.
teekaala nirvahananu teaca anie pilustaaru. antu vyaadhulanu nivaarinchadaaniki teaca anedi atyanta prabhaavavantamaina paddhati; teaca kaaranamgaa vistrutamaina roganirodhaka shakti prapanchavyaaptamgaa mashoochi nirmuulanaku mariyu prapanchamlooni chaalaa praantaala nundi poliyo, thattu vyaadhi mariyu tetanus vanti vyaadhula parimitiki ekkuvagaa baadhyata vahistundi. prapancha aarogya samstha (evaru) prastutam iravai aidu ververu nivaarinchagala infectionlaku licenses pondina teekaalu andubaatulo unnayani nivedinchindi.
mashuuchini nivaarinchadaaniki teekaalu veyadam mottamodata namodaina upayogam chainaalo 16va sataabdamloo jarigindi, chainaalo eee paddhati yokka prarambha suuchanalu 10va sataabdamloo vachayi. idhi teaca utpatti cheyabadina modati vyaadhi kooda.mashoochi kii vyatiraekamgaa teekaalu vese jaanapada paddhatini 1721loe laedii maerii vortley montagu turkey nundi britanku teesukuvacchaaru.
teaca" mariyu "teaca" anae padaalu "variola vaccine" (aavu mashoochi) nundi udbhavinchaayi, eee padaanni edward genner (iddaroo teekaala bhavananu abhivruddhi chesi modati teekaanu srushtinchaaru) coupaxnu suuchimchadaaniki roopondinchaaru. athanu 1798loe "coupox anie piluvabade variola vaccinpy vichaarana" anae thana sudeergha sheershika kosam eee padabandhaanni upayoginchaadu, dheenilo athanu mashoochi nundi coupox yokka rakshana prabhavanni vivarinchaadu. 1881loe, jennarnu gowravinchataaniki, luis paster, appudu abhivruddhi cheyabadutunna kotta rakshana teekaalu vaeyadaaniki nibandhanalanu vistarinchaalani pratipaadinchaaru. teaca abhivruddhi mariyu utpatti saastraanni "teaca shaastram" anie pilustaaru.
prabhavalu.
antu vyaadhulatoe pooraadataaniki mariyu nirmuulinchadaaniki teekaalu chaalaa surakshitamaina mariyu prabhaavavantamaina maargam anie adhika shaastreeya ekaabhipraayam undhi. roganirodhaka vyavastha teaca agentlanu videshee agentluga gurtinchi, vaatini naasanam chesi, vaatini "gurthunchukuntundi". oka agent yokka vishapuurita roopam edurkonnappudu, sareeram agent meeda unna protein kotnu gurtistundi, tadwara pratispandinchadaaniki siddhamgaa untundi, modata lakshya agent kanaalaloki pravesinche mundu tatastheekarinchadam dwara, mariyu rendavadi aaa agent pedda sankhyaku guninche mundu sokina kanaalanu gurtinchi naasanam cheyadam dwara.
ayinappatikee, vaati prabhaavaaniki parimitulu unnaayi. konnisaarlu, teaca taggimpu, teaca niyamaalu ledhaa paripaalanalo vaiphalyaalu vanti teaca sambandhita kaaranaala valla rakshana viphalamavutundi.
atitheya roganirodhaka vyavastha taginantagaa ledhaa assalu spandinchakapothe atitheya sambandhita kaaranaala valla kooda vaiphalyam sambhavinchavachhu. janyusaastram, roganirodhaka sthithi, vayassu, aarogyam mariyu poeshaka sthithi vanti kaarakaala kaaranamgaa vyaktulalo anchanaa vesina 2-10% loe atidheya-sambandhita pratispandana lekapovadam sambhavistundi. janyu vaiphalyaaniki daariteese oka rakamaina praadhamika roganirodhaka shakti lopam ex-linked agammaglobulinemia, dheenilo bii kanaala abhivruddhiki avasaramaina enjaim lekapovadam host yokka roganirodhaka vyavastha vyaadhikaarakaaniki pratiroedhakaalanu utpatti cheyakunda nirodhistundi.
host-pathogen paraspara charyalu mariyu sankramanaku pratispandanalu anevi roganirodhaka vyavasthalo bahula maargaalanu kaligi unde dynamic prakriyalu. atidheya takshaname pratiroedhakaalanu abhivruddhi cheyaduh sareeram yokka sahaja roganirodhaka shakti pannendu gantallone sakriyam cheyabadavachhu, anukuula roganirodhaka shakti puurtigaa abhivruddhi chendadaaniki 1 nundi 2 vaaralu pattavacchu. aaa samayamlo, atitheyudu inca vyaadhi baarina padavacchu.
pratirakshakaalu utpatti ayina tarvaata, avi imidi unna pratirakshakaala taragatini batti aneka vidhaluga roganirodhaka saktini prothsahinchavachhu. vyadhikaarakaanni tolaginchadamlo ledhaa nishkriyam cheyadamlo vaati vijayam utpatti cheyabadina pratirodhakaala parimaanam mariyu vyadhikaaraka yokka jaatini edurkovadamlo aaa pratiroedhakaalu enthavaraku prabhaavavantamgaa unnayane daanipai aadharapadi untundi, endukante vividha jaatulu icchina roganirodhaka pratispandanaku bhinnamgaa avakaasam undavacchu. 
konni sandarbhaallo teekaalu puurti ledhaa shaashwata roganirodhaka shakti kante pakshika roganirodhaka rakshanaku (dheenilo roganirodhaka shakti 100% kante takkuvagaa untundi conny sankramana pramaadaanni taggistundi) ledhaa taatkaalika roganirodhaka rakshanaku (dheenilo roganirodhaka shakti kalakramena taggutundi) daariteeyavachchu. avi ippatikee mottam janaabhaaku tirigi sankramana parimitini penchavacchu mariyu gananeeyamaina prabhavanni chuupagalavu. avi sankramana teevratanu kooda tagginchagalavu, phalitamgaa takkuva maranaala raetu, takkuva anaaroogyam, anaaroogyam nundi vaegamgaa kolukovadam mariyu aneka itara prabhavalu erpadataayi.
vruddhulu tarachugaa chinnavaaritho poliste takkuva pratispandananu pradarsistaaru, eee namuunaanu immunosenescence anie pilustaaru.
roganirodhaka pratispandananu penchadaaniki sahayakalu saadhaaranamgaa upayoginchabadataayi, mukhyamgaa saadhaarana teekaaku roganirodhaka pratispandana balaheenapadina vruddhulaku.
teaca yokka samarthatha ledhaa paniteeru aneka karakalapai aadharapadi untundih
teekaalu vesina vyaktiki teekaalu vesina vyaadhi (purogati sankramana) abhivruddhi chendithe, teekaalu veyani kesulato poliste vyaadhi takkuva vishapuuritamgaa unde avakaasam undhi.
samarthavanthamaina teaca kaaryakramamlo mukhyamaina parigananalu
1958loe, united stateslo 763,094 thattu vyaadhi kesulu unnaayi; phalitamgaa 552 maranaalu sambhavinchaayi. kotta teekaalanu pravesapettina taruvaata, kesula sankhya samvatsaraaniki 150 kante takkuvagaa (madhyasthamgaa 56) padipoyindi. 2008 praarambhamlo, measles 64 anumaanita kesulu unnaayi. aaa antuvyaadhulalo yaabhai naalugu maroka desham nundi digumati chesukovadamto mudipadi unnaayi, ayithe vaastavaaniki padamudu saatam matrame united states velupala pondabaddaayi; 64 mandhi vyaktulalo 63 mandiki thattu vyaadhi teekaalu veyabadaledu ledhaa vaariki teekaalu veyabadinda anie anischitamgaa unnaaru.
teekaalu maanavulalo atyanta antu mariyu praanaantaka vyaadhulalo okataina mashoochi nirmuulanaku daariteesaayi. rubella, poliyo, thattu, gavadabillalu, chickenpox mariyu typhoid vanti itara vyaadhulu vistrutamaina teaca kaaryakramaala kaaranamgaa vanda samvatsaraala kritam unnanta saadhaaranam kaadu. ekkuva mandiki teekaalu vesinanta kaalam, vyaadhi vyaapti chendadam chaalaa kashtam, vyaapti chendadam okkate. eee prabhavanni manda roganirodhaka shakti antaaru. maanavulalo matrame vyaapinchae poliyo, moodu deshaalalo (afghanistan, nigeria mariyu pakistan) konni praantaalaku matrame parimitam cheyabadina sthaanika poliyoni chusina vistrutamaina nirmuulana pracharam dwara lakshyamgaa pettukundi. ayithe, pillalandarikee cherukovadamlo ibbandi, saamskrutika aparthalu mariyu tappudu samacharam oohinchina nirmuulana teedeeni chalasarlu miss cheyadaaniki kaaranamayyaayi.
teekaalu antibiatic nirodhakata abhivruddhini nivaarinchadaaniki kooda sahaayapadataayi. udaaharanaku, "streptococcus pneumonia" valla kalige pneumonia sambhavinche avakaasaanni baga tagginchadam dwara, teaca karyakramalu pencillin ledhaa itara modati-varusa antibioticsku nirodhakata kaligina infectionla prabalyanni baga tagginchaayi.
thattu vyaadhi teaca prati samvatsaram oka million maranaalanu nivaaristundani anchanaa.
pratikuula prabhavalu.
pillalu, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru ledhaa peddalaku ichhe teekaalu saadhaaranamgaa surakshitamainavi. pratikuula prabhavalu evaina unte, saadhaaranamgaa telikapativi. dushprabhaavaala raetu prashnaarthakamaina teekaapai aadharapadi untundi. konni saadhaarana dushprabhavalalo jwaram, injection icchina pradaesam chuttoo noppi mariyu kandaraala noppulu unnaayi. adanamgaa, kontamandiki teekaaloni padaarthaala patla allergy undavacchu. mmr teaca arudugaa jwaram muurchalatoe mudipadi untundi.
janyusaastram, aarogya sthithi (antarleena vyaadhi, poeshanha, garbham, sunnitatvam ledhaa alerjeelu), roganirodhaka saamarthyam, vayassu mariyu aardhika prabhavam ledhaa saamskrutika vaataavaranam vanti sankramanaku gurayye avakaasam unna vyaktini andinche host-("teaca")-sambandhita nirnayakaalu sankramana yokka teevratanu mariyu teekaaku pratispandananu prabhaavitam chese praathamika ledhaa dviteeya karakalu kaavacchu. vruddhulu (60 ellu paibadi), allergy-hypersensitive mariyu oobakaayam unna vyaktulu rajipade roganirodhaka saktiki gurayye avakaasam undhi, idhi teaca prabhavanni nirodhistundi ledhaa nirodhistundi, bahusha eee nirdishta janaabhaaku pratyeka teaca saanketikatalu ledhaa virus prasaranni parimitam cheyadaaniki punaraavruta booster teekaalu avasaram kaavacchu.
teevramaina dushprabhaavaalu chaalaa arudu. varisella teaca arudugaa roganirodhaka shakti lopam unna vyaktulalo samasyalatho mudipadi untundi, mariyu rotavirus teekaalu madhyastamgaa intusepsepto mudipadi untaayi.
teaca valla teevramaina pratikuula prabhavalu unnavaariki pariharam andinchadaaniki kaneesam 19 deshaalu etuvanti lopam laeni parihara kaaryakramaalanu kaligi unnaayi. united states yokka karyakramanni jaateeya baalya teaca gaayam chattam anie pilustaaru, mariyu united kingdom teaca nashtam chellimpunu upayogistundi.
rakalu.
teekaalu saadhaaranamgaa ksheeninchina, kriyaarahitam cheyabadina ledhaa chanipoyina jeevulu ledhaa vaati nundi pondina suddhi chesina utpattulanu kaligi untaayi. aneka rakaala teekaalu upayogamlo unnaayi. ivi prayojanakaramaina roganirodhaka pratispandananu prerepinche saamarthyaanni nilupukuntuu anaaroogyam pramaadaanni tagginchadaaniki prayatninche vividha vyuuhaalanu suuchistaayi.
tagginchukunnadu.
konni teekaalalo sajeevamaina, ksheeninchina suukshmajeevulu untaayi. veetilo chaalaa varaku kriyaaseela vairaslu, ivi vaati vishapuurita lakshanaalanu nilipivese paristhitulalo saagu cheyabaddaayi ledhaa vistruta roganirodhaka pratispandananu utpatti cheyadaaniki daggari sambandham unna conny takkuva pramaadakaramaina jeevulanu upayogistaayi. chaalaa ksheeninchina teekaalu viral ayinappatikee, konni bacteria swabhaavam kaligi untaayi. viral vyaadhulu pasupu jwaram, thattu, gavadabillalu mariyu rubella mariyu bacteria vyaadhi typhoid udaaharanalu. kalmette mariyu guerin abhivruddhi chesina pratyaksha "mycobacterium tuberaculosis" teaca antu jaatito tayaaru cheyabadaledu, conny teekaaku roganirodhaka pratispandananu pondadaaniki upayoginche "bisiji" anae vairasga savarinchina jaatini kaligi untundi. yersinia pestice" eee. vii. jaatini kaligi unna pratyaksha ksheeninchina teaca playg roganirodhakata kosam upayoginchabadutundi. ksheeninchina teekaalaku konni prayojanaalu mariyu aprayojanaalu unnaayi. ksheeninchina ledhaa sajeevamgaa, balaheenapadina teekaalu saadhaaranamgaa marinta mannikaina roganirodhaka pratispandanalanu rekettistaayi. conny avi roganirodhaka saktini kolpoyina vyaktulalo upayoginchadaaniki surakshitamgaa undakapovachhu, mariyu arudaina sandarbhaallo vishapuurita roopaaniki roopaantaram chendutaayi mariyu vyaadhiki kaaranamavutaayi.
nishkriyam cheyabadindi.
konni teekaalu chekkuchedarakunda conny khaalii bacteria kana kavachaalato rasayanalu, vaedi ledhaa radiation "dayyaalu" thoo naasanam cheyabadina nishkriyaatmakamaina, conny gatamlo vishapuuritamaina, suukshmajeevulanu kaligi untaayi. avi nishkriyaatmaka mariyu ksheeninchina teekaala madhya madhyantara dasagaa pariganinchabadataayi. udaaharanalalo ipv (poliyo teaca), hepatitis oka teaca, rabis teaca mariyu chaalaa influenzae teekaalu unnaayi. 
taxoid.
taxoid teekaalu suukshmajeevula kante anaaroogyaaniki kaaranamayye nishkriyaatmaka vishapuurita sammelanaala nundi tayaaru cheyabadataayi. taxoid aadhaarita teekaalaku udaaharanalalo tetanus mariyu diptheria unnaayi. anni taxoidlu suukshmajeevula kosam kaadu; udaaharanaku, "crotalus attrax" taxoidnu kukkalaku rattle snake katuku vyatiraekamgaa teekaalu vaeyadaaniki upayogistaaru.
upa vibhagam.
roganirodhaka vyavasthaku kriyaarahitam cheyabadina ledhaa ksheeninchina suukshmajeevulanu parichayam cheyadaaniki badulugaa (idhi "mottam agent" teekaanu kaligi untundi), upa-unit teaca roganirodhaka pratispandananu srushtinchadaaniki daanilo oka bhaganni upayogistundi. hepatitisbku vyatiraekamgaa upa unit teaca oka udaaharana, idhi virus yokka uparitala proteinlatho matrame koodi untundi (gatamlo deerghakaalikamgaa sokina rogula rakta seeram nundi sekarinchabadindi, conny ippudu viral janyuvulanu eestga tirigi kalapadam dwara utpatti cheyabadindi). maroka udaaharana viral majer capsid proteintho kuudina human papillomavirus (hechpivi) kuu vyatiraekamgaa virus lanty partical (vlp) teaca vanti tinadagina algay teekaalu. influenzae virus yokka hemaglutinin mariyu neuraminidase upabhaagaalu maroka udaaharana. playg roganirodhaka shakti kosam oka upa-unit teekaanu upayogistunnaru.
samyogam.
konni bacteria paelavamaina roganirodhaka shakti kaligina polysaccharide bayati kotu kaligi untaayi. eee bayati kotlanu proteinlatho anusandhaaninchadam dwara (udhaa.zii.taxins), roganirodhaka vyavastha polysaccharide protein antigen laaga gurtinchadaaniki daariteestundi. eee vidhananni "haemophilus influenzae" rakam bii teekaalo upayogistaaru.
bayati pora vesikil.
bayati pora vesicles (omvlu) sahajamgaa roganirodhaka saktini kaligi untaayi mariyu saktivantamaina teekaalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki vaatini maarchavacchu. serotype bii meningococcal vyaadhi kosam abhivruddhi cheyabadinavi atyanta prasiddha oemvi teekaalu.
bhinnaroopamu.
gennerian teekaalu" anie kooda piluvabade bhinnamaina teekaalu, itara jantuvula vyadhikaaraka teekaalu, ivi vyaadhiki kaaranam kaavu ledhaa chikitsa pondutunna jeevilo telikapati vyaadhini kaliginchavu. mashoochi nundi rakshinchadaaniki genner coupaxnu upayoginchadam dheeniki uttama udaaharana. kshayavyadhi nundi rakshinchadaaniki "mycobacterium bovis" nundi tayaaru chesina bisiji teekaanu upayoginchadam prastuta udaaharana.
janyu teaca.
janyu teekaala upasamuuhamloo viral vector teekaalu, rna teekaalu mariyu dna teekaalu untaayi.
viral vector.
viral vector teekaalu roganirodhaka pratispandananu prerepinchadaaniki uparitala proteins vanti nirdishta antigenlanu utpatti cheyadaaniki sareeramlo vyadhikaaraka janyuvulanu choppinchadaaniki surakshitamaina vairasnu upayogistaayi.
rna.
mrna teaca (ledhaa rna teaca) anedi oka kotta rakam teaca, idhi nucleic aamlam rnatho koodi untundi, idhi lipid nanoparticals vanti vector lopala pyaak cheyabadutundi. covid-19 teekaalalo covid-19 mahammarini edurkovadaniki aneka rna teekaalu unnaayi mariyu konni deshaalalo konni aamodinchabaddaayi ledhaa atyavasara viniyoga adhikaram pondaayi. udaaharanaku, pefizer-biontech teaca mariyu aadhunika mrna teaca samyukta raashtraalloni peddalu mariyu pillalalo upayogam kosam aamodinchabaddaayi.
dna.
dna teaca-pratipaadita yantraangam maanava ledhaa janthu kanaalalo viral ledhaa bacteria dna choppinchadam mariyu vyakteekarana (vidyudayaskaanta upayogam dwara meruguparachabadindi), roganirodhaka vyavastha gurtimpunu prerepistundi. vyaktaparichae proteinlanu gurtinche roganirodhaka vyavasthalooni konni kanaalu eee proteinlaku mariyu vaatini vyaktaparichae kanaalaku vyatiraekamgaa daadi chestaayi. eee kanaalu chaalaa kaalam jeevistaayi kabatti, saadhaaranamgaa eee proteinlanu vyakteekarinchae vyadhikaarakam taruvaata samayamlo edurkonte, roganirodhaka vyavastha ventane vaatipai daadi chestundi. dna teekaala yokka oka sambhaavya prayojanam emitante avi utpatti cheyadam mariyu nilva cheyadam chaalaa sulabham.
augustu 2021loe, bhaarata adhikarulu jaikov-dii kii atyavasara aamodam icchaaru. kadila healthcare abhivruddhi chesina idhi manavulaku aamodinchabadina modati dna teaca.
prayogaatmakam.
aneka vinootna teekaalu kooda abhivruddhi mariyu viniyogamlo unnaayi.
chaalaa teekaalu suukshmajeevula nundi kriyaarahitam cheyabadina ledhaa ksheeninchina sammelanaalanu upayoginchi roopondinchabadinappatiki, synthetic teekaalu pradhanamgaa ledhaa puurtigaa synthetic peptides, carbohydratelu ledhaa antigenlatho koodi untaayi.
valence.
teekaalu "monovalent" ("asamaana" anie kooda pilustaaru) ledhaa "multivalent" ("polyvalent" anie kooda pilustaaru) kaavacchu. monovalent teaca anedi oke antigen ledhaa oke suukshmajeeviki vyatiraekamgaa roganirodhaka saktini andinchadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. bahula-viluva ledhaa bahu-viluva teaca anedi oke suukshmajeeviki chendina rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva jaatulaku vyatiraekamgaa ledhaa rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva suukshmajeevulaku vyatiraekamgaa roganirodhaka saktini andinchadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. bahula-viluva teaca yokka viluvanu greeku ledhaa latin upasargatho suuchimchavachchu (udhaa.zii., dviguna", "tribhuja", ledhaa "chatushkona/chatushkona"). konni sandarbhaallo, balamaina roganirodhaka pratispandananu vaegamgaa abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki monovalent teaca uttamam kaavacchu.
paraspara charyalu.
rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva teekaalanu oke suutreekaranaloo kalipinappudu, rendu teekaaluu jokyam chesukovacchu. idhi chaalaa tarachugaa pratyaksha ksheeninchina teekaalatho sambhavistundi, ikkada teaca bhagalalo okati itarula kante marinta balamgaa untundi mariyu itara bhagalaku perugudala mariyu roganirodhaka pratispandananu anichivestundi.
eee drugvishayam modata trivalent sabin poliyo teekaalo gurtinchabadindi, ikkada teekaaloni serotype1 mariyu 3 vairasla "take" loe jokyam chesukokunda nirodhinchadaaniki teekaaloni serotype2 virus mottaanni tagginchaalsi vachindi. dengue teekaalatho samasyaga 2001 adhyayanamlo kooda gurtinchabadindi, ikkada denne-3 serotype denne-1,2 mariyu-4 serotyplaku pratispandananu prabalamgaa mariyu anachivestundani kanugonabadindi.
itara vishayalu.
sahayakulu.
teekaalu saadhaaranamgaa okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva sahayakalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi roganirodhaka pratispandananu penchadaaniki upayogistaaru. udaaharanaku, tetanus taxoid saadhaaranamgaa alume meeda soshinchabadutundi. idhi saadhaarana jaleeya tetanus taxoid kante ekkuva charyanu utpatti chese vidhamgaa antigennu andistundi. adhishoshita tetanus taxoidku pratikuula pratispandana unna vyaktulaku booster kosam samayam vachinappudu saadhaarana teaca ivvavacchu.
1990 pertian gulph prachaaraaniki sannahakamgaa, mottam kana pertussis teekaanu anthrax teekaaku sahayakamga upayoginchaaru. idhi anthrax teekaanu matrame ivvadam kante marinta vegavantamaina roganirodhaka pratispandananu utpatti chestundi, idhi bahirgatam aasannamaite kontha prayojanam kaligistundi.
samrakshanakaarulu.
teekaalu bacteria ledhaa sileendhraalatoo kalushyanni nivaarinchadaaniki samrakshanhakaarulanu kooda kaligi undavacchu. iteevali samvatsaraala varaku, sajeeva vairaslu laeni aneka teekaalalo samrakshanakaari theomersal (us mariyu japaanlalo "thymerosal") upayoginchabadindi. 2005 natiki, yuu. ess loe unna ekaika baalya teaca.ess. theomersalnu trace mottaala kante ekkuvagaa kaligi unna influenzae teaca, idhi prastutam konni pramaada karakalu unna pillalaku matrame sifaarsu cheyabadindi. UKloe sarafara cheyabadina single-doses influenzae teekaalu padaarthaalalo theomersalnu jabita cheyavu. teekaala utpattilo vividha dasalalo samrakshanhakaarulanu upayoginchavacchu, mariyu atyanta adhunaatana kolata paddhatulu avi mottam paryaavaranam mariyu janabhalo unnatlugaa, tudi utpattilo vaati jadalanu gurtinchavacchu.
aneka teekaalaku "stephylococcus" sankramana vanti teevramaina pratikuula prabhavalanu nivaarinchadaaniki samrakshanakaarulu avasaram, idhi 1928loe jarigina oka sanghatanalo samrakshanhakaarini kaligi laeni diftheria teekaatho teekaalu vesina 21 mandhi pillalalo 12 mandhi maraninchaaru. theomersal, phenoxythonol mariyu formaldehydetho sahaa aneka samrakshanakaarulu andubaatulo unnaayi. theomersal bacteriaku vyatiraekamgaa marinta prabhaavavantamgaa untundi, merugaina shelf-lifenu kaligi untundi mariyu teaca sthirathvam, shakti mariyu bhadratanu meruguparustundi; conny, U loe.ess.european union, mariyu konni itara sampanna deshaalu, paadarasam content kaaranamgaa mundu jaagratta charyaga, baalya teekaalalo dheenini ikapai samrakshanakaarigaa upayogincharu. theomersal aatijaaniki dohadam chestundani vivaadaaspada vaadanalu chesinappatiki, eee vaadanalaku nammadagina shaastreeya aadharalu maddatu ivvavu. inca, 657,461 mandhi pillalapai chesina oka 10-11-samvatsaram adhyayanam prakaram, mmr teaca aatijanku kaaranam kaadani, vaastavaaniki autism pramaadaanni edu saatam tagginchindani kanugondi.
excipes.
kriyaaseela teekaatho paatu, eee krindi excipients mariyu avashesha tayari sammelanaalu unnaayi ledhaa teaca tayaareeloo undavachuhu
naamakaranam.
praamaaneekarana yea vidhamgaanuu kendreekrutam ledhaa prapanchavyaaptam kaanappatikee, teaca paerlaku vividha praamaanika sankshiptaalu abhivruddhi chendaayi. udaaharanaku, united stateslo upayoginche teaca paerlaloo baga sthirapadina sankshiptaalu unnaayi, ivi vistrutamgaa telisinavi mariyu marekkadaina upayoginchabadataayi. kramabaddheekarinchadagina pattikalo andinchina vaati vistrutamaina jabita mariyu uchitamgaa andubaatulo unna vyaadhi niyantrana mariyu nivaarana kosam yuu. ess. centers web pageelo andubaatulo undhi. eee pattikalooni sankshipta padaalu (kaalam 3) vyaadhi niyantrana mariyu nivaarana kendraala sibbandi, esipi work groupulu," anaaroogyam mariyu maranaala varapu nivedika "(mmwr) sampadakudu," epidemiology und prevention off vaccine-preventable diseases "(pink book) sampadakudu, esipi sabhyulu mariyu esipiki anusandhaana samsthalu samyuktamgaa praamaaneekarinchabaddaayi" anie paejee vivaristundi."
diptheria mariyu tetanus taxoids mariyu assillular pertussis vaccine kosam "dtp", diptheria mariyu tetanus taxoids kosam "diti" mariyu tetanus mariyu diptheria taxoids kosam "tidi" konni udaaharanalu. tetanus teekaapai thana pageelo, sidisi inca vivaristuu, "eee sankshipta padaalaloo pedda aksharalu diptheria (dii) mariyu tetanus (tii) taxoids mariyu pertussis (pii) vaccine yokka puurti-shakti motaadulanu suuchistaayi. chinna aksharam "dii" mariyu "pii" anedi kaumara/vayojana-suutreekaranalaloo upayoginche diptheria mariyu pertussis yokka taggina motaadulanu suuchistumdi. detop mariyu tdaploni 'eah' antey 'asillular', antey pertussis bhaagam pertussis jeevilo oka bhaganni matrame kaligi untundi."
teaca acronyms und ఎప్రోవిషన్స్" anie piluvabade sidisi pageelo sthaapinchabadina teaca sankshiptala yokka maroka jabita undhi, indulo yuu loe sankshipta padaalu upayoginchabadataayi.ess. roganirodhakata recordulu. united states dattata teesukunna paeru vyavastha teaca paerla padha kramaniki konni sampradaayaalanu kaligi undhi, thala namavachakalanu modata mariyu visaeshanhaalanu post positivga unchutundi. anduke "opv" kosam us "oral polyovirus vaccine" kante "polyovirus vaccine live oral".
licenses.
abhivruddhi chakram vijayavantamgaa mugisina taruvaata mariyu dasalu-III dwara palgonna clinical trials mariyu itara kaaryakramaalanu, bhadrata, roganirodhaka shakti, icchina nirdishta motaadulo roganirodhaka shakti bhadrata, lakshya janaabhaaku sankramananu nivaarinchadamlo niroopitamaina prabhavam, mariyu nirantara nivaarana prabhavanni (samaya sahanam ledhaa punaruddharana avasaram anchanaa veyali) pradarsinchadam dwara teaca "licensor" jarugutundi. nivaarana teekaalu pradhanamgaa aarogyakaramaina janabha samoohaalalo anchanaa vaeyabadataayi mariyu saadhaarana janabhalo pampinhee cheyabadataayi kabatti, adhika pramaanaala bhadrata avasaram. teaca yokka bahulajaati licensing loe bhaagamgaa, prapancha aarogya samstha "jeeva praamaaneekaranapai nipunula kamitee" teekaala tayari mariyu naanhyata niyantrana kosam antarjaateeya pramaanaala maargadarsakaalanu abhivruddhi chesindi, eee prakriya jaateeya niyantrana samsthalaku vaari swantha licensing prakriya kosam darakhaastu cheyadaaniki oka vaedikagaa uddesinchabadindi. european medicines agency (ii. emm. yea) ledhaa yuu. ess. phud und drugg administration (eff. dii. yea) vanti bahulajaati ledhaa jaateeya niyantrana samstha shaastreeya sameekshanu anusarinchi, teaca abhivruddhi mariyu trials yokka puurti clinical saikil teaca surakshitamainadi mariyu deerghakaalika prabhavanni kaligi undani niroopinche varaku teaca tayaareedaarulu licensing pondaru.
abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalu teaca abhivruddhi mariyu licenses kosam maargadarsakaalanu avalambinchina taruvaata, prati deshaaniki jaateeya licenses jaarii cheyadam mariyu prati desamlo daani upayogam antataa teekaanu nirvahinchadam, amalu cheyadam mariyu paryaveekshinchadam daani swantha baadhyata. prajalalo nammakanni pempondinchadam mariyu licenses pondina teekaanu aamodinchadam anedi teekaalu vese pracharam sajavuga sagela, praanaalanu kapadela mariyu aardhika punaruddharanaku veelugaa prabhutvam mariyu aarogya sibbandi communication chese pani. oka teaca licenses pondinappudu, idhi praarambhamlo chararaasula tayari, pampinhee mariyu ravana kaarakaala kaaranamgaa parimita sarafaraalo untundi, parimita sarafara kosam ketayimpu pranaalika avasaram mariyu modata teekaanu sweekarinchadaaniki yea janabha vibhaagaalaku praadhaanyata ivvali.
prapancha aarogya samstha.
aikyaraajyasamiti pillala nidhi (unicef) dwara bahulajaati pampinhee kosam abhivruddhi cheyabadina teekaalaku aneka deshaalu dattata teesukoovadaaniki naanhyata, bhadrata, roganirodhaka shakti mariyu samarthatha yokka antarjaateeya pramaanaalanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki vaariche mundastu arhata avasaram.
eee prakriyaku manchi tayari paddhati (zii. emm. pii) nii anusarinchi evaru-oppandam chesukunna prayogasaalalo tayari sthirathvam avasaram. teaca licenselo un agencylu palgonnappudu, 1) teaca, daani tayaareedaarulu mariyu pampinhee bhaagaswaamulaku marketing adhikaram mariyu jaateeya licenses jaarii cheyadam; mariyu 2) teaca karyakramam tarvaata pratikuula sanghatanala recordulatho sahaa marketing anantara nigha nirvahinchadam dwara vyaktigata deshaalu sahakaristaayi. zii. emm. pii. mariyu niyantrana paryaveekshanhaku anugunamgaa tayari soukaryaalu mariyu pampineedaarula tanikheelanu paryaveekshinchadaaniki jaateeya agencylatho kalisi panichese vaaru.
konni deshaalu itara sampanna deshaalalo ii. emm. yea, eff. dii. yea ledhaa jaateeya agencyla vanti prasiddha jaateeya samsthalachae licenses pondina teekaalanu konugolu cheyadaaniki enchukuntaayi, ayithe ituvanti konugollu saadhaaranamgaa marinta khareedainavi mariyu abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo sthaanika paristhitulaku tagina pampinhee vanarulanu kaligi undakapovachhu.
european union.
european union (iyu) loe, kaalaanuguna influenzae vanti mahammari vyadhikaaraka kaarakaalaku teekaalu, anni sabhya deshaalu kattubadi ("kendrikruta"), konni sabhya deshaalaku matrame licenses ("vikendrikruta") ledhaa vyaktigata jaateeya sthaayilo licenses pondina chota, iyu-wide licenses kaligi untaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, anni EU rashtraalu teaca licenseku baadhyata vahinche european medicines agency (EMA) yokka shaastreeya panel ayina maanava upayogam kosam aushadha utpattula kosam european kamitee (ChMP) nirvachinchina niyantrana maargadarsakatvam mariyu clinical kaaryakramaalanu anusaristaayi. licenses mariyu pampinheeki mundu mariyu taruvaata teaca purogatini anchanaa vese mariyu paryavekshinche aneka nipunula samuuhaalu chmpki maddatu istayi.
united states.
eff. dii. eah. kinda, teaca clinical bhadrata mariyu samarthataku sakshyalanu sthaapinche prakriya prescription aushadhaala aamodam prakriyaku samanamga untundi. clinical abhivruddhi dasala dwara vijayavantamaite, teaca licensing prakriya taruvaata jeevasastra licenses darakhaastu untundi, idhi shaastreeya sameeksha brundaanni (vaidyulu, ganankavettalu, suukshmajeevasaastraveetlu, rasayana saastravettalu vanti vibhina vibhagala nundi) mariyu teaca abhyardhi kosam samagra documentation andinchaali. eee dasalo, pratipaadita tayari sadupaayaanni zii. emm. pii. sammati kosam nipunulaina sameekshakulu pariseelistaaru, mariyu teaca yokka sambhaavya pramaadaalatoo sahaa teaca-nirdishta upayogam gurinchi aarogya samrakshana pradaatala nirvachananni teliyajeyadaaniki mariyu prajalaku andinchadaaniki lebullo sammati vivarana undaali. licenses pondina taruvaata, tayaareedaaru thana licensenu nilupukunnanta kaalam, zii. emm. pii. sammati kosam aavartana tanikheelatoo sahaa teaca mariyu daani utpatti paryaveekshanha konasaagutundi, indulo prati teaca tayari dasaku shakti, bhadrata mariyu swachchata kosam pareekshala fdaku adanapu samarpanalu undavacchu.
bharatadesam.
drugs controller general off india bhaarata prabhutva kendra aushadha praamaanika niyantrana samstha vibhaagaaniki adhipati, bhaaratadesamlo teekaalu mariyu raktam mariyu rakta utpattulu, IV dravaalu mariyu sera vanti nirdishta vargaala aushadhaala licensula aamodaaniki baadhyata vahistundi.
marketing anantara nigha.
saadhaarana janaabhaaku teaca upayogamlo unde varaku, teaca nundi vachhe anni sambhaavya pratikuula sanghatanalu teliyakapovacchu, tayaareedaarulu teaca yokka post marketing nigha kosam dasaatmaka adhyayanalanu nirvahinchaalsi untundi, ayithe idhi prajalalo vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutundi. licensing anantara nigha amalu cheyadaaniki un sabhya deshaalatho kalisi panichese vaaru. american prajalalo teaca vadakam antataa daani gurinchi bhadrata aandolanalanu paryaveekshinchadaaniki fda teaca pratikuula sanghatana nivedikala vyavasthapai aadhaarapadutundi.
schedule.
uttama rakshananu andinchadaaniki, pillalu nirdishta teekaalaku pratispandinchadaaniki vaari roganirodhaka vyavasthalu taginantagaa abhivruddhi chendina ventane teekaalu veyinchukovalani sifaarsu cheyabadindi, "puurti roganirodhaka shakti" saadhinchadaaniki tarachugaa adanapu "booster" shotlu avasaram. idhi sanklishtamaina teaca schedule abhivruddhiki daariteesindi. teaca schedule yokka prapancha sifaarsulanu nipunula vyuuhaatmaka salaha brundam jaarii chestundi mariyu vyaadhi epidemiology, teaca aamodayogyata, sthaanika janabhalo samaanatvam mariyu karyakrama mariyu aardhika addanki vanti sthaanika kaarakaalanu parigananaloki teesukuni dhesha sthaayilo salaha kamitee dwara marinta anuvadinchabadutundi. united stateslo, roganirodhaka paddhatulapai salaha kamitee, vyaadhi niyantrana mariyu nivaarana kendraalaku schedule cherpulanu sifaarsu chestundi, hepatitis eah, hepatitis bii, poliyo, gavadabillalu, measles, rubella, diptheria, pertussis, tetanus, hib, chickenpox, rotavirus, influenzae, meningococcal vyaadhi mariyu pneumonia vyatiraekamgaa pillalaku saadhaarana teekaalu veyaalani sifaarsu chestundi.
pedda sankhyalo teekaalu mariyu boosterlu (rendu samvatsaraala vayassulo 24 injectionla varaku) sifaarsu cheyabaddaayi, idhi puurti sammati saadhinchadamlo samasyalaku daariteesindi. taggutunna sammati retlanu edurkovadaniki, vividha notification vyavasthalu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi mariyu aneka kalayika suudi mandulu ippudu vikrayinchabadutunnaayi (udhaa.zii.pentavalent teaca mariyu mmrv teaca), ivi bahula vyaadhula nundi rakshistaayi.
sisuvulaku teekaalu veyadam mariyu boosterla kosam sifaarsulatoe paatu, aneka nirdishta teekaalu itara vayasula vaariki ledhaa jeevitaantam punaraavrutamayye suudi mandula kosam sifaarsu cheyabadataayi, saadhaaranamgaa thattu, tetanus, influenzae mariyu pneumonia kosam. garbhinii streelu tarachugaa rubella nirodhakata kosam pareekshinchabadataaru. maanava papillomavirus teaca U loe sifaarsu cheyabadindi.ess. (2011 natiki) mariyu UK (2009 natiki). vruddhulaku teaca sifaarsulu pneumonia mariyu influenzae meeda drushti pedataayi, ivi aaa samuuhaaniki marinta praanaantakam. 2006loe, saadhaaranamgaa vruddhulanu prabhaavitam chese chickenpox virus valla kalige vyaadhi ayina shinglesku vyatiraekamgaa oka teaca pravesapettabadindi.
teaca yokka schedule mariyu motaadu oka vyakti yokka roganirodhaka shakti sthaayiki anugunamgaa mariyu teaca sarafara parimitam ayinappudu janabha-vyaapta vistarananu optimize cheyadaaniki roopondinchavacchu, udhaa.zii. oka mahammari nepathyamlo.
abhivruddhi yokka aardhika vyavastha.
teaca abhivruddhilo oka savaalu aardhikamainadihi hechaivi, malaria mariyu kshaya vyaadhulatoe sahaa teekaanu ekkuvagaa korukune aneka vyaadhulu pradhanamgaa paedha deshaalalo unnaayi. eee vyaadhulaku teekaalu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki aushadha samsthalu mariyu biotechnology companylaku takkuva prothsaaham undhi endukante aadaaya sambhaavyata takkuvagaa undhi. marinta sampanna deshaalalo kooda, aardhika rabadi saadhaaranamgaa takkuvagaa untundi mariyu aardhika mariyu itara nashtalu chaalaa ekkuvagaa untaayi.
ippati varaku chaalaa teaca abhivruddhi prabhutvam, vishwavidyaalayaalu mariyu laabhaapekshaleni samsthala "push" nidhulapai aadhaarapadindi. aneka teekaalu atyanta kharchutho kuudukunnavi mariyu prajaarogyaaniki prayojanakaramgaa unnaayi. iteevali dasaabdaalalo vaastavaaniki ivvabadina teekaala sankhya natakeeyamgaa perigindi. eee perugudala, mukhyamgaa paatasaalallo pravesinchadaaniki mundu pillalaku ichhe vividha teekaala sankhyalo, aardhika prothsaaham kante prabhutva aadesaalu mariyu maddatu kaaranamgaa undavacchu.
petentlu.
prapancha aarogya samstha prakaram, takkuva abhivruddhi chendina deshaalalo teaca utpattiki atipedda avarodham petentlu kaadu, conny market pravaesaaniki avasaramaina gananeeyamaina aardhika, moulika sadupayalu mariyu sraamika shakti avasaralu. teekaalu jeeva sammelanaala sanklishta misramaalu, mariyu prescription aushadhaala vishayamlo kakunda, nijamaina generic teekaalu laevu. kotta soukaryam dwara utpatti cheyabadina teaca tayaareedaaru bhadrata mariyu samarthatha kosam puurti clinical pareekshaku gurikawali. chaalaa teekaalaku, saanketika parignaanamlo nirdishta prakriyalu patent cheyabadataayi. pratyaamnaaya tayari paddhatula dwara veetini tappinchukovacchu, conny dheeniki aarr & dii moulika sadupayalu mariyu tagina naipunhyam kaligina sraamika shakti avasaram. human papillomavirus vaccine vanti konni saapekshamgaa kotta vaccinla vishayamlo, petentlu adanapu addankini vidhinchavachhu.
2021loe covid-19 mahammari samayamlo teekaala utpattini penchadam atyavasaramgaa avasaramainappudu, prapancha vaanijya samstha mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna prabhutvaalu covid-19 teekaalapai medho sampatti hakkulu mariyu petentlanu maafee cheyala vadda anie anchanaa vaesaayi, idhi "teekaalu mariyu aushadhaalato sahaa sarasamaina covid-19 vaidya utpattulanu sakalamlo pondadaaniki anni sambhaavya addamkulanu tolagistundi mariyu avasaramaina vaidya utpattula tayari mariyu sarafaraanu penchutundi".
utpatti.
teaca utpatti praathamikamgaa itara rakaala tayaareeki bhinnamgaa untundi, saadhaarana aushadha thayaareetho sahaa, teekaalu lakshalaadi mandiki ivvadaaniki uddesinchabaddaayi, veerilo ekkuva mandhi sampoorna aarogyamgaa unnaaru. eee vaastavam itara utpattulaku avasaramaina daanikante chaalaa ekkuva khachitamaina sammati avasaraalatoe asaadhaaranamaina kathinamaina utpatti prakriyanu nadipistundi.
antigennu batti, atyanta pratyaekamaina parikaraalu, subhramaina gadulu mariyu containment gadulu avasaramayye teaca utpatti sadupaayaanni nirminchadaaniki maaku $50 nundi $500 millionla varaku kharchu kaavacchu. teaca utpatti shrenulaku chendina sibbandiki naipunyaalu, naipunhyam, ghnaanam, saamarthyam mariyu vyaktitvam yokka saraina kalayikatho kuudina sibbandi korata prapanchavyaaptamgaa undhi. brazil, chaina mariyu bharatadesam minaha, aneka abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaala vidya vyavasthalu taginanta arhata kaligina abhyardhulanu andinchalekapotunnaayi, mariyu atuvanti deshaalalo unna teaca tayaareedaarulu utpattini konasaaginchadaaniki pravaasa sibbandini niyaminchukovaali.
teaca utpattilo aneka dasalu unnaayi. modata, antigen utpatti avutundi. vairaslu chiken gudlu vanti praathamika kanaalapai perugutaayi (udhaa.zii.influenzae kosam) ledhaa cultured human sels (udhaa.zii.hepatitis eah) kosam. bacteria bioreactorlalo perugutundi (udhaa.zii.haemophilus influenzae" rakam bii). adevidhamgaa, vairaslu ledhaa bacteria nundi pondina recombinant protein eest, bacteria ledhaa sell kalcharlalo utpatti cheyabadutundi.
antigen utpatti ayina tarvaata, daanini utpatti cheyadaaniki upayoginche kanaala nundi verucheyabadutundi. vairasnu nishkriyam cheyavalasi raavacchu, bahusha marinta suddeekarana avasaram lekunda. recombinant proteinlaku ultrafiltration mariyu kaalam chromatographytho kuudina aneka operations avasaram. chivaraga, avasaramaina vidhamgaa sahayakalu, sthireekaranalu mariyu samrakshanhakaarulanu jodinchadam dwara teaca roopondinchabadutundi. sahayaka pratijanakaaniki roganirodhaka pratispandananu penchutundi, sthireekaranalu nilva jeevitaanni penchutaayi mariyu samrakshanakaarulu multidose seesaala vadakanni anumatistaayi. sambhaavya ananukuulatalu mariyu daanilo imidi unna antigenlu mariyu itara padaarthaala madhya paraspara charyala kaaranamgaa, kalayika teekaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadam mariyu utpatti cheyadam kashtam.
pampinheeki mundu teaca tayaareeloo chivari dasha nimpadam mariyu puurti cheyadam, idhi teekaalatho seesaalu nimpi pampinhee kosam vaatini packaging chese prakriya. teaca tayari prakriyaloo idhi bhavana paramgaa saralamaina bhaagam ayinappatikee, idhi tarachugaa teekaalanu pampinhee cheyadam mariyu nirvahinchadam prakriyaloo addankigaa untundi.
teaca utpatti paddhatulu abhivruddhi chendutunnayi. ekkuva utpaadakata mariyu kaalushyamto samasyalu takkuvagaa undatam valla, chiken gudlu vanti sampradaaya empikalatho poliste, samskarinchabadina ksheerada kanaalu marinta mukhyamainaviga marutayani bhaavistunnaaru. janyuparamgaa nirvisheekarana chesina teekaalanu utpatti chese punassamyojana saanketikata taxoidlanu upayoginche bacteria teekaala utpattiki prajaadarana perugutundani bhaavistunnaaru. kalayika teekaalu vaatilooni antigenla parimaanaanni taggistaayani, tadwara vyadhikaaraka-sambandhita paramaanu namuunaalanu upayoginchadam dwara avaanchaneeya paraspara charyalanu taggistaayani bhaavistunnaaru.
teaca tayaareedaarulu.
teaca utpattilo atyadhika market vataa unna companylu merk, sanofi, glaxosmithcline, pefizer mariyu novartis, teaca ammakaalalo 70 saatam european union ledhaa us (2013) loe kendrikrutamai unnaayi. teaca tayari karmaagaaraalaku pedda muuladhana pettubadulu ($50 millionla nundi $300 millionla varaku) avasaram mariyu teaca abhivruddhi puurti prakriya 10 nundi 15 samvatsaraala madhya padutundi, idhi nirminchadaaniki 4 nundi 6 samvatsaraala madhya pattavacchu. abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo tayari eee deshaalaku, mukhyamgaa paatha teekaalaku sambandhinchi mariyu brazil, bharatadesam mariyu chainalalo sarafara cheyadamlo perugutunna paatra poeshistoemdi. bharatadesamloni tayaareedaarulu abhivruddhi chendutunna prapanchamlo atyanta adhunaatanamainavaaru mariyu motaadula sankhya paramgaa teekaala atipedda utpattidaarulalo okataina seeram institute off india mariyu prakriyalalo aavishkarta, iteevala chiken gudlaku badulugaa mrc-5 sell kalcharku maaradam valla measles vaccine utpatti saamarthyaanni 10 nundi 20 retlu meruguparicharu. chaina yokka tayari saamarthyaalu tama sonta desheeya avasaralanu teerchadampai drushti saarinchaayi, sinopharm (cnpgc) okkate chainaalo 14 ververu vaccinla kosam 85 saataaniki paiga motaadulanu andistundi. abhivruddhi chendina deshaala nundi badilee cheyabadina saanketika parignaanaanni upayoginchi brazil thana sonta desheeya avasaralanu teerchukune sthaayiki cherukuntondi.
pampinhee vyavasthalu.
maanava sareeramloki teekaalanu pampinhee chese atyanta saadhaarana paddhatullo okati injection.
kotta pampinhee vyavasthala abhivruddhi surakshitamaina mariyu pampinhee cheyadaaniki mariyu nirvahinchadaaniki marinta samarthavanthamaina teekaala aasanu penchutundi. parisoedhanaloo liposomelu mariyu "iscom" (roganirodhaka uddeepana sanklishtata) unnaayi.
teaca pampinhee saanketika parignaanamlo gurtinchadagina parinamalalo noti teekaalu unnaayi. noti teekaalu vaeyadaaniki prarambha prayatnaalu, 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo, samarthavanthamaina noti anty bacterial teaca yokka avakaasam vivadaspadamga unna samayamlo, vividha sthaayilalo vaagdaanam choopinchaayi. udaaharanaku, 1930la natiki noti typhoid jwaram teaca yokka roganirodhaka viluvapai aasakti perigindi.
adhikaarika sikshana lekunda swachchanda sibbandi teekaalu vesinappudu noti poliyo teaca prabhaavavantamgaa maarindi; phalitaalu teekaalu veyadamlo marinta soulabhyam mariyu saamarthyaanni kooda pradarsinchaayi. samarthavanthamaina noti teekaalu aneka prayojanaalanu kaligi unnaayi; udaaharanaku, rakta kalushyam vachhe pramaadam ledhu. noti dwara ivvadaaniki uddesinchina teekaalu dravamgaa undavalasina avasaram ledhu, ghanapadarthaalugaa, avi saadhaaranamgaa marinta sthiramgaa untaayi mariyu ravana mariyu nilvalo gaddakattadam dwara nashtam ledhaa chedipoye avakaasam takkuvagaa untundi. atuvanti sthirathvam "colled chain" avasaranni taggistundihi teekaalanu tayari dasha nundi paripalana dasha varaku parimita ushnograta paridhiloo unchadaaniki avasaramaina vanarulu, idhi teekaala kharchulanu tagginchavachhu.
inca abhivruddhi dasalo unna micronedil vidhanam, "charmam dwara teaca pampinhee maargaalanu srushtinchagala sraenulugaa roopondinchina suutigaa unna anchanaalanu" upayogistundi.
suudi laeni prayogaatmaka teaca pampinhee vyavastha jantuvula pareekshalo undhi. antukune patti maadirigaane unde stamp-saiju pyaach chadarapu centimeterku sumaru 20,000 suukshmadarshini anchanaalanu kaligi untundi. eee charma paripalana teaca prabhavanni penchutundi, adhe samayamlo injection kante takkuva teaca avasaram.
pasuvaidya vaidyamlo.
jantuvulaku teekaalu veyadam anedi vaati vyaadhulanu nivaarinchadaaniki mariyu manavulaku vyaadhi vyaapti chendakunda nirodhinchadaaniki rendintinee upayogistaaru. pempudu jantuvulugaa unchina jantuvulu mariyu pasuvulugaa penchina jantuvulu rendintikee mamuluga teekaalu vaestaaru. konni sandarbhaallo, adavi janaabhaaku teekaalu veyavachu. idhi konnisaarlu vyaadhi-peedita praantamloo teaca-kalipina aahaaramto vyaapti chendutundi mariyu rakoonlalo raabisnu niyantrinchadaaniki prayatninchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi.
rabis sambhavinchina chota, chatta prakaram kukkalaku rabis teekaalu veyadam avasaram kaavacchu. itara kukka teekaalalo kukala distemper, kukala parvovirus, antu kukala hepatitis, adenovirus-2, leptospirosis, "bordetella", kukala parainfluenza virus mariyu lime vyaadhi unnaayi.
maanavulalo upayoginche pasuvaidya teekaala kesulu, uddeshapoorvakamgaa ledhaa pramaadavasaattu, phalitamgaa vachhe anaaroogyam yokka konni kesulato, mukhyamgaa brucellosis thoo namodu cheyabaddaayi. ayithe, ituvanti kesulu nivedinchabadatam chaalaa arudu mariyu atuvanti paddhatula bhadrata mariyu phalitaala gurinchi chaalaa takkuva adhyayanam cheyabadindi. pasuvaidya cliniclalo aerosol teaca raavadamtho, iteevali samvatsaraalalo "bordetella branchiseptica" vanti maanavulalo sahajamgaa sankraminchani vyadhikaaraka kaarakaalaku manavulaku gurikavadam perigindi. konni sandarbhaallo, mukhyamgaa rabis, oka vyaadhikaarakaaniki vyatiraekamgaa samaantara pasuvaidya teaca maanava kante ekkuva aardhikamgaa untundi.
diwa teekaalu.
diwa (teekaalu vesina jantuvula nundi sokinavi vaeru cheyadam), dheenini shiva (teekaalu vesina jantuvula nundi sokinavi vaeru cheyadam) teekaalu anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi sokina mariyu teekaalu vesina jantuvula madhya thedaanu gurtinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. diwa teekaalu samaanamaina adavi suukshmajeevula kante kaneesam oka epitopnu kaligi untaayi. aaa epitopku vyatiraekamgaa pratirakshakaalanu gurtinche roganirdhaarana pareeksha aaa jantuvuku teekaalu veyabadinda ledhaa anie gurtinchadamlo sahaayapadutundi.
modati diwa teekaalu (gatamlo marker teekaalu anie piluvabadevi mariyu 1999 nundi diwa teekaalu gaa roopondinchabaddaayi) mariyu saha roganirdhaarana pareekshalanu zhe. abhivruddhi chesaaru. tii. netherlandsloni lelistadloni central veterinary institutelo vaan oyarshot mariyu sahacharulu. sudorabiesku vyatiraekamgaa ippatike unna konni teekaalu (azesky vyaadhi anie kooda pilustaaru) vaati viral janyuvulo tolagimpulanu kaligi unnayani vaaru kanugonnaru (veetilo jeeee janyuvu kooda undhi). aaa tolagimpuku vyatiraekamgaa monoclonal pratiroedhakaalu utpatti cheyabaddaayi mariyu jieeki vyatiraekamgaa pratiroedhakaalanu pradarsinche elisaanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki empika cheyabaddaayi. adanamgaa, kotta janyuparamgaa roopondinchina zee-negative teekaalu nirminchabaddaayi. adhe vidhamgaa, bovin herpes virus 1 infectionlaku vyatiraekamgaa diwa teekaalu mariyu saha roganirdhaarana pareekshalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
aaa deshaala nundi sudorabies vairasnu vijayavantamgaa nirmuulinchadaaniki vividha deshaalalo diwa vyuuham vartinchabadindi. swine janaabhaaku teevramaina teekaalu veyabaddaayi mariyu saha roganirdhaarana pareeksha dwara paryaveekshinchabaddaayi, tadanantaram, sokina pandulanu janabha nundi tolaginchaaru. bovin herpes virus 1 diwa teekaalu kooda aacharanalo vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutunnaayi. saampradaaya swine feavour, avian influenzae, "octinobacillus pleuro pneumonia" mariyu pandulalo "salmonella" infections vanti vistruta shreni antu vyaadhulaku diwa suutraanni vartimpajeyadaaniki gananeeyamaina prayatnaalu jarugutunnaayi.
charitra.
coupox (heterotypic immunization) kesula nundi padaarthamthoo teekaanu pravesapettadaaniki mundu, mashuuchini mashoochi vairastho uddeshapoorvakamgaa marpidi cheyadam dwara nivaarinchavacchu. chainaalo mashoochi kosam vaividhyam yokka abhyasam yokka prarambha suuchanalu padava sataabdamloo vachayi. chainees vaaru padihenava sataabdaaniki chendina vaividhyata yokka puraatana document upayogaanni kooda abhyasinchaaru. vaaru podi mashoochi padaarthaanni, saadhaaranamgaa scablanu, nasika randhraala paiki oodadam dwara nirvahinche "nasika insoflation" paddhatini amalu chesaaru. chainaalo padahaarava mariyu padihedava sataabdaalaloo vividha insoflation paddhatulu namodu cheyabaddaayi. 1700loe landanlooni raayal sosaiteeki teekaalu vese chainees paddhatipai rendu nivedikalu vachayi; okati martin lister, chainaalo unna eest india company udyogi nivedikanu andukunnaru, marokati clapton howers nivedikanu andukunnaru.
turkeylo vaividhyaanni chusina maerii vortley montagu, 1721loe inglaandku tirigi vacchina taruvaata thana naalugella kumartenu raajasabhaloni vaidyula samakshamlo vaividhyabharitamgaa unchaaru. aaa samvatsaram taruvaata, charless miteland landanlooni newgate jailulo aruguru khaideela prayogaatmaka vaividhyaanni nirvahinchaadu. eee prayogam vijayavantamaindi, twaralone vaividhyam raaja kutumbam drushtini aakarshinchindi, vaaru eee vidhananni prothsahinchadamlo sahayapaddaru. ayithe, 1783loe, grate britton yuvaraju octaviusku teekaalu vesina chaalaa rojula taruvaata, athanu maraninchaadu. 1796loe, vaidyudu edward genner coupox unna paala panimanishi chethi nundi cheemunu teesukoni, daanini 8 yella baaludu james fips chetilo geesaadu, aaru vaaraala taruvaata mashoochi unna baaludini variolate chesaadu, taruvaata ataniki mashoochi pattaledani gamaninchaadu. genner thana adhyayanalanu vistarinchaadu mariyu 1798loe, thana teaca pillalu mariyu peddalalo surakshitamgaa undani, mariyu cheyi nundi chetiki badilee cheyavachani nivedinchaadu, idhi sokina aavula nundi anischita sarafaraalapai aadharapadataanni tagginchindi. 1804loe, speyin yokka kaalaneelu mexico mariyu philippeansku spanish bamis mashoochi teaca yaatra teaca kevalam 12 rojulu matrame "inn vitrolo" manugada saaginchindi anae vaastavaanni telusukovadaaniki chetiki cheyi ravana paddhatini upayoginchindi. vaaru coupaxnu upayoginchaaru. mashoochi teaca kante coupox teaca chaalaa surakshitamainadi kabatti, rendodi, inglandlo ippatikee vistrutamgaa aacharinchabadutunnappatiki, 1840loe nishedhinchabadindi.
genner chesina pani taruvaata, rendava taram teekaalanu 1880laloe chiken kalara mariyu anthrax kosam teekaalanu abhivruddhi chesina luis paster pravesapettaaru, mariyu pantommidava sataabdam chivari nundi teekaalanu jaateeya pratishtaku sambandhinchina vishayamgaa pariganinchaaru. jaateeya teaca vidhanalu avalambinchabaddaayi mariyu tappanisari teaca chattalu aamodinchabaddaayi. 1931loe alis miles woodruff mariyu ernest goodpaster pindamlo unna chiken guddulo foulpox vairasnu penchavacchani namodu chesaayi. twaralone saastravettalu gudlalo itara vairaslanu saagu cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. 1935loe pasupu jwaram teaca mariyu 1945loe influenzae teaca abhivruddhilo virus vyaapti kosam gudlanu upayoginchaaru. 1959loe teaca kosam virus vyaapti yokka praamaanika paddhatigaa perugudala madhyamam mariyu kana samskruti gudla sthaanamlo upayoginchabaddaayi.
iravayyava sataabdamloo teaca shaastram abhivruddhi chendindi, idhi diptheria, thattu, gavadabillalu mariyu rubella vanti vatiki vyatiraekamgaa aneka vijayavantamaina teekaalanu pravesapettadam chusindi. pradhana vijayalalo 1950laloe poliyo teaca abhivruddhi mariyu 1960luu mariyu 1970laloe mashoochi nirmuulana unnaayi. iravayyava sataabdamloo teekaalanu abhivruddhi chesina vaarilo mauris hilleman atyanta phalavantamaina vyakti. teekaalu marinta saadhaaranam kaavadamtho, chaalaa mandhi vaatini teelikagaa teesukovadam praarambhinchaaru. ayithe, herpes simplexes, malaria, gonorrhea mariyu hechaivito sahaa aneka mukhyamaina vyaadhulaku teekaalu antuchikkanivigaa unnaayi.
teekaala taraalu.
modati taram teekaalu sajeevamgaa mariyu balaheenamgaa ledhaa champabadina roopaallo undani mottam jeevula teekaalu. mashoochi mariyu poliyo teekaalu vanti sajeeva, ksheeninchina teekaalu, killer tii-sell (tii. sii ledhaa ctl) pratispandanalu, sahayaka tii-sell (va) pratispandanalu mariyu antibody roganirodhaka saktini prerepinchagalavu. ayithe, vyadhikaarakam yokka ksheeninchina roopaalu pramaadakaramaina roopamgaa maaravacchu mariyu roganirodhaka saktini tagginchina teaca graheetalalo (aids unnavaaru vantivi) vyaadhiki kaaranam kaavacchu. champabadina teekaalaku eee pramaadam laenappatikee, avi nirdishta killer tii sell pratispandanalanu utpatti cheyalevu mariyu konni vyaadhulaku assalu panicheyakapovacchu.
sajeeva teekaala nundi vachhe pramaadaalanu tagginchadaaniki rendava taram teekaalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. ivi upa-unit teekaalu, ivi nirdishta protein antigenlu (tetanus ledhaa diptheria taxoid vantivi) ledhaa recombinant protein bhagalu (hepatitis bii uparitala antigen vantivi) kaligi untaayi. avi tii mariyu antibody pratispandanalanu utpatti cheyagalavu, conny tii sell pratispandanalanu champavu.
rna teekaalu mariyu dna teekaalu moodava taram teekaalaku udaaharanalu. 2016loe zika virus kosam dna teaca jaateeya aarogya samsthalalo pareekshinchadam praarambhinchindi. vidigaa, innovio pharmaceuticals mariyu genone life sains mayamilo jikaku vyatiraekamgaa vaerae dna vaccine pareekshalanu praarambhinchaayi. 2016 natiki teekaala parimaanamlo tayari parishkaram kaaledu. hechaivi nivaaranaku dna teekaala kosam clinical trials jarugutunnaayi. bii. enn. tii. 162bii2 vanti mrna teekaalu 2020 samvatsaramlo operation warp vegam sahayamtho abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi mariyu covid-19 mahammarini edurkovadaniki bhaareega moharinchabaddaayi. 2021loe, katalin kariko mariyu dra weisman mrna teaca saanketikatalo vaari maargadarsaka parisoedhanaku columbia vishwavidyaalayam yokka harvitz bahumatini andukunnaru.
pokadalu.
kaneesam 2013 nundi, saastravettalu virus yokka bayati nirmaanaanni punarnirminchadam dwara synthetic moodava taram teekaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki prayatnistunnaaru; idhi teaca nirodhakatanu nivaarinchadamlo sahaayapadutundani bhaavistunnaaru.
roganirodhaka pratispandananu niyantrinche suutraalanu ippudu cancerlu mariyu swayam pratirakshaka rugmatalu vanti aneka antuvyaadhulu kaani maanava vyaadhulaku vyatiraekamgaa taginatlugaa tayaaru chesina teekaalalo upayoginchavacchu. udaaharanaku, adhika raktapotuku saadhyamayye chikitsagaa prayogaatmaka teaca saiti006-angkab parisoedhimchabadimdi. teaca abhivruddhi pokadalanu prabhaavitam chese karakalalo anuvaada vaidyam, janabha, niyantrana shaastram, raajakeeya, saamskrutika mariyu saamaajika pratispandanalalo purogati unnaayi.
teaca utpattiki bio reactorluga mokkalu.
transgenic mokkala dwara teaca utpatti aalochana 2003 lone gurtinchabadindi. pogaaku, bangaalaadumpa, tamota mariyu arati vanti mokkalu manavulaku upayogapade teekaalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki kaaranamayye janyuvulanu choppinchavacchu. 2005loe, hepatitis bii kii vyatiraekamgaa maanava teekaanu utpatti chese aratipandlu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
teaca sankochamu.
teaca sankochamu anedi teaca sevala labhyata unnappatikee teekaalanu aamodinchadamlo alasyam ledhaa tiraskarinchadam. teekaalu vaeyadaaniki puurtigaa niraakarinchadam, teekaalanu alasyam cheyadam, teekaalanu angeekarinchadam conny vaati upayogam gurinchi anischitamgaa undatam ledhaa konni teekaalanu upayoginchadam conny itarulanu kaadu. teekaalu saadhaaranamgaa surakshitamainavi mariyu prabhaavavantamainavi anae vishayamlo adhika shaastreeya ekaabhipraayam undhi. teaca sankochinchadam tarachugaa vyaadhi vyaapti mariyu teaca-nivaarinchagala vyaadhula nundi maranaalaku daariteestundi. anduvalla prapancha aarogya samstha teaca sankochaanni 2019 loe modati padhi prapancha aarogya bedirimpulalo okatigaa perkondi.