hoow chii minh trial

hoow chii minh trail (), dheenini annamite range trail () anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi uttara vietnam nundi dakshina vietnam varaku lavos mariyu kambodia raajyaala gundaa nadiche roadlu mariyu kaalibaatala ravana network. eee vyavastha vietnam yuddha samayamlo viyat kaang (ledhaa "visi") mariyu peeples armi off vietnam (pavn) kuu maanavashakti mariyu samagri roopamlo maddatunu andinchindi. juulai cheyagaligindi lavos meeda uttara vietnamese dandayaatra taruvaata network nirmaanam praarambhamaindi.
dheeniki yuu anie paeru pettaru.ess. uttara vietnam adhyakshudu hoow chii minn taruvaata. eee paeru yokka muulam modati indochaina yuddham nundi vachinatlu bhaavistunnaaru, "hoow chii minn yokka maargam" anie piluvabade viet minh samudra ravana maargam unnappudu, mariyu 1960 chivarilo, prastuta kalibata abhivruddhi chendadamtho, agense france-press (eah. eff. pii) uttara-dakshina kalibata praarambhamainatlu prakatinchindi, mariyu vaaru carridar kuu "laa piste dii hoow chii minh", 'hoow chii minh trail' anie paeru pettaru. eee maargam ekkuvagaa lavoslo nadichindi, madhya viyatnaamlooni annamite shreni parvataalaku vietnamese paeru paeru tarvaata communistlu dheenini trang saan vyuuhaatmaka sarafara maargam (<unk> trang saan) anie pilicharu. vaaru eee kaalibaatanu paschima trang saan (lavos) ledhaa thoorpu trang saan (vietnam) gaa gurtinchaaru. U prakaram.ess. jaateeya bhadrata samstha yokka yuddha adhikaarika charitra, kalibata vyavastha "20va sataabdapu sainika injaneering yokka goppa vijayalalo okati". eee maargam dakshinaana poraadutunna dalaalanu samarthavantamgaa sarafara cheyagaligindi, idhi charitralo atyanta teevramaina vaayu nishedham pracharam jarigina pradaesam ayinanduna idhi asamaanamaina sainika ghanata.
muulaalu (1959-1965).
eee maargamlo konni bhagalu satabdaalugaa vaanijyaaniki veelu kalpinche aadima futpaatlugaa unikilo unnaayi. eee vyavastha vankaragaa unna praantam agneyasialo atyanta savaluga undih ettulo kathinamaina parvathaalatho kuudina takkuva janabha kaligina praantam, triple-pandiri adavi mariyu dattamaina ushnamandala varshaaranyaalu. modati indochaina yuddhaaniki mundu, eee maargaalanu "dakshina disagaa march", "thoorpu vaipu march", "paschima disagaa march" mariyu "uttara disagaa march" anie pilicheevaaru. modati indochaina yuddha samayamlo viyat minh eee margalu mariyu maargaala vyavasthanu vistarinchadam dwara uttara-dakshina samachara marpidi mariyu ravana vyavasthanu nirvahinchi, eee maargaalanu "trans-west supply line" (dakshina vietnam, kambodia mariyu thaylandlo nadustunna) mariyu "trans-indochaina link" (uttara vietnam, lavos mariyu thaylandlo nadustunna) anie pilicharu.
1958 maeloe pavan mariyu pathet laavo dalaalu lavotian maargam 9 looni chepon vadda unna ravana kendraanni swaadheenam chesukunnayi. lavotian ennikalu lavoslo mitavaada prabhutvaanni adhikaaramloki techhaayi, tadwara yuu. ess. paie aadharapadatam perigindi.ess. sainika mariyu aardhika sahayam mariyu uttara vietnam patla perugutunna vyatiraeka vaikhari.
pavan dalaalu, pathet lavotho paatu, 1959 juulai 28naa lavos meeda daadi chesaayi, uttara vietnam sarihaddu vembadi raayal laavo armi (rla) kii vyatiraekamgaa poradayi. 1959 septembarulo, hanoi 559va ravana samuuhaanni sthaapinchindi, dheeni pradhana karyalayam sarihadduku sameepamlo eshaanya lavosloni houfan provinceloni naa kailo undhi. idhi kalnal (taruvaata general) vrode product aadhvaryamlo undedi mariyu dakshina vietnamese prabhutvaaniki vyatiraekamgaa vii. sii. tirugubaatunu sarafara cheyadaaniki ravana vyavasthanu meruguparachadaaniki mariyu nirvahinchadaaniki sthaapinchabadindi. praarambhamlo, uttara vietnamese prayatnam rendu viyatnaamlanu vaeru chesina vietnamese demiliterized john (dmged) antataa mariyu ventane diguva chorabatlapai drushti pettindi. 559va samuuham trang saan parvataalaku paschimaana daani communication line nuu "tippindi".
1959 natiki, 559va regimentlo bhadrata paatralalo poraata dalaalu ledhaa uttara vietnamese mariyu lavotian poura kaarmikulatoe sahaa, 70va mariyu 71va regimentlalo matrame 6,000 mandhi sibbandi unnaaru. sangharshana prarambha rojullo maanavashakti chorabaatuku eee marganni khachitamgaa upayoginchevaaru. aaa samayamlo, hanoi thana dakshina mitradesaalaku samudram dwara marinta samarthavantamgaa sarafara cheyagaligindi. cheyagaligindi uttara vietnamese 759 ravana samuuhaanni srushtinchindi, indulo ituvanti chorabaatlanu nirvahinchadaaniki 20 ukku-hulled noukalu unnaayi.
yuu praarambhamaina taruvaata.ess. operation market time anie piluvabade teerapraanta jalaallo naavikaadala nishedha prayatnaalu, trail double duty cheyalsi vachindi. uttaraana nundi pampina padaarthaalu sarihaddu praantaalalo kaash loe nilva cheyabaddaayi, vatiki tvaralo "bays arias" (baa) anie paeru marcharu, ivi dakshina viyatnaamlo karyakalapalu nirvahinchina taruvaata upasamanam mariyu tirigi sarafara koorutuu visi mariyu pavan dalaalaku abhayaranyaluga marai.
bays praantaalu.
lavos yokka panhandlo aidu pedda bays praantaalu undevi (mapp chudandi). yuddha samayamlo baa 604 pradhana ravana kendramgaa undedi. akkada nundi, dakshina vietnam yokka sainika praantam (mr) ii mariyu marinta dakshinaana bays loki purushulu mariyu samagri samanvayam mariyu pampinhee jarigindi.
maanava shrama, bhaareega nindina saikillanu nettadam, eddulu nadapadam ledhaa maanava pyaak jantuvulugaa vyavaharinchadam, eee paddhatiloo vandala tannula saamaagrini taralinchadam-soviet, chainees ledhaa eastern block namuunaalanu upayoginchi-trucku ravana dwara twaragaa bharti cheyabadindi-idhi twaragaa sarafara mariyu dalaalanu taralinchadaaniki pradhana maargamgaa maarindi. 1961 decemberu natiki, pavan yokka general rear services department yokka 3va trucku ravana brundam uttara vietnamese chetha kalibata pani cheyabadina modati motaru ravana vibhagamga maarindi mariyu motaru ravana vadakam perigindi.
559va samuuham krinda rendu rakaala unitlu panichesaih "binn trams" (biti) mariyu camo-lyson unitlu. binn tram" anedi regimental logistical pradhana kaaryaalayaaniki samanam mariyu netvarkloni oka nirdishta vibhaganni bhadraparachadaaniki baadhyata vahistundi. bhadrata, injaneering mariyu communication vidhulu ververu unitlaku appaginchagaa, "binn tram" ravana avasaralanu andinchindi. saadhaaranamgaa okaroju okadaanikokati prayaaninchae chota, communication-lyson unitlu aaharam, gruhanirmaanam, vaidya samrakshana mariyu tadupari maargam-stationku maargadarsakulanu andinchadaaniki baadhyata vahistaayi. 1965 april natiki, 559va samuuham yokka aadesam general phaan trang tuyepai badilee cheyabadindi, athanu aaru trucku ravana betalianlu, rendu saikil ravana betalianlu, oka padava ravana betalian, enimidi injanir betalianlu mariyu 45 camo-lisson stationlalo 24,000 mandhi purushula aadesaanni sweekarinchaadu. 559va ninaadam "munduku saagadaaniki rahadaarulanu nirminchandi, prayaaninchadaaniki satruvutoe poradandi"."
1967 nundi 1968 augustu varaku podi season madhya tommidi binn tramlu undevi. binn tram 31 dheeniki udaaharana. 
eee vyavastha muriki rahadaarulu (kankaratho chadunu cheyabadinavi mariyu konni praantaallo carduroy cheyabadinavi), paadachaarula mariyu saikil margalu mariyu truck paarkula yokka klishtamaina chittadaviga abhivruddhi chendindi. aneka sarafara bankarlu, nilva praantaalu, byaaraklu, aasupatrulu mariyu command und controll soukaryaalu unnaayi, ivanni nirantaram meruguparachabadina sahaja mariyu maanava nirmita mabhyapette klishtamaina vyavastha dwara vaimanika pariseelana nundi dachabaddayi. 1973 natiki, truckulu ford pravahalu tappa pandiri nundi bayataku rakundane kalibata yokka mottam podavunu nadapagaligayi ledhaa neeti uparitalam krinda nirminchina mudi vantenalapai vaatini daatagaligaayi.
aagneya lavosloni vaataavaranam sarafara prayatnamlo mariyu yuu loe pedda paatra pooshinchindi.ess. mariyu daanini addukovadaniki dakshina vietnamese prayatnaalu. nairuti ruthupavanaalu (saadhaaranamgaa varshaakaalam anie pilustaaru) mae madhya nundi september madhya varaku bhaarii varshapaataanni (samvatsaraaniki 70 saatam) techhaayi. aakaasam saadhaaranamgaa adhika ushnogratalato meghaavrutamgaa untundi. vaayuvya ruthupavanaalu (podi kaalam), october madhya nundi marchi madhya varaku takkuva ushnogratalato saapekshamgaa podigaa undevi. kalibata vyavasthalo rahadari network saadhaaranamgaa murikigaa unnanduna, sarafara ravaanaalo ekkuva bhaagam mariyu vaaru maddatu icchina sainika prayatnaalu podi kaalamlo nirvahinchabaddaayi. chivariki, kalibatalo ekkuva bhaagam taaru ledhaa gatti nindi undindi, tadwara varshakalamlo kooda pedda mottamlo saamaagrini taralinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
nirodham mariyu vistarana (1965-1968).
(1965-1968) yuu.ess. guudachaara vislaeshakulu 5,843 mandhi shatru chorabaatudaarulu (vaastavaaniki 4,000) dakshina disagaa payaninchaarani anchanaa vaesaaru; agency 12,675 (vaastavaaniki 5,300); 5,300); 7,693 (vaastavaaniki 4,700); mariyu mariyu 1964loe eee maargam yokka sarafara saamarthyam rojuku 20 nundi 30 tannulaku cherukundi mariyu dheenini america anchanaa vesindi.ess. aaa samvatsaram 12,000 (vaastavaaniki 9,000) pavan sainikulu dakshina viyatnaanku cherukunnaru. 1965 natiki yuu.ess. saigaon looni command vaari dakshina dalaalaku communist sarafara avasaralu rojuku 234 tannula mottam sarafara anie mariyu lavos gundaa 195 tannulu kadulutunnayani anchanaa vesindi.
yuu.ess. 1965 lavotian podi kaalamlo satruvu rojuku 30 truckulanu (90 tannulu) kalibata meedugaa taralistunnadani rakshana nigha samstha (dia) vislaeshakulu nirdhaarinchaaru, idhi saigaon anchanaa kante chaalaa ekkuva.
yuu.ess. adhikarulu daani satruvu saamarthyaala gurinchi matrame anchanaalu kaligi unnaaru; guudachaara sekarana samsthalu tarachugaa okadaanitoe okati vibhedinchevi. kalibata vyavasthalo merugudalalaku dhanyavaadaalu (kaambodiyaaloni sihanouk kaalibaataku anusandhaaninche kotta maargaalanu teravadam sahaa), aktobaru ravana cheyabadina sarafara parimaanam gatha aidella mottam mottam kante daadaapu samanamga undhi. aaa samvatsaramlo vyavastha yokka nishedham america yokka pradhana praadhaanyatalalo okatigaa maarindi, conny aaa samayamlo andubaatulo unna parimita saktulu mariyu lavos yokka pratyaksha tatasthata kaaranamgaa dheeniki vyatiraekamgaa karyakalapalu sanklishtamgaa undevi.
lavotian vyavahaaraala yokka chikkulu, mariyu yuu.ess. mariyu vaatilo uttara vietnamese jokyam, kaneesam prajala drushtilo, okarinokaru vismarinche paraspara vidhaanaaniki daariteesindi. idhi uttara vietnamese vaari sarafara marganni rakshinchadam mariyu vistarinchadam dwara mariyu kendra prabhutvaaniki vyatiraekamgaa vaari yuddhamlo vaari pathet laavo mitraraajyaalaku maddatu ivvadam dwara laavo tatasthatanu ullanghinchakundaa nirodhinchaledu. yuu.ess. communistulatho poraatamlo mariyu kalibatapai nirantaram bambu daadiloo siah-maddatugala rahasya sainyanni nirminchadam mariyu maddatu ivvadam roopamlo jokyam jarigindi. vaaru laavo prabhutvaaniki kooda maddatu icchaaru.
kaalibaataku vyatiraekamgaa vaayu karyakalapalu.
1964 december 14naa, yuu.ess. vaimanika dalam (yuu. ess. eah. eff) yokka "operation baarel roll" lavosloni hoow chii minh trail yokka modati kramabaddhamaina bambu daadini nirvahinchindi. 20 marchi 1965naa, uttara viyatnaanku vyatiraekamgaa operation rolling urumulato praarambhamaina taruvaata, adhyakshudu lindon bii. johnson trail vyavasthaku vyatiraekamgaa sambandhita perugudalanu aamodinchaadu. "eshaanya lavoslo "baarel roll" konasaagindi, ayithe dakshina panhandle "operation steel tiger" loe bambu daadi cheyabadindi.
samvatsaram madhya natiki vimanalu eguravese sankhya nelaku 20 nundi nundi perigindi. janavari aktobaru, yuu.ess. saigaon looni command dakshina vietnam yokka aidu uttara praantaalaku prakkane unna lavos praantaalalo bambu daadulapai niyantrananu abhyardhinchindi, eee praantam "vistarinchina yuddhabhoomilo" bhagamani perkondi. eee abhyardhananu joint cheefs off staff aamodinchaaru. eee praantam "operation tiger hound" aadhvaryamlo vachindi.
raajakeeya parigananalu vaayu karyakalapalanu sanklishtamgaa chestaayi. conny lavoslo communistu sarafara kaaryakalaapaalaku aatamkam kaliginchina kaalaanuguna ruthupavanaalu kooda nishedha prayatnaaniki aatamkam kaliginchaayi. udayam pogamanchu mariyu meghaavrutamaina kaaranamgaa, mariyu sthaanika janabha aacharinche kattirinchi, kalchadam vyavasayam dwara utpatti ayye poga mariyu pogamanchu kaaranamgaa eee prayatnaalu addaginchabaddaayi. padipoyindi ruthupavanaalanu marinta digajaarchagaladani bhaavinchina rendu prayogaatmaka karyakalapalanu usaf chepattindi. "project popay" anedi cloude seeding dwara aagneya lavoslo varshakaalaanni niravadhikamgaa podiginche prayatnam. ukku puli mariyu pulula hound praantaala gundaa pravahinche kaang nadhi pareevaahaka praantam paina eee prajectupy pareekshalu septemberlo prarambhamayyayi. meghalu gaali dwara vendi iodide pogatho vittanaalu veyabaddaayi, aapai manta tupaki nundi kaalchina fusenu prayoginchadam dwara sakriyam cheyabaddaayi. october natiki yaabhai aaru pareekshalu jarigaayi; 85 saatam vijayavantamayyayani nirdhaarinchaaru. adhyakshudu johnson appudu eee kaaryakramaaniki adhikaram icchaaru, idhi juulai 1972 varaku konasaagindi.
rendava operation, "project commando lava" paie pareeksha mae 17naa praarambhamaindih dow chemical saastravettalu oka rasayana misramaanni srushtinchaaru, idhi varshapu neetitho kalipinappudu, mattini asthiraparichi, buradanu srushtinchindi. eee karyakramam daani sainika mariyu poura palgonevari nundi utsahanni aakarshinchindi, vaaru akkada "buradanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki, yuddham cheyadaaniki kaadu" anie paerkonnaaru."konni praantaallo idhi matti alankarananu batti panichesindi. rasayanalanu rasayanalanu vimanam dwara padesaru, conny uttara vietnamese nishedhampai mottam prabhavam takkuvagaa undhi mariyu prayogam raddu cheyabadindi.
defoliation.
1965 decemberulo usaf thana modati operation ranch hanned defoliation missionlanu lavosloni kaalibaataku vyatiraekamgaa agent blue mariyu agent aurange defolients rendintinee upayoginchi praarambhinchindi. 210 kante ekkuva
missionlu jarigaayi, sumaru 18 laksala liitarla defolientsnu challaru. lavos maadirigaa kakunda, kaambodiyaaloni kalibata kramapaddhatilo defoliation kosam lakshyamgaa pettukoledu, ayinappatikee chiluka mukku praantaaniki vyatiraekamgaa padhi kante ekkuva missionlu amarchabaddayi, sumaru 155,000 liitarla agent narinjanu challaru.
kaalibaataku vyatiraekamgaa ground operations.
neelapai, siah mariyu rlalaku praarambhamlo aapadaniki, mandaginchadaaniki ledhaa kaneesam, satruvu yokka chorabatla prayatnaanni gamaninche baadhyata ivvabadindi. lavoslo, aaa lakshyanni saadhinchadaaniki agency agency operation pincussiannu praarambhinchindi. eee operation operation hardnosga abhivruddhi chendindi, dheenilo siah-maddatugala lavotian kramarahita nigha brundam karyakalapalu jarigaayi.
aktobaru aktobaru, general westmoreland oka yuu nii praarambhinchadaaniki adhikaram pondindi.ess. sarihaddu punarnirmaana prayatnam. 18 october 1965naa, modati mission sainika sahaya command, vietnam studies und observations group (makvi-sog) dwara lavosloki "kanche meedugaa" praarambhinchabadindi. idhi makvi-sog nirantaram vistaristunna nigha prayatnaaniki prarambham, idhi idhi operation raddu ayye varaku konasaagindi. yuu. ess loe maroka ayudham.ess. 1965 december 10naa lavoslo modati bii-52 stratofortress bomber daadi nirvahinchinappudu eee maargamlo aayudhagaaram vidudala cheyabadindi.
lavos mariyu cambodialo shatru samagri mariyu maanavasaktini parimitam chesinanduna, oka saadhaarana chaaritraka drukpatham (chorabaatlanu aapadamlo ledhaa nemmadigaa cheyadamlo viphalamainappatiki) prachaaraala samarthataku maddatu istundi. eee drukpatham kontha adhikaarika yuu loe vyaapinchindi.ess. sangharshana yokka prabhutva charitralu. pavan yokka ravana upakaranam gurinchi zaan schlite matladutu, "eee nirantara prayatnam, dakshina viyatnaamlo poraadutunna padivela mandhi sainikula puurti samayam karyakalapalu avasaramavutaayi, hoow chii minh trail bambu daadi uttara vietnamese yuddha prayatnaalaku antaraayam kaliginchindani rujuvu sanukoolamgaa anipistundi."
ayina yuu.ess. chorabatla vyatiraeka prayatnaalalo, prayatnaalalo aidu puurti satruvu regimentlatho sahaa 58,000 nundi 90,000 mandhi pavan chorabaatudaarula sankhya anchanaa veyabadindi. juun 1966 naati anchanaa prakaram uttara vietnamese carridar lopala prayaaninchadagina rahadaarulu unnaayi, veetilo kaneesam edaadi podavunaa upayoginchadaaniki saripothayi. saripothayi senior kalnal (taruvaata general) dong yuu. ess. nguen 559va samuuhaaniki naayakatvam vahinchaaru. paina perkonna anchanaatho poliste, samvatsaram chivari natiki uttara vietnamese 275 kilometres pradhana rahadaarulu, 576 kilometres baipaslu mariyu 450 pravesha rahadaarulu mariyu nilva praantaalatoo sahaa 2,959 kilometres vaahana saamarthyam gala rahadaarulanu puurti chesindi.
idhi meeru neerchukunnaaru.ess. satruvu sagam nindina ukku drumlalo padaarthaalanu load chesi, aapai vaatini nadulloki prayoginchadam dwara aaharam, indhanam mariyu aayudhaala ravaanaaku kaang mariyu byaang faay nadulanu upayogistunnadani guudachaara samacharam. taruvaata vaatini valalu mariyu boomla dwara diguvaku sekarinchaaru. yuu kii teliyadu.ess.uttara vietnamese kooda 81,000 tannulaku paiga saamaagrini ravana cheyadam mariyu nilva cheyadam praarambhinchindi, "bhavishyattulo daadiloo upayoginchadaaniki". 1968 chandra noothana samvatsara selavudinam sandarbhamgaa bhavishyat daadi praarambhinchabadindi, mariyu daani kosam siddham kaavadaaniki, edu padaatidala regimentlu mariyu 20 swatantra betalianlatho sahaa 200,000 pavan dalaalu dakshinaana prayaaninchaayi.
yuddham antataa, sampradaaya unitla dwara bhuu karyakalapalu sarihaddu abhayaaranyaalaloki swalpakaala chorabaatlaku kontavaraku parimitam cheyabaddaayi. 1969 janavari 22 nundi marchi 18 varaku ii corps loe jarigina oka mukhyamaina operation dway loya. operation samayamlo, 9va merine regiment daa crang nadhi mariyu shaav loyalalo pavan karyakalapalanu addukovadaniki prayatninchindi. pavan 9va regiment yokka bhaagaalato poraadutunnappudu ground unitlu lavos sarihaddu praantaalloki kluptamgaa pravesinchaayi.
operation commando hunt (1968-1970).
tett daadi nepathyamlo, uttara vietnamese vaari ravana prayatnaanni vistarinchi, aadhuneekarinchaaru. pradhanamgaa motaru mariyu nadhi ravana mariyu yaantrika nirmaana parikaraala viniyogam peragadam valla sarafara mariyu nirvahana sibbandi sankhya taggindi. 559va samuuham nirvahana mariyu kotta rahadari nirmaanam kosam 20 bulldoserlu, 11 road graderlu, moodu rock krasharlu mariyu rendu steamrollerlanu upayogistunnatlu aaa samvatsaramlo cia anchanaa vesindi.
43, 000 mandhi uttara vietnamese ledhaa lavotianlu (veerilo ekkuva mandhi sevalo nimagnamai unnaaru) vyavasthanu nirvahinchadam, meruguparachadam ledhaa vistarinchadamlo nimagnamai unnaaru. unnaaru lavos meeda 4,33,000 tannula aayudhalu paddayi. operation rolling thunder" mugimpu mariyu november padipoyindi "operation commando hunt" prarambham dwara idhi saadhyamaindi.ess. nishedha karyakalapala kosam vimanalu vidudala cheyabaddaayi mariyu rojuku 500 mandhi lavos meedugaa egurutuu unnaaru. 1968 chivari natiki, dakshina lavos meeda bambu daadulu 300 saatam perigayi, octoberulo 4,700 daadulu nundi navambarulo navambarulo perigayi.
eee round-dhi-clack vaimanika prayatnam thaaylaandlooni nakhon phanome nundi aipoyina "operation igloo white" dwara darsakatvam vahinchabadindi. idhi moodu bhaagaalato koodi undih gaalilo padee dhwani mariyu bhookampa sensorla teegalu kalibatapai nigha samacharanni sekarinchaayi; thaaylaandlooni nigha sekarana kendram (ics) looni computerlu samacharanni sekarinchi, convoy margalu mariyu vaegaalanu anchanaa vaesaayi; mariyu gaalilo nadiche rile mariyu niyantrana vimanam, idhi sensorla nundi sankethaalanu andukundi mariyu ics nirdesinchina lakshyalaku vimananni nadipinchindi.
eee prayatnaaniki makvi-sog punarnirmaana brundaalu maddatu icchaayi, vaaru "commando vaeta" kosam punarnirmaanam, wire tapp mariyu bambu nashtam anchanaa missionlanu nirvahinchadamtho paatu, "igloo white" kosam chethitho unchina sensorlu kooda nirvahinchaaru. 1969 praarambhamlo sibbandi nishedham raddu cheyabadindi. shatru sibbandini gurtinchenta adhunaatanamaina sensor vyavastha ledhu, kabatti 1971 chivarilo "operation iland tree" varaku eee prayatnam nilipiveyabadindi. idhi meeku oka velladi.ess. 1968 chivaralo guudachaara vislaeshakulu uttara naukaasrayam vinh nundi nairuti disalo pravahinche petrolium pipeline kanugonnaru.
indhana pipeline.
praarambhamlo, indhanaanni portarlu teesukuvellevaaru, conny idhi asamarthamainadi mariyu samayam teesukuntundi, tadwara pipeline chaalaa vaegamgaa vistarinchaalsina avasaranni highlight chesindi. pipeline nirmaana baadhyata indhana sarafara vibhaagaaniki modati adhipati ayina leftinent kalnal phaan thu kwang, mariyu roddu pani brundam brundam commander ayina majer mye trang phuk, pipeline nirminchina kaarmikula rahasya paeru.
1969 praarambhamlo, pipeline muu giah paas dwara laavo sarihaddunu daatindi, 1970 natiki, idhi dakshina viyatnaamlooni shou loyaku cherukundi. aneka chinna pumping staeshanlatoe kuudina plaastik pipeline, deasle indhanam, gasoline mariyu kirosinlanu oke paipu dwara badilee cheyagaligindi. pavn 592va pipelaying regiment prayatnaala kaaranamgaa, lavosloki pravesinche pipelinela sankhya aaa samvatsaram aruku perigindi.
559va samuuham, ippatikee general dong usnguen aadhvaryamlo, akraminchabaddayi sainika praantaaniki samanamga cheyabadindi mariyu eee samuuhaaniki "troong sunn armi" anae adanapu paeru ivvabadindi. idhi naalugu unitlu, oka division mariyu moodu samaanamaina unitlatho koodi undih 968va padaatidala vibhagam; 470va samuuham; 565va maag; mariyu 571va venuka samuuham. unitlu indhana pipeline betalianlanu niyantrinchaayi.
juulai cherukundi, troong sunn sainyam aidu divisional pradhana karyalayaluga punarvyavastheekarinchabadindi 470va, 471va, 472va, 473va mariyu 571va. eee brundamlo naalugu trucku ravana regimentlu, rendu petrolium pipeline regimentlu, moodu anty aircraft artillery (aaa) regimentlu, enimidi injanir regimentlu mariyu 968va padaatidala vibhagam unnaayi. 1970 chivari natiki 559va railu 27 "binn tramlanu" naduputondi, idhi samvatsaramlo 3.4 saatam nashtam retutho 40,000 tannula sarafaraanu ravana chesindi.
kalnal kwang mariyu majer phuk chivariki 5,000 kilometres pipeline nirminchi, 270,000 tannulaku paiga petrolunu ravana chestaaru. pipelineloni vibhagalu vibhagalu ippatikee upayogamlo unnaayi.
truck rile vyavastha.
truckula sarafara uttara vietnam nundi reelelalo kanvaylalo prayaaninchindi, truckulu oke maargam station nundi maroka vaipuku prayaaninchaayi. aaa taruvaata vahanalanu dimpi, prati stationlo "taja" truckulalo tirigi load chesaaru. oka trucku nilipiveyabadinaa ledhaa naasanam cheyabadina, uttara viyatnaamlo daani sthaanamlo kottadi vachhe varaku, daanini tadupari uttara station aastula nundi bharti chesaaru. chivariki, lavos ledhaa kaambodiyaaloni chivari camo-lyson stationku cherukuni vahanalanu dimpaaru. aaa taruvaata saamaagrini cash chesi, water craftlo load chesi, ledhaa dakshina viyatnaamloki manushulatho ravana chesaaru.
commando vaeta" yokka prabhavam peragadam valla, uttara vietnamese ravana unitlu saadhaaranamgaa tellavaarujaamuna traaphik garishta sthaayiki cherukovadamto saayantram matrame rodlapaiki vachevi. yuu laaga.ess. vimanalu stationku vachayi, fixed-wing ganshiplu mariyu nait bomberlu tama sthaavaraalaku tirigi vachhe varaku tellavaarujaamuna varaku traaphik taggutundi. truckulu mallee rolling cheyadam praarambhinchaayi, suuryoedayaaniki mundu mariyu udayapu alala raakaku mundu driverlu trucku paarkulloki velladaaniki hadavidiga velladamtho, 06:00 chuttoo trafficlo maroka sikharaaniki cherukunnayi.ess. faitar bomberlu. commando vaeta" chivari dasha (october 1970-april 1972) natiki, yuu yokka sagatu rojuvaaree sankhya.ess. vimaanaala egire nishedha karyakalapalalo 182 daadi chese yuddha vimanalu, 13 sthira-wing ganshiplu mariyu 21 21 unnaayi.
uttara vietnamese kooda vimaana vidhvamsaka phirangula bhaarii saandratalanu upayoginchadam dwara american vaimanika muppuku pratispandinchindi. 1968 natiki idhi pradhanamgaa 37 mimi mariyu 57 mimi radar-niyantrita aayudhaalatho koodi undedi. marusati samvatsaram, 85 mimi mariyu 100 mimi tupaakulu kanipinchaayi, mariyu "commando vaeta" mugise samayaniki, 1,500 kii paiga tupaakulu vyavasthanu rakshinchaayi.
eee kaalibaataku vyatiraekamgaa upayoginchina anni aayudha vyavasthalalo, sangharshana yokka adhikaarika uttara vietnamese charitra prakaram, esi-130 spector fixed-wing gunship atyanta baleeyamaina pratyarthi. spectors "maa raatri sarafara karyakalapalapai niyantrananu sthaapinchi, kontavaraku vijayavantamgaa anachivesaayi". anubandha vimanalu daadaapu 4,000 truckulanu podi kaalamlo dhvamsam chesayani, veetilo veetilo matrame 2,432 truckulanu dhvamsam chesayani charitra perkondi.
1972 marchi 29naa chepon sameepamlo uparitalam nundi gaaliki eguravese sa-7 kshipani dwara raatri missionloo oka spectornu koolchivesinappudu oka spector counter mejar aavishkarinchabadindi. idhi modati yuu.ess. sangharshana samayamlo dakshinaana unna oka saam vimaanamnu koolchivesindi. pavan meeku samadhanam icchaadu.ess. lum bumm kuu uttaraana nundi diguva lavos varaku 1,000 kilometres podavaina rahadari k ("green road") nuu nirminchadam dwara raatri samayamlo bambu daadi. commando hunt IV" (april 30-october 9,1971) samayamlo, yuu.ess.dakshina vietnamese mariyu lavotian dalaalu cambodialo general loane nole tirugubaatuku mariyu taruvaata daani sarafara sarukulaku sihanoukville naukaasrayaanni muusivaeyadaaniki uttara vietnamese pratispandananu anubhavinchadam praarambhinchaayi. 1969 lone pavan mottam sangharshanhalo atipedda ravana prayatnaanni praarambhinchindi.
bolaven peethabhoomi diguvana unna atapue mariyu salawan yokka lavotian pattanaalanu akraminchabaddayi pavan swaadheenam chesukundi, idhi kaang nadhi vyavastha yokka podavunu kambodiyaloki terichindi. kaambodiyaaloni kotta yuddhabhoomulaku purushula pravaham mariyu sarafaraalanu nirvahinchadaaniki hanoi 470va ravana samuuhaanni kooda srushtinchindi. eee kotta "vimukti maargam" lavos dakshina chivaralo unna muwang mae vadda unna kalibata nundi paschimaaniki maari, kaang nadini kambodiyaga samaantaramgaa chesindi. chivariki eee kotta maargam seam praang daati vistarinchindi mariyu stung trenz sameepamlo mccong nadiki cherukundi.
cherukundi pavan paxongnu teesukoni lavos yokka bolaven peethabhoomi praantam nadibodduna unna paxeku munduku saagindi. marusati samvatsaram, khang sedone uttara vietnamese loki padipoyindi. padipoyindi praarambhamaina kalibata yokka thoorpu bhaganni tolaginchadaaniki pavan oka pracharanni konasaaginchindi. 1968 natiki, yuu.ess. khe saan mariyu khaam dock vadda unna pratyeka dalaala sibiraalu, rendintinee makvi-sog thana nigha prayatnam kosam munduku karyakalapala sthaavaraalugaa upayoginchaaru, ivi vidichipettabaddayi ledhaa akraminchabaddayi. akraminchabaddayi dock seenglo maroe shibiraniki kooda idhe paristhiti eduraindi. okappudu sarafara caridarga unna idhi ippudu thoorpu nundi padmara varaku vistarinchi undhi.
pavan vijayaniki maargam (1971-1975).
1971 fibravari praarambhamlo, 16,000 (taruvaata 20,000) aarvn dalaalu maargam 9 venta lavotian sarihaddunu daati chepon vadda pavan logistical center vaipu vellaayi. "operation laam sunn 719", hoow chii minh kalibatapai chalakalamga korukune daadi mariyu yuu yokka antima pareeksha.ess. vietnam vidhananni praarambhinchaaru. duradrushtavasaattu dakshina vietnamese kosam, yuu.ess. bhuu dalaalu chorabaatulo palgonakunda chattam dwara nishedhinchabaddaayi, mariyu yuu.ess. vaayu maddatu, phirangi kaalpulu mariyu helicopter aviation unitlanu andinchadaaniki parimitam cheyabadindi.
modata operation baga jarigindi, uttara vietnamese nundi takkuva pratighatana undhi. 1971 marchi praarambhamlo paristhiti maarindi. hanoi nilabadi pooraadaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. idhi dalaalanu sameekarinchadam praarambhinchindi, chivariki 60,000 pavan dalaalu, alaage aneka vaela mitraraajyaala pathet laavo dalaalu mariyu laavo kramarahitulu, arvn kante daadaapu moodu nundi okati ekkuva.
aagneya lavoslo jarigina poraatam vietnam yuddhamlo inca kanipinchanidaaniki bhinnamgaa undhi, endukante pavan daani paatha hitt-und-runn vyuuhaalanu vidichipetti, sampradaaya edurudaadini praarambhinchindi. pradhana purogati yokka paarsvaalalo unna aarvn sthaanaalanu anichivesenduku pavan modata kavacham mariyu bhaarii phirangula maddatutoe saamuuhika padaatidala daadulanu praarambhinchindi. samanvayamtho jarigina vimaana vidhvamsaka kaalpulu vyuuhaatmaka vaayu maddatu mariyu tirigi sarafara cheyadaanni kashtataram mariyu khareedainavigaa chesaayi, 108 helicopterlu koolchiveyabaddaayi mariyu 618 itara helicopterlu debbatinnaayi.
pavan dalaalu aarvn purogati yokka pradhana rekhapai chochukupovadam praarambhinchaayi. vaimanika daadi cheponnu swaadheenam chesukogaliginappatiki, idhi panikiraani vijayam, endukante dakshina vietnamese pradhana stambhampai daadula kaaranamgaa upasamharinchukovadaaniki mundu koddi kaalam matrame pattanaanni swaadheenam chesukogaligaru. dandayaatra dalam lavos nundi tananu taanu velikiteesukogaligina ekaika maargam yuu yokka bhaarii application dwara.ess. air support. 1971 marchi 25 natiki, chivari aarvn dalaalu sarihaddunu tirigi daataayi, vaari satruvu daggaragaa anusarinchaaru. viyatnaameekarana pareekshagaa, "laam sunn 719" viphalamaindi; operation samayamlo dandayaatra dalamlo sagam mandhi kolpoyaru.
dakshina vietnamese dalaalu paelavamgaa nadipinchabaddaayi mariyu unnata shreni ranger mariyu vaimanika dalaalu naasanam cheyabaddaayi. "laam sunn 719" dakshina vietnam yokka uttara praavinsulapai pranaalikaabaddhamaina pavan daadini oka samvatsaram paatu vaida veyagaligindi. 1972 vasantakaalam natiki americanlu mariyu dakshina vietnamese satruvu pedda daadiki pranaalika vestunnarani grahinchaaru, conny ekkada ledhaa eppudu anie teliyadu. 1972 marchi 30naa 300 kante ekkuva tankula maddatutoe 30,000 pavan dalaalu sarihaddu daati kwang traan provins paie daadi chesinappudu samadhanam vachindi. eestar daadi" gaa prasiddhi chendina "nguen hyuu daadi"-jarugutondi.
dakshina vietnamese dalaalu patanam anchuna undagaa, adhyakshudu richard emm. nixon U yokka parimaanaanni penchadam dwara pratispandinchindi.ess. air support. U upasamharana kaaranamgaa.ess. agneyasia nundi vimanayana unitlu, squadronlu japan mariyu yuu. ess nundi dakshina viyatnaamloki eguraveyabaddaayi.ess. swayamgaa. eee prayatnam mae 2naa kwang traan nagaram patanaanni aapadamlo viphalamaindi, idhi uttaraana unna naalugu praavinsula vidhini moosivesindi. uttara vietnamese appudu kambodiyaaloni vaari bays praantaala nundi maroe rendu daadulanu praarambhinchindi, modatidi dakshina viyatnaamnu rendugaa vibhajinchadaaniki madhya ettaina praantaalalo cone tumnu swaadheenam chesukovadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi; rendavadi binh long provins rajadhani lock mariyu chuttupakkala varusa yuddhaalanu prerepinchindi. mottam 14 pavan vibhagalu ippudu daadiki kattubadi unnaayi. 1972 mae 13naa, dakshina vietnam bhaarii yuu maddatutoe naalugu vibhaagaalato edurudaadini praarambhinchindi.ess. air support. mae 17 natiki, kwang traan nagaram tirigi swaadheenam cheyabadindi, conny dakshina vietnamese sainyam aaviri ayipoyindi. cone tum mariyu oka laakku vyatiraekamgaa pavan thrustlu unnaayi. saampradaaya daadini sweekarinchadam mariyu daanini konasaaginchadaaniki avasaramaina ravana prayatnam kaaranamgaa, yuu.ess. vaayu shakti mukhyamgaa prabhaavavantamgaa undhi mariyu pavan praananashtam ekkuvagaa undhi. uttara vietnamese sumaru 100,000 mandhi praananashtaaniki gurayyaru, dakshina vietnamese poraatamlo 30,000 mandhi praananashtaaniki gurayyaru.
dakshina viyatnaamlooni bhoobhaganni swaadheenam chesukovadam valla hanoi lavosto sarihaddu daati aaa desamloki kaalibaatanu vistarinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. paris shanti oppandaalapai santakam cheyadam valla agneyasialo sangharshana mugisindi. chivaridi yuu.ess. 1973 maarchilo dalaalu bayaludaeraayi. uttara mariyu dakshina vietnamese rendoo tama prabhaavamlo unna praantaalalo niyantrananu konasaginchalsi undhi mariyu rendu deshaala madhya charchalu jaragalsi undhi, idhi bahusha sankeerna prabhutvaaniki mariyu ekikaranaku daariteesindi. marinta bhuubhaagampai niyantrana kosam jackieing chestu, irupakshaalu kaalpula viramananu ghoramgaa ullanghinchaayi mariyu bahiranga satrutvam mallee praarambhamaindi.
1973 natiki, pavan logistical vyavasthalo rendu-laenla chadunu cheyabadina (chuurnam chesina sunnapurayi mariyu kankaratho) rahadari undhi, idhi uttara viyatnaamlooni parvata kanumala nundi dakshina viyatnaamlooni chu pang massif varaku nadichindi. 1974 natiki central highlands nundi saigaon kuu vaayuvya disalo unna tye ninh provins varaku puurtigaa chadunu cheyabadina naalugu-laenla maargamlo prayaaninchadam saadhyamaindi. okappudu shaav loya sameepamlo mugisina oke chamuru pipeline ippudu naalugu linelanu kaligi undhi (atipedda 20 sem. mea. [enimidi angulaala] vyaasam) mariyu dakshinaana lock ninh varaku vistarinchindi. 1973 joolailo 259va samuuhaanni troong sunn kamandga punahroopakalpana chesaaru, regimental sectarnu divisionluga marcharu, binn tramlanu regimentlugaa niyaminchaaru. 1974 chivari natiki kotta command krinda unna dalaalalo aaa division 377, ravana vibhagam 571, injaneering vibhagam 473,968va padaatidala vibhagam mariyu sectoral vibhagalu 470,471 mariyu 472 unnaayi.
command appudu pavan majer general hong then paie badilee cheyabadindi. 1974 decemberulo dakshina viyatnaamlo parimita pavan daadi modati dasha praarambhamaindi. daani vijayam hanoynu saigaanto berasaaraala sthaanaanni meruguparachadaaniki vistarinchina conny ippatikee parimitamaina, pramaadakaramaina prayatnam cheyadaaniki prerepinchindi. maarchilo, general vaan tien dung "pracharam 275" nuu praarambhinchaadu, dheeni vijayam dakshina vietnam mottaanni swaadheenam chesukovadaniki tudi aall-avt daadi kosam hanoynu nettadaaniki generalnu prerepinchindi. daadini aapadaniki viphalamaina prayatnam taruvaata, saigaon 1975 april 30naa uttara vietnamese dalaala chetilo padipoyindi.

