
flat pannu

flat toxes (flat-rate toxes kosam chinnadi) anedi pannu aadharam nundi edainaa taggimpulu ledhaa minahaayimpulanu lekkinchina tarvaata, pannu vidhinchadagina mottampai oke retutho kuudina pannu. idhi tappanisarigaa puurtigaa anulomaanupaatamlo unde pannu kaadu. minahaayimpula kaaranamgaa amalu tarachugaa pragatiseelamgaa untundi ledhaa garishta pannu vidhinchadagina mottam vishayamlo tirogamanamgaa untundi. gananeeyamgaa bhinnamgaa unnappatikee "flat toxes" anie label cheyabadina vividha pannu vyavasthalu unnaayi. nirvachinche lakshanam emitante, sunna kakunda oke pannu raetu unikilo undhi, pannu vidhimpuku lobadi unna mottaanni batti maarutuu unde bahula sunna kaani retlaku viruddhamgaa.
oka sthiramaina pannu vyavastha saadhaaranamgaa aadaayapu pannu sandarbhamlo charchinchabadutundi, ikkada purogati saadhaaranam, conny idhi viniyogam, aasti ledhaa badileelapai pannulaku kooda vartinchavachhu.
pradhana vargaalu.
pannu vishayam elaa nirvachinchabadutundane daanipai flat pannu pratipaadanalu bhinnamgaa untaayi.
nijamaina flat-rate aadaayapu pannu.
nijamaina flat-rate pannu anedi pannu vyavastha, ikkada etuvanti taggimpulu lekunda anni vyaktigata aadaayaaniki oka pannu raetu vartinchabadutundi.
upanta flat pannu.
taggimpulu anumatinchabadina chota, 'flat toxes' anedi garishta taggimpuku minchi, anni tadupari aadaayampai upanta raetu sthiramgaa unde pratyeka lakshanamtho kuudina pragatiseela pannu. atuvanti pannu aaa point kante konchem flatga untundani chebutaaru. nijamaina sthiramaina pannu mariyu swalpamgaa sthiramaina pannu madhya vyatyaasaanni, konni rakaala aadaayaalanu pannu vidhinchadagina aadaayamga nirvachinchakundaa minahaayinchadam dwara gurtinchadam dwara sarichesukovacchu; anduvalla, rendu rakaala pannulu pannu vidhinchadagina aadaayampai samanamga untaayi.
parimita taggimpulatoe kuudina flat pannu.
savarinchina flat pannulu pratipaadinchabaddaayi, ivi chaalaa takkuva vastuvulaku taggimpulanu anumatistaayi, adhe samayamlo ippatike unna taggimpulaloo ekkuva bhaganni tolagistaayi. swachchanda taggimpulu mariyu gruha tanakha vaddii anedi konasaginchabade taggimpulaku atyanta charchinchabadina udaaharanalu, endukante eee taggimpulu otarlalo prachuryam pondaayi mariyu tarachugaa upayoginchabadataayi. maroka saadhaarana itivruttam oke, pedda, sthiramaina taggimpu. eee pedda sthira taggimpu ippatike unna vividha taggimpulanu tolaginchadaaniki bharti chestundi mariyu pannulanu sulabhataram chestundi, dheeni valla chaalaa (ekkuvagaa takkuva aadaayam) kutumbaalu pannu returnulanu daakhalu cheyalsina avasaram undadu.
haall-rabushka flat pannu.
hoover samsthalooni aardhikavettalu roopondinchina haall-rabushka anedi viniyogampai chadunaina pannu. pradhanamgaa, haall-rabushka aadaayaaniki pannu vidhinchadam dwara, aapai pettubadini minahaayinchadam dwara viniyoga pannu prabhavanni saadhistundi. robbert haall mariyu alwyn rabushka thoorpu airopalo chadunaina pannu vyavasthalanu roopondinchadamlo vistrutamgaa sampradinchaaru.
pratikuula aadaayapu pannu.
milton friedman thana 1962 pustakam "pettubadidaarii vidhanam mariyu swechcha" loe pratipaadinchina pratikuula aadaayapu pannu (nit), oka rakamaina flat toxes. praathamika aalochana vyaktigata taggimpulatoe kuudina flat toxes maadirigaane untundi, minahaayimpulu aadaayaanni minchinappudu, pannu vidhinchadagina aadaayam sunnaki sett kakunda pratikuulamgaa maaradaaniki anumatinchabadutundi. aaa tarvaata flat pannu raetu phalitamgaa vachhe "pratikuula aadaayam" kuu vartinchabadutundi, phalitamgaa prabhutvam aaa kutumbaaniki chellinchaalsina "pratikuula aadaayapu pannu" vastundi-saadhaarana "saanukuula" aadaayapu pannu vale kakunda, idhi aaa kutumbam prabhutvaaniki chellinchaalsi untundi.
udaaharanaku, flat raetu 20 saatamgaa undanivvandi, mariyu taggimpulu vayojanulaku $20,000 mariyu dependentlaku $7,000 undanivvandi. atuvanti vyavastha kinda, samvatsaraaniki $54,000 sampaadinche naluguru sabhyula kutumbam etuvanti pannu chellinchavalasina avasaram undadu. samvatsaraaniki $74,000 sampaadinche naluguru sabhyula kutumbam 0.20 × (74,000-54,000) = $4,000 pannu chellinchaalsi untundi, alaage taggimpulatoe kuudina flat pannu vyavastha kinda untundi. ayithe, samvatsaraaniki $54,000 kante takkuva sampaadinche naluguru kutumbaalu "pratikuula" pannu mottaanni anubhavistaayi (antey, aaa kutumbam prabhutvaaniki chellinche badulu prabhutvam nundi dabbunu andukuntundi). udaaharanaku, aaa kutumbam samvatsaraaniki $34,000 sampaadiste, daaniki $4,000 chekkunu andukuntaaru. eee nit kevalam america aadaayapu pannunu bharti cheyadaaniki matrame kakunda, takkuva aadaaya american kutumbaalu pondhe aahara stampulu mariyu vaidya sahayam vanti aneka prayojanaalanu kooda bharti cheyadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. market aadaayam perige koddi prayojanaalanu tagginche nibandhanala nundi utpannamayye samarthavanthamaina adhika upanta pannu raetlu-sankshema ucchuni nivaarinchadaaniki nit roopondinchabadindi. naitku oka abhyantaram emitante idhi pani avasaram laeni sankshemam. pratikuula pannu chellinchaalsina vaaru upaadhi pondadaaniki prayatnam cheyakunda oka rakamaina sankshemaanni pondutaaru. maroe abhyantaram emitante, takkuva kharchutho panichese kaarmikulanu niyaminche parisramalaku nit subsidy istundi, ayithe eee abhyantaram sraamika paedalaku prastuta prayojanaala vyavasthalaku vyatiraekamgaa kooda cheyavachu.
parimita flat pannu.
parimita pannu antey oka nirdishta parimiti mottaanni cherukune varaku aadaayampai sthiramaina retutho pannu vidhinchabadutundi. udaaharanaku, united states federal insurance contributions act pannu anedi oka parimiti varaku sthuula parihaaramlo 6.2% (2022loe, $147,000 varaku, garishta pannu $9,114). eee parimiti naamamaatrapu flat pannunu tirogamana pannuga marche prabhavanni kaligi untundi.
puurtigaa nirvachinchabadina schema kosam avasaralu.
oka sthiramaina pannu vyavasthanu roopondinchadamlo, aneka punaraavruta samasyalanu pradhanamgaa taggimpulu mariyu dabbu eppudu sampadinchabadutundo gurtinchadam dwara lekkinchaali.
aadaayam eppudu vastundo nirvachinchandi.
flat toxes yokka kendra siddhaantam aadaayaalanu aneka pratyeka ledhaa aasrayam pondina kesulugaa vibhajinchadaanni tagginchadam kabatti, aadaayam eppudu vastundo nirnayinchadam baadhinche samasya. vaddii aadaayam mariyu stock dividendla pannu dwara idhi pradarsinchabadutundi. vaataadaarulu companyni kaligi untaaru, kabatti company labhalu vaariki chendinavi. oka company daani labhalapai pannu vidhinchinatlayithe, appudu dividendlugaa chellinchina nidhulapai ippatike pannu vidhinchabadindi. vaatini taruvaata vaataadaarulaku aadaayamga pariganinchi, tadwara marinta pannuku lobadi undala anedi charchaneeyaamsamaina prasna. runaalapai chellinchina vaddeeni pannu vidhinchadagina aadaayam nundi tagginchaalaa vadda anae nirnayamlo idhe samasya talettutundi, endukante aaa vaddeeki runadaataku aadaayamga pannu vidhinchabadutundi. nyaayamainadaaniki vishwavyaaptamgaa angeekarinchabadina samadhanam ledhu. udaaharanaku, united stateslo, dividendlu tagginchabadavu conny tanakha vaddii tagginchabadutundi. "anduvalla, kotta pannu chellinchani aadaayaanni ippatike pannu vidhinchina aadaayam nundi vaeru chese varaku oka sthiramaina pannu pratipaadana puurtigaa nirvachinchabadadu."
vidhaanaparamaina paripalana.
pannulu, aadaayaanni andinchadamtho paatu, vidhaanaaniki saktivantamaina saadhanalugaa undavacchu. udaaharanaku, eee vidhaanaalanu amalu cheyadaaniki mantritva saakhanu erpaatu cheyadam kante, gruha insulation ledhaa pannu creditlatho kuudina takkuva aadaaya gruhalu vanti saamaajika vidhananni prabhutvaalu prothsahinchadam saadhaaranam. parimita taggimpulatoe kuudina flat pannu vyavasthalo, palasi nirvahana, yantraamgaalu tagginchabadataayi. saamaajika vidhaanamtho paatu, sthira pannulu aardhika vidhananni sardubaatu cheyadaaniki saadhanaalanu kooda tolaginchagalavu. udaaharanaku, united stateslo, deerghakaalika pettubadi paridhulu mariyu oohaajanita hecchutaggulanu prothsahinche maargamgaa swalpakaalika muuladhana labhalapai deerghakaalika laabhaala kante adhika retutho pannu vidhinchabadutundi. "anduvalla, ilanti vidhana nirnayaalalo prabhutvam churukuga undaalani evarainaa bhaavisthe, pratyaamnaaya vidhana nirvahana kharchulanu parigananaloki teesukune varaku flat pannulu itarula kante choukainavi/nirvahinchadaaniki sulabhamainavi anie cheppukovadam asampuurnamgaa untundi."
taggimpulanu tagginchadam.
saadhaaranamgaa, taggimpulanu elaa tolaginchaalane prasna flat toxes designku praadhamikamainadi; taggimpulu pannu retulo samarthavanthamaina "flatness" nuu natakeeyamgaa prabhaavitam chestaayi. bahusha vyapara kharchula kosam avasaramaina atipedda minahaayimpu. vyaparalu kharchulanu tagginchadaaniki anumatinchakapothe, flat toxes raetu kante takkuva laabhaala margine unna vyaparalu eppuduu dabbu sampadinchalevu endukante aadaayaalapai pannu ellappuduu aadaayaalanu minchipotundi. udaaharanaku, kirana dukaanaalu saadhaaranamgaa prati dollar aadaayampai naanheelanu sampaadistaayi; vaari markup 25 saataanni daatakapothe vaaru aadaayampai 25 saatam pannu retunu chellinchaleru. anduvalla, vyaktulu cheyaleka poinappatiki corporations nirvahana kharchulanu tagginchagalagaali. oka vyaapaaraaniki ayye kharchu entha anedi gurtinchadamlo aacharanaatmaka gandaragolam talettutundi. udaaharanaku, oka verusenaga venna utpattidaaru oka kooja tayaareedaaruni konugolu chesthe, adhi oka kharchu (utpattidaaru edho oka vidhamgaa kooja konugolu cheyalsi untundi kabatti) ledhaa pettubadi dwara aadaayaaniki aasrayam? atuvanti budidarangu praantaalaku anugunamgaa unde vidhamgaa chadunaina pannu vyavasthalu chaalaa bhinnamgaa untaayi. udaaharanaku, "9-9-9" flat pannu pratipaadana vyaparalu konugollanu tagginchadaaniki anumatistundi, conny kaarmika kharchulanu kaadu, idhi samarthavantamgaa kaarmika-teevramaina paarisraamika aadaayaaniki adhika retutho pannu vidhistundi. taggimpulu elaa amalu cheyabadataayi anedi prabhaavavantamaina mottam pannunu natakeeyamgaa maarustundi, tadwara pannu yokka sthirathvam maarutundi. "anduvalla, tagginchadagina mariyu tagginchani kharchula madhya vyatyaasaanni eee pratipaadanalo cherchakapothe, oka sthiramaina pannu pratipaadana puurtigaa nirvachinchabadadu."
pannu prabhavalu.
upanta viniyogaanni tagginchadam.
upanta viluva taggadam valla sthiramaina pannu prayojanaalu kramamga adhika aadaaya paridhulaku andutaayi. oka sthiramaina pannu vyavasthaku pedda minahaayimpu unte, adhi samarthavantamgaa pragatiseela pannu avutundi. phalitamgaa, "flat toxes" anae padam vaastavaaniki marinta saraina swalpamgaa flat toxes kuu sankshipta roopam.
paripalana mariyu amalu.
anni aadaayaalapai oke rakamaina flat pannu okasari vidhinchabadutundi; aadaaya muulam vadda. haall mariyu rabushka yuu kuu savarananu pratipaadinchaaru.ess. vaaru vaadinche flat toxes yokka vaividhyaanni amalu chese antargata revenue code. konni paejeela podavunna eee savarana, vandalaadi paejeela chattabaddhamaina bhashanu bharti chestundi (ayithe pannu saasanaalalo chaalaa chattabaddhamaina bhasha "kaadu" anedi graduate pannu retlanu perkonadam vaipu nirdesinchabadindi).
ippudu unnatlugaa, yuu.ess. antargata aadaaya niyamaavali aneka million padaalaku paiga untundi, mariyu aneka losugulu, taggimpulu mariyu minahaayimpulanu kaligi untundi, ivi, sthiramaina pannula vaadananu samarthinchevi, pannula sekarananu mariyu pannu chattanni amalu cheyadaanni sanklishtamgaa mariyu asamarthamgaa chestaayi.
prastuta pannu chattam aardhika prothsaahakaalanu vakreekarinchadam dwara, pannu egavetanu prothsahinchadam dwara kooda aardhika vruddhini mandagistundani vaadinchabadindi. pannu aasrayaalanu srushtinchadaaniki mariyu itara rakaala pannu egavetalo paalgonadaaniki prastuta vyavastha kante takkuva prothsaahakaalu unnaayi.
aneka losugulatho kuudina sthiramaina pannu vyavasthanu ledhaa losugulu laeni pragatiseela pannu vyavasthanu srushtinchavacchani, mariyu oka pragatiseela pannu vyavastha oka sthiramaina pannu vyavastha kante saralamainadi ledhaa saralamainadi kaavacchu anie sthiramaina pannu vimarsakulu vaadinchaaru. oka saadhaarana pragatiseela pannu kooda pannu egavetanu nirutsaahaparustundi.
minahaayimpulu lekunda swachchamaina flat toxes kinda, prati pannu vyavadhilo oka company udyogulapai pannulu mariyu company labhalapai pannulanu cover chestu prabhutvaaniki oke chellimpu chestundi. udaaharanaku, oka nirdishta samvatsaramlo, aakme anae company 3 millionla labhanni sampaadistundani, 2 millionla vaetanaalanu kharchu chestundani, pannu chattam prakaram graheetalaku pannu vidhinchadagina aadaayam ayina stock empikalu, bonaslu mariyu konni karyanirvahaka adhikaaraala raseedu vanti itara kharchula kosam 1 million kharchu chestundani anukundam. 15 saatam flat retunu ichinatlayithe, ACME appudu U kii runapadi untundi.ess. antargata aadaaya seva (irs) (3emm + 2emm + 1emm) × 0.15 = 900,000. eee chellimpu, okesari padipovadamtho, acme udyogula pannu baadhyatalanu alaage acme chellinchaalsina corporate pannulanu parishkaristundi. vaetanaalu, vaddii, dividendlu, raayalteelu modalaina vaatipai chellinchaalsina anni pannula kaaranamgaa aardhika vyavastha antataa chaalaa mandhi udyogulu irsto eppuduu sambhaashinchaalsina avasaram undadu. muulam vadda nilipiveyabadutundi. vyaktigata samsthala nundi vachhe aadaayam unna udyogulu pradhana minahaayimpulu. atuvanti vyavastha prastutaaniki sumaru 130 millionla mandhi vyaktulu, gruhalu mariyu vyaparala nundi kevalam 8 millionla vyaparalu mariyu swayam upaadhi pondadaaniki avasaramaina samsthala sankhyanu taggistundani "aardhikavetta" paerkonnaaru.
ayithe, eee saralata anedi yea rakamaina taggimpulu anumatinchabadakapovadampai aadharapadi untundi (ledhaa kaneesam ververu vyaktula taggimpulaloo etuvanti vaividhyam undadu). antekakunda, vividha rakaala aadaayaalu vaeru cheyabadithe (udhaa.zii., paas-throo, deerghakaalika cap labhalu, saadhaarana aadaayam modalainavi.) appudu samasyalu talettutaayi. udaaharanaku, muuladhana labhalu sthiramaina pannuku lobadi unte, anni ammakalu mariyu vimukti meeda muuladhana labhanni lekkinchadaaniki brokerlu mariyu mutual fundlu chattam avasaram. labham unte, labham mottamlo 15 saataaniki samaanamaina pannu nilipiveyabadutundi mariyu IRS kuu pampabadutundi. nashtam jariginatlayithe, aaa mottaanni irsku nivedistaaru. nashtam laabhaalanu bharti chestundi, aapai IRS kaalam chivarilo pannu chellimpudaarulatho parishkaristundi. taggimpulu lekunda, eee pathakaanni parokshamgaa pannu creditla dwara aardhika mariyu saamaajika vidhananni amalu cheyadaaniki upayoginchalemu, anduvalla, paina paerkonnatlugaa, prabhutva aadaaya sekarana yantraamgaaniki saralikaranalanu aaa vidhaanaalanu nirvahinchadaaniki avasaramaina kotta prabhutva mantritva saakhalu bharti cheyavachu.
aadaayaalu.
russia oka sthiramaina pannu vijayaniki pradhana udaaharanagaa pariganinchabadutundi; 2001loe desham sthiramaina pannunu pravesapettina modati samvatsaramlo daani vyaktigata aadaayapu pannu nundi nijamaina aadaayaalu 25.2% perigayi, taruvaata rendava samvatsaramlo 24.6% perugudala, mariyu moodava samvatsaramlo 15.2% perugudala.
2006loe antarjaateeya dravya nidhi adhyayanam chesinappatiki, russialo ledhaa itara deshaalalo eee samskaranala pannu taggimpu amsaala nundi aadaayaanni penche laffer-rakam pravartanaa pratispandanala sankethaalu levani kanugonnappatiki, eee vislaeshanha yokka praamaanikataku rujuvugaa russian udaaharana tarachugaa upayoginchabadutundi.
2021loe, russia rendava adhika pannu retunu pravesapettadamto vyaktigata aadaayampai thana sthiramaina pannunu muginchindi.
2007loe bulgaria european unionloki pravesinchadam anadhikaarika aardhika karyakalapalalo pedda vatanu tagginche lakshyamtho samskaranala prothsaahamtho gurtinchabadindi, 2006loe idhi 43 saatamgaa anchanaa veyabadindi. 2007loe 10 saatam corporate aadaayapu pannu retunu pravesapettadaaniki paarlamentu aamodam telipindi, taruvaata samvatsaram 10 saatam vyaktigata aadaayapu pannu retunu pravesapettaaru. saralikruta pannu vyavastha budget migulu mottaanni taggistundani, pedda current account lotunu prothsahistundani vaadistuu, imf eee samskarana patla jagrattagaa undhi. ayithe, eee charchala samayamlo bulgaria prabhutvaaniki bahya aardhika sahayam avasaram ledhu, daani samskarana pranaalikalatoe munduku saagindi. 2007 samvatsaram corporate aadaayapu pannu nundi bhaarii vruddhini (munupati samvatsaramtho poliste 39 saatam) teesukuvacchindi mariyu aardhika mantritva saakha yokka sonta anchanaanu (samvatsaraaniki 27 saatam) adhigaminchindi. samvatsaram chivarilo gananeeyamaina atyavasara vyayam unnappatikee budget migulu perigindi. eee prayojanakaramaina prabhaavaaniki aneka kaaranaalu unnaih (i) pannu raetu pannu egavetaku prothsaahakaalanu parimitam chesindi, (ii) desham yokka european union sabhyatvam praarambhamlo aasaavaadam, (iii) mariyu videshee pratyaksha pettubadula perugudala, idhi €9 billionla (gdplo sumaru 11 saatam) aall time vaarshika rikaarduku cherukundi.
mottam nirmaanam.
aadaayapu pannu kakunda itara pannulu (udaaharanaku, ammakalu mariyu parols paie pannulu) tirogamanamgaa untaayi. atuvanti nirmaanam kinda, takkuva aadaayaalu unnavaaru sampannula kante vaari aadaayamlo "adhika" nishpattini mottam pannulaloo chellistaaru. muuladhanaaniki tirigi vachhe gruha aadaayamlo kontha bhaagam (dividendlu, vaddii, raayalteelu, incorporated vyaparala labhalu) mottam gruha aadaayamtho sanukoolamgaa sambandham kaligi untundi. anduvalla vaetanaalaku parimitam cheyabadina sthiramaina pannu dhanavanthulaku maelu chestundi. pannu aadharaanni savarinchadam valla prabhavalu maaravacchu. oka sthiramaina pannu anedi aadaayaanni (vaetanaalaku badulugaa) lakshyamgaa pettukovacchu, idhi pradhanamgaa pettubadipai rabadi nundi aadaayam sampaadinche vaaritho sahaa sampaadinche vaarandaripai pannu bharanni samanamga unchutundi. pannu vyavasthalu anni viniyogaalanu lakshyamgaa chesukovadaniki oka chadunaina ammakapu pannunu upayoginchukovachhu, dheenini samyukta rashtraalalo pratipaadita nyaayamaina pannu vanti tirogamana prabhavalanu tolaginchadaaniki raayiteelu ledhaa minahaayimpulato savarinchavachhu.
sarihaddu sardubaatu.
oka sthiramaina pannu vyavastha mariyu mottam meeda aadaayapu pannulu antargatamgaa sarihaddu sardubaatu cheyalevu; antey companylapai vidhinchina pannula dwara (corporate pannulu mariyu perol pannulatho sahaa) utpattullo ponduparachabadina pannu bhaagam vidaesaalaku egumati chesinappudu tolaginchabadadu "(dharapai pannulu mariyu raayiteela prabhavam chudandi). ammakapu pannu ledhaa viluva aadhaarita pannu vanti pannu vyavasthalu vastuvulanu egumati chesinappudu pannu bhaganni tolaginchi, digumatulapai pannu bhaganni vartimpajestaayi. desheeya utpattulu sarihaddu sardubaatu cheyagala videshee utpattulaku (swadesamlo mariyu videshaalalo) pratikuulamgaa undavacchu, ivi oka desham yokka prapancha pootiitatvaanni prabhaavitam chestaayi. ayithe, sarihaddu sardubaatlugaa panicheyadaaniki sunkaalu mariyu creditlatho oka flat pannu vyavasthanu kalapadam saadhyame (united stateslo pratipaadita "sarihaddu pannu equity chattam" dheenini prayatnistundi). sarihaddu sardubaatu pannu credit thoo aadaayapu pannunu amalu cheyadam prapancha vaanijya samstha oppandaanni ullanghinchadam. chaalaa aadaayapu pannu vyavasthalalo oka bhaagamaina takkuva aadaaya vetanaalapai pannu minahaayimpulu (alavensulu) prapanchavyaaptamgaa potipade vastraalu vanti adhika kaarmika content parisramalaku eee samasyanu tagginchagalavu.
tadupari vibhaagamlo, flat toxes lanty pathakaala kosam vividha pratipaadanalu charchinchabaddaayi, ivi pradhanamgaa taggimpulu, aadaayaanni nirvachinchadam mariyu vidhana amalu vanti eee krindi samasyalatho vaaru elaa vyavaharistaaranae daanipai bhinnamgaa untaayi.
prapanchavyaaptamgaa.
chaalaa deshaalu vyaktigata aadaayaaniki jaateeya sthaayilo pragatiseela retlanu upayoginchi pannu vidhistaayi, ayithe konni deshaalu chadunaina retunu upayogistaayi. jaateeya sthaayilo vyaktigata aadaayampai flat pannu unna ledhaa unna chaalaa deshaalu maajee communistu deshaalu ledhaa dveepaalu.
konni deshaalalo, jaateeya prabhutvaaniki adanamgaa vyaktigata aadaayaaniki pannu vidhinchadaaniki upavibhaagaalu anumatinchabaddaayi. eee upavibhagalalo chaalaa varaku tama jaateeya prabhutvam pragatiseela retlanu upayoginchinappatiki, oka sthiramaina retunu upayogistaayi. nordic deshaalaloni anni counteelu mariyu munisipaalitiilu, japaanlooni anni prefecturelu mariyu munisipaalitiilu mariyu italii mariyu united states yokka konni upavibhaagaalu udaaharanalu.
vyaktigata aadaayampai chadunaina pannu unna adhikara paridhi.
diguva pattika vyaktigata aadaayaaniki oka prabhutva sthaayi dwara matrame pannu vidhinche adhikara paridhini jabita chestundi, idhi oka sthiramaina retunu upayogistundi. indulo swatantra deshaalu mariyu itara swayampratipatti gala adhikara paridhi unnaayi. jabita cheyabadina pannu raetu pani nundi vachhe aadaayaaniki vartistundi, conny saamaajika bhadrataku tappanisari sahakaranni kaligi undadu. konni adhikara paridhulalo, vividha raetlu (flat kooda) pettubadula vanti itara rakaala aadaayaalaku vartistaayi.
upa jaateeya adhikara paridhi.
diguva pattika vyaktigata aadaayaaniki bahula prabhutva sthaayila dwara pannu vidhinche adhikara paridhini jabita chestundi, mariyu kaneesam oka sthaayi flat retunu upayogistundi. jabita cheyabadina pannu raetlu, vaerae vidhamgaa perkonnavi tappa, pani nundi vachhe aadaayaaniki vartistaayi. raetla shreni jabita cheyabadina chota, flat raetu sthaanaanni batti maarutundani, pragatiseela raetlu kaadani ardham.
shaashwata janabha laeni adhikara paridhi.
shaashwata janabha laenappatikee, konni adhikara paridhulu taatkaalika kaarmikula sthaanika aadaayaaniki chadunaina retunu upayoginchi pannu vidhistaayi.

