selenant

selinunte (,;;;) italeelooni sisily nairuti teeramlo unna magna gracia yokka goppa mariyu vistrutamaina puraatana greeku nagaram. idhi cotone mariyu modeon nadula loyala madhya undhi. idhi ippudu castevetranolo undhi, paschimaana trissina dii selenunt mariyu thoorpuna marinella dii selenunt madhya undhi. 
puraavastu pradaesamloe cree. puu. 550 naati aneka goppa devalayalu unnaayi, veetilo aidu acropolis meeda kendrikrutamai unnaayi.
creepoo 409 kii mundu daani sikharagra samayamlo, baanisalanu minahayinchi 30,000 mandhi nivaasitulu undavacchu. idhi cree puu 250 loe naasanam cheyabadindi mariyu vidichipettabadindi mariyu eppuduu tirigi aakraminchabadaledu.
charitra.
aaa dveepam yokka nairuti teeramlo, adhe paerutoe unna chinna nadhi mukhadwaram vadda, mariyu hypesos nadhi (aadhunika belis) kii paschimaana 6.5 kii. mea. dhooramlo unna sisileelooni greeku kaalaneelalo selinunte atyanta mukhyamainadi. charitrakaarudu thucidides prakaram, megara haibleya yokka maatru nagaramaina greesloni megara haibleya nundi valasavaadula sahayamtho, megara haibleya punaadi vesina sumaru 100 samvatsaraala taruvaata, pummillus anae vyakti naayakatvamlo, sisilian nagaramaina megara haibleya nundi oka kaalanee dheenini sthaapinchindi. daani punaadi teedeeni khachitamgaa nirnayinchalemu, endukante thucidides dheenini megara haibleya punaadini soochinchadam dwara matrame suuchistumdi, idhi khachitamgaa teliyadu, conny idhi sumaru 628 BC loe unchabadavachhu. diodorus dheenini 22 samvatsaraala kritam ledhaa 650 BC loe unchutundi, inca hyronimus inca 654 BC loe undhi. bahusha chaalaa matuku avakaasam unna thucidides nundi thedhee, eee munupati teedeeki anukuulamgaa ledhu. eee paeru akkadikakkade perigina adavi aakukuurala () parimaanaala nundi udbhavinchindani bhaavistunnaaru. adhe kaaranamtho, vaaru tama nanelapai selarii aaku chihnamgaa sweekarinchaaru.
sisileelooni greeku kaalaneelalo selinunte atyanta paschima praantamgaa undedi, eee kaaranamgaa vaaru tvaralo paschima sisileeki chendina phoenitianlu mariyu dveepaaniki paschimaana mariyu vaayuvyamlo unna sthaanika sisiliyanlatho parichayam erpadindi. phoenitianlu modata vaaritho vibhedinchinatlu anipinchadu; conny cree. puu. 580 natiki selenantinelu sejestaaloni greeketara elemian prajalatho satrutvamlo nimagnamai unnaaru, vaari bhuubhaagam vaari swantha sarihaddulanu kaligi undhi. roads mariyu nidus nundi valasa vacchina vaari samuuham, taruvaata lipara sthaapinchi, eee sandarbhamgaa sejestanlaku maddatu ichindi, idhi vaari vijayaniki daariteesindi; conny sejestaanlu mariyu selenantinela madhya vivaadaalu mariyu satrutvaalu tarachugaa sambhavinchinatlu anipistundi, mariyu diodorus 454 BC loe sejestaanlu lillibianlatho (aadhunika marsala) yuddhamlo unnatlu matladetappudu, selenantinelu nijamgaa prajalu anie ardham.
aaa samayamlo sejestaatho sarihaddunu yerparachinatlugaa kanipinche majaras nadhi, selenantku paschimaana 25 kii. mea. la dhooramlo matrame undhi; kontakaalam taruvaata selenante bhuubhaagam daani odduku vistarinchindani, aaa nagaram daani mukhadwaram vadda oka koota mariyu emporium kaligi undani khachitamgaa undhi. marovaipu selenunt bhuubhaagam khachitamgaa hollicus (aadhunika platani) varaku vistarinchindi, daani mukhadwaram vadda minova ledhaa heraclia kaalaneeni sthaapinchindi, dheenini taruvaata pilicharu. anduvalla, selenunt appatike goppa saktini mariyu sreyassunu saadhinchindani spashtamgaa undhi; conny daani charitra gurinchi chaalaa takkuva samacharam migili undhi. sisilian nagarallo chaalaa varaku maadirigaane, idhi oka alpajanarajyam nundi oka dourjanyaaniki maarindi, mariyu sumaru cree. puu. 510 loe pethagorus anae niyantaku lobadi undhi, athanu dorius sahacharulalo okaraina sparton urillion sahayamtho padagottabaddadu. urillion swayamgaa kontakaalam nagaranni paripaalinchaadu, conny selinantainlache vaegamgaa padagottabadi maraninchaadu. hamilkar (cree. puu. 480) yokka goppa dandayaatra samayamlo selenantinelu kaartaginiyanlaku maddatu icchaaru; vaaru carthaginian sainyaniki oka dalam pamputamani kooda vaagdaanam chesaaru, conny idhi himera yuddhamlo hamilkar otami taruvaata varaku raaledu.
selenantinelu kri. puu. puu taduparigaa prastaavinchabaddaayi, siraakuusanlanu throssibulusnu bahishkarinchadaaniki sahaayapadataaniki sisileelooni itara nagaraalato sahakaristunnaayi. kristupurvam 416 loe athenian dandayaatraku mundu selenunt gurinchi matlade thucidides, bhoomi mariyu samudram dwara yuddhaaniki goppa vanarulanu kaligi unna mariyu daani devalayalalo pedda mottamlo sampada nilvalu kaligi unna saktivantamaina mariyu sampanna nagaramgaa matladadu. diodorus kartejin dandayaatra samayamlo kooda dheenini suuchistumdi, idhi sudeerghakaalam prasaantatanu aasvaadinchindi mariyu aneka janabhanu kaligi undhi. selenunt godalu sumaru oka praantaanni chuttumuttayi. cree puu aidava sataabdamloo nagaram yokka janabha 14,000 nundi 19,000 mandhi varaku untundani anchanaa veyabadindi.
sisilian dandayaatra.
creepoo creepoo, selinunte mariyu sejesta madhya munupati vivaadaala punaruddharana sisileeki goppa athenian dandayaatraku daariteesindi. selenantinelu sahayam kosam syracusenu pilicharu, mariyu sejestanlanu digbandhinchagaligaaru; conny sejestanlu sahayam kosam ethenlaku vignapti chesaaru. sejestanu rakshinchadaaniki athenianlu takshana charya teesukunnatlu kanipinchadam ledhu, conny sejesta chuttoo etuvanti sangharshana namodu cheyabadaledu. athenian dandayaatra modata sisily (cree. puu. 415) loe vachinappudu, thucydides general nisiyasnu athenianlu okesari selenantga munduku sagalani mariyu selinantainlanu mitamaina nibandhanalatho longipovalani balavantam cheyaalani pratipaadinchaaru; conny eee salaha raddu cheyabadindi mariyu badulugaa dandayaatra syracuseku vyatiraekamgaa prayaaninchindi. phalitamgaa, selenantinelu tadupari karyakalapalalo chinna paatra matrame poeshinchaayi. ayithe, vaaru siraakuusanlaku dalaalanu andistunnatlu aneka sandarbhaallo prastaavinchabaddaaru; mariyu jilippasku maddatugaa pampina pedda peloponnesian dalam cree. puu. 413 vasantakaalamlo africa tiiraaniki oka tuphaanu kaaranamgaa tarimikottabadindi.
carthage dwara swaadheenam chesukunnaru.
athenian aayudhaala otami spashtamgaa sejestanlanu vaari pratyarthula daya meeda vadilivesindi. vaaru vivaadaaniki asalu amsamgaa unna sarihaddu jillaanu selenanteku appaginchaaru. ayithe, selenantinelu eee raayitheetho santrupti chendaledu, mariyu vaaripai tama satrutvaanni konasaaginchaaru, sejestanlu carthage nundi sahayam koradaniki daariteesindi. kontha sankocham taruvaata, carthage oka chinna dalaanni pampaadu, daani sahayamtho sejestanlu selinantainlanu yuddhamlo oodinchaaru. taruvaati vasantakaalamlo (cree. puu. 409) kaartaginiyanlu 100,000 mandhi purushulatho kuudina vistaaramaina sainyanni pampaaru, athi takkuva puraatana anchanaa prakaram, hannibal mago (himeralo champabadina hamilkar manavadu) netrutvamlo. sainyam lillibeum vadda digi, akkadi nundi neerugaa selenantku kavaatu chesindi. nagara nivaasulu atuvanti saktini oohinchaledu mariyu daanini pratighatinchadaaniki puurtigaa siddhamgaa laeru. nagara kotalu, aneka pradaesaalaloo, marammatu cheyabadaledu, mariyu syracuse, akragalu (aadhunika aggregento) mariyu zela dwara vaagdaanam cheyabadina saayudha dalaalu siddhamgaa laevu mariyu samayaniki raaledu. selenantinelu carthagenianlatho tamantata taamugaa poraadaaru mariyu godalu virigina tarvaata kooda vaari vyaktigata illanu rakshinchadam konasaaginchaaru. ayithe, satruvu yokka adhika sankhya pratighatananu nissahayamgaa chesindi, padhi rojula muttadi taruvaata nagaranni swaadheenam chesukuni, chaalaa mandhi rakshakulanu champaru. muulaala prakaram, selenunt pourulalo 16,000 mandhi champabaddaru, 5,000 mandhi khaideelugaa teesukobaddaaru, mariyu 2,600 mandhi saamrajyam aadhvaryamlo akraagaalaku paaripoyaaru. tadanantaram, praanaalatoe bayatapadinavaru mariyu paaripoyinavaaru gananeeyamaina sankhyalo syracuse yokka hermocrates dwara kalisi, nagaram yokka godala lopala sthaapinchabaddaaru. kontakaalam tarvaata, hannibal nagara godalanu dhvamsam chesaadu, conny manugadalo unna nivaasulaku tirigi vacchi daanini carthage yokka upanadulagaa aakraminchadaaniki anumati icchaadu. selenunt pourulalo gananeeyamaina bhaagam eee pratipaadananu sweekarinchaaru, idhi taruvaata cree. puu. puu syracuse yokka nirankusa dionysius mariyu kaartaginiyanla madhya jarigina oppandam dwara nirdhaarinchabadindi.
vidhvamsam.
cree. puu. puu kaartejto jarigina yuddhamlo dionysiusku maddatu icchinappudu selenantinelu mallee prastaavinchabaddaayi; conny cree. puu. 383 shanti dwara nagaram mariyu bhuubhaagam rendoo mallee carthagenianlaku ivvabaddaayi. dionysius thana maranaaniki kontakaalam mundu daanini tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnappatiki, adhi tvaralo carthagenian niyantranaku tirigi vachindi. cree. puu. 383 oppandam dwara sisileeloo carthaginian dominian yokka thoorpu sarihaddugaa sthaapinchabadina holicus nadhi, taatkaalika antaraayaalu unnappatikee, saadhaaranamgaa sarihaddugaa konasaginatlu telustondi; mariyu cree. puu. 314 loe agathoclestho oppandam dwara mallee sarihaddugaa nirnayinchabadindi. eee chivari oppandam spashtamgaa selenunt, alaage heraclia mariyu himera, munupatilage carthage yokka amsaalugaa unnayani nirdesinchindi. ayithe, cree. puu. puu, sisileeki pirahas dandayaatra samayamlo, heraclianu swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata selenantinelu swachchandamgaa pirahaslo cheraaru. modati punic yuddham natiki, selinunte mallee carthaginian niyantranalo undhi, mariyu daani bhuubhaagam padepade romanlu mariyu kaartaginiyanla madhya sainika karyakalapala rangasthalamgaa undedi. conny yuddham mugiselopu (sumaru cree. puu. 250), kaartaginiyanlu venakki lagadam praarambhinchi, veelainanta takkuva pradaesaala rakshanaku tamanu taamu parimitam chesukunnappudu, vaaru selenante nivaasulandarinii lilibayamku tolaginchi nagaranni naasanam chesaaru.
idhi ennadoo punarnirminchabadaledani telustondi. pliny dhi elder daani paerunu ("selenus opidum") prastaavinchaadu, idhi athani kaalamlo ippatikee oka pattanamgaa unikilo unnatlugaa, conny strabo daanini antarinchipoyina nagaraalato vargeekaristundi. tolemy, selenus nadhi gurinchi prastaavinchinappatikii, aaa perunna oka pattanaanni prastaavinchaledu. puraatana nagaram nundi tama paerunu pondina tharma selenantia (aadhunika siakka vadda), romanla kaalamlo chaalaa tarachugaa vachinatlu anipistundi, selenante nundi 30 kimmy dhooramlo unnaih avi sulphorus springlu, ippatikee vaati vaidya lakshanaalaku chaalaa viluvainavi, mariyu sisileelooni chaalaa ushna jalaala maadirigaane, shaan collogeroku ankitam cheyabaddaayi. taruvaati kaalamlo vaatini aakve labodlu ledhaa larodlu anie pilicheevaaru, eee paerutoe avi prayaanaalalo kanipistaayi.
puraavastu avasheshaalu.
eee nagaram samudram pakkana, paschimaana modeon nadhi (puraatana selenus) mariyu thoorpuna catone nadhi madhya, irukaina istmas dwara anusandhaaninchabadina rendu ettaina praantaalalo undhi. dakshinaana unna nagaramloni samudram pakkana unna bhaagamlo, rendu koodali veedhula chuttoo unna acropolis undhi mariyu aneka devalayalu (a, b, c, d, o) unnaayi. uttaraana unna mannujja kondapai unna nagaramloni bhaagam, marinta lothattu, acropolis mariyu rendu necropolis (galera-bagliazo mariyu manuja) thoo samakaaleena hippodamian pranaalikapai gruhalanu kaligi undhi.
nagaraniki thoorpu mariyu paschimaana nadula meedugaa unna ettaina pradaesaalaloo itara mukhyamaina avasheshaalu kanipistaayi. thoorpuna aadhunika marinella graamaaniki uttaraana moodu devalayalu (ii, eff, zii) mariyu oka samadhi (bafa) unnaayi. paschimaana selenus yokka atyanta puraatana avasheshaalu unnaih malophoros abhayaaranyam mariyu puraatana necropolis (pipio, manikalungaa, timpone neero). nagaramloni rendu odarevulu nagaramloni rendu nadula mukhadwaralalo undevi.
sumaru 270 hectorla vistiirnamloo unna aadhunika puraavastu udyaanavanaanni eee krindi praantalugaa vibhajinchavachhuh
acropolis.
eee acropolis sunnapurayi meeda undhi, dakshinaana samudramlo oka konda mukham padutundagaa, uttara chivara 140 meterla vedalpu varaku irukainadi. eee sthaavaram oka bhaarii trepazoid roopamlo undhi, uttaraana terroslalo (sumaru padakondu meterla etthu) pedda nilupudala godatho vistarinchi undhi mariyu chuttupakkala oka goda (padepade punaruddharinchabadindi mariyu savarinchabadindi), chadarapu raathi blaakulu mariyu lopali bhaagamlo oka kathinamaina raayi ("emplecton"). dheeniki aidu gopuraalu mariyu naalugu dwaaraalu undevi. uttaraana, cree. puu. naalugo sataabdam prarambham nundi acropolisnu counter wall mariyu towerlatho balaparicharu.
acropolis pravesadvaaram vadda, barberry samudrapu dongalanu nirodhinchadaaniki, puraatana tower ledhaa lighthouse avasheshaala paina, padahaarava sataabdamloo nirminchina tower off pollux anie pilavabadedi.
hippodamian pattana pranaalika cree. puu. naalugo sataabdaaniki chendinadi (i.ii. punic paalana kaalam varaku) mariyu rendu pradhana veedhulu (9 meterla vedalpu) dwara vibhajinchabadindi, ivi kudi konamlo daatutaayi (uttara-dakshina rahadari 425 meterla podavu, thoorpu-padmara 338 meterla podavu). prati 32 meterlaku avi itara chinna rahadaarulato (5 meterla vedalpu) kalustaayi.
acropolis sikharampai aneka doric devalayala avasheshaalu unnaayi.
aneka balipeetaalu mariyu chinna abhayaaranyaalu kaalanee modati samvatsaraalaku aapaadinchabadavachu, ivi daadaapu yaabhai samvatsaraala taruvaata pedda, marinta shaashwata devaalayaalato bharti cheyabaddaayi. veetilo modatidi devalayala sameepamlo unna "megaran" anie pilavabadedi. cree. puu. 409 loe vijayam saadhinchina taruvaata aalayam mundu oka poonic bully praantam undhi, indulo podi raathi nirmaanamtho nirminchina gadulu unnaayi, veetilo buudidanu kaligi unna kundeelapai carthagenian "torpedo" rakam yokka amphoratho paatu jama cheyabaddaayi. 
creepoo 490 mariyu 460 madhya nirminchina raathi neelamaaliga mariyu balipeetam minaha aalayam mariyu aalayam chaalaa takkuva avasheshaalu unnaayi. vaaru thoorpu kondapai unna aalayaaniki samaanamaina daadaapu okelanti nirmaanaalanu kaligi unnaaru. perisatile 6 x 14 niluvu varusalatho (6.23 meterlu etthu) 16.2 x 40.2 mea. lopala antislo oka pronos, aditantho kuudina oka nasos mariyu antislo opistodomos, nasos nundi vaerugaa undevi. naas anedi pronos kante oka adugu ekkuva mariyu aditon mallii oka adugu ekkuva. aalayamloni pronos mariyu navos madhya godalo rendu sarpila metlu paina unna gallery (ledhaa naela) kii daariteesaayi. aalayamloni pronas loe phoenitian devata tanit, cauduces, suuryudu, kireetam mariyu eddula thala yokka sanketha bommalanu choopinche mosaic pavement undhi, idhi punic kaalamlo mataparamaina ledhaa desheeya praantamgaa sthalaanni tirigi upayoginchadaanni dhruveekaristundi. oo aalayam posidone ledhaa bahusha atheenaaku ankitam cheyabadindi; dioskuri ledhaa bahusha apoloku aalayam.
aalayaaniki thoorpuna 34 meterla dhooramlo unna eee praantaaniki smaaraka pravesha dwaaram yokka avasheshaalu unnaayi, idhi oka tii aakaaramlo oka naela pranaalikatoe propyla roopaanni teesukundi, idhi 5 x 12 niluvu varusala peristyle thoo 13 x 5.6 meterla deerghachaturasramto mariyu 6.78 x 7.25 meterla maroka deerghachaturasramto roopondinchabadindi.
thoorpu-padmara veedhiki addamgaa rendava pavitra praantam undhi, idhi munupati daaniki uttaraana undhi. akkada, aalayaaniki dakshinaana c kii 580 nundi 570 BC varaku unna oka mandiram 17.65 meterlu podavu mariyu 5.5 meterla vedalpu undhi mariyu bahusha mataparamaina samarpanalanu nirvahinchadaaniki uddesinchina "megaran" yokka puraatana roopaanni kaligi undhi. pronos lenanduna, thoorpu chivara unna pravesha dwaaram neerugaa navosloki vellindi (dheeni madhyalo paikappunu pattukunna chekka stambhaalaku rendu sthaavaraalu unnaayi). venuka bhaagamlo oka chadarapu aditon undhi, dheeniki taruvaati kaalamlo moodava sthalam jodinchabadindi. eee mandiram bahusha smophorosnu tagginchadaaniki ankitam cheyabadindi.
aalayaaniki kudivaipuna hellenistic kaalam nundi aalayam bii undhi, idhi chinnadi (8.4 x 4.6 meterlu) mariyu chedu sthithilo undhi. idhi naalugu niluvu varusalatho kuudina prostyle portikonu kaligi undhi, idhi tommidi metlatho metla dwara cherukuntundi, taruvaata pronos mariyu naas untaayi. untaayi polychrome gaara yokka spashtamaina jaadalu ippatikee kanipinchaayi. bahusha cree. puu. 250 loe nirminchabadindi, selenus manchi kosam vidichipettabadataaniki kontha samayam mundu, idhi 409 loe daani vidhvamsam taruvaata nagaram yokka niraadambaramaina punaruddharanaku dhruveekarinche ekaika mataparamaina bhavananni suuchistumdi. daani uddesyam aspashtamgaa undhi; gatamlo idhi selenantine chittadi neelala labdhidaarudu, empedocless yokka heron anie nammutaaru, conny eee siddhaantam ikapai sthiramgaa ledhu, bhavanam yokka teedeeni batti. nedu idhi oka balamaina hellenized punic cult anie bhaavistaaru, bahusha demeter ledhaa aslepius-eshmun.
cree puu 550 naati eee praantamloo sii aalayam atyanta puraatanamainadi. 1925-7 loe uttara vaipu padihedu niluvu varusalo padnaalugu tirigi nirminchabaddaayi, daanitoe paatu entablaturelo kontha bhaagam. idhi 6 x 17 niluvu varusala (8.62 meterla etthu) perisatile (24 x 63.7 meterlu) kaligi undhi. pravesha dwaaram enimidi metla dwara cherukuntundi mariyu rendava varusa niluvu varusalatho mariyu taruvaata pronosto oka portikonu kaligi untundi. daani venuka oke podavaina irukaina nirmaanamloo (puraatana lakshanam) naas mariyu aditon unnaayi. idhi praathamikamgaa thoorpu kondapai unna aalaya pranaalikanu kaligi undhi. bahula amsaalu oka nirdishta prayogaanni mariyu doric aalaya namuunaa nundi vairudhyaanni chuuputaayi, idhi taruvaata pramaanamgaa marindi stambhaalu kuurchuni untaayi mariyu bhareevigaa untaayi (konni oke raatitoe kooda tayaaru cheyabadataayi), "entassis" lekapovadam, venuvula sankhyalo vaividhyaanni chuuputaayi, antarnirmita stambhaala vedalpu maarutuu untundi, muulalooni stambhaalu itarulakanna pedda vyasanni kaligi untaayi modalainavi. aalayamlo kanugonabadina vaatilo cornis alankarana nundi erupu, godhuma mariyu oodaa rangu polychrome terrakota yokka konni sakalaalu, pediment nundi oka bhaarii bankamatti gorgaon thala, persiusnu gorgaannu champadaaniki praatinidhyam vahinche moodu metoplu, sercoplatho heracles mariyu apolo yokka quadriga yokka mundu drushyam, ivanni museo archaeologico dii palermolo unnaayi. epigraphic sakshyam ledhaa bahusha heracles prakaram, ikkada vandalaadi mudralu kanugonabadinanduna, bahusha aalayam sii oka archivega panichesindi. british vaastusilpulu shamyul angel mariyu vilium haaris vaari sisily paryatanalo selenus vadda tavvaaru, mariyu puraatana aalayam nundi silpaalu chesina metoplapy vacchaaru.sthaanika borban adhikarulu vaarini aapadaniki prayatninchinappatikii, vaaru tama panini konasaaginchaaru, mariyu british museum kosam uddesinchina vaari anveshanhalanu inglaandku egumati cheyadaaniki prayatninchaaru. ippudu athenslo lard elgin karyakalapala pratidhvanulalo, angel mariyu haaris yokka sarukulanu borban adhikaarula balamtho palermoku mallinchaaru mariyu ippudu palermo archaeological museumlo unchaaru.
aalayaaniki thoorpuna daani deerghachaturasraakaara goppa balipeetam (20.4 meterla podavu x 8 meterla vedalpu) undhi, veetilo punaadulu mariyu konni metlu migili unnaayi. aaa taruvaata hellenistic agora praantam undhi. konchem munduku illa avasheshaalu unnaayi mariyu terrusku sarihaddulugaa oka doric portico (57 meterla podavu mariyu 2.8 meterla lothu) undhi, idhi acropolisku maddatu ichhe godalo kontha bhaganni chustundi.
taduparidi cree. puu. 540 naati aalayam. paschima mukhalu neerugaa uttara-dakshina veedhiloo unnaayi. 6x13 niluvu varusa namoonaalo (prati 7.51 meterla etthu) 24 meterlu × 56 meterlu peristyle untundi. antislo oka pronos untundi, podavaina nasos, idhi aditanlo mugustundi. idhi temple sii kante ekkuva praamaanikamainadi (stambhaalu koddigaa vangi untaayi, marinta sannaga untaayi, mariyu "entassis" kaligi untaayi, portikoku antislo distyle pronas maddatu istundi), conny idhi konni puraatana lakshanaalanu kaligi undhi, udaaharanaku inter calumiation podavu mariyu vyaasamlo vaividhyam niluvu varusalu, alaage prati niluvu varusaku venuvula sankhya. aalayam sii maadirigaane, peristyle mariyu naas yokka kalibatalo aneka vruttaakaara mariyu chadarapu kuharalu unnaayi, veeti paniteeru teliyadu. epigraphic sakshyam prakaram ledhaa bahusha kaamottejakulaku dii aalayam atheenaaku ankitam cheyabadindi. pedda bahya balipeetam aalaya akshaniki anugunamgaa ledhu, conny nairuti muulaku daggaragaa valuga unchabadindi, idhi munupati aalayam adhe sthalaanni vaerae akshampai aakraminchindani suuchimchimdi.
aalayaaniki thoorpuna oka puraatana mandiram neelamaaliga mundu oka chinna balipeetam undih aalayam y, dheenini chinna metopla aalayam anie kooda pilustaaru. kolukunna metopla etthu 84 centimeters mariyu cree. puu. 570 naatidi kaavacchu. avi profile crouching spinks, delphic tride (leto, apolo, artemis) nuu drudamaina frontal vyuuloo mariyu europa yokka repnu varnistaayi. maroe rendu metoplanu cree. puu. 560 nativiga cheppavacchu mariyu hermocrates goda nirmaanamloo recycle cheyabaddaayi. avi demeter mariyu core (ledhaa helios mariyu selene? apolo?) mariyu mugguru mahilalu dhanyam chevulu pattukunna eleusinian veduka (demeter, core, mariyu heckett? moir?). vaatini antonino salinas praantiiya puraavastu museumlo unchaaru.
sii mariyu dii devalayala madhya recycle chesina raatitoe nirminchina aidava sataabdam AD looni byzantine graamam yokka sidhilaalu unnaayi. aalaya stambhaala koolipovadamtho konni illu neelakuulina vaastavam madhyayuga kaalamlo selenantine devalayala kuulipoevadaaniki kaaranamaina bhookampam sambhavinchindani choopistundi.
uttaraana, acropolis nagaramlo rendu vantulanu kaligi undhi (oka paschimam mariyu marokati pradhana uttara-dakshina veedhiki thoorpu), cree. puu. 409 taruvaata hermocrates chetha punarnirminchabadindi. illu niraadambaramgaa untaayi, recycle chesina padaarthaalatho nirminchabaddaayi. vaatilo konnintini kotha siluvalugaa kaligi unnaayi, ivi taruvaata kraistava bhavanaluga sweekarinchabaddaayi ledhaa kraistavulu nivasinchaaru anae sanketamgaa unnaayi.
marinta uttaraana, nivaasa pradhana praantaaniki mundu, acropolis rakshana kosam goppa kotalu unnaayi. avi aneka khajaanaalato kuudina maargaalato kuudina podavaina gallery (modata kappabadi) thoo samaantaramgaa untaayi, taruvaata oka vantena dwara daatina lothaina rakshanaatmaka gunta, paschima, uttara mariyu thoorpu vadda moodu ardha vruttaakaara towerlatho untaayi. uttara gopuram velupala (daani bays vadda aayudhaala dukaanam undhi) thoorpu-padmara kandakaaniki pravesha dwaaraalu, rendu godalalo margalu unnaayi. kotallo oka chinna bhaagam matrame paatha nagaraniki chendinadi-avi ekkuvagaa hermocrates punarnirmaanam mariyu nalgava mariyu moodava sataabdaalaloo varusa marammatula nundi vachayi. nirmaana amsaalu recycle cheyabadina vaastavam, konni devalayalu ippatike cree. puu. 409 loe vadiliveyabaddaayani choopistundi.
manuja konda.
nagaram yokka pradhana nivaasa bhaagam manuja kondapai undhi, aadhunika rahadari oka praantam yokka sarihaddunu bhaarii trepazoid roopamlo velikiteestundi. mottam praantam hippodamian pranaalikapai (vaimanika chayachitrana dwara punarnirminchabadindi), acropolis nundi konchem bhinnamaina dhoranilo, 190 x 32 meterla uttara-dakshina disalo podavaina insulaatho roopondinchabadindi, ivi modata rakshanaatmaka godatho chuttumuttabaddayi. eee praantamloo kramabaddhamaina tavvakaalu jaragaledu, conny konni sondejeelu unnaayi, ivi selenus (cree. puu. edava sataabdam) punaadi nundi eee praantamloo nivasinchinatlu dhruvikarinchayi, anduvalla idhi nagaram yokka taruvaata vistarana kaadu.
kaadu selenus naasanam ayina taruvaata, nagaramloni eee praantam tirigi nivasinchabadaledu. hermocratelache tirigi vacchina saranaarthulu acropolislo matrame sthirapaddaaru, idhi marinta rakshanaatmakamainadi.
rakshanaatmakamainadi kondapai oka tufa nirmaanam kanugonabadindi, bahusha cree. puu. aidava sataabdaaniki chendina oka praja bhavanam.
marinta uttaraana, gruhaalaku minchi, rendu necropolis unnaih manujja mariyu paatadi (edava mariyu aarava sataabdam) okati galera-bagliazolo undhi.
agora.
2020 nundi, 33000 chadarapu meterla vistiirnamloo puraatana prapanchamlooni atipedda agora yokka roopurekhalanu kanugonnaru, idhi rome yokka piazza dell popolo kante rendu retlu ekkuva. kristupurvam 6va sataabdaaniki chendina agora nagaram madhyalo undhi, dheeni chuttoo prabhutva bhavanalu mariyu nivaasa gruhalu unnaayi. munupati tavvakaalalo agorapai oke oka puraavastu lakshanam matrame velladaindi madhyalo oka khaalii samadhi, bahusha vyavasthaapakudidi. 
thoorpu konda.
thoorpu kondapai moodu devalayalu unnaayi, ivi oke uttara-dakshina akshamlo oke praantamloo unnappatikee, oke pavitramaina sammelanam ("temenos") kii chendinavi kaavu, endukante alayanni aalayam nundi vaeru chese goda undhi. eee pavitra samudaayam megara yokka paschima vaalulatoe balamaina samaantaraalanu kaligi undhi, selenus mothercity, ivi moodu devalayala aaraadhanala saraina aapaadimpuku upayogapadataayi (bahusha anivaaryamainavi).
eee moodintilo iteevalidi, idhi 460-450 BC naatidi mariyu acropolis looni devalayalu a mariyu o thoo chaalaa saaruupya pranaalikanu kaligi undhi. daani prastuta roopaanni 1956 mariyu 1959 madhya vivadaspadamga nirvahinchina anastillosis (asalu padaarthaanni upayoginchi punarnirmaanam) phalitamgaa choopabadindi. peristyle anedi 6 x 15 kaalam namuunaatoe (prati 10.19 meterlu etthu), stucko yokka aneka jaadalatho, idhi modata migili undhi. idhi varusa sthaayila vyavasthanu srushtinche bahula metlatho kuudina aalayam padhi adugulu thoorpu vaipu pravaesaaniki daariteestaayi, pronos kriminasakalalo maroe aaru adugulu navosloki daariteestaayi mariyu chivaraku maroe aaru adugulu navos venuka bhaagamlo aditanloki daariteestaayi. daani nundi oka goda dwara vaeru cheyabadina aditon venuka, anticelo opistodomos undhi. naas godala paibhagamlo unna oka doric fraze loe prajalanu varninche metoplu undevi, veeti talalu mariyu mahilala nagna bhagalu parian paalaraayitho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi mariyu migilinavi sthaanika raatitoe tayaaru cheyabaddaayi.
naalugu metoplu samrakshinchabaddaayih heracles amazon antipopnu champadam, haeraa mariyu geous yokka vivaham, artemis vaeta kukkalu acteyannu cheelchiveyadam, athena diggajam enkelaadasnu champadam, mariyu marokati bahusha apolo mariyu daffney varninche marinta sakalaalu. avanni museo archaeologico dii palermolo unchabaddaayi. aalayam lopala mariyu aalayam krinda iteevala pradarsinchina eee-sondejeelu dheeniki mundu rendu itara pavitra bhavanalu unnayani velladinchaayi, veetilo okati cree puu 510 loe naasanam cheyabadindi. mataparamaina stelaapai saasanam chuupinatlugaa eee alayanni heeraaku ankitam chesaaru, ayithe kontamandi panditulu idhi nirmaanaatmaka samaantaraala aadhaaramgaa aafrodaitku ankitam cheyabadi undavacchani bhaavistunnaaru.
eee moodintilo athi puraatanamaina mariyu athi chinnadaina aalayam eff, cree puu 550 mariyu 540 madhya aalaya namuunaa c. devalayalalo idhi atyanta teevramgaa chitlinchabadindi. daani perisatile 6 x 14 kaalam namoonaalo (prati 9.11 meterla etthu) meterlu, niluvu varusala madhya sthalamlo raathi theralatho (4.7 meterla etthu), tappudu talupulu pilasterlu mariyu architrevlatho paint cheyabaddaayi-asalu pravesha dwaaram thoorpu chivaralo undhi. greeku devalayalalo pratyaekamaina eee terala uddesyam emito spashtamgaa teliyadu. kontamandi vaaru mataparamaina bahumatulanu rakshinchadaaniki ledhaa nirdishta aacharalanu (dionysian mysteries) nivaarinchadaaniki uddesinchinavaarani anukuntaaru.) praarambhinchani vaaru chuustunnaaru. lopala, rendava varusa niluvu varusalanu kaligi unna portico, oka pronos, oka naas mariyu oke podavaina, irukaina nirmaanamloo (puraatana lakshanam) oka aditon unnaayi.
thoorpu vaipuna, vaipuna jarigina tavvakaallo rendu chivari puraatana metoplu (cree. puu. 500 nativi) kanugonabaddayi, ivi rendu raakshasulanu champe prakriyaloo athena mariyu dionysusnu varnistaayi. nedu vaatini praantiiya puraavastu sangrahaalayam antonio salinaslo unchaaru. eee aalayam atheena ledhaa dionysusku ankitam cheyabadindani panditulu suuchimchaaru.
jendam selenus loe atipeddadi (113.34 meterlu podavu, 54.05 meterlu vedalpu mariyu sumaru 30 meterla etthu) mariyu greeku prapanchamlo atipeddadi. eee bhavanam, cree. puu. 530 nundi 409 varaku nirmaanamloo unnappatikee (nirmaana sudeergha kaalam shaili vaividhyam dwara pradarsinchabadindih thoorpu vaipu puraatanamainadi, ayithe paschima vaipu saastreeyamainadi), asampuurnamgaa undipoyindi, konni niluvu varusalapai venuvu lekapovadam mariyu padhi kilometres dhooramlo unna guha dii cusa vadda adhe kolatala kaalam drums uniki dwara choopabadindi, ippatikee velikiteeta prakriyaloo undhi (krinda chudandi).
bhaarii sidhilaala kuppalo 8 x 17 stambhaala (16.27 meterlu etthu mariyu 3.41 meterla vyaasam) peristylenu tayaaru cheyadam saadhyamavutundi, veetilo okati matrame matrame tirigi roopondinchabadinappati nundi nilabadi undhi, dheenini sisiliyanlo "luu fuse dii laa vechia" (vruddha mahila yokka spindle) anie pilustaaru. lopali bhaagamlo naalugu niluvu varusalatho kuudina prostyle pronos unnaayi, rendu lothaina aante godalu pilasterlalo mugustaayi mariyu moodu talupulu pedda navosku daariteestaayi. naas chaalaa peddadi mariyu moodu nadavalugaa vibhajinchabadindi-madhyalo bahusha gaaliki terichi untundi ("hypethros"). padhi sannani niluvu varusala rendu varusalu unnaayi, ivi rendava varusa niluvu varusalaku (gallery) maddatu istayi mariyu rendu parshwa metlu unnaayi, ivi paikappuku daariteesaayi. kendra nadava venuka bhaagamlo oka aditon undedi, idhi naas godala nundi vaeru cheyabadi puurtigaa daanilo undindi. aditon lopala, gayapadina ledhaa maranistunna diggajam yokka mondem alaage "grate table off selenus" anie piluvabade chaalaa mukhyamaina saasanam kanugonabadindi (krinda chudandi). venuka bhaagamlo anticelo opistodomos undhi, dheenini naas nundi access cheyalemu. shidhilaalalo konni puurti chesina niluvu varusalu rangu gaara jadalanu mariyu entablature yokka blacklanu chuuputaayi, ivi vaipula gurrapu naala aakaaramlo unna gaadidalanu kaligi untaayi. eee podavaina porala gundaa taadulu parigettabadi vaatini paiki ekkadaaniki upayoginchevaaru. aalaya zii bahusha nagaram yokka khajanaga panichesindi mariyu epigraphic aadharalu idhi apoloku ankitam cheyabadindani suuchistunnaayi, ayithe iteevali adhyayanalu dheenini geousku aapaadinchinatlu suuchimchaayi.
nadhi mukhadwaram vadda konda diguvana unna thoorpu naukaasrayam, idhi lopala 600 meterla kante ekkuva vedalpu kaligi undhi mariyu bahusha acropolisnu rakshinchadaaniki maccha ledhaa break vaatarnu kaligi undhi. idhi nalgava mariyu moodava sataabdaalaloo maarpulaku guraindih idhi vistarinchabadindi mariyu stambhaalu (uttara-dakshina disalo) mariyu nilva praantaala dwara chuttabadi undhi. selenus yokka rendu naukaasrayaalalo, rendoo ippudu buradatho nindipoyaayi, selenus-modeon nadipai unna paschima naukaasrayam pradhaanamainadi.
vaanijyam, vaanijyam mariyu naukashraya kaaryakalaapaalaku ankitamaina bahya nivaasaalu kondapraantaalapai bhaarii terroslapy erpaatu cheyabaddaayi
aadhunika marinella graamaaniki uttaraana bafa necropolis undhi
malophoros abhayaaranyam thoo kuudina gaggera konda.
oka maargam acropolis nundi, nadhi modeon meedugaa paschima konda varaku velutundi.
1874 mariyu 1915 madhya nirantaram tavvina, gaggera kondapai santanotpatti devataku chendina chaalaa puraatana selenantine abhayaaranyam avasheshaalu unnaayi. vividha samrakshana sthithulalo, eee samudaayam cree. puu. aarava sataabdamloo konda vaalupai nirminchabadindi mariyu bahusha vaaru maanikalungaa necropolisku vellae mundu antyakriyala ooregimpulaku oka kendramgaa panichesindi.
praarambhamlo, eee pradaesam khachitamgaa bhavanalu laenidi mariyu balipeetam vadda aaradhana paddhatula kosam bahiranga praantaanni andinchindi. taruvaata, aalayam mariyu ettaina aavarana goda ("temenos") nirmaanamtho idhi oka abhayaaranyamgaa maarchabadindi.
eee abhayaaranyamlo oka deerghachaturasraakaara aavarana (60 x 50 meterlu) undhi, idhi thoorpu vaipuna antislo (cree. puu. aidava sataabdamloo nirminchina) deerghachaturasraakaara propylia dwara pravesinchindi, dheeniki mundu chinna metlu mariyu vruttaakaara nirmaanam undhi. aavarana velupala, yaatrikulaku vividha balipeetaalu mariyu mataparamaina roopaallo tama sakshyalanu migilchina seetlatho podavaina portico ("stova") avasheshaalatho propylia chuttabadi untundi. aavarana lopala, madhyalo pedda balipeetam (16.3 meterla podavu x 3.15 meterla vedalpu), emukalu mariyu tyaagaala itara bhagala nundi buudida kuppa paina undhi. dheeniki nairuti disalo podigimpu undhi, ayithe munupati puraatana balipeetam avasheshaalu vaayuvya kona sameepamlo kanipistaayi mariyu balipeetam yokka aalaya vaipu oka chadarapu goyyi undhi. balipeetam mariyu aalayaaniki madhya raatilo chekkabadina oka kaaluva undhi, idhi uttaraana nundi, mottam praantam gundaa, sameepamloni neeti bugga nundi abhayaaranyam varaku neetini teesukuvelutundi. kaaluva daati vellinappudu, oka "megaran" (20.4 x 9.52 meterlu) roopamlo unna demeter aalayam, indulo oka crepidoma ledhaa niluvu varusalu laevu, conny venuka bhaagamlo oka samuchitamaina pronos, naas mariyu aditon kaligi untundi. pronosku uttara vaipuna oka deerghachaturasraakaara seva gadhi untundi. megaran punaadi sthaayilo matrame gurtinchadagina munupati dasanu kaligi undhi. aalayaaniki dakshinaana oka chadarapu nirmaanam mariyu aspashtamaina paniteeru kaligina deerghachaturasraakaara nirmaanam undhi. aalayaaniki uttaraana, temenos lopali mariyu velupala rendu gadulu terichi unna taruvaata kaalam nundi maroka nirmaanam aavaranaku dviteeya pravesha dwaranni yerparustundi. konda yokka upasamanamtho pooraadataaniki aavarana yokka dakshina godanu kramaanugatamgaa balopetam chesaaru.
propyliaku dakshinaana, aavarana godaku anusandhaaninchabadina maroka aavarana heckett kuu ankitam cheyabadindi. idhi oka chaturasram roopaanni santarinchukundi, thoorpu muulaloe, oka pravesha dwaaram sameepamlo, dakshina muulaloe anischita prayojanam kosam oka chinna chadarapu sthalam undhi.
uttaraana padihenu meterla dhooramlo geous mailichios (thene-tiyyati geous) mariyu pasikretiya (percephone) laku ankitam cheyabadina maroka chadarapu aavarana (17 x 17 meterlu) undhi, veetilo chaalaa varaku migili unnaayi, conny cree. puu. naalugo sataabdam chivarilo nirminchina vividha nirmaanaalanu ardham chesukovadam antha sulabham kaadu. idhi rendu vaipula vividha rakaala niluvu varusalatho (hellenistic portikolo bhaagam) chuttumuttabadina oka aavarana godanu kaligi untundi, aavarana venuka bhaagamlo ekasila doric niluvu varusalatho kuudina oka chinna prostyle aalayam (5.22 x 3.02 mea), conny oka ionic pravesam, mariyu aavarana madhyalo rendu itara. velupala, paschimaana, pavitrulu aneka chinna chinna stambhaalanu ankitam chesaaru, paina daiva janta (rendu mukhalu, oka purushudu mariyu oka stree) chitraalato nissara kothalu chesaaru. vaaritho paatu buudidalu mariyu naivedyaala avasheshaalu kanugonabaddayi, ivi chathonic devatala greeku aaradhana mariyu punic matam madhya kalayikaku aadharalu.
malophoros abhayaaranyam nundi chaalaa pedda sankhyalo kanugonabadinavi (annee palermoloni museumlo unchabaddaayi): kristupurvam edava nundi aidava sataabdam varaku terracotalo sumaru 12,000 mataparamaina bommalu, pouraanika drushyaala chekkina silpaalu; pedda bust aakaaramlo unna sensors, pedda mottamlo corinthian kundalanu (proto-corinthian chivari mariyu prarambha corinthian) varnistaayi, idhi aavarana pravesadvaaram vadda dorikina hodylache percephone yokka atyaachaaraanni varninche baas-releaf. kraistava avasheshaalu, mukhyamgaa monogram XP thoo kuudina deepaalu, cree. sha. moodava mariyu aidava sataabdaala madhya abhayaaranyam praantamloo kraistava mataparamaina samajam unikini niroopistaayi.
konchem munduku, gaggera konda vaalula nundi malophoros abhayaaranyam daani neetini pondhe vasantam undhi. dheeniki diguvaku yaabhai meterla dhooramlo unna bhavanam okappudu aalayam ("temple emm" anie pilavabade) anie nammutaaru, idhi vaastavaaniki oka smaaraka founten. idhi chaturasraakaarapu blaakulatoe nirminchabadina deerghachaturasraakaara aakaaramlo (26.8 meterla podavu x 10.85 meterla vedalpu x 8 meterla etthu), oka kunda, niluvu varusalatho portico dwara rakshinchabadina moosivesina pareevaahaka praantam mariyu daani mundu pedda chadunu cheyabadina praanthamtho naalugu metla pravesha metlatho untundi. eee bhavanam doric shaililo undhi mariyu aarava sataabdam madhyalo pradhanamgaa akkada kanugonna nirmaana terrakota dwara roopondinchabadindi. amazonomachitho kuudina metopla sakalaalu, sameepamlo kanipinchinappatikii, chinna, mruduvaina metoplanu kaligi unna bhavananiki chendinavi kaavu.
malophoros abhayaaranyam eshaanyamlo konni vandala meterla dhooramlo unna maroka megaran iteevala tavvabadindi.
necropolis.
selenus chuttoo necropolisga upayoginche konni praantaalanu gurtinchavacchu.
guha dii kusa.
selenus nundi padamudu kilometres dhooramlo unna campobello dii mazara sameepamlo sunnasila oddutho guha dii cusa (cusa kwaareelu) roopondinchabaddaayi. avi raathi kwaareelu, veeti nundi selenus bhavanalaku padaarthaalu vachayi. khagola khajanalalo atyanta mukhyamaina amsam cree. puu. 409 loe nagarampai daadi kaaranamgaa kaaryakalaapaalaku akasmaattugaa antaraayam kaliginchadam. quarymen, stonemassons mariyu itara kaarmikulu akasmaattugaa nishkraminchadam antey nedu punarnirmaanam cheyadam matrame kaadu, modati lothaina vruttaakaara kothalu nundi ravana cheyadaaniki vechi unna puurtayina drums varaku kwari prakriya yokka anni vividha dasalanu chudatam saadhyamavutundi. stambha drumlatho paatu, konni raajadhaanulu mariyu chadarapu blaakulanu travvadaaniki chadarapu kothalu kooda unnaayi, ivanni selenus devalayala kosam uddesinchabaddaayi. appatike velikiteesina drumlalo konni ravana kosam siddhamgaa unnatlu kanugonabaddayi, marikonni, appatike selenasku velle maargamlo rooddupai vadiliveyabaddaayi. konni bhaarii stambhaalu, khachitamgaa aalaya zii kosam uddesinchinavi, guha dii kusaku paschimaana unna praantamloo kanipistaayi, avi modata vidichipettabadina raashtramlo kooda unnaayi.
naanhelu.
selenus naanhelu aneka mariyu vividha rakalu. mundugaa, ippatike cheppinatlugaa, kevalam mundu bhaagamlo parsley-aaku yokka bommanu kaligi untundi. kontakaalam taruvaata teedeeki chendinavi balipeetam meeda tyaagam chese bommanu suuchistaayi, idhi esculapiusku pavitram cheyabadindi, daani krinda unna kodi suuchistumdi. eee rakamaina vishayam diogens lartius raasina oka kathanu spashtamgaa suuchistumdi, selenantinelu porugu nadhi prakkane unna bhoomula chittadi swabhaavam nundi tegullatho baadhapadutunnaayi, conny idhi paarudala panula dwara nayam cheyabadindi, idhi empedocless suuchimchimdi. konni nanelapai nilabadi unna oka vigraham nadhi-devudu selenus, athanu aaa vidhamgaa nagaram yokka sreyassuku anukuulamgaa untaadu.
london school off hygiene & tropical medicine yokka mudra cree. puu. 466 loe mudrinchina selenus naanem meeda aadharapadi undhi, dheenini shilpi mariyu pataka vijaeta allon guiredner vian arms (1882-1962) roopondinchaaru. idhi aarogyaaniki sambandhinchina rendu greeku devatalanu choopistundi-apolo, pravachanam, sangeetam mariyu aushadham yokka devudu, mariyu athani sodari artemis, vaeta mariyu pavitrata yokka devata, mariyu prasavamlo mahilala odaarpudaaru-gurrapu rathamlo. artemis driving chestunnappudu, aame sodarudu goppa dhanurdharaju baanaalu visurutaadu. paatasaala yokka ushnamandala karyakalapalanu suuchimchadaaniki phalavantamaina kharjuram arachetini jodinchaaru, conny apolo mariyu artemisto kooda daggari sambandham undih vaari talli leto delos dveepamlo vaariki janmanicchinappudu, prasava samayamlo thana needanu ivvadaaniki oka aracheti adbhutamgaa udbhavinchindi. apolo kumarudu, aslepius, puraatana greeku vaidyaaniki devudu, mariyu tarachugaa oka paamutho mudipadi unna karranu pattukunnatlu choopabadindi. eee vaidyam chese aaraadhanalo roogi yokka prabhaavita bhaganni nokkadaaniki paamulanu upayoginchaaru. clepius kumartelu haijia (aarogyaaniki devata) mariyu ramabana (anni vyaadhulaku vaidyam chesevaaru). paatasaala yokka vaidya prayojanaalanu nokki cheppadaniki daani chuttoo oka paamu chuttabadina (vaidya vruttulaku chihnamgaa piluvabade) aslepius sibbandini mudra yokka adugubhaagamlo unchaaru. eee mudranu mudranu russell seavel design associates punahroopakalpana chesaaru, mariyu eee roeju prastuta paatasaala logolone unchaaru.

