
kalav lagao yaa

kalau lagou yaa, kalav lagao yaa, kala lagao yaa (), ledhaa paschima torres jalasandhi bhasha (aneka itara paerlu kooda, krinda chudandi), madhya mariyu paschima torres jalasandhi dheevulu, queensland, australiaku chendina sthaanika bhasha. konni dveepaalalo, ippudu idhi ekkuvagaa torres strait creol dwara bharti cheyabadindi.
1870-1880laloe valasarajyala sthaapanaku mundu, uttara cape yark australia, torres jalasandhi mariyu paschima provins/papuva nyuu ginia teeram vembadi torres jalasandhi saamskrutika praantamloo eee bhasha pradhana bhasha bhashaga undedi. idhi ippatikee poruguna unna paapuvanlu mariyu kontamandi aadima australianlu chaalaa vistrutamgaa matladataru. dheeniki enni mandhi pradhama bhasha matladevaru unnaro teliyadu. idhi 'telikapati' (saralikruta/videshee) roopaanni, alaage pidginised roopaanni kooda kaligi untundi. saralikruta roopam baadu mariyu porugu movalalo chaalaa prabalamgaa undhi.
paerlu.
eee bhashanu "kalav lagao yaa" thoo paatu aneka paerlatoe pilustaaru, veetilo chaalaa varaku ("kalav lagao yaa" thoo sahaa) maandalikaalu, spelling vaividhyaalu, maandalika vaividhyaalu mariyu vantivi-mariyu aangla padaala anuvaadaalu, "paaschaatya dveepa bhasha" mariyu "madhya dveepa bhasha" unnaih
thoorpu dveepavaasulu mariyu porugu paapuvaanlu kaalaa lagao yaa kosam upayoginche oka padam "yagger yagger", idhi "yagger" ("yaa" prasangam modalainavi) anae padam nundi vachindi.'+' gaar " saanubhooti clytic '(' priyamaina ',' dayachesi 'modalainavi.), tarachugaa paaschaatya mariyu madhya dveepavaasulu saanubhootigala ledhaa vyaamoham kaliginche manassu yokka chatraanni choopinchadaaniki prasangamlo upayogistaaru.
saahityamlo klai (kalav lagao yaa), kii (kalau kawau yaa), kulli (kulkalgou yaa), mye (muwalgou yaa) mariyu kaii (kaivaligou yaa) anae sankshipta padaalanu tarachugaa sankshipta padaalugaa upayogistaaru. aanglamlo "mabuyag" anae paeru, bhashaku oka paerugaa chaalaa vistrutamgaa undhi, idhi torres jalasandhiki cambridge dandayaatra dwara sthaapinchabadindi, dheeni bhashapai pradhana parisoedhana mabuyag materialtho jarigindi. kontakaalamgaa vidyaasamsthalalo aanglamlo ishtapade padam "kaalaa lagao yaa" ayinappatikee, sthaanikamgaa matladevaru eee roopaanni ellappuduu "vyaavahaarika" gaa bhaavinchevaaru. 2013 augustu 7naa haikortu icchina teerpulo, adhikaarika roopaanni upayoginchi "kalau lagou yaa" anae bhashanu adhikarikamga paerkonaalani nirnayam teesukunnaru.
okaritho okaru matladetappudu, matladevaru saadhaaranamgaa bhashanu "langus" 'bhasha' gaa suuchistaaru ledhaa klai/kulee "nangalpud muli", mye-kii "nangalpud/nangalpad muli", kii "nangalpad muliz" "mana bhasha matladandi" vanti padabandhaalanu upayogistaaru.zii. klai/kulee "nangalpudh muvuli, thanamunungu tidalai!"mye-kii" nangalpudh/nangalpad muvuli, thanamuningu tidaayi!"," kii "nangalpad muli, thanamulang tidaayile!"maa bhaashalo matladandi, vaariki ardham kaadu!'. "nangalpudh/nangalpad" antey aksharala "manalaage" anie ardham. x-dh mulaa + i-" nirmaanam 'x-laaga matladandi' anedi oka bhaashalo matladatanni suuchimchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi, udhaa.zii. kky "markaid muliz" "aanglamlo matladandi", "japanisad muliz" "japaneeyulalo matladandi", "dhaudhalgarh muliz" "papuvanlo matladandi", "mayand muliz" "maereeyam mirlo matladandi", "thanamud muliz" "vaari laaga matladandi, vaari bhaashalo matladandi". matladevaru okaritho okaru matladetappudu bhashanu suuchimchadaaniki klai/kulee "nangalpun yaa", mye-kii "nangalpan/nangalpan yaa", kii "nangalpan yaa", 'maa longuage' vanti naamamaatrapu padabandhaalanu upayoginchadam sarvasaadhaaranam.
bhougolika pampinhee.
kalau lagou yaa bhashanu paschima mariyu madhya torres jalasandhi dveepaalalo, papuva nyuu ginia ("naige dagem dhaudhay" "uttara-vaipu pradhana bhuubhaagam/khandam", "mogee dhaudhay" "chinna pradhana bhuubhaagam/khandam", "kii" magina dhaudhay "anie kooda pilustaaru) mariyu australia pradhana bhuubhaagam (" jay dagem dhaudhay "" dakshina-vaipu pradhana bhuubhaagam/khandam ", dheenini" koyi dhaay "" pedda pradhana bhuubhaagam/khandam "anie kooda pilustaaru) madhya matladataru, ayithe konni dveepaalalo ippudu idhi ekkuvagaa broken (torres strait creol) dwara bharti cheyabadindi.
paapuvaaloni torres jalasandhi sameepamloni konni gramalalo eee bhashanu modati bhashaga matladinatlu konni jaanapada charitra aadharalu unnaayi. dheenini gatamlo torres jalasandhiki eshaanyamlo daaru (dhaaru) yokka hammo (hiamo, hiamo) kooda matladevaru, veeru modata torres jalasandhilooni yama [yaam dveepam] nundi sthirapaddaaru, hiamo/hiamo/hiamo anedi yama yokka kivai uchchaarana. konni sataabdaala kritam daaru yokka kivoy valasarajyala nundi tappinchukovadaaniki hammo yokka pradhana bhaagam guruvaram dveepa samuuhaaniki maarindi.
vargeekarana mariyu bahya poolika.
eee bhasha paama-newgan bhaashalalo bhaagamgaa vargeekarinchabadindi. mariyu dheenini australian core (pamanyungan) mariyu papuwan mariyu austronatian ativyaapti gala mishrama bhashaga pariganinchi, papuwan bhaashalalo vargeekarinchandi. vyaktigata sarvanamalu saadhaaranamgaa australian, chaalaa varaku bandhuvula padaalu papuwan, mariyu mukhyamaina samudra/padava mariyu vyavasaya padajaalam austronatian.
kalav lagao yaa daani sameepa australian porugu desham urraditoe kevalam 6 saatam gnaanaanni kaligi undhi, maroe 5 saatam 'saadhaarana' padajaalam (vividha muulaala runaalu)-mariyu daani papuwan porugu desham marium mirr thoo 40 saatam saadhaarana padajaalam kaligi undhi. ivvabadina 279 proto-paman roopaalalo, 18.9% matrame kalav lagao yaalo khachitamaina saakshaatkaaraalanu kaligi undhi, inca 2.5 saatam undavacchu. bahusha' sambandham yokka samasyalanu vivarinche oka padam 'kulbai' (kky 'kulba') 'paatadi', idhi 'peddadi' 'peddadi' 'paatadi' anae metathetic saakshaatkaaram kaavacchu. eee bhasha yokka padajaalamlo 80 saatam australian kaanivi, mariyu indulo papuwan mariyu austronatian amsaalu unnaayi. boukert, bowern mariyu atkinson (2018) vaari namoonaalo kalav lagao yaa yea australian bhashalonaina atyadhika sankhyalo 'pratyaekamaina' (antey paama-kaani) roopaalanu kaligi undani kanugonnaru.
puraavastu aadharalu mariyu bhasha aadhaaraala dwara namodu cheyabadina moukhika sampradaayam mariyu saamskrutika aadharalu, nairuti papuva, torres jalasandhi mariyu cape yarklalo austronatian vaanijyam mariyu sthiranivaasaalu sambhavinchaayani chuupistunnaayi; eee bhaashalalo gananeeyamaina austronatian padajaalam undhi, veetilo eee krindi amsaalu unnaih
austronatian contentlo konni spashtamgaa aagneya papuwan austronatian
torres jalasandhi praantam yokka bhasha charitra sanklishtamainadi, mariyu 2500 samvatsaraalaku paiga paraspara charya sthaanika bhashala madhya aneka porala sambandhaaniki daariteesindi, veetilo torres jalasandhi praanta bhaashalalo eee krindi 'vaanijya' padaalu vanti aneka padaalu spashtamgaa saadhaaranam.
ayithe, paman (paama-newgan, australian bhashalu) mariyu trans-fly (papuwan) bhashala madhya saaruupyatalu kalav lagao yaa yokka bahya sambandhaala prasna kooda sanklishtamgaa untundi. konni unnappatikee, ivi mukhyamainavi kaavacchu, mariyu krinda perkonnavi vanti roopaalanu kaligi undavacchu, ivanni kalav lagaavlo kanipinchavu. ituvanti saaruupyatalu mitchell paerkonnatlugaa, chivari yugam chivarilo torres jalasandhi varadaku mundu unna lothaina sthaayi sambandhaanni suuchimchavachchu, ledhaa avi janyu vaarasatvam mariyu tadupari bhasha sambandhaanni suuchimchavachchu, alfar, bowern mariyu oo 'grady 2009 charchinchinatlugaa.
vyaktigata sarvanamalu.
kalav lagao yaa, marium mirr, kivoy mariyu uradi vyaktigata sarvanaamaala poolika typologylo saaruupyatalu mariyu thedaalanu chooputundi. uraditoe poliste, kalav lagao yaa oka puraatana typologyni kaligi undhi-ledhaa, badulugaa, uradi saadhaarana australian 1,2 mariyu 3 bahuvachanaalanu kolpoyi, aavishkarana chesindi. kivayiki 1-2 sarvanamalu laevu, ayithe merrium mirku daani kriya vyavasthaku anugunamgaa unde dwandwa mariyu trial/poukal sarvanaamaala samiti ledhu. uradi maadirigaane kalav lagao yaa vyavastha australiaku chendinadihi
"merrium mirr minaha, trans fly bhaashalalo kooda rendu lingaala purusha-stree vyavasthalu unnayani gamaninchandi, ayithe sarvanamalapai gurtinchabadaledu."
ayithe, eee vyavasthalo australian bhaashaashaastraaniki nijamaina aascharyakaramainavi laenappatikee, 1va mariyu 2va sarvanamalalo kalav lagao yaa aavishkaranalu chesinatlu spashtamavutundi, ivi krindi ca muulaalanu kaligi unnaih
2va vyakti dwandwa mariyu bahuvachana sarvanamalu aksharala 'meeru' ('engipel') mariyu 'meeru-vaaru' ('enjita [naa]') anie ardham vachhe roopaalapai aadharapadi untaayi, pradarsanalu dwandwa mariyu bahuvachananni gurtinche vidhamgaane (namamatra padanirmaana saastramlo marinta krinda chudandi).
charitrapurva avalokanam.
vividha upa-vyavasthala (padajaalam, vaakyanirmaanam, padanirmaanam) pariseelana eee krindi vaatini suchistundihi
konni praathamika mariyu nairoopya padajaalam, anni vyaktigata sarvanamalu (ink. "evaru" mariyu "emi/edhi"), konni kriyalu. naamamaatrapu mariyu kriyaatmaka padanirmaana shaastram (vishayam, agent, vastuvu, genetive,-l locative,-kaa dative, paripuurnamaina sadhana, asampoornamaina,-i/- iz (i) paripuurnamaina kriyaaseela) vanti konni vyaakaranaalu. eee typological vargaalu trans-fly bhaashalalo kooda unnaayi; kalav lagao yaa looni roopaalu spashtamgaa australian.
konni praathamika mariyu nairoopya padajaalam, konni kriyalu. konni kriyala yokka vividha sankhyala roopaalaku kriya sankhya mariyu vividha kaandam vanti konni vyaakaranaalu. sthithi/kadalika kriyalanu astitva mariyu sthira 'undandi' kriyalaga upayoginchadam. rendu vyaktigatam kaani sarvanamalu "naag/naga" 'elaa', "namit" 'eppudu' (rendoo papuva tiiraaniki dhooramgaa unna dveepaala mandalikam ayina keelo).
konni praathamika padajaalam, vyavasayam, padavalu, vaataavaranam, aakaasam mariyu samudram, konni nairoopya namavachakalu, konni kriyalu. bahusha "wadh" (kky "vaja") "astitva praamukhyata" (i.ii. 'adhi nijam... '), proto oshiyanik austronatian * wada' uniki '.
kalav lagao yaa loe kanipinche australian padha roopaalu mariyu nirmaanam nilupudalalugaa kanipistaayi, i.ii. vaarasatvamgaa vachinavi; asalu australian roopaalu pradhana sthaayilo maaraledu. idhi eee bhasha muulam pidgin/creol kaadani, balamaina bahya lexical mariyu vyaakarana prabhaavaaniki guraina australian bhasha anie suuchistumdi. eee bhasha oka classic sandarbham vale kanipistundi, dheenilo oka bhasha matladevaru sudeerghakaalam paatu bahubhashavadanni konasaginchi, maroka bhasha yokka amsaalanu grahinchaaru. austronatian mariyu papuwan ativyaapti australian dhvanisaastram mariyu vaakyanirmanaanni lothugaa savarinchaayi. australian laminal "nh/ny" mariyu "lh/Ly" mariyu apical "n" mariyu "l" yokka viruddhamgaa poyindi, vois cheyadam anedi dhwaniga maarindi mariyu "s", "z", "t", "d", "o" mariyu "ο" abhivruddhi chendaayi. idhi australian padajaalam yokka dhwani saastraanni kooda prabhaavitam chesindi, ikkada eee 'videshee' sabdaalu kooda sambhavistaayi.
australiayethara vishayamu pradhanamgaa nighantuvu (kriyalatho sahaa) gaa kanipistundi, mukhyamgaa samudram, vyavasayam, padava mariyu aakaasam/vaataavaranam/jyotishashaastramtho vyavaharistundi, saadhyamayye konni vaakyanirmaana padaalatoe. idhi chaalaa lexical runaalu mariyu pedda mottamlo nishkriyaatmaka dvibhaashaavaadam mariyu takkuva churukaina dvibhaashaavaadamto kontha nirmaanaatmaka runaalu teesukune vistrutamaina runa paristhiti yokka chitraanni andistundi.
torres jalasandhilo australian mariyu papuwan sthaavaraala gurinchi laade yokka chitram (1968), sudeergha kaalamlo australian bhashaku maarina papuwan mariyu austronatian matladevari paina perkonna drushtaamtaaniki maddatu istundi, austronatianlu saamskrutikamgaa suupar ratum ayinappatikee vaari bhashanu vidhinche sthithilo laeru. kontamandi austronatian vyaapaarulu (purushulu) parema (daaruku eesaanyam) loe sthirapadi sthaanika [proto-trans fly matlade] mahilalanu vivaham chesukunnarani ayana jaanapada charitra aadhaaraalanu samarpinchaaru. marinta apasavyatanu nivaarinchadaaniki, vaaru ventane torres jalasandhilo, modata thoorpu dveepaalaku, taruvaata madhya dveepaalaku, taruvaata mova, baadu mariyu mabuyaglaku valasa velli sthirapaddaaru. mabuyag, baadu mariyu movalalo vaaru aadimavaasulanu kanugoni, purushulanu champi, mahilalanu (mariyu bahusha pillalanu) unchaaru. eee kotta apasavyanni nivaarinchadaaniki kondaru saiba, duvan mariyu baayigu varaku vellaaru, anduvalla chaalaa mandhi saiba, duvan mariyu baayigu prajala telikapati rangu. laade sekarinchina bigu jaanapada charitra kooda bigu meeda pratyaksha thoorpu austronatian janyu prabhavanni chooputundi.
thoorpu trans-fly samuuham shivaarlalo sthirapadina, vivaham chesukunna, mariyu vaari pillalu dwibhasha ledhaa vaari tallula bhasha matladevaru, vaari tandrula bhasha gurinchi kontha parignaanam unna kontamandi austronatian purushula saamaajika sandarbham. sthaanika prajalu vyaapaarula bhasha matladavalasina avasaram ledhu, vaaru sthaanika bhasha matladavalasi vachindi. pillalu appudu sthaanika bhashanu matladataru, tandrula bhaashalo, mukhyamgaa tandrulaku saamskrutikamgaa mukhyamaina praantaalalo, vividha saamarthyaalatho.
eee prajalu appudu torres jalasandhiki maararu-marinta thoorpuna paapuvaato alaage austronatian matladevarito sthirapadina sambandhaalanu konasaaginchaaru (idhi kalau lagaavlooni austronatian content yokka vividha lakshanaala dwara soochinchabadindi)-mariyu australian janabhanu gananeeyamaina sankhyalo, pradhanamgaa purushulatho, aagneya papuwan austronatian bhasha matlade, vaari papuwan bharyalu mariyu vaari dwibhasha pillalatho paatu australian bhasha matlade vidhamgaa kapparu. kalakramena, sthaanika tallula bhasha yokka pradhana nirmaanam aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi, kottavaari papuvo-austronatian kantentnu tagina saamskrutika upa vyavasthalalo nilupukundi. saaraamsamlo idhi parema vadda austronatian vyaapaarulu asalu sthaavaram yokka 'replay' ayi undedi, mahilalu purushula bhashanu ardham chesukuntaru, conny mukhyamaina praantaalaku vaari bhaashalo konni bhaagaalanu nilupukuntuu nijamgaa matladavalasina avasaram ledhu. pillalu papuwan-austronatian mishramtho australian bhashaku kotta bhasha maarpunu srushtinchaaru.
anduvalla kalav lagao yaa mishrama bhasha, daani nighantuvu, dhvanisaastram mariyu vyaakaranamlo gananeeyamaina bhaagam australian muulam kaadu. pradhana naamamaatrapu, sarvanama mariyu kriya padanirmaana shaastram roopam mariyu vyaakaranam rendintiloonuu australian-ayithe vyaakaranamlo kontha mottam modati sthaanamlo trans-fly mariyu paman bhashalaku saadhaaranam. konni ardha vargaalu, kriya sankhya padanirmaana shaastram mariyu konni itara padanirmaana shaastram muulam australiayetharamainavi. daani padajaalamlo 80 saatam australian kaanivi. kalav lagao yaa lexicon, phonology mariyu vyaakarana upa vyavasthalalo paina perkonna vaati paraspara charya pidginisation mariyu creolisation kante shift mariyu runaalu teesukovadam dwara kalapadaniki ekkuva suuchistumdi.
bahya prabhavalu.
eee bhaashalo indonesia, malaysia nundi torres jalasandhi praantam velupala unna bhashala nundi kontha padajaalam kooda undhi.
philippean, inglish mariyu itara 'bayati vyaktulu'. ikkada paschima austronatian (indonesian, modalainavi) nundi padaalu unnaayi.) runaalaku sambandhinchi, uttara australia mariyu torres jalasandhini sandarsinchina makassanlu mariyu ilanti matsyakaarulu/vyaapaarulato airopaku puurvam sampradimpu rojullo ituvantivi konni bhaashaloki vachhe avakaasam undhi.
european anantara sampradimpu paaschaatya austronatian runa padaala udaaharanalu
bhaashalooni konni padaalu, avi paaschaatya austronatian runaalu anie bhaavinchi, parichayaniki mundu padaalugaa kanipistaayi. idhi bhaashalo mariyu porugu bhaashalalo roopam mariyu upayogam dwara suuchimchabadutumdi (eee padaalaloo konni chivariki arabic mariyu samskrutam nundi undavacchu).
aadhunika thoorpu austronatian (polynesian mariyu melanesian) nundi eee bhaashaloki runaalu pradhanamgaa mataparamaina ledhaa 'vidyaaparamaina' upayogam kaligi untaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, ituvanti padaalu khachitamgaa european vastuvulanu matlade vastuvulaku padaalu. eee krindi pattikalo oka minahaayimpu chivaridi, idhi saadhaaranamgaa 'imi' 'jeevita bhagaswamy yokka vyatiraeka linga thobuttuvu', 'vyatiraeka linga thobuttuvu yokka jeevita bhagaswamy' mariyu 'engawat' 'jeevita bhagaswamy yokka swalinga thobuttuvu', 'swalinga thobuttuvu yokka jeevita bhagaswamy' anae saampradaaya padaalaku badulugaa upayoginchabadutundi. ivi kooda adevidhamgaa saadhaarana vaadukalo 'sodari/kodalu' anae ardhamlo aangla runamaina 'mahila' (uchcharistaaru) dwara bharti cheyabaddaayi.
itara baibil runaalu puraatana greeku, latin mariyu baibil hebru nundi vachaih
rendu prarambha aangla vaddii runaalu bhaashalo bahuvachanamgaa kanipinchina daani nundi erpaddaayani chuuputaayi. chaalaa namavachakalu (eah) "-ell" pratyayamtho bahuvachananni yerparustaayi, mariyu (bii) namavachaka-aaropana ekavachanamlo kaandam tudi acchunu tolagistaayi, tadwara "tukuyapa-" 'swalinga thobuttuvu', bahuvachanam "tukuyapal", namavachaka-aaropana "tukuap". eee namuunaa kinda 'custard-aapil' anedi 'katitap', bahuvachanam 'katitapal', mariyu 'maami-aapil' (pavpav/boppayi) anedi 'mamiap', bahuvachanam 'mamiapal' gaa maarindi.
maandalikaalu.
naalugu pradhana maandalikaalu unnaayi, veetilo rendu bahusha antarinchipoye anchuna unnaayi, okati (kaivaligou yaa) poruguna unna kalav lagao yaa thoo kalavadam dwara. mandalikalalo rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva upabhaashalu unnaayi. swadesh lekkimpu aadhaaramgaa sagatu paraspara avagahana raetu sumaru 97 saatam untundi.
dakshina mandalikam uttara maandalikamtho daggari sambandham kaligi unna konni lakshanaalanu kaligi undhi, mariyu muralogue samuuham mariyu muwa thoo vyavaharinchae jaanapada charitra dheenini pratibimbistumdi, indulo courrage (hammo) puurveekulu modata dhaaru (taaru, torres jalasandhiki eshaanyamlo) nundi vacchaaru-mariyu gatamlo central torres jalasandhilooni yama nundi dhaaru meeda sthirapaddaaru.
maandalikaala namuunaalu.
"vaaru eee roeju mundugaane oka pedda chettunu nariki, oka padava tayaaru chesaaru."
antarleena roopamh
kalav lagao yaa yokka naalugu maandalikaala yokka konni isolect markerlu
maandalika bhedaalu.
phonology.
maandalikaala madhya dhvanisaastraparamaina thedaalu chaalaa arudu, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa appudappudu untaayi. saadhaarana thedaalu eee krindi vidhamgaa unnaih
vyavaharika chivari ottidi laeni acchula tolagimpu.
kulkalgou yaa mariyu kaiwalgou yaa loe kanipistundihi
kalau kaavou yaalo ituvanti tolagimpu arudu ledhaa appudappudu jarugutundi.
chivari ottidi laeni acchu vikarshanam.
kalav lagao yaa loe, saraina bhaashalo ituvanti tudi acchulu, "baeraa" 'pakkatemuka' thoo kuudina padaala chinna taragatilo tappa, chivari hallu yokka parihara podavutho (tadwara "burr"), kaandam loe oka chinna acchu unna mariyu chivari acchu saasvatamgaa tolaginchabadina padaala chinna taragatilo tappa, vaduka bhaashalo tolaginchabadataayi.
khachitamgaa cheppalante, eee prakriya tudi acchunu vibhajinchadam kaadu, conny tudi acchunu vistarinchadam, tudi acchunu vibhajinchadam anie nokki chebutaaru-"baeraa" 'rib'> "berr" vanti padaala vishayamlo tappa, ikkada prakriya tudi hallu, chivari acchunu hallulo 'cherchadam' dwara podiginchabadutundi. eee krindi padamlo chivari pedda aksharam oka vikiranam cheyabadina acchunu suuchistumdani gamaninchandih
atuvanti padaala yokka tiraskarana roopaallo, podavaina acchu kudinchabadutundi, mariyu chivari acchu vois cheyabadutundi, mariyu "berr" 'rib' vanti padaalaloo chivari acchu tarachugaa tirigi kanipistundihi
eee acchunu atikinchina/savarinchina roopaallo chinnadigaa cheyadam anni mandalikalalo undhi, ayithe itara maandalikaalu kontavaraku viruddhamaina podavunu nilupukunnayi, ayithe kalav lagao yaa ekkuvagaa 'marphophonological' podavu kosam kolpoyindi, ikkada okati ledhaa rendu aksharaala yokka bhavodvega padaalaloo (krinda chudandi) nokkicheppabadina acchu svayamchaalakamgaa namavachaka-accusative loe podavu avutundi; idhi rendava akshara ottiditoe ("marapi" 'veduru' loe vale) moodu aksharaala padaalaku kooda vartistundi.
kalav lagao yaa maandalikamlo chaalaa takkuva podavaina vairudhyaalalo okati "caba" nrutya pradarsana, vedurutho mudi modalainavi.'verses' caba, kaab " teddu, nau '(paatha kaivaligao yaa [kauraraigou yaa]' koraba ';' raa 'kramam tappakunda' kabaa, kaab 'loe kalav lagao yaa loe chinna' eah 'nuu ichindi). itara mandalikalalo ituvanti podavaina vairudhyaalu marinta vistrutamgaa unnaayi.
minahaayimpulu (1) "berr" 'rib "mariyu" kaab "' oor, teddu" mariyu (2) bhavodvega padaalanu kaligi unna chinna taragati ledhaa padaalu. bhavodvega padaalu antey airish, dutch mariyu german vanti bhaashalalo kontavaraku chinna padaalaku samanamga untaayi, ikkada 'chinna' hodaanu choopinchadaaniki nirdishta pratyayaalu jodinchabadataayi (varusaga '-inn', '-jay' mariyu '-chenn'/'-ell'/- 'leane'). bhavodvega padaalaloo suparichitamaina bandhutva padaalu [aanglamlo "mumm", "dodd" mariyu ilanti vatiki samaanamainavi] mariyu gaanam/kavitvam vanti bhavodvega sandarbhaalalo upayoginche padaalu untaayi.
chivari ii-glide tolagimpu.
kalau kaavou yaa looni oka chinna taragati padaalaku eee krindi vaatitho sahaa itara mandalikalalo kanipinche tudi ii-glide leduh
19va sataabdam madhya nundi chivari varaku porugu bhaashalalo kooda kauraraigou yaa (courrage) loe padha roopaalu, merrium mirr "copper" mariyu kauraraigou yaa "kupar"/"copper" 'berth card' vanti padaalu atuvanti padaalaloo chivari "-i"/"ö" paatha "* ɾ" yokka aadhunika roopaalu anie chuuputaayi.
vaakyanirmaanam.
pradhana vaakyanirmaana vyatyaasaalu
kriya pratikuula nirmaanam.
kalau kawau yaa minaha anni mandalikalalo, kriya pratikuula anedi shabda namavachakam yokka naamamaatrapu private roopam. eee roopam oka namavachakam vale, daani vishayam mariyu pratyaksha vastuvu genetivelo veyabadataayih
kalau kawau yaa mandalikam moukhika namavachakam private roopaanni maarpuleni kriya pratikuulamgaa upayogistundih
kriya kaalalu/amsaalu.
kalau kawau yaa maandalikamlo kriya padanirmaana saastrampai vibhaagamlo kaalalu mariyu amsaalu jabita cheyabaddaayi. itara maandalikaalu ekkuvagaa maarumuula bhavishyat kaalanni kolpoyayi, badulugaa alavatuga upayoginchadam; itara mandalikalalo maarumuula bhavishyattu saadhaaranamgaa 'bhavishyat atyavasaram' gaa unchabadutundi, ikkada atyavasaram bhavishyattulo aspashtamaina kaalanni suuchistumdi. kalav lagao yaa maandalikamlo 'chivari raatri' kaalam kooda undhi, ikkada kriyavisheshanam 'bangil'/'bangel' (taggina roopam 'bell') 'chivari raatri' anedi postclitic kriyaga maarindi, idhi 'ngül' 'ninna' anae kriyaavisheshanha namuunaanu anusaristundi, idhi gatamlo anni mandalikalalo 'iteevali gatha' kaala gurthugaa vyaakaranaparamgaa maarindi, kalau kawau yaa loe '-ngu' kuu tagginchabadindi. itara mandalikalalo 'bongel' 'ninna raatri' anedi puurtigaa panichese taatkaalika kriyavisheshanam, idhi neti gatam ledhaa iteevali gatamto kalipi upayoginchabadutundi.
maandalikaalu eee krindi anubandhaala roopaallo bhinnamgaa untayih
naamamaatrapu anubandhalu.
pradhana naamamaatrapu anubandha vyatyaasam dietive ending, idhi vividha mandalikalalo eee krindi roopaalanu kaligi undih
bahuvachanam/pratyayaanni kaligi undhi "-lye" (antarleena roopam) kooda rendu aksharaala kaandam thoo maandalika vaividhyam yokka chinna mottaanni chooputundi, ikkada kulkalgou yaa anedi "-lye" pratyayam yokka puurti roopaanni nilupukovadamlo itara maandalikaala nundi bhinnamgaa untundi, idhi tagginchabadindi 
"itara mandalikalalo "-l". moodu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva aksharaala kaandamlaloo, pratyayam anni mandalikalalo "-l" gaa tagginchabadutundi, ayithe oka aksharam kaandam thoo "-laay" (namavachakam upa-taragati "-thaay", "-ii", "-dhaay" prakaram vaividhyaalu) gaa unchabadutundi.
"buram" "'pandhi', condum" "buruma-", "bahuvachanam" "burumal" ""
"logg," "klai" "laaga" "'sthalam, illu, home iland', condum" "laga-", "bahuvachanam" "lagal", "kulli" "lagalai" ""
padajaalam.
maandalikaala madhya pradhana thedaalu padajaalaaniki sambandhinchinavi, eee krindi udaaharanalalo chudavachuhu
phonology.
hallulu.
alviolar fricatives mariyu fricatives kaligi unna ekaika australian bhasha kaalaa lagao yaa. ayithe, ivi alophonic vaividhyaalanu kaligi untaayi mariyu ivi australian bhaashalalo (saadhaaranamgaa mariyu conny viruddhamgaa) pramaanamgaa untaayi. eee taruvaati rendu anni vaataavaranaalaloo alophonelu mariyu oka padam chivarilo kanipinchavu, conny kanipinchavu; eee alophony poruguna unna papuwan bhasha baintho chaalaa pooli untundani gamaninchandi. alviolarlu minaha anni staplu mariyu fricative alophonelu kaligi untaayi, kabatti ledhaa, kaavacchu ledhaa, ledhaa, modalainavi kaavacchu. antekakunda, puurtigaa panichese vois-vois laeni vyatyaasaalu (,,,) kaligina konni australian bhaashalalo idhi okati-mariyu retroflex staplu laeni konni bhaashalalo idhi okati.
oke oka rotic, okati mariyu okati matrame unna konni australian bhaashalalo eee bhasha kooda okati. ayithe, mottamodati namodu cheyabadina mandalikam, kaiwalgou yaa (kauraraigou yaa [courreg]), tapp mariyu glide anae rendu rotics kaligi undhi; rotic glide saadhaaranamgaa itara mandalikalalo (mariyu aadhunika kaivaligou yaa) arudugaa sunnaga maarindi. porugu bhashalu sambandhita padaalanu kaligi untaayi, avih
ayithe, paadatamlo, mariyu uchcharistaaru, mariyu, vaastavamgaa eppuduu, mariyu kaadu.
gamanikah
acchulu.
gamanikalu
antargata punarnirmaanam mariyu porugu bhaashalatho poolika viruddhamaina acchu podavutho antarleena naalugu acchula nirmaanaanni suuchistumdi, ikkada antarleenamgaa "* i" saadhaaranamgaa uparitalaanni istundi mariyu antarleenamgaa "* a" saadhaaranamgaa uparitalaanni istundi "a" mariyu "Â", antarleenamgaa "* ó" saadhaaranamgaa uparitalaanni istundi mariyu antarleenamgaa "* u" saadhaaranamgaa uparitalaanni istundi mariyu (sameekaranam niyamaalanu batti itara saakshaatkaaraalu kooda unnaayi modalainavi).):
padaalu mariyu padabandhaalalo ottidi aadhipatyam valla bhasha takkuva sthaayi acchula maarpulaku lonavutundi. podavaina acchulu kudinchabadataayi, mariyu padaaniki mundu visaeshanhaalu, pradarsana vyasalu, upasargalu mariyu vanti marphimlu unnappudu chinna acchulu perugutaayi; veetini pratyayam chesinappudu padaalaloo kooda maarpulu sambhavistaayih
prakriyalu takkuva sthaayilo untaayi, avi 'svayamchaalakamgaa' undavu-maarpulu jaragavalasina avasaram ledhu mariyu spruhatho 'nirodhinchabadavachu'. saadhaarana prasangamlo, acchu chinnadigaa mariyu a nundi ′ varaku maarpu saadhaaranamgaa sambhavistundi, ayithe e nundi i mariyu o nundi u varaku maarpulu chedurumadurugaa untaayi mariyu ottidi laeni aksharaalalo chaalaa saadhaaranam.
chuttupakkala itara acchulu mariyu hallulatho acchula ekikarana kooda vistrutamgaa undhi, mukhyamgaa achukuh
swaravignaanam gurinchi.
paatha kauraregou yaa yokka dhwani shaastram yokka eee krindi saaraamsam mcgillivray (1852), breary (moor 1978loe), rae und haddon (1897) mariyu rae (1907) nundi sankalanam cheyabadindi. saadhaaranamgaa, okee mariyu kalau lagou yaa yokka aadhunika maandalikaala madhya (ρ yokka nilupudala kakunda) goppa dhwanisastra vyatyaasam unnatlu kanipinchadu.
ottidi.
ottidi namuunaalu aadhunika boyigu mariyu ngurupay prasamgamtho chaalaa pooli untaayi, eee vishayamlo atyanta sampradaayavaada maandalikaalu. eee krindi vaatilo praamaanika roopaalu bolled loe untaayi.
bicyllabic roopaalu.
ottidi praarambhamavutundih
konni roopaalu ("gru": goor 'cheraku' vantivi) bicyllabic padaalaloo viruddhamaina ottidi undani chuuputaayi.
bahula aksharaala roopaalu.
ottidi anedi prarambha ledhaa rendava aksharampai untundih
(1) praarambham
(2) rendavadi
aadhunika mandalikalalo vale maarpu chendina ottidi kooda sambhavinchinatlu kanipistundihi
acchulu mariyu dipthanglu.
ivi aadhunika bhaashalo unnatle unnatlu telustondi. saadhaaranamgaa acchu podavu kky loe unna vaataavaranamloonae kanipinchindi, ayithe "kavp" loe unnatlugaa, klai modal kinda kontha acchu podavu spashtamgaa kanipistundihi kaapu 'seed', kalau kaavou yaa/kulkalgou yaa "kaapu", kalau lagou yaa "kaapu".
brearley mariyu mcgillivray upayoginche spelling vyavasthalu ellappuduu acchula podavunu gurtinchananduna, antarleena acchu podavu yokka khachitamaina nilupudala mariyu vibhina roopaala abhivruddhini kolavadam kashtam. inca, avi padaalanu velikiteese vidhanam dwara pondadamtho (padaalu 'mandaginchinappudu' achulapai saadhaarana 'podavaina prabhavam' kaligi untaayi), avi acchula podavunu tappugaa gurtinchina konni sandarbhaalu unnaayi. ottidiki guraina aksharaalalo acchu koratanu rae gurtinchindi.
aadhunika bhaashalo acchulu mariyu dipthanglu edurkone vividha dhwani maarpulu kooda okilo sambhavinchaayi. aadhunika maandalikaala kante chaalaa ekkuva sambhavinchina oka maarpu "ii" monofthangisation nundi "ii". phalitamgaa vachhe "e" tarachugaa open ottidi laeni aksharaalalo "i" kii penchabadutundi.
maarpu leduh 
maarpu
aadhunika mandalikalalo, eee rupalu
ii" nundi "eee" gaa maarpu anedi maandalikamlo marekkadaina chaalaa saadhaaranam anipistundihi
oka phaaram aichhika i choppimpunu chooputundih
"gassumu-, gassima-": gassama-~ gassama-~ gasima-'catch, gett', aadhunika maandalikaalu "gassama-~ gassama-"
ρ" yokka abhivruddhi.
aadhunika wcl kante okeeki maroe hallu undhi, idhi "ρ" anie lipyantareekarinchabadindi. eee dhwani yokka vaastava uchchaarana mariyu "r" nundi daani vyatyaasaanni yea prarambha rachayita ivvakapoyinappatiki, idhi bahusha oka rotic glide kaavacchu, bahusha oka palatal 'rangu' thoo. itara mandalikalalo (mariyu aadhunika kailo) eee dhwani kolpovadam eee krindi niyamaalalo sambhavinchindi; maarpulu ippatike okilo spashtamgaa kanipinchadam prarambhinchayih
"r" acchula vanti ledhaa tolagimpulaloo untundi.
"r" anedi appudappudu [+ hoy] avutundi, eee krindi aksharam nokkicheppabadinappudu.
"r" anedi [-hii] mariyu [+ hii] acchula madhya, mariyu [+ buck] mariyu [-buck] acchula madhya unnappudu [+ vii] glide avutundi.
"wur" anedi intervocallic ayinappudu avutundi.
"r" anedi aksharam chivariga mariyu [-hii] acchulanu anusarinchinappudu aichhikamgaa avutundi; kaneesam rendu padaalaloo metathesis modata sambhavinchindi.
"r" anedi adhika acchulu mariyu naan-final taruvaata aksharam chivariga unnappudu tolaginchabadutundi.
"r" "tarvaata ottidi laeni" "i" mariyu okati kante ekkuva aksharalu unnappudu adrusyamavutundi ".
prarambha aksharakramalu (udhaa.zii. "möga" 'chemata' mariyu "" neat/nott/note/neat ",,", 'platfam' anedi ρ modata adrusyamaindani choopistundi, viramam vadilivestundi (aaa sandarbhaallo tappa ρ> y ~ i), taggimputoe mariyu taggimputoe, mariyu.
aadhunika maandalikaala maadirigaane okeelo alophony mariyu dhwani maarpulu jarigaayi, ayithe eee krindi vidhamgaa okeelo z ~ dh mariyu s ~ th vaividhyam marinta saadhaaranamainadigaa kanipistundi (bahusha ippudu samanamga unna bhaashalo paatha alophonyki aadharam):
maichipploni" modati i anedi "* myrchippa" yokka tappu mudrana ledhaa tappugaa chadavadam tappa, s kii mundu aichhika r tolagimpu yokka udaaharana kooda eee krindi udaaharanalo dhruvikarinchabadindihi
maayi-arasipa 'edupu, udvegam, edupu': gattiga 'mychipp', mcgillivray 'myrchipa', okee myersipa, mayasipa
okilooni vividha roopaalu yuu, ii mariyu ou vaataavaranamloo ρ mariyu r yokka metathesisnu chupinchayi
syllabus.
aadhunika mandalikalalo vale aksharakramam jarigindi, ρ nuu jodinchadam kooda aksharam chivari halluga dhruvikarinchabadindi. oka padaanni brearley mariyu mcgillivray oka [+ naas] [-sunn] samuuhamtoe namodu chesaaru, avi "enti" 'saaleedu', ayithe idhi gandaragolamgaa kanipistundi; "enti" bahusha gudang (australia) "ent [hetch] ii" "gonthu".
aksharalu acchulo chivarivi ledhaa r, ρ, l, glide i ledhaa glide u loe mugimpu. lekapothe uparitala aksharaala tudi hallulu antarleenamgaa eee krindi acchunu kaligi untaayi, eee sandarbhamlo anni hallulu aksharaala prarambhamga undavacchu.
aksharakramam.
khachitamaina praamaanika spelling ledhu, mariyu moodu koddigaa bhinnamaina aksharakramalu (mariyu tarachugaa vaati misramaalu) upayogamlo unnaayi.
mission spelling.
mission spelling (modata 1870laloe loyalty ilands missionarylu sthaapinchaaru, taruvaata 1880laloe polynesian missionarylu savarinchaaru): "a, b, d, e, g, i, j, k, l, m, n, ng, o, ö, p, r, s, t, u, z", konnisaarlu "th, dh, dth, tra, dr, oe, è, w, y, j", mariyu konnisaarlu podavu choopinchadaaniki double acchulu. eee spelling vyavastha drehu (liphu) bhasha kosam upayoginchina daanipai aadharapadi undhi, ayithe taruvaata polynesian mission sibbandiki maaradamtho, alaage perugutunna swadeshi torres strait missionaryla sankhyatho, bahirangamgaa drehu roopaalu "tr", "dr" mariyu "eah" poyayi; kalav lagao yaa loe veetiki dhwanisastra aadharam ledhu. mission vyavastha "torres jalasandhiki cambridge yaatra yokka nivedikalalo" (haddon mariyu itarulu) upayoginchabadutundi.1898loe mariyu taruvaata, university off cambridge) mariyu "tarres strait yokka puraanaalu mariyu itihaasaalu" (laurie, queensland vishwavidyaalayam, 1971) loe. cambridge yaatraku chendina bhasha shaastravetta rae kooda chinna acchulu mariyu acchu naanhyatanu suuchimchadaaniki vividha diacriticsnu upayoginchaaru.
clokheed mariyu baanii.
1970laloe sthaapinchabadinavih "a", "aa", "b", "d" (alviolar), "dh" (dental), "e", "ee", "g", "i", "ii", "k", "l", "m", "n", "ng", "o", "oo", "oe" (), "ooe" (), "p", "r", "s", "t" (alviolar), "th" (dental), "u", "uu", "" w "," y "," z "
saibai, boyigu, dauwan vidyaarthulu.
1970la chivaralo sthaapinchabadindih "a", "b", "d" (alviolar), "dh" (dental), "e", "g", "i", "k", "l", "m", "n", "ng", "o", "oe" (), "p", "r", "s", "t" (alviolar), "th" (dental), "u", "w", "y", "z" (acchu podavu, idhi unnappatikee, arudugaa suuchimchabadutumdi).
prajalu eee moodu koddigaa bhinnamaina spelling vyavasthalanu upayoginchadame kakunda, padaalanu uchcharinchetappudu ekkuva ledhaa takkuva padaalanu kooda vraastaaru. anduvalla padaalu tarachugaa vividha margallo vraayabadataayi, udaaharanaku "sena/sinaa" 'dhatt, dher', "kothai/kothai/kothai/kothe" "thala venuka, osiput". atuvanti vaividhyam vayassu, kutumbam, dveepam, graamam mariyu kavita prasangam vanti itara karakalapai aadharapadi untundi. edhi sarainado nirnayinchadam konnisaarlu kashtam kaavacchu-ververu vyaktulu ververu abhipraayaalanu kaligi untaaru (mariyu konnisaarlu chaalaa balamaina abhipraayaalanu kaligi untaaru).
saadhaaranamgaa vruddhula uchchaaranaku praadhaanyata untundi; ayithe, bhasha 'tappu' maargamlo vraayabadindani bhaavisthe kontamandi nijamgaa chaalaa baadhapadavachhu. kondaru mission spellingnu upayoginchaalani, marikondaru baanii spellingnu, inca marikondaru kii (saibaba modalainavi) upayoginchaalani pattubadataaru.) spelling, inca mallii itarulu rendu ledhaa moodu mishramaalanu ledhaa daani anusaranalanu upayogistaaru. udaaharanaku, mabuyag-baadhu mandalikam (kalav lagao yaa) yokka kontamandi rachayitalu pradhanamgaa mission vyavasthalo vraastaaru, konnisaarlu "oo", "thaa", "dehetch" (roopaantaram "dith") anae degraphlanu upayogistaaru mariyu konnisaarlu "nanguki" "manchineeru/taaguneeru, pandla rasam" vanti acchulanu choopinchadaaniki padaala chivarlalo pedda aksharaalanu upayogistaaru. baanii/clokheed orthography "nanguki" "ngui" anie vraayabadutundi, itara mandalikalalo tudi acchu puurtigaa "nanguki"), ledhaa elided, "nguk") anie vaayinchabadindi.
aadhunika' aksharakramalu mariyu 'sampradaayavaada' aksharakramala nyaayavaadula madhya atipedda vivaadaaniki kaaranam pakshika swaraalanu choopinchadaaniki 'doubleu' mariyu 'vai' upayoginchadam. aksharaasyata taragatulalo saadhaaranamgaa sthaanikamgaa matladevaru "y" mariyu "w" neerchukoevadam chaalaa kashtamgaa anipistundi, mariyu "u" mariyu "i" anevi upayoginchadaaniki 'taarkika' aksharalu. sikshana laeni matladevaru padaala syllabification "yuu" mariyu "ii" nijamgaa antarleena sabdaalu anie suuchistumdi. anduvalla, "dhaudhay"/"dhaudhay" "pradhana bhuubhaagam, khandam" vanti padam "dhaudhay" gaa kakunda "dha-uu-dha-ii" gaa aksharakramam chestundi. paatalalo, glide-"yuu"/"ii" kuu kooda puurti akshara hodha ivvavacchu. chaaritraka pariseelanalu kooda pakshika swaraalu tarachugaa hallu kakunda swaramgaa untaayani suuchistunnaayi. anduvalla, "logg [a]" "sthalam" yokka genetive ayina "lagou" antarleena roopamlo <laaga + ngu> undhi; genetive mugimpu yokka puurti roopam "-ngu" naamamaatrapu monocyllabic kaandam unna chota matrame unchabadutundi (namamatra padanirmaana saastrampai vibhaganni chudandi). adevidhamgaa, shabda namavachakalu "-i", e loe mugustaayi.zii. "lumoy", "kaandam" luma-"" vetakandi, vetakandi, vetakandi, vetadandi ". 19va sataabdam madhya nundi 20va sataabdam prarambham varaku kauraigou yaa yokka recordulu, mugimpu shabda namavachakam gatamlo "-rii" (anduvalla "lumari") anie choopinchaayi, ikkada "-r-" bahusha rotic tapp/trill kante rotic glide ayi undavacchu.
prastutam tayaareeloo unna nighantuvu (mitchell/obar) bhasha yokka uparitalam mariyu antarleena dhwani shaastram yokka vivaranaatmaka adhyayanam aadhaaramgaa, alaage nija jeevita paristhitulalo prajalu elaa vraastaaro pariseelinchadam aadhaaramgaa aksharakramanni upayogistundi. idhi saraina uchchaaranaku sahaayapadataaniki diacritics (brocketlaloni aksharalu) thoo mission mariyu kalau kaavou yaa aksharakramala misramam, endukante eee nighantuvunu upayoginche chaalaa mandhi prajalu eee bhashanu matladevaru karuh
"a (á), b, d, dh, e (é), g, i (í), k, l, m, n, ng, o (ó, ó, ó), œ (œ '), r, s, t, th, u (ü, ü), w, y, z"
eee aksharakramamlo, "doubleu" mariyu "vai" hallulugaa pariganinchabadataayi-idhi bhaashalo vaati dhwani sthithi-ayithe "yuu" mariyu "ii" lanu glydeluga upayogistaaru, ikkada dhvanisaastraparamaina pariseelanalu 'dipthang' kalayikaku swara sthithi undani chuuputaayi.
" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" 
aksharaala uchchaarana.
diguva jaabitaalo ivvabadina aangla uchchaaranalu australian aanglamlo unnaayi, mariyu avi maargadarsakamgaa matrame uddesinchabaddaayi. chadarapu brocketlaloni aksharalu () aipa.
acchula kalayikalu ('dipthanglu', "ii", "ou", "ii", "yuu" modalainavi).) anie vrasinatluga uchcharistaaru. anduvalla, udaaharanaku, "ii" antey "eah-ii" (praathamikamgaa 'maine' loe 'ii' thoo chaalaa pooli untundi). paadatamlo mariyu konnisaarlu nemmadigaa matladetappudu, ituvanti acchula kalayikalanu vidigaa cheppavacchu. baanii mariyu saibaba (modalainavi) loe) aksharakramam, chivari muulakaalanu "i" mariyu "u" kuu badulugaa "y" mariyu "w" gaa vraayavacchu. dipthanglu
vyaakaranam.
naamamaatrapu padanirmaana shaastram.
padanirmaana saastraaniki sambandhinchina chota, bhasha ekkado oka chota agglutinative mariyu fusional madhya konasagimpuga untundi. nominals krindi kesulanu kaligi untayih nominative, accetive, instrument (subsumes ergative), dative (subsumes elitive, perposive), oblative (subsumes elitive, avoidative), nirdishta locative, naan specific locative (subsumes perlative mariyu commititive) mariyu global locative. namavachakalu eee krindi utpanna roopaalanu kooda kaligi untayih private, anukarana, phalita mariyu yajamanya, idhi namavachaka-aaropana bahuvachananni kooda yerparustundi. - r mariyu-l loe mugise konni yeka aksharalu minaha anni kaandamlu acchu ledhaa pakshika achutho mugustaayi (indulo "tharther" 'marige, sything', alaage "engipel" 'yuu' ["engy" 'yuu singular' mariyu "-paal" 'tuu'] yokka sammelanam vanti chaalaa takkuva reduplicated padaalu untaayi). aneka naamavaachakaalaku uparitala namavachakam (-accusative) tudi kaandam-swara tolagimpu niyamaaniki lonavutundi; kalav lagao yaa maandalikamlo eee niyamam pradhana achutho paatu tudi vikiranam chesina acchulaku daariteestundi. ekavachanam, dwandwa mariyu bahuvachanam anae moodu sankhyalu unnaayi. vyaktigata sarvanamalu minaha anni naaminallalo ekavachanam mariyu dvandvaalu oke roopam. antekakunda, bahuvachanam namamatra-aaropanalo matrame vaeru cheyabadutundi-vyaktigata sarvanamalu minaha, ikkada sankhyalo vyatyaasam kaandam dwara choopabadutundi.
rendu naamamaatrapu taragatulu unnaayi, saadhaarana namavachakalu (saadhaarana namavachakalu, pradarsanalu, sthaana/taatkaalika/modalainavi). kriyaavishaeshanhaalu) mariyu saraina naamamulu (saraina paerlu [vyaktigata paerlu, padava paerlu, bhavodvega bandhutva nibandhanalu], sarvanamalu). rendu taragatula madhya pradhana vyatyaasam 1) ardha-saraina namavachakalu sarvanama lakshanaalanu kaligi untaayi, mariyu 2) ksheenata, udaaharanaku saraina namavachakalu moodu saadhaarana naamavaachakaalaku badulugaa oka sthaana kesnu kaligi untaayi.
saadhaarana naamamaatrapu ksheenatalu.
eee krindivi kalau kawau yaa maandalikamlo unnayani gamaninchandi.
kramarahita namavachakalu.
konni kramarahita namavachakalu unnaayi, vaatilo atyanta saadhaaranamainavih
pradarsanalu.
eee bhasha pratyeka padanirmaana lakshanaalatoo kuudina pradarsanaatmaka marphimla yokka closed classnu kaligi undih
kaa-"/"karu-" "ikkada nirdishtam kaanidi, idhi", "sae-"/"sii-"/"seru-" "akkada, adhi", "kaaraa-" "nirdishtam kaani yonder", aadhunika maandalikaalu "kaii-", "%" kaa-"mariyu"-puvay "" akkada mundu ", aadhunika maandalikaalu"-paay "/"-paa "minaha, namodu cheyabadina kauraraigou yaa roopaalu aadhunika mandalikalalo unnatle untaayi.
eee pradarsanalu purusha, stree mariyu ekavachanam kaani padanirmaana saastraanni (avi sarvanamam) alaage cases roopaalanu teesukovachhu. "í-'ikkada, idhi' mariyu 'sae/sii-' akkada, aaa (chaalaa dhooramlo ledhu) 'linga/sankhya maarfimlanu pratyaalugaa teesukondi, mariyu itara pradarsanalu vaatini upasargalugaa teesukuntaayi. kaa-" "pratyaekamgaa ikkada kaadu" mariyu "kaii-" "akkada nirdishtamgaa laeni sthithilo unna dhooram 'linga/sankhya marphimlatho kanipinchadani gamaninchandi, ivi rendodi nirdishtamgaa untaayi. "í-" mariyu "" sae/sii-"" kooda pradarsanaatmaka vyasaluga maaradaaniki "-bii" "anulekhanaanni roopondinche kathanaanni teesukondi (udhaa.zii. klai "senubi kaajee", klai "senubi kaaj", klai "senabi kaajee", klai "senabi kaaj", klai "sepalab kaajee", klai "sepalbi kaaj", "aaa iddaru pillalu", "sethabi kazil", "aaa pillalu"); "kedha" ilaa/aaa vidhamgaa, 'eee pratyayam kooda teesukovachhu (udhaa.zii. "kedhabi puyy" "atuvanti chettu").
sarvanamalu.
vyaktigata sarvanamalu ksheenatalo moodu-maargam namavachaka-saktivantamaina-aaropanaatmakamainavi. moodava vyakti sarvanamalu kooda khachitamaina vyasaluga upayoginchabadatayani gamaninchandi, udhaa.zii. "" "" aaa purushudu streeni chushadu "" "" anie "" "" anie "" "" anie "" "" "anie" "" "" anie "" "" "anie" "" "" anie "" "" "anie" "" "" anie "" "" "anie" "" "" anie "" "" "anie" "" "" "anie" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "
dwandwa sarvanamalu.
dwandwa mariyu bahuvachana sarvanamalu namavachaka-aaropanaatmakamainavi, aaropanaatmakamainavi genetive roopamlo untaayi, kky loe tappa, aaropinchabadinavi gurtinchabadavu.
"engawal" "hoo" "nuu" "enga" "'hoo' plus clitic" "-wall" "rendoo (dwandwa samyogam)" "nundi nirminchaaru".
bahuvachana sarvanamalu.
"ggaya" "hoo menee" "nuu" gga "" hoo "" plus clitic ""-yaa "" mariyu itarulu (bahuvachanam kalayika) "" nundi nirminchaaru ".
vyaktigata paerlu mariyu suparichitamaina bandhutva nibandhanalu.
"suparichitamaina bandhutva padaalu tandri mariyu mumm vanti aangla bandhuvula padaalaku samanam, ayithe teliyani padaalu tandri mariyu talliki samanam; eee taruvaati padaalu bhaashalo saadhaarana namavachakalaga pariganinchabadataayi."
kauraigou ledhaa naamamaatrapu padanirmaana shaastram.
eee bhasha yokka mottamodati vyaakarana recordulu 1800la madhyakaalamlo unna kauraraigou yaa mandalikam. eee mandalikam aadhunika maandalikaalato samanamga untundi, konni mugimpulu mariyu pratyayaalato paatu kaandam roopaala yokka marinta puraatana roopaalanu kaligi untundi.
naamamaatrapu pratyayamulu mariyu mugimpulu.
prarambha rachayita evaruu genetive kakunda ksheeninchina stree roopaalanu namodu cheyaledu. rae (1907:20-21) anedi (defaultga) okee namuunaa praathamikamgaa okelee maadirigaane untundani suuchistumdi.
kauraigou yaa sarvanamalu.
brearley (bii), mcgillivray (emm) mariyu rae (aarr) okee yokka ekavachana sarvanaamaala yokka krindi roopaalanu namodu cheshai
paina perkonna roopaalu mariyu aadhunika maandalikaala aadhaaramgaa, okee sarvanamalu eee krindi vidhamgaa punarnirminchabaddaayih
aaropanakartalu, oblatives mariyu anukaranakartalu aichhika tudi acchunu tolaginchataaniki gurayyaru, ayithe ergatives aichhikamgaa chivari u nii a ledhaa ′ gaa marchai ledhaa tolaginchaayi, tadwara ngathu> ngatha> ngatho> ngath.
namodu cheyabadina dwandwa-bahuvachana rupalu
veetini eee krindi vidhamgaa punarnirminchavachhuh
kriya padanirmaana shaastram.
kriyalu 100 kii paiga vibhina koonaalanu kaligi undavacchu, avi kaalam, swaram, manasika sthithi mariyu sankhya roopaalu. kriya oppandam anedi vastuvutoe untundi (i.ii. 'ergative') parivartana khandaalalo, mariyu amsamtho parivartana rahita khandaalalo. marovaipu, anivaaryatalu, parivartana khandaalalo vishayam mariyu vastuvu rendintitho angeekaristaayi.
moodu amsaalu ('paripuurna', 'asampoorna', 'alavaatu'), rendu telecity roopaalu ('kriyaaseela', idhi kriya karyakalapalapai drushti pedutundi mariyu aneka antaraatmalanu, aneka antipasivelanu mariyu konni parivartanaseelaalanu kaligi untundi, mariyu 'praapti', idhi aneka parivartanaseelaalanu, konni antipasivelanu mariyu konni antaraatmalanu kaligi untundi), rendu manobhaavaalu ('anivaryam kaani' mariyu 'anivaryam' [konni upayogaalalo upasambandhaanni pooli untundi]), 6 kaalalu ('suduura bhavishyattu', 'nedu/sameepa bhavishyattu', 'vartamaanam', 'neti gatam', 'iteevali gatam', 'suduura gatam'-klai 7va kaalanni, 'chivari raatri' kaalanni abhivruddhi chesindi) mariyu naalugu sankhyalu ('ekavachanam', 'dwandwa', 'nirdishta' bahuvachanam, 'kriyaaseela' anae bahuvachanam), oka nirdishta kriyaatmaka roopam, kriyaaseelamaina ekavachanam matrame.
bhasha yokka chaalaa vivaranalalo kriyaaseela mariyu saadhinche roopaalu varusaga mistard transitive mariyu intransitivga unnaayi. bhaashalo parivartanaseela, asthira, nishkriyaatmaka, antipassive mariyu 'antipassive passive' vaakyanirmaana vargaalu, ivi naamamaatrapu mariyu shabda padanirmaana shaastram, padha-kramam vanti claz/vaakya-sthaayi lakshanaalu mariyu ardhaparamaina parigananala paraspara charya dwara erpadataayi.
kriya padanirmaana shaastram upasargalanu (amsam, sthaanam modalainavi) kaligi untundi.), pratyayaala (telecity, sankhya, mariyu rendu shilaja gunakaara/kaaraka pratyayaala) mariyu mugimpulu (kaalam, amsam mariyu manasika sthithi, mariyu chaalaa parimita paridhi sankhya mariyu telecity). kriya yokka nirmaanaatmaka maatruka eee krindi vidhamgaa untundi. rendu shilaja pratyayaalu parasparam pratyekamainavani gamaninchandi; oka pratyayamu a slat loe unte, b slat loe oka pratyayamu kanipinchaduh
udaaharanalu
upasargah "paa-" 'telec upasarga'
upasargah "baall-" 'sthaanaparamgaa-antataa'
condum "kabuta"-'sthalam, padava'
telecity pratyayam "-o" 'saadhinchedi', "-i" 'kriyaaseelamainadi'
sankhya pratyayam "-maa" 'dwandwa' (sampoorna oppandam)
tens-aspect-mudd ending "-dhin" 'remot paast perfective'
upasargah "gaar-" 'samishti'
condum "vu"-"'sthalam, unchandi'
shilaja pratyayam "maa" 'intensive'
telecity pratyayam "i" 'kriyaaseela'
sankhya pratyayam "maa" 'dwandwa'
tens-aspect-mudd ending "dhin" 'remot paast perfective'
kriya ksheenata yokka namuunaa.
ikkada kriya "иma-" 'chudandi, gamaninchandi, paryaveekshinchandi, pariseelinchandi, prayatninchandi, pareekshinchandi'
kauraigou yaa verbal morphology.
upasargalu
ivi aadhunika mandalikalalo unnatle undevi.
pratyayaala
aadhunika maandalikaalato pratyayam thedaalu bahuvachanam mariyu shabda namavachaka pratyayaala roopamlo matrame unnaayi. okilo ivi varusaga maari mariyu rii. dvandvamgaa maa-'take, give, move modalaina vaatipai nagama undhi.'mariyu lekapothe umaa.
taragati 1: 'vidha-' unchandi, unchandi, vandandi '
2va taragatih nee-, nee-'kurchondi, undandi'
kriya mugimpulu
mottamgaa, okee kriya kalau lagou yaa kriya laaga tiraskarinchabadinatlu telustondi. indulo asthiramaina asampoornamaina vartamaanam/paripuurnamaina neti bhavishyat ekavachanamlo maa anae pratyayam kolpovadam untundi. ayithe, eee nashtam gatam loe aichhikamgaa unnatlu telustondihi
acchu/dipthang tolagimpu mariyu taragati 1bii kriyalalo taggimpu anedi okilo aichhikamgaa undedi, idhi ippudu aichhikamgaa ledhaa tappanisarih
kramarahita kriya "yui-"/"aiya-"/"yuna-" 'abaddham/vaalu/vaalu/kindiki vangi' anedi aipa ("eepaa") roopamlo namodu cheyabadindi, idhi kaandam II-(remot gatha roopam "ire" aadhunika kailo kanipistundi, ayithe okilo namodu cheyabadaledu) nuu suuchistumdi. lekapothe, "yuna-" matrame okee kosam namodu cheyabadindi.
vividha namuunaalu.
kramarahita padanirmaana shaastram kaligina moodu namuunaalu
sanketha bhasha.
torres jalasandhi dveepavaasulu, poruguna unna paapuvanlu mariyu poruguna unna australianlu saadhaarana sanketha bhashanu kaligi unnaaru, ayithe prarambha recordulu dheeni gurinchi vivaranaatmaka adhyayanam cheyaledu (udhaa.zii. australian aadima sanketha bhashalu). saadhaarana sambhaashanhalu mariyu kathalanu sanketha bhaashalo nirvahinchavacchu; ayithe, idhi puurtigaa abhivruddhi chendina sanketha bhasha yokka adhunaatanatanu saadhinchadu. idhi suduura uttara queensland swadeshi sanketha bhashapai kontha prabhavanni choopindi.

