
islandic saahityam

island saahityam anedi islandlo ledhaa island prajalu raasina saahityaanni suuchistumdi. idhi 13va sataabdam nundi praarambhamaina madhyayuga kaalamlo vraayabadina kathalaku prasiddhi chendindi. island mariyu paatha norse daadaapu okate kabatti, mariyu island rachanalu chaalaa varaku paatha norse saahityaanni kaligi unnanduna, paatha norse saahityaanni tarachugaa island saahityam yokka upasamitigaa tappugaa pariganistaaru. edemaina, norwegianla rachanalu bhasha okate anae praatipadikana sigurar nordal sankalanam chesina praamaanika reader "synisback islenzkra bokmenta till mirar atjaandu aldar" loe unnaayi.
prarambha islandic saahityam.
madhyayuga islandic saahityam saadhaaranamgaa moodu bhagaluga vibhajinchabadindih
eddas".
edda" anae padam yokka sambhaavya vyutpatti saastrampai kontha charcha jarigindi. idhi paatha norse padam "edda" nundi udbhavinchindani chaalaa mandhi chebutaaru, antey muttaata anie ardham, conny kondaru oodi gurinchi prastaavinchaaru, eee pradaesamloe snorry sterlusson ("gadya edda" rachayita) perigaaru.
elder edda" ledhaa "caviatic edda" (modata semonder froudiki aapaadinchabadindi, ayithe idhi ippudu aadhunika panditulache tiraskarinchabadindi) anedi 10va sataabdam chivaralo udbhavinchina paatha norse kavitalu mariyu kathala samaharam.
eee kavitalu mariyu kathalu bahusha scandinavian pradhana bhuubhaagam nundi vachinappatikee, avi modata 13va sataabdamloo islandlo vrayabaddayi. kavitva edda yokka modati mariyu asalu manuscript "codex regius", idhi 1643loe dakshina islandlo scalholt bishop brinzolfer swenson chae kanugonabadindi.
yuva edda" ledhaa "gadya edda" nuu snorry sterlusson raasaaru, idhi norse puraanaala aadhunika avagahanaku mariyu madhyayuga island kavitvamloni konni lakshanaalaku pradhana vanaru, endukante indulo aneka pouraanika kathalu mariyu aneka kenninglu kooda unnaayi. vaastavaaniki, daani pradhana uddesyam dheenini islandic scalledla kosam kavita pustikagaa upayoginchadam.
scaldic kavitvam.
scaldic kavitvam pradhanamgaa eddick kavitvaaniki bhinnamgaa untundi, scaldic kavitvaanni prasiddha scholdlu, norwegian mariyu island kavulu swaraparichaaru. pouraanika sanghatanala gurinchi matlade badulu ledhaa pouraanika kathalanu cheppe badulu, scaldic kavitvam saadhaaranamgaa prabhuvulu mariyu rajulanu gowravinchadaaniki, mukhyamaina ledhaa edainaa prastuta sanghatanalanu (udhaa.zii. vaari prabhuvu gelichina yuddham, pattanamlo oka raajakeeya sanghatana modalainavi.). kathanaalalo, saadhaaranamgaa kathanu nilipiveyadaaniki mariyu sambhavinche anubhavanni marinta nisitamgaa pariseelinchadaaniki kavitalanu upayoginchevaaru. oka kathalooni bhavodvegalanu natakeeyamgaa maarchadaaniki kooda kavitvam upayoginchabadindi. udaaharanaku, agil kathalo agil kumaarula nashtam gurinchi oka kavita undhi, idhi saahityaparamgaa mariyu chaalaa bhavodvegamga untundi.
scaldic kavulu island samaajamlo atyanta gouravaneeyamaina sabhyulu, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa naalugu vargaluga vibhajinchabaddaaruh
1) vruttiparamaina kavulu (rajasabha ledhaa kuleenula kosam)
scaldic kavulu raaju kosam saahityaanni rachinchinappudu, vaaru raajunu stutinchadam, athani vyavaharalanu record cheyadam mariyu atanini jarupukovadam anae uddesyamto raasaaru. eee kavitalu saadhaaranamgaa chaaritraatmakamgaa sarainaviga pariganinchabadataayi, endukante oka kavi raaju gurinchi edainaa abaddham vraasi undadu; oka raaju daanini kavi atanini egataali chestunnatlu bhaavinchi undevaadu.
paalaka kuleena kutumbaalu kooda kavitvaanni mechukunnaayi, kavulu vaari jeevitamlooni mukhyamaina sanghatanalaku kooda padyaalanu rachinchaaru.
2) private kavulu
eee kavulu aardhika labham kosam rayaledu, conny saamaajika kavita maarpidilo paalgonadaaniki raasaaru.
3) mataachaaryulu
eee kavulu mataparamaina shlokaalanu rachinchaaru.
4) anamaka kavulu
eee kavulu anamakamga utankinchabadi, kathalalo cherchabaddaaru. anaamakata vaaru chesina vyakhyalanu vaari padyaalatoe kappipuchukovadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
scaldic kavitvam kathinamaina metrik vyavasthanu upayoginchi vraayabadutundi, sanklishtamaina kennings vanti aneka prasanga bommalatho, scaldlalo ishtapadevi, mariyu padha kramam mariyu vaakyanirmaanaaniki sambandhinchi chaalaa "kalaatmaka licenses" thoo, vakyalu saadhaaranamgaa vilomamgaa untaayi.
kathalu.
kathalu anevi german mariyu scandinavian prapanchamlooni chaaritraka amsaala gurinchi matlade paatha norse bhaashalo vraayabadina gadya kathalu; udaaharanaku, prajalu islandku valasa ravadam, anveshinchani bhoomulaku wikingla samudrayanalu ledhaa gottland nivaasula prarambha charitra. eddaalalo pradhanamgaa pouraanika kathalu unnappatikee, puraanaalu saadhaaranamgaa vaastavikamainavi mariyu vaastava sanghatanalatho vyavaharistaayi, ayinappatikee saadhuvulu, bishaplu mariyu anuvadinchabadina prema kathala yokka konni puraana kathalu unnaayi. konnisaarlu pouraanika suuchanalu jodinchabadataayi, ledhaa oka katha vaastavaaniki jarigina daanikante marinta srungaarabharitamgaa mariyu adbhutamgaa anuvadinchabadutundi. 9va mariyu 13va sataabdaala madhya scandinavia charitranu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki kathalu pradhana vanarulu.
mahilala saahityam.
chinna madhyayuga islandic rachanalu mahilalache surakshitamgaa dhruvikarinchabaddayi. siddhaantaparamgaa, anamaka kathalu mahilalache vrayabadi undavacchu, conny dheeniki maddatu ivvadaaniki etuvanti aadharalu laevu, mariyu prasiddha katha-rachayitalu magavaaru. chaalaa pedda sankhyalo scaldic padyaalu islandic mariyu norwegian mahilalaku aapadinchabaddaayi, veetilo hilder hrolfsdotir, juurn scaldmer, gunhielder konungamodir, braca-our mariyu thohilder scaldcona unnaayi. edemaina, streelaku aapaadinchabadina kavitvam-purushulaku aapaadinchabadina chaalaa kavitvam maadirigaane-taruvaati (maga) katha-rachayitalu swaraparichinatlu untundi. ayinappatikee, eee vishayam mahilalu konnisaarlu padyaanni rachinchi undavacchani suuchistumdi.
edemaina, padihenava sataabdapu "rimur"-chakram "landress rimur" yokka adhikaarika swaram vyaakaranaparamgaa streelinga visaeshanhaalatoe varninchabadindi, tadanugunamgaa eee padyam oka mahilaku vishwasaneeyamgaa aapaadinchadagina mottamodati islandic padyamgaa soochinchabadindi.
madhya islandic saahityam.
15va sataabdam nundi 19va sataabdam varaku aaa kaalamlooni mukhyamaina rachanalalo pavitra padyam, atyanta prasiddhamgaa halgrimur petterson yokka "abhiruchi shlokaalu"; rimur, 19va sataabdam chivari varaku prachuryam pondina prati shlokaaniki rendu nundi naalugu shlokaalanu kaligi unna akshara padyaalatoe kuudina padyaalatoe kuudina puraana kavitalu; mariyu zaan magnession yokka "pislarsaga" vanti sweeyacharitra gadya rachanalu unnaayi. islandiclo mudrinchina modati pustakam 1540loe kotta nibandhana. baibil yokka puurti anuvaadam padahaarava sataabdamloo prachurinchabadindi, mariyu "sendibref fra ainam reesandi gaidingi ii forenold" vanti prasiddha matha saahityam german ledhaa danish nundi anuvadinchabadindi ledhaa islandiclo koorchabadindi. paddenimidava sataabdapu atyanta pramukha kavi egert olafson (1726-1768), ayithe (1744-1819) zaan milton yokka "swargam kolpoyina" anuvaadam "paradisermir" thoo sahaa aneka pradhana anuvaadaalanu chepattadu. kathalu madhyayuga shaililo, mukhyamgaa prema kathalalo, kaneesam poojaari zaan audson hazaltalin (1749-1835) chetha rachinchabadatam konasaagindi.
aadhunika islandic saahityam.
saahitya punaruddharana.
19va sataabdam praarambhamlo bhasha, saahitya punarujjeevanam jarigindi. srungaaravaadam islandku vachindi mariyu mukhyamgaa 1830laloe, jorney thorarensen (1786-1841) mariyu jonas halgrimson (1807-45) vanti kavula rachanalalo aadhipatyam chelaayinchindi. aadhunika island chinna kathala modati rachayita ayina jonas halgrimson, 1850loe modati island navalanu prachurinchina zaan thorodsen (1818-68) nuu prabhaavitam chesaaru, anduvalla athanu aadhunika island navalaku pitaamahudigaa pariganinchabaddaadu.
19va mariyu 20va sataabdaala prarambham nundi eee classic island sailini pradhanamgaa aneka veerochita kavitalu raasina grimmer thamsen (1820-96) mariyu aadhunika island naatakaaniki prarambhamga pariganinchabade aneka naatakaalanu raasina mathias jochamson (1835-1920) konasaaginchaaru. sankshiptamgaa, eee kaalam islandic saahityaaniki goppa punarujjeevanam.
vaastavikata mariyu prakrutivaadam srungaaravaadaanni anusarinchaayi. pramukha vaastavika rachayithalalo vyangyaalaku prasiddhi chendina chinna katha rachayita gester palson (1852-91) mariyu island-kenadian kavi stephen G. stephenson (1853-1927), bhaashatho vyavaharinchae sunnitamaina vidhaanaaniki mariyu athani vyangya siraku prasiddhi chendaadu. noothana-srungaaravaadam yokka prarambha pratipaadakudigaa ainar benedicson ikkada prastaavinchabadaali. ayana aneka vidhaluga islandic kavitvamlo ontarigaa unnaaru, conny saadhaaranamgaa kavitvamlo "swarna yugam" yokka goppa vyaktulalo okarigaa gurtinchabaddaaru.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo aneka mandhi island rachayitalu danish bhaashalo rayadam praarambhinchaaru, vaarilo johann sigurjanson mariyu gunnar gunnarson (1889-1975) unnaaru. rachayita haldor luxness (1902-98), saahityamlo 1955 nobel bahumatini geluchukunnaru, mariyu aneka vyasalu, vyasalu, kavitalu, chinna kathalu mariyu navalala rachayita. vistrutamgaa anuvadinchabadina rachanalalo vyakteekarana navalalu "independent peepul" (1934-35) mariyu "island yokka bell" (1943-46) unnaayi.
modati prapancha yuddham taruvaata, 20va sataabdamloo islandlo saampradaaya kavitvaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchina david stephanson mariyu tomus goodmundson vanti rachayithalatho, pradhanamgaa kavitvamlo, classic shaili punaruddharana jarigindi. rendava prapancha yuddham mugimpu nundi aadhunika rachayitalu shaastreeya sailini aadhunika shailitho vileenam chestaaru.
iteevala, crime navala rachayita arnaldur indriyasana (bii. 1961) island velupala panulu vijayavantamayyaayi.