
nasika teaca

nasika teaca anedi mukku dwara ivvabade teaca, idhi injection lekunda roganirodhaka pratispandananu prerepistundi. idhi mukku lopali uparitalam dwara roganirodhaka saktini prerepistundi, idhi sahajamgaa aneka gaalilo unde suukshmajeevulatoo sambandham kaligi untundi. suudi mandulanu upayoginchananduna mariyu shleshmam maargam dwara pravesapettavachu kabatti suudi teekaalu suudi mandulaku pratyamnaayamgaa nasika teekaalu udbhavistunnaayi. mashoochi, algimers, influenzae, korinta daggu mariyu covid-19 vanti swaasakosha infections mariyu vyaadhulanu nivaarinchadaaniki nasika sprela dwara nasika teekaalanu pampinhee cheyavachu. 
charitra.
kangsi chakravarthy paalanalo chainaalo 17va sataabdam varaku nasika teekaalu veyadam jarigindi. eee kaalamlo cogxy chakravarthy thana kutumbaaniki, sainyaniki mariyu itarulaku telikapati mashoochi kosam teekaalu vesinatlu documentation suuchistumdi. aaa samayamlo teaca paddhatulanu vivarinche manyuvallu teekaalu vestunna vyakti mukkupai mashuuchini pampadampai drushti saarinchaayi. vyaadhi sokina vyakti yokka scablanu upayoginchi itara teaca paddhatulu abhivruddhi cheyabadinappatiki, vyaadhi sokina vyakti yokka gulika nundi mukku varaku dravam thoo patthi swaabnu unchadam oka saadhaarana paddhati.
mashoochi taruvaata, influenzae nasika teaca abhivruddhiki pramukha kendramgaa maarindi. nasika spray roopamlo mottamodati pratyaksha ksheeninchina influenzae teaca (live) nuu 1987loe institute off experimental medicine russialo roopondinchindi. eee nasika teaca abhivruddhi anedi russian vennemuka ayina live meeda aadharapadi undagaa, appati nundi nasika teekaalu itara live vennemukalapai aadharapadi unnaayi. modati nasika influenzae teaca 2001loe united stateslo vidudala cheyabadindi, conny vishapuurita aandolanala kaaranamgaa market nundi tolaginchabadindi. nasika laivlu abhivruddhi chendadam konasagadamto, atyanta pramukha nasika livelalo okataina flumist 2003loe vidudalaindi. 
21va sataabdam praarambhamlo anthrax daadulu nasika teaca abhivruddhiki demandnu kaliginchaayi. anthrax anedi peelchagalige gaalilo pravahinche padaardham kabatti, nasika teekaanu swaasakosha vyavasthapai adhi choope prabhaavaala nundi vyaktulanu rakshinchadaaniki upayoginche saamarthyam undhi. septembaru 11,2001naa united stateslo jarigina ugravaada daadula taruvaata, vaartaa kendraalalo mariyu yuu. ess. loe aneka mandhi vyaktulu unnaaru.ess. jeeva ugravaada charyaga anthrax thoo lekhalu pampina taruvaata senatorlu maraninchaaru. nasika teaca parisoedhana mariyu aantraaksku vyatiraekamgaa abhivruddhini yuu. ess prothsahinchindi.ess. dalaalaku teekaalu vese prayatnamlo prabhutvam. united stateslo licenses pondina mariyu nirvahinche prastuta anthrax teaca biothraxku aidu intramuscular injections mariyu vaarshika boosterlu avasaram; gatha dasaabdamloo parisoedhanalu anthrax sankramana marganni anusarinche mariyu humoural mariyu cellular roganirodhaka pratispandanalanu prerepinche pratyaamnaaya nasika teekaanu abhivruddhi chesaayi. 
prapanchavyaaptamgaa covid-19 mahammari coronavirusku vyatiraekamgaa nasika teekaala perugudalaku daariteesindi. bharatadesam, iraan, russia mariyu chaina vanti deshaalu nasika covid-19 teekaalanu roopondinchadamtho teaca abhivruddhi kosam antarjaateeya prayatnaalu jarigaayi. 
paripalana.
nasika teekaalu shleshma roganirodhakata yokka upavibhaagam, endukante avi teaca pampinhee kosam shleshma marganni upayogistaayi. aneka vyadhikaaraka kaarakaala mukku dwara sareeramloki pravesinchagalavu kabatti, nasika teekaalu teekaanu andinchadaaniki eee yantraamgaanni sadviniyogam chesukuntaayi. rogakaarakaalu sareeramloki marintagaa pravesinchakundaa nirodhinchadaaniki mukkuku aneka rakshana rekhalu untaayi. mukku ventrukalu modati rakshanagaa untaayi, endukante avi mukku pravesadvaaram vadda untaayi mariyu pedda kanaalu pravesinchakundaa nirodhistaayi. nasika kuharamloni shleshmam pora mukku ventrukalanu daate chinna kanaalanu bandhinchagaladu. nasika kuharam pedda vascularization netvarknu kaligi untundi, kabatti kanaalu epithelial pora gundaa velli neerugaa raktapravaahamloki pravesinchavacchu. chorabadutunna kanaalu nasika shleshmam cherukunte shleshma roganirodhaka vyavasthatho sankarshana chendutaayi. shleshma roganirodhaka vyavasthalo lymphoid kanajaalam, bii kanaalu, tii kanaalu mariyu antigen-andinche kanaalu untaayi. eee vividha rakaala kanaalu chorabadutunna kanaalanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu roganirodhaka pratispandananu prerepinchadaaniki kalisi panicheestaayi. nasika teekaalu eee addamkulanu adhigaminchi, viral antigennu rogulaku andinchadaaniki clearance pondaali. nasika teekaalu eee addamkulanu adhigaminchi, viral antigennu rogulaku andinchadaaniki clearance pondaali. 
nasika teekaalu draavanaalu (dravaalu), podlu, jellu mariyu ghana choppimpulu vanti vividha roopaallo raavacchu. parisoedhana mariyu clinical applicationlo atyanta prabalamaina nasika teaca rakam daani vaadukalo soulabhyam kaaranamgaa parishkaralu. nasika teekaala kosam jantuvula trials nirvahistunnappudu parishkaralu saadhaaranamgaa pareeksha vishayaala nasika randhraalalo paipet cheyabadinappatiki, nasika teekaalanu upayoginchi saamuuhika maanava teekaalu vaeyadaaniki nasika sprelu atyanta aacharanaatmaka vidhanamgaa pariganinchabadataayi. nasika spray nasika shleshmam yokka prarambha poralanu daataveyagaladu mariyu teaca kanaalanu neerugaa shleshmam poraku andinchagaladu. nasika teekaaloni antigen appudu roganirodhaka pratispandananu prerepistundi mariyu roganirodhaka vyavasthaku nasika teekaalu andubaatulo undatam valla sankramananu nirodhistundi. 
nasika sprelu saadhaaranamgaa teekaalatho paatu mandulanu pampinhee cheyadaaniki upayogistaaru. raddeeni tagginche mandulu tarachugaa nasika sprela dwara neerugaa mukkuku pampinhee cheyabadataayi. jalubu mariyu allergy mandulanu nasika ventrukalanu daataveyadam dwara mariyu nasika kuharaniki parichayam cheyadam dwara sthaanika delivery kosam nasika sprelanu upayoginchi ivvavacchu. pratyaksha kanaala pampinhee kaaranamgaa noti dwara ichhe daanitoe poliste intranasal administration takkuva aushadha ksheenatanu kaligi untundi. kana samagratanu nilupukodaniki harmon chikitsalaku upayoginche peptide mandulanu noti dwara kakunda nasika sprela dwara nasika dwara pampinhee cheyavachu. diabetes chikitsa, steroids mariyu intranasal oxytosinlanu prasavaanni prerepinchadaaniki nasika sprelanu kooda upayoginchavacchu. shleshmam roganirodhaka vyavastha mariyu raktapravaahaaniki pratyaksha praapyata kaaranamgaa anaesthetics mariyu mattumandulanu andinchadaaniki kooda nasika paripalananu upayogistaaru. 
ghraana epithelium nasika kuharam yokka uparitala vaisaalyamlo sumaru 7 saatam untundi mariyu medadulooni ghraana balbto anusandhaaninchabadi untundi. ghraana naraala kanaala dwara rakta-medadu avarodham daati medaduku mandulu mariyu teekaalanu pampinhee cheyavachu. protolin vanti teekaalanu rakta-medadu addankini daati, algimers kuu sambandhinchina lakshanaalanu nivaarinchadaaniki medaduku lipopalisakaraidlanu andinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu.  
suudi mandulatho poliste, nasika teekaalu surakshitamainavi, noppilekunda mariyu upayoginchadaaniki sulabhamainavi kabatti avi prayojanakaramgaa untaayi. nasika teekaalaku suudi avasaram ledhu, idhi suudi gaayaala nundi noppini mariyu cross kalushyam mariyu suudi paaraveyadam valla bhadrata samasyalanu tolagistundi. konni adhyayanalu intranasal teekaalu cross-reactive pratiroedhakaalanu utpatti cheyagalavani, ivi cross-rakshanaku daariteestaayani kooda chuupistunnaayi.
live attenuated influenzae teaca.
nasika spray roopamlo pratyaksha ksheeninchina influenzae teaca (live) marketlo vidudala chesina modati nasika teekaalalo okati. injection cheyagala influenzae teekaaku pratyamnaayamgaa 1980la chivari nundi nasika spray lives upayoginchabadutunnaayi. nasika influenzae teekaalu prachuryam pondaayi, endukante avi paripalana nundi kandaraala lopala gaayaala pramaadaanni taggistaayi mariyu noppilekunda untaayi. suudi avasaram lenanduna rogulaku kooda veetini marinta sulabhamgaa ivvavacchu.atyanta pramukha nasika live flumist, idhi 2003loe vidudalaindi. united stateslo flumist quadrivalent anie adhikarikamga piluvabade flumist mariyu airopalo fluenge, suudini upayoginchani marketlo unna ekaika flue teaca anie pilustaaru. iteevali flue seasonlaku (2022-2023) anni nasika laivlu quadrivalentsga pariganinchabadataayi endukante avi naalugu rakaala flue vairasla nundi rakshinchadaaniki roopondinchabaddaayih influenzae eah (hetch1enn1) virus, influenzae eah (hetch3enn2) virus mariyu rendu influenzae bii vairaslu.influenzaaku vyatiraekamgaa vaarshika teekaalu vaeyadaaniki suudi mandulu mariyu nasika laivlu empikalugaa pradarsinchabadinappatiki, pillalalo saadhaarana influenzae jaatiki vyatiraekamgaa asamarthatha kaaranamgaa 2016 nundi 2018 varaku united states market nundi flumist tolaginchabadindi. appati nundi, flumist punarnirminchabadindi mariyu marketloki tirigi pravesinchindi. nasika laves looni kriyaaseela padaarthaalu phaladeekarana chiken gudlalo pandinchabadataayi. teaca utpattilo kodi gudlalo vairaslanu penche paddhati saadhaaranam endukante eee vairaslanu kanaala lopala penchaalsina avasaram undhi. podigina kodi gudla nundi virus dravam velikiteesi viral antigen nuu live utpatti kosam suddhi cheyadaaniki champabadutundi. itara teekaala maadirigaane, nasika liveslo viral antigentho paatu padaarthaalu untaayi. gelatine, arjinin hydrochloride, monosodium glutamate mariyu sukroj vanti sthireekarana mandulu saadhaaranamgaa teekaalalo utpatti, ravana mariyu nilva samayamlo mariyu taruvaata, alaage pampinhee samayamlo teekaalu ippatikee prabhaavavantamgaa unnayani nirdhaarinchadaaniki upayogistaaru. shleshma poralooni proteases mariyu amaino-peptidays teekaalaloni proteins mariyu peptidelanu ksheenimpajeyagalavu kabatti nasika teekaalaku sthireekaranalu chaalaa mukhyamainavi. influenzae daadaapu 9 millionla mandini prabhaavitam chestunnanduna parisoedhana nasika laivlanu meruguparachadam konasagistondi. prati samvatsaram influenzae koddigaa maarutunnanduna, kotta jaatulapai nirantara parisoedhana teaca saamarthyaanni meruguparustundi. type cheyaleni "haemophilus influenzae" kosam nasika teaca abhivruddhipai parisoedhana uparitala proteinlaku kattubadi unna teaca biophilm erpadataanni nirodhinchindani choopistundi. phalitamgaa, eee teaca influenzae sankramana nundi biophilm valla kalige chevi infectionlaku chikitsa chese saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi. influenzaaku vyatiraekamgaa nasika teekalaga upayoginchadaaniki α-galactocylseramide (α-galsar) vanti kotta bhagalu kooda parisoedhinchabadutunnaayi. replication-lopam unna pratyaksha adenovirusto roganirodhakata icchinappudu α-galsar roganirodhaka pratispandanalanu prerepinchinanduna, influenzaaku vyatiraekamgaa itara chikitsalatho nasika laivlanu saha-roganirodhakata cheyavachani aadharalu unnaayi.
intranasal covid-19 teekaalu.
2020 prapancha covid-19 mahammariki mundu, african aakupaccha kotulapai 2004loe janthu adhyayanalu saars-sambandhita coronavirus (saars-cove) teekaanu pareekshinchaayi mariyu eee kothulu sokina tarvaata vaari eguva swaasakosha maargam nundi vairasnu vidudala cheyaledani choopinchaayi. appati nundi, covid-19 mahammari praarambhamtho aneka intranasal covid-19 teekaalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. incovac, raajee cove pars, sputnik mariyu convidicia anevi nasika covid-19 teekaalu, ivi teaca labhyatanu meruguparachadaaniki mariyu covid-19 vyaaptini tagginchadaaniki prapanchavyaaptamgaa abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. 
2020 augustulo, covid-19 mahammari samayamlo, elukalu mariyu kotulapai chesina adhyayanalu kotta coronavirus nundi rakshana nasika maargam dwara pondavachani niroopinchaayi. mukku meeda spray dwara covid-19 teekaanu ivvagaligithe, prajalu tamanu taamu teekaalu veyinchukogalarani maroka adhyayanam perkondi. covid-19 kosam teaca pampinhee saamarthyaanni prabhaavitam cheyagala nasika spray teekaala yokka pradhana lakshanaala gurinchi parisoedhana spray cone konam pampinhee saamarthyaanni prabhaavitam cheyagaladani suuchistumdi; binduvu prarambha vegam mariyu kuurpu spray cone konam vale nasika teaca saamardhyampai antagaa prabhavam chuupaleedu.
ippatike kaneesam rendu covid-19 teaca motaadulanu pondina vaariki boosterlugaa upayoginchadaaniki varusaga incovac mariyu convidesialanu bharatadesam mariyu chaina aamodinchaayi. united stateslo nasika covid-19 teaca parisoedhana konasaagutunnappatiki, prabhutva nidhulu lekapovadam eee parisoedhana praja paripalanaku aamodam pondadaaniki maanava pareekshalaku vellakundaa nirodhinchavacchu. nasika covid-19 teekaala kosam praivaetu nidhulatho parisoedhana clinical trials cherukovadam praarambhinchindi; blue lake biotechnology dwara nasika covid-19 teaca fibravari 2023 chivari natiki daani dasha 1 clinical trialsnu praarambhinchindi. nasika teekaalu itara rakaala teekaala kante prayojanam kaligi undavacchani saastravettalu oohinchaaru endukante avi paripalana pradaesamloe roganirodhaka rakshananu andistaayi. 
pasuvaidya vaidyaaniki darakhaastulu.
maanavulu kakunda itara jaatulu vyaadhulanu nivaarinchadaaniki nasika teekaalanu upayogistaayi. intranasal teekaalu antu trachiobronchitis (itb) nuu nivaarinchadaaniki "bordetella branchiseptica" kosam kukkalapai upayoginchabadataayi. saadhaaranamgaa kukka daggugaa piluvabade etibi, saadhaaranamgaa kukkapillalu mariyu kukka aasrayaala vanti adhika janabha kaligina vaataavaranaalaloo vyaapistundi. intranasal teekaanu upayoginchi idibi kii vyatiraekamgaa sthiramaina teekaalu veyadam teaca vesina kukkanu rakshinchadaaniki roganirodhaka pratispandananu srushtistundi. intranasal teekaanu upayoginchi idibi kii vyatiraekamgaa sthiramaina teekaalu veyadam teaca vesina kukkanu rakshinchadaaniki roganirodhaka pratispandananu srushtistundi.
pasuvulu bovin herpes virus 1, parine fluenza type 3 mariyu bovin rhinotrachitis virus vanti vyaadhulaku vyatiraekamgaa nasika teekaalu andukuntaayi. eee moodu vairaslu swaasakosha sankramanaku sambandhinchinavi kabatti, intranasal marganni upayoginchadam dwara teekaanu neerugaa swaasakosha vyavasthaku teesukuraavacchu. 
indradhanassu trout vaari nasika kuharamlo gatamlo teliyani shosharasa nirmaanaanni kaligi undani iteevali aavishkaranalu suuchistunnaayi. eee nirmaanam nasika teekaalaku vegavantamaina sahajamaina mariyu anukuula pratispandanalanu kaligi undataaniki veelu kalpistundi.
nasika teekaalapai prastuta parisoedhana.
prastuta parisoedhana nasika teaca pampinhee paddhatulanu meruguparachadaaniki kotta saanketikatalu mariyu parinaamaalanu anveshistondi. pedda kanaalatoe poliste chinna kanaalu nasika kuharam yokka epithelial poranu cherukovadaniki marinta sulabhamgaa prayaaninchagalavu kabatti kanaala parimaanam mariyu lakshanaalu parisoedhana kendramgaa marai. nasika prasarananu optimize cheyadaaniki suukshmakanaalu mariyu suukshma vyavasthalapai parisoedhanalu jarugutunnaayi. roganirodhaka prabhavalanu prerepinche vaati lakshanaala kaaranamgaa puuthathoo kuudina suukshmakanaalu kendreekrutamaina praantam. itara rakaala suukshmakanaalatoe poliste glycol chitosan-puuta gala suukshmakanaalu roganirodhaka pratispandananu ekkuvagaa prerepistaayi. nasika epithelium lakshanaala aadhaaramgaa roopondinchina naanokyaariyarlanu nasika teekaalanu andinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu, anduvalla nasika teekaalu marinta andubaatulo undela cheyavachu. lakshya pradaesaalaku teekaalu ksheeninchakundaa nirodhinchadaaniki polymeric suukshma vyavasthalu kooda abhivruddhi cheyabadutunnayi; prastuta parisoedhana teaca saamarthyaanni meruguparachadaaniki suukshma vyavasthalalo upayoginchavalasina jeevaadhokaranam chendhe padaarthaala yokka padaartham mariyu bhouthika lakshanaalanu ardham chesukovadampai drushti saarinchindi. nasika teaca kanaala kadalikapai parisoedhana eee teekaalu sareeramloki pravesinchadaaniki marinta prabhaavavantamaina maargaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadampai drushti saarinchindi. elukalapai chesina oka janthu adhyayanam, siliary kadalikanu sadviniyogam chesukovadam dwara nasika teaca nasika epitheliumloki pravesinche samasyalanu elaa daataveyagalado pareekshinchindi. hetero elukalatho poliste tubelin tyrosine ligase lanty kutumba sabhyudu 1 (ttll1) nakout elukalalo teaca antigen adhika sthaayilo undani phalitaalu suuchimchaayi.
nasika sprelatho paatu, nanogels anedi nasika teaca parisoedhana kosam prastuta drushti kendrikarinche praantam. oka adhyayanam elukala nasika kuharamloni uparitala proteinlatho bandhinche catanic nanogel aadhaarita nasika teekaanu roopondinchindi. eee bandham biophilm erpadataanni nirodhinchindi, idhi taruvaata chevi infectionla chikitsaku anumatinchindi. makaakulalo pneumococcal infection nivaarinchadaaniki gatamlo abhivruddhi chesina nanogel nasika teekaanu pareekshinchadampai maroe iteevali adhyayanam drushti pettindi. eee nasika teekaanu pondina makaaklu oopiritittulalo oopiritittula vaapu mariyu bacterianu tagginchaayani eee adhyayanam nundi vacchina teermaanaalu choopinchaayi. 
kotta parisoedhanalu live mariyu covid-19 daati vistarinchaayi. wooping dagguku kaaranamayye bacteria ayina live attenuated "bordetella pertussis" nuu upayoginchi oke motaadu nasika teekaanu chinna elukalapai pareekshinchaaru mariyu asillular teekaatho inject cheyabadina elukalatho poolchaaru. nasika teaca korinta dagguku sambandhinchina lakshanaalanu nivaarinchagaligindi mariyu suudi mandulatho polchadagina prabhavalanu kaligi undhi. teaca kaaranamgaa mashoochi daadaapu puurtigaa tolaginchabadinappatiki, mashoochi teekaala nirantara abhivruddhiki haamii ichhe konni kesulu ippatikee prapanchavyaaptamgaa unnaayi. mashoochi punaraavrutam kakunda nirodhinchadaaniki 21va sataabdamloo inca parisoedhanalu jarugutunnaayi; 2008 adhyayanam elukalaku intraanaasalleegaa icchinappudu vaccinia virus (vaakv) utparivartanaalanu vislaeshimchimdi. eee adhyayanam nundi vacchina phalitaalu takkuva motaadulo intranasal teekaalu elukalanu rakshinchaayani, anduvalla mashoochi mariyu ilanti vairaslaku vyatiraekamgaa teekaalaku vahakaalugaa upayoginchavacchani choopinchaayi. 
nasika teaca abhivruddhi yokka clinical anuvaadaanni ardham chesukovadaniki maanavulapai kooda adhyayanalu jarugutunnaayi. sisuvulapai 2023 adhyayanamlo nasika spray mukku dhooram mariyu kanaala pampinhee lakshanaala praamukhyata choopabadindi. pareekshinchina naalugu sprela kaneesa saamarthyam 80 saatam anie, spray binduvu parimaanam pampinhee mariyu spray mukku mariyu mukku madhya dhooram teaca pampineeni prabhaavitam cheyavachani phalitaalu suuchimchaayi. nasika spray nazil yokka maroka mukhyamaina lakshanam spray cone konam. nasika teaca dwara covid-19 nuu nivaarinchadaaniki 6 yella rogipai chesina adhyayanamlo spray cone konam teaca pampinhee saamarthyaanni prabhaavitam cheyagaladani, ayithe binduvu prarambha vegam mariyu kuurpu antha prabhavanni chuupavani telindi. 

