
asthipanjara kandaraalu

asthipanjara kandaraalu (saadhaaranamgaa kandaraalu anie pilustaaru) sakasheruka kandara vyavastha yokka avayavalu mariyu saadhaaranamgaa asthipanjaram yokka emukalaku snaayuvulu dwara jatacheyabadataayi. asthipanjara kandaraala kandara kanaalu itara rakaala kandara kanajaalaala kante chaalaa podavugaa untaayi, mariyu tarachugaa kandaraala fibers anie pilustaaru. asthipanjara kandaraala kandara kanajaalam charalu kaligi untundi-sarcomeres amarika kaaranamgaa chaarala roopaanni kaligi untundi.
asthipanjara kandaraalu somatic naadii vyavastha niyantranalo unna swachchanda kandaraalu. itara rakaala kandaraalu cardiac kandaraalu, ivi kooda straited mariyu mruduvaina kandaraalu, ivi naan-straited; eee rendu rakaala kandara kanajaalaalu asankalpitamgaa ledhaa swayampratipatti naadii vyavastha niyantranalo vargeekarinchabaddaayi.
asthipanjara kandaramlo bahula tantuvulu untaayi-kandaraala fibers yokka kattalu. prati okka fiber, mariyu prati kandaram chuttoo oka rakamaina bandhana kanajaala pora untundi. mygenesis anie piluvabade prakriyaloo abhivruddhi chendina myoblastla kalayika nundi kandaraala fibers erpadataayi, phalitamgaa podavaina bahula nucleated kanaalu erpadataayi. eee kanaalalo "mayo nucleus" anie piluvabade kendrakaalu kana pora lopali bhaagamlo untaayi. kandaraala fibers shakti avasaralanu teerchadaaniki bahula mitochondrianu kooda kaligi untaayi.
kandaraala fibers myofibrillsto koodi untaayi. myophybrills myophilaments anie piluvabade actin mariyu mayosin philamentlatho koodi untaayi, ivi sarcomeres anie piluvabade unitlalo punaraavrutamavutaayi, ivi kandaraala sankochaaniki avasaramaina kandaraala fiber yokka praathamika kriyaatmaka, sankochinche unitlu. kandaraalu pradhanamgaa kovvulu mariyu carbohydratela aakseekarana dwara saktini pondutaayi, conny vaayurahita rasayana praticharyalu kooda upayoginchabadataayi, mukhyamgaa vegavantamaina kommula fibers dwara. eee rasayana praticharyalu adenosine trifasphate (eah. tii. pii) anuvulanu utpatti chestaayi, ivi mayosin talala kadalikanu saktivantam cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi.
asthipanjara kandaraalu baruvu prakaram maanava sareeramlo 35 saatam untaayi. asthipanjara kandaraala vidhulu kadalikanu utpatti cheyadam, shareera bhangimanu nirvahinchadam, shareera ushnogratanu niyantrinchadam mariyu keellanu sthireekarinchadam. asthipanjara kandaraalu kooda oka endocrine avayavam. vividha saareeraka paristhitulalo, 654 ververu proteinla upasamitulu alaage lipidlu, amaino aamlalu, metabolitelu mariyu chinna aarr. enn. yea. luu asthipanjara kandaraala sraavamlo kanipistaayi.
asthipanjara kandaraalu gananeeyamgaa bahula anuvendriya anubandha kandaraala fibers (myocytes) thoo koodi untaayi. ayithe, asthipanjara kandaraalalo gananeeyamaina sankhyalo nivaasa mariyu chorabadutunna yeka paramaanu kanaalu kooda unnaayi. parimaanam paramgaa, asthipanjara kandaraalalo myositelu adhika bhaagam untaayi. asthipanjara kandaraala myositelu saadhaaranamgaa chaalaa peddavigaa untaayi, ivi sumaru 2-3 centimeters podavu mariyu 100 micrometers vyaasam kaligi untaayi. polchi choosthe, kandaraalalo mononuclear kanaalu chaalaa chinnaviga untaayi. kandaraalalo konni mononuclear kanaalu endothelial kanaalu (ivi sumaru 50-70 μm podavu, 10-30 μm vedalpu mariyu 0.1-10 μm mandamgaa untaayi), macrophaselu (21 μm vyaasam) mariyu neutrophils (12-15 μm vyaasam). ayithe, asthipanjara kandaraalalo unde kendrakaala paramgaa, myocyte kendrakaalu unna kendrakaalalo sagam matrame undavacchu, ayithe nivaasa mariyu chorabaatuku vachhe yeka-anhu kanaala nundi kendrakaalu migilina sagam varaku untaayi.
asthipanjara kandaraalapai gananeeyamaina parisoedhana kandaraala fiber kanaalapai, mayosaitlapai kendrikrutamai undhi, diguva modati vibhagalalo vivaramgaa charchinchinatlu. ayithe, iteevala, aasakti asthipanjara kandaraala yokka vividha rakaala mononuclear kanaalapai, alaage kandaraala endocrine vidhulapai kooda drushti pettindi, taruvaata krinda vivarinchabadindi.
nirmaanam.
sthuula shareera nirmaana shaastram.
maanava sareeramlo 600 kante ekkuva asthipanjara kandaraalu unnaayi, ivi aarogyakaramaina yuvakulalo shareera baruvulo 40 saatam varaku untaayi. paaschaatya janabhalo purushulu mahilala kante sagatuna 61 saatam ekkuva asthipanjara kandaraalanu kaligi untaaru. chaalaa kandaraalu sariiraaniki rendu vaipula panicheyadaaniki dwaipaakshikamgaa unchina jatalalo sambhavistaayi. kandaraalanu tarachugaa oka charyanu nirvahinchadaaniki kalisi panichese kandaraala samuhaluga vargeekaristaaru. sareeramlo pectoral mariyu pottikadupu kandaraalato sahaa aneka pradhana kandara samuuhaalu unnaayi; antargata mariyu bahya kandaraalu chethi, paadam, naaluka mariyu kanti bahya kandaraala kandaraala samuuhaala upavibhaagaalu. kandaraalu kooda bhujamlo naalugu samuuhaalatoe sahaa compartmentluga vargeekarinchabaddaayi,
mariyu kaalulo naalugu samuuhaalu.
kandaraala yokka fibers kaligina sankocham bhaagam kakunda, kandaramlo dattamaina peechu anusandhaana kanajaalam yokka sankocham kaani bhaagam untundi, idhi prati chivara snaayuvunu tayaaru chestundi. snaayuvulu asthipanjara kadalikanu ivvadaaniki emukalaku kandaraalanu jodistaayi. kandaraala podavulo snaayuvulu untaayi. anni kandaraalalo anusandhaana kanajaalam lothaina tantuvugaa untundi. lothaina tantuvu kandaraalalo prati kandarapu peechuni endomisiumgaa chuttumutte pratyekata kaligi untundi; prati kandarapu tantuvu perimisiyamgaa mariyu prati kandaram epimisiumgaa untundi. eee poralanu kalisi "mysia" anie pilustaaru. lothaina tantuvu kandaraala samuuhaalanu kandaraala compartmentluga kooda vaeru chestundi.
kandaraalalo kanipinche rendu rakaala indriya grahakaalu kandaraala kudurulu mariyu golgi snayuvu avayavalu. kandaraala kudurulu kandaraala kadupulo unna stretch grahakaalu. golgi snayuvu avayavalu anevi kandaraala ottidini teliyajese myotendinus junction vadda unna propreoceptorlu.
asthipanjara kandaraala kanaalu.
asthipanjara kandara kanaalu anedi kandaraala lopala unna vyaktigata anubandha kanaalu, mariyu tarachugaa kandaraala fibers anie pilustaaru. yuva magavaarilo kandarapushti vanti oke kandaramlo sumaru 253,000 kandaraala fibers untaayi.
asthipanjara kandaraala fibers anevi nucleus thoo bahula nucleated kandara kanaalu matrame, veetini tarachugaa myonucleus anie pilustaaru. idhi myoblastla kalayikatho myogenesis samayamlo sambhavistundi, prati okkati oka kendrakaaniki dohadam chestundi. fusion anedi fusogenlu anie piluvabade "mayomaker" mariyu "myomerger" anie piluvabade kandara-nirdishta proteinlapy aadharapadi untundi.
kanamu yokka saadhaarana paniteeru kosam utpatti cheyalsina pedda mottamlo proteins mariyu enjaimla kosam asthipanjara kandara kanaaniki aneka kendrakaalu avasaram. oke kandarapu peechu vandala nundi vaelaadi kendrakaalanu kaligi untundi. udaaharanaku, 10 centimeters podavu gala maanava kandarapushti loe oka kandarapu fiber 3000 kendrakaalanu kaligi untundi. kendrakam kendramgaa unna kandaraalu kaani kanamlo kakunda, mionucleus podavainadi mariyu sarcolemmaku daggaragaa untundi. mayo nucleus fiber venta chaalaa ekareetigaa amarchabadi untundi, prati nucleus daani swantha "mayo nuclear domine" kaligi untundi, ikkada idhi myofiber yokka nirdishta vibhaagamlo cytoplasm yokka parimaanaaniki maddatu ivvadaaniki baadhyata vahistundi.
myosatalite kanaalu anie piluvabade kandara muula kanaala samuuham, "upagraha kanaalu" kooda neelamaaliga pora mariyu kandaraala fibers yokka sarcolemma madhya kanipistaayi. eee kanaalu saadhaaranamgaa prasaantamgaa untaayi, conny kandaraala perugudala ledhaa marammattu kosam adanapu mayo nucleusnu andinchadaaniki vyayamam ledhaa pathology dwara sakriyam cheyavachu.
snaayuvulaku anubandham.
kandaraala sanklishta interfaces praantamloo kandaraalu snaayuvulaku jatacheyabadataayi, dheenini myotendinus junction anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi shakti yokka praadhamika prasaaraaniki pratyaekamaina praantam. kandaraala-kandaraala antarmukham vadda, kandaraala kanaalalo sarcomeres nundi snaayuvuku shakti prasaram cheyabadutundi. kandaraalu mariyu snaayuvulu daggari anubandhamlo abhivruddhi chendutaayi, mariyu avi myotendinus junction vadda cherina tarvaata avi kandaraala sankocham nundi asthipanjara vyavasthaku saktini prasaram cheyadaaniki oka dynamic unitga erpadataayi.
kandaraala fibers yokka amarika.
kandaraala nirmaanam anedi kandaraala muulam nundi daani choppimpu varaku nadiche shakti utpatti yokka akshaniki sambandhinchi kandaraala fibers yokka amarikanu suuchistumdi. 
saadhaarana erpaatlu samaantara rakalu, mariyu pennet kandaraala rakalu. samaantara kandaraalalo tantuvulu shakti utpatti yokka akshaniki samaantaramgaa nadustaayi, conny tantuvulu okadaanitoe okati mariyu vaati snaayuvulaku vaati sambandhamlo maaravacchu. eee vaividhyaalu fusiform, patti mariyu convergent kandaraalalo kanipistaayi. oka kalipe kandaram tribhujaakaara ledhaa fyaan-aakaraanni kaligi untundi, endukante fibers daani choppinchinappudu kalustaayi mariyu muulam vadda vistrutamgaa bayataku vastaayi. samaantara kandaraaniki takkuva saadhaarana udaaharana arbicularis okyuli vanti vruttaakaara kandaram, dheenilo fibers langitudinalga amarchabadi untaayi, conny muulam nundi choppinchadam varaku oka vruttaanni srushtistaayi. eee vibhina nirmaanaalu, kandaraalu daani snaayuvula madhya srushtinchagala ottidilo vaividhyaalanu kaligistaayi.
pennet kandaraalalo fibers shakti utpatti yokka akshaniki oka konamlo nadustaayi. eee pennation konam edainaa vyaktigata fiber yokka prabhaavavantamaina saktini taggistundi, endukante idhi samarthavantamgaa off-axisnu laagutundi. ayithe, eee konam kaaranamgaa, ekkuva fiberlanu adhe kandaraala parimaanamlo pyaak cheyavachu, idhi saareeraka cross-sectional praantaanni (pcsa) penchutundi. eee prabhavanni fiber packing anie pilustaaru, mariyu shakti utpatti paramgaa, idhi off-axis dhorani yokka saamarthyam-nashtanni adhigaminchadam kante ekkuva. trade-off anedi kandaraala taggudala yokka mottam vegamtho mariyu mottam vihaarayaatralo vastundi. fiber tagginche vegamtho poliste mottam kandaraala taggimpu vegam taggutundi, alaage taggimpu yokka mottam dhooram kooda taggutundi. eee prabhaavaalannii pennation konamtho kolustaayi; perigina fiber packing mariyu pcsa kaaranamgaa ekkuva koonaalu ekkuva saktiki daariteestaayi, conny takkuva vegam mariyu vihaarayaatralo ekkuva nashtaalato. pennet kandaraala rakalu unipennet, bipennet mariyu multipennet. oka unipennet kandaram snaayuvuku oka vaipu unde konam gala fiberlanu kaligi untundi. dwaivaarshika kandaramlo snaayuvuku rendu vaipula fibers untaayi. bahula kandaraalu saktini utpatti chese aksham venta bahula koonaalaloo unde fiberlanu kaligi untaayi, mariyu idhi atyanta saadhaarana mariyu atyanta saadhaarana nirmaanam.
kandaraala fiber perugudala.
vyayamam chesinappudu kandaraala fibers perugutaayi mariyu upayogamlo lenappudu kunchinchukupotayi. vyayamam kandaraala kanaala mottam parimaanaanni penche myophybrills perugudalanu prerepistundi anae vaastavam dheeniki kaaranam. baga vyayamam chesina kandaraalu marinta parimaanaanni jodinchadame kakunda, marinta mitochondria, miglobin, glycogen mariyu kesanaalikala adhika saandratanu kooda abhivruddhi cheyagalavu. ayithe kandara kanaalu kotta kanaalanu utpatti cheyadaaniki vibhajinchalevu, phalitamgaa navjata sisuvu kante peddavaarilo takkuva kandara kanaalu untaayi.
kandaraala paeru.
kandaraala paeruloe parimaanam, aakaram, charya, sthaanam, vaati dhorani mariyu vaati talala sankhyaku sambandhinchina padaalatoe sahaa aneka padaalu upayoginchabadataayi.
fiber rakalu.
sthuulamgaa rendu rakaala kandaraala fiberlu unnaih type I, idhi nemmadigaa untundi mariyu type II, idhi vaegamgaa untundi. rakam IIloe rendu rakaalaina aiya (aakseekarana) mariyu rakam ikes (glycolytic) unnaayi, ivi moodu pradhana fiber rakalanu istayi. eee fibers saapekshamgaa vibhinnamaina jeevakriya, anubandha mariyu motaru unit lakshanaalanu kaligi untaayi. diguva pattika eee rakamaina lakshanaalanu vaeru chestundi. eee rakamaina lakshanaalu-avi vyaktigata fibers yokka lakshanaalapai paakshikamgaa aadharapadi unnappatikee-vyaktigata fiber kante motaru unit sthaayilo sambandhitamgaa mariyu kolustaaru.
nemmadigaa aakseekarana (rakam i) fibers saapekshamgaa nemmadigaa kudinchukuntaayi mariyu eah. tii. pii. nii utpatti cheyadaaniki aerobic respirationnu upayogistaayi. vegavantamaina aakseekarana (rakam ii. ii. yea) fibers vaegamgaa sankochistaayi mariyu pradhanamgaa aerobic swaasakriyanu upayogistaayi, conny avi vaayurahita swaasakriyaku (glycolysis) maaravacchu kabatti, nemmadigaa aakseekarana fibers kante twaragaa alasata kaliginchavacchu. vegavantamaina glycolytic (tye ikes) fibers vaegamgaa sankochistaayi mariyu pradhanamgaa vaayurahita glycolysisnu upayogistaayi. efgy fiberlu itarulakanna twaragaa alasatanu kaligistaayi. maanavulalo chaalaa asthipanjara kandaraalu moodu rakalanu kaligi untaayi, ayithe vividha nishpattilo untaayi.
fiber rangu.
saampradayakamgaa, fiberlanu vaati vividha rangulanu batti vargeekarinchaaru, idhi miglobin content yokka pratibimbam. adhika sthaayi miglobin kaaranamgaa type ii fibers erupu rangulo kanipistaayi. erra kandaraala fibers ekkuva mitochondria mariyu ekkuva sthaanika kesanaalika saandratanu kaligi untaayi. eee fibers orpu kosam marinta anukuulamgaa untaayi mariyu alasataku nemmadigaa untaayi endukante avi eah. tii. pii (adenosine trifasphate) nuu utpatti cheyadaaniki aakseekarana jeevakriyanu upayogistaayi. takkuva aakseekarana rakam II fibers saapekshamgaa takkuva myoglobin mariyu glycolytic enjaimlapai aadharapadatam valla tellagaa untaayi.
vegaanni penchutundi.
fiberlanu vaati kottukupoye saamardhyaalapai kooda vegavantamaina mariyu nemmadigaa kottukupoyevigaa vargeekarinchavachhu. eee lakshanaalu ekkuvagaa, conny puurtigaa kaadu, rangu, aut pays ledhaa emhechsi aadhaaramgaa vargeekaranalanu ativyaapti chestaayi.
kontamandi rachayitalu vegavantamaina twitch fibernu nirvachinchaaru, dheenilo mayosin chaalaa twaragaa eah. tii. pii. gaa vidipotundi. veetilo pradhanamgaa aut pays rakam II mariyu emhechsi rakam II fibers untaayi. ayithe, vegavantamaina twitch fibers kooda charya sambhaavyata yokka electrochemical transmission mariyu sarcoplasmic reticulum dwara calcium vidudala mariyu teesukune vegavantamaina sthaayi kosam adhika saamarthyaanni pradarsistaayi. vegavantamaina kottukupoye fibers shakti badilee kosam baga abhivruddhi chendina, vaayurahita, swalpakaalika, glycolytic vyavasthapai aadhaarapadataayi mariyu nemmadigaa kottukupoye fibers kante 2-3 retlu ekkuva ottidini abhivruddhi cheyagalavu. vegavantamaina kandaraalu nemmadigaa kandaraala kante balam ledhaa vegam yokka chinna paelullanu utpatti cheyadamlo chaalaa merugga untaayi, kabatti alasata marinta twaragaa untundi.
nemmadigaa vachhe kottukupoye fibers aerobic energy badilee yokka deerghakaalika vyavastha dwara eah. tii. pii. rii-synthesis kosam saktini utpatti chestaayi. veetilo pradhanamgaa aut pays rakam i mariyu mhc rakam i fibers untaayi. avi takkuva kaaryaacharana sthaayini kaligi untaayi, takkuva baga abhivruddhi chendina glycolytic saamardhyamtho sankochinche vegam nemmadigaa untundi. nemmadigaa-kuttina fibers ekkuva sankhyalo mitochondria mariyu kesanaalikalanu abhivruddhi chestaayi, ivi sudeerghakaalam panicheyadaaniki merugainavi.
vyaktigata kandaraalu vividha rakaala fiber mishramamgaa untaayi, conny vaati nishpatti aaa kandaraala charyalanu batti maarutuu untundi. udaaharanaku, maanavulalo, quadrisps kandaraalalo ~52% rakam i fibers untaayi, ayithe solas ~80% rakam i. kanti yokka arbicularis okyuli kandaram ~15% rakam i matrame. ayithe, kandaraala lopala unna motaru unitlu, aaa unit yokka fibers madhya kaneesa vyatyaasaanni kaligi untaayi. eee vaastavam motaru unit niyamakam yokka parimaanam pradhaanatanu aacharaneeyamgaa chestundi.
asthipanjara kandaraala fibers mottam sankhya saampradayakamgaa maaradani bhaavinchabadindi.
fiber pampinheelo linga ledhaa vayassu thedaalu levani nammutaaru; ayithe, fiber rakaala nishpatti kandaraala nundi kandaraalaku mariyu vyaktiki vyaktiki gananeeyamgaa maarutuu untundi. vividha jaatulalo kandaraala peechu rakaala nishpattilo chaalaa vaividhyam undhi.
nischala purushulu mariyu mahilalu (alaage chinna pillalu) 45 saatam type II mariyu 55 saatam type I fiberlanu kaligi untaaru.
edainaa creeda yokka unnata mugimpulo unna vyaktulu fiber pampinhee namuunaalanu pradarsistaaru.zii. orpugala athletlu adhika sthaayi type ii fiberlanu chuuputaaru.
marovaipu, sprint athletlaku pedda sankhyalo ikes fibers avasaram.
madhya-dhoora eevent athletlu rendu rakaala sumaru samaana pampineeni chuuputaaru. visirevaaru mariyu dookevaaru vanti power athletla vishayamlo kooda idhi tarachugaa jarugutundi.
vividha rakaala vyayamalu asthipanjara kandaraala fibers loe maarpulanu prerepinchagalavani soochinchabadindi.
meeru nirantaram orpu rakam sanghatanalanu nirvahiste, konni rakaala ikes fibers aiya fibersga marutayani bhaavistunnaaru. ayithe, eee amsampai ekaabhipraayam ledhu.
adhika teevrata kaligina orpu sikshana tarvaata ikes fibers rakam aakseekarana saamarthyaanni meruguparustundi, idhi sikshana laeni vishayaala yokka nemmadigaa kotte fibers vale samarthavantamgaa aakseekarana jeevakriyanu nirvahinchagala sthaayiki teesukuvastundi. idhi mitochondrial parimaanam mariyu sankhyalo perugudala mariyu sambandhita sambandhita maarpula dwara vastundi, fiber rakamlo maarpu kaadu.
fiber typing paddhatulu.
fiber-typing kosam aneka paddhatulu upayoginchabadutunnaayi, mariyu paddhatula madhya gandaragolam nipunulu kaani vaarilo saadhaaranam. saadhaaranamgaa gandaragolaniki guraina rendu paddhatulu mayosin aut pays activityki hystochemical steining mariyu mayosin heavy chain (emhechsi) rakam kosam immunohystochemical steining. mayosin aut pays kaaryaacharana saadhaaranamgaa-mariyu sarigga-kevalam "fiber rakam" gaa suuchimchabadutumdi, mariyu vividha paristhitulalo aut pays karyakalapala pratyaksha vislaeshanha nundi vastundi (udhaa.zii. p). mayosin heavy chain steiningnu chaalaa khachitamgaa "emhechsi fiber rakam" anie pilustaaru.zii. "emhechsi aiya fibers", mariyu vividha emhechsi isopharmla nirdhaarana nundi vastundi. eee paddhatulu saareerakamgaa daggari sambandham kaligi untaayi, endukante emhechsi rakam anedi aut pays karyakalapala yokka praathamika nirnayaadhikaari. ayithe, eee typing paddhatulu rendoo neerugaa jeevakriya swabhaavam kaligi undavu; avi fiber yokka aakseekarana ledhaa glycolytic saamarthyaanni neerugaa parishkarinchavu.
type i" ledhaa "type II" fiberlanu saadhaaranamgaa suuchimchinappudu, idhi atyanta khachitamgaa sankhya fiber rakaala mottaanni suuchistumdi (i verses. (ii) mayosin aut pays activity steining dwara anchanaa veyabadinatlugaa (e.zii. "rakam II" fibers anedi rakam iia + rakam iiax + rakam iixa nii suuchistumdi... modalainavi.).
maanavulalo kanipinche fiber rakalaku parimitam cheyabadina eee rendu paddhatula madhya sambandhaanni choopinche pattika krinda undhi. fiber typing verses fiber typinglo uparakam capitalisation upayoginchabadutundi. emhechsi typing, mariyu konni ett pays rakalu vaastavaaniki bahula emhechsi rakalanu kaligi untaayi. alaage, oka upa rakam bii ledhaa bii maanavulalo yea paddhati dwara vyakteekarinchabadadu. prarambha parisoedhakulu maanavulu emhechsi aibnu vyaktam chestaarani vishwasinchaaru, idhi aib yokka ett pays vargeekaranaku daariteesindi. ayithe, taruvaata parisoedhanaloo maanava emhechsi aib vaastavaaniki ikes anie choopinchindi, idhi aib kii ikes anie paeru pettadam manchidi anie suuchistumdi. aib itara ksheeradaalalo vyakteekarinchabadutundi, kabatti saahityamlo ippatikee khachitamgaa kanipistundi (aib thoo paatu). maanavulu kaani fiber rakaalalo nijamaina iib fibers, iic, iid modalainavi unnaayi.
marinta fiber typing paddhatulu takkuva lanchanaprayamga varninchabaddaayi, mariyu spectrum yokka ekkuva bhaagamlo unnaayi. vaaru jeevakriya mariyu kriyaatmaka saamardhyaalapai ekkuva drushti pedataaru (i.ii., aakseekarana verses. glycolytic, faast verses. nemmadigaa sankochinche samayam). paina paerkonnatlugaa, ett pays ledhaa emhechsi dwara fiber typing eee paaraamitulanu neerugaa kolavadam ledhaa nirdesinchadam ledhu. ayithe, aneka vividha paddhatulu yaantrikamgaa anusandhaaninchabadi unnaayi, marikonni "inn vivo" thoo sahasambandham kaligi unnaayi. udaaharanaku, aut pays fiber rakam sankocham vaegaaniki sambandhinchinadi, endukante adhika aut pays karyakalapalu vaegamgaa cross bridge saiklingnu anumatistaayi. atpace activity anedi sankocham vegamlo oka bhaagam matrame, type ii fibers "nemmadigaa" untaayi, endukante avi type II fibers thoo poliste atpace activity yokka takkuva vegaanni kaligi untaayi. ayithe, sankocham vegaanni kolavadam anedi aut pays fiber typing vale undadu.
kandaraala fiber rakam parinaamam.
daadaapu anni bahula kana jantuvulu kadaladaaniki kandaraalapai aadharapadi untaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, chaalaa bahula kana jantuvula kandara vyavasthalu nemmadigaa-kuttina mariyu vaegamgaa-kuttina kandaraala fiberlanu kaligi untaayi, ayithe prati fiber rakam yokka nishpattulu jeevulu mariyu parisaraalalo maaravacchu. sikshana dwara vaari samalakshana fiber rakam nishpattulanu marchagala saamarthyam mariyu paryaavaranaaniki pratispandinche saamarthyam maarutunna vaataavaranamloo unchinappudu jeevulaku baga upayogapadindi, chinna paeludu kadalikalu (adhika vegavantamaina kottukupovadam nishpatti) ledhaa manugada kosam sudeergha kadalika vyavadhi (adhika nemmadigaa kottukupovadam nishpatti) avasaram. shareera nirmaanamloo kandara dravyarashi mariyu shakti utpattilo maarpulu konni nelallo maaravacchani choopinchindi. eee vaividhyam yokka konni udaaharanalu krinda vivarinchabaddaayi.
vividha jantuvulalo kandaraala fiber vaividhyam yokka udaaharanalu.
akasherukaalu.
american endrakaya, "homarus americanus", vegavantamaina twitch fibers, sloe-twitch mariyu sloe-tonic fibers thoo sahaa moodu rakaala fiberlanu kaligi untundi. sloe-tonic anedi nemmadigaa vachhe kottukupoye fiber, idhi ekkuva kaalam sankochaalanu (tannic) konasaaginchagaladu.  endrakaayallo, vividha shareera bhagalalo kandaraalu kandaraala samuuham yokka prayojanam aadhaaramgaa kandaraala fiber rakam nishpattilo maarutuu untaayi.
sakasherukaalu.
sakasheruka pindaala prarambha abhivruddhilo, kandaraala perugudala mariyu nirmaanam varusa taramgaalu ledhaa myogenesis dasalalo jarugutundi. mayosin heavy chain isotype anedi nirdishta fiber rakaniki pradhana nirnayaadhikaari. gbrafish pindaalalo, erpadina modati kandaraala fibers nemmadigaa melitippina fibers. eee kanaalu vaati asalu sthaanam nundi nemmadigaa kandaraala kandaraala fibers yokka monoleyarnu roopondinchadaaniki valasa veltaayi. pindam paripakvam chendutunna koddi eee kandaraala fibers marinta bhedaaniki lonavutaayi.
sareesrupaalu.
pedda jantuvulalo, vividha kandaraala samuuhaalaku vividha prayojanaala kosam kandaraala lopala vividha rakaala fiber nishpattulu ekkuvagaa avasaram avtayi. trachemis scripta elegans" vanti taabellu, meda lopala puuraka kandaraalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi fiber rakam saataala yokka sambhaavya viloma dhoranini chuuputaayi (oka kandaram vegavantamaina kadalika yokka adhika saataanni kaligi untundi, ayithe paripuurakaramaina kandaram nemmadigaa kadalika fibers yokka adhika saataanni kaligi untundi). tabella paripuurakaramaina kandaraalu fiber rakaalalo saaruupya saataalanu kaligi undevi.
ksheeradaalu.
chimpanji kandaraalu 67 saatam vegavantamaina-muduchukune fibersto koodi untaayi mariyu maanava kandaraala kante samaana parimaanamlo garishtamgaa 1.35 retlu ekkuva dynamic shakti mariyu shakti utpattini kaligi untaayi. ksheeradaalalo, glycolytic jeevakriyanu upayoginche rakam II fibers yokka praabalyam undhi. maanavulato poliste vegavantamaina kottukupoye fiberlalo vyatyaasam kaaranamgaa, chimpanjilu shakti sambandhita pareekshalalo maanavulanu adhigamistaayi. ayithe, maanavulu aerobic paridhiloo vyayamam cheyadam dwara baga chestaaru, dheeniki nadaka (bipedalism) vanti pedda jeevakriya kharchulu avasaram.
janyu parirakshana verses kriyaatmaka parirakshana.
jaatula antataa, konni janyu shrenulu samrakshinchabaddaayi, conny ellappuduu oke vidhamaina kriyaatmaka prayojanam kaligi undavu. gbrafish pindamlo, "pradm1" janyuvu "sokes6" (paroksha) vanti pratyaksha mariyu paroksha yantraamgaala dwara kotta nemmadigaa melitippina fibers erpadataanni niyantristundi. elukalalo, "prdm1" janyuvu untundi, conny "sokes6" dwara elukalalo nemmadigaa kandaraala janyuvulanu niyantrinchadu.
plasticity.
janyu praatipadikanu kaligi undatame kakunda, kandaraala peechu rakaala kuurpu anuvainadi mariyu aneka vibhina paryaavarana kaarakaalato maaravacchu. eee plasticity, nissandehamgaa, kandaraalato unna jeevulalo balamaina parinaamaatmaka prayojanam kaavacchu.
chepalalo, vividha rakaala peechu rakalu ververu neeti ushnogratala vadda vyakteekarinchabadataayi. challani ushnogratalaku kandaraalalo marinta samarthavanthamaina jeevakriya avasaram mariyu alasata nirodhakata mukhyam. marinta ushnamandala vaataavaranaalaloo, vegavantamaina saktivantamaina kadalikalu (adhika vegavantamaina-kotte nishpattula nundi) deerghakaalamlo marinta prayojanakaramgaa niroopinchabadavacchu.
elukalu vanti elukalalo, vaati kandaraala yokka taatkaalika swabhaavam chaalaa prabalamgaa untundi. avi adhika saatam hybrid kandaraala fiberlanu kaligi untaayi mariyu vaegamgaa nundi nemmadigaa kandaraalanu maarchadamlo 60 saatam varaku kaligi untaayi.
aaharam, vyayamam mariyu jeevanasaili rakalu vanti paryaavarana prabhavalu maanavulalo fiber rakaniki nishpattilo keelaka paatra poeshistaayi. aerobic vyayamam nishpattulanu nemmadigaa kotte fibers vaipu maarustundi, ayithe paeludu saktini ettadam mariyu sprinting fibersnu vegavantamaina kotte vaipu maarustundi. jantuvulalo, "vyayama sikshana" anedi mamsaahaarula nundi tappinchukovadaaniki ledhaa vaetanu pattukoovadaaniki sudeergha kaala kadalikalu ledhaa chinna paeludu kadalikala avasaram laaga kanipistundi.
microanatomy.
rendu anubandha proteinla mayosin mariyu actin-ivi myofibrilsloni rendu myophilaments amarika kaaranamgaa suukshmadarshini krinda chusinappudu asthipanjara kandaraalu vilakshanhamaina banding namuunaanu pradarsistaayi. mayosin mandapati tantuvulanu yerparustundi, mariyu actin sannani tantuvulanu yerparustundi, mariyu sarcomeres anie piluvabade punaraavruta unitlalo amarchabadi untaayi. rendu proteinla paraspara charya phalitamgaa kandaraala sankocham erpadutundi.
cytoskelitanloni madhyantara tantuvula dwara mitochondria vanti itara avayavalaku sarcomer jatacheyabadutundi. castomare saarkomarnu sarcolemmaku jatachestundi.
kandaraala fiber yokka prati okka avayava mariyu macromalicule adhi kaavalasina vidhulanu neraverustundani nirdhaarinchadaaniki erpaatu cheyabadutundi. kana poranu sarcolemma anie pilustaaru, cytoplasmnu sarcoplasm anie pilustaaru. circoplasmlo myophybrills untaayi. myophybrills oka micrometer vyaasamlo podavaina protein kattalu. sarcolemma lopali bhaagamlo nokkinappudu asaadhaarana chadunaina mionucleus untundi. myophybrills madhya mitochondria untundi.
kandaraala fiberlo mruduvaina endoplasmic cyster ledhu, idhi sarcoplasmic reticulum kaligi untundi. circoplasmic reticulum myophybrills chuttoo untundi mariyu kandaraala sankochaaniki kaaranamayye calcium ayanla nilvanu kaligi untundi. kalanugunamga, idhi terminal systerne anie piluvabade end saaklanu vistarinchindi. ivi kandaraala fibernu oka vaipu nundi maroka vaipuku daatutaayi. rendu terminal systernale madhya oka gottapu infolding untundi, dheenini transverse gottamu (tii gottamu) antaaru. tii gottalu anevi calciumnu vidudala cheyadaaniki sarcoplasmic reticulamnu suuchimchadaaniki charya sambhaavyataku margalu, ivi kandaraala sankochaaniki kaaranamavutaayi. rendu terminal systerne mariyu oka viloma gottalu kalisi oka trayam erpadataayi.
abhivruddhi.
anni kandaraalu paraxial mesoderm nundi udbhavinchaayi. somatogenesis prakriyaloo pinda abhivruddhi samayamlo paraxial mesoderm pindam yokka podavutho paatu vibhajinchabadindi, idhi vennupuusa stambhamlo kanipinche sareeram yokka vibhajanaku anugunamgaa untundi. prati somite moodu vibhaagaalanu kaligi untundi, sclerotome (idhi vennupuusanu yerparustundi), dermatome (idhi charmanni yerparustundi), mariyu myotome (idhi kandaraalanu yerparustundi). myotome rendu vibhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi, epimer mariyu hypomare, ivi varusaga epoxial mariyu hypoxial kandaraalanu yerparustaayi. maanavulalo epoxial kandaraalu matrame erector spine mariyu chinna vennupuusa kandaraalu, mariyu vennemuka naraala yokka dorsal raami dwara nadicriya cheyabadataayi. avayavaalatho sahaa anni itara kandaraalu hypoxial, mariyu vennemuka naraala ventral raami dwara nadicriya cheyabadataayi.
abhivruddhi samayamlo, myoblastlu (kandaraala progenitor kanaalu) vennupuusa stambhamto anubandhinchabadina kandaraalanu roopondinchadaaniki somaitlo untaayi ledhaa anni itara kandaraalanu roopondinchadaaniki sareeramloki valasapothayi. myoblast valasaku mundu saadhaaranamgaa somatic lateral plate mesoderm nundi erpadina bandhana kanajaala chatraalu erpadataayi. myoblastlu tagina pradaesaalaku rasayana sankethaalanu anusaristaayi, akkada avi podavaina bahula nucleated asthipanjara kandara kanaalugaa kalisipotayi.
garbhadhaarana padava mariyu paddenimidava vaaraala madhya, anni kandaraala kanaalu vegavantamaina mayosin bhaarii golusulanu kaligi untaayi; abhivruddhi chendutunna pindamlo rendu myotube rakalu vaeru cheyabadataayi-rendoo vegavantamaina golusulanu vyaktam chestaayi conny okati vegavantamaina mariyu nemmadigaa golusulanu vyaktam chestaayi. 10 nundi 40 saatam fibers madhya mayosin golusunu nemmadigaa vyaktam chestaayi.
pindam abhivruddhi samayamlo fiber rakalu sthaapinchabadataayi mariyu taruvaata vayojanulalo naadii mariyu harmonela prabhaavaala dwara punarnirminchabadataayi. prasavaanantara kandaraala abhivruddhiki besal lamina kinda unna upagraha kanaala janabha avasaram.
function.
kandaraala praathamika pani sankocham. sankocham taruvaata, asthipanjara kandaraalu mayokinlanu sravinchadam dwara endocrine organga panicheestaayi-cytokinelu mariyu itara peptidela vistruta shreni signalling anuvulugaa panicheestaayi. mayokinlu vyayamam valla kalige aarogya prayojanaalaku madhyavartitvam chestayani nammutaaru. kandaraala sankocham tarvaata mayokinlu raktapravaahamloki sravistaayi. interleukin 6 (ill-6) atyanta adhyayanam cheyabadina mayokin, itara kandaraala sankocham-prerita mayokinlalo bdnf, fgf21 mariyu spark unnaayi.
kandaraalu shareera vaedini utpatti cheyadaaniki kooda panicheestaayi. kandaraala sankocham sariiramlooni 85 saatam vaedini utpatti cheyadaaniki baadhyata vahistundi. eee utpatti ayye vaedi kandaraala karyakalapala upa utpattigaa untundi, mariyu ekkuvagaa vrudhaa avutundi. teevramaina jalubuku homeostatic pratispandanagaa, vaedini utpatti cheyadaaniki kandaraalu vanuku yokka sankochaalanu prerepinchadaaniki suuchimchabadataayi.
sankocham.
kandaraala nirmaanaatmaka unit, kandaraala fiber mariyu daani kriyaatmaka unit, motaru unit dwara sankocham saadhinchabadutundi. kandaraala fibers anevi motaru neuronla dwara prerepinchabade uttejapariche kanaalu. motaru unitlo motaru neuron mariyu adhi taakina aneka fibers untaayi. oke kandaram aneka motaru unitla dwara prerepinchabadutundi. kandaraala fibers
neurotransmitter acetylcholine dwara depolarisationku lobadi, neuromuscular junctionla vadda motaru neuronla dwara vidudala cheyabadutundi.
anubandha sarcomeresnu tayaaru chese myofibrilsloni actin mariyu mayosin myophilamentlatho paatu, rendu itara mukhyamaina niyantrana proteins unnaayi-troponin mariyu tropomyosin, ivi kandaraala sankochaanni saadhyam chestaayi. eee proteins actintho anubandhinchabadi untaayi mariyu mayosinto daani paraspara charyanu nivaarinchadaaniki sahakaristaayi. oka kanam taginantagaa prerepinchabadina tarvaata, kanam yokka sarcoplasmic reticulum ionic calcium (ca2 +) nuu vidudala chestundi, idhi appudu regulatory protein troponintho sankarshana chendutundi. calcium-bound troponin oka conformational maarpuku lonavutundi, idhi tropomyosin kadalikaku daariteestundi, taruvaata actinpy mayosin-binding saitlanu bahirgatam chestundi. idhi mayosin mariyu actin eah. tii. pii-aadhaarita cross-bridge saikling mariyu kandaraala chinnatanaanni anumatistundi.
excitation-contraction coupling.
excitation contraction coupling anedi kandaraala fiberlo kandaraala charya sambhaavyata myophybrills kudurchukune prakriya. eee prakriya sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium vidudala chaanal ryr1 (ranodine receptor 1), mariyu voltage-gated ell-type calcium chhaanals (dihydropyridine receptors, dhcprs gaa gurtinchabadindi) madhya pratyaksha kalayikapai aadharapadi untundi. dehetprelu sarcolemmapy (indulo uparitala sarcolemma mariyu viloma gottalu untaayi) untaayi, ayithe rairlu sr porapai untaayi. oka viloma gottapu mariyu rairs kaligi unna rendu sr praantaala daggari sthaanam oka trayam gaa varninchabadindi mariyu pradhanamgaa excitation-contraction coupling jarugutundi. asthipanjara kandaraala kanaala vidhvamsam phalitamgaa kandaraala charya sambhaavyata erpadinappudu excitation-contraction coupling sambhavistundi, idhi kandaraala uparitalam antataa mariyu kandaraala fiber yokka tii-tubeles netvarkloki vyaapistundi, tadwara kandaraala fiber lopali bhaganni vidhvamsam chestundi. lopali bhagala depolarisation terminal systernalo dihydropyridine grahakalanu sakriyam chestundi, ivi prakkane unna sarcoplasmic reticulumloni ranodine graahakaalaku daggaragaa untaayi. kriyaaseela dihydropyridine grahakaalu saareerakamgaa rhianodine graahakaalato sankarshana chendutaayi, vaatini paada prakriyala dwara sakriyam chestaayi (indulo rhianodine grahakalanu alostericalga sakriyam chese conformational maarpulu untaayi). rhianodine grahakaalu terichinappudu, sarcoplasmic reticulum nundi sthaanika junctional pradaesamlooki vidudala cheyabadutundi mariyu calcium spark kaliginchadaaniki bulk cytoplasmloki vyaapistundi. calasequestrine anie piluvabade calcium-binding protein kaaranamgaa sarcoplasmic reticulum pedda calcium buffering saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi. charya sambhaavyata dwara vaelaadi calcium sparkla samakaaleekarana kriyaaseelata calcium yokka asthiramaina up stroke daariteese calciumlo sell-wide perugudalaku kaaranamavutundi. cytosolloki vidudala cheyabadinadi, cross bridge saikling, saktini utpatti cheyadaaniki mariyu konni paristhitulalo, kadalikanu anumatinchadaaniki, actin philaments dwara troponin sii thoo bandhistundi. sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-aut pays (serca) churukuga sarcoplasmic retikyulamloki tirigi pamputundi. vishraanti sthaayilaku tirigi tagginappudu, balam taggutundi mariyu sadalimpu sambhavistundi.
kandaraala kadalika.
paridheeya naadii vyavastha yokka efferent legg kandaraalu mariyu grandhulaku aadesaalanu teliyajeyadaaniki baadhyata vahistundi mariyu chivariki swachchanda kadalikaku baadhyata vahistundi. medadu nundi swachchanda mariyu swayampratipatti (asankalpita) sankethaalaku pratispandanagaa naraalu kandaraalanu kadilistaayi. lothaina kandaraalu, uparitala kandaraalu mariyu antargata kandaraalu annee medadu yokka praadhamika motaru valkalam looni pratyeka praantaalatoo anugunamgaa untaayi, neerugaa central salkasku mundu bhaagamlo untaayi, idhi mundu mariyu parshwa lobsnu vibhajistundi.
adanamgaa, kandaraalu ellappuduu medaduku sankethaalanu pampani reflexive naraala uddeepanalaku pratispandistaayi. eee sandarbhamlo, afferent fiber nundi vachhe signal medaduku cherukodu, conny vennemukalooni efferent naralatho pratyaksha connectionla dwara reflexive kadalikanu utpatti chestundi. ayithe, kandaraala karyakalapalalo ekkuva bhaagam swechchagaa untaayi, mariyu medadulooni vividha praantaala madhya sanklishta paraspara charyala phalitamgaa untaayi.
ksheeradaalalo asthipanjara kandaraalanu niyantrinche naraalu medadu yokka mastishka valkalam yokka praadhamika motaru valkalam venta neuron samuuhaalatoe anugunamgaa untaayi. aadesaalu besal ganglia dwara pampabadataayi mariyu pyramid maargam dwara vennupaamuku mariyu akkada nundi kandaraala vadda motor end plate varaku prasaram cheyadaaniki mundu cerebellum nundi input dwara savarinchabadataayi. maargam venta, extrapromidal vyavastha vanti feedback, kandaraala tone mariyu pratispandananu prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki sankethaalanu andistaayi.
bhangimalo palgone lothaina kandaraalu tarachugaa medadu kaandam mariyu besal ganglialoni kendrakaala nundi niyantrinchabadataayi.
propreoception.
asthipanjara kandaraalalo, kandaraala kuduru kandaraala podavu mariyu kandaraala bhangima mariyu keella sthaanaanni nirvahinchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki kendra naadii vyavasthaku saagadeeyadam gurinchi samacharanni teliyajestundi. mana sareeraalu antarikshamlo ekkada unnayane bhavanni propreoception, shareera avagahana yokka avagahana, sariiramlooni vividha praantaalu yea samayamloonainaa ekkada unnayane daani gurinchi "apasmaraka" avagahana anie pilustaaru. medadulooni aneka praantaalu propreoception nundi pondina feedback samaachaaramtho kadalika mariyu sthaanaanni samanvayam chestaayi. mukhyamgaa cerebellum mariyu erra kendrakam kadalikaku vyatiraekamgaa nirantaram namuunaa sthaanaanni kaligi untaayi mariyu sunnitamaina kadalikanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki chinna diddubaatlanu chestaayi.
shakti viniyogam.
kandaraala karyakalapalu sareeram yokka shakti viniyogamlo ekkuva bhaagam kaligi untaayi. anni kandara kanaalu adenosine trifasphate (eah. tii. pii) anuvulanu utpatti chestaayi, ivi mayosin talala kadalikanu saktivantam cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi. kandaraalu creatine fasfate roopamlo swalpakaalika saktini kaligi untaayi, idhi eah. tii. pii nundi utpatti avutundi mariyu creatine kinesto avasaramainappudu eah. tii. pii. nii punarutpatti cheyagaladu. kandaraalu glycogen roopamlo glucose nilva roopaanni kooda unchutaayi. nirantara, saktivantamaina sankochaalaku shakti avasaramainappudu glycogennu vaegamgaa glucozga maarchavacchu. swachchanda asthipanjara kandaraalalo, glucose anuvunu glycolysis anie piluvabade prakriyaloo vaayurahitamgaa jeevakriya cheyavachu, idhi prakriyaloo rendu eah. tii. pii mariyu rendu lactic assid anuvulanu utpatti chestundi (aerobic paristhitulalo, lactate erpadadu; badulugaa pairuvet erpadutundi mariyu citric assid saikil dwara prasaram avutundi). kandara kanaalalo kovvu golakaralu kooda untaayi, ivi aerobic vyayamam samayamlo shakti kosam upayoginchabadataayi. aerobic shakti vyavasthalu eah. tii. pii. nii utpatti cheyadaaniki mariyu garishta saamarthyaanni cherukovadaniki ekkuva samayam teesukuntaayi, mariyu aneka jeevarasaayana dasalu avasaram, conny vaayurahita glycolysis kante gananeeyamgaa ekkuva eah. tii. pii. nii utpatti chestaayi. marovaipu, hridaya kandaraalu, moodu macronutrients (protein, glucose mariyu kovvu) loe deeninainaa 'warm up' vyavadhi lekunda aerobicga tintaayi mariyu ellappuduu edainaa anuvu nundi garishta eah. tii. pii digubadini pondutaayi. gunde, kaaleyam mariyu erra rakta kanaalu kooda vyayamam chesetappudu asthipanjara kandaraala dwara utpatti cheyabadina mariyu visarjinchabadina lactic aamlanni viniyogistaayi.
asthipanjara kandaraalu itara avayavaala kante ekkuva kelareelanu upayogistaayi.
migilina samayamlo idhi rojuku 54.4 kilolu/kilolu (13 kilolu/kilolu) viniyogistundi. idhi kovvu kanajaalam (kovvu) kante 18.8 kj/kilolu (4.5 kcal/kilolu), mariyu emuka 9.6 kj/kilolu (2.3 kcal/kilolu) vadda peddadi.
samarthatha.
maanava kandaraala saamarthyaanni (roying mariyu saikling sandarbhamlo) 18 saatam nundi 26 saatam varaku kolustaaru. saamarthyam anedi mottam jeevakriya kharchuku yaantrika pani utpatti nishpattigaa nirvachinchabadindi, dheenini oxygen viniyogam nundi lekkinchavacchu. eee takkuva saamarthyam anedi aahara shakti nundi eah. tii. pii. nii utpatti chese 40 saatam saamarthyam, eah. tii. pii nundi saktini kandaraala lopala yaantrika panigaa maarchadamlo nashtam mariyu sareeram lopala yaantrika nashtaala phalitamgaa untundi. taruvaati rendu nashtalu vyayamam yokka rakam mariyu upayoginchabadutunna kandaraala fibers (faast-twitch ledhaa sloe-twitch) paie aadharapadi untaayi. mottam 20 saatam saamarthyam kosam, oka vaat yaantrika shakti gantaku 4.3 kilolaku samanam. udaaharanaku, roying parikaraala tayaareedaaru daani roying ergometernu kaalina kelareelanu vaastava yaantrika paniki naalugu retlu, adanamgaa gantaku 300 kilolaku samanamga lekkinchadaaniki kramaankanam chestaaru, idhi 250 vaatla yaantrika utpattilo sumaru 20 saatam saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi. chakriya sankocham yokka yaantrika shakti utpatti anedi kriyaaseelata samayam, kandaraala ottidi patham mariyu shakti perugudala mariyu kshayam raetlu vanti aneka karakalapai aadharapadi untundi. work loop vislaeshanhanu upayoginchi veetini prayogaatmakamgaa samslaeshanha cheyavachu.
kandaraala balam.
kandaraala balam anedi moodu ativyaapti kaarakaala phalitamgaa untundih "saareeraka balam" (kandaraala parimaanam, cross sectional praantam, andubaatulo unna cross bridging, sikshanaku pratispandanalu), "naraala balam" (kandaraalu kudinchataaniki cheppe sanketam entha balamgaa ledhaa balaheenamgaa untundi), mariyu "yaantrika balam" (liverpy kandaraala shakti konam, mooment arm podavu, ummadi saamarthyaalu).
sakasheruka kandaraalu saadhaaranamgaa isometric mariyu saraina podavulo unnappudu kandaraala cross-sectional praantam yokka chadarapu centimeterku sumaru saktini utpatti chestaayi. peetha panjaalalo vanti konni akasheruka kandaraalu sakasherukaala kante chaalaa podavaina sarcomeres kaligi untaayi, phalitamgaa actin mariyu mayosin bandhinchadaaniki aneka saitlu erpadataayi mariyu tadwara chaalaa nemmadigaa vegamtho chadarapu centimeterku chaalaa ekkuva balam untundi. sankocham dwara utpannamayye saktini yaantrika shaastram ledhaa phonomographyni upayoginchi naan-invasivga kolavavacchu, snayuvu jaatini upayoginchi (pramukha snayuvu unte) vivolo kolavavacchu ledhaa marinta hanikara paddhatulanu upayoginchi neerugaa kolavavacchu.
asthipanjarampai padee balam paramgaa edainaa kandaraala balam, podavu, tagginche vegam, cross sectional praantam, pennation, sarcomer podavu, mayosin isopharms mariyu motaru unitla naadii kriyaaseelatapai aadharapadi untundi. kandaraala balamlo gananeeyamaina taggimpulu antarleena pathologyni suuchistaayi, kudi vaipuna unna chaartnu gaidga upayogistaaru.
oka kudinchabadina kandaraaniki "garishta pattukune samayam" daani shakti sarafaraapai aadharapadi untundi mariyu shrama prarambham nundi ghatankamga ksheenistundani romert chattam perkondi.
balamaina" maanava kandaram.
moodu amsaalu ekakaalamlo kandaraala balaanni prabhaavitam chestaayi mariyu kandaraalu eppuduu okkokatigaa panicheyavu kabatti, vyaktigata kandaraalalo balaanni polchadam tappudova pattinchedi, mariyu okati "balamainadi" anie perkonadam. conny krinda aneka kandaraalu unnaayi, veeti balam vividha kaaranaala valla gurtinchadaginadi.
shakti utpatti.
kandaraala shakti saareeraka cross-sectional area (pcsa) kii anulomaanupaatamlo untundi, mariyu kandaraala vegam kandaraala fiber podavuku anulomaanupaatamlo untundi. ayithe, ummadi chuttoo tark anedi kandaraala choppimpulu mariyu irusu binduvula madhya dhooram, kandaraala parimaanam mariyu nirmaana gair nishpattitoe sahaa aneka biomechanical paaraamitula dwara nirnayinchabadutundi. kandaraalu saadhaaranamgaa oka kandaraala samuuham kudinchabadinappudu, maroka samuuham sadalistundi ledhaa podigistundi kabatti vyatiraekamgaa amarchabadi untaayi. kandaraalaku naraala preranala prasaaramlo vyatiraekata antey yea samayamloonainaa rendu vyatiraeka kandaraala sankochaanni puurtigaa prerepinchadam asadhyam. visireyadam vanti balistic kadalikala samayamlo, virodhi kandaraalu sankocham antataa agonist kandaraalanu 'break' cheyadaaniki panicheestaayi, mukhyamgaa kadalika chivarilo. visire udaaharanalo, chaatii mariyu bhujam mundu bhaagam (puurva deltoid) chetini munduku laagadaaniki kudinchukuntaayi, ayithe bhujam venuka mariyu venuka bhaagamlo unna kandaraalu (posterior deltoid) kooda kudinchukuntaayi mariyu kadalikanu tagginchadaaniki asaadhaarana sankocham chendutaayi. sikshana prakriyaloo bhaagam chaatii mariyu puurva bhujam yokka shakti inputnu penchadaaniki virodhi kandaraalanu sadalinchadam neerchukoevadam.
kandaraalu kudinchipovadam valla kampanaalu mariyu dhwani erpadataayi. nemmadigaa kotte fibers sekanuku 10 nundi 30 sankochaalanu (10 nundi 30 heartz) utpatti chestaayi. vegavantamaina kottukupoye fibers sekanuku 30 nundi 70 sankochaalanu (30 nundi 70 heartz) utpatti chestaayi. drudamaina pidikilini tayaaru chestunnappudu, okari kandaraalanu chaalaa tadigaa cheyadam dwara kampanaanni chudavachu mariyu anubhooti chendavacchu. cheviki vyatiraekamgaa chaalaa ottiditoe kuudina kandaraanni nokkadam dwara dhwanini vinavacchu, mallii drudamaina pidikili oka manchi udaaharana. eee dhwanini saadhaaranamgaa sabdam anie varnistaaru. kontamandi vyaktulu madhya chevi yokka tensor timpani kandaraanni kudinchadam dwara swachchandamgaa eee sabdam cheyagalaru. meda ledhaa davada kandaraalu chaalaa ottidiki gurainappudu kooda sabdam vinavacchu.
signal transduction margalu.
vayojana jantuvulalo asthipanjara kandaraala fiber-rakam samalakshanam aneka swatantra sanketha maargaala dwara niyantrinchabadutundi. veetilo raas/mitogen-activated protein kines (mapp) maargam, calcinurin, calcium/kaalamodulin-aadhaarita protein kines IV, mariyu peroxisome proliferator γ coactivator 1 (pgc-1) thoo kuudina margalu unnaayi. kandaraalanu punarutpatti cheyadamlo nemmadigaa programme yokka naraala-aadhaarita prerananu prothsahinchadaaniki raas/mapk signalling maargam motaru neuronlu mariyu signalling vyavasthalanu, coupling excitation mariyu transcription regulation anusandhaanistundi. asthipanjara kandaraalalo naraala karyakalapalapai aadhaarapadina fiber-rakam vivaranalo chikkukunna CA2 +/kelodulen-activated phosphatase ayina calcinurin, neerugaa transcription phyaaktar enfat yokka phosphorylation sthithini niyantristundi, idhi kendrakaaniki daani sthaanaantaraanni anumatistundi mariyu myocyte enhancer phyaaktar 2 (meph 2) proteins mariyu itara niyantrana proteinla sahakaaramtho nemmadigaa-rakam kandara proteinla kriyaaseelataku daariteestundi. CA2 +/kelodulen-aadhaarita protein kines charya kooda nemmadigaa motor neuron karyakalapala dwara niyantrinchabadutundi, bahusha idhi meph2 transactivator functionlanu prothsahinchadam dwara mariyu mitochondrial biogenesis yokka uddeepana dwara aakseekarana saamarthyaanni penchadam dwara nemmadigaa-rakam calcinurin-utpatti pratispandanalanu penchutundi.
kanaantara calcium ledhaa reactive oxygen jaatulalo sankocham-prerita maarpulu, asthipanjara kandaraalalo janyu vyakteekarana mariyu enjaim karyakalapalanu niyantrinche transcription kaarakaalanu sakriyam cheyadaaniki maps, calcinurin mariyu calcium/kaalamodulin-aadhaarita protein kines IV vanti vibhina maargaalaku sankethaalanu andistaayi.
pgc1-α (ppargc1a), aakseekarana gvakriyalo palgone aneka mitochondrial janyuvula niyantranaku mukhyamaina anhu graahakaala yokka transcriptional coactivator, selective sloe twitch (ST) kandaraala janyuvulanu synergisticga sakriyam cheyadaaniki neerugaa mf2 thoo sankarshana chendutundi mariyu calcinurin signalingku lakshyamgaa kooda panichestundi. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (pparδ)-madhyavartitva transcriptional maargam asthipanjara kandaraala fiber samalakshanam yokka niyantranalo paalgontundi. pparδ yokka sakriyam cheyabadina roopaanni kaligi unna elukalu aakseekarana enjaimlu mariyu mitochondrial biogenesis loe samanvaya perugudala mariyu esty fibers yokka perigina nishpattitoe "orpu" samalakshanaanni pradarsistaayi. anduvalla-functional genomics dwara-calcinurin, kelodulen-dependent kines, pijisi-1eah, mariyu activated prdd anedi insulin nirodhakata mariyu oobakaayam nundi rakshinche asthipanjara kandaraala fiber-rakam parivartana mariyu jeevakriya profilenu niyantrinche signalling network yokka aadharam.
teevramaina pani samayamlo aerobic nundi vaayurahita jeevakriyaku parivartanaku pani chese kandaraalaku eah. tii. pii yokka sthiramaina sarafaraanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki aneka vyavasthalu vaegamgaa sakriyam cheyabadaali. veetilo kovvu aadhaarita indhanaala nundi carbohydrate aadhaarita indhanaalaku maaradam, pani cheyani kandaraalaku rakta pravahanni punahpampinii cheyadam mariyu carbon dioxide mariyu lactic aamlam vanti vaayurahita jeevakriya yokka aneka upa-utpattulanu tolaginchadam vantivi unnaayi. eee pratispandanalalo konni vegavantamaina twitch (ft) glycolytic samalakshanam yokka transcriptional niyantrana dwara nirvahinchabadataayi. udaaharanaku, asthipanjara kandaraala punahprogramming anedi oka stick glycolytic phenotype nundi oka adugula glycolytic phenotype varaku aaru protein kutumba sabhyulatho kuudina aaru1/eeyaa1 complexenu kaligi untundi. antekakunda, hypoxia-inducible phyaaktar 1-α (hhif1eah) kanaalalo eah. tii. pii sthaayilanu nirvahinche mukhyamaina hypoxic pratispandanalalo palgone janyuvula vyakteekaranaku oka master regulatorga gurtinchabadindi. asthipanjara kandaraalalo hhif-1eah yokka kshayakriya anedi mitochondria yokka raetu-parimiti enjaimla karyakalapalalo perugudalato mudipadi undhi, idhi citric assid chakram mariyu perigina kovvu assid aakseekarana eee jantuvulalo glycolytic maargam dwara taggina pravaahaaniki pariharam kaliginchavacchani suuchistumdi. ayithe, hypoxia-madhyavartitva hyphe-1α pratispandanalu kooda mitochondrialo adhika reactive oxygen jaatula nirmaanam dwara mitochondrial panicheyakapovadam yokka niyanthranatho mudipadi untaayi.
itara margalu kooda vayojana kandaraala swabhaavaanni prabhaavitam chestaayi. udaaharanaku, kandaraala fiber lopala bhouthika shakti structural protein taitin nundi transcription phyaaktar seeram response factornu vidudala cheyavachu, idhi kandaraala perugudalaku daariteestundi.
vyayamam cheyandi.
saareeraka vyayamam tarachugaa motaru naipunyaalu, fitness, kandaraalu mariyu emukala balam mariyu keella paniteerunu merugupariche saadhanamgaa sifaarsu cheyabadutundi. vyayamam kandaraalu, bandhana kanajaalam, emuka mariyu kandaraalanu uttejapariche naralapai aneka prabhavalanu chooputundi. atuvanti prabhavalalo okati kandaraala hypertrophy, idhi kandaraala fibers sankhya peragadam ledhaa myophybrills yokka cross-sectional praantam kaaranamgaa kandaraala parimaanamlo perugudala. kandaraala maarpulu upayoginche vyayamam rakampai aadharapadi untaayi.
saadhaaranamgaa, aerobic mariyu vaayurahita anae rendu rakaala vyayama vidhanalu unnaayi. aerobic vyayamam (udhaa.zii. maarathaanlu) takkuva teevrata, conny sudeergha vyavadhi gala karyakalapalanu kaligi untaayi, eee samayamlo upayoginche kandaraalu vaati garishta sankocham balam kante takkuvagaa untaayi. aerobic karyakalapalu aerobic swaasakriyapai aadharapadi untaayi (i.ii. kovvu, protein, carbohydratelu mariyu oxygennu teesukovadam dwara jeevakriya shakti kosam citric assid saikil mariyu electron ravana golusu). aerobic vyayamalalo palgone kandaraalu adhika saatam type ii (ledhaa nemmadigaa-tippadam) kandaraala fiberlanu kaligi untaayi, ivi pradhanamgaa aerobic swaasakriyatoe anubandhinchabadina mitochondrial mariyu aakseekarana enjaimlanu kaligi untaayi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, vaayurahita vyayamam anedi adhika teevrata, conny takkuva vyavadhi gala kaaryakalaapaalato mudipadi untundi, antey sprinting ledhaa weit lifting vantivi. vaayurahita karyakalapalu pradhanamgaa rakam II, vegavantamaina-muduchukune, kandaraala fiberlanu upayogistaayi. rakam II kandaraala fibers vaayurahita vyayamam samayamlo shakti kosam glucogenesis meeda aadhaarapadataayi. vaayurahita vyayamam samayamlo, type II fibers takkuva oxygen, protein mariyu kovvunu viniyogistaayi, pedda mottamlo lactic yaasidnu utpatti chestaayi mariyu kovvugaa untaayi. aneka vyayamalu paakshikamgaa aerobic mariyu vaayurahitamainavi; udaaharanaku, sacker mariyu rock climbing.
lactic aamlam undatam valla kandaraala lopala eah. tii. pii. utpattipai nirodhaka prabhavam untundi. kanaantara ekagrata chaalaa ekkuvagaa unte idhi eah. tii. pii utpattini kooda aapavacchu. ayithe, orpu sikshana perigina kesanaalikaa mariyu myoglobin dwara lactic aamlam yokka nirmaanaanni taggistundi. idhi kandaraala paniteerunu debbateeyakundaa undataaniki kandaraala nundi lactic aamlam vanti vyardha utpattulanu tolaginche saamarthyaanni penchutundi. okasari kandaraala nundi bayataku vellina tarvaata, lactic aamlanni itara kandaraalu ledhaa shareera kanajaalaalu shakti vanarugaa upayoginchavacchu ledhaa kaaleyaaniki ravana cheyavachu, akkada adhi tirigi pairuvetgaa maarchabadutundi. lactic aamlam sthaayini penchadamtho paatu, kathinamaina vyayamam valla kandaraalalo potassium ayanlu kolpotayi. idhi alasata nundi rakshinchadam dwara kandaraala paniteerunu punaruddharinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
aalasyamgaa praarambhamayye kandaraala noppi anedi vyayamam chesina okati nundi moodu rojula tarvaata anubhooti chendhe noppi ledhaa asoukaryam mariyu saadhaaranamgaa rendu nundi moodu rojula taruvaata taggutundi. okasari lactic assid nirmaanam valla sambhavistundani bhavinchinappudu, iteevali siddhaantam emitante, idhi asaadhaarana sankocham ledhaa alavaatu laeni sikshana sthaayila valla kandaraala fiberlalo chinna kanneella valla sambhavistundi. lactic aamlam chaalaa vaegamgaa chedaragodutundi kabatti, vyayamam chesina konni rojula tarvaata anubhavinchina noppini vivarinchalekapoyindi.
clinical praamukhyata.
kandaraala vyaadhi.
asthipanjara kandaraala vyaadhulanu mayopati anie pilustaaru, naraala vyaadhulanu neuropathy anie pilustaaru. rendoo kandaraala paniteerunu prabhaavitam cheyavachu ledhaa kandaraala noppiki kaaranamavutaayi, mariyu naraala kandaraala vyaadhi godugu kinda padavacchu. aneka mayopati rogalaku kaaranam vividha anubandha kandara proteinlalo utparivartanalu. konni inflammatory mayopati laloe polymiositis mariyu inclusion boddy myositis unnaayi.
naraala kandaraala vyaadhulu kandaraalanu mariyu vaati naadii niyantrananu prabhaavitam chestaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, naadii niyanthranatho samasyalu samasya yokka sthaanam mariyu swabhaavaanni batti spasticity ledhaa pakshavaataaniki kaaranamavutaayi. parkinsons vyaadhi mariyu kendra naadii vyavastha panicheyakapovadam vanti naraala sambandhita rugmatala valla aneka kadalika rugmatalu sambhavistaayi.
kandaraala vyaadhula lakshanaalalo balaheenata, spasticity, myoclonus mariyu myelgia undavacchu. kandaraala rugmatalanu bahirgatam chese roganirdhaarana vidhanalalo raktamlo creatine kines sthaayilanu pareekshinchadam mariyu electromeography (kandaraalalo vidyut karyakalapalanu kolavadam) unnaayi. konni sandarbhaallo, mayopatini gurtinchadaaniki kandaraala biopsy cheyavachu, alaage nirdishta mayopati mariyu dystrophylatho sambandham unna dna asaadhaaranatalanu gurtinchadaaniki janyu pareeksha cheyavachu.
kandaraala sabdaanni koliche naan-invasive elastography technic anedi neuromuscular vyaadhini paryavekshinche marganni andinchadaaniki prayogaalu cheyabadutondi. kandaraala dwara utpatti ayye sabdam kandaraala aksham venta actomyosin tantuvulu taggadam nundi vastundi. sankocham samayamlo, kandaraalu daani podavu venta taggutaayi mariyu daani vedalpu antataa vistaristaayi, uparitalampai kampanaalanu utpatti chestaayi.
hypertrophy.
balam mariyu paniteeru charyala nundi swatantramgaa, harmon signalling, abhivruddhi karakalu, balam sikshana mariyu vyaadhitho sahaa aneka kaarakaala dwara kandaraalu peddavigaa peragadaaniki prerepinchabadataayi. prajaadarana pondina nammakaniki viruddhamgaa, vyayamam dwara kandaraala fibers sankhyanu penchalemu. badulugaa, kotta protein philaments thoo paatu prastuta kandara kanaalatoe paatu vibhina upagraha kanaalu andinche adanapu dravyaraasitoe patuga kandaraala kanaala perugudala kalayika dwara kandaraalu peddavigaa perugutaayi.
vayassu mariyu harmon sthaayilu vanti jeevasambandhamaina karakalu kandaraala hypertropheny prabhaavitam chestaayi. purushulalo yuktavayassu samayamlo, sareeramlo perugudala-uttejapariche harmonela sthaayilu peragadamtho hypertrophy vegavantamaina retutho sambhavistundi. sahaja hypertrophy saadhaaranamgaa teanage chivarilo puurti perugudalato aagipotundi. testosterone sareeram yokka pradhana vruddhi harmonelalo okati kabatti, sagatuna, purushulu hypertropheny saadhinchadam mahilala kante chaalaa sulabham. adanapu testosterone ledhaa itara anabolic steroids teesukovadam valla kandaraala hypertrophy perugutundi.
kandaraala, vennemuka mariyu naadii karakalu annee kandaraala nirmaanaanni prabhaavitam chestaayi. konnisaarlu oka vyakti icchina kandaramlo balam perugudalanu gamaninchavacchu, ayithe daaniki vyatiraekamainadi matrame vyaayaamaaniki lobadi untundi, udaaharanaku bodybuilder kudi kandarapushti meeda matrame drushti saarinchina niyamanni puurti chesina tarvaata thana edama kandarapushti balamgaa unnatlu kanugonappudu. eee drugvishayaanni cross education antaaru.
ksheenata.
pratiroojuu okati nundi rendu saatam kandaraalu vichchinnamai punarnirminchabadataayi. nishkriyaatmakata, poeshakaahaara lopam, vyaadhi mariyu vruddhaapyam kandaraala ksheenata ledhaa sarkopeniyaku daariteese vichchinnatanu penchavacchu. sarkopeniya anedi saadhaaranamgaa vayassu-sambandhita prakriya, idhi balaheenata mariyu daani parinaamaalaku kaaranamavutundi. kandara dravyarashi taggudala kandara kanaala chinna sankhya mariyu parimaanamtho paatu takkuva protein kantentto kalisi undavacchu.
maanava antariksha prayaanam, sudeergha kaala sthirathvam mariyu baruvu lekapovadam valla kandaraalu balaheenapadataayi mariyu ksheenataku daariteestaayi, phalitamgaa konni kandaraalalo 30 saatam dravyaraasini kolpotayi. nidraanasthiti taruvaata konni ksheeradaalalo kooda ituvanti parinaamaalu gurtinchabaddaayi.
cancer, aids mariyu gunde vaiphalyam vanti aneka vyaadhulu mariyu paristhitulu cachexia anie piluvabade kandaraala nashtaniki kaaranamavutaayi.
parisoedhana.
aarogyakaramaina ledhaa vyaadhigrasta kanajaala biopsyla nundi kandaraala kandaraala samskruti vyavasthalatho mayopati namuunaalu roopondinchabaddaayi. asthipanjara kandaraalu mariyu progenitors yokka maroka muulam pluripotent stem sels yokka nirdesita bhedam dwara andinchabadutundi.
asthipanjara kandaraala lakshanaalapai parisoedhana aneka paddhatulanu upayogistundi. fiber-rakam kuurpuku sambandhinchina vividha pounahpunyaala vadda balam mariyu sankocham vegaanni nirnayinchadaaniki mariyu oka vyaktigata kandara samuuhamloo kalapadaniki vidyut kandaraala uddeepana upayoginchabadutundi. kandaraala lakshanaala yokka marinta puurti lakshanaala kosam vitrolo kandaraala pareekshanu upayogistaaru.
kandaraala sankochamtho sambandham unna vidyut karyakalapalanu electromeography (emg) dwara kolustaaru. asthipanjara kandaraalaku rendu saareeraka pratispandanalu unnaih vishraanti mariyu sankocham. eee pratispandanalu sambhavinche yantraamgaalu emg dwara koliche vidyut karyakalapalanu utpatti chestaayi. pratyaekamgaa, kandaraalaku pampina naraala preranala nundi motaru akshatantuvula hyperpolarisation nundi sambhavinche asthipanjara kandaraala charya saamarthyaanni emji kolavagaladu. aasaktigala asthipanjara kandaraalu sakriyam cheyabadutunnaya, utpatti cheyabadina shakti mottam mariyu kandaraala alasataku suuchika anie nirnayinchadaaniki parisoedhanaloo emji upayoginchabadutundi. rendu rakaala emji intra-muscular emji mariyu atyanta saadhaaranamaina uparitala emji. asthipanjara kandaraalu sadalistunnappudu emg sankethaalu chaalaa ekkuvagaa untaayi. ayithe, chinna mariyu lothaina asthipanjara kandaraala kosam emg sankethaalu tagginchabadataayi mariyu anduvalla kriyaaseelatanu kolavadaniki takkuva viluvaina saanketikatagaa chudabadatayi. emji upayoginchi chesina parisoedhanaloo, adhe asthipanjara kandaraala kosam pradhana prayogaatmaka pareeksha samayamlo migilina emji recordingla kosam reference daetaanu kaligi undataaniki, saadhaaranamgaa aasaktigala asthipanjara kandaraalapai garishta swachchanda sankocham (emvisi) nirvahinchabadutundi.
krutrima kandaraala abhivruddhipai parisoedhanaloo electroactive polymerla vadakam untundi.
asthipanjara kandaraala mononuclear kanaalu.
asthipanjara kandaraalalo unde kendrakaalu 50 saatam myocyte kendrakaalu mariyu 50 saatam mononuclear sell kendrakaalu. elukalu mariyu maanavula nundi asthipanjara kandara kanajaala namoonaalalo kanipinche mononuclear kanaalanu sell rakam markerla sandesavaahaka rna transcription dwara gurtinchavacchu. cameron mariyu itarulu. tommidi kana rakalanu gurtinchaaru. veetilo endothelial kanaalu, line kesanaalikala (kanaalalo 45 saatam), fibro-adipogenic progenitors (faps) (20 saatam), pericites (14 saatam) mariyu endothelial lanty pericites (4 saatam) unnaayi. mononuclear kanaalalo maroe 9 saatam kandaraala muula kanaalu, kandaraala fiber kanaalaku prakkane untaayi. lymphoid kanaala rakalu (bii-kanaalu mariyu tii-kanaalu vantivi) (3 saatam) mariyu macrophaselu (2 saatam) vanti myeloid kanaalu asthipanjara kandaraala migilina mononuclear kanaalalo chaalaa varaku unnaayi. adanamgaa, cameron mariyu itarulu. rendu rakaala myocyte kanaalanu kooda gurtinchaaru, type I mariyu type II. asthipanjara kandaraalalo vividha rakaala kanaalu prati okkati vividha rakaala janyuvulanu vyaktam chestaayi. tommidi ververu kana rakaalalo pratidaaniloo vyakteekarinchabadina janyuvula madhyastha sankhya 1,331 janyuvulu. toda kandaraala nundi biopsy teesukunnappudu, biopsylo anni rakaala kanaalu untaayi. maanava toda asthipanjara kandaraala biopsylo kalipi, kanugonabadina vyakteekaranhatho 13,026 nundi 13,108 janyuvulu unnaayi.
asthipanjara kandaraala endocrine vidhulu.
eee vyaasam parichayamlo suuchimchinatlugaa, vividha saareeraka paristhitulalo, 654 ververu proteinla upasamitulu alaage lipidlu, amaino aamlalu, metabolitelu mariyu chinna aarnalu asthipanjara kandaraala sraavamlo sambhavistaayi. wikipedia vyaasam "maanava endocrine avayavalu mariyu charyala jabita" loe vivarinchinatlugaa, asthipanjara kandaraalu sanketha anuvulugaa asthipanjara kandaraala dwara utpatti cheyabadina saitokinlu mariyu itara peptidela sraavam kaaranamgaa endocrine avayavamgaa gurtinchabadataayi. aizuka mariyu itarulu., asthipanjara kandaraalu oka endocrine avayavam anie suuchimchimdi endukante idhi "bahula kaarakaalanu samslaeshanha chesi, sravistundi, mariyu eee kandaraala nundi utpannamaina karakalu paridheeya mariyu maarumuula avayavaalapai prayojanakaramaina prabhavalanu chuuputaayi."orpu sikshana ledhaa pratighatana sikshana tarvaata marchabadina sraavaalu alaage nischala kandaraala sraavam suduura kanajaalaalapai aneka prabhavalanu chuuputaayi.
nischala asthipanjara kandara dravyarashi karyanirvahaka manasika paniteerunu prabhaavitam chestundi.
kenadaalo jarigina oka adhyayanam vruddhaapyamlo manasika vidhulapai kandara dravyarashi prabhavanni pareekshinchindi. asthipanjara kandaraalaku pratyaekamaina sraavam yokka endocrine bhagalu abhignaa vidhulanu rakshinchagalavani adhyayanam yokka nireekshana. 65 ellu daatina mariyu sagatu aarogyamlo unna 8,279 mandhi kenadiyanla chetulu mariyu kaalla asthipanjara kandara dravyaraasini baseline vadda mariyu moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata kolustaaru. eee vyaktulalo, 1,605 mandhi paalgonevaaru (19.4%) bays line vadda takkuva asthipanjara kandara dravyaraasini kaligi unnatlu pariganinchabaddaaru, purushulaku 730 kilolu/mea2 kante takkuva, mariyu streelaku 5.42 kilolu/mea2 kante takkuva (kenadaalo sarcopenia sthaayilugaa nirvachinchabaddaayi).
karyanirvahaka manasika paniteeru, ghnaapakasakti mariyu manasika vegaanni prati okkati baseline vadda mariyu moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata kolustaaru. karyanirvahaka manasika paniteerunu praamaanika pareekshalatoo kolustaaru, veetilo 1-eah, 2-bii, 3-sii kramaanni cheppagala saamarthyam kooda untundi...oka nimishamlo aneka jantuvulaku paeru pettadaniki, mariyu strop pareekshato. adhyayanam praarambhamlo takkuva asthipanjara kandara dravyarashi unna vyaktulu adhika kandara dravyarashi unna vaari kante vaari karyanirvahaka manasika paniteerulo gananeeyamgaa ekkuva ksheeninchaarani adhyayanam kanugondi. marovaipu, ghnaapakasakti, alaage psychomotor vegam, asthipanjara kandara dravyaraasitoe sambandham kaligi laevu. anduvalla, pedda kandara dravyarashi, okadaanitoe okati pedda sraavamtho, 65 ellu paibadina vyaktula karyanirvahaka manasika paniteerunu rakshinche endocrine functionnu kaligi unnatlu kanipinchindi.
nadavadam, asthipanjara kandaraalanu upayoginchadam, maranaalanu prabhaavitam chestundi.
paluch mariyu itarulu. rojuku nadiche sagatu dasala sankhyanu 60 ellu paibadina peddalu mariyu 60 ellalopu vayojanulaku maranaala pramaadamtoe poolchaaru. eee adhyayanam 15 adhyayanala meta-vislaeshanha, idhi kalipi, 7 samvatsaraala kaalamlo 47,471 mandhi peddalanu anchanaa vesindi. vyaktulu sumaru samaana quartilesga vibhajinchabaddaaru. athi takkuva quartile sagatuna rojuku 3,553 adugulu, rendava quartile rojuku 5,801 adugulu, moodava quartile rojuku 7,842 adugulu mariyu nalgava quartile rojuku 10,901 adugulu. nadaka yokka vegaanni, nadaka parimaanaaniki anugunamgaa sardubaatu cheyadam, maranaalanu prabhaavitam cheyaledu. ayithe, dasala sankhya/roeju spashtamgaa maranaaniki sambandhinchinadi. 60 ellu paibadina vaariki maranaala pramaadaanni rojuku athi takkuva dasalaku 1 gaa nirnayinchinappudu, rendava, moodava mariyu nalgava quartyleku maranaala saapeksha pramaadam varusaga 0.56,0.45 mariyu 0.35 gaa undhi. 60 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unnavaariki, phalitaalu takkuvagaa kanipinchaayi. 60 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unnavaariki, modati quartile maranaala pramaadam 1 vadda sett cheyabadindi, rendava, moodava mariyu nalgava quartile maranaala saapeksha pramaadaalu varusaga 0.57,042 mariyu 0.53. anduvalla, nadavadamlo asthipanjara kandaraala vadakam, mukhyamgaa vruddhulalo, maranaalapai pedda prabhavanni chooputundi.
asthipanjara kandaraala sraavam vyaayaamtho maarutundi.
villiams mariyu itarulu. modata nischalamaina, caucassian maga enimidi 23 yella toda asthipanjara kandaraala (vistas lateralis kandaram) yokka biopsylanu pondaaru. aaru vaaraala sudeergha orpu vyayama sikshanaa kaaryakramaaniki mundu mariyu taruvaata biopsylu teesukobaddaayi. eee vyayamamlo oka ganta paatu sthiramaina saikilnu nadapadam, aaru vaaraala paatu vaaraaniki aidu rojulu nadapadam untundi.
kandaraala biopsylalo vyakteekarana kaligina 13,108 janyuvulalo, 641 janyuvulu orpu sikshana tarvaata niyantrinchabaddaayi mariyu 176 janyuvulu niyantrinchabaddaayi. mottam 817 marchabadina janyuvulalo, 531 uniprote ledhaa exocarta rendinti dwara ledhaa kandara kanaala sraavam gurinchi parisoedhimchae adhyayanala dwara sraavamlo unnatlu gurtinchabaddaayi. vyayamam-niyantrita janyuvulalo chaalaa varaku sravinchinavigaa gurtinchabadataayi kabatti, vyayamam yokka prabhavam chaalaa varaku jeevakriya paniteeru kante endocrine kaligi untundani idhi suuchistumdi. sravinchina vyayamam-niyantrita proteinla dwara prabhaavitamaina pradhana margalu gunde, abhignaa, moothrapindaalu mariyu platelet vidhulaku sambandhinchinavi.
vyayamam-sikshana pondina prabhavalu epigenetic mechanisms dwara madhyavartitvam vahistaayi.
2012 mariyu 2019 madhya kaneesam 25 nivedikalu vyaayaamaaniki asthipanjara kandaraala pratispandanalalo epigenetic mechanisms yokka pradhana paatranu suuchimchaayi. epigenetic maarpulu tarachugaa dnloni cytosinlaku methyl samuuhaalanu jodinchadam dwara ledhaa dna yokka cytosinla nundi methyl samuuhaalanu tolaginchadam dwara, mukhyamgaa cpg saitlalo sambhavistaayi. cytosinla methylations dnni heterochromatinga kudinchadaaniki kaaranamavutaayi, tadwara dnaku itara anuvula praapyatanu nirodhistundi. epigenetic maarpulu tarachugaa chromatinloni histone thokala acetylations ledhaa dstylationla dwara kooda sambhavistaayi. nucleusloni dnalo saadhaaranamgaa nucleosome anie piluvabade nirmaanamloo enimidi bigutugaa anusandhaaninchabadina histonela chuttoo chutti unna dna yokka 146 bays jatala vibhagalu untaayi (mariyu prati histoneku vadulugaa unde thoka kooda untundi) mariyu dna yokka oka vibhagam nucleosompy prakkane unna dna vibhaagaaniki anusandhaaninchabadi untundi. histone thokalu acetylated ayinappudu avi saadhaaranamgaa nucleosome chuttoo dna vadulukodaniki kaaranamavutaayi, idhi dna yokka praapyatanu penchutundi./
kandaraalalo janyuvula vyayamam-prerita niyantrana.
kandaraalalo janyu vyakteekarana ekkuvagaa niyantrinchabadutundi, saadhaaranamgaa kanajaalaalo vale, niyantrana DNA shrenula dwara, mukhyamgaa penchevaaru. enhancerlu anevi janyuvulo naan-coding sequencelu, ivi suduura lakshya janyuvula vyakteekarananu sakriyam chestaayi, chuttoo tiragadam dwara mariyu vaati lakshya janyuvula pramotarlatho sankarshana chendutaayi ("ksheeradaalalo transcription niyantrana" anae sankhyanu chudandi). villiams mariyu itarulu nivedinchinatlugaa.anusandhaaninchabadina enhancerlu mariyu janyuvula promoterla madhya looplo sagatu dhooram 239,000 nucleotide bays.
DNA methylation ledhaa demethylation dwara janyu vyakteekaranaku vyayamam-prerita maarpu.
orpu kandaraala sikshana anedi epigenetic dna methylation ledhaa enhancerlalo cpg saitla dii-methylation dwara kandaraala janyu vyakteekarananu maarustundi.
lindhome mariyu itarulu chesina adhyayanamlo.sumaru 27 samvatsaraala vayassu gala mariyu nischalamgaa unna iravai moodu mandhi vyaktulu 3 nelallo oka kaalupai matrame orpu sikshana pondadaaniki swachchandamgaa munduku vacchaaru. itara kaalu sikshana laeni niyantrana kaluga upayoginchabadindi. sikshanalo 3 nelala paatu (45 nimishalu, vaaraaniki 4 sessionlu) oka kaalla mokali podigimpu sikshana untundi. sikshana praarambhaaniki mundu mariyu chivari sikshanaa session tarvaata 24 gantala tarvaata, prati kaalla nundi vistas lateralis (toda kandaram) nundi asthipanjara kandaraala biopsylu teesukobaddaayi. sikshana laeni kaalutho poliste, orpu-sikshana pondina kaalu, janyuvu antataa 4,919 pradaesaalaloo gananeeyamaina dna methylation maarpulanu kaligi undhi. marchabadina dna methylation pradaesaalu pradhanamgaa enhancerlalo undevi. rna sequencing upayoginchi transcriptional vislaeshanha, 4,076 vibhinnamgaa vyakteekarinchabadina janyuvulanu gurtinchindi.
transcriptionalga appregulated janyuvulu dna methylationlo gananeeyamaina taggudalanu kaligi unna enhancerlatho sambandham kaligi unnaayi, ayithe transcriptionalga down regulated janyuvulu dna methylation penchina enhancerlatho sambandham kaligi unnaayi. perigina methylation pradhanamgaa kandaraala mariyu glucose jeevakriya yokka nirmaanaatmaka punarnirmaanamlo palgonna janyuvulatho mudipadi undhi. taggina methylationtho kuudina enhancerlu inflammatory ledhaa immunological prakriyalalo mariyu transcriptional regulationlo janyuvula panitiirutoe mudipadi unnaayi.
histone acetylation ledhaa dstylation dwara janyu vyakteekarana yokka vyayamam-prerita deerghakaalika maarpu.
paina suuchimchinatlugaa, vyayamam tarvaata, exygenetic maarpulu vandalaadi kandaraala janyuvula deerghakaalika vyakteekarananu maarustaayi. indulo vyavasthaagata prasaranaloki sravinche proteinlanu utpatti chese janyuvulu untaayi, veetilo chaalaa varaku endocrine dootalugaa panicheestaayi. aaru nischala, sumaru 23 samvatsaraala vayassu gala, caucassian magavaaru vyayama kaaryakramamloki pravesinche mundu vistas lateralis (toda kandaram) biopsylanu andinchaaru (aaru vaaraala 60 nimishala sessionla sthiramaina chakram, vaaraaniki aidu rojulu). eee vyayama karyakramam puurtayina naalugu rojula taruvaata, aneka janyuvula vyakteekarana nirantaram epigenticalga maarchabadindi. maarpulatoe kuudina vyakteekaranhatho janyuvulanu niyantrinche enhancerlalo unna histone thokala acetylations mariyu dstylationlanu marchai.
apa-regulated janyuvulu vaati penchevaari vadda unna nucleosomela histone 3 lysine 27 (hetch3keey27esi) vadda jodinchina epigenetic acetylationlatho sambandham kaligi unnaayi. diguva-niyantrita janyuvulu vaati penchevaari vadda unna nucleosomulalo hetch3keey27 vadda epigenetic acetylationlanu tholaginchadamtho sambandham kaligi unnaayi ("transcriptional activation kosam histone thokalatho kuudina nucleosome" chitraanni chudandi). vastus lateralis kandaraala biopsylu vyayama sikshanaa kaaryakramaaniki mundu baseline vadda 13,108 janyuvula vyakteekarananu choopinchaayi. vyayamam karyakramam puurtayina naalugu rojula taruvaata, adhe kandaraala biopsylu 641 janyuvulanu niyantrinchi, 176 janyuvulanu niyantrinchi, janyu vyakteekarananu marchai. villiams mariyu itarulu. 491 enhancerlu mariyu 268 janyuvulanu (bahula enhancerlu konni janyuvulaku anusandhaaninchabadi unnatlu kanugonabadindi) kaligi unna 599 enhancer-zeane paraspara charyalanu gurtinchaaru, ikkada enhancer mariyu anusandhaaninchabadina lakshya janyuvu rendoo vyayamam sikshana tarvaata samanvayamtho niyantrinchabaddaayi ledhaa niyantrinchabaddaayi.

