
paraagasamparkam

paraagasamparkam anedi oka mokka yokka paraagakanamu nundi oka mokka yokka kalankaaniki puppodini badilee cheyadam, taruvaata phaladeekaranam mariyu vittanaala utpattini praarambhistundi, chaalaa tarachugaa oka jantuvu dwara ledhaa gaali dwara. paragasamparka karakalu keetakaalu, pakshulu mariyu gabbilalu vanti jantuvulu kaavacchu; neeru; gaali; mariyu mokkalu kooda, oka muusina puvvu lopala sweeya paraagasamparkam sambhavinchinappudu. paraagasamparkam tarachugaa oka jaatilo jarugutundi. jaatula madhya paraagasamparkam jariginappudu, idhi prakrutilo mariyu mokkala pempakam paniloo hybrid santaanaanni utpatti cheyagaladu.
angiospermlalo, puppodi dhanyam (gametophyte) kalamkampai padina tarvaata, idhi molakettutundi mariyu puppodi gottanni abhivruddhi chestundi, idhi andaasayaaniki cherukune varaku aaa shaililo perugutundi. daani rendu gametlu gottam krindiki prayaanistaayi, ikkada aada gametlanu kaligi unna gametophyte (luu) corpel lopala unchabadutundi. suukshmakanamu dwara andaasaya kanamloki pravesinchina taruvaata, oka maga kendrakam dhruva sariiraalatoe fuse ayi endosperm kanajalalanu utpatti chestundi, marokati pindaanni utpatti cheyadaaniki andaasayamtho fuse avutundi. anduvalla eee padamha "double fertilisation". eee prakriya phalitamgaa poeshaka kanajaalaalu mariyu pindam rendintitho tayaaraina vittanam utpatti avutundi.
gymnospermlalo, andam carpello undadu, conny cone yokka scale vanti pratyeka maddatu avayavam yokka uparitalampai bahirgatamavutundi, tadwara corpel kanajaalam chochukupovadam anavasaram. prakriya yokka vivaralu prashnaarthakamaina gymnosperms vibajananu batti maarutuu untaayi. gymnaspermlalo phaladeekaranam yokka rendu pradhana paddhatulu kanipistaayih saikads mariyu "zinkgo" anevi kandaraala lopala unna gudduku neerugaa eetha kottagala chalanaseela veeryaanni kaligi untaayi, ayithe coniferlu mariyu gnetophytelu eetha kottaleni veeryaanni kaligi untaayi, conny puppodi gottam venta gudduku cheravestaayi.
paragasamparka adhyayanam vrukshashaastram, udyaanavanam, keetaka shaastram mariyu paryaavarana shaastram vanti aneka vibhagalalo vistarinchi undhi. pushpam mariyu puppodi vaahaka madhya paraspara charyaga paragasamparka prakriyanu 18va sataabdamloo christian konrad sprengel modatisaarigaa prastaavinchaaru. idhi udyaanavanam mariyu vyavasaayamlo mukhyamainadi, endukante falaalu phaladeekaranampai aadharapadi untayih paraagasamparkam yokka phalitam. keetakaala dwara paraagasamparkam yokka adhyayananni "onthecology" anie pilustaaru. paraagasamparkam yokka saanukuula mariyu pratikuulatalanu, theneteegalapai drushti saarinchi, mariyu eee prakriya paraagasamparkaalanu elaa prabhaavitam chestundo chuse adhyayanalu kooda aardhika saastramlo unnaayi.
paragasamparka prakriya.
puppodi molakettadamlo moodu dasalu untaayi; aardreekarana, kriyaaseelata mariyu puppodi gottam aavirbhavam. puppodi dhanyam teevramgaa nirjaleekaranamavutundi, tadwara daani dravyarashi taggutundi, idhi puvvu nundi puvvuku marinta sulabhamgaa ravana cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. rehydration tarvaata matrame molakettadam jarugutundi, idhi antherlo akaala molakettadam jaragakunda chusukuntundi. aardreekarana puppodi yokka plasma poranu daani saadhaarana dvipadara vyavasthagaa maarchadaaniki anumatistundi, idhi samarthavanthamaina dravaabhisarana poranu andistundi. kriyaaseelataloo kanam yokka cytoplasm antataa actin tantuvula abhivruddhi untundi, ivi chivariki puppodi gottam udbhavinche samayamlo kendreekrutamavutaayi. puppodi gottam peragadam prarambhamainappudu aardreekarana mariyu kriyaaseelata konasaagutundi.
sankhaakaaraalo, punarutpaadaka nirmaanaalu sankuvulapai untaayi. sankuvulu puppodi sankuvulu (maga) ledhaa andotsarga sankuvulu (aada), conny konni jaatulu ekasvaamyamainavi mariyu marikonni ekasvaamyamainavi. puppodi konlo sporophils anie piluvabade punarutpatti nirmaanaalapai (ledhaa paine) saage vandalaadi microsporangia untaayi. microsporangialoni beejaamsam talli kanaalu meosis dwara vibhajinchi haploid microsporelanu yerparustaayi, ivi rendu mytotic vibhajanala dwara aparipakva maga gametophytelu (puppodi kanaalu) gaa marinta abhivruddhi chendutaayi. phalitamgaa vachhe naalugu kanaalu puppodi gottanni yerparuchukune pedda gottam kanaanni kaligi untaayi, idhi mytosis dwara rendu veeryaanni utpatti chese utpaadaka kanam mariyu ksheeninche rendu prothalial kanaalanu kaligi untundi. eee kanaalu chaalaa taggina microgametophytenu kaligi untaayi, idhi nirodhakatalo untundi.
puppodi kanaalu gaali dwara aadavaariki chedaragottabadataayi, aneka ativyaapti chendutunna pramaanaalatoo (sporophils, mariyu anduvalla megasporophils) tayaaraina andotsarga cone, prati okkati rendu andaalanu rakshistundi, veetilo prati okkati rendu kanajaala poralatho chuttabadina megasporangium (newsellus), integment mariyu gummatam kaligi untundi, ivi puurveekula gymnosperms yokka atyanta savarinchina saakhala nundi udbhavinchaayi. puppodi dhanyam andaasayam konaku daggaragaa vachinappudu, adhi tarachugaa paraagasamparkam chukka anie piluvabade dravam yokka chukka dwara micropyl (andaasayam konanu kappi unche puurnaamkaalaloo oka randhram) dwara laagabadutundi. puppodi nyoosellasku daggaragaa unna puppodi gadiloki pravesistundi, akkada adhi molakettadaaniki oka samvatsaram vechi undi, phaladeekaranam jarige megasporangium (= newsellus) goda gundaa perige puppodi gottanni yerparustundi. eee samayamlo, megaspore mother sell meosis dwara vibhajinchi naalugu haploid kanaalanu yerparustundi, veetilo moodu ksheenistaayi. manugadalo unnadi megasporga abhivruddhi chendutundi mariyu padepade vibhajinchi aparipakvamaina aada gametophyte (guddu sanchi) nuu yerparustundi. oka guddu kaligina rendu ledhaa moodu archaegonia appudu gametophyte lopala abhivruddhi chendutaayi. intalo, rendava samvatsaram vasantakaalamlo maga gametophyte yokka shareera kanam yokka mytosis dwara rendu veerya kanaalu utpatti avtayi. puppodi gottam podavainadigaa mariyu kuttinadigaa undi, megasporangium goda gundaa perugutundi mariyu veerya kanaalanu lopala unna aada gametophyteku andistundi. sperm kanaalalo okadaani yokka nucleus megagametophyte yokka aarkegoniyamlo guddu kanamloki pravesinchinappudu phaladeekaranam jarugutundi.
pushpinche mokkalalo, puvvu yokka antherlu meosis dwara microsporelanu utpatti chestaayi. ivi maga gametophytelanu yerparuchukovadaniki mitosisku lonavutaayi, veetilo prati okkati rendu haploid kanaalanu kaligi untaayi. intalo, andaasayaalu meosis dwara megasporelanu utpatti chestaayi, veeti marinta vibhajana aada gametophytelanu yerparustundi, ivi chaalaa balamgaa taggutaayi, prati okkati konni kanaalanu matrame kaligi untundi, vaatilo okati guddu. puppodi dhanyam corpel yokka kalankaaniki kattubadi unnappudu adhi molakettutundi, puppodi gottanni abhivruddhi chestundi, idhi shaili yokka kanajaalaala dwara perugutundi, micropyl dwara andaasayamloki pravesistundi. gottam guddu sanchiki cherukunnappudu, rendu veerya kanaalu daani gundaa aada gametophyteloki velataayi mariyu phaladeekaranam jarugutundi.
paddhatulu.
paraagasamparkam jeevasambandhamainadi ledhaa ajaivikamainadi kaavacchu. jeeva paraagasamparkam puppodini oka puvvu nundi maroka puvvuku taralinchadaaniki sajeeva paragasamparkalapai aadharapadi untundi. ajaivika paraagasamparkam gaali, neeru ledhaa varshampai kooda aadharapadi untundi. 
jeeva paraagasamparkam.
daadaapu 80 saatam angiospermlu biotic paraagasamparkampai aadhaarapadataayi. (puppodi vahakalu anie kooda pilustaaru): puppodi kanaalanu oka puvvu yokka ether nundi corpel ledhaa pistle (stigma) yokka grahana bhaagaaniki teesukuvelle ledhaa taralinche jeevulu. 100, 000 nundi 200,000 jaatula jantuvulu prapanchamlooni 250,000 jaatula pushpinche mokkalaku paragasamparkaluga panicheestaayi. eee paragasamparkalalo ekkuva bhaagam keetakaalu, conny sumaru 1,500 jaatula pakshulu mariyu ksheeradaalu puvvulanu sandarsistaayi mariyu vaati madhya puppodini badilee cheyavachu. tarachugaa sandarsinche pakshulu mariyu gabbilaalatoe paatu, veetilo kothulu, lemarlu, udutalu, elukalu mariyu posamlu unnaayi.
keetakaala dwara paraagasamparkam, tarachugaa rangu rekulanu abhivruddhi chesina mokkalapai mariyu theneteegalu, kandireegalu mariyu appudappudu cheemalu (hymenoptera), beatles (colioptera), chimmatalu mariyu seethaakokachilukalu (lepidopera), mariyu flies (diptera) vanti keetakaalanu aakarshinchadaaniki balamaina suvasanato sambhavistundi. purugula paraagasamparkam uniki dainosar shakam naatidi.
juufililoo, pakshulu mariyu gabbilalu vanti sakasherukaalu, mukhyamgaa humming birds, sunn birds, spider hunters, thene tinevaaru mariyu fruit gabbilalu paraagasamparkam nirvahistaayi. pakshula dwara pushpinche mokkala paraagasamparkam ornithophily ledhaa pakshi paraagasamparkam. chiropterophily ledhaa gabbilala paraagasamparkam anedi gabbilala dwara pushpinche mokkala paraagasamparkam. gabbilalu ledhaa chimmatalu paragasamparkaluga upayoginchadaaniki anuvaina mokkalu saadhaaranamgaa tellani rekulu, balamaina vaasana mariyu raatri puulanu kaligi untaayi, ayithe pakshulanu paragasamparkaluga upayoginche mokkalu samruddhiga thenenu utpatti chestaayi mariyu erra rekulanu kaligi untaayi.
theneteegalu ("apis" esppi) vanti purugula paragasamparkalu.),
bumblebees ("bombus" esppi.), mariyu seethaakokachilukalu (udhaa.zii.thymelicus flavous") pushpa sthirathvamlo nimagnamai unnatlu gamaninchabadindi, antey avi puppodini itara nirdishta mokkalaku badilee chese avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi. idhi paragasamparka yantraalaku prayojanakaramgaa untundi, endukante puula sthirathvam anedi paraspara nirdishta vimaanaala samayamlo puppodi kolpovadaanni mariyu paragasamparka yantraalu itara puula jaatula puppoditho kalteeni addukokunda nirodhistundi. paraagasamparkam chese puulu sulabhamgaa andubaatulo unde mariyu suparichitamaina aadhaaraala dwara gurtinchadaginavigaa unde sambhaavyatanu kooda idhi meruguparustundi.
konni puvvulu prabhavanni penchadaaniki paraagasamparkaalanu bandhinchadaaniki pratyeka yantraamgaalanu kaligi untaayi. itara puvvulu vaasana dwara paraagasamparkulanu aakarshistaayi. udaaharanaku, "yuglosa cardata" vanti theneteegala jaatulu eee vidhamgaa archidla vaipu aakarshitamavutaayi, mariyu archid puvvula sandarsana samayamlo theneteegalu mattugaa marutayani soochinchabadindi, ivi 90 nimishala varaku untaayi. ayithe, saadhaaranamgaa, puppodi vahakalapai aadhaarapade mokkalu vaati nirdishta rakam vaahakaaniki anugunamgaa untaayi, udaaharanaku pagati puuta paragasamparka jaatulu muduru rangulo untaayi, conny avi ekkuvagaa pakshulu ledhaa pratyeka ksheeradaala dwara paraagasamparkam cheyabadithe, avi ekkuvagaa untaayi mariyu khachitamgaa purugula-paraagasamparkam kaligina jaatula kante pedda thene bahumatulanu kaligi untaayi. vaaru tama pratiphalaalanu ekkuva kaalam paatu vistaristaaru, sudeergha pushpinche rutuvulanu kaligi untaaru; paragasamparka kaalam chaalaa takkuvagaa unte vaari pratyeka paragasamparkalu aakalitho unde avakaasam undhi.
paraagasamparkam yokka rakaala vishayaanikosthe, sareesrupaala paraagasamparkam telisinappatikii, chaalaa paryaavarana paristhitulalo avi alpasankhyaakamgaa erpadataayi. avi dveepa vyavasthalalo chaalaa tarachugaa mariyu paryaavaranaparamgaa chaalaa mukhyamainavi, ikkada purugulu mariyu konnisaarlu pakshula janabha kooda asthiramgaa mariyu takkuva jaatulu samruddhiga undavacchu. jantuvula aaharam lekapovadam mariyu vaeta ottidi yokka anusarana, anduvalla sareesrupaalu marinta saakahaarulugaa maaradaaniki mariyu puppodi mariyu thenenu tinadaaniki ekkuva moggu chuupadaaniki anukuulamgaa undavacchu. paraagasamparkamlo mukhyamainaviga kanipinche kutumbaalalo chaalaa jaatula ballulu yaadrucchikamgaa puppodini matrame mosukeltunnatlu anipistundi, mukhyamgaa varanidae mariyu iguanidae vanti pedda jaatulu, conny mukhyamgaa gekkonide yokka aneka jaatulu kriyaaseela paraagasamparkam, alaage vividha jaatula paraagasamparkam chese kaneesam oka jaathi lockertidae, "podorsis lilfordy", conny mukhyamgaa vividha madhyadhara dveepaalalo "euphorbia dendroids" yokka pradhana paraagasamparkam.
ksheeradaalanu saadhaaranamgaa paragasamparkaluga bhaavincharu, conny konni elukalu, gabbilalu mariyu marsupials mukhyamaina paragasamparkalu mariyu konni atuvanti karyakalapalalo kooda pratyekata kaligi untaayi. dakshinaafrikaalo konni jaatula "protea" (mukhyamgaa "protea humiflora", p. ", p. sabulifolia, "p. decurrence "mariyu" p. cordata) elukalu (mukhyamgaa cape spiny mouse, "acomis subspinosus") mariyu enugu scroolu ("elephantulus" jaatulu) dwara paraagasamparkaaniki anugunamgaa untaayi. puvvulu naela daggara pudataaru, tiyyati vaasana kaligi untaayi, rangurangulavi kaavu, mariyu suurya pakshulu adhika jailoj kantentto thenenu tiraskaristaayi. elukalu jailojnu jeernam chesukogalavu mariyu avi pedda mottamlo puppodini tintaayi. australialo egaradam, gliding mariyu bhoomiki velle ksheeradaala dwara paraagasamparkam pradarsinchabadindi. puppodi vaahakaalaku udaaharanalalo aneka jaatula kandireegalu unnaayi, ivi aneka mokkala jaatula puppodini ravana chestaayi, ivi sambhaavya ledhaa samarthavanthamaina paragasamparkalu kooda.
ajaivika paraagasamparkam.
ajaivika paraagasamparkam puppodini oka puvvu nundi maroka puvvuku taralinchadaaniki gaali mariyu neeru vanti nirjeeva paddhatulanu upayogistundi. idhi mokka puvvulu mariyu thenetho paraagasamparkaalanu aakarshinchadam kante neerugaa puppodi meeda saktini kharchu cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. abiotic paraagasamparkamlo gaali dwara paraagasamparkam sarvasaadhaaranam.
gaali dwara.
sumaru 98 saatam ajaivika paraagasamparkam raktaheenatato kuudukunnadi.ii., gaali dwara paraagasamparkam. idhi bahusha paryaavaranamloo maarpulu ledhaa paragasamparka kaarakaala labhyata kaaranamgaa purugula paraagasamparkam (entomophily) nundi udbhavinchindi. puppodi badilee gatamlo anukunna daanikante marinta samarthavantamgaa untundi; gaali paragasamparka mokkalu samarthavanthamaina puppodi vyaapti mariyu badileeni prothsahinche nirdishta puula, kesara mariyu kalanka sthaanaalatho paatu nirdishta ettulanu kaligi undataaniki abhivruddhi chendaayi.
neeti dwara.
neeti dwara paraagasamparkam, hydrophily, puppodini ravana cheyadaaniki neetini upayogistundi, konnisaarlu mottam antherluga; ivi podi puppodini oka puvvu nundi maroka puvvuku teesukelladaaniki neeti uparitalam antataa prayaaninchavacchu. valisnaria spiralis" loe, teravani maga puvvu neeti uparitalampai theeluthuu, uparitalaaniki cherukunna tarvaata, teruchukuntundi mariyu saaravantamaina aanetharlu munduku saagutaayi. telutunna aada puvvu kooda neeti nundi rakshinchabadina daani kalankaanni kaligi untundi, ayithe daani seaples koddigaa neetilo munigipotayi, maga puvvulu lopaliki padipovadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
varsham dwara.
varsha paragasamparkanni koddi saatam mokkalu upayogistaayi. bhaarii varsham purugula paragasamparkanni nirutsaahaparustundi mariyu asurakshita puvvulanu debbateestundi, conny "rannanculus flummula", "northesium ossifragum" mariyu "kaltha palestries" vanti tagina vidhamgaa sweekarinchina mokkala puppodini chedaragottagaladu. eee mokkalalo, teliade puppodi kalamkamtho sambandham kaligi undataaniki veelugaa adanapu varshapu kaaluvalu erpadataayi. konni aarkidlalo ambrophily sambhavistundi, mariyu varshapu neeti splashlu anther topeeni tolaginchadaaniki kaaranamavutaayi, idhi puppodini bahirgatam cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. bahirgatam ayina tarvaata, varshapu chukkalu puppodini paiki kaalchadaaniki kaaranamavutaayi, stipe vaatini venakki laginappudu, aapai kalankam kuharamloki padipotundi. anduvalla, archid "akampe rigida" kosam, idhi mokka sweeya paraagasamparkam cheyadaaniki anumatistundi, idhi paryaavaranamloo biotic paragasamparkalu tagginappudu upayogapadutundi.
marpidi paddhatulu.
oka mokka jeevasambandhamaina mariyu ajaivika paraagasamparkamtho sahaa vividha paragasamparka paddhatulanu kaligi undatam saadhyame. archid "oceoclades makulata" daani paryaavarana paristhitulanu batti varsham mariyu seethaakokachilukalu rendintinee upayogistundi.
yantraangam.
cross paraagasamparkam dwara ledhaa sweeya paraagasamparkam dwara paraagasamparkam saadhinchavachchuh
anchanaa vesina 48.7% mokkala jaatulu ekalinga ledhaa sweeya-ananukuulamaina baadhyataayutamaina avt-kraasarlu. 42 saatam pushpinche mokkalu mishrama samyoga vyavasthanu kaligi unnayani kooda anchanaa veyabadindi. atyanta saadhaarana mishrama samyoga vyavasthalo, vyaktigata mokkalu oke rakamaina puvvunu utpatti chestaayi mariyu pandlu sweeya-paraagasamparkam, avt-cross ledhaa santaana rakaala misramaanni kaligi undavacchu.
paraagasamparkaaniki itara mokkalaku puppodi vanarugaa panichese puppodi mokkalanu kooda parigananaloki teesukoovaali. konni mokkalu "sweeya-anukuulamainavi" ("sweeya-phaladeekaranam") mariyu paraagasamparkam chesi, phaladeekaranam cheyagalavu. itara mokkalu sweeya paraagasamparkaaniki rasayana ledhaa bhouthika addamkulanu kaligi untaayi.
vyavasayam mariyu udyaanavana paragasamparka nirvahanalo, manchi paraagasamparkam anedi paraagasamparkam cheyalsina ledhaa paraagasamparkam unna mokkaku anugunamgaa, aacharaneeyamaina mariyu samruddhiga puppodi mariyu puvvulanu andinche mokka, idhi nilva cheyagala mariyu avasaramainappudu upayoginchagala puppodi kaligi untundi. sankareekarana anedi vividha jaatula puvvula madhya ledhaa vividha santanotpatti rekhalu ledhaa janabha madhya samarthavanthamaina paraagasamparkam. heterosis kooda chudandi.
peaches sweeya-phaladeekaranamgaa pariganinchabadataayi, endukante cross-paraagasamparkam lekunda vaanijya pantanu utpatti cheyavachu, ayithe cross-paraagasamparkam saadhaaranamgaa merugaina pantanu istundi. aapillanu sweeya-ananukuulamgaa pariganistaaru, endukante vaanijya panta cross-paraagasamparkam kaligi undaali. aneka vaanijya pandla chetla rakalu janyuparamgaa okela unde grafted klonelu. oka rakamaina aapil pandla thota samuuham janyuparamgaa oke mokka. chaalaa mandhi raitulu ippudu dheenini porapatuga bhaavistaaru. eee porapatunu saricheyadaaniki oka maargam emitante, prati aaru chetlaku tagina puppodi (saadhaaranamgaa vividha rakaala peetalu) yokka avayavamnu antukovadam.
saha parinaamam.
carboniferous kaalam chivaralo fern lanty mokkala nundi ajaivika paraagasamparkam kosam modati shilaja rikaardu undhi. tricic kaalam lone jeeva paraagasamparkaaniki gymnosperms aadhaaraalanu chuuputaayi. aneka shilaja puppodi kanaalu nedu jeevasambandhamgaa chedaragottabadina puppodi maadirigaane lakshanaalanu chuuputaayi. inca, shilaja beatles mariyu flies yokka gut contents, rekkala nirmaanaalu mariyu noti bhagala padanirmaanam avi prarambha paragasamparkaluga panicheesaayani suuchistunnaayi. prarambha cretatius kaalamlo beatles mariyu angiospermla madhya anubandham chivari cretatius loki angiosperms mariyu keetakaala samaantara vikiranaalaku daariteesindi. chivari critatius puvvulalo thenela parinaamam hymenopterones mariyu angiospermla madhya paraspara sambandhaanni praarambhinchadaanni suuchistumdi.
hymenopterones mariyu angiosperms madhya unna paraspara vaikhariki theneteegalu manchi udaaharananu andistaayi. puvvulu theneteegalaku thene (shakti muulam) mariyu puppodi (protein muulam) nuu andistaayi. theneteegalu puulu nundi puvvula varaku puppodini sekarinchetappudu avi puppodi kanaalanu kooda puvvulapai jama chestaayi, tadwara vaatini paraagasamparkam chestaayi. puppodi mariyu thene, chaalaa sandarbhaalalo, puvvula nundi pondina atyanta mukhyamaina bahumati ayithe, theneteegalu kooda noone, suvasana, resin mariyu mainapulu vanti itara vanarula kosam puvvulanu sandarsistaayi. theneteegalu angiospermla muulam ledhaa vaividhyeekaranhatho udbhavinchaayani anchanaa veyabadindi. adanamgaa, theneteega jaatulu mariyu pushpinche mokkala madhya saha parinaamam yokka sandarbhaalu pratyeka anusaranala dwara vivarinchabaddaayi. udaaharanaku, podavaina kaallu "rediviva neliana" loe empika cheyabadataayi, idhi "diassia capsularis" nundi noonenu sekarinche theneteega, ivi noonenu sekarinche theneteegapai puppodini jama cheyadaaniki enchukunna podavaina spoor podavulanu kaligi untaayi, ivi "r" loe marinta podavaina kaallanu enchukuntaayi. neeliana "mariyu mallii" dii "loe podavaina spoor podavu. capsularis "anedi okari parinaamaanni marokaru nirantaram nadipinchadaaniki empika cheyabadutundi.
vyavasaayamlo.
godhumalu, mokkajonna, vari, soybeans mariyu jonna vanti bhoomipai atyanta mukhyamaina aahara pantalu gaali paraagasamparkam ledhaa sweeya paraagasamparkam. 2013loe prapanchavyaaptamgaa maanava aahaaraaniki dohadapade 15 pradhana pantalanu parigananaloki teesukunte, mokkala pantala mottam maanava aahaaramlo 10 saataaniki konchem ekkuva (1916 kilola/vyakti/rojuku 211) purugula paraagasamparkampai aadharapadi untundi.
paragasamparka nirvahana anedi vyavasaayamlo oka saakha, idhi prastuta paraagasamparkaalanu rakshinchadaaniki mariyu meruguparachadaaniki prayatnistundi mariyu tarachugaa vaanijya pandla thotalu vanti ekasamvardhaka paristhitulalo paraagasamparkaalanu penchadam mariyu jodinchadam vantivi kaligi untundi. prapanchamlone atipedda nirvahinchabade paragasamparka karyakramam california baadam thotalalo jarugutundi, ikkada prati vasantakaalamlo daadaapu sagam (sumaru oka million daddurlu) us theneteegalanu baadam thotalaku ravana chestaaru. newyork aapil pantaku sumaru 30,000 daddurlu avasaram; maine yokka blueberry panta prati samvatsaram sumaru 50,000 daddurlu upayogistundi. ippativaraku, paragasamparka korataku us parishkaram, vaanijya theneteegala pempakandaarulu paragasamparka contractorluga maaradam mariyu valasa velladam. mishrama panta kothala pempakandaarulu texas nundi manitoba varaku godhuma pantanu anusarinchinatle, theneteegala pempakandaarulu dakshinam nundi uttaram varaku vikasinchina vaatini anusarinchi, aneka rakaala pantalaku paragasamparkanni andistaaru.
americalo, dosakayalu, squash, pucchakaayalu, strawberrylu mariyu aneka itara pantala vaanijya naatadaaniki theneteegalanu teesukuvastaaru. theneteegalu matrame nirvahinchabade paragasamparkalu kavuh konni itara jaatula theneteegalu kooda paragasamparkaluga penchabadataayi. alfalfa leafcutter theneteega paschima united states mariyu kenadaalo alfalfa vittanaalaku mukhyamaina paraagasamparkam. bambulbeelu ekkuvagaa penchabadutunnaayi mariyu greenhouse tamotalu mariyu itara pantalaku vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutunnaayi.
keetakaalu vyavasaya pantalaku sahaja paraagasamparkam yokka paryaavarana mariyu aardhika praamukhyata, vaati naanhyata mariyu parimaanaanni meruguparachadam, marinta prasamsimchabadimdi mariyu kotta aardhika avakaasaalaku daariteesindi. aapil, baadam ledhaa coffey vanti vyavasaya pantalaku sameepamlo sthaanika paraagasamparkam unna adavi ledhaa adavi gaddi bhoomula sameepamlo vaati digubadini 20 saatam varaku meruguparustundi. sthaanika paraagasamparkam yokka prayojanaalu atavee yajamaanulu merugaina panta phalitaalalo vaari sahakaaraaniki chellimpu demand cheyadaaniki daariteeyavachchu-paryaavarana sevala aardhika viluvaku oka saadhaarana udaaharana. sthaanika theneteegala paragasamparka jaatulanu prothsahinchadaaniki raitulu sthaanika pantalanu kooda penchavacchu, idhi sthaanika chemata theneteegalatho choopabadindi. delaware loe vairekki mariyu ell. nairuti virginialo leukozonium.
american institute off biological sciences nivedinchina prakaram, sthaanika purugula paraagasamparkam sahaja panta utpatti dwara united states vyavasaya aardhika vyavasthanu samvatsaraaniki daadaapu $3.1 billionla maera aadaa chestundi; paraagasamparkam okka united stateslone samvatsaraaniki sumaru $40 billionla viluvaina utpattulanu utpatti chestundi.
rendu pokadala kaaranamgaa aahara pantala paraagasamparkam paryaavarana samasyaga maarindi. ekasamvardhaka saagu dhorani antey munupennadoo laenamtagaa vikasinche samayamlo paraagasamparkam ekkuva saandrata avasaram, ayinappatikee eee praantam migilina seasonlo theneteegalaku metha takkuvagaa ledhaa praanaantakam kooda. purugumandula durviniyogam mariyu mitimeerina viniyogam, theneteegala kotta vyaadhulu mariyu paraannajeevulu, clear cutt logging, theneteegala pempakam ksheenata, suburban abhivruddhi, polaala nundi kanchelu mariyu itara aavasalanu tolaginchadam mariyu theneteegala gurinchi prajala aandolana kaaranamgaa paragasamparka janabha taggadam maroka dhorani. paschima nail bhayala kaaranamgaa domala kosam vistrutamgaa vaimanikamgaa challadam valla paraagasamparkam kolpovadam vegavantam avtondi.
konni sandarbhaallo, raitulu ledhaa udyaanavana nipunulu ishtapade vyaktigata mokkalatho matrame santanotpattini anumatinchadaaniki sahaja paragasamparkanni parimitam cheyadaanni lakshyamgaa pettukovacchu. paragasamparka sanchula vadakam dwara dheenini saadhinchavachchu.
takkuva vaanchaneeya theneteegala saandrata unna praantaalalo paragasamparkanni meruguparachadam.
konni sandarbhaallo theneteegala kosam raitula demand andubaatulo unna sarafaraanu minchipotundi. samyukta rashtraallo nirvahinche theneteegala sankhya rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata daadaapu 6 millionlaku kramamga taggindi, nedu 25 laksala kante takkuvagaa undhi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, theneteegala paragasamparka pantalanu pandinchadaaniki ankitamaina praantam adhe kaalamlo 300% kante ekkuvagaa perigindi. adanamgaa, gatha aidellalo sheethaakaalamlo nirvahinche theneteegalalo ksheenata namodaindi, idhi apuurvamaina sthaayilo kaalanee nashtaala retunu daadaapu 30 saataaniki cherukundi. prastutam, ellappuduu teerchaleni theneteegala addelaku apaaramaina demand undhi. vyavasaya parisrama antataa paraagasamparkaalanu saagu loki aakarshinchadaaniki mariyu pushpinche pantanu sandarsinchadaaniki mariyu paraagasamparkam cheyadaaniki vaarini prothsahinchadaaniki nirvahana sadhanam avasaram undhi. theneteegalu vanti paraagasamparkaalanu aakarshinchadam dwara mariyu vaati metha pravartananu penchadam dwara, mukhyamgaa pedda bhoomula madhyalo, manam saagudaarula raabadini penchavacchu mariyu vaati naatadam nundi digubadini optimize cheyavachu. californialoni nadhi odduna unna iska saanketikatalu splat bloom anae semichemical suutreekarananu srushtinchaayi, idhi theneteegala pravartananu savaristundi, polamlooni prati bhaagamlo puvvulanu sandarsinchadaaniki vaarini prerepistundi.
paryaavarana prabhavalu.
paragasamparka ksheenata anie kooda piluvabade paragasamparkala nashtam (veetilo kaalanee koolipoye rugmata bahusha baga telisinadi) iteevali samvatsaraalalo gamaninchabadindi. paraagasamparkam yokka eee nashtam vittana vyaapti mariyu paraagasamparkam vanti prarambha mokkala punarutpatti prakriyalalo bhangam kaliginchindi. mokkala punarutpatti yokka prarambha prakriyalu mokkala-jantuvula paraspara charyalapai ekkuvagaa aadharapadi untaayi mariyu eee paraspara charyalaku antaraayam kaliginchadam valla, jeevavaividhyam mariyu paryaavarana vyavastha paniteeru pramaadamloo unnaayi. jantuvula dwara paraagasamparkam mokkala lopala janyu vaividhyam mariyu vaividhyaaniki sahaayapadutundi endukante idhi sweeya-crossingku badulugaa avt-crossingnu anumatistundi. eee janyu vaividhyam lekunda, mokkala jaatula manugada kosam sahaja empikaku lakshanaalu undavu. mokkala aarogyaaniki vittana vyaapti kooda mukhyam endukante idhi mokkalaku vaati janabhanu vistarinche saamarthyaanni istundi. antaku minchi, idhi maarina mariyu nivasinchadaaniki kashtamgaa maarina vaataavaranaala nundi tappinchukovadaaniki mokkalanu anumatistundi. eee karakalanni sthiramaina paryaavarana vyavasthaku punaadiloo mukhyamaina bhaagamgaa unna mokkalaku paragasamparka kaarakaala praamukhyatanu chuuputaayi. paraagasamparkam kolpovadampai konni jaatula mokkalu matrame aadharapadi unte, mukhyamgaa vinaasakaramainadi endukante vaatipai chaalaa mokkala jaatulu aadharapadi untaayi. samasheetoshna praantaalalo angiospermla kante ekkuva, ushnamandala vruksha jaatulalo 75 saataaniki paiga, mariyu chetla jaatulalo 30-40% paraagasamparkam mariyu vittana vyaapti meeda aadharapadi untaayi.
paraagasamparkam taggadaaniki dohadapade karakalalo aavasala vidhvamsam, purugumandulu, paraannajeevi/vyaadhulu mariyu vaataavarana maarpu unnaayi. maanava aatamkaala yokka marinta vidhvamsaka roopaalu bhuu viniyoga maarpulu, vichchinnam, empika chesina kalapa mariyu dviteeya atavee aavasamga marchadam. poga tine jantuvulanu nirutsaahaparachadam kooda oka mukhyamaina chodaka shakti. mokkala paragasamparka prakriya yokka sunnitatvam kaaranamgaa eee maarpulu mukhyamgaa hanikaram. ushnamandala arachetulapai chesina parisoedhanaloo vittanaala chedaragottadam taggadaaniki kaaranamaindani, idhi eee jaatilo janyu vaividhyam taggadaaniki kaaranamavutundani kanugonnaru. vichchinnam mariyu empika chesina logging vanti aavasala vidhvamsam vividha rakaala paraagasamparkaalaku atyanta anukuulamaina praantaalanu tolagistundi, idhi paragasamparka aahara vanarulanu, goodu katte pradaesaalanu tolagistundi mariyu janabhanu vaeruchaeyadaaniki daariteestundi. paragasamparkalapai purugumandula prabhavam charchaneeyaamsamaindi, endukante misramam ledhaa itara bedirimpulaku viruddhamgaa oke purugumandulu kaaranamani gurtinchadam kashtam. bahirgatam okkate nashtanni kaligistundaa ledhaa vyavadhi mariyu shakti kooda karakalu kaadaa anedi teliyadu. ayithe, theneteegala kaalaneelaku haani kaliginche neonicotinoids vishayamlo maadirigaa, purugumandulu pratikuula prabhavalanu kaligi untaayi. eee kaarakaala yokka samanvaya prabhaavaale chivariki paragasamparka janaabhaaku hanikaramani chaalaa mandhi parisoedhakulu bhaavistunnaaru.
vyavasaya parisramalo, vaataavarana maarpu "paragasamparka sankshobhaaniki" kaaranamavutondi. paragasamparka prakriyalalo taggudala kaaranamgaa eee sankshobham pantala utpattini, sambandhita kharchulanu prabhaavitam chestondi. eee bhangam phenological ledhaa praadesikamgaa undavacchu. modati sandarbhamlo, saadhaaranamgaa oke vidhamaina rutuvulu ledhaa kalachakralalo sambhavinche jaatulu, ippudu paryaavarana maarpulaku ververu pratispandanalanu kaligi untaayi, anduvalla ikapai sankarshana chendavu. udaaharanaku, oka chettu saadhaaranam kante twaragaa puuyavacchu, ayithe paraagasamparkam samvatsaram chivarilo punarutpatti cheyavachu, anduvalla rendu jaatulu ikapai samayaniki ekakaalamlo undavu. saadhaaranamgaa oke pampineeni panchukune rendu jaatulu ippudu vaataavarana maarpulaku bhinnamgaa spandinchi, vividha praantaalaku maarutunnappudu praadaesika aatamkaalu sambhavistaayi.
prabhaavita paragasamparka kaarakaala udaaharanalu.
atyanta prasiddha mariyu ardham chesukunna paraagasamparkam, theneteegalu, paraagasamparkam taggadaaniki pradhana udaaharanagaa upayoginchabaddaayi. vyavasaya pantalu mariyu adavi mokkala paraagasamparkamlo theneteegalu chaalaa avasaram mariyu eee panini chese pradhana keetakaalalo ivi okati. theneteegala jaatulalo, theneteega ledhaa "apis mellifera" ekkuvagaa adhyayanam cheyabadindi mariyu united stateslo, 1947 nundi 2005 varaku 59 saatam kaalaneelu kolpoyayi. theneteega janabha taggadaaniki purugumandulu, janyuparamgaa savarinchina pantalu, vichchinnam, paraannajeevulu mariyu pravesapettina vyaadhulu kaaranamani cheppabadindi. theneteegala janabhapai neonicotinoids prabhavalapai drushti kendrikarinchabadindi. neonicotinoids purugumandulu daani takkuva ksheerada vishapuuritam, lakshya nirdishtata, takkuva application raetlu mariyu vistruta varnapata karyakalapala kaaranamgaa upayoginchabaddaayi. ayithe, purugumandulu puppodi mariyu thenetho sahaa mokka antataa daani marganni tayaaru cheyagalavu. eee kaaranamgaa, theneteegala janabhalo naadii vyavastha mariyu kaalanee sambandhaalapai idhi prabhavam chooputundani choopabadindi.
eee maarpula kaaranamgaa seethaakokachilukalu kooda nashtapoyayi. seethaakokachilukalu upayogakaramaina paryaavarana suuchikalu, endukante avi vaataavaranam lopala season, etthu mariyu annintikante minchi, paryaavaranampai maanava prabhavam vanti maarpulaku sunnitamgaa untaayi. sahaja adavilo seethaakokachilukala janabha ekkuvagaa undedi mariyu bahiranga bhoomilo takkuvagaa undedi. dattanalo vyatyaasaaniki kaaranam bahiranga bhoomilo seethaakokachilukalu endabettadam mariyu vetaadatam vantivi avtayi. kalapa kosam kalapa veyadam, pasuvula metha mariyu kattelu sekarana vanti aavasala naasanam valla eee bahiranga praantaalu sambhavistaayi. eee vidhvamsam kaaranamgaa, seethaakokachiluka jaatula vaividhyam taggutundi mariyu seethaakokachiluka vaividhyam mariyu mokkala vaividhyam madhya paraspara sambandham undani telusu.
aahara bhadrata mariyu paraagasamparkam taggutaayi.
paraagasamparkam taggadam valla paryaavarana vyavastha asamatulyathatho paatu, idhi aahara bhadratanu pramaadamloo padestundi. mokkalu tama janabhanu konasaaginchadaaniki paraagasamparkam avasaram mariyu prapancha aahara sarafaraaku dohadapade mokkala jaatulalo moodinta naaluginta oka vanthu paragasamparkalu avasaramayye mokkalu. theneteegala vanti purugula paragasamparkalu panta utpattiki pedda sahakaram andistaayi, 200 billion dollarla viluvaina panta jaatulu eee keetakaala dwara paraagasamparkam chendutaayi. paragasamparkalu kooda chaalaa avasaram endukante avi panta naanhyatanu meruguparustaayi mariyu janyu vaividhyaanni penchutaayi, idhi poeshaka viluvalu mariyu vividha ruchulatho kuudina pandlanu utpatti cheyadaaniki avasaram. paraagasamparkam kosam jantuvulapai aadhaarapadani, gaali ledhaa sweeya paraagasamparkam meeda aadhaarapade mokkajonna mariyu bangaalaadumpa vanti pantalu utpattilo rettimpu ayyayi mariyu maanava aahaaramlo ekkuva bhaagam unnaayi, conny avasaramaina suukshmapooshakaalanu andinchavu. maanava aahaaramlo avasaramaina poeshakaalu janthu paragasamparkalapai aadhaarapade mokkalalo untaayi. vitamin mariyu khanija lopaalalo samasyalu unnaayi mariyu paragasamparka janabha taggadam konasagithe eee lopaalu marinta pramukhamgaa untaayani nammutaaru.
mokkala paragasamparka netvarklu.
adavi paragasamparkalu tarachugaa pedda sankhyalo mokkala jaatulanu sandarsistaayi mariyu pedda sankhyalo paragasamparka jaatulu mokkalanu sandarsistaayi. eee sambandhaalannii kalisi mokkalu mariyu paragasamparka kaarakaala madhya paraspara charyala netvarknu yerparustaayi. mokkalu mariyu paragasamparka kaarakaala madhya paraspara charyalatho kuudina networkla nirmaanamloo aascharyakaramaina saaruupyatalu kanugonabaddayi. eee nirmaanam puurtigaa bhinnamaina jaatulato kuudina vividha khandaalloni chaalaa bhinnamaina paryaavarana vyavasthalalo saruupyamgaa unnatlu kanugonabadindi.
perugutunna kathinamaina paristhitulaku paragasamparka sanghaalu pratispandinche vidhaanaaniki mokkala-paragasamparka vyavasthala nirmaanam pedda parinaamaalanu kaliginchavacchu. paragasamparka sanghaala sthirathvam kosam eee network nirmaanam yokka parinaamaalanu pariseelinchae ganita namuunaalu, mokkala-paragasamparka netvarklu nirvahinche nirdishta vidhanam paragasamparkala madhya pootiini taggistundani mariyu paristhitulu kathinamgaa unnappudu paragasamparkala madhya balamaina paroksha soulabhyaaniki kooda daariteeyavacchani suuchistunnaayi. antey paragasamparka jaatulu kalisi kathinamaina paristhitulalo jeevinchagalavu. conny paristhitulu klishtamaina binduvunu daatinappudu paragasamparka jaatulu ekakaalamlo kuulipoetaayani kooda dheeni ardham. eee ekakaala patanam sambhavistundi, endukante paragasamparka jaatulu kashtataramaina paristhitulalo jeevinchinappudu okadaanipai okati aadharapadi untaayi.
aneka paragasamparka jaatulato kuudina ituvanti samajavyapta patanam, perugutunna kathinamaina paristhitulu klishtamaina dasanu daatinappudu akasmaattugaa sambhavinchavachhu mariyu atuvanti patanam nundi kolukovadam antha sulabham kakapovachhu. paragasamparka samudaayam kuppakuulina paristhitulaku tirigi raavadaaniki avasaramaina merugudala kante paragasamparka yantraalu kolukovadaniki avasaramaina paristhitulalo merugudala gananeeyamgaa ekkuvagaa undavacchu.
vaanijya theneteegala paraagasamparkam yokka aardhikasaastram.
paraagasamparkaaniki sahayapade 200,000-350,000 vividha jaatula jantuvulu unnappatikee, viniyoginchina pantalaku paraagasamparkamlo ekkuva bhaagam theneteegalu baadhyata vahistaayi, idhi prapancha aahara utpattiki $235 nundi $577 billionla madhya prayojanaalanu andistundi. 1900la prarambham nundi, samyukta raashtraalloni theneteegala pempakandaarulu raitula panta digubadini penchadaaniki tama kaalaneelanu raitulaku addeku ivvadam praarambhinchaaru, idhi prayivetu paraagasamparkam andinchadam dwara adanapu aadaayaanni sampaadinchindi. 2016 natiki, sagatu us theneteegala pempakandaarula aadaayamlo 41 saatam raitulaku ituvanti paragasamparka sevalanu andinchadam dwara vastundi, idhi vaari aadaayamlo atipedda nishpattigaa maarutundi, migilinadi thene, theneteega mainapu, prabhutva subsidy modalaina vaati ammakaala nundi vastundi. theneteegala pempakam mariyu thene tayari nundi pantala paraagasamparkam, saanukuula baahyatvam, elaa vijayavantamgaa lekkinchabadi, vyavasayam kosam mottam marketlo cherchabadindanedaniki idhi oka udaaharana. aahara utpattiki sahayapadatame kakunda, theneteegalu pantalanu matrame kakunda, paraagasamparkam cheyadaaniki vadulugaa unchabadina praantam chuttoo unna itara mokkalanu kooda molakettadamtho, paragasamparka seva prayojanakaramaina spilovarlanu andistundi, idhi sthaanika paryaavarana vyavasthaku jeevavaividhyaanni penchutundi. jeevavaividhyam vanyapraanulu mariyu pantalaku paryaavarana vyavastha nirodhakatanu penchadamtho marinta chindatam undhi. panta utpattilo paraagasamparkam yokka paatra kaaranamgaa, vaanijya theneteegalanu US vyavasaya vibhagam pasuvulugaa pariganistundi. paraagasamparkam yokka prabhavam pantanu batti maarutuu untundi. udaaharanaku, california raashtramlo daadaapu pratyaekamgaa unna $11 billionla parisrama ayina united stateslo baadam utpatti, baadam chetla paraagasamparkam kosam digumati chesukunna theneteegalapai ekkuvagaa aadharapadi undhi. paragasamparka marketlo 82 saatam varaku sevalanu baadam parisrama upayogistundi. prati fibravarilo, americaloni theneteegala kaalaneelalo daadaapu 60 saatam california kendra loyaku taralinchabadataayi.
gatha dasaabdamloo, america antataa theneteegala pempakandaarulu tama theneteegala kaalaneelalo maranaala raetu prati samvatsaram sumaru 30 saatamgaa sthiramgaa undani nivedinchaaru, idhi theneteegala pempakandaarulaku maranaalanu vyaapaaraaniki anchanaa vesina vyayamgaa chesindi. eee drugvishayaaniki khachitamaina kaaranam teliyakapoyinappatiki, US department off agriculture kaalanee koolipoye rugmata purogati nivedika prakaram, prabhaavita kaalaneelu mariyu kaalaneela praantaalalo kanipinche aadhaaraala nundi kalushyam, purugumandulu mariyu vyadhikaaraka kaarakaala vanti kaarakaalaku idhi gurtinchavacchu. theneteegalu paraagasamparkam chesi, vaati kaalaneelaku tirigi vachhe saamarthyam chaalaa varaku debbatinnanduna theneteegalu mariyu vaati kaalaneela aarogyaaniki kalushyam mariyu purugumandulu hanikaram. antekakunda, california yokka madhya loyanu prapancha aarogya samstha desamlo atyanta ghoramaina vaayu kalushyam unna pradaesamgaa nirnayistundi. paina perkonna vidhamgaa samyukta raashtraalloni theneteegalalo sumaru 60 saatam, baadam paragasamparka theneteegalu, ververu theneteegala pempakandaarulu andinche vaelaadi itara daddurla nundi theneteegalatho kalapabadataayi, tadwara avi evaina mosukellagala vyaadhulu mariyu purugulaku vipareetamgaa guravutaayi. vaanijya theneteegala vadda maranaalu agavu, endukante adavi bumble theneteegalatho sahaa itara paragasamparka kaarakaalaku gananeeyamaina vyadhikaaraka chindatam, vaanijya paraagasamparkam yokka 2 kimmy vyaasaarthamlo adavi theneteegalaku 35-100% varaku sokinatlu aadharalu unnaayi. vaanijya mariyu adavi theneteegala maranaala dwara jeevavaividhyam ksheeninchadam anedi private paragasamparka sevala pratikuula baahyatvam. prati samvatsaram tama sraamikasaktiloo moodinta oka vanthu kolpoinappatiki, baadam parisrama nundi adhika vetanam kaaranamgaa theneteegala pempakandaarulu tama theneteegalanu baadam polaalaku addeku ivvadam konasagistunnaru. 2016loe, baadam paraagasamparkam kosam addeku teesukunna oka kaalanee theneteegala pempakandaarulaku addeku teesukunna kaalaneeki $165 aadaayaanni ichindi, idhi paragasamparka adde sevanu upayoginche itara pantala sagatu kante moodu retlu ekkuva. edemaina, oxford academic journal off economic entomologylo prachurinchina iteevali adhyayanamlo, okasari mukhyamgaa baadam paraagasamparkam kosam, sheethaakaalam, vesavi nirvahana mariyu maruguna unna theneteegala bharteetho sahaa theneteegalanu nirvahinchadaaniki ayye kharchulanu parigananaloki teesukunte, baadam paraagasamparkam sagatu theneteegala pempakandaarulaku labhadayakamga undadu ledhaa labhadayakamga undadu.

