tamralipta

tamralipta ledhaa tamralipti () oka odarevu nagaram mariyu puraatana bhaaratadesamlo suhama raajyaaniki rajadhani, idhi bangaalaakhaatam teeramlo undhi. paschima bengaalloni prastuta puurva medineepoorloni tamluk pattanam saadhaaranamgaa tamralipti pradaesamgaa gurtinchabadutundi.
idhi roopanaaraayana nadiki sameepamlo undhi. dheeniki daani paeru samskruta padam "tamra" ledhaa raagi nundi vachindi, idhi chota nagpur peethabhoomi yokka singhbhum praantamlooni ghaatasila vadda tavvakam cheyabadindi mariyu eee naukaasrayam dwara vartakam cheyabadindi. gupta raajavamsam samayamlo, tamralipta pradhana emporium, idhi selan, jaava, chaina, alaage paschima deshaalatho vaanijyaaniki bayaludere pradaesamgaa panichesindi. idhi aaa kaalamlooni puraatana bharatadesamloni pradhana nagaraalato rodla dwara anusandhaaninchabadi undhi.ii.rajagruham, sraavasti, pataliputra, varanasi, champa, kausambi mariyu takshashila.
charitra.
tamralipta dakshinaana bangaalaakhaatam, thoorpuna roopanaaraayana nadhi, paschimaana subarnarekha nadhi chuttoo undhi. bangaalaakhaatam, eee adbhutamaina jalamargalu mariyu vaati asankhyaaka shaakhalatho paatu, vaanijyam, samskruti mariyu prapanchamlooni itara praantaala prajalatho prarambha sambandhaalanu pempondinche sampannamaina mariyu sulabhamaina neeti navigation frameworknu nirminchindi. tamraliptudi muulaalu aspashtamgaa unnaayi. chaalaa mandhi charitrakaarulu cree. puu. edava sataabdaaniki chendina daani sthaavaraanni paerkontunnaaru.sii.conny puraavastu avasheshaalu cree. puu. moodava sataabdam nundi daani nirantara sthaavaraanni suuchistunnaayi.sii. tamralipta charitranu nirminchadaaniki aneka saahitya vanarulu, puraavastu anveshanalu, silaasaasana mariyu naanhela aadharalu adhyayanam cheyabaddaayi.
saahitya muulaalu.
prarambha bharatiya saahitya rachanalalo, tamralipta, daani itara "maandalika vaividhyaalatoe" prastaavinchabadindi. greeku khagola shaastravetta-bhougolika shaastravetta tolemy, roman rachayita mariyu tatwavetta pliny mariyu chainees sanyasi prayaanikulu phaa-heane, hwan-tsang mariyu yii zing kooda dheenini prastaavinchaaru. atharva-vaeda paarisistaaloni kurma-vibhaga vibhagam taamraliptudiki sambandhinchina praathamika sakshyanni bharatiya saahitya moolaalalo ponduparichindi. mahabharata eee puraatana nagaranni suhma nundi vaeru chestundi, conny taruvaati rachana, dasakumaaracharita, suhma raajyamlo "damalipta" nuu jodistundi. tamraliptudu suhmaaku rajadhaanigaa undevaadani chebutaaru. idhi kapisa nadhi odduna unnatlu raghuvamsamlo varninchabadindi. katsaritsagaram taamraliptanu oka mukhyamaina samudra naukaasrayam mariyu vaanijya kendramgaa pariganistundi. konni paali saahityaalu dheenini "tamalitti" ledhaa "tamalitti" gaa gurtinchi, daanini odarevugaa varninchaayi. tamraliptini samudra maarpidiki anivaarya kendramgaa ardhashaastramlo anekasaarlu prastaavinchaaru. brihat-samhita "taamraliptika" nuu "gaudaka" nundi vaeru chestundi mariyu yavana nundi "damalipta" naukaasrayaaniki naukala prayaanaanni prastaavistundi. tolemy "tamralipta" nuu oka mukhyamaina pattanam mariyu raaja nivasamga paerkonnaadu. pliny taamraliptini 'talucte' gaa suuchistumdi. tamraliptudi yokka mottamodati khachitamaina vivarana bouddha saahityamlo kanipistundi. cree. sha. aidava sataabdam praarambhamlo, chainees bouddha sanyasi phaa-heane taamraliptalo iravai bouddha mataalanu chusinatlu nivedinchaaru. samudra teeramlo unnatlugaa phaa-heane taamraliptanu gurtistundi. ayithe hyuen-tsang tamralipta pradhana bangaalaakhaatam nundi saapekshamgaa dhooramlo unna oka creak meeda unnaadani vivarinchaadu. hyuen-tsang prakaram, eee odarevu pattanam sumaru 250 mailla vistiirnamloo vistarinchi, bhoomi mariyu samudra vaanijya maargaala kalayika kendramgaa panichesindi. ayana prakaram, tamralipta naukaasrayam nundi pradhana egumatulu neelam, pattu mariyu raagi. chainees bouddha sanyasi yizing bharatadesa thoorpu tiiraaniki cherukunnadu. ayana aidu nelalu taamraliptilo gadipi, samskrutam neerchukunnaaru. yizing tamralipti nundi ganga varaku prayaaninchi, aaa samayamlo muppai aidu vandala mandhi sanyaasulaku nivasamga unna bouddha matham samudaayamaina nalanda varaku prayaaninchaadu. srilanka yokka itihaasa charitra ayina mahavamsa prakaram, srilankanu jayinchadaaniki palakudu vijaya yokka samudrayaanaaniki mariyu mourya chakravarthy ashokudu srilankaku nadipinchina bouddha missionku idhi nishkramana sthaanam. tamraliptudu gurinchi deepavamsamlo kooda prastaavinchabadindi. pragnaapaanu anie piluvabade jaina upaamgaalalo okadaanilo vanganu tamralipta nagaranni kaligi unnatlu suuchistaaru. jaina grandhaala prakaram, tamraliptudu vanga raajyaaniki rajadhaanigaa undevaadu. jaina kalpashootramlo jaina sanyasi aadeshaalalo tamraliptudu okarigaa perkonabaddadu.
puraavastu anveshanalu.
raathi goddali mariyu muulaadhaara kundalu upayogamlo unna kaalam varaku vistarinchina nivaasaala kalakramanni puraavastu anveshanalu aavishkarinchaayi. bharatadesamloni paschima bengaul raashtramlo jarigina thravvakaalalo hyroglyphic mariyu pictographic sanketaalato kuudina oka steatite mudranu kanugonnaru, idhi madhyadhara muulaaniki chendinadani bhaavistaaru. terrakota bommalu, kuduru-valayalu mariyu matti paatralu creat mariyu eejiptuku chendinavigaa angeekarinchabaddaayi. tamraliptaalo kanugonnavi, roulet chesina saamaanu, buudida rangu saamaanu, redd ware, nalupu palish chesina saamaanu mariyu uttara nalupu palish chesina saamaanu kaligi unna kundalanu velikiteesaayi. archaeological survey off india (asi) nirvahinchina tavvakaallo naela mattalu mariyu ring baavulu debbatinnatlu kanugonnaru. naanhelu mariyu terrakota bommalu sanga kaalam (cree. puu. 3va sataabdam) nativi.sii.) taamraliptilooni oka pradaesamloe tavvakaala samayamlo kanugonabaddayi. 2 va-3 va sataabdaaniki chendina itukatho nirminchina metla tank.dii.tamralipta yokka puraatana nirmaana avasheshaalalo idhi kanugonabadindi. moghalmari vadda jaripina tavvakaallo eee praantamloo bouddha viharalu unnayani nirdhaarinchabadindi, dheenini chaina prayaanikulu phaa heane mariyu hyuen tsang paerkonnaaru.
silaasaasana mariyu naanhela aadharalu.
saatavaahana raajulu jaarii chesina chekkina padava chihnalatho kuudina naanhelu aandhra teeramlo kanugonabaddayi. bengaalloni vividha pradaesaala nundi kooda ilanti muulaamsaalatoe kuudina punch maark naanhelu tavvabaddaayi. eee aadharalu bengaallo vegavantamaina samudra karyakalapalanu dhruvikaristunnayi. taamraliptalo dorikina roman bangaaru naanhelu romanlatho sambandhaanni suuchistaayi. mukerjea pariseelinchinatlugaa tamralipta museumlo rakshinchabadina terrakota mudralu kraistava shakam prarambha sataabdaalalooni kharoshti brahmi lipilo chekkabaddayi. bangar yokka mudrapai chithreekarinchina ooda mokkajonnatho nindina ginne aakaaramlo unna sailing boat. rendu chivarlalo unna nauka yokka villulu "makaramukhaalato" alankarinchabaddaayi. chandraketugarh vadda dorikina mudrapai oke maast chithrinchina padava undhi, daanilo kharoshti-brahmi saasanam undhi. gautameeputra yagna saatkarni naanem meeda kanipinche ooda muulaamsam mariyu ajanta guhalo chithrinchina padava muulaamsam eee noukanu pooli untaayi. birbhumlo jarigina puraavastu travvakaallo naanhelu, itara kalakhandalatho sahaa aneka aadharalu velikiteesaayi. jaava nundi vacchina oka saasanamlo, vyapari budhaguptudu raktamrutika nivasiga perkonabaddadu. bahusha, buddhaguptudu gangalo prayaaninchi tamralipta nundi oodanu teesukunnadu. udayaman yokka dudhpani raathi saasanam bahusha chivari dakshinasia saasanam, idhi cree. sha. 8va sataabdamloo tamralipta odarevu nagaramgaa namodu cheyabadindi.ii.
vivarana.
eee vachana prastaavanalu tamraliptini prarambha chaaritraka bharatadesamloni vaanijyam mariyu vaanijyaaniki atyanta pramukha kendraalalo okatigaa gurtinchadaaniki vidyaavaettalanu prerepinchaayi. darian prakaram, mourya saamrajyam peragadamtho, tamralipti mottam pareevaahaka praantaaniki pradhana naukaasrayamgaa saarvatrika prajaadarana pondindi. selan, agneyasia, paschima bharatadesam mariyu madhyaprachyam nundi noukalu eee naukaasrayaaniki vachevi. puraavastu travvakaallo kanugonabadina itukatho nirminchina metla tank, taamraliptuni sreyassunu suuchistumdi. kaneesam kraistava shakam prarambham nundi 11va ledhaa 12va sataabdam varaku.dii.bangaalaakhaatam samudram dwara jarige vaanijyaaniki tamralipti oka mukhyamaina naukaasrayam. tamralipti nundi moodu mukhyamaina videshee maaraka dravya margalu prasaram cheyabaddayi okati arakan teeram dwara burman mariyu antaku minchi; rendavadi chikakol sameepamlo unna malaya dveepakalpaaniki mariyu suduura thoorpuku palaura dwara; mariyu moodavadi dakshina bharatadesaniki mariyu selonu kalingaa mariyu koramandal teeram dwara. tamraliptudu pataliputra, kausambito vibhina maargaala dwara anusandhaaninchabadi unnatlu telustondi. dakshina maargam, tamralipta gundaa velli orissa teerapraantaaniki velutuu, dakshinaana kaanchi varaku kooda cherukundi. dakshina maargam dwara, kalingalooni adanapu lothattu vaanijya kaaridaarlu taamraliptatoe anusandhaninchabaddayi. taamraliptaku dakshina aasiyaaloni vibhina bhougolika pradaesaalatoe bahula disala sambandhaalu unnaayi. idhi indonesia vanti deshaalaku pravesha dwaaramgaa mariyu srilanka paryatanalaku bayaludere pradaesamgaa panichesindi. puraavastu anveshanalu romanlatho tamraliptiki videshee sambandhaanni suuchistunnaayi. cohn-thaay (phuu-naan-chuwan) saakshyaala prakaram, moodava sataabdam madhyalo chaina mariyu tamralipti madhya oka saadhaarana samudra maargam undedi.dii. chandraketugarh terrakotalu mariyu tamluk nundi swaadheenam chesukunna vaati madhya poolika modatidi gananeeyamgaa ekkuva swadeshi muulaamsaalanu kaligi undani suuchistumdi, ayithe taruvaati pradaesamloe, aneka swadesheeyetara muulaamsaalu velikiteesaayi. chandraketugarh vadda konni saasanaalalo kharoshti lipi uniki upakhandamloni vaayuvya bhaagamtho sannihita paraspara charyanu suuchistumdi, ikkada eee lipi pramukhamgaa undhi. senguptudi abhiprayam prakaram, phaa-heane mariyu hyuen-tsang chesina tamraliptudi sthaana vivaranalalo vyatyaasam vaari sandarsanala madhya sambhavinchina lothaina bhougolika maarpunu suuchistumdi. chattopadhyay abhiprayam prakaram, chandraketugarhtho poliste, jaagiirati yokka pooshakamaina roopanaaraayana kudi odduna unna tamaluk praantam dwara parishkarinchabadina tamralipti yokka sthaavara amsaalu inca aspashtamgaa unnaayi. ghaghara, gangaa, yamuna jalamargala sameepamlo paint chesina budidarangu saamaanu, uttara nalupu palish chesina saamaanu undatam puraatana vaanijya networkla kosam nadhee kaaluvala viniyogaanni suuchistumdi. dasguptudi abhiprayam prakaram, tamraliptudi yokka kaadanaleni praamukhyata unnappatikee, daani paalakulu mariyu paripalana gurinchi chaalaa takkuva telusu. athani abhiprayam prakaram, taamraliptaalo basa chesina iddaru chainees prayaanikulu phaa-heane mariyu hyuen-tsang iddaroo rashtra samstha ledhaa paripalana gurinchi eppuduu aemee velladinchaledu.
ksheenataku kaaranaalu.
raajakeeya kramaraahityam, pannulu, videshee daadi vanti maanava nirmita samasyalu, alaage nadula pravahalalo maarpu, burada mariyu kotha vanti sahaja amsaalu tamralipta naukaasrayam yokka pragatiseela ksheenataku dohadapaddayi. saraswati nadhi cree. sha. edava sataabdam varaku vividha maargaala gundaa pravahinchindi.dii., idhi roopanaaraayana nadeemukham gundaa vidudala ayinappudu. tamralipta roopanaaraayana nadhi kudi odduna undhi. roopanaaraayanaku anusandhaaninche saraswati saakhanu iteevali upagraha chitramlo gurtinchaaru, mariyu oka patam tayaaru cheyabadutondi. fergusson kooda eee chhaanel gurinchi vivarinchaadu. tribeni vadda daani off-take nundi pravaham yokka thoorpu vaipu egiripovadam, alaage vegavantamaina avakshepana, kaaluva kuulipoevadaaniki dohadapadindi. 700 a nundi.dii.saraswati roopanaaraayanuniki vidheyatanu vidichipetti thoorpu vaipu valasa velli, sankrail venta kotta avutletnu terichi, phalitamgaa tamralipta naukaasrayam ksheeninchindi. tamralipta maranam taruvaata saptagram (vyavaharikamgaa satgaon anie pilustaaru) oka pramukha naukaasrayamgaa udbhavinchindi.

