
ingat

oka kaddii anedi saapekshamgaa swachchamaina padaartham, saadhaaranamgaa loham, idhi tadupari prosessingku anuvaina aakaaramlo veyabadutundi. ukku tayaareeloo, idhi paakshikamgaa puurtayina casting utpattulalo modati adugu. upayogakaramaina tudi utpattini utpatti cheyadaaniki, ginjalu saadhaaranamgaa challani/vaedi pani, cutting ledhaa milling vanti aakaram yokka rendava prakriya avasaram. bhaarii roopamlo tayaaru chesina loha rahita mariyu semiconductor padaarthaalanu kooda saggubaatlu anie pilustaaru, mukhyamgaa acchu aadhaarita paddhatula dwara veyabadinappudu. viluvaina lohapu saggubatalanu currenciega (itara aakaralalo proses cheyabadatam ledhaa lekunda) ledhaa bangaaru baarla maadirigaa currency reservga upayoginchavacchu.
rakalu.
saggubiyyulu saadhaaranamgaa swachchamaina ledhaa mishrama lohamto tayaaru cheyabadataayi, daani draveebhavana binduvu daati vaedi chesi, acchu challadanam paddhatini upayoginchi baar ledhaa blacklo vaeyabadataayi.
oka pratyeka cases anedi karigina kariginchina nundi lagadam dwara tayaaru cheyabadina polychrystalline ledhaa single christal kaddiilu.
single christal.
sizokralsky prakriya ledhaa bridgeman technic vanti paddhatulanu upayoginchi padaarthaala yokka single christal kaddiilu (bowles anie pilustaaru) (christal perugudala) penchabadataayi.
bowles semiconductor kaavacchu (udhaa.zii. paarisraamika mariyu aabharanaala upayogam kosam electronic chip waferlu, kaantivipeedana kanaalu) ledhaa vaahaka kaani akarbana sammelanaalu (udhaa.zii., synthetic ruby, neelamani).
adhika swachchata semiconductor ingaatlanu utpatti cheyadaaniki upayoginche maadirigaane lohapu single christal ingaatlu utpatti cheyabadataayi, antey.ii. vacuum induction suddhi dwara. injaneering lohala yokka single christal kaddiilu dhanyam sarihaddulu lekapovadam valla vaati adhika balam kaaranamgaa aasakti kaligistaayi. utpatti paddhati single christal dendrite dwara, saadhaarana casting dwara kaadu. saadhyamayye upayogaalalo turbine bladelu unnaayi.
raagi misramaalu.
united stateslo, ittadi mariyu kaamsya kaddii tayari parisrama 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo praarambhamaindi. 1850la natiki us ittadi parisrama modati utpattidaarugaa edigindi. valasavaada kaalamlo ittadi, kaamsya parisramalu dadapuga laevu, endukante british vaaru anni raagi dhaatuvulanu prosessing kosam britanku pampaalani demand chesaaru. raagi aadhaarita mishrama inegats sumaru baruvu kaligi untaayi.
tayari.
oka acchulo karigina dravaanni (kariginchadam anie pilustaaru) challabarachadam dwara saggubiyyulu tayaaru cheyabadataayi. saggubiyyula tayaareeki aneka lakshyalu unnaayi.
modata, acchunu puurtigaa patishtam cheyadaaniki mariyu taruvaata prosessing kosam avasaramaina tagina dhanyam nirmaanaanni roopondinchadaaniki roopondinchabadindi, endukante kariginchadam dwara erpadina nirmaanam padaartham yokka bhouthika lakshanaalanu niyantristundi.
rendavadi, acchu yokka aakaram mariyu parimaanam ingat nirvahana mariyu diguva prosessing soulabhyam kosam roopondinchabadindi. chivaraga, eee acchunu karige vyardhaalanu tagginchadaaniki mariyu karranu bayataku teeyadaaniki sahaayapadataaniki roopondinchabadindi, endukante karige ledhaa karranu kolpovadam valla puurtayina utpattula tayari kharchulu perugutaayi.
acchu kosam vividha rakaala namuunaalu unnaayi, ivi drava draveebhavanam mariyu ghaneebhavana prakriya yokka bhouthika lakshanaalaku anugunamgaa enchukovachhu. acchulu eguva, kshitija samaantara ledhaa diguva-paiki poyadamlo undavacchu mariyu venuvu ledhaa chadunaina godalu undavacchu. pedda sparsha praantam kaaranamgaa venuvu roopakalpana ushna badileeni penchutundi. acchulu ghanamaina "bhaarii" design, isuka cast (udhaa.zii. pig iron kosam), ledhaa vaedi badilee avasaralanu batti neeti-challabade shellu. asamaana sheetaleekarana kaaranamgaa pagullu erpadakunda nirodhinchadaaniki kaddii acchulu sannabadataayi. dravam nundi ghana padaarthaaniki sthiramaina dravyarashi kosam sambandhita parimaana maarpunu kaligi unnanduna pagullu ledhaa shoonya nirmaanam sambhavistundi. eee kaddii lopaalu erpadatam valla cast kaddii panikiraanidigaa maaravacchu mariyu daanini tirigi kariginchaali, recycle cheyali ledhaa paaraveyaali.
spatikaakaara padaartham yokka bhouthika nirmaanam ekkuvagaa karigina loham yokka sheetaleekarana mariyu avapaatam paddhati dwara nirnayinchabadutundi. poyadam prakriyaloo, ingat godalatho sambandham unna loham vaegamgaa challabadutundi mariyu dravaanni challabarustundi mariyu acchu yokka sheetaleekarana retunu batti, oka niluvu varusa nirmaanam ledhaa bahusha equiexed dendritela "challani praantam" nuu yerparustundi.
paibhagamlo poeyina kaddii kosam, acchu lopala dravam challabadutunnappudu, avakalana parimaana prabhavalu acchu paibhagamlo vakra uparitalaanni vadili drava paibhaganni taggistaayi, idhi chivariki kaddii nundi yantram cheyavalasi raavacchu. acchu sheetaleekarana prabhavam munduku saagutunna ghaneebhavana mundu bhaganni srushtistundi, idhi aneka anubandha mandalaalanu kaligi untundi, godaku daggaragaa ghaneebhavana karige nundi vaedini teesukune ghana praantam untundi, mishramaala kosam "meshi" john undavacchu, idhi misramam yokka dasha rekhaachitramlo ghana-drava samatulya praantaala phalitamgaa untundi mariyu drava praantam. mundu purogati raetu ghaneebhavana praantamloo dendritelu ledhaa kendrakaalu erpade samayanni niyantristundi. acchulo ushna badilee lakshanaalanu tune cheyadam dwara ledhaa drava karige mishrama mishrama kuurpulanu sardubaatu cheyadam dwara mishrama mishramamlo mettati praantam yokka vedalpunu niyantrinchavacchu.
ingot prosessing kosam nirantara casting paddhatulu kooda unnaayi, dheenilo challabadina ghana padaartham nirantaram takeoff cheyadam dwara mariyu casting prakriyaku karigina dravaanni jodinchadam dwara sthireekarana yokka sthiramaina mundu bhaagam erpadutundi.
yuu loe sumaru 70 saatam aluminium kaddiilu.ess. neerugaa challani casting prakriyanu upayoginchi vaeyabadataayi, idhi pagullanu taggistundi. ottidi prerita pagullu mariyu butt vaikalyam kaaranamgaa mottam 5 saatam kaddiilu tolaginchabadaali.
chaaritraka kaddiilu.
plano-convex saggubiyyulu vistrutamgaa pampinhee cheyabadina puraavastu kalakhandalu, ivi loha shaastra charitrapai samacharanni andinchadaaniki adhyayanam cheyabadataayi.

