
epidemiology

epidemiology anedi nirvachinchina janabhalo aarogyam mariyu vyaadhi paristhitula yokka pampinhee (evaru, eppudu, ekkada), namuunaalu mariyu nirnayinche vaati adhyayanam mariyu vislaeshanha.
idhi prajaarogyaaniki moolastambham, mariyu vyaadhi pramaada kaarakaalanu gurtinchadam dwara vidhana nirnayaalu mariyu sakshyam aadhaarita abhyasanni roopondistundi mariyu nivaarana aarogya samrakshana lakshyalanu nirdesistundi. epidemiologistlu dayta yokka adhyayana roopakalpana, sekarana mariyu ganaanka vislaeshanhaloo sahaayapadataaru, phalitaala vivarana mariyu vyaaptini savaristaaru (peer review mariyu appudappudu kramabaddhamaina sameekshato sahaa). clinical research, prajaarogya adhyayanalu mariyu kontavaraku jeeva saastraalalo praathamika parisoedhanaloo upayoginche paddatini abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki epidemiology sahaayapadindi.
epidemiological adhyayanamloni pradhana rangaalalo vyaadhi kaaranam, prasaram, vyaapti daryaaptu, vyaadhi nigha, paryaavarana epidemiology, forensic epidemiology, vruttiparamaina epidemiology, screening, biomonitoring mariyu clinical trials vanti chikitsa prabhaavaala poolikalu unnaayi. vyaadhi prakriyalanu baga ardham chesukovadaniki epidemiologistlu jeevasaastram, daetaanu samarthavantamgaa upayoginchukovadaaniki mariyu tagina teermaanaalanu teesukoovadaaniki ganaamkaalu, sameepa mariyu dhoora kaaranaalanu baga ardham chesukovadaniki saamaajika saastraalu mariyu bahirgata anchanaa kosam injaneering vanti itara shaastreeya vibhagalapai aadhaarapadataaru.
"epidemiology", antey "prajala meeda unnadaani adhyayanam", anedi udbhavinchindi, idhi maanava janaabhaaku matrame vartistundani suuchistumdi. edemaina, eee padaanni jantusastra janabha (pasuvaidya epidemiology) adhyayanaalalo vistrutamgaa upayogistaaru, ayinappatikee "episulogy" anae padam andubaatulo undhi, mariyu idhi mokkala janabha (botanical ledhaa mokkala vyaadhi epidemiology) adhyayanalaku kooda vartinchabadindi.
antuvyaadhi" mariyu "sthaanika" madhya vyatyaasaanni modata hippocrates geesaaru, janabhalo (antuvyaadhi) "sandarsinchina" vyaadhula madhya thedaanu janabhalo (sthaanika) "nivasinche" vyaadhula madhya thedaanu gurtinchadaaniki. epidemiologia espanola" loe 1802loe spanish vaidyudu villalba dwara antuvyaadhula adhyayananni vivarinchadaaniki "epidemiology" anae padaanni modatisaarigaa upayoginchinatlu telustondi. epidemiologistlu janabhalo vyaadhula paraspara charyanu kooda adhyayanam chestaaru, eee paristhitini syndemic anie pilustaaru.
epidemiology anae padam ippudu vistrutamgaa antuvyaadhi, antu vyaadhi matrame kakunda, sambandhita paristhithulatho sahaa saadhaaranamgaa vyaadhi yokka vivarana mariyu kaaranaanni cover cheyadaaniki vartinchabadutundi. epidemiology dwara pariseelinchina amsaalaku konni udaaharanalu adhika raktapotu, manasika anaaroogyam mariyu oobakaayam vantivi. anduvalla, eee epidemiology vyaadhi yokka namuunaa maanavula paniteerulo maarpunu elaa kaligistundane daanipai aadharapadi untundi.
charitra.
democritus bodhinchina greeku vaidyudu hippocrates, vaidya pitaamahudigaa piluvabaddadu, anaaroogyaaniki oka tarkaanni prayatninchaadu; vyaadhi sambhavinchadam mariyu paryaavarana prabhaavaala madhya sambandhaalanu pariseelinchina modati vyakti aayane. maanava sareeram yokka anaaroogyam naalugu haasyam (nalla pittam, pasupu pittam, raktam mariyu kapham) asamatulyata valla sambhavistundani hippocrates vishwasinchaaru. sariiraanni samatulyam cheyadaaniki prasnalooni hasyanni tolaginchadam ledhaa jodinchadam eee vyaadhiki nivaarana. eee nammakam vaidyamlo raktasraavam mariyu aahara niyantrana yokka anuvartanaaniki daariteesindi. ayana "sthaanika" (saadhaaranamgaa konni pradaesaalaloo kanipinche vyaadhulaku conny itarulalo kaadu) mariyu "antuvyaadhi" (konni samayaallo kanipinche vyaadhulaku conny itarulaku kaadu) anae padaalanu roopondinchaaru.
aadhunika yugam.
16va sataabdam madhyalo, veronaku chendina girolamo fracastoro anae vaidyudu, vyaadhiki kaaranamayye eee chaalaa chinna, tinaleni kanaalu sajeevamgaa unnayani oka siddhaantaanni pratipaadinchina modati vyakti. avi gaali dwara vyaapti chendagalavani, tamalo taamu guninchagalavani, agni dwara naasanam cheyagalavani bhaavinchabaddaayi. eee vidhamgaa athanu gallen yokka miasma siddhaantaanni (anaarogyamtho unnavaarilo visha vayuvu) khandinchaadu. 1543loe ayana "dii contegione ett contageosis morbis" anae pustakaanni raasaaru, dheenilo vyaadhini nivaarinchadaaniki vyaktigata mariyu paryaavarana parisubhratanu prothsahinchina modati vyakti ayana. 1675loe antoine vaan leavenhoek chetha taginanta saktivantamaina suukshmadarshini abhivruddhi vyaadhi yokka suukshmakrimula siddhaantaaniki anugunamgaa jeeva kanaala drushya sakshyalanu andinchindi.
ming raajavamsam samayamlo, vu yooke (1582-1652) 1641 mariyu 1644 madhya thana chuttoo vividha antuvyaadhulu chelaregadaanni gamaninchinappudu konni vyaadhulu sankraminche agentla valla sambhavistaayane aalochananu abhivruddhi chesaaru, dheenini athanu "lii kii" ("chii" ledhaa tegulu karakalu) anie pilichadu. athani pustakam "wenn yii lune" ("chii", antuvyaadhula vyaadhi/antuvyaadhula grandham) nuu eee bhavananu munduku tecchina pradhana kaaranasaastra rachanaga pariganinchavacchu. 2004loe saampradaaya chainees vaidya sandarbhamlo saars vyaaptini vislaeshimchadamloe athani bhaavanalanu ippatikee pariseelistunnaaru.
maroe maargadarsakudu thamus sidenham (1624-1689) 1600la taruvaati kaalamlo london vaasula jwaraalanu vaeru chesina modati vyakti. jwaraala nivaaranalapai ayana siddhaantaalu aaa samayamlo saampradaaya vaidyula nundi chaalaa pratighatananu edurkonnaayi. athanu parisoedhimchi chikitsa chesina mashoochi jwaraaniki prarambha kaaranaanni kanugonalekapoyadu.
haberdshire mariyu autsaahika ganankavetta ayina zaan grunt "sahaja mariyu raajakeeya pariseelanalu" prachurinchaaru... 1662loe "aann dhi bills off mortality" loe, athanu grate plaegku mundu londonlo maranaala jaabitaanu vislaeshimchaadu, modati jeevita pattikallo okadaanni samarpinchaadu mariyu kotta mariyu paatha aneka vyaadhula kaala dhoranulanu nivedinchaadu. athanu vyaadhipai aneka siddhaantaalaku ganaanka aadhaaraalanu andinchaadu, vaatipai konni vistrutamaina aalochanalanu kooda khandinchaadu.
zaan snow 19va sataabdapu kalara antuvyaadhula kaaranaalapai thana parisoedhanalaku prasiddhi chendaadu, mariyu (aadhunika) epidemiologyki pitaamahudigaa kooda piluvabaddadu. southwark company sarafara chesina rendu praantaalalo gananeeyamgaa adhika maranaala retunu gamaninchadamtho ayana praarambhinchaaru. soho mahammariki kaaranamaina visaala veedhi pampunu ayana gurtinchadam epidemiologyki uttama udaaharanagaa pariganinchabadutundi. neetini subhram chese prayatnamlo manchu chlorine upayoginchindi mariyu handlenu tolaginchindi; idhi vyaaptini muginchindi. idhi prajaarogya charitralo oka pradhana sanghatanagaa pariganinchabadindi mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa prajaarogya vidhaanaalanu roopondinchadamlo sahayapadina epidemiology shaastram yokka vyavasthaapaka sanghatanagaa pariganinchabadindi. edemaina, manchu yokka parisoedhana mariyu tadupari vyaaptini nivaarinchadaaniki nivaarana charyalu puurtigaa aamodinchabadaledu ledhaa athani maranam taruvaata varaku aacharanalo pettabadaledu, endukante aaa samayamlo prabalamgaa unna miasma siddhaantam, anaaroogyaaniki paelavamaina gaali naanhyatanu nindinchina vyaadhi yokka namuunaa. paedha praantaallo poeshakaahaara lopam mariyu paarisuddhyam vanti antarleena samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki badulugaa adhika sankramana retlanu hetubaddheekarinchadaaniki idhi upayoginchabadindi mariyu athani pani dwara abaddham niroopinchabadindi.
itara maargadarsakulalo danish vaidyudu peater anton schleasoner unnaaru, athanu 1849loe aislandloni westmanna dheevulalo navjata tetanus mahammarini nivaarinchadampai thana panini vivarinchaadu. maroe mukhyamaina maargadarsakudu hangerian vaidyudu ignaz semmelvis, athanu 1847loe krimisamhaaraka vidhananni erpaatu cheyadam dwara vienna aasupatrilo shishu maranaalanu tagginchaadu. ayana kanugonna vishayalu 1850loe prachurinchabaddaayi, conny ayana rachanalaku ayana sahacharulu peddagaa aadarana pondaledu, vaaru eee prakriyanu nilipivesaaru. luis pasteur panini drushtilo unchukuni 1865loe british sarjan joseph lister kriminaasakaalanu 'kanugone' varaku krimisamhaaraka vistrutamgaa abhyasinchabadaledu.
20va sataabdam praarambhamlo, ganita paddhatulanu ronald raas, johnet laine-clipone, anderson gray mckendrick mariyu itarulu epidemiologylo pravesapettaaru. 1920laloe oka samaantara abhivruddhilo, german-swiss pathologist maaks askanaji mariyu itarulu vividha praantaalalo janabha antataa cancer mariyu itara antuvyaadhulu kaani vyaadhula yokka bhougolika pathologyni kramapaddhatilo parisoedhinchadaaniki bhougolika pathology kosam antarjaateeya samajanni sthaapinchaaru. rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata, richard bomma mariyu itara roganirdhaarana kaani nipunulu eee rangamlo cheraaru mariyu cancernu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki adhunaatana paddhatulanu abhivruddhi chesaaru, idhi antu vyaadhula antuvyaadhula kosam abhivruddhi chesina paddhathulatho tagina vidhamgaa adhyayanam cheyaleni namuunaalu mariyu sanghatanala vidhaanamtho kuudina vyaadhi. bhougolika pathology chivariki antu vyaadhi epidemiologytho kalipi eee roeju epidemiologyga maarindi.
maroka purogati emitante, 1954loe richard doll mariyu austin broadford hill netrutvamloni british vaidyula adhyayanam phalitaala prachurana, idhi pogaaku dhumapanam mariyu oopiritittula cancer madhya sambandhaaniki chaalaa balamaina ganaanka maddatunu andinchindi.
20va sataabdam chivaralo, biomedical sciences purogati thoo, raktamlo aneka paramaanu gurtulu, itara biospecimens mariyu paryaavaranam oka nirdishta vyaadhi abhivruddhi ledhaa pramaadaanni anchanaa vesevigaa gurtinchabaddaayi. paramaanu sthaayilo vislaeshimchabadina eee biomarkerlu mariyu vyaadhi madhya sambandhaanni pariseelinchadaaniki epidemiology parisoedhananu vistrutamgaa "molecular epidemiology" anie pilicharu. pratyaekamgaa, germline janyu vaividhyam mariyu vyaadhi yokka epidemiology kosam "janyu epidemiology" upayoginchabadindi. janyu vaividhyam saadhaaranamgaa paridheeya rakta leukocytela nundi dna upayoginchi nirnayinchabadutundi.
21va sataabdam.
2000la nundi, aneka vyaadhulu mariyu aarogya paristhitulaku janyu pramaada kaarakaalanu gurtinchadaaniki janyuvu-vistruta anubandha adhyayanalu (zii. vii. eah. ess) saadhaaranamgaa nirvahinchabadutunnaayi.
chaalaa molecular epidemiology adhyayanalu ippatikee sampradaaya vyaadhi nirdhaarana mariyu vargeekarana vyavasthalanu upayogistunnappatiki, vyaadhi purogati anedi vyaktiki vyaktiki bhinnamgaa unde antargatamgaa bhinnamaina prakriyalanu suuchistumdani ekkuvagaa gurtinchabadindi. bhavanatmakamga, prati vyaktiki itara vyaktula ("pratyaekamaina vyaadhi suutram") kante bhinnamaina pratyaekamaina vyaadhi prakriya untundi, idhi bahirgatam yokka pratyekata (antarjanita mariyu bahirjanita/paryaavarana bahirgataala yokka sampuurnata) mariyu prati vyaktilo paramaanu rogalakshana prakriyapai daani pratyeka prabhavanni parigananaloki teesukuntundi. vyaadhi (mukhyamgaa cancer) yokka bahirgatam mariyu paramaanu rogalakshana santakam madhya sambandhaanni pariseelinchadaaniki adhyayanalu 2000 laloe sarvasaadhaaranam ayyayi. ayithe, epidemiologylo molecular pathology vadakam parisoedhana maargadarsakaalu mariyu praamaanika ganaanka paddhatula lekapovadam, mariyu inter disciplinary nipunulu mariyu sikshanaa kaaryakramaala koratato sahaa pratyaekamaina savaallanu edurkondi. antekakunda, vyaadhi vaividhyata anae bhavana epidemiologylo deerghakaalamgaa unna aavaranato vibhedistunnatlu kanipistundi, adhe vyaadhi paeru unna vyaktulu saaruupya kaaranaalu mariyu vyaadhi prakriyalanu kaligi untaaru. eee samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki mariyu molecular precession medicine yugamlo janabha aarogya saastraanni munduku teesukelladaaniki, "molecular pathology" mariyu "epidemiology" lanu "molecular pathology epidemiology" (mpe) yokka kotta interdisciplinary rangaanni roopondinchadaaniki vileenam chesaaru, dheenini "molecular pathology yokka epidemiology mariyu vyaadhi yokka vaividhyata" gaa nirvachinchaaru. mpelo, parisoedhakulu (eah) paryaavarana, aahara, jeevanasaili mariyu janyu karakalu; (bii) cellular ledhaa extracellular anuvulalo maarpulu; mariyu (sii) vyaadhi parinaamam mariyu purogati madhya sambandhaalanu vislaeshistaaru. vyaadhi vyadhikaaraka vaividhyam gurinchi merugaina avagahana vyaadhi yokka kaaranaalanu marinta vivarinchadaaniki dohadam chestundi. emm. pii. ii. vidhananni neoplastic vyaadhulaku matrame kakunda neoplastic kaani vyaadhulaku kooda vartimpajeyavachu. emm. pii. eee. yokka bhavana mariyu namuunaa 2010laloe vistrutamgaa vyaapinchayi.
2012 natiki, aneka vyadhikaaraka kaarakaala parinaamam epidemiologyki atyanta sambandhitamgaa undentha vaegamgaa undani gurtinchabadindi, anduvalla antu vyaadhula yokka antarsakha vidhanam nundi chaalaa pondavacchu, idhi epidemiology mariyu molecular evalutionnu ekikrutam chesi "niyantrana vyuuhaalanu teliyajeyadaaniki ledhaa roogi chikitsaku kooda."aadhunika epidemiological adhyayanalu adhunaatana ganaamkaalu mariyu yantra abhyasanni predictive namuunaalanu roopondinchadaaniki alaage chikitsa prabhavalanu nirvachinchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu. aarogya samrakshana ledhaa epidemiology nundi udbhavinchani vistruta shreni aadhunika dayta vanarulanu epidemiological adhyayanam kosam upayoginchavacchani gurtimpu perugutondi. atuvanti digital epidemiologylo internet shodhana, mobile phone recordulu mariyu aushadhaala retail ammakaala nundi dayta undavacchu.
adhyayanala rakalu.
epidemiologistlu pariseelana nundi prayogaatmaka varaku aneka rakaala adhyayana namuunaalanu upayogistaaru mariyu saadhaaranamgaa vivaranaatmaka (samayam, pradaesam mariyu vyaktini cover chese dayta anchanaatho kuudina), vislaeshanhaatmaka (telisina anubandhalu ledhaa parikalpita sambandhaalanu marinta pariseelinchae lakshyamtho), mariyu prayogaatmaka (tarachugaa chikitsalu mariyu itara jokyala clinical ledhaa community trials thoo samanamga unde padam) gaa vargeekarinchabaddaaru. epidemiologistlu pakkapakkane gamaninchinatlugaa, pariseelana adhyayanaalalo, prakruti "daani marganni enchukoovadaaniki" anumatinchabadutundi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, prayogaatmaka adhyayanaalalo, oka nirdishta cases stadiilooki pravesinche anni karakalapai epidemiologist niyantranalo untaaru. epidemiological adhyayanalu saadhyamaina chota, madyam ledhaa dhumapanam, jeeva agentlu, ottidi ledhaa rasayanalu vanti maranaalu ledhaa anaaroogyaaniki gurikavadam madhya nishpakshika sambandhaalanu bahirgatam cheyadame lakshyamgaa pettukunnayi. eee bahirgataalu mariyu phalitaala madhya kaarana sambandhaalanu gurtinchadam anedi epidemiologylo oka mukhyamaina amsam. aadhunika epidemiologistlu informaticsnu oka saadhanamgaa upayogistaaru.
pariseelanaatmaka adhyayanalu vivaranaatmaka mariyu vislaeshanhaatmaka anae rendu bhaagaalanu kaligi untaayi. vivaranaatmaka pariseelanalu "evaru, emi, ekkada mariyu eppudu aarogya sambandhita paristhiti sambhavistundi" anedaaniki sambandhinchinavi. ayithe, vislaeshanhaatmaka pariseelanalu aarogya sambandhita sanghatana yokka 'elaa' anedaanito marinta vyavaharistaayi. prayogaatmaka epidemiologylo moodu rakaala kesulu unnaih yaadruchchika niyantrita trials (tarachugaa kotta aushadham ledhaa aushadha pareeksha kosam upayogistaaru), kshetra trials (vyaadhi sankraminche pramaadam unna vaaripai nirvahistaaru), mariyu community trials (saamaajika muulam vyaadhulapai parisoedhana).
epidemiologic tride' anae padaanni vyaaptini vislaeshimchadamloe "host", "agent" mariyu "environment" yokka vibajananu vivarinchadaaniki upayogistaaru.
cases syries.
cases-syries anedi oke roogi yokka anubhavam yokka gunaatmaka adhyayananni ledhaa ilanti roganirdhaarana unna rogula chinna samuuhaanni ledhaa vaaru bahirgatam kaani kaalaalato anaarogyaanni utpatti chese samardhyam kaligina ganaanka karakanni suuchimchavachchu.
munupati rakam adhyayanam puurtigaa vivaranaatmakamainadi mariyu aaa vyaadhi unna rogula saadhaarana janabha gurinchi nirdhaaranalu cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadadu. eee rakamaina adhyayanaalalo, oka telivaina vaidyudu oka vyaadhi yokka asaadhaarana lakshanaanni ledhaa roogi charitranu gurtistaadu, idhi kotta parikalpana yokka suutreekaranaku daariteeyavachchu. syries nundi daetaanu upayoginchi, saadhyamayye kaarana kaarakaalanu parisoedhinchadaaniki vislaeshanhaatmaka adhyayanalu cheyavachu. veetilo cases-controll studies ledhaa bhaavi studies undavacchu. cases-controll studylo vyaadhi laeni niyantranalanu siriislooni kesulato polchavachhu. vyaadhi yokka sahaja charitranu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki kalakramena cases sireesnu anusarinchadam oka bhaavi adhyayanamlo untundi.
taruvaati rakam, marinta adhikarikamga sweeya-niyantrita cases-syries adhyayanaluga varninchabadindi, vyaktigata roogi phaalo-up samayanni bahirgata mariyu bahirgatam kaani kalaluga vibhajistundi mariyu bahirgatam mariyu bahirgatam kaani kaalaala madhya icchina phalitam yokka sanghatana retunu poolchadaaniki sthira-prabhaavaala poison regression prakriyalanu upayogistundi. teekaaku pratikuula praticharyala adhyayanamlo eee saanketikata vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadindi mariyu konni paristhitulalo samuuha adhyayanaalalo labhinche daanitoe polchadagina ganaanka saktini andistundani choopabadindi.
cases-controll studies.
cases-controll studies vaari vyaadhi sthithi aadhaaramgaa vishayalanu enchukuntaayi. idhi oka puurvaanvaya adhyayanam. vyaadhi sanukoolamgaa unna vyaktula samuuhaanni ("kesu" samuuham) vyaadhi pratikuula vyaktula samuuhamtoe ("niyantrana" samuuham) poolchutaaru. niyantrana samuuham aadarsavantamgaa kesulaku daariteesina adhe janabha nundi ravali. cases-controll studdy rendu samuuhaalu (kesulu mariyu niyantranalu) edurkonna sambhaavya exposures gurinchi kalakramena tirigi chustundi. 2x2 pattika nirminchabadindi, idhi bahirgata kesulanu (eah), bahirgata niyantranalanu (bii), bahirgatam kaani kesulanu (sii) mariyu bahirgatam kaani niyantranalanu (dii) pradarsistundi. anubandhaanni kolavadaniki utpatti cheyabadina ganaamkam asamaana nishpatti (ledhaa), idhi kesulalo bahirgatam yokka asamaanatala nishpatti (a/c) niyantranalalo bahirgatam yokka asamaanatalaku (b/d), i.ii. ledhaa = (AD/BC).
okavela 1 kante gananeeyamgaa ekkuvagaa unte, appudu "vyaadhi unnavaaru bahirgatamayye avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi", ayithe idhi 1 kii daggaragaa unte bahirgatam mariyu vyaadhi sambandham kaligi undavu. okati kante chaalaa takkuvagaa unte, appudu vyaadhi yokka kaaranamlo bahirgatam anedi rakshana karakam anie idhi suuchistumdi.
cases-controll adhyayanalu saadhaaranamgaa samuuha adhyayanala kante vaegamgaa mariyu marinta kharchutho kuudukunnavi, conny pakshapaataaniki (recoll bayas mariyu selection bayas vantivi) sunnitamgaa untaayi. pradhana savaalu tagina niyantrana samuuhaanni gurtinchadam; niyantrana samuuhamloo bahirgatam yokka pampinhee kesulaku daariteesina janabhalo pampinheeki praatinidhyam vahinchaali. pramaadam unna asalu janabha nundi yaadruchchika namuunaanu geeyadam dwara dheenini saadhinchavachchu. dheeni paryavasanamga janabhalo vyaadhi adhika daadi retunu kaligi unnappudu niyantrana samuuham adhyayanam cheyabadutunna vyaadhi unna vyaktulanu kaligi untundi.
cases controll studies loe oka pradhana lopam emitante, ganankaparamga mukhyamainadigaa pariganinchataaniki, 95 saatam vishwaasa viramam vadda avasaramaina kesula kaneesa sankhya sameekaranam dwara asamaanatala nishpattiki sambandhinchinadih
ikkada n anedi niyantranalaku kesula nishpatti.
asamaanatala nishpatti 1kii cherukoga, ganaanka praamukhyata kosam avasaramaina kesula sankhya anantam vaipu perugutundi; takkuva asamaanatala nishpattulaku cases-controll adhyayanalu panikiranivi. udaaharanaku, 1.5 yokka asamaana nishpatti mariyu kesulu = niyantranalaku, paina chuupina pattika ilaa untundih
1. 1 yokka asamaana nishpatti kosamh
samuuha adhyayanalu.
samuuha adhyayanalu vaati bahirgata sthithi aadhaaramgaa vishayalanu enchukuntaayi. adhyayana vishayaala samuuha adhyayanam praarambhamlo parisoedhanaloo unna phalitaaniki pramaadam undaali; dheeni ardham saadhaaranamgaa samuuha adhyayanam prarambhamainappudu vaaru vyaadhi rahitamgaa undaali. vaari taruvaati phalita sthithini anchanaa vaeyadaaniki samuuham kalakramena anusarinchabadutundi. oopiritittula cancer sambhavinche sambhaavyatanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki kalakramena dhumapanam chesevaaru mariyu dhumapanam cheyani vaari samuuhaanni parisoedhinchadam oka samuuha adhyayanaaniki udaaharana. kesu niyantrana adhyayanam maadirigaane adhe 2x2 pattika nirminchabadindi. ayithe, utpatti cheyabadina point anchanaa saapeksha pramaadam (rr), idhi bahirgata samuuhamlooni vyaktiki vyaadhi sambhaavyata, "p" e = "a"/("a" + "b") bahirgatam kaani samuuhamlooni vyaktiki vyaadhi sambhaavyatapai, "p" u "=" c "/(" c "+" d "), i.ii. "rr" = "p" e/"p" u.
1 kante ekkuva rr show association maadirigaa, ikkada mugimpunu chadavavacchu "bahirgatam ayina vaariki vyaadhi vachhe avakaasam ekkuvagaa undhi."
cases controll studies kante bhaavi adhyayanalu aneka prayojanaalanu kaligi unnaayi. vyaadhi sthithi aadhaaramgaa vishayalanu empika chese cases controll studylo nijamaina insidensenu lekkinchalemu kabatti, rr anedi rr yokka anchanaa ledhaa ledhaa kante marinta saktivantamaina prabhava kolata. sambhaavya adhyayanamlo taatkaalikatanu sthaapinchavachu, mariyu gandaragolalu marinta sulabhamgaa niyantrinchabadataayi. ayithe, avi marinta khareedainavi, mariyu samuuhaanni anusarinche sudeergha kaala vyavadhi aadhaaramgaa phaalo-up cheyadaaniki vishayalanu kolpoye avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi.
cohort adhyayanalu kooda cohort adhyayanala maadirigaane kesula sankhyaku adhe sameekaranamtho parimitam cheyabadataayi, ayithe, adhyayana janabhalo bays insidence raetu chaalaa takkuvagaa unte, avasaramaina kesula sankhya taggutundi.
kaaranaparamaina anchanaa.
epidemiologyni konnisaarlu aarogya phalitaalaku sambandhinchina sambandhaalanu spashtam cheyadaaniki upayoginche ganaanka saadhanaala sekaranagaa chusinappatiki, eee shaastram gurinchi lothaina avagahana "kaarana" sambandhaalanu kanugonadam.
"sahasambandham anedi kaaranaanni suuchimchadu" anedi chaalaa varaku epidemiological saahityamlo oka saadhaarana amsam. epidemiologistlaku, keelakam anedi inference anae padam. paraspara sambandham, ledhaa kaneesam rendu chararaasula madhya anubandham, oka chararashi maroka chararaasiki kaaranamavutundane anumatiki avasaramaina conny taginanta pramaanam kaadu. epidemiologistlu sekarinchina daetaanu mariyu vistruta shreni biomedical mariyu psychosocial siddhaantaalanu siddhaantaanni roopondinchadaaniki ledhaa vistarinchadaaniki, parikalpanalanu pareekshinchadaaniki mariyu yea sambandhaalu kaaranamainavi mariyu avi elaa kaaranamainavi anae daani gurinchi vidyaavantulaina, samaachaaramtho kuudina vaadanalu cheyadaaniki punaraavruta maargamlo upayogistaaru.
oka kaaranam-oka prabhavam" anae avagahana anedi saralamaina tappudu nammakam anie epidemiologistlu nokkichepparu. chaalaa phalitaalu, vyaadhi ledhaa maranam ayina, aneka bhagala kaaranaalatoo kuudina golusu ledhaa web valla sambhavistaayi. kaaranaalanu avasaramaina, taginanta ledhaa sambhaavya paristhitulugaa vaeru cheyavachu. avasaramaina paristhitini gurtinchi niyantrinchagaligithe (udhaa.zii.vyaadhi karakaniki pratiroedhakaalu, gaayamlo shakti), haanikaramaina phalitaanni nivaarinchavacchu (robertson, 2015). vyaadhitho sambandham unna bahula kaaranaalanu bhavana cheyadaaniki kramam tappakunda upayoginche oka sadhanam kaarana paie namuunaa.
broadford hill pramaanam.
1965loe, austin broadford hill kaaranaaniki sambandhinchina sakshyalanu anchanaa veyadamlo sahaayapadataaniki varusa parigananalanu pratipaadinchindi, veetini saadhaaranamgaa "broadford hill pramaanaalu" anie pilustaaru. vaari rachayita yokka spashtamaina uddeshaalaku viruddhamgaa, hill yokka parigananalu ippudu konnisaarlu kaaranaanni anchanaa vaeyadaaniki amalu cheyavalasina checklistga bodhinchabadutunnaayi. hill swayamgaa ilaa annadu, "naa tommidi drukkoonaalaloo edhee kaaranam mariyu prabhavam parikalpanaku anukuulamgaa ledhaa vyatiraekamgaa tiruguleni sakshyalanu teesukuraaledu mariyu edhee avasaram ledhu" anie annaru."
chattaparamaina vivarana.
epidemiological adhyayanalu oka agent edainaa nirdishta sandarbhamlo prabhavanni kaliginchi undavacchani niroopinchadaaniki matrame vellagalavu, conny adhi kaliginchaledani kaaduh
united states chattamlo, epidemiology okkate saadhaaranamgaa kaarana anubandham ledani niroopinchadu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, sambhaavyata samatulyata aadhaaramgaa, oka kaarana anubandham unikilo undani oka anumatini samarthinchadaaniki, oka vyaktigata kesulo, yuu. ess. kortulu dheenini (mariyu konni paristhitulalo) teesukovachhu.
forensic epidemiology yokka upa vibhagam chattaparamaina paristhitulalo pradarsinchadaaniki, vyaktulu ledhaa vyaktula samoohaalalo vyaadhi ledhaa gaayam yokka nirdishta kaaranam yokka daryaaptunu nirdesistundi, eee sandarbhaalalo kaaranam vivadaspadamga ledhaa aspashtamgaa untundi.
janabha aadhaarita aarogya nirvahana.
epidemiological practies mariyu epidemiological vislaeshanha phalitaalu abhivruddhi chendutunna janabha aadhaarita aarogya nirvahana chatraalaku gananeeyamaina sahakaranni andistaayi.
janabha aadhaarita aarogya nirvahanalo eee krindi saamarthyaalu untayih
aadhunika janabha aadhaarita aarogya nirvahana sanklishtamainadi, dheeniki bahula naipunyaalu (vaidya, raajakeeya, saanketika, ganita modalainavi) avasaram.) veetilo epidemiological practies mariyu vislaeshanha oka pradhana bhaagam, idhi janaabhaaku samarthavanthamaina mariyu samarthavanthamaina aarogya samrakshana mariyu aarogya maargadarsakatvaanni andinchadaaniki nirvahana shaastramtho ekikrutam cheyabadindi. eee paniki aarogya pramaada karakalu, sanghatanalu, praabalyam mariyu maranaala ganaamkaalanu (epidemiological vislaeshanha nundi teesukobadina) nirvahana kolamanaluga marche aadhunika pramaada nirvahana vidhaanaala yokka munduki chuse saamarthyam avasaram, idhi prastuta janabha aarogya samasyalaku aarogya vyavastha elaa spandistundo maarganirdesam cheyadame kakunda, bhavishyat sambhaavya janabha aarogya samasyalaku merugaina pratispandananu elaa nirvahinchagalado kooda suuchistumdi.
epidemiological practies yokka pani mariyu phalitaalanu prabhaavitam chese janabha aadhaarita aarogya nirvahananu upayoginche samsthala udaaharanalalo cancer niyantrana kosam kenadian vyuuham, aarogya kenada pogaaku niyantrana karyakramalu, rick hansen foundation, kenadian pogaaku niyantrana parisoedhana chorava unnaayi.
eee samsthalalo prati okkati janabha aadhaarita aarogya nirvahana frameworknu upayogistundi, idhi life ett risk anie piluvabadutundi, idhi epidemiological quantitative vislaeshanhanu janabha, aarogya agency kaaryaacharana parisoedhana mariyu aardhika shaastramtho militam chestundih
anuvartita kshetra epidemiology.
anuvartita epidemiology anedi janabha aarogyaanni rakshinchadaaniki ledhaa meruguparachadaaniki epidemiological paddhatulanu upayoginche paddhati. anuvartita kshetra epidemiologylo tagina vidhanalu ledhaa vyaadhi niyantrana charyalanu amalu cheyagala vaariki phalitaalanu teliyajese uddesyamto, aarogyaaniki sambandhinchina itara suuchikalatoe paatu, sankraminche mariyu sankraminchani vyaadhula vyaapti, maranaala mariyu anaarogya raetlu mariyu poeshakaahaara sthithini parisoedhinchadam undavacchu.
manavata sandarbham.
manavata sankshobha paristhitulalo vyaadhulu mariyu itara aarogya kaarakaala paryaveekshanha mariyu nivedinchadam marinta kashtamgaa maaradamtho, daetaanu nivedinchadaaniki upayoginche paddhatulu raajeepadataayi. manavata sandarbhaala nundi namoonaga teesukunna poeshakaahaara sarvelalo sagam kante takkuva (42.4%) poeshakaahaara lopam prabalyanni sarigga lekkinchaarani mariyu sarvelalo moodinta oka vanthu (35.3%) matrame naanhyata pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa unnayani oka adhyayanam kanugondi. maranaala sarvelalo kevalam 3.2 saatam matrame naanhyata pramaanaalanu neraverchaayi. poeshakaahaara sthithi mariyu maranaala raetlu sankshobham yokka teevratanu suuchimchadaaniki sahaayapadataayi kabatti, eee aarogya kaarakaalanu gurtinchadam mariyu nivedinchadam keelakam.
mukhyamaina registrylu saadhaaranamgaa daetaanu sekarinchadaaniki atyanta prabhaavavantamaina margalu, conny manavata sandarbhaalalo eee registrylu unikilo undavu, nammadaganivi ledhaa andubaatulo undavu. anduvalla, maranaalanu tarachugaa bhaavi janabha nigha ledhaa punaraavrutta maranaala sarvelanu upayoginchi tappugaa kolustaaru. sambhaavya janabha paryaveekshanhaku chaalaa mandhi maanavashakti avasaram mariyu vistruta janabhalo amalu cheyadam kashtam. punaraavrutta maranaala sarvelu empika mariyu pakshapaataalanu nivedinche avakaasam undhi. itara paddhatulu abhivruddhi cheyabadutunnayi, conny inca saadhaarana paddhati kaadu.
praamaanikatah khachitatvam mariyu pakshapaatam.
epidemiologyloni vividha rangaalu vividha sthaayila chellubaatunu kaligi untaayi. phalitaala praamaanikatanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki oka maargam tappudu-saanukuula (sarainavi kaavani perkonna prabhavalu) mariyu tappudu-pratikuula (nijamaina prabhaavaaniki maddatu ivvadamlo viphalamaina adhyayanalu) nishpatti. janyu epidemiology rangaanni chepattadaaniki, abhyardhi-janyu adhyayanalu prati tappudu-pratikuulataku 100 kii paiga tappudu-saanukuula phalitaalanu andinchaayi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa janyu-vistruta anubandham prati 100 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva tappudu-pratikuulatalaku oka tappudu saanukuulatatoe, vyatiraeka vaipuku daggaragaa kanipistundi. eee rangam kathinamaina pramaanaalanu avalambinchinanduna janyu epidemiologylo eee nishpatti kalakramena merugupadindi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, itara epidemiological rangaalaku atuvanti kathinamaina reporting avasaram ledhu mariyu phalitamgaa chaalaa takkuva nammadaginavi.
yaadruchchika lopam.
yaadruchchika lopam anedi namuunaa vaividhyam kaaranamgaa nijamaina viluva chuttoo hecchutaggula phalitamgaa untundi. yaadruchchika lopam kevalam adheh yaadrucchikam. idhi dayta sekarana, coding, badilee ledhaa vislaeshanha samayamlo sambhavinchavachhu. yaadruchchika lopalaku udaaharanalalo paelavamaina padaala prasnalu, oka nirdishta prativaadi nundi vyaktigata samadhaanaanni ardham chesukovadamlo aparthalu ledhaa coding samayamlo typographical lopam unnaayi. yaadruchchika lopam kolatanu taatkaalika, asthiramaina paddhatiloo prabhaavitam chestundi mariyu yaadruchchika lopam kosam saricheyadam asadhyam.
anni sampling vidhanalalo yaadruchchika lopam undhi. dheenini sampling error antaaru.
epidemiological variableslo khachitatvam anedi yaadruchchika lopam yokka kolata. khachitatvam yaadruchchika lopaniki kooda vilomamgaa sambandhinchinadi, tadwara yaadruchchika lopaanni tagginchadam antey khachitatvanni penchadam. saapeksha pramaada anchanaala khachitatvanni pradarsinchadaaniki vishwaasa viramalu lekkinchabadataayi. vishwaasa viramam entha takkuvagaa unte, saapeksha pramaada anchanaa antha khachitamainadi.
epidemiological adhyayanamlo yaadruchchika lopam tagginchadaaniki rendu praathamika margalu unnaayi. modatidi adhyayanam yokka namuunaa parimaanaanni penchadam. maroe maatalo cheppalante, mea adhyayanaaniki marinni vishayalanu jodinchandi. rendavadi adhyayanamlo kolatalo vaividhyaanni tagginchadam. marinta khachitamaina koliche parikaranni upayoginchadam dwara ledhaa kolatala sankhyanu penchadam dwara dheenini saadhinchavachchu.
namuunaa parimaanam ledhaa kolatala sankhyanu penchinatlayithe, ledhaa marinta khachitamaina koliche saadhananni konugolu chesinatlayithe, adhyayanam yokka kharchulu saadhaaranamgaa perugutaayani gamaninchandi. taginanta khachitatvam avasaram mariyu adhyayana vyayam yokka aacharanaatmaka samasya madhya saadhaaranamgaa asoukarya samatulyata untundi.
kramabaddhamaina lopam.
sampling variability kakunda maray itara kaaranam nundi nijamaina viluva (janabhalo) mariyu gamaninchina viluva (adhyayanamlo) madhya vyatyaasam unnappudu kramabaddhamaina lopam ledhaa pakshapaatam sambhavistundi. kramabaddhamaina lopaniki oka udaaharana emitante, meeku teliyakapothe, meeru upayogistunna pulls oximeter tappugaa amarchabadi, kolata teesukunna pratisaaree nijamaina viluvaku rendu paayintlanu jodiste. koliche parikaram khachitamainadi kaavacchu conny khachitamainadi kaadu. prati sandarbhamloonuu lopam jarugutundi kabatti, adhi kramabaddhamainadi. aaa dayta aadhaaramgaa meeru teesukune teermaanaalu ippatikee tappugaa untaayi. conny bhavishyattulo doshaanni punarutpatti cheyavachu (udhaa.zii., adhe tappugaa amarchina parikaranni upayoginchadam dwara).
aaa nirdishta prasnaku "anni" pratispandanalanu prabhaavitam chese codinglo porapaatu anedi kramabaddhamaina lopaniki maroka udaaharana.
oka adhyayanam yokka praamaanikata kramabaddhamaina lopam yokka sthaayipai aadharapadi untundi. praamaanikata saadhaaranamgaa rendu bhagaluga vibhajinchabadutundih
empika pakshapaatam.
aasakti yokka bahirgatam mariyu phalitam rendintitho sambandham unna moodava, kolavani chararashi phalitamgaa adhyayana vishayalanu enchukunnappudu ledhaa adhyayanamlo bhagamainappudu empika pakshapaatam sambhavistundi. udaaharanaku, sigaret dhumapanam chesevaaru mariyu dhumapanam cheyani vaaru vaari adhyayanamlo palgone raetlaloo bhinnamgaa untaarani padepade gamaninchabadindi. (sackett dii seltzer mariyu itarula udaaharananu udaharinchaaru.indulo 85 saatam mandhi dhumapanam cheyanivaaru mariyu 67 saatam mandhi dhumapanam chesevaaru mail chesina prasnaapatraalanu tirigi icchaaru.) pratispandanalo ituvanti vyatyaasam rendu pratispandana samuuhaala madhya phalitamlo kramabaddhamaina vyatyaasamtho kooda mudipadi undakapothe pakshapaataaniki daariteeyadani gamaninchadam mukhyam.
samachara pakshapaatam.
samachara pakshapaatam anedi chararashi yokka madimpulo kramabaddhamaina lopam nundi utpannamayye pakshapaatam. dheeniki oka udaaharana rimal bayas. pindam aarogyampai nirdishta bahirgatam yokka prabhavanni pariseelinchae oka adhyayanam gurinchi thana charchalo oka vilakshanhamaina udaaharananu sackett mallii andinchaaduh "iteevala garbhalu pindam maranam ledhaa vaikalyam (kesulu) thoo mugisina tallulanu mariyu garbhalu saadhaaranamgaa mugisina tallula samuuhaanni prasninchadamlo (niyantranalu) modativaarilo 28 saatam, conny taruvaati vaarilo 20 saatam matrame, munupati bhaavi interviewlalo ledhaa itara aarogya recordulalo dhruveekarinchaleni mandulaku gurayyinatlu nivedinchaaru". eee udaaharanalo, garbhasravalu jarigina mahilalu baga gurthuku tecchukune dhorani kaligi undatam mariyu anduvalla munupati exposurelanu nivedinchadam valla bahusha pakshapaatam sambhavinchindi.
gandaragolamgaa undhi.
gandaragolaanni saampradayakamgaa aasakti yokka pradhana prabhavam (la) thoo gandaragola karakalu anie piluvabade bahya kaarakaala prabhaavaala saha-sanghatana ledhaa kalayika nundi utpannamayye pakshapaatamgaa nirvachinchaaru. gandaragolaniki sambandhinchina iteevali nirvachanam "viruddhamaina" prabhaavaala bhavananu prerepistundi. eee abhiprayam prakaram, evarainaa vaddii phalitaanni gamaninchinappudu, icchina janabhalo a puurtigaa bahirgatam cheyabadinappudu (i.ii. janaabhaalooni prati unitku "x" = 1) eee sanghatana yokka pramaadam "r" a1 avutundi. viruddhamaina ledhaa gamaninchani pramaadam "r" a0 idhe vyaktulu bahirgatam kakapothe gamaninchabade pramaadaaniki anugunamgaa untundi (antey.ii. "x" = janaabhaalooni prati unitku 0). anduvalla bahirgatam yokka nijamaina prabhavam emitante "r" a1 − "r" a0 (pramaada vyatyaasaalapai aasakti unte) ledhaa "r" a1/"r" a0 (saapeksha pramaadampai aasakti unte). prati vaastavika pramaadam "r" a0 gamaninchalenidi kabatti manam daanini rendava janabha bని upayoginchi anchanaa vestaamu mariyu manam vaastavaaniki eee krindi sambandhaalanu kolustamu "r" a1 − "r" b0 ledhaa "r" a1/"r" b0. eee paristhitiloo, "r" a0 ≤ "r" b0 ayinappudu gandaragolam erpadutundi. (nb: udaaharana binary phalitam mariyu exposure variablesnu oohistundi.)
kontamandi epidemiologistlu pakshapaatam yokka saadhaarana vargeekaranala nundi vidigaa gandaragolaanni gurinchi aalochinchadaaniki ishtapadataaru, endukante empika mariyu samachara pakshapaatam vale kakunda, gandaragolaniki nijamaina kaarana prabhaavaala nundi daariteestundi.
vrutti.
konni vishwavidyaalayaalu epidemiologyni under graduate sthaayilo adhyayana korsugaa andinchaayi. zaan hopkins vishwavidhyaalayamlo oka mukhyamaina under graduate programme undhi, ikkada prajaarogyamlo majer ayina vidyaarthulu bloomberg school off public healthlo vaari senior samvatsaramlo epidemiologytho sahaa graduate-sthaayi korsulu teesukovachhu.
vaidyulu vanti vaidyaparamgaa sikshana pondina nipunulatoe sahaa vividha vibhaagaalaku chendina vyaktulu epidemiologic parisoedhananu nirvahinchinappatikii, master off public health (mhf), master off sains off epidemiology (msc) thoo sahaa masters ledhaa doctoral kaaryakramaala dwara adhikaarika sikshana andubaatulo undhi.), doctor off public health (drf), doctor off formacy (formed), doctor off philosophy (phd), doctor off sains (essidy). aneka itara graduate prograamlu, udhaa.zii.doctor off soshal work (dsdablue), doctor off clinical practies (declimp), doctor off podiatric medicine (dpm), doctor off veterinary medicine (dvm), doctor off nursing practies (dnp), doctor off physical therapy (dipiti), ledhaa vaidyaparamgaa sikshana pondina vaidyulu, doctor off medicine (endi) ledhaa bachelor off medicine und surgery (mbs ledhaa embichbi) mariyu doctor off osteopathic medicine (du), epidemiologic research ledhaa sambandhita amsaalalo kontha sikshananu kaligi untaayi, ayithe eee sikshana saadhaaranamgaa epidemiology ledhaa prajaarogyampai drushti saarinche sikshanaa karyakramalalo andinche daanikante gananeeyamgaa takkuvagaa untundi. epidemiology mariyu medicine madhya balamaina chaaritraka bandhaanni pratibimbistuu, prajaarogyam ledhaa vaidya paatasaalala paatasaalallo adhikaarika sikshanaa kaaryakramaalanu erpaatu cheyavachu.
prajaarogyam/aarogya rakshana abhyasakulaga, epidemiologistlu aneka vibhina paristhitulalo panicheestaaru. kontamandi epidemiologistlu 'rangamlo' panicheestaaru; i.ii.samaajamlo, saadhaaranamgaa prajaarogyam/aarogya rakshana sevalo, mariyu tarachugaa vyaadhi vyaaptini parisoedhinchadamloo mariyu edurkovadamlo mundanjalo untaaru. itarulu laabhaapekshaleni samsthalu, vishwavidyaalayaalu, aasupatrulu mariyu rashtra mariyu sthaanika aarogya vibhagalu, vividha aarogya mantritva saakhalu, sarihaddulu laeni vaidyulu, vyaadhi niyantrana mariyu nivaarana kendraalu (sidisi), aarogya rakshana samstha, prapancha aarogya samstha (hoo) ledhaa kenada prajaarogya samstha vanti pedda prabhutva samsthalaku panicheestaaru. epidemiologistlu market parisoedhana ledhaa clinical development vanti samoohaalalo pharmaceutical mariyu vaidya parikaraala companylu vanti labhapeksha samsthalalo kooda panicheyavacchu.
covid-19.
april 2020 university off sadaran california vyaasam "coronavirus antuvyaadhi" anie perkondi... thrust epidemiology-janabhalo vyaadhi yokka sambhavam, pampinhee mariyu niyantrana adhyayanam-prapanchavyaaptamgaa shaastreeya vibhagalalo mundanjalo undhi mariyu daani abhyaasakulalo kondari nundi taatkaalika pramukhulanu kooda chesindi."

