
samudra suukshmajeevulu

samudra suukshmajeevulanu vaati aavasala dwara samudra vaataavaranamloo nivasinche suukshmajeevulugaa nirvachistaaru, antey samudram ledhaa samudram yokka uppuneeti ledhaa teerapraanta nadeemukham yokka uppuneeti loe. suukshmajeevulu (ledhaa suukshmajeevulu) anedi edainaa suukshmajeevulu ledhaa virus, idhi peddadigaa lekunda maanava kantitho chuudataaniki chaalaa chinnadi. suukshmajeevulu chaalaa vaividhyamgaa untaayi. avi yeka-kana ledhaa bahula kanaalugaa undavacchu mariyu bacteria, archia, vairaslu mariyu chaalaa protojova, alaage konni sileendhraalu, algay mariyu rotiferlu mariyu copepads vanti jantuvulanu kaligi untaayi. aneka sthuula jantuvulu mariyu mokkalu suukshmadarshini baalya dasalanu kaligi untaayi. kontamandi suukshmajeeva saastravettalu vairaslanu suukshmajeevulugaa vargeekaristaaru, ayithe itarulu veetini nirjeevamgaa bhaavistaaru.
samudramloni jeevaraashilo 70 saatam ledhaa 90 saatam varaku samudra suukshmajeevulu unnayani vividha anchanaa veyabadindi. avi kalisi samudra suukshmajeevulanu yerparustaayi. billionla samvatsaraalugaa eee suukshmajeevula kanajaalam aneka jeevana sailulu mariyu anusaranalanu abhivruddhi chesindi mariyu daadaapu anni rasayana muulakaala prapancha chakraalalo paalgonadaaniki vachindi. paryaavarana vyavasthalalo poeshaka recyclingku suukshmajeevulu keelakam, endukante avi deekampojarlugaa panicheestaayi. samudramlo sambhavinche daadaapu anni kiranajanya samyogakriyalaku, alaage carbon, natrajani, bhaswaram mariyu itara poeshakaalu mariyu trace muulakaala saiklingku kooda ivi baadhyata vahistaayi. samudra suukshmajeevulu pedda mottamlo kaarbannu vaeru chesi, prapanchamlooni chaalaa oxygennu utpatti chestaayi.
samudra suukshmajeevulaloo oka chinna bhaagam vyadhikaarakamgaa untaayi, ivi samudra mokkalu mariyu jantuvulalo vyaadhini mariyu maranaanni kooda kaligistaayi. ayithe samudra suukshmajeevulu pradhana rasayana muulakaalanu recycle chestaayi, prati samvatsaram graham meeda utpatti ayye mottam sendriya padaarthamloo sagam utpatti chestaayi mariyu viniyogistaayi. bhoomipai atipedda paryaavaranam yokka nivasuluga, suukshmajeevula samudra vyavasthalu prati prapancha vyavasthalo maarpulanu prerepistaayi.
juulai 2016loe, saastravettalu samudra suukshmajeevulatoo sahaa graham meeda unna anni jeevula chivari saarvatrika saadhaarana puurveekudu (luca) nundi 355 janyuvula samitini gurtinchinatlu nivedinchaaru. daani vaividhyam unnappatikee, mahasamudralalo suukshmajeevula gurinchi ippatikee sarigaa ardham kaaledu. udaaharanaku, samudra paryaavarana vyavasthalalo vairasla paatra 21va sataabdam praarambhamlo kooda anveshinchabadaledu.
sameeksha.
suukshmajeevulu samudra jeevaraashilo 70 saatam varaku untaayi. suukshmajeevulu ledhaa suukshmajeevulu anedi oka suukshmajeevi, idhi nagna kantitho taginantagaa gurtinchaleninta chinnadi. aacharanalo, indulo sumaru 0.1 mimi kante chinna jeevulu untaayi.
ituvanti jeevulu yeka-kana ledhaa bahukosaakaaramgaa undavacchu. suukshmajeevulu vaividhyamgaa untaayi mariyu anni bacteria mariyu archia, algay, protojova mariyu fangal lanty protistlatho sahaa chaalaa protistulu, alaage rotifers vanti konni suukshmajeevulu untaayi. aneka sthuula jantuvulu mariyu mokkalu suukshmadarshini baalya dasalanu kaligi untaayi. kontamandi suukshmajeeva saastravettalu vairaslanu suukshmajeevulugaa vargeekaristaaru, ayithe itarulu veetini nirjeevamgaa bhaavistaaru.
paryaavarana vyavasthalalo poeshaka recyclingku suukshmajeevulu keelakam, endukante avi deekampojarlugaa panicheestaayi. konni suukshmajeevulu vyadhikaarakamainavi, ivi vyaadhini kaligistaayi mariyu mokkalu mariyu jantuvulalo maranaaniki kooda kaaranamavutaayi. bhoomipai atipedda paryaavaranam yokka nivasuluga, suukshmajeevula samudra vyavasthalu prati prapancha vyavasthalo maarpulanu prerepistaayi. suukshmajeevulu samudramlo sambhavinche daadaapu anni kiranajanya samyogakriyalaku, alaage carbon, natrajani, bhaswaram mariyu itara poeshakaalu mariyu trace muulakaala saiklingku baadhyata vahistaayi.
samudragarbhamlo suukshmajeevula jeevitam vaividhyamainadi mariyu samudra paryaavarana vyavasthalalo vairasla paatra vanti vaatini ippatikee sarigaa ardham chesukoledu. chaalaa samudra vairaslu bacteriophaselu, ivi mokkalu mariyu jantuvulaku hanikaram kaadu, conny uppuneeru mariyu manchineeti paryaavarana vyavasthala niyantranaku chaalaa avasaram. avi jala suukshmajeevula samoohaalalo bacterianu sokutayi mariyu naasanam chestaayi, mariyu samudra vaataavaranamloo carbon recycling yokka atyanta mukhyamaina yantraangam. chanipoyina bacteria kanaala nundi vidudalayye sendriya anuvulu taja bacteria mariyu algal perugudalanu prerepistaayi. viral karyakalapalu jeeva pampuku kooda dohadam cheyavachu, eee prakriyaloo carbon lothaina samudramlo vaeru cheyabadutundi.
gaalilo pravahinche suukshmajeevula pravaham vaataavarana vyavasthala paina conny vaanijya vaayu maargaala krinda graham chuttoo tirugutundi. konni peripetetic suukshmajeevulu bhusambandhamaina dummu tuphaanula nundi tudichipettukupotaayi, conny chaalaa varaku samudrapu sprelo samudra suukshmajeevula nundi udbhavistaayi. 2018loe, saastravettalu graham chuttoo prati chadarapu meterlo pratiroojuu vandala millionla vairaslu mariyu padilakshala bacteria jama avtunnayani nivedinchaaru.
suukshmajeevulu jeevaavaranam antataa nivasistaayi. procariot suukshmajeevula dravyarashi-indulo bacteria mariyu archia untaayi, conny nucleated eucariot suukshmajeevulu kaadu-0.8 trillion tannula carbon (mottam jeevaavarana dravyaraasilo, 1 mariyu 4 trillion tannula madhya anchanaa) varaku undavacchu. oke-kana barophilic samudra suukshmajeevulu bhoomi yokka mahasamudralalo atyanta lothaina pradaesamaina mariana kandakamlo lothu vadda kanugonabaddayi. suukshmajeevulu vaayuvya united states teeramlo samudrapu adugubhaagamlo samudrapu adugubhaagamlo unna raalla lopala, alaage japan teeramlo samudrapu adugubhaagamlo nivasistaayi. suukshmajeevula jeevitam undagala athi pedda ushnograta ("methanopyrus condlary"). 2014loe, saastravettalu antarcitica manchu krinda nivasinche suukshmajeevula unikini dhruveekarinchaaru. oka parisoedhakudi prakaram, "meeru pratichota suukshmajeevulanu kanugonavacchu-avi paristhitulaku chaalaa anugunamgaa untaayi mariyu avi ekkada unnaa manugada saagistaayi."samudra suukshmajeevulu" "anni samudra aahara jaalaalaku punaadigaa panicheestaayi, pradhana muulakaalanu recycling chestaayi mariyu prati samvatsaram bhoomipai utpatti ayye sagam sendriya padaarthaalanu utpatti chesi viniyogistaayi".
samudra vairaslu.
virus anedi itara jeevula jeeva kanaala lopala matrame pratiroopam chese oka chinna antu agent. vairaslu jantuvulu mariyu mokkala nundi bacteria mariyu archaeatho sahaa suukshmajeevula varaku anni rakaala jeeva roopaalaku sokutayi.
sokina kanam lopala ledhaa kanam sokina prakriyaloo lenappudu, vairaslu swatantra kanaala roopamlo untaayi. virions" anie kooda piluvabade eee viral kanaalu rendu ledhaa moodu bhaagaalanu kaligi untayih (i) DNA ledhaa rna nundi tayaaraina janyu padaartham (janyuvu), janyu samacharanni mosukelle podavaina anuvulu; (ii) capsid anie piluvabade protein kotu, idhi janyu padaarthaanni chuttumutty rakshistundi; mariyu konni sandarbhaallo (iii) protein kotu chuttoo unna lipidla kavaru avi kanam velupala unnappudu. eee virus kanaala akaaraalu konni virus jaatulaku saadhaarana helical mariyu icosahedral roopaala nundi itarulaku marinta sanklishtamaina nirmaanaala varaku untaayi. chaalaa virus jaatulu optical microscopeto chuudataaniki chaalaa chinnaviga unde virionlanu kaligi untaayi. sagatu virian sagatu bacteria parimaanamlo vanda vanthu untundi.
jeevita parinaama charitralo vairasla muulaalu aspashtamgaa unnaih konni plaasmidla nundi udbhavinchi undavacchu-kanaala madhya kadile DNA mukkalu-marikonni bacteria nundi udbhavinchi undavacchu. parinaamamlo, vairaslu kshitija samaantara janyu badileeki mukhyamaina sadhanam, idhi janyu vaividhyaanni penchutundi. vairaslu janyu padaarthaanni mosukeltaayi, punarutpatti chestaayi mariyu sahaja empika dwara parinaamam chendutaayi kabatti vaatini kondaru jeeva roopamgaa pariganistaaru. ayithe, avi saadhaaranamgaa jeevitamgaa pariganinchadaaniki avasaramainaviga pariganinchabade keelaka lakshanaalu (kana nirmaanam vantivi) kaligi undavu. avi konni lakshanaalanu kaligi unnanduna, conny anni lakshanaalanu kaligi lenanduna, vairaslanu "jeevita anchuna unna jeevulu" mariyu pratiruupaalugaa varninchaaru.
jeevulu unna chota vairaslu kanipistaayi mariyu jeeva kanaalu modata udbhavinchinappati nundi bahusha unikilo unnaayi. vairasla muulam aspashtamgaa undhi endukante avi silaajaalanu roopondinchavu, kabatti vairasla dna ledhaa rnnu poolchadaaniki paramaanu paddhatulu upayoginchabaddaayi mariyu avi elaa udbhavinchayo parisoedhinchadaaniki upayogakaramaina margalu.
vairaslu ippudu puraatanamainavigaa gurtinchabaddaayi mariyu moodu domainlalo jeevitam yokka vaividhyam mundugaane unna muulaalanu kaligi unnaayi.
vairaslu jeevula yokka oka roopam ledhaa jeevulatoo sankarshana chendhe sendriya nirmaanaalu anae daanipai abhiprayalu bhinnamgaa untaayi. avi janyu padaarthaanni mosukeltaayi, sweeya-assembly dwara tamalo taamu bahula kaapeelanu srushtinchukovadam dwara punarutpatti chestaayi mariyu sahaja empika dwara abhivruddhi chendutaayi kabatti vaatini kondaru oka jeevana roopamgaa pariganistaaru. ayithe avi saadhaaranamgaa jeevamgaa pariganinchadaaniki avasaramaina cellular nirmaanam vanti keelaka lakshanaalanu kaligi undavu. avi konni lakshanaalanu kaligi unnanduna, conny anni lakshanaalanu kaligi undavu kabatti, vairaslanu pratiruupanakartalugaa mariyu "jeevita anchuna unna jeevulu" gaa varninchaaru.
faze.
bacteria, tarachugaa kevalam "fages" anie pilustaaru, ivi paraannajeevi bacteria mariyu archia vairaslu. samudrapu fages paraannajeevi samudra bacteria mariyu sinobacteria vanti archia. avi vairasla yokka saadhaarana mariyu vaividhyamaina samuuham mariyu samudra vaataavaranaalaloo atyanta samruddhiga unde jeevasambandhamaina astitvam, endukante vaati atidheyulu, bacteria, saadhaaranamgaa samudramlo sankhyaaparamgaa aadhipatyam kaligina cellular jeevitam. saadhaaranamgaa prati ml samudrapu neetilo sumaru 1 million nundi 10 million vairaslu untaayi, ledhaa cellular jeevula kante padhi retlu ekkuva double-stranded dna vairaslu untaayi, ayithe samudrapu neetilo viral samruddhi yokka anchanaalu vistruta shrenilo maaravacchu. 
chaalaa kaalam paatu, "cadovirals" kramamlo thokagala fagelu jeevula sankhya mariyu vaividhyamlo samudra paryaavarana vyavasthalapai aadhipatyam chelaayinchinatlu anipinchindi.
ayithe, iteevali parisoedhana phalitamgaa, thoka laeni vairaslu bahula lotulu mariyu samudra praantaalalo aadhipatyam chelaayistunnatlu kanipistaayi, taruvaata myoviruslu, podoviruslu mariyu syphovirusla yokka "cadovirals" kutumbaalu untaayi. 
kutumbaalaku chendina faze 
"carticoviridae", 
"innoviridae", 
"microvirde", 
mariyu "autolikiviridae"
ivi vibhina samudra bacterianu kooda sokutayi.
archaealo pratiroopam chese archaean vairaslu kooda unnaih ivi asaadhaaranamaina mariyu konnisaarlu pratyaekamaina aakaraalato double-stranded dna vairaslu. eee vairaslu thermophilic archaealo, mukhyamgaa sulfolobals mariyu thermoprotales arderlalo chaalaa vivaramgaa adhyayanam cheyabaddaayi.
vairasla paatra.
suukshmajeevulu samudra jeevaraashilo 70 saatam varaku untaayi. pratiroojuu eee jeevaraashilo 20 saatam vairaslu champutayani, samudraalalo bacteria, archia kante 15 retlu ekkuva vairaslu unnayani anchanaa. haanikaramaina algal puvvula vegavantamaina naasanaaniki vairaslu pradhana agentlu, ivi tarachugaa itara samudra jeevulanu champutayi.
mahasamudralalo vairasla sankhya marinta taggutundi mariyu takkuva host jeevulu unna neetilo marinta lothugaa untundi.
vividha jaatula madhya janyuvulanu badilee cheyadaaniki vairaslu oka mukhyamaina sahaja maargamgaa unnaayi, ivi janyu vaividhyaanni penchutaayi mariyu parinaamaanni prerepistaayi. bhoomipai jeevitam yokka chivari saarvatrika saadhaarana puurveekudu samayamlo, bacteria, archia mariyu eukariotla vaividhyeekaranaku mundu, prarambha parinaamamlo vairaslu pradhana paatra pooshinchaayani bhaavistunnaaru. vairaslu ippatikee bhoomipai anveshinchani janyu vaividhyam yokka atipedda jalasayalalo okati.
pedda vairaslu.
vairaslu saadhaaranamgaa 20 nundi 300 nanometers varaku untaayi. dheenini sumaru 400 nanometers vadda praarambhamayye bacteria podavutho polchavachhu. tarachugaa "vairaslu" anie piluvabade pedda vairaslu kooda unnaayi, saadhaaranamgaa 1000 nanometers (oka micron) podavu untaayi. 
anni pedda vairaslu poksvairaslatho kalisi "nucleocytoviricota" (enn. sii. ell. dii. vii) failamku chendinavi.
veetilo atipeddadi "tupanvirus". eee pedda virus jaatini 2018loe lothaina samudramlo alaage soda sarassulo kanugonnaru, idhi mottam podavulo 2.3 micronla varaku cherukogaladu.
pedda vairasla aavishkarana mariyu tadupari lakshanaala varnana vaati parinaamaatmaka muulaala gurinchi kontha charchanu prerepinchindi. vaati muulaaniki sambandhinchina rendu pradhana parikalpanalu emitante, avi chinna vairasla nundi udbhavinchaayi, atitheya jeevula nundi dnnu enchukunnaayi ledhaa avi chaalaa sanklishtamaina jeevula nundi punarutpattiki swayam samruddhi laeni prastuta roopamloki parinaamam chendaayi. yea vidhamaina sanklishtamaina jeevi diggajam vairaslu nundi vaeru cheyabadi undavacchu anedi kooda charchaneeyaamsam. oka pratipaadana emitante, muulam vaastavaaniki jeevitam yokka nalgava domaine suuchistumdi, conny idhi ekkuvagaa tagginchabadindi.
procaryotes.
samudra bacteria.
bacteria procaryotic suukshmajeevula yokka pedda domine. saadhaaranamgaa konni micrometers podavu, bacteria golaala nundi raadlu mariyu surulla varaku aneka aakaralanu kaligi untundi. bhoomipai kanipinchina modati jeeva roopaalalo bacteria okati, mariyu daani aavasalalo chaalaa varaku unnaayi. bacteria matti, neeru, aamla vaedi neeti buggalu, rediyodhaarmika vyardhaalu mariyu bhoomi yokka porala yokka lothaina bhagalalo nivasistundi. bacteria kooda mokkalu mariyu jantuvulato sahajeevana mariyu paraannajeevi sambandhaalalo nivasistundi.
okappudu "schizomycetes" varganni yerparustunna mokkaluga pariganinchabadina bacteria ippudu procaryotsga vargeekarinchabadindi. jantuvula kanaalu mariyu itara eukariotla maadirigaa kakunda, bacteria kanaalu kendrakaanni kaligi undavu mariyu arudugaa pora-kattubadi unna kanajalalanu kaligi untaayi. bacteria" anae padam saampradayakamgaa anni prokaaryotlanu kaligi unnappatikee, 1990laloe procariotlu puraatana saadhaarana puurveekudu nundi udbhavinchina rendu ververu samuuhaala jeevulanu kaligi unnayani kanugonna taruvaata shaastreeya vargeekarana maarindi. eee parinaamaatmaka domainlanu "bacteria" mariyu "archia" anie pilustaaru.
aadhunika bacteria yokka puurveekulu ekakana suukshmajeevulu, ivi sumaru 4 billion samvatsaraala kritam bhoomipai kanipinchina modati jeevana roopaalu. sumaru 3 billion samvatsaraala paatu, chaalaa jeevulu suukshmadarshini, mariyu bacteria mariyu archia jeevula yokka prabalamaina roopaalu. stromatolytes vanti bacteria silaajaalu unnappatikee, vaati vilakshanhamaina padanirmaana shaastram lekapovadam vaatini bacteria parinaama charitranu pariseelinchadaaniki ledhaa oka nirdishta bacteria jaathi yokka muulam yokka thedhee varaku upayoginchakundaa nirodhistundi. ayithe, janyu shrenulanu bacteria filogenyni punarnirminchadaaniki upayoginchavacchu, mariyu eee adhyayanalu bacteria modata archaeal/eucariotic vamsam nundi vaeru cheyabadindani suuchistunnaayi. 
archia mariyu eucariotes yokka rendava goppa parinaamaatmaka vaividhyam loe kooda bacteria palgonnayi. ikkada, eucariotes anedi puraatana bacteria, eucariotic kanaala puurveekulatoo endosymbiotic anubandhaalaloki pravesinchadam valla erpadindi, ivi bahusha archaeaku sambandhinchinavi. idhi alphaproteobacterial symbiantla yokka proto-eucariotic kanaala dwara mitochondria ledhaa hydrogenosomelanu yerparustundi, ivi ippatikee telisina anni eukarialo kanipistaayi. taruvaata, ippatike mitochondrianu kaligi unna konni eukariotlu kooda sinobacterial lanty jeevulanu chuttumuttivesayi. idhi algay mariyu mokkalalo chloroplastlu erpadataaniki daariteesindi. taruvaata kooda endosymbiotic sanghatanala nundi udbhavinchina konni algay kooda unnaayi. ikkada, eukariotlu eucariotic aalgenu chuttumuttayi, idhi "rendava taram" plastidga abhivruddhi chendindi. dheenini secondary endosymbiosis antaaru.
"pelogibacter ubic" mariyu daani bandhuvulu samudramlo atyanta samruddhiga unde jeevulu kaavacchu, mariyu avi bahusha prapanchamlo atyanta samruddhiga unde bacteria anie cheppabadindi. avi anni suukshmajeevula plankton kanaalalo 25 saatam varaku untaayi, mariyu vesavilo avi samasheetoshna samudra uparitala neetilo unde kanaalalo daadaapu sagam varaku undavacchu. p" yokka mottam samruddhi. ubic "mariyu bandhuvulu sumaru 2x1028 suukshmajeevulu anie anchanaa veyabadindi. ayithe, fibravari 2013loe "prakruti" loe "p" paie daadi chese bacteria htvc010p anie nivedinchabadindi. ubic", kanugonabadindi mariyu "idhi bahusha graham meeda atyanta saadhaarana jeevi".
telisina atipedda bacteria, samudrapu "theomargarita nomibiensis", nagna kantiki kanipinchavacchu mariyu konnisaarlu kanapadutundi.
samudra archia.
archia ("puraatana" kosam greeku) yeka-kana suukshmajeevula domine mariyu rajyaanni kaligi undhi. eee suukshmajeevulu procaryotes, antey vaati kanaalalo kana kendrakam ledhaa itara pora-kattubadi unna avayavalu laevu.
archia modatlo bacteriaga vargeekarinchabadindi, conny eee vargeekarana paatadi. archaeal kanaalu vaatini itara rendu jeevakshetraalaina bacteria mariyu eukariota nundi vaeru chese pratyaekamaina lakshanaalanu kaligi untaayi. archia marinta bahula gurtimpu pondina failaagaa vibhajinchabadindi. vargeekarana kashtam endukante ekkuva bhaagam prayogasaalalo verucheyabadaledu mariyu vaati paryaavaranam nundi namoonaalalo vaati nucleic aamlaala vislaeshanha dwara matrame kanugonabaddayi.
archia mariyu bacteria saadhaaranamgaa parimaanam mariyu aakaaramlo saruupyamgaa untaayi, ayithe konni archaealu chaalaa vintha aakaralanu kaligi untaayi, "haloquadratum wallsby" yokka chadunaina mariyu chadarapu aakarapu kanaalu vantivi. bacteriatho eee padanirmaana saaruupyata unnappatikee, archia janyuvulanu kaligi untundi mariyu aneka jeevakriya margalu eukariotlatho marinta daggari sambandham kaligi untaayi, mukhyamgaa transcription mariyu anuvaadamlo palgone enjaimlu. archaeal biochemistry yokka itara amsaalu pratyekamainavi, avi vaati kana poralaloni eethar lipidlapai aadharapadatam vantivi, archaeols vantivi. archia eucariotes kante ekkuva shakti vanarulanu upayogistundih ivi chakkeralu vanti sendriya sammelanaala nundi ammonia, loha ayanlu ledhaa hydrogen vayuvu varaku untaayi. uppu-sahinche archia (haloarchia) suuryarasmini shakti vanarugaa upayogistundi, mariyu itara jaatula archia sthira carbon; ayithe, mokkalu mariyu sinobacteria vale kakunda, archia yokka telisina jaatulu rendintinee cheyavu. archia binary fission, fragmentation ledhaa budding dwara alaingikamgaa punarutpatti chestundi; bacteria mariyu eucariotes maadirigaa kakunda, telisina jaatulu beejaamsaalanu roopondinchavu.
archia mukhyamgaa mahasamudralalo anekam, mariyu planktonloni archia graham meeda atyanta samruddhiga unna jeevula samoohaalalo okati kaavacchu. archia bhoomi yokka jeevitamlo pradhana bhaagam mariyu carbon chakram mariyu natrajani chakram rendintiloonuu paatra pooshinchavachchu. thermoprotota (eesaits ledhaa cranarchiota anie kooda pilustaaru) anedi samudra vaataavaranamloo chaalaa samruddhiga untundani bhaavinche archia yokka filum mariyu carbon sthireekaranaku pradhana sahakaarulalo okati.
eucariotes.
anni jeevulanu procaryotes ledhaa eukariotsga vargeekarinchavachhu. jeevitam yeka-kana prokariyotluga udbhavinchindi mariyu taruvaata marinta sanklishtamaina eukariyotluga parinaamam chendindi. procaryotic kanaalaku viruddhamgaa, eucariotic kanaalu chaalaa vyavastheekrutamgaa untaayi. prokaaryotlu anevi bacteria mariyu archia, eukariotlu anevi itara jeeva roopaalu-protistulu, mokkalu, sileendhraalu mariyu jantuvulu. protistulu saadhaaranamgaa yeka-kanaalu, mokkalu, sileendhraalu mariyu jantuvulu saadhaaranamgaa bahula-kanaalu.
eukariotla yokka muulam archaealone undatam chaalaa aamodayogyamgaa anipistundi; eee rojullo telisina atyanta daggari bandhuvulu pratipaadita asgard superfilum yokka hemdalarchiota filum kaavacchu. eee siddhaantam 1984loe modata pratipaadinchina oka drushtaantam yokka aadhunika samskarana, idhi thermoprotota appudu eukariotla yokka atyanta sannihitamaina archeel bandhuvulu ayinappudu, eesait parikalpanagaa pratipaadinchabadindi.
procariot mariyu eucariot madhya suukshmajeevula yokka sambhaavya parivartana roopaanni 2012loe japanese saastravettalu kanugonnaru. "paracaryon myogenensis" anedi oka vilakshanhamaina suukshmajeevi, idhi oka saadhaarana procariot kante peddadi, conny eucariot loe unnatlugaa poralo anhu padaartham mariyu endosymbients unikini kaligi untundi. idhi suukshmajeevula yokka modati aamodayogyamaina parinaamaatmaka roopamgaa kanipistundi, idhi procariot nundi eucariot varaku abhivruddhi yokka oka dasanu chooputundi.
samudra rakshakulu.
protistulu anevi eukariotlu, veetini mokkalu, sileendhraalu ledhaa jantuvulugaa vargeekarinchalemu. avi saadhaaranamgaa yeka-kana mariyu suukshmadarshini. jeevitam yeka-kana procaryotes (bacteria mariyu archia) gaa udbhavinchindi mariyu taruvaata marinta sanklishtamaina eukariotsga parinaamam chendindi. eukariotlu anevi mokkalu, jantuvulu, sileendhraalu mariyu protistlu anie piluvabade marinta abhivruddhi chendina jeeva roopaalu. proteast anae padam chaaritraatmakamgaa eukariotlaku soulabhyam kosam upayoginchabadindi, veetini khachitamgaa mokkalu, jantuvulu ledhaa sileendhraalugaa vargeekarinchalemu. avi aadhunika claudisticslo bhaagam kaadu, endukante avi paraphylletic (saadhaarana puurveekudu laenivi).
trophic mode dwara.
protistulanu vaati poeshanha mokka lantida, jantuvu lantida, sileendhraala lantida ledhaa veeti misramam anae daanipai aadharapadi naalugu samuhaluga vibhajinchavachhu.
protistulu prastutam 18 failaagaa vyavastheekrutamaina atyanta vaividhyamaina jeevulu, conny vargeekarinchadam sulabham kaadu. mahaasamudraalu, lothaina samudra-dwaaraalu mariyu nadhee avakshepaalalo adhika proteast vaividhyam undani adhyayanalu choopinchaayi, pedda sankhyalo eucariotic suukshmajeevula sanghaalu inca kanugonabadaledani suuchistunnaayi. mixotrophic protistulapai chaalaa takkuva parisoedhana jarigindi, conny samudra vaataavaranaalaloo iteevali adhyayanalu mixotrophic nirasanalu proteast biomaslo gananeeyamaina bhaganni andistaayani kanugonnayi. protistulu eukariotlu kabatti avi tama kanamlo kaneesam oka kendrakaanni kaligi untaayi, alaage mitochondria mariyu golgi bodys vanti avayavalanu kaligi untaayi. protistulu alaingikamainavi, conny mitosis dwara ledhaa vichchinnam dwara vaegamgaa punarutpatti cheyagalavu.
prokaaryotla kanaalaku viruddhamgaa, eukariotla kanaalu chaalaa vyavastheekrutamgaa untaayi. mokkalu, jantuvulu mariyu sileendhraalu saadhaaranamgaa bahula-kanaalu mariyu saadhaaranamgaa sthuuladarshakamgaa untaayi. chaalaa varaku protistulu yeka-kana mariyu suukshmadarshini kaligi untaayi. conny minahaayimpulu unnaayi. konni yeka-kana samudra protistulu sthuuladarshakamgaa untaayi. konni samudrapu burada acchulu pratyaekamaina jeevita chakralanu kaligi untaayi, veetilo ekakana, valasa mariyu bahula kana roopaala madhya maaradam untundi. itara samudra protistulu samudrapu paachi vanti yeka-kana ledhaa suukshmadarshini kaadu.
protistulu pradhana jeeva rajyalalo okadaaniki sariponi deeninainaa unchagala vargeekaranaparamgaa pattukune dustula sanchigaa varninchabaddaaru. kontamandi aadhunika rachayitalu protistula yokka saampradaaya nirvachanam nundi bahula kana jeevulanu minahaayinchadaaniki ishtapadataaru, protistulanu yeka kana jeevulaku parimitam chestaaru. eee marinta parimitamaina nirvachanam aneka godhuma, bahula kanaala erupu mariyu aakupaccha algay mariyu burada acchulanu minahaayistundi.
locomotion dwara.
protistulanu vargeekarinche maroka maargam vaari locomotion mode prakaram untundi. aneka ekakana protistulu, mukhyamgaa protozovans, chalanaseelamgaa untaayi mariyu flazella, silia ledhaa sudopads upayoginchi kadalikanu utpatti cheyagalavu. kadalika kosam flazellanu upayoginche kanaalanu saadhaaranamgaa flazellatelu anie pilustaaru, silianu upayoginche kanaalanu saadhaaranamgaa siliates anie pilustaaru, mariyu sudopadsnu upayoginche kanaalanu saadhaaranamgaa amiba ledhaa ameeboidlu anie pilustaaru. itara protistulu chalanaseelamgaa undaru, tatphalitamgaa kadalika yantraangam undadu.
flazelletlalo bacteria alaage protistulu untaayi. bacteria upayoginche rotary motaru modal vaati flazellanu taralinchadaaniki electrochemical gradient yokka protaanlanu upayogistundi. bacteria yokka flazellalo tark flazellum yokka bays chuttoo protaanlanu nirvahinche kanaala dwara srushtinchabadutundi. bacterialo flazella yokka bhramanam yokka dhisha flazellar motaru yokka chuttukolata venta protan chaanella occupancy nundi vastundi.
siliates saadhaaranamgaa vandala nundi vaelaadi silianu kaligi untaayi, ivi shrenulalo dattamgaa untaayi. kadalika samayamlo, adhika-gharshana shakti strokenu upayoginchi oka vyakti silium vaikalyam chendutundi, taruvaata takkuva-gharshana punaruddharana stroke untundi. oka vyakti jeevipy bahula silia kalisi untaayi kabatti, avi meta chronal layalo saamuuhika pravartananu pradarsistaayi. dheeni ardham oka silium yokka vaikalyam daani porugu vaikalyamtho dasalo undhi, idhi jeevi yokka uparitalam venta vyaapinchae vaikalya taramgaalaku kaaranamavutundi. eee vyaapti chendutunna silia taramgaalu jeeviki silianu samanvaya paddhatiloo upayoginchadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi. siliated microarganism yokka vilakshanhamaina udaaharana "paramasium", idhi vaelaadi silia kappabadina oka-kana, siliated protozovan. silia kottadam valla "paramasium" sekanuku 500 micrometers vegamtho neeti gundaa munduku saagutundi.
samudra sileendhraalu.
1500 kante ekkuva jaatula sileendhraalu samudra vaataavaranaala nundi telisinavi. ivi samudrapu algay ledhaa jantuvulapai paraannajeevulu, ledhaa algay, pagadalu, protojova tittulu, samudra gaddi mariyu itara uparitalaala nundi chanipoyina sendriya padaarthaalanu tine saprobes. aneka jaatula bijaamsaalu pratyeka anubandhaalanu kaligi untaayi, ivi uparitalaaniki jodimpunu sulabhataram chestaayi. samudrapu sileendhraalu samudrapu nurugu mariyu samudramloni jalaushna praantaala chuttoo kooda kanipistaayi. asaadhaarana dviteeya jeevakriya yokka vaividhya shrenini samudra sileendhraalu utpatti chestaayi.
mycoplankton samudra mariyu manchineeti paryaavarana vyavasthala plankton communityla yokka saprotropic sabhyulu. avi philamentus free-living sileendhraalu mariyu planctonic kanaalu ledhaa phytoplanktontho anubandhinchabadina yeestlatho koodi untaayi. bacterioplancton maadirigaane, eee jala sileendhraalu heterotrophic khanijeekarana mariyu poeshaka saiklinglo mukhyamaina paatra poeshistaayi. ekkuvagaa suukshmadarshini ayithe, konni mycoplankton 20 mimi vyaasam mariyu 50 mimi kante ekkuva podavu undavacchu.
oka saadhaarana millilitre samudrapu neetilo 103 nundi 104 shilindhra kanaalu untaayi. bhusambandhamaina samaajaala nundi poeshakaalu pravahinchadam valla teerapraanta paryaavarana vyavasthalu mariyu nadimukha praantaalalo eee sankhya ekkuvagaa undhi. mycoplankton yokka adhika vaividhyam tiiraala chuttoo mariyu 1000 meterla varaku uparitala jalaallo kanipistundi, idhi entha samruddhiga unna phytoplankton anae daanipai aadharapadi untundi. poeshaka labhyatalo maarpula kaaranamgaa eee profile rutuvula madhya maarutundi. samudra sileendhraalu sthiramaina oxygen lopam vaataavaranamloo manugada saagistaayi, anduvalla kiranajanya jeevula dwara utpatti ayye allakallolam mariyu oxygen dwara oxygen vyaapti meeda aadharapadi untaayi.
samudra sileendhraalanu ilaa vargeekarinchavachuh
likenlu anevi fungus, saadhaaranamgaa ascomycete, mariyu alga ledhaa sinobacterium madhya paraspara anubandhalu. aneka likenlu samudra vaataavaranamloo kanipistaayi. splash jonelo chaalaa ekkuva sambhavistaayi, ikkada avi munigipovadaaniki entha sahanamgaa unnayane daanipai aadharapadi ververu niluvu jonlanu aakramistaayi. konni likenlu chaalaa kaalam jeevistaayi; oka jaathi 8,600 samvatsaraala naatidi. ayithe vaati jeevitakaalaanni kolavadam kashtam endukante adhe laikennu nirvachinchedi khachitamainadi kaadu. likenlu oka mukkanu vrukshajanyamgaa vichchinnam cheyadam dwara perugutaayi, idhi oke liken gaa nirvachinchabadavachhu ledhaa undakapovachhu, mariyu vividha vayasula rendu likenlu vileenam kaavacchu, idhi oke liken kaadaa anae samasyanu levanettutundi.
samudra natta "littoraria irrorata" adhi nivasinche samudra chittadi neelalaloo "spartina" mokkalanu debbateestundi, idhi intertidal ascomysets sileendhraala beejaamsaalanu mokkanu valasarajyamga cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. natta appudu gaddiki pradhaanyatagaa sileendhraala perugudalanu tintundi.
shilaja recordula prakaram, sileendhraalu chivari proterozoic shakam 900-570 million samvatsaraala kritam nativi. chainaalo 600 million samvatsaraala puraatana shilaja samudra likenlu kanugonabaddayi. mycoplankton bhusambandha sileendhraala nundi udbhavinchindani, bahusha paleozoic yugamlo (390 million samvatsaraala kritam) udbhavinchindani oohinchabadindi.
samudra suukshmajeevulu.
balyam natiki, jantuvulu suukshmadarshini dasala nundi abhivruddhi chendutaayi, veetilo bijaamsaalu, gudlu mariyu larva undavacchu. kaneesam oka suukshmadarshini janthu samuuham, paraannajeevi nidarian mixozova, daani vayojana roopamlo ekakanakaramga untundi mariyu samudra jaatulanu kaligi untundi. itara vayojana samudra suukshmajeevulu bahula kanaalu. suukshmadarshini vayojana aarthropodlu saadhaaranamgaa manchineetilo lothattu praantaalalo kanipistaayi, conny samudra jaatulu kooda unnaayi. suukshmadarshini vayojana samudra crustatianlalo konni copepads, claudosera mariyu tardigrades (neeti elugubantlu) unnaayi. konni samudrapu nematodlu mariyu rotiferlu kooda nagna kantitho gurtinchalenivi, alaage aneka lorisiferaalu, iteevala kanugonna vaayurahita jaatulu, ivi anaxic vaataavaranamloo tama jeevitaalanu gaduputaayi. prapancha mahaasamudraala yokka dviteeya utpaadakata mariyu carbon sinkku itara jeevula samuuhaala kante copepads ekkuva dohadam chestaayi.
praathamika utpattidaarulu.
praathamika utpattidaarulu itara jeevulanu tinadaaniki badulugaa tama sonta aaharaanni tayaaru chesukune autotroff jeevulu. dheeni ardham praathamika utpattidaarulu itara jeevulanu tine heterotrophe jeevulaku aahara golusulo prarambha binduvugaa maarataaru. konni samudra praathamika utpattidaarulu pratyaekamaina bacteria mariyu archia, ivi chemotrophelu, ivi hydrothermal vents mariyu challani seepla chuttoo sekarinchi mariyu chemosynthesis upayoginchi tama sonta aaharaanni tayaaru chesukuntaayi. ayithe chaalaa varaku samudra praathamika utpatti neetilo karigina carbon dioxidepy kiranajanya samyogakriyanu upayoginche jeevula nundi vastundi. eee prakriya neeru mariyu carbon dioxidenu chakkeraluga maarchadaaniki suuryarashmi nundi saktini upayogistundi, veetini rasayana shakti vanarugaa mariyu kanaala nirmaana bhagalalo upayoginche sendriya anuvulugaa upayoginchavacchu. samudra praathamika utpattidaarulu mukhyamainavaaru endukante vaaru itara jeevulaku avasaramaina rasayana saktini andinche chaalaa varaku praanavaayuvu mariyu aaharaanni utpatti cheyadam dwara daadaapu anni samudra janthu jeevitaalaku aadharam avutaaru.
pradhana samudra praathamika utpattidaarulu sinobacteria, algay mariyu samudra mokkalu. kiranajanya samyogakriya yokka upa utpattigaa vidudalayye praanavaayuvu daadaapu anni jeevulaku cellular swaasakriyanu nirvahinchadaaniki avasaram. adanamgaa, praathamika utpattidaarulu prapancha carbon mariyu neeti chakraalalo prabhaavavantamgaa unnaaru. avi theera praantaalanu sthireekaristaayi mariyu samudra jantuvulaku aavasalanu andinchagalavu. praathamika utpattidaarula gurinchi charchinchetappudu vibhajana anae padaanni saampradayakamgaa failamku badulugaa upayoginchaaru, ayithe algay, sileendhraalu mariyu mokkalaku antarjaateeya naamakarana code ippudu rendu padaalanu samanamga angeekaristundi.
sinobacteria.
suuryarasmini rasayana saktigaa marche saamarthyaanni abhivruddhi chesina modati jeevulu sinobacteria. avi ekakana nundi philamentus varaku unde bacteria yokka filum (vibhajana) nuu yerparustaayi mariyu valasa jaatulanu kaligi untaayi. avi bhoomipai daadaapu pratichota kanipistaayih tadigaa unna mattiloo, manchineeti mariyu samudra vaataavaranaalaloo, mariyu antarcitic raallapai kooda. mukhyamgaa, konni jaatulu samudramlo telutunna kolatalugaa sambhavistaayi, mariyu avi phytoplankton yokka modati jaatulalo okati.
kiranajanya samyogakriyanu upayoginchina modati praadhamika utpattidaarulu sumaru 2.3 billion samvatsaraala kritam samudra sinobacteria. kiranajanya samyogakriya yokka upa utpattigaa sinobacteria dwara paramaanu praanavaayuvu vidudala bhoomi yokka vaataavaranamloo prapancha maarpulanu prerepinchindi. aaa samayamlo bhoomipai chaalaa jeevulaku praanavaayuvu vishapuuritam kabatti, idhi praanavaayuvu-sahinche jeevula antarinchipovadaaniki daariteesindi, idhi pradhana jantuvu mariyu mokkala jaatula parinaamaanni mallinchina naatakeeya maarpu.
1986loe kanugonabadina chinna (0.6 micrometers) samudra sinobacterium "prochlorococcus", nedu samudra aahara golusu yokka punaadiloo oka mukhyamaina bhaagamgaa undhi mariyu bahiranga mahasamudram yokka kiranajanya samyogakriyalo ekkuva bhaagam mariyu bhoomi yokka vaataavaranamloo oxygennu anchanaa veyadamlo 20 saatam vatanu kaligi undhi. idhi bahusha bhoomipai atyanta samruddhiga unde jaatih uparitala samudrapu neetilo okka millilitres 100,000 kanaalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva undavacchu.
modata, jeevasaastravettalu sinobacteria algay anie bhaavinchi, daanini "neelam-aakupaccha algay" gaa paerkonnaaru. iteevali abhiprayam emitante, sinobacteria anevi bacteria, anduvalla avi algay maadirigaane undavu. chaalaa mandhi adhikarulu anni prokaariyotlanu minahaayistaaru, anduvalla algay yokka nirvachanam nundi sinobacteria.
algay.
algay anedi vistrutamaina mariyu vaividhyamaina prakaasamslaeshita protistula samuuhaaniki anadhikaarika padam, ivi tappanisarigaa daggari sambandham kaligi undavu mariyu anduvalla polyphylletic. samudrapu aalgenu aaru samuhaluga vibhajinchavachhuh aakupaccha, erupu mariyu godhuma algay, euglenophytes, dynophlogelletlu mariyu diatumlu.
dynophlogelletlu mariyu diatumlu samudrapu algay yokka mukhyamaina bhagalu mariyu krinda vaati swantha vibhaagaalanu kaligi unnaayi. euglenophytelu anevi konni samudra sabhyulatho kuudina ekakana flazelletla filum.
anni aalgelu suukshmadarshini kaadu. aakupaccha, erupu mariyu godhuma rangu algay annee suparichitamaina samudrapu ginjalanu tayaaru chese bahula kana sthuula roopaalanu kaligi untaayi. aakupaccha algay, oka anadhikaarika samuuham, sumaru 8,000 gurtinchabadina jaatulanu kaligi undhi. aneka jaatulu tama jeevitaallo ekkuva bhaagam yeka kanaalugaa ledhaa philamentusga jeevistaayi, marikonni kanaala podavaina golusulato tayaaraina kaalaneelanu yerparustaayi ledhaa atyanta bhinnamaina macroscopic seaveeds. erra algay, oka (vivaadaaspada) failamlo 7,000 gurtinchabadina jaatulu unnaayi, veetilo ekkuvagaa bahula kanaalu mariyu aneka mukhyamaina samudrapu vittanaalu unnaayi. godhuma rangu algay sumaru 2,000 gurtinchabadina jaatulanu kaligi unna oka taragatini yerparustundi, ekkuvagaa bahula kanajaalam mariyu kelp vanti aneka samudrapu vittanaalatoe sahaa.
adhika mokkala maadirigaa kakunda, algay muulaalu, kaandam ledhaa aakulu kaligi undadu. vaatini parimaanam prakaram "microalgay" ledhaa "macroalgay" gaa vargeekarinchavachhu.
suukshmajeevulu anevi suukshmajeevula rakalu, ivi kantitho kanipinchavu. avi ekkuvagaa ekakana jaatulu, ivi vyaktulu ledhaa golusulu ledhaa samoohaalalo untaayi, ayithe konni bahula kanaalu. paina charchinchina samudra protistula yokka mukhyamaina bhagalu microalgay, alaage krinda charchinchina phytoplankton. avi chaalaa vaividhyamainavi. sumaru 50,000 jaatulu varninchabadina 1000 jaatulu unnatlu anchanaa veyabadindi. jaatulanu batti, vaati parimaanaalu konni micrometers (micrometers) nundi konni vandala micrometers varaku untaayi. avi jigata saktula aadhipatyam kaligina vaataavaranaaniki pratyaekamgaa anugunamgaa untaayi.
macroalgay anedi pedda, bahula kana mariyu marinta kanipinche rakaala algay, veetini saadhaaranamgaa seaveeds anie pilustaaru. samudrapu ginjalu saadhaaranamgaa nissara teerapraanta jalaallo perugutaayi, akkada avi samudra mattaniki oka pattukotam dwara langaru vestaayi. suukshmajeevula maadirigaa, sthoolajeevulanu (samudrapu vittanaalu) samudrapu protistulugaa pariganinchavacchu, endukante avi nijamaina mokkalu kaavu. conny avi suukshmajeevulu kaavu, kabatti avi eee vyaasam paridhiloo laevu.
ekakana jeevulu saadhaaranamgaa suukshmadarshini, millimeter podavulo padava vanthu kante takkuva. minahaayimpulu unnaayi. upaushnamandala aakupaccha algay yokka oka jaathi ayina mermaid wine glass, yeka-kana, conny asadhaaranamgaa peddadi mariyu oke pedda kendrakamtho sanklishtamgaa untundi, idhi kana jeevasaastraanni adhyayanam cheyadaaniki oka namuunaa jeevigaa maarutundi. maroka yeka-kana algay, "kaulerpa taxifolia", oka vascular mokka roopaanni kaligi undhi, indulo "aakulu" oka fern laaga chakkaga erpaatu cheyabadina kaandaalu. kathinamaina jaatulanu utpatti cheyadaaniki akveriyamlalo empika chesina santanotpatti phalitamgaa bhoomadhyasaagaramlo pramaadavasaattu vidudala cheyabadindi, ikkada idhi vyavaharikamgaa "killer algay" anie piluvabade oka hanikara jaatigaa maarindi.
samudra suukshma plankton.
plankton (greeku nundi "vanderers" kosam) anedi neeti pedda vanarula neeti niluvu varusalo nivasinche, conny pravaahaaniki vyatiraekamgaa eetha kottaleni vibhina jeevula samuuham. phalitamgaa, avi pravaahaalato alamatistaayi ledhaa chalistaayi. plankton anedi vaati paryaavarana samuchitam dwara nirvachinchabadutundi, yea phylogenetic ledhaa vargeekarana vargeekarana dwara kaadu. avi metha chepalu nundi timingalaalu varaku aneka samudra jantuvulaku keelakamaina aahara vanarugaa unnaayi. planktonnu mokka lanty bhaagam mariyu janthu bhaagam gaa vibhajinchavachhu.
phytoplankton.
phytoplankton anevi plankton samaajamlooni mokka lanty bhagalu ("faito" anedi "mokka" kosam greeku nundi vastundi). avi autotrophic (sweeya-aaharam), antey avi tama sonta aaharaanni utpatti chestaayi mariyu itara jeevulanu tine avasaram ledhu.
phytoplankton moodu keelakamaina vidhulanu nirvahistundihi avi prapancha vaataavarana oxygennu daadaapu sagam utpatti chestaayi, avi samudram mariyu vaataavarana carbon dioxide sthaayilanu niyantristaayi mariyu avi samudra aahara valaku punaadini yerparustaayi. paristhitulu sarigga unnappudu, uparitala jalaallo phytoplankton algay puvvulu puustaayi. phytoplankton luu aarr-vyoohakartalu, ivi vaegamgaa perugutaayi mariyu pratiroojuu vaari janabhanu rettimpu cheyagalavu. puvvulu vishapuuritamainavigaa maari, oxygennu taggistaayi. ayithe, phytoplankton sankhyalanu saadhaaranamgaa andubaatulo unna poeshakaalu aipoyina phytoplankton mariyu jantuvula gorrelanu metha dwara tanikhi chestaaru.
phytoplankton pradhanamgaa suukshmadarshini prakaasamslaeshita eukariotlanu kaligi untundi, ivi anni mahasamudralalo eguva suuryarashmi poralo nivasistaayi. vatiki suuryarashmi avasaram, tadwara avi kiranajanya samyogam cheyagalavu. chaalaa phytoplanktonlu yeka-kana algay, conny itara phytoplanktonlu bacteria mariyu konni protistulu. phytoplanktonlo sinobacteria (paina), diatumlu, vividha rakaala algay (erupu, aakupaccha, godhuma mariyu pasupu-aakupaccha), dynophlogelletlu, yuglenoidlu, coccolithophorids, cryptomonods, chlorophytelu, prosinophytelu mariyu silicophlagelletlu unnaayi. avi samudra aahara valanu nadipinche praathamika utpattiki punaadigaa erpaddaayi, mariyu prastuta prapancha praathamika utpattilo sagam, bhusambandhamaina adavula kante ekkuva.
dietms.
dietamlu pradhanamgaa ekakana algay yokka 100,000 gurtinchabadina jaatulanu kaligi unna (vivaadaaspada) failamnu yerparustaayi. diatumlu prati samvatsaram graham meeda utpatti ayye oxygenlo 20 saatam utpatti chestaayi, prati samvatsaram avi nivasinche jalaala nundi 6.7 billion metrik tannula silikaannu teesukuntaayi mariyu mahasamudralalo kanipinche sendriya padaarthamloo daadaapu sagam dohadam chestaayi.
diatumlu fristules anie piluvabade rakshita silika (gaaju) gundlalo bandhinchabadi untaayi. prati chiraaku chinna randhraalatho kappabadina rendu interlocking bhagala nundi tayaaru cheyabadutundi, dheeni dwara diatum poeshakaalu mariyu vyardhaalanu marpidi chestundi. chanipoyina diatumla yokka chiraaku samudrapu neelaku pravahistundi, ikkada lakshalaadi samvatsaraalugaa, avi ara mailu lothu varaku nirminchagalavu.
cocolithophores.
coccolithophorelu anevi kadalika kosam rendu flazellalatho kuudina suukshma ekakana kiranajanya protistulu. vaatilo chaalaa varaku coccoliths anie piluvabade alankruta vruttaakaara palakalu ledhaa pramaanaalatoo kappabadina shell dwara rakshinchabadataayi. kokolithlu calcium carbonate nundi tayaaru cheyabadataayi. coccolithophore anae padam greeku padam nundi "vittana raayi mosukelle" kosam vachindi, idhi vaati chinna parimaanam mariyu avi mosukelle kokkolith raallanu suuchistumdi. saraina paristhitulalo avi itara phytoplanktonla maadirigaane vikasistaayi mariyu samudram palanu tellagaa marchagalavu.
suukshmajeevula rhodopsin.
phototrophic jeevakriya moodu shakti-marpidi varnadravyam meeda aadharapadi untundih chlorophyll, bacteriolochlorophy mariyu retina. retina anedi rhodopsinlalo kanipinche chromophore. kaanti saktini maarchadamlo chlorophyll yokka praamukhyata gurinchi dasabdaluga vraayabadindi, conny retina varnadravyam aadhaaramgaa phototrophy adhyayanam cheyabadatam praarambhamaindi.
2000loe edward delang netrutvamloni suukshmajeevasaastraveetla brundam samudra carbon mariyu shakti chakraala avagaahanalo keelakamaina aavishkarana chesindi. vaaru gatamlo bacterialo vinani rhodopsin protein utpattiki baadhyata vahinche aneka jaatula bacterialo oka janyuvunu kanugonnaru. kana porallo kanipinche eee proteins suuryarashmi taakinappudu rhodopsin anuvu yokka aakruteekaranalo maarpu kaaranamgaa kaanti saktini jeevarasaayana saktigaa marchagalavu, deenivalla lopala nundi protan pumping avutundi mariyu tadupari pravaham saktini utpatti chestundi. sanklishtamaina bahula kana jeevulalo arudugaa unnappatikee, archeel lanty rhodopsinlu taruvaata vividha vargeekaranalu, protistulu, alaage bacteria mariyu archaealo kanugonabaddayi.
2019loe jarigina parisoedhana prakaram, eee "suuryarasmini grahinche bacteria" gatamlo anukunna daanikante vistrutamgaa vyaapinchi unnayani, global warming valla mahaasamudraalu elaa prabhaavitamavutaayo maarchagalavani choopistundi. "paatyapustakaalalo kanipinche samudra jeevaavarana shaastram yokka saampradaaya vivarana nundi eee phalitaalu vidipotaayi, idhi samudramloni daadaapu anni suuryarasmini aalgeloni chlorophyll dwara sangrahinchabadutundani perkondi. badulugaa, rhodopsin-amarchina bacteria hybrid kaarla laaga panichestundi, andubaatulo unnappudu sendriya padaartham dwara saktini pondutundi-chaalaa bacteria vale-mariyu poeshakaalu takkuvagaa unnappudu suuryarashmi dwara."
oodaa bhoomi parikalpana anie piluvabade oka khagola jeevasastra ooha undhi, idhi bhoomipai asalu jeeva roopaalu chlorophyll aadhaaritam kakunda retina aadhaaritamainavani, idhi bhoomini aakupaccha ranguku badulugaa oodaa rangulo kanipinchela chesi untundani anchanaa vestundi.
redfield mariyu eff-nishpattulu.
1930laloe alfred sii. erra kshetramlo phytoplanktonloni muulakaala kuurpu mariyu lothaina samudramlo karigina pradhana poeshakaala madhya saaruupyatalu kanugonabaddayi. samudramlo carbon mariyu natrajani mariyu bhaswaram (106:16:1) nishpatti phytoplankton yokka avasaraala dwara niyantrinchabadutundani redfield pratipaadinchindi, endukante phytoplankton taruvaata natrajani mariyu bhaaswaramnu vidudala chestundi, avi tirigi khanijam avtayi. eee nishpattini redfield nishpatti anie pilustaaru, mariyu samudrapu neeru mariyu phytoplankton parinaamam yokka stoikiometrini vivarinchadamlo praathamika suutramgaa upayoginchabadutundi.
ayithe, redfield nishpatti saarvatrika viluva kaadu mariyu bhougolika akshaamsam vanti vishayaalatoe maaravacchu. vanarula ketayimpu aadhaaramgaa, phytoplanktonnu moodu ververu vruddhi vyuuhaalugaa vargeekarinchavachuh manugada, vikasinche mariyu saadhaarana. manugada saaginche phytoplankton adhika n: p nishpattini kaligi undhi (> 30) mariyu korata vanarula kinda vruddhini konasaaginchadaaniki vanarula-samuparjana yantraalanu samruddhiga kaligi undhi. bloomer phytoplankton takkuva n: p nishpattini kaligi untundi (<10), vruddhi yantraalalo adhika nishpattini kaligi untundi mariyu ghaataanka vruddhiki anugunamgaa untundi. saadhaarana phytoplankton erra kshetra nishpattiki samaanamaina n: p kaligi untundi mariyu saapekshamgaa samaanamaina vanarula-samuparjana mariyu vruddhi yantraalanu kaligi untundi.
eff-nishpatti anedi nitrate dwara indhanamgaa utpatti cheyabadina mottam praadhamika utpattilo bhinnam (ammonium vanti itara natrajani sammelanaala dwara indhanamgaa utpatti cheyabadina daanikante viruddhamgaa). eee nishpattini modata prapancha mahasamudra utpattini anchanaa vese modati patraalalo okadaanilo richard epply mariyu broose petterson nirvachinchaaru.
jupelankton.
jantupradarsanasaala anedi planctonic samaajamlo janthu bhaagam ("jantupradarsanasaala" anedi "jantuvu" kosam greeku nundi vachindi). avi heterotrophic (itara-aaharam), antey avi tama sonta aaharaanni utpatti cheyalevu mariyu badulugaa itara mokkalu ledhaa jantuvulanu aaharamgaa tinali. mukhyamgaa, vaaru phytoplankton tintaaru anie dheeni ardham.
jantuprani saadhaaranamgaa phytoplankton kante peddavi, ekkuvagaa ippatikee suukshmadarshinigaa untaayi, conny konnintini kantitho chudavachu. aneka protozovans (itara suukshmajeevulanu vetade yeka-kana protistulu) jupelankton, veetilo juflazelletlu, foraminiferance, radiolarianlu, konni dynophlogellatelu mariyu samudra suukshmajeevulu unnaayi. macroscopic jupelankton (saadhaaranamgaa eee vyaasamlo cover cheyabadaledu) loe pelogic nidarianlu, tenophores, molasklu, arthropods mariyu tunicatelu, alaage planctonic baanapu purugulu mariyu bristle purugulu unnaayi.
microzoplancton plankton yokka pradhana graajarlu...
protojova (eucariotes) mariyu bacteria (procariotes) yokka aneka jaatulu itara suukshmajeevulanu vetaadataayi; tine vidhanam spashtamgaa puraatanamainadi, mariyu rendu samoohaalalo aneka saarlu parinaamam chendindi. manchineeti mariyu samudra jantuvula jantuvulalo, yeka-kana ledhaa bahula-kana, phytoplankton mariyu chinna jantuvula jantuvulapai dopidi metha saadhaaranam, mariyu aneka jaatula nanophlagelletlu, dynophlogelletlu, siliyetlu, rotiferlu, vividha rakaala meroplankton janthu larva, mariyu crustatians yokka rendu samoohaalalo, avi kopedlu mariyu claudoseronlu.
radiolarianlu.
radiolarianlu ekakana dopidi protistulu, ivi saadhaaranamgaa silikaatho tayaaru cheyabadina vistrutamaina golaakaara gundlatho kappabadi, randhraalatho kuttabadi untaayi. vaari paeru "vyaasaartham" kosam latin nundi vachindi. vaaru tama shareera bhaagaalanu randhraala dwara vistarinchadam dwara vaetanu pattukuntaaru. diatoms yokka silika chiraaku maadirigaa, radiolarianlu maraninchinappudu radiolarian shellu samudrapu neelapai munigipotayi mariyu samudra avakshepanalo bhaagamgaa samrakshinchabadataayi. eee avasheshaalu, suukshma silajaluga, gatha samudra paristhitula gurinchi viluvaina samacharanni andistaayi.
foraminiferance.
radiolarianla maadirigaane, foraminiferance (chinnadigaa "forumlu") yeka-kana dopidi protistulu, vaatilo randhraalu unna gundlatho kooda rakshinchabadataayi. vaati paeru "randhram mosevaaru" kosam latin nundi vachindi. tarachugaa pareekshalu anie piluvabade vaati gundlu gadhi cheyabadataayi (forumlu avi perige koddi ekkuva gadulanu jodistaayi). chippalu saadhaaranamgaa calcite thoo tayaaru cheyabadataayi, conny konnisaarlu agglutinated avakshepana kanaalu ledhaa chiton thoo mariyu (arudugaa) silika thoo tayaaru cheyabadataayi. chaalaa foraalu benthic, conny sumaru 40 jaatulu planctic. avi baga sthirapadina shilaja recordulatho vistrutamgaa parisoedhimchabaddaayi, ivi saastravettalaku gatha vaataavaranaalu mariyu vaataavaranaala gurinchi chaalaa oohinchadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi.
aneka foraalu mixotrophic (krinda chudandi). ivi aakupaccha algay, erra algay, bangaaru algay, diatumlu mariyu dynophlogellatelu vanti vibhina vamsaala nundi endosymbientlugaa ekakoshiya aalgenu kaligi untaayi. poeshakaalu laeni samudrapu neetilo mixotrophic foraminiferlu mukhyamgaa saadhaaranam. konni foraalu cleptoplastic, ivi kiranajanya samyogakriyanu nirvahinchadaaniki teesukunna algay nundi chloroplastlanu nilupukuntaayi.
mixotrophes.
oka mixotroff anedi oka chivara puurti autotrophy nundi maroka chivara heterotrophy varaku konasaagimpupai oke trophic modnu kaligi undataaniki badulugaa, vividha shakti vanarulu mariyu carbon misramaanni upayoginchagala jeevi. mishrama kanaalu anni suukshma falakaalalo sagaaniki paiga unnayani anchanaa. rendu rakaala eucariotic mixotrophelu unnaih vaari swantha chloroplastlatho unnavi, mariyu endosymbientlatho unnavi-mariyu cleptoplasty dwara ledhaa mottam phototrophic kanaanni banisaluga cheyadam dwara vaatini pondagala itara rakalu.
mokkalu mariyu jantuvula madhya vyatyaasam tarachugaa chaalaa chinna jeevulalo vichchinnamavutundi. photo-mariyu chemotrophy, litho-mariyu organotrophy, auto-mariyu heterotrophy ledhaa veeti yokka itara kalayikalu saadhyamayye kalayikalu. mixotrophelu eucariotic ledhaa procariotic kaavacchu. vaaru vividha paryaavarana paristhitulanu sadviniyogam chesukovacchu.
samudra suukshmajeevula yokka iteevali adhyayanalu siliate samruddhi yokka 30-45% mishramamgaa undani, mariyu amyboid, phoram mariyu radiolarian biomass yokka 65 saatam varaku mishramamgaa undani kanugonnayi.
"pheosystis" anedi prapanchavyaaptamgaa samudra phytoplanktonlo bhaagamgaa kanipinche oka mukhyamaina algal jaathi. idhi swatantra jeeva kanaala nundi pedda kaalaneela varaku unna bahuroopa jeevana chakranni kaligi undhi. idhi teliade kaalaneelanu yerparuchukune saamarthyaanni kaligi untundi, ikkada vandalaadi kanaalu zell maatrukalo ponduparachabadi untaayi, idhi puvvula samayamlo parimaanamlo bhaareega perugutundi. phalitamgaa, samudra carbon mariyu sulfur chakralaku "pheosystis" oka mukhyamaina dohadam chestundi. "pheosystis" jaatulu endosymbientlu nundi acantherian radiolarianlu.
denophlogellets.
denoflagellatelu algay samuuhamloo bhaagam, mariyu sumaru 2,000 samudra jaatulato ekakana flazelletla failamnu yerparustaayi. eee paeru greeku padam "dynos" nundi vachindi, dheeni ardham "sudigaali" mariyu latin padam "flazellum" antey "korada debba" ledhaa "laash". idhi munduku kadalika kosam upayoginche rendu korada lanty jodimpulanu (flazella) suuchistumdi. chaalaa dynophlogellatelu erupu-godhuma, cellulose kavachamtho rakshinchabadataayi. itara phytoplanktonla maadirigaane, denoflagellatelu aarr-vyoohakartalu, ivi saraina paristhitulalo vikasinchi erra alalanu srushtinchagalavu. tavvakaalu atyanta besal flaglet vamsam kaavacchu.
trophic orientation dwara dynophlogellatelanu ekareetigaa vargeekarinchalemu. konni dynophlogelletlu kiranajanyamainavigaa telisinappatikii veetilo chaalaa varaku mishramamainavi, ivi kiranajanya samyogakriyanu eranu teesukovadam (phagotrophy) thoo militam chestaayi. konni jaatulu samudra jantuvulu mariyu itara protistula endosymbientlu, mariyu pagadapu dibbala jeevasaastramlo mukhyamaina paatra poeshistaayi. itarulu itara protojova kante mundu unnaaru, mariyu konni roopaalu paraannajeevulu. aneka dynophlogellatelu mixotrophic mariyu phytoplankton gaa kooda vargeekarinchavachhu.
vishapuurita dynophlogelet "dynophysis acuta" daani aaharam nundi chloroplastlanu pondutundi. "idhi cryptophytelanu swayamgaa pattukolemu, badulugaa errati" "mirionecta rubra" "vanti siliyetlanu tinedaanipai aadhaarapadutundi, idhi oka nirdishta cryptophyte clade (geminizera/plegioselmis/teleulox) nundi vaari chloroplastlanu vaeru chestundi".
dynophlogelletlu tarachugaa itara jeevulatoo sahajeevanamlo nivasistaayi. aneka mandhi nacellarian radiolarianlu vaari pareekshalalo denophlagelate chihnalanu kaligi untaaru. dynophlogelate kosam nacellarian ammonium mariyu carbon dioxidenu andistundi, ayithe denophlogelate haanikaramaina aakramanadaarula nundi vaeta mariyu rakshanaku upayogapade shleshma poranu nacellerianku andistundi. radiolerianlatho denophlogelate sahajeevanam foraminifera vanti itara denophlogelate sahajeevanaala nundi swatantramgaa udbhavinchindani dna vislaeshanha nundi aadharalu unnaayi.
konni dynophlogellatelu bioluminicent. raatri samayamlo, eee dynophlogellatela kaaranamgaa samudrapu neeru antargatamgaa veliginchi, neelam kaantitoe merisestundi. bioluminicent dynophlogellatelu skintlaanlanu kaligi untaayi, ivi dynophlogelet luciferesnu kaligi unna vyaktigata cytoplasmic bodylu, ivi luminisenselo palgone pradhana enjaim. konnisaarlu "samudrapu bhaswaram" anie piluvabade prakaasamu, vyaktigata skintillanlu prerepinchabadinappudu kluptamgaa (0.1 sekanlu) neelam merupu ledhaa sparksga sambhavistundi, saadhaaranamgaa padava ledhaa eethagaadu ledhaa surf nundi yaantrika aatamkaala dwara.
samudra avakshepaalu mariyu suukshma silaajaalu.
samudrapu adugubhaagamlo avakshepaalu rendu pradhana muulaalanu kaligi unnaayi, avi desheeyamainavi mariyu jeevasambandhamainavi.
mottam samudra avakshepanalo 45 saatam bhoobhaagamlo unde avakshepaalu, nadulu mariyu bhoomi pravaham, gaali dwara vachhe dummu, agniparvataalu ledhaa himaaneenadaala dwara grounding dwara ravana cheyabade bhoomipai raalla kothalo udbhavistaayi.
mottam avakshepanalo migilina 55 saatam jeevasambandhamaina avakshepaala kaaranamgaa untundi, mariyu samudrapu protistula (yeka-kana plankton mariyu benthos suukshmajeevulu) asthipanjara avasheshaalalo udbhavistundi. chaalaa takkuva mottamlo avakshepita khanijalu mariyu ulka dhooli kooda undavacchu. "oj", samudra avakshepana sandarbhamlo, avakshepana yokka sthirathvaanni suuchimchadu conny daani jeeva muulaanni suuchistumdi. oj anae padaanni modata "aadhunika samudra shaastra pitamahudu" ayina zaan murre upayoginchaaru, ayana challenger yaatralo uparitalampaiki teesukuvacchina radiolarian shella silika nikshaepaalaku "radiolarian oj" anae padaanni pratipaadinchaaru. biogenic oj" anedi samudra jeevula asthipanjara avasheshaala nundi kaneesam 30 saatam kaligi unna pelogic avakshepam.
samudra suukshmajeevulu.
samudra suukshmajeevulu samudrapu benthic jonelo nivasinche suukshmajeevulu-ivi samudrapu adugubhaagaaniki sameepamlo ledhaa samudrapu adugubhaagamlo ledhaa uparitala uparitala avakshepaalalo nivasistaayi. benthos" anae padam greeku nundi vachindi, dheeni ardham "samudrapu lothu". microbentholu khandantara almarala samudra mattam meeda ledhaa daani chuttoo pratichota, alaage lothaina neetilo, samudra mattam avakshepaalalo ledhaa vaatipai ekkuva vaividhyamtho kanipistaayi. nissara neetilo, samudrapu gaddi pacchika bayallu, pagadapu dibbalu mariyu kelp adavulu mukhyamgaa goppa aavasalanu andistaayi. kaanti mandalaalo benthic diatumlu prakaasamslaeshita jeevulugaa aadhipatyam chelaayistaayi. antara-alala mandalaalo alalanu marchadam valla suukshma-benthola kosam balamaina niyantrana avakaasaalu untaayi.
foraminifera mariyu diatumlu rendoo planctonic mariyu benthic roopaalanu kaligi untaayi, antey avi neeti niluvu varusalo pravahinchavacchu ledhaa samudram diguvana avakshepanapai nivasinchavacchu. yea vidhamgaanainaa, vaari gundlu avi maraninchina tarvaata samudra mattampai mugustaayi. eee gundlanu vaataavarana pratinidhulugaa vistrutamgaa upayogistaaru. chippalu erpadina samayamlo samudram yokka rasayana kuurpu phalitamgaa chippalu yokka rasayana kuurpu erpadutundi. gatha neeti ushnogratalanu shellaloni sthiramaina oxygen isotopula nishpattula nundi kooda oohinchavachhu, endukante thelikaina isotopulu vecchani neetilo marinta sulabhamgaa aaviraipotaayi, tadwara shellalo bhaarii isotopulu vadiliveyabadataayi. gatha vaataavaranaala gurinchi samacharanni forumlu mariyu dietamla samruddhi nundi marinta oohinchavachhu, endukante avi vecchani neetilo samruddhiga untaayi.
66 million samvatsaraala kritam dinosaurlanu champina aakasmika vilupta sanghatana kooda anni itara jantuvulu mariyu mokkala jaatulalo moodonthula antarinchipoyindi. ayithe, aaa taruvaata lothaina samudramlo benthic foraalu abhivruddhi chendaayi. parisoedhakulu eee benthic forumla yokka vaelaadi namuunaala rasayana kuurpunu pariseelinchaarani mariyu vaari phalitaalanu upayoginchi bhoomi yokka atyanta vivaranaatmaka vaataavarana rikaardunu nirminchaarani 2020loe nivedinchabadindi.
konni endolithlu chaalaa sudeergha jeevitaalanu kaligi untaayi. 2013loe parisoedhakulu samudrapu adugubhaagamlo endolithla aadhaaraalanu nivedinchaaru, bahusha millionla samvatsaraala paatadi, 10,000 samvatsaraala taram samayam. ivi nemmadigaa jeevakriya chestaayi mariyu nidraanamaina sthithilo undavu. cyberialo kanipinche konni octinomycetota ara million samvatsaraala nativiga anchanaa veyabaddaayi.
samudra suukshmajeevulu.
sahajeevanam mariyu holabients.
holobiant bhavananu modatlo daa. linn margulis thana 1991 pustakam "parinaamaatmaka aavishkaranala muulamgaa sahajeevanam" loe oka atitheya mariyu daani chuttoo nivasistunna aneka itara jaatula sammelanam, ivi kalisi oka vivikta paryaavarana vibhaganni yerparustaayi. holobiant yokka bhagalu vyaktigata jaatulu ledhaa biantlu, ayithe anni biantla yokka ummadi janyuvu hologenome.
eee bhavana eee asalu nirvachanam nundi parinaamam chendindi, atidheyatho anubandhinchabadina suukshmajeevula jaatulapai drushti kendrikarinchindi. anduvalla hollobient loe host, virome, microbiome mariyu itara sabhyulu untaaru, ivanni mottam paniteeruku edho oka vidhamgaa dohadam chestaayi. holobiant saadhaaranamgaa eucariot host mariyu anni sahajeevana vairaslu, bacteria, sileendhraalu modalainavi kaligi untundi. daani meeda ledhaa lopala nivasinchevaaru.
ayithe, holobiantlanu oke parinaamaatmaka vibhagaluga chudavacha anae daanipai vivaadam undhi.
dibba-nirmaana pagadalu baga adhyayanam cheyabadina holobiantlu, veetilo pagadalu (taragati aanthojovaalo oka eucariotic akasheruka), jukesanthelle ("symbiodenium") anie piluvabade photosynthetic dynophlogelletlu mariyu anubandha bacteria mariyu vairaslu unnaayi. pagadapu suukshmajeevula sanghaalu mariyu pagadapu phylogeny kosam saha-parinaama namuunaalu unnaayi.
samudra aahara web.
samudrapu suukshmajeevulu samudra aahara weblo pradhana paatralu poeshistaayi.
viral shunt maargam anedi samudra suukshmajeevula kanaala sendriya padaartham (pome) nuu karigina sendriya padaartham (dome) loki recycling cheyadam dwara trophic sthaayilanu paiki taralinchakundaa nirodhinche oka yantraangam, veetini suukshmajeevulu takshaname teesukovachhu. viral shunting suukshmajeevula paryaavarana vyavasthalo vaividhyaanni nirvahinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi, oke jaathi samudra suukshmajeevulu suukshma paryaavaranamloo aadhipatyam chelayinchakunda nirodhistundi. viral shunt maargam dwara recycle cheyabadina gopuram itara pradhana samudra gopuram muulaala dwara utpatti cheyabadina mottamto polchavachhu.
samuchita sanghaalu.
samudrapu manchu suukshmajeevula sanghaalu (simco) anevi dhruwala vadda samudrapu manchu yokka antaraalalo nivasinche suukshmajeevula samuuhaalanu suuchistaayi. vaaru nivasinche manchu maatrukalo lavaneeyata, kaanti, ushnograta mariyu poeshakaalu yokka balamaina niluvu pravanatalu untaayi. samudrapu manchu rasayana shaastram uppuneeti lavaneeyata dwara ekkuvagaa prabhaavitamavutundi, idhi peehech mariyu karigina poeshakaalu mariyu vaayuvula gaadatanu prabhaavitam chestundi. karige samudrapu manchu samayamlo erpadina uppuneeru samudrapu manchulo randhraalu mariyu chaanellanu srushtistundi, dheenilo eee suukshmajeevulu jeevinchagalavu. eee pravanatalu mariyu dynamic paristhitula phalitamgaa, manchu diguva poralo suukshmajeevulu samruddhiga kanipistaayi, ayithe konni madhya mariyu eguva poralalo kanipistaayi.
tectonic plaetlu vaerugaa kadulutuu, vyaapti chendutunna chota hydrothermal vents unnaayi. idhi samudram nundi neeru bhoomi yokka krastloki pravesinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi, akkada adhi magma dwara vaedi cheyabadutundi. perugutunna ottidi mariyu ushnograta kaaranamgaa eee dwaaraala nundi neeru tirigi bayataku vastundi, bayataku vachhe maargamlo, neeru adhi edurkone raalla nundi karigina khanijalu mariyu rasayanalanu koodabettukuntundi. vents nuu ushnograta mariyu rasayana kuurpu dwara vargeekarinchavachhu, ivi saadhaaranamgaa 30 °C kante takkuva challani neetini vidudala chese "diffuse vents" gaa untaayi, ivi "white smokers" gaa untaayi, ivi vecchani ushnogratala vadda paala rangu neetini vidudala chestaayi, sumaru 200-330 °C, mariyu "block smokers" gaa untaayi, ivi vaedi ushnogratala vadda sulfide yokka perukupoyina avakshepaala dwara muduru neetini vidudala chestaayi, sumaru 300-400 °C.
hydrothermal vental microbial communitylu anevi microscopic ekakana jeevulu, ivi hydrothermal vents chuttoo rasaayanikamgaa vibhinnamaina praantamloo nivasistaayi mariyu punarutpatti chestaayi. veetilo suukshmajeevula chaapalalo jeevulu, swechchagaa teliade kanaalu mariyu jantuvulato endosymbiotic sambandhaalalo unna bacteria unnaayi. eee lotula vadda suuryarashmi lenanduna, chemosynthesis dwara saktini andistundi, ikkada sahajeevana bacteria mariyu archia aahara golusu diguva bhaganni yerparustaayi mariyu pedda gottapu purugulu mariyu pompey purugulu vanti vividha rakaala jeevulaku maddatu ivvagalavu. eee jala ushna vayuvu praantaalalo vidudalayye rasayana saktini upayoginchukovadaaniki mariyu pondadaaniki eee jeevulu eee sahajeevana sambandhaanni upayoginchukuntaayi. chemolithoatotrophic bacteria kaarbannu sendriya roopaalloki maarchadaaniki hydrothermal ventlo bhougolika karyakalapala nundi poeshakaalu mariyu saktini pondagaladu.
vairaslu kooda hydrothermal ventent microbial communitylo oka bhaagam mariyu eee paryaavarana vyavasthalalo microbial ecologypy vaati prabhavam abhivruddhi chendutunna parisoedhana rangam. samudramlo atyanta samruddhiga unde jeevulu vairaslu, ivi janyu vaividhyam yokka goppa jalaasayaaniki aasrayam kalpistaayi. vaati antuvyaadhulu tarachugaa praanaantakam kabatti, avi maranaaniki gananeeyamaina muulamgaa untaayi mariyu anduvalla samudramlo jeevasambandhamaina samudra shaastra prakriyalu, parinaamam mariyu jeeva bhuuraasaayanika cyclingpy vistrutamaina prabhavanni chuuputaayi. ayithe, vaayu aavasalalo kanipinche vairaslu avi unna teevramaina mariyu asthira vaataavaranamloo manugada saaginchadaaniki paraannajeevi parinaama vyuuham kante marinta paraspara vyuuhaanni avalambinchaayani suuchimchadaaniki aadharalu kanugonabaddayi. lothaina samudramlo hydrothermal vents adhika sankhyalo vairaslanu kaligi unnatlu kanugonabadindi, idhi adhika viral utpattini suuchistumdi. itara samudra vaataavaranaala maadirigaane, lothaina samudra jalaushna vairaslu procariotla samruddhi mariyu vaividhyaanni prabhaavitam chestaayi, anduvalla vaati atidheyulanu pratiroopam cheyadaaniki liesing cheyadam dwara suukshmajeevula jeeva bhuuraasaayanika saiklingnu prabhaavitam chestaayi. ayithe, maranaala muulamgaa mariyu janabha niyantranalo vaati paatraku viruddhamgaa, teevramaina vaataavaranamloo prokaaryotla manugadanu penchadaaniki, janyu samacharam yokka jalasayaluga panicheestuu vairaslu kooda bhaavinchabadutunnaayi. paryaavarana ottilla krinda suukshmajeevulatoo virosphere yokka paraspara charyalu kshitija samaantara janyu badilee dwara host janyuvula chedaragottadam dwara suukshmajeevula manugadaku sahaayapadataayani bhaavistaaru.
lothaina jeevaavaranam mariyu cheekati padaartham.
lothaina jeevaavaranam anedi jeevaavaranamlo uparitalam yokka modati konni meterla krinda nivasinche bhaagam. idhi khandantara uparitalam krinda kaneesam 5 kilometres mariyu samudra uparitalam krinda 10.5 kilometres varaku vistarinchi untundi, ushnogratalu 100 masim minchavacchu.
uparitalampai jeevulu sendriya padaartham mariyu oxygennu viniyogistaayi. diguvaku, ivi andubaatulo laevu, kabatti avi vividha rasayana prakriyala dwara raalla nundi vidudalayye hydrogen, methane, taggina sulfur sammelanaalu mariyu ammonium vanti "edibles" (electron daatalu) nuu upayogistaayi. avi naitretlu mariyu naitraitlu, manganese mariyu iron oxidelu, aakseekarana sulfur sammelanaalu mariyu carbon dioxide vanti electron sweekarthalanu "oopiri" teesukuntaayi.
ekkuva lotula vadda chaalaa takkuva shakti untundi, mariyu jeevakriya uparitalam kante million retlu nemmadigaa untundi. kanaalu vibhajinchadaaniki mundu vaela samvatsaraala paatu jeevinchavachhu mariyu vaati vayassuku etuvanti parimiti teliyadu. uparitalamlo unna jeevaraashi bacteria mariyu archaealo 90 saatam, jeevaavaranamlo unna mottam jeevaraashi loe 15 saatam. eukariotlu kooda ekkuvagaa suukshmadarshini, conny konni bahula kana jeevulatoo sahaa kanipistaayi. vairaslu kooda untaayi mariyu suukshmajeevulaku sokutayi.
2018loe, lothaina carbon observatoryki chendina parisoedhakulu, bhoomipai 70 saatam bacteria mariyu archaeatho sahaa, mottam 23 billion tannula carbon jeevaraashi, samudragarbham krinda sahaa lothaina bhoogarbham varaku jeevistundani prakatinchaaru. 2019loe uparitalam krinda nivasistunna suukshmajeevulu, sulfurnu peelchukovadam mariyu pyrite vanti raallanu vaati saadhaarana aahara vanarugaa tinadam kanugonabaddayi. eee aavishkarana bhoomipai telisina atyanta puraatana neetilo jarigindi.
2020loe parisoedhakulu ippativaraku ekkuva kaalam jeevinchina jeeva roopaalu emito kanugonnarani nivedinchaaruh aerobic microarganisms, ivi 101.5 million samvatsaraala varaku pakshika-suspend animationlo unnaayi. samudramlo atyanta praanaantakamaina pradaesam" ayina dakshina pasiphik gair (ess. pii. zii) loe samudrapu adugubhaagamlo sendreeyamgaa paelavamaina avakshepaalalo suukshmajeevulu kanugonabaddayi.
ippati varaku jeevasaastravettalu prayogasaalalo chaalaa suukshmajeevulanu samskarinchalekapoyaru. idhi mukhyamgaa bacteria mariyu archaeaku vartistundi, mariyu ghnaanam lekapovadam ledhaa avasaramaina vruddhi paristhitulanu sarafara chese saamarthyam lekapovadam valla idhi jarugutundi. suukshmajeevula cheekati padaartham" anae padaanni suukshmajeevulanu vivarinchadaaniki upayoginchadam praarambhamaindi, saastravettalaku telusu conny vaatini samskarinchalekapoyaru, anduvalla vaati lakshanaalu antuchikkanivigaa unnaayi. suukshmajeevula krishna padaartham bhouthika shaastram mariyu vishwodbhava shaastram yokka krishna padaarthaaniki sambandham ledhu, conny daanini samarthavantamgaa adhyayanam cheyadamlo ibbandi kosam piluvabadutundi. daani saapeksha parimaanaanni anchanaa veyadam kashtam, conny aamodinchabadina sthuula anchanaa emitante, icchina paryaavarana samuchitamlo suukshmajeevula jaatulalo oka saatam kante takkuva samskruti cheyadaginavi. iteevali samvatsaraalalo paryaavarana namuunaala nundi vaati janyuvu DNA kramaanni neerchukoevadam dwara suukshmajeevula krishna padaarthaanni marinta ardham chesukovadaniki mariyu vaati kramam chesina janyuvu nundi vaati jeevakriyaku antardrushtulanu pondadam dwara, vaati saguku avasaramaina gnaanaanni prothsahinchadam dwara prayatnam jarugutondi.
suukshmajeevulanu gurtinchadam.
saampradayakamgaa, suukshmajeevula phylogeny oohinchabadindi mariyu vaati vargeekarana padanirmaana shaastram yokka adhyayanala aadhaaramgaa sthaapinchabadindi. ayithe, molecular phylogeneticslo parinaamaalu vaati DNA mariyu protein sequencelu vanti lothaina lakshanaalanu vislaeshimchadam dwara jaatula parinaama sambandhaanni sthaapinchadaaniki anumatinchaayi, udaaharanaku ribosomal DNA. jantuvulu mariyu mokkalalo undevi vanti sulabhamgaa andubaatulo unde padanirmaana lakshanaalu lekapovadam, mukhyamgaa bacteria mariyu archaeanu vargeekarinche prarambha prayatnaalaku aatamkam kaliginchindi. dheeni phalitamgaa tappu, vakreekarinchina mariyu gandaragola vargeekarana jarigindi, dheeniki oka udaaharana, carle vois, "sudomonas", dheeni vyutpatti vairudhyamgaa daani vargeekaranaku saripolutundi, avi "tappudu unit". aneka bacteria vargeekaranalu molecular phylogenetics upayoginchi punarvyavastheekarinchabadda ledhaa punarnirvachinchabaddaayi.
molecular sequencinglo iteevali parinaamaalu paryaavarana namuunaala nundi neerugaa "inn situ" janyuvulanu punaruddharinchadaaniki mariyu culturing avasaranni nivaarinchadaaniki anumatinchaayi. idhi udaaharanaku, bacteria phaila yokka vaividhyam gurinchi ghnaanamlo vegavantamaina vistaranaku daariteesindi. eee paddhatulu janyuvu-parishkarinchabadina metagenomics mariyu single-sell genomics.
kotta sequencing technologylu mariyu sequence dayta perukupovadam oka namuunaa maarpuku daariteesaayi, idhi adhika jeevulalooni anubandhamlo suukshmajeevula sanghaala sarvavyaaptata mariyu paryaavarana vyavastha aarogyamlo suukshmajeevula keelaka paatralu rendintinee highlight chesindi. eee kotta avakaasaalu suukshmajeevula jeevaavarana saastramlo viplavaatmaka maarpulu techhaayi, endukante janyuvulu mariyu metagenomela vislaeshanha adhika-nirgamaamsa paddhatiloo vyaktigata suukshmajeevula mariyu mottam samaajaala yokka vaati sahaja aavasala yokka kriyaatmaka saamarthyaanni parishkarinchadaaniki samarthavanthamaina paddhatulanu andistundi.
omics daetaanu upayoginchadam.
omics anae padaanni anadhikarikamga jeevasastra saakhalanu suuchimchadaaniki upayogistaaru, veeti paerlu genomics, proteomics, metabolomics mariyu glycomics vanti "-omics" pratyayamlo mugustaayi. samudra omics iteevala daani swantha parisoedhana rangamgaa udbhavinchindi. omics anedi oka jeevi ledhaa jeevula nirmaanam, paniteeru mariyu dynamics loki anuvadinche jeeva anuvula poolsnu samishtiga vargeekarinchadam mariyu parimaanam cheyadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. udaaharanaku, functional genomics anedi icchina jeevi yokka saadhyamainanta ekkuva janyuvula vidhulanu gurtinchadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi. idhi vibhinnamgaa untundi
-transcriptomics mariyu proteomics vanti omics paddhatulu santrupta utparivartana sekaranalato untaayi.
asalu janyuvuku minchina aneka omelu upayogakaramgaa marai mariyu iteevali samvatsaraalalo parisoedhanaa saastravettalu vistrutamgaa sweekarinchaaru. -omics" anae pratyayam oka kshetraanni ponduparachadaaniki sulabhamaina sankshiptalipini andinchagaladu; udaaharanaku, janyu-zeane, protein-protein ledhaa protein-ligand paraspara charyala yokka pedda-sthaayi vislaeshanhalaku sambandhinchina interactomics adhyayanam sahetukamgaa gurtinchadaginadi, ayithe protemics pedda ettuna proteinlanu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki oka padamgaa sthaapinchabadindi.
edainaa icchina omics technic, kevalam swayamgaa upayoginchabadutundi, host microbiome yokka chikkulanu taginantagaa vidadeeyadu. atitheya-suukshmajeevula paraspara charyala sanklishtatalanu santruptikaramgaa vippadaniki bahula-comic vidhanalu avasaram. udaaharanaku, metagenomics, metatronscriptomics, metaprotomics mariyu metabolomics paddhatulu annee metagenompy samacharanni andinchadaaniki upayoginchabadataayi.
chudandi...
maanavajanya prabhavalu.
samudra vaataavaranaalaloo, suukshmajeevula praathamika utpatti carbon dioxide sequestrationku gananeeyamgaa dohadam chestundi. samudra suukshmajeevulu kooda samudra aahara weblo upayogam kosam poeshakaalanu recycle chestaayi mariyu eee prakriyaloo vaataavaranaaniki CO2 nuu vidudala chestaayi. suukshmajeevula jeevaraashi mariyu itara sendriya padaarthaalu (mokkalu mariyu jantuvula avasheshaalu) lakshalaadi samvatsaraalugaa shilaja indhanaalugaa maarchabadutunnaayi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, shilaja indhanaalanu kalchadam valla aaa samayamlo chinna bhaagamlo greenhouse vaayuvulu vidudala avtayi. phalitamgaa, carbon chakram samatulyata lekunda poyindi, shilaja indhanaalu kaalipotuunae unnanta kaalam vaataavaranamloo carbon dye oxide sthaayilu perugutuunae untaayi.