
kaumaradasa

kaumaradasa () anedi saareeraka mariyu manasika abhivruddhi yokka parivartana dasha, idhi saadhaaranamgaa yuktavayassu nundi yuktavayassu varaku (saadhaaranamgaa majority vayassuku anugunamgaa) sambhavistundi. kaumaradasa saadhaaranamgaa yuktavayassu samvatsaraalato mudipadi untundi, conny daani saareeraka, manasika ledhaa saamskrutika vyakteekaranalu mundugaane praarambhamai ledhaa taruvaata mugustaayi. yuktavayassu saadhaaranamgaa koumaaradasaku mundu praarambhamavutundi, mukhyamgaa streelalo. saareeraka perugudala (mukhyamgaa purushulalo) mariyu abhignaa abhivruddhi yuktavayasulopu vistarinchavacchu. vayassu koumaaradasaku sthuulamaina gurtunu matrame andistundi, mariyu panditulu khachitamaina nirvachanampai ekibhavinchaledu. konni nirvachanalu 10 ellalopu praarambhamai 25 ledhaa 26 ellalopu mugustaayi. prapancha aarogya samstha nirvachanam prakaram koumaaradasalo unnavaarini 10 nundi 19 yella madhya vayassu gala vyaktigaa adhikarikamga perkontundi.
jeevasambandhamaina abhivruddhi.
saadhaaranamgaa yuktavayassu.
yuktavayassu anedi aneka samvatsaraala kaalam, dheenilo vegavantamaina saareeraka perugudala mariyu manasika maarpulu sambhavistaayi, idhi laingika paripakvatatoe mugustundi. yuktavayassu praarambhamayye sagatu vayassu baalikalaku 11 mariyu abbayilaku 12 samvatsaraalu. yuktavayassu kosam prati vyakti yokka vyaktigata kaalapattika pradhanamgaa vaarasatvam dwara prabhaavitamavutundi, ayithe aaharam mariyu vyayamam vanti paryaavarana karakalu kooda konni prabhavalanu chuuputaayi. eee karakalu akaala mariyu aalasyamaina yuktavayassuku kooda dohadam chestaayi.
yuktavayassu abhivruddhilo konni mukhyamaina bhagalalo vyaktula etthu, baruvu, shareera kuurpu mariyu prasarana mariyu swaasakosha vyavasthalalo vilakshanhamaina saareeraka maarpulu untaayi. eee maarpulu ekkuvagaa harmonela karyakalapala dwara prabhaavitamavutaayi. harmonelu samsthaagata paatranu poeshistaayi, yuktavayassu praarambhamaina tarvaata sariiraanni oka nirdishta maargamlo pravartinchadaaniki prerepistaayi, mariyu churukaina paatra, koumaaradasalo pravartanaa mariyu saareeraka maarpulanu prerepinche harmonelalo maarpulanu suuchistumdi.
yuktavayassu sudeergha prakriya dwara sambhavistundi mariyu harmonela utpatti perugudalato praarambhamavutundi, idhi aneka saareeraka maarpulaku kaaranamavutundi. idhi dviteeya laingika lakshanaala roopaanni mariyu abhivruddhini kaligi unna jeevita dasha (udaaharanaku, abbayilalo lothaina swaram mariyu pedda aadam aapil, mariyu rommula abhivruddhi mariyu ammayilalo marinta vakramaina mariyu pramukha pandlu) mariyu vayojana sthithi vaipu harmonela samatulyatalo balamaina maarpu. idhi petutory grandhi dwara prerepinchabadutundi, idhi rakta pravaahamloki harmonela agentla perugudalanu sravistundi, idhi golusu praticharyanu praarambhistundi. maga mariyu aada gonads tadwara sakriyam cheyabadataayi, idhi vaatini vegavantamaina perugudala mariyu abhivruddhi sthithiloki unchutundi; prerepinchabadina gonads ippudu harmonela bhaarii utpattini praarambhistaayi. vrushanhaalu pradhanamgaa testosterannu vidudala chestaayi, andaasayaalu pradhanamgaa eastrogen nuu pampinhee chestaayi. laingika paripakvata vachhe varaku eee harmonela utpatti kramamga perugutundi. kontamandi abbayilaku laingika harmonela asamatulyata, kanajaala pratispandana ledhaa oobakaayam kaaranamgaa gynecomastia abhivruddhi chendavacchu.
magavaarilo mukha juttu saadhaaranamgaa yuktavayassu samayamlo oka nirdishta kramamlo kanipistundihi kanipinche modati mukha juttu eguva pedavi moolallo perugutundi, saadhaaranamgaa 14 mariyu 17 samvatsaraala madhya untundi. idhi appudu mottam eguva pedavi meeda meesaalu erpadataaniki vyaapistundi. dheeni taruvaata buggala eguva bhaagamlo mariyu diguva pedavi kinda unna praantamloo juttu kanipistundi. juttu chivariki gaddam yokka vaipula mariyu diguva anchuku vyaapistundi, mariyu migilina diguva mukham puurti gaddam erpadutundi. chaalaa maanava jeeva prakriyala maadirigaane, eee nirdishta kramam kontamandi vyaktulalo maaravacchu. mukha juttu tarachugaa kaumaradasa chivarilo, 17 mariyu 18 samvatsaraala vayassulo untundi, conny gananeeyamgaa taruvaata varaku kanipinchakapovacchu. kontamandi purushulu yuktavayassu tarvaata 10 samvatsaraala varaku puurti mukha juttuni abhivruddhi cheyaru. yuktavayassu taruvaata maroe 2-4 samvatsaraala varaku mukha juttu mutakagaa, chaalaa muduru rangulo mariyu mandamgaa maarutuu untundi.
purushulaku yuktavayassu yokka pradhana mylurayi spermarche, idhi modati skhalanam, idhi sagatuna, 13 samvatsaraala vayassulo sambhavistundi. mahilalaku, idhi rutukramam, rutusraavam prarambham, idhi sagatuna, 12 mariyu 13 samvatsaraala madhya sambhavistundi. rutukramam vayassu vaarasatvamto prabhaavitamavutundi, conny oka ammai aaharam mariyu jeevanasaili kooda dohadam chestaayi. janyuvulatho sambandham lekunda, rutukramam pondadaaniki oka ammai shareera kovvulo kontha nishpattini kaligi undaali. tatphalitamgaa, adhika kovvu aaharam unna mariyu saareerakamgaa churukuga laeni ammayilu sagatuna, takkuva kovvu kaligi unna mariyu kovvunu tagginche vyayamam (udhaa.zii. ballet mariyu gymnastics). poeshakaahaara lopaanni anubhavinche ledhaa pillalu saareeraka shrama cheyaalani bhaavinche samajalalo unna baalikalu kooda taruvaati vayassulo rutusraavam praarambhistaaru.
yuktavayassu samayam mukhyamaina manasika mariyu saamaajika parinaamaalanu kaligistundi. prarambha paripakvata abbayilu saadhaaranamgaa vaari snehitula kante podavainavaru mariyu balamgaa untaaru. sambhaavya bhaagaswaamula drushtini aakarshinchadamlo mariyu kreedalaku modata empika cheyabadadamlo vaariki prayojanam undhi. yuktavayaskulaina abbayilu tarachugaa manchi shareera image kaligi untaaru, marinta aatmavisvaasam, surakshitamgaa mariyu marinta swatantramgaa untaaru. appatike abhivruddhi chendina snehitulu mariyu thotivaaritho tamanu taamu polchukunnappudu paelavamaina shareera chitram kaaranamgaa aalasyamgaa parinati chendina abbayilu takkuva aatmavisvaasam kaligi untaaru. ayithe, prarambha yuktavayassu abbayilaku ellappuduu sanukoolamgaa undadu; abbayilalo prarambha laingika paripakvatatoe paatu vaarini prabhaavitam chese harmonela perugudala kaaranamgaa dookudu peragavacchu. vaaru tama thoti vaari kante peddavarila kanipistunnanduna, yuktavayaskulaina abbayilu vayojana nibandhanalaku anugunamgaa undataaniki perigina saamaajika ottidini edurkovachhu; vaari abhignaa mariyu saamaajika abhivruddhi vaari roopaanni venukabadi unnappatikee, samajam vaarini marinta bhavodvegaparamga abhivruddhi chendinatlugaa chudavachu. prarambha paripakvatalo unna abbayilu laingikamgaa churukuga unde avakaasam ekkuvagaa undani, pramaadakara pravartanalalo palgone avakaasam ekkuvagaa undani adhyayanalu choopinchaayi.
baalikalaku, prarambha paripakvata konnisaarlu perigina sweeya-spruhaku daariteestundi, idhi paripakvamaina streelalo oka vilakshanhamaina amsam. vaari sareeraalu mundugaane abhivruddhi chendadam valla, yuktavayaska baalikalu marinta asurakshitamgaa mariyu aadhaarapadagalaru. tatphalitamgaa, laingika paripakvataku mundugaane cherukunna ammayilu vaari thotivaarikante tinadam lopaalu (anorexia nervosa vantivi) abhivruddhi chendhe avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi. american haiskool baalikala aahaaramlo daadaapu sagam baruvu taggadaaniki. adanamgaa, ammayilu bhavodvegaparamga mariyu maanasikamgaa parinati chendadaaniki mundu pedda abbayila nundi laingika purogatini edurkovalasi raavacchu. aalasyamgaa parinati chendina baalikala kante mundu laingika anubhavalu mariyu ekkuva avaanchita garbhalanu kaligi undatame kakunda, mundugaane parinati chendina baalikalu madyam mariyu maadakadravyaala durviniyogaaniki ekkuvagaa guravutaaru. ituvanti anubhavalu kaligina vaaru tama "anubhavam laeni" thotivaarilaagaa paatasaalalo baga pradarsana ivvaru.
baalikalu saadhaaranamgaa vayassu 15-17 chuttoo puurti saareeraka abhivruddhiki cherukuntaaru, ayithe abbayilu saadhaaranamgaa vayassu 16-17 chuttoo yuktavayassunu puurti chestaaru. yuktavayassu taruvaata vayassu minchi etthu peragadam asaadhaaranam. yuktavayassu yokka modati saareeraka maarpulu kanipinchina naalugu samvatsaraala taruvaata baalikalu punarutpatti paripakvatanu pondutaaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, abbayilu marinta nemmadigaa abhivruddhi chendutaaru, conny modati kanipinche yuktavayassu maarpula tarvaata sumaru aaru samvatsaraala paatu perugutuunae untaaru.
vruddhi perugudala.
baalikala yuktavayasulo saareeraka abhivruddhini moodu vibhina dasalugaa vibhajinchavachhu. praarambhamlo, idhi saadhaaranamgaa vegavantamaina perugudala praarambhamtho samanamga untundi, rommu moggalu mariyu jaghana juttu abhivruddhi chendutundi. saareeraka perugudala yokka garishta kaalam sumaru oka samvatsaram taruvaata laingika paripakvata yokka rendava dasato kalisi jarugutundi. dviteeya linga lakshanaalu praarambhamaina sumaru 1 nundi 1.6 samvatsaraala taruvaata, ammayilu moodava dasaloki pravesistaaru, indulo saadhaaranamgaa rutukramam untundi. eee samayaniki, vaaru tama perugudala vegaanni puurti chesi, pandla yokka gananeeyamaina vistaranatoe paatu vayojana kovvu pampineeni anubhavistaaru. adanamgaa, rommu abhivruddhi puurtavutumdi mariyu pubic praantam mariyu chankalu (accellary juttu) rendintiloonuu juttu muduru rangulo mariyu marinta vistrutamgaa untundi. baalikalatoe poliste, abbayilalo laingika abhivruddhi sarigga eppudu praarambhamavutundo nirvachinchadam gammattainadi kaavacchu.
abbayilaku, yuktavayassu puurti kaavadaaniki saadhaaranamgaa 5 samvatsaraalu padutundi, ammayilu (rutukramam) kevalam moodunnara samvatsaraalu matrame teesukuntaaru. eee samayaniki, vaaru ippatike vaari perugudala vegaanni anubhavinchaaru mariyu vaari shareera aakaaramlo spashtamaina maarpulu unnaayi-vistruta pandlu mariyu kovvu pampinhee marinta vayojanula maadirigaa untundi. eee dasha natiki rommu abhivruddhi kooda puurtavutumdi. abbayilalo, abhivruddhilo naalugu dasalanu koumaaradasalo saadhaarana shareera perugudala vakrarekhatho sambandham kaligi undavacchu. abbayilalo laingika paripakvataku prarambha sanketam saadhaaranamgaa "kovvu perugudala"."parinati chendina baaludu baruvu perigi, kontavaraku stree kovvu pampinheetho daadaapu chabbi avtadu. idhi bahusha sambhavistundi endukante vrushanhaalalo leadig kanaala dwara eastrogen utpatti marinta samruddhiga unna sertoli kanaalu gananeeyamaina mottamlo testosterannu utpatti cheyadam praarambhinchadaaniki mundhe prerepinchabadutundi. eee dasalo, abbayilu oobakaayam mariyu saareerakamgaa kontha ibbandikaramgaa kanipinchavacchu. vrushanamu parimaanamlo peragadam praarambhamaina sumaru 1 samvatsaram taruvaata, dasha II chudavachu. eee samayamlo, subcatanius kovvu puna ist pampinhee mariyu jaghana juttu perugudala prarambham avutundi. etthu perugudalalo garishta vegam 8 nundi 12 nelala taruvaata, dasha III vastundi. eee kaalamlo pandlu spashtamgaa vistarinchadam, marinta vayojanula kovvu pampinhee mariyu rommula puurti abhivruddhitho gurtinchabadutundi. mottam meeda, eee moodu dasalu chaalaa mandhi vyaktula puurti vruddhi vegamtho mugustaayi. eee samayamlo, auxillary juttu kanipistundi mariyu mukha juttu eguva pedavi meeda matrame kanipistundi. charmamloni kovvulo nirantara taggudala mariyu spashtamgaa kathinamaina mariyu marinta koneeya shareera roopamtho paatu kandaraala perugudalalo kooda perugudala sambhavistundi. jaghana juttu pampinhee ekkuva vayojanamgaa kanipistundi conny todala madhya praantaaniki inca vyaapinchalaedu. purushangam mariyu vrushanamu vayojana parimaanaaniki daggaragaa untaayi. moodava dasha tarvaata 15 nundi 24 nelala varaku jarige baluru kosam naalugo dasha, gurtinchadam kashtam. eee samayamlo, etthu perugudala perugudala mugustundi. gaddam mariyu eguva pedavi meeda mukha juttu, vayojana pampinhee mariyu jaghana mariyu akshata juttu rangu, mariyu kandaraala balam marinta perugutundi.
koumaaradasalo perugudala anedi yuktavayassu samayamlo vyakti yokka etthu mariyu baruvulo vegavantamaina perugudala, idhi perugudala harmonelu, thyroid harmonelu mariyu androgenlanu ekakaalamlo vidudala cheyadam valla vastundi. sagatuna, aadavaalla kante, rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata magavaallu tama perugudala vegaanni anubhavistaaru. vaari garishta etthu vegam (atyanta vegavantamaina perugudala samayam) samayamlo, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru pasipillala maadirigaane perugutaaru-purushulaku samvatsaraaniki 10.3 centimeters (4 angulaalu) mariyu mahilalaku samvatsaraaniki 9 centimeters (3.5 angulaalu). ettulo maarpulatoe paatu, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru kooda baruvulo gananeeyamaina perugudalanu anubhavistaaru (marshal, 1978). koumaaradasalo perigina baruvu okari vayojana shareera baruvulo daadaapu sagam untundi. yuktavayassu taruvaata kooda yuktavayassu mariyu prarambha vayojana purushulu sahaja kandaraala perugudalanu pondadam konasaginchavacchu.
vividha shareera bhagalalo vegavantamaina perugudala ververu samayaallo jarugutundi, conny koumaaradasalo unna vaarandarikee, idhi chaalaa kramamaina kramaanni kaligi untundi. peragadaaniki modati pradaesaalu-thala, chetulu mariyu kaallu-taruvaata chetulu mariyu kaallu, taruvaata mondem mariyu bhujaalu. koumaaradasalo unna sareeram asamanamga kanipinchataaniki eee ekareeti perugudala oka kaaranam.
yuktavayassu samayamlo, emukalu marinta kathinamgaa mariyu pelusugaa marutayi. yuktavayassu mugimpulo, epiphysis anie piluvabade prakriyaloo podavaina emukala chivaralanu muusivaestaaru. eee asthipanjara maarpulalo jaathi thedaalu undavacchu. udaaharanaku, united stateslo, tellati koumaaradasalo unnavaari kante nallajaateeyulalo emuka saandrata gananeeyamgaa ekkuvagaa perugutundi, idhi nallajati mahilalaku bolu emukala vyaadhi vachhe avakaasam mariyu akkada takkuva emuka pagullu unde avakaasam taggutundi.
yuktavayassu samayamlo kovvu mariyu kandaraala saareeraka pampinheelo maroe mukhyamaina saareeraka maarpulu jarugutaayi. eee prakriya streelaku mariyu purushulaku bhinnamgaa untundi. yuktavayassuku mundu, kovvu mariyu kandaraala pampinheelo daadaapu linga bhedaalu laevu; yuktavayassulo, abbayilu baalikala kante chaalaa vaegamgaa kandaraalanu penchutaaru, ayinappatikee rendu lingaalu vaegamgaa kandaraala abhivruddhini anubhavistaayi. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, rendu lingaalu shareera kovvulo perugudalanu anubhavinchinappatikii, baalikalaku perugudala chaalaa mukhyamainadi. tarachugaa, baalikalalo kovvu perugudala yuktavayassuku mundu vaari samvatsaraalalo jarugutundi. yuktavayassu taruvaata abbayilalo kandaraalu mariyu kovvu madhya nishpatti moodu nundi okati varaku untundi, ayithe baalikalalo idhi aidu nundi naalugu varaku untundi. idhi athletic paniteerulo linga vyatyaasaalanu vivarinchadaaniki sahaayapadavachhu.
yuktavayassu abhivruddhi prasarana mariyu swaasakosha vyavasthalanu kooda prabhaavitam chestundi, endukante koumaaradasalo gunde mariyu oopiritittulu parimaanam mariyu saamarthyam rendintiloonuu perugutaayi. eee maarpulu vyayamam kosam balam mariyu sahanam peragadaaniki daariteestaayi. purushulu "pedda hrudayaalu mariyu oopiritittulu, adhika systolic raktapotu, takkuva vishraanti hridaya spandana raetu, raktaaniki oxygennu mosukelle ekkuva saamarthyam, kandaraala vyayamam yokka rasayana utpattulanu thatastheekarinchadaaniki ekkuva shakti, adhika rakta haemoglobin mariyu ekkuva erra rakta kanaalu" abhivruddhi chendadam valana linga bhedaalu spashtamgaa kanipistaayi.
konni janyu linga bhedaalu unnappatikee, koumaaradasalo jeeva maarpulalo paryaavarana karakalu pedda paatra poeshistaayi. udaaharanaku, baalikalu koumaaradasalo vaari saareeraka sramanu tagginchukuntaaru mariyu iron vanti mukhyamaina poeshakaalu laeni aaharaala nundi taginanta poeshakaahaaram pondakapovacchu. eee paryaavarana prabhavalu, stree saareeraka abhivruddhini prabhaavitam chestaayi.
punarutpatti sambandhita maarpulu.
praathamika laingika lakshanaalu laingika avayavalaku neerugaa sambandhinchinavi. purushulalo, yuktavayassu yokka modati dasallo vrushanhaalu mariyu vrushanamu perugudala, taruvaata purushangam perugudala untaayi. purushangam abhivruddhi chendutunna samayamlo, seminal vesicals, prostate mariyu balborethral grandhi kooda peddavigaa mariyu abhivruddhi chendutaayi. veerya dravam yokka modati skhalanam saadhaaranamgaa vegavantamaina purushangam perugudala praarambhamaina oka samvatsaram tarvaata jarugutundi, ayinappatikee idhi tarachugaa jeevasaastraparamgaa kakunda saamskrutikamgaa nirnayinchabadutundi, endukante chaalaa mandhi abbayilaku modati skhalanam hasta prayogam phalitamgaa jarugutundi. abbayilu saadhaaranamgaa peddavaadigaa kanipinchaka mundhe saaravantamainavaaru.
streelalo, praadhamika laingika lakshanaalalo maarpulu garbhasayam, yoni mariyu punarutpatti vyavastha yokka itara amsaala perugudalanu kaligi untaayi. rutukramam, rutusraavam prarambham, saapekshamgaa aalasyamgaa abhivruddhi chendutundi, idhi sudeergha shreni harmonela maarpulanu anusaristundi. saadhaaranamgaa, oka ammai rutukramam taruvaata chaalaa samvatsaraala varaku puurtigaa saaravantamainadi kaadu, endukante saadhaarana andotsargamu rutukramam taruvaata sumaru rendu samvatsaraalu untundi. anduvalla, magavaalla maadirigaa kakunda, aadavaallu saadhaaranamgaa garbhavati kaavadaaniki mundhe saareerakamgaa parinati chendinatlu kanipistaaru.
dviteeya linga lakshanaalalo maarpulu laingika punarutpattiki neerugaa sambandham laeni prati maarpunu kaligi untaayi. purushulalo, eee maarpulalo, jaghana, mukha mariyu shareera juttu roopaanni, swaram lothugaa undatam, eguva chetulu mariyu todala chuttoo charmam kathinamgaa undatam mariyu chemata grandhula abhivruddhini penchadam untaayi. streelalo, dviteeya linga maarpulalo rommula etthu, pandla vedalpu, jaghana mariyu under arm juttu abhivruddhi, erola vedalpu mariyu urugujjula etthu untaayi. yuktavayassu samayamlo jarige dviteeya linga lakshanaalalo maarpulanu tarachugaa aidu charmasuddhi dasala paramgaa suuchistaaru, vargeekarana vyavasthanu roopondinchina british pediatrician paeru pettaru.
medadulo maarpulu.
oka vyakti yuktavayassuku cherukune samayaniki ledhaa puurti chese samayaniki maanava medadu abhivruddhi chendadam puurti kaadu. medadu yokka mundu bhaagam 30la varaku baga aakaram pondutundani telisindi. eee abhivruddhi kaalam eppudu mugustundane daanipai ledhaa medadu abhivruddhi mugimpuku khachitamaina vayassu undaa anae daanipai naadii saastravettalu tarachugaa khachitamgaa angeekarinchaleru. sumaru 30 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna maanava medadu maanava pravartana mariyu saamaajika aparipakvatalo chikkukundi. edemaina, koumaaradasalo mariyu yuktavayassu praarambhamlo edainaa ahetuka pravartanalatho prefrontal cartex abhivruddhitho kaarana sambandhaanni soochinche anubhavika adhyayanam ledhu. aaru samvatsaraala vayassu vachesariki medadu daani vayojana parimaanamlo 90 saataaniki cherukuntundi. anduvalla, koumaaradasalo medadu peddagaa peragadu.
koumaaradasalo, medadulooni tella padaartham parimaanam saralamgaa perugutundi, ayithe medadulooni buudida padaartham parimaanam viloma-yuu namuunaanu anusaristundi. synaptic kattirimpu anae prakriya dwara, medadulooni anavasaramaina neuronal connections tolaginchabadataayi mariyu buudida padaartham mottam tagginchabadutundi. ayithe, dheeni ardham medadu kaaryaacharananu kolpotundani kaadu; badulugaa, perigina myelination (oxanla insulation) mariyu upayoginchani maargaala taggimpu kaaranamgaa idhi marinta samarthavantamgaa maarutundi.
kattirinchabade medadulooni modati praantaalu motaru mariyu indriya praantaalu vanti praathamika vidhulanu kaligi untaayi. marinta sanklishtamaina prakriyalalo palgone medadulooni praantaalu taruvaata abhivruddhilo padaarthaanni kolpotayi. veetilo itara praantaalatoo paatu parshwa mariyu mundu bhagapu cartises unnaayi. medadulo atyanta abhivruddhi chendutunna mukhyamaina maarpulu konni prefrontal cartexlo sambhavistaayi, idhi nirnayam teesukovadam mariyu abhignaa niyanthranatho paatu itara adhika abhignaa vidhulalo paalgontundi. koumaaradasalo, prefrontal cartexlo myelination mariyu synaptic kattirimpu perugutundi, samachara prosessing saamarthyaanni meruguparustundi mariyu prefrontal cartex mariyu medadulooni itara praantaala madhya naadii sambandhaala anusandhanam balopetam avutundi. idhi pramaadaalu mariyu pratiphalaala merugaina muulyaankanaaniki, alaage preranalapai merugaina niyantranaku daariteestundi. pratyekinchi, dorsolateral prefrontal cartexlo parinaamaalu preranalanu niyantrinchadaaniki mariyu mundugaane pranaalika vaeyadaaniki mukhyamainavi, ayithe ventromedial prefrontal cartexlo abhivruddhi nirnayam teesukoovadaaniki mukhyamainadi. pratiphalaalu mariyu nashtalanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki arbitofrontal cartexlo maarpulu mukhyamainavi.
koumaaradasalo medadu abhivruddhilo mukhyamaina paatra poeshinchae moodu neurotransmitterlu glutamate, dopamine mariyu serotonin. glutamate anedi oka uttejakaramaina neurotransmitter. koumaaradasalo sambhavinche synaptic kattirimpu samayamlo, kattirinchina chaalaa naadii sambandha sambandhaalalo glutamate ledhaa itara uttejakaramaina neurotransmitterla kosam grahakaalu untaayi. eee kaaranamgaa, yuktavayassu praarambhamlo medadulooni synaptic samatulyata uttejakaramaina daanikante ekkuva nirodhakatanu kaligi untundi.
dopamine anedi nirnayam teesukune samayamlo aanandam mariyu paryaavaranaaniki anugunamgaa undatam thoo mudipadi untundi. koumaaradasalo, limbic vyavasthalo dopamine sthaayilu perugutaayi mariyu prefrontal cartexku dopamine input perugutundi. nirodhaka neurotransmitterlaku uttejakaramaina samatulyata mariyu koumaaradasalo perigina dopamine karyakalapalu koumaaradasalo pramaadaanni mariyu visuguku gurayye pramaadaaniki chikkulanu kaligi undavacchu (krinda abhignaa abhivruddhini chudandi).
serotonin anedi manasika sthithi mariyu pravartananu niyantrinchadamlo palgone neuromodulator. limbic vyavasthalo abhivruddhi anedi bahumatulu mariyu sikshalanu nirnayinchadamlo mariyu bhavodvega anubhavam mariyu saamaajika samacharanni proses cheyadamlo mukhyamaina paatra poeshistumdi. limbic vyavasthalo dopamine mariyu serotonin anae neurotransmitterla sthaayilalo maarpulu koumaaradasalo unnavaarini marinta bhavodveganiki mariyu pratiphalaalu mariyu ottidiki marinta pratispandinchelaa chestaayi. bhavodvega vaividhyam yokka sambandhita perugudala kooda koumaaradasalo unnavaari durbalatvaanni penchutundi. serotonin prabhavam limbic vyavasthaku matrame parimitam kaaduh aneka serotonin grahakaalu koumaaradasalo, mukhyamgaa maanava mundu mariyu mundu valkalam loe, vaati janyu vyakteekaranalo natakeeyamgaa maarpu kaligi untaayi.
abhignaa abhivruddhi.
kaumaradasa anedi vegavantamaina abhignaa abhivruddhi kaalam. piaget koumaaradasanu jeevita dasagaa varninchaaru, dheenilo vyakti yokka aalochanalu nairoopya roopaanni teesukovadam praarambhistaayi mariyu ahambhava aalochanalu taggutaayi, idhi vyaktini vistruta drukpathamlo aalochinchadaaniki mariyu tarkinchadaaniki anumatistundi. pravartanaa mariyu fmri adhyayanala kalayika karyanirvahaka vidhula abhivruddhini pradarsinchindi, antey, aalochanalu mariyu pravartana yokka niyantrana mariyu samanvayaanni praarambhinchae abhignaa naipunyaalu, ivi saadhaaranamgaa prefrontal cartexto sambandham kaligi untaayi. jeevitamlooni eee kaalamlo abhivruddhi chendina aalochanalu, aalochanalu mariyu bhavanalu okari bhavishyat jeevitaanni baga prabhaavitam chestaayi, paatra mariyu vyaktitva nirmaanamloo pradhana paatra poeshistaayi.
medadu nirmaanam mariyu medadulooni anusandhaanamlo jeevasambandhamaina maarpulu vegavantamaina abhignaa vruddhini utpatti cheyadaaniki perigina anubhavam, ghnaanam mariyu maarutunna saamaajika demandlatho sankarshana chendutaayi (paina medadulo maarpulanu chudandi). nirdishta maarpulu jarige vayassu vyaktula madhya maarutuu untundi, conny krinda charchinchina maarpulu yuktavayassu nundi ledhaa aaa taruvaata kontakaalam tarvaata praarambhamavutaayi mariyu koumaaradasalo konni naipunyaalu abhivruddhi chendutune untaayi. dwandwa vyavasthala namuunaa, koumaaradasalo unna udvegam mariyu itara pravartanalaku dohadapade medadulooni saamaajika bhavodvega vyavastha mariyu abhignaa niyantrana vyavasthala abhivruddhi madhya paripakvata asamatulyatanu pratipaadistundi. ebisidi adhyayanam vanti konni adhyayanalu kaumaradasa abhignaa abhivruddhi yokka praathamika rekhapai parisoedhana chestunnayi.
saiddhaantika drukpathaalu.
koumaaradasalo abhignaa maarpulanu ardham chesukovadaniki kaneesam rendu pradhana vidhanalu unnaayi. okati abhignaa abhivruddhi yokka nirmaanaatmaka drukpatham. piaget yokka pani aadhaaramgaa, idhi parimaanaatmaka, rashtra-siddhaanta vidhananni teesukuntundi, koumaaradasalo abhignaa merugudala saapekshamgaa akasmaattugaa mariyu teevramgaa untundani oohistundi. rendavadi samachara-prosessing drukpatham, idhi krutrima medhassu adhyayanam nundi udbhavinchindi mariyu aalochanaa prakriyalooni nirdishta bhagala perugudala paramgaa abhignaa abhivruddhini vivarinche prayatnaalu.
abhignaa saamardhyamlo merugudalalu.
vyaktulu 14 samvatsaraalu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu vachhe samayaniki vaari vimarsanaatmaka aalochana mariyu nirnayam teesukune saamarthyam peddalatho polchavachhu. koumaaradasalo aidu rangaalalo eee merugudalalu sambhavistaayih
2005 kante kotta adhyayanalu medadu daani iravaila kante ekkuva kaalam saamardhyamlo marutondani suuchistunnaayi, iravailalo 'paripakvata sthaanam' kontavaraku ekapakshamgaa untundi, endukante medadulooni aneka mukhyamaina bhagalu 14 ledhaa 15 samvatsaraala natiki paripakvata chendutaayi, tadwara 'paripakvata' nirvachinchadam kashtam mariyu tarachugaa vibhedinchabadindi.
prefrontal cartex kattirimpu 14 ledhaa 15 samvatsaraala vayassulo samanamga namodu cheyabadindi, mariyu jeevitam yokka aarava dasaabdam varaku konasaagutunnatlu chudabadindi. tella padaartham 45 samvatsaraala vayassu varaku perugutundani namodu cheyabadindi, aapai adhi pragatiseela vruddhaapyam dwara kolpotundi. myelination nalabhaila mariyu yaabhaila varaku konasagithe, iravailalo medadu daani abhivruddhini puurti chestundane vaadanapai sandehaanni tolagistundi.
oohaatmaka mariyu nairoopya aalochana.
pillala kante koumaaradasalo unnavaari aalochana khachitamaina sanghatanalaku takkuva kattubadi untundih vaaru prastutam unnadaaniki velupala unna avakaasaalanu aalochinchagalaru. avakaasaala gurinchi aalochistuu koumaaradasalo perigina soukaryaaniki oka abhivyakti emitante, oohaatmaka aalochana abhivruddhiki daariteese oohaatmaka tarkamlo naipunyaanni meruguparachadam. idhi mundugaane pranaalika vesukovadam, oka charya yokka bhavishyat parinaamaalanu chudatam mariyu sanghatanala yokka pratyaamnaaya vivaranalanu andinche saamarthyaanni andistundi. idhi koumaaradasalo unnavaarini marinta naipunhyam kaligina charchakulaga chestundi, endukante vaaru snehitula ledhaa tallidandrula oohalaku vyatiraekamgaa tarkinchagalaru. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru sambhaavyata gurinchi marinta adhunaatana avagahananu kooda pempondinchukuntaaru.
koumaaradasalo abhignaa abhivruddhilo marinta kramabaddhamaina, nairoopya aalochana yokka roopaanni maroka mukhyamaina amsam. udaaharanaku, yuktavayaskulu padyaalu, saametalu, roopakaalu mariyu saaruupyatalaloo antarleenamgaa unna unnata-sthaayi nairoopya tarkam yokka rakalanu ardham chesukovadam pillala kante sulabham. vaari perigina soukaryam vyangyamu, roopakam mariyu vyangyamu vanti bahula sandeshaalanu teliyajeyadaaniki bhashanu upayoginche maargaalanu mechukovadaniki veelu kalpistundi. (tommidella kante takkuva vayassu unna pillalu tarachugaa vyangyaanni assalu ardham chesukoleru.) idhi vyaktula madhya sambandhaalu, rajakeeyaalu, tatvasaastram, matam, naitikata, sneham, vishwaasam, nyaayabaddhata mariyu nijayiti vanti saamaajika mariyu saiddhaantika vishayaalaku adhunaatana tarkam mariyu taarkika prakriyalanu vartimpajeyadaaniki kooda anumatistundi.
metacognition.
abhignaa saamardhyamlo moodava laabhamlo aalochinchadam gurinchi aalochinchadam untundi, eee prakriyanu metacognition anie pilustaaru. idhi tarachugaa aalochanaa prakriyaloo okari swantha abhignaa karyakalapalanu paryaveekshistundi. koumaaradasalo vaari swantha aalochanaa vidhaanaala parignaanamlo merugudalalu merugaina sweeya niyantrana mariyu marinta samarthavanthamaina adhyayanaaniki daariteestaayi. idhi saamaajika ghnaanamlo kooda sambandhitamgaa untundi, phalitamgaa aatmapariseelana, sweeya-spruha mariyu medhoparamgaa (oka rakshana yantraamgaa friedian nirvachanam kante, okari swantha aalochanala gurinchi aalochana yokka ardhamlo) perugutundi. prajalu tama manasika karyakalapalapai puurti niyantrananu kaligi laerani ardham chesukovadaniki pillala kante koumaaradasalo unnavaaru chaalaa baga untaaru. aatmapariseelana cheyagalagadam anedi rendu rakaala kaumara ahankaaraaniki daariteeyavachchu, idhi aalochanalo rendu vibhina samasyalaku daariteestundihi oohaatmaka prekshakulu mariyu vyaktigata katha. ivi saadhaaranamgaa sweeya spruhatho paatu padihenu samvatsaraala vayassulo garishta sthaayiki chaerataayi.
metacognition mariyu nairoopya aalochanaku sambandhinchina, drukpatham-teesukovadamlo manassu yokka marinta adhunaatana siddhaantam untundi. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru saamaajika drukpathaanni teesukune dasaku cherukuntaaru, dheenilo vaaru vyaktigatamgaa palgonakapoyina, oka vyakti yokka aalochanalu ledhaa charyalu maroka vyakti yokka aalochanalanu elaa prabhaavitam cheyagalavo ardham chesukovacchu.
saapeksha aalochana.
pillalatho poliste, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru itarula vaadanalanu prasninche avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi, mariyu vaastavaalanu sampoorna satyaalugaa angeekarinche avakaasam takkuvagaa untundi. kutumba vruttaaniki velupala anubhavam dwara, vaaru sampuurnamgaa bodhinchina niyamaalu vaastavaaniki saapekshamainavani telusukuntaaru. vaaru saadhaarana ghnaanam nundi erpaatu chesina niyamaala madhya thedaanu gurtinchadam praarambhistaaru-vaedi poyyini takakunda-mariyu saamskrutikamgaa saapeksha pramaanaalapai aadhaarapadinavi (maryaada sankethaalu, oka nirdishta vayassu varaku thedhee laenivi), chinna pillalu cheyani varnana. idhi anni domainlalo prasninche adhikara kaalaaniki daariteeyavachchu.
vivekam.
ghnaanam, ledhaa anubhavam dwara abhivruddhi cheyabadina antardrushti mariyu teerpu kosam saamarthyam,
risk teesukondi.
koumaaradasalo unnavaariki chaalaa varaku gayalu pramaadakaramaina pravartana (madyam viniyogam mariyu maadakadravyaala vadakam, nirlakshyamgaa ledhaa paradhyanam laeni driving, asurakshita laingika samparkam) kuu sambandhinchinavi kabatti, koumaaradasalo pramaadaanni edurkone antarleena abhignaa mariyu bhavodvega prakriyalapai chaalaa parisoedhanalu jarigaayi. eee prasnanu parishkarinchadamlo, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru pramaadakara pravartanalalo (praabalyam) palgone avakaasam undaa, vaaru pramaada sambandhita nirnayaalu peddala kante (abhignaa prosessing drukpatham) adhe vidhamgaa ledhaa bhinnamgaa teesukuntunnara ledhaa vaaru oke prakriyalanu upayogistunnara ledhaa anevi vaeru cheyadam mukhyam.
pravartanaa nirnayam teesukune siddhaantam koumaaradasalo unnavaaru mariyu peddalu iddaroo oka charya yokka sambhaavya pratiphalaalu mariyu parinaamaalanu anchanaa vestaarani pratipaadinchindi. ayithe, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru peddala kante bahumatulaku, mukhyamgaa saamaajika bahumatulaku ekkuva praadhaanyata istaarani parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi.
koumaaradasalo unnavaaru mariyu peddalu pramaadam gurinchi oke vidhamgaa aalochistaaru, conny ververu viluvalanu kaligi untaaru, tadwara ververu nirdhaaranalaku vastaaru anae parikalpanaku parisoedhana anukuulamgaa unnatlu telustondi. koumaaradasalo pramaadaanni teesukune dhorani peragadamtho parinaamaatmaka prayojanaalu undavacchani kondaru vaadinchaaru. udaaharanaku, pramaadaalu teesukoovadaaniki sumukhata lekunda, yuktavayaskulaku vaari muula kutumbaanni vidichipettadaaniki avasaramaina prerana ledhaa vishwaasam undadu. adanamgaa, janabha konam nundi, ekkuva pramaadaalanu teesukoovadaaniki mariyu kotta paddhatulanu prayatninchadaaniki siddhamgaa unna vyaktula samuuhaanni kaligi undatam valla prayojanam undhi, vruddhulu pondina ghnaanam kante marinta vilakshanhamaina sampradaayavaada amsaalanu samatulyam cheyadam.
risk-taking punarutpatti prayojanaalanu kooda kaligi undavachuhu koumaaradasalo unnavaariki laingika aakarshana mariyu dating loe kotta praadhaanyata untundi, mariyu sambhaavya sahacharulanu aakattukovadaaniki risk-taking avasaram. baseline sensation korika jeevitakaalam antataa risk teesukune pravartananu prabhaavitam cheyavachani kooda parisoedhana suuchistumdi. sambhaavya parinaamaalanu batti, laingika pravartanalo palgonadam kontha pramaadakaram, mukhyamgaa koumaaradasalo unnavaariki. asurakshita laingika sambandham kaligi undatam, paelavamaina janana niyantrana paddhatulanu upayoginchadam (udhaa.zii. upasamharana), bahula laingika bhaagaswaamulanu kaligi undatam, mariyu paelavamaina communication anedi vyaktigata mariyu/ledhaa saamaajika pramaadaanni penche laingika pravartana yokka konni amsaalu.
pramaadakaramaina laingika pravartanatho sambandham unna koumaaradasalo unnavaari jeevitaallo adhika tallidandrula durviniyogam, mariyu tallidandrula maddatu mariyu paryaveekshanha takkuva raetlu unnaayi.
nirodham.
pramaadaanni teesukune vaari perigina dhoraniki sambandhinchi, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru antarinchipoye abhyaasamlo lopalatho sahaa balaheenamaina pravartanaa nirodhakatanu chuuputaaru. surakshitam kaani laingika sambandham ledhaa akrama maadakadravyaala vadakam vanti pramaadakaramaina pravartanalo paalgonadaaniki idhi mukhyamaina chikkulanu kaligi untundi, endukante koumaaradasalo unnavaaru bhavishyattulo pratikuula phalitaalanu kaliginche charyalanu nirodhinche avakaasam takkuvagaa untundi. eee drugvishayam antarinchipoye suutram aadhaaramgaa pravartanaa chikitsalaku kooda parinaamaalanu kaligi untundi, aandolana ledhaa maadakadravya vyasanam kosam kyuu exposure therapy vantivi. balaheenamaina nirodham, mukhyamgaa antarinchipovadam, vyasanam kosam pravartanaa chikitsanu anusarinchinappatikii, maadakadravyaala kosam tirigi vetakadaaniki koumaaradasalo unde pravruttini vivarinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundani soochinchabadindi.
manasika abhivruddhi.
kaumara manastatvasaastram yokka adhikaarika adhyayanam zii prachuranatho praarambhamaindi. 1904loe american psychological association modati adhyakshudaina stanley haall yokka "kaumaradasa". haall, koumaaradasanu 14 nundi 24 samvatsaraala vayassu varaku jeevita kaalamgaa nirvachinchaaru, mariyu dheenini pradhanamgaa antargata gandaragolam mariyu tirugubaatu () gaa chuusaaru. yuvatapai eee avagahana maanava pravartananu ardham chesukovadaniki rendu kotta margalapai aadharapadi undih darwin yokka parinaama siddhaantam mariyu frayid yokka manasika gathi siddhaantam. kaumaradasa anedi mana maanava puurveekula jatijanya maarpuku, aadimatvam nundi nagarikataku praatinidhyam vahistundani ayana viswasinchaadu. eric ericson mariyu annah frayid vanti manastatvavettalu kaumaradasa gurinchi vaari siddhaantaalanu roopondinchadam praarambhinchae varaku 1950la varaku haall yokka vaadanalu saapekshamgaa pootii lekunda unnaayi. yuvatato mudipadi unna manasika aatamkaalu jeevasaastraparamgaa mariyu saamskrutikamgaa saarvatrikamainavani frayid vishwasinchagaa, ericson gurtimpu nirmaanam mariyu paatra neraverpu madhya dwaipaakshikatapai drushti pettadu. vaari vibhina siddhaantaalatoe kooda, eee mugguru manastatvavettalu kaumaradasa anedi sahajamgaa bhangam mariyu manasika gandaragolaniki sambandhinchina samayam anie angeekarinchaaru. koumaaradasalo takkuva allakallolamaina amsaalu, thoti sambandhaalu mariyu saamskrutika prabhavam vantivi 1980la varaku ekkuvagaa vismarinchabaddaayi. 50la nundi 80la varaku, eee rangam yokka drushti pradhanamgaa vaatini vivarinchadaaniki badulugaa pravartana yokka namuunaalanu vivarinchadampai undedi.
zeane mcfurlane 1927loe california vishwavidyaalayaanni sthaapinchaaru, gatamlo institute off chiled welfare anie piluvabade berkilly institute off human development, aarogyakaramaina abhivruddhi adhyayanalanu praarambhinchadamlo eee samstha keelaka paatra pooshinchindi, pathological vyaktitvaala aadhaaramgaa siddhaantaala aadhipatyam unna munupati paniki viruddhamgaa. eee adhyayanalu mahaa maandyam mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo maanava abhivruddhini pariseelinchaayi, oka taram pillalu perigina pratyaekamaina chaaritraka paristhitulu. 1931loe harrold johns mariyu herbert stolze praarambhinchina oklaand perugudala adhyayanam, oklaand praantamlooni pillala saareeraka, medho mariyu saamaajika abhivruddhini adhyayanam cheyadaanni lakshyamgaa pettukundi. dayta sekarana 1932loe praarambhamaindi mariyu 1981 varaku konasaagindi, parisoedhakulu gatha koumaaradasanu yuktavayassu varaku vistarinchina vyaktulapai rekhansha daetaanu sekarinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. zeane mcfurlane berkley maargadarsaka adhyayananni praarambhinchaadu, idhi pillala saamaajika aardhika mariyu kutumba nepathyaala paramgaa vaari abhivruddhini pariseelinchindi. eee adhyayanalu 1960laloe glen eldarku kaumaradasa abhivruddhi yokka jeevita gamanikanu pratipaadinchadaaniki nepathyaanni andinchaayi. peddavaadu koumaaradasalo abhivruddhi chendadaaniki aneka vivaranaatmaka suutraalanu roopondinchaadu. chaaritraka samayam mariyu pradaesam yokka suutram oka vyakti yokka abhivruddhi vaaru perige kaalam mariyu pradaesam dwara roopondinchabadutundani perkondi. okari jeevitamlo samayam yokka praamukhyata suutram anedi okari jeevitamlo avi eppudu sambhavistaayane daani aadhaaramgaa jeevita sanghatanalu abhivruddhipai choope vibhina prabhavanni suuchistumdi. anusandhaanita jeevitaala aalochana okari abhivruddhi anedi oka bhaagamaina paraspara anusandhaanita sambandhaala network dwara roopudiddukuntundani mariyu maanava agency suutram oka vyakti yokka jeevita gamanam vaari chaaritraka kaalam mariyu saamaajika network sandarbhamlo vaari empikalu mariyu charyala dwara nirminchabadutundani nokki chebutundi.
1984loe, koumaaradasapai parisoedhana kosam society (sra) kaumara manastatvasastra adhyayanaaniki ankitamaina modati adhikaarika samsthagaa maarindi. eee samuuham modata parishkarinchina konni samasyalu koumaaradasaku sambandhinchina prakruti verses poeshanha charcha; kaumaradasa mariyu vaari paryaavaranam madhya paraspara charyalanu ardham chesukovadam; mariyu kaumaradasa pravartananu ardham chesukuntunnappudu samskruti, saamaajika samuuhaalu mariyu chaaritraka sandarbhaanni parigananaloki teesukovadam.
jeremi griffith vanti parinaamaatmaka jeevasaastravettalu kaumara manastatvasaastram mariyu hominid puurveekula nundi aadhunika maanavula abhivruddhi parinaamam madhya samaantaraalanu antogeny recapitulating phylogeny yokka abhivyaktigaa geesaaru.
saamaajika abhivruddhi.
gurtimpu abhivruddhi.
gurtimpu abhivruddhi anedi koumaaradasalo jeevita chakramlo oka dasha. chaalaa varaku, gurtimpu kosam anveshana koumaaradasalo praarambhamavutundi. eee samvatsaraallo, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru taamu evaro telusukovadaaniki vividha pravartanalu mariyu roopaalanu 'prayatninchadaaniki' marinta opengaa untaaru. vaari gurtimpunu kanugoni, vaaru evaro telusukovadaaniki, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tamaku baga saripoyedaanni kanugonadaaniki aneka gurtimpulanu pariseelinchae avakaasam undhi. kutumba jeevitam, paryaavaranam mariyu saamaajika hodha vanti aneka kaaranaala valla gurtimpunu abhivruddhi cheyadam mariyu nirvahinchadam (koumaaradasalo) kashtamaina pani. anubhavika adhyayanalu eee prakriyanu erpade daanikante gurtimpu abhivruddhiga marinta khachitamgaa varninchavacchani suuchistunnaayi, conny sweeya gurinchi okari aalochanala yokka vishayam mariyu nirmaanam rendintiloonuu maarpu yokka pramaana prakriyanu nirdhaaristundi. gurtimpu abhivruddhiki rendu pradhana amsaalu sweeya-spashtata mariyu aatmagouravam. koumaaradasalo chesina empikalu taruvaati jeevitaanni prabhaavitam cheyagalavu kabatti, kaumaradasa madhyalo adhika sthaayi sweeya-avagahana mariyu sweeya-niyantrana yuktavayassuku maare samayamlo merugaina nirnayaalaku daariteestundi. gurtimpu abhivruddhini ardham chesukovadaniki parisoedhakulu moodu saadhaarana vidhaanaalanu upayoginchaaruh sweeya-bhavana, gurtimpu bhavana mariyu aatmagouravam. kaumaradasa samvatsaraalu yuvakula marinta manassakshigala samuuhaanni srushtistaayi. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru chaalaa shraddha vahistaaru mariyu vaari sareeram maarpulaku lonavutunnappudu vaari roopaaniki ekkuva samayam mariyu krushini istaaru. pillala maadirigaa kakunda, teanage pillalu andamgaa kanipinchadaaniki prayatnistaaru (1991). koumaaradasalo perige vaataavaranam kooda vaari gurtimpu abhivruddhilo mukhyamaina paatra poeshistumdi. american psychological association chesina adhyayanalu takkuva pratyaekamaina pempakam unna koumaaradasalo unnavaaru vaari gurtimpunu abhivruddhi chesukovadam marinta kashtamani choopinchaayi.
sweeya bhavana.
sweeya-bhavana yokka aalochananu aatmavisvaasamto, sthiramgaa mariyu sthiramgaa nirvachinchabadina abhiprayalu mariyu nammakalanu kaligi unde vyakti yokka saamarthyam anie pilustaaru. kaumaradasa praarambhamlo, abhignaa parinaamaalu ekkuva sweeya-avagahana, itarula gurinchi mariyu vaari aalochanalu mariyu teerpula gurinchi ekkuva avagahana, nairoopya, bhavishyat avakaasaala gurinchi aalochinche saamarthyam mariyu okesari bahula avakaasaalanu pariseelinchae saamardhyaaniki daariteestaayi. phalitamgaa, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru chinna pillala vilakshanhamaina saralamaina, khachitamaina mariyu prapancha sweeya-vivaranala nundi gananeeyamaina maarpunu anubhavistaaru; pillaluga, vaaru tamanu taamu saareeraka lakshanaala dwara nirvachinchukuntaaru, ayithe koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tama viluvalu, aalochanalu mariyu abhipraayaala aadhaaramgaa tamanu taamu nirvachinchukuntaaru.
koumaaradasalo unnavaaru taamu kaavacchu anae aneka "saadhyamayye aatmalanu" mariyu vaari empikala deerghakaalika avakaasaalu mariyu parinaamaalanu oohinchavachhu. eee avakaasaalanu anveshinchadam valla koumaaradasalo unnavaaru lakshanaalu mariyu pravartanalanu enchukovadam ledhaa tiraskarinchadam, nijamaina aatmanu aadarsha swaroopam (koumaaradasalo unnavaaru evaru kavalanukuntunnaru) vaipu mariyu bhayapade aatmaku (koumaaradasalo unnavaaru evaru kavalanukovadam ledhu) dhooramgaa maarganirdesam cheyadaaniki prayatninchadam vanti sweeya-pradarsanalo aakasmika maarpulaku daariteeyavachchu. chaalaa mandiki, eee bhedaalu asoukaryamgaa untaayi, conny avi aadarsaaniki anugunamgaa mariyu bhayapade sambhaavya vyaktula nundi bhinnamaina pravartana dwara vijayanni prerepistaayi.
koumaaradasalo vaari swantha pravartana mariyu itarula avagaahanapai sandarbhochita prabhavalanu gurtinchinappudu, tamanu taamu vivarinchamani adiginappudu vaari lakshanaalanu arhata pondadam praarambhinchinappudu "bhedam" anie piluvabade sweeya-bhaavanalo marinta thedaalu sambhavistaayi. kaumaradasa madhyalo bhedam puurtigaa abhivruddhi chendinatlu kanipistundi. 7va-9va taragatulalo garishta sthaayiki cherukune koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tamanu taamu vivarinchukovadaaniki upayoginche vyaktitva lakshanaalu nirdishta sandarbhaalanu suuchistaayi, anduvalla okadaanikokati viruddhamgaa undavacchu. sweeya-bhaavanalo asthiramaina vishayalanu gurtinchadam eee samvatsaraallo badhaku oka saadhaarana muulam (abhignaa vairudhyam chudandi), conny eee baadha nirmaanaatmaka abhivruddhini prothsahinchadam dwara koumaaradasalo unnavaariki prayojanam chekuurustumdi.
gurtimpu yokka bhaavam.
koumaaradasalo ahankaaram anedi vaari thoti samoohaalalo mukhyamainadigaa bhaavinchi, saamaajika angeekaaraanni aasvaadinchaalane sweeya-chetana korikanu yerparustundi. sweeya-bhavana yokka viruddhamaina amsaala maadirigaa kakunda, gurtimpu anedi gatha anubhavalu mariyu bhavishyat lakshyaalato sahaa paristhitulalo sweeya sthirathvam yokka pondikaina bhavanni suuchistumdi. prati okkariki oka sweeya bhavana untundi, ayithe eric ericson prati okkaroo gurtimpunu puurtigaa saadhinchalerani vaadinchaaru. ericson yokka abhivruddhi dasala siddhaantamlo gurtimpu sankshobham undhi, dheenilo koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tama nammakalaku kattubadi undataaniki mundu vividha avakaasaalanu anveshinchaali mariyu tamalo taamu vividha bhaagaalanu ekikrutam chesukovali. eee prakriya yokka parishkaranni "gurtimpu sadhana" dasagaa ayana abhivarninchaaru, ayithe gurtimpu savaalu "oka samayamlo okasari mariyu anni kaalaalaku puurtigaa parishkarinchabadadu" anie kooda nokki chepparu. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tama samuuha sabhyatvam aadhaaramgaa tamanu taamu nirvachinchukovadam dwara praarambhistaaru. "battalu teanage vaariki kotta gurtimpulanu anveshinchadaaniki, tallidandrula nundi vaerugaa undataaniki mariyu thotivaaritho bandhaanni yerparachukovadaniki sahaayapadataayi."yuktavayaskulu tamanu taamu kanugone vishayamlo fyaashan pradhana paatra pooshinchindi; fyaashan ellappuduu abhivruddhi chendutondi, idhi teenagerla vyaktitvamlo maarpu yokka parinaamaaniki anugunamgaa untundi. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tamaku baga saripoye vaatini kanugonadaaniki vividha paddhatullo tamanu taamu spruhatho styling chesukovadam dwara vaari gurtimpunu nirvachinchadaaniki prayatnistaaru. vaari grahinchina chitram mariyu itarulu pratispandinche mariyu chuse chitram rendintinee saripolchadamlo trial und error, koumaaradasalo vaaru evaro ardham chesukovadaniki veelu kalpistundi.
koumaaradasalo unnavaarini prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki fyaashan elaa abhivruddhi chendutondo alaage media kooda. "aadhunika jeevitam teralu, paejeelu mariyu bill bordulapai antuleni maamsapu godugu madhya jarugutundi."eee avarodham spruhatho ledhaa upachaetanamgaa manassuloki namodu avutundi, idhi koumaaradasalo gurtimpu bhavanaku dohadapade sweeya-chithramtho samasyalanu kaligistundi. parisoedhakudu james marcia eee dasalalo oka vyakti purogatini pareekshinchadaaniki prastuta paddhatini abhivruddhi chesaaru. ayana prasnalu moodu vargaluga vibhajinchabaddaayih vrutti, bhaavajaalam mariyu vyaktula madhya sambandhaalu. vyakti enthavaraku anveshinchaado mariyu athanu entha varaku kattubadi unnado daani aadhaaramgaa samadhanalu score cheyabadataayi. phalitamgaa vyaktini eah) pillalandaru praarambhamayye gurtimpu vyaapti, bii) pratyaamnaayaala anveshana lekunda kattubaatlu cheyabadina gurtimpu japthu, sii) taatkaalika nishedham ledhaa anveshana prakriya, ledhaa dii) taatkaalika nishedham sambhavinchi, kattubaatlaku daariteesina gurtimpu sadhanaga vargeekarinchadam jarugutundi.
appati nundi parisoedhana koumaaradasalo praarambhamayye sweeya-pareekshanu velladistundi, conny gurtimpu sadhana 18 samvatsaraala kante mundu arudugaa jarugutundi. kalaasaala yokka kotta samvatsaram gurtimpu abhivruddhini gananeeyamgaa prabhaavitam chestundi, conny vaastavaaniki munupati kattubaatla punahpareekshanu prothsahinchadam dwara mariyu parishkaranni prothsahinchakundaa pratyaamnaaya avakaasaala anveshananu prothsahinchadam dwara manasika saamaajika taatkaalika nishedhaanni podiginchavacchu. chaalaa varaku, sakshyalu ericson dasalaku maddatu ichaih prati okkati athanu modata anchanaa vesina vyaktitva lakshanaalatoo sahasambandham kaligi untundi. adhyayanalu dasala yokka saasvatatanu kooda dhruveekaristaayi; gurtimpu abhivruddhilo tudi mugimpu sthaanam ledhu.
paryaavaranam mariyu gurtimpu.
koumaaradasalo unna vaari paryaavaranam vaari gurtimpu abhivruddhilo bhaarii paatra poeshistumdi. chaalaa kaumara adhyayanalu tella, madhyataragati pillalapai nirvahinchabadutunnappati, adhyayanalu marinta visaeshamaina pempakam prajalaku undani, vaaru tama gurtimpunu marinta vijayavantamgaa abhivruddhi chesukuntaarani chuupistunnaayi. koumaaradasalo unnavaari gurtimpu erpadatam vaari jeevitamlo keelakamaina samayam. 20va sataabdam madhyalo kante ippudu yuktavayassuku parivartana ekkuva kaalam jarugutondani janabha namuunaalu suuchistunnaayani iteevala kanugonabadindi. tadanugunamgaa, kaumaradasa chivarilo mariyu prarambha yuktavayassu vistarinchi unna kaalam, yuvata, jeevita gamanamlo marinta pramukha dasagaa maarindi. anduvalla, eee abhivruddhi samayamlo vividha amsaalu mukhyamainaviga marai. nibaddhata nundi, parikaraalanu edurkovadam varaku, soshal media varaku koumaaradasalo saamaajika gurtimpunu pempondinchadaaniki aneka amsaalu dohadam chestaayi. eee karakalanni koumaaradasalo perige paryaavaranam dwara prabhaavitamavutaayi. marinta visaeshamaina pempakam nundi vacchina pillavadu saadhaaranamgaa ekkuva avakaasaalu mariyu merugaina paristhitulaku guravutaadu. antargata nagaram ledhaa neeraala aadhaarita parisaraalaku chendina koumaaradasalo unnavaaru vaari abhivruddhiki haanikaramaina vaataavaranaaniki gurayye avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi. kaumaradasa anedi abhivruddhi prakriyaloo sunnitamaina kaalam, mariyu aaa samayamlo tappu vishayaalaku gurikavadam bhavishyat nirnayaalapai pedda prabhavanni chooputundi. manchi suburban communitylalo perigina pillalu chedu vaataavaranaalaku gurikakapoyina, vaaru tama gurtimpuku prayojanam chekurche mariyu marinta vijayavantamaina gurtimpu abhivruddhiki dohadapade karyakalapalalo palgone avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi.
laingika dhorani mariyu gurtimpu.
laingika dhoranini "okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva lingaala prajala patla srungaara vampu, tarachugaa laingika ledhaa srungaara aakarshanalugaa varninchabadindi" anie nirvachinchaaru. iteevali samvatsaraalalo, manastatvavettalu koumaaradasalo laingika dhorani elaa abhivruddhi chendutundo ardham chesukovadaniki prayatninchaaru. kontamandi siddhaantakartalu okaru teesukogala aneka vibhina abhivruddhi margalu unnayani, mariyu oka vyakti anusarinche nirdishta maargam vaari lingam, dhorani mariyu vaaru yuktavayassu praarambhaaniki cherukunnappudu nirnayinchabadutundani nammutaaru.
1989loe, swalinga samparkula laingika gurtimpu abhivruddhi kosam troiden naalugu-dasala namuunaanu pratipaadinchaaru. sensitization anie piluvabade modati dasha, saadhaaranamgaa baalyamlone praarambhamavutundi, mariyu swalinga aakarshanhala gurinchi pillala avagaahanato gurtinchabadutundi. rendava dasha, gurtimpu gandaragolam, konni samvatsaraala taruvaata sambhavistundi. eee dasalo, yuvata vaari laingika dhoraniki sambandhinchi antargata gandaragola bhaavaalato munigipotaru mariyu swalinga bhaagaswaamulato laingika anubhavaalalo palgonadam praarambhistaaru. saadhaaranamgaa koumaaradasalo unnavaaru inti nundi bayaludaerina konni samvatsaraala taruvaata jarige gurtimpu ooha yokka moodava dasalo, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru vaari kutumbam mariyu sannihita snehitula vaddaku ravadam praarambhistaaru mariyu swalinga samparkulu, lesbian ledhaa dwilinga samparkulugaa sweeya-nirvachananni teesukuntaaru. nibaddhata anie piluvabade chivari dasalo, yuva vayojanulu tama laingika gurtimpunu jeevanasailigaa sweekaristaaru. anduvalla, eee namuunaa bayataku vachhe prakriya baalyamlone praarambhamai, 20la prarambham nundi madhya varaku konasaagutundani anchanaa vesindi. eee namuunaa vivaadaaspadamaindi, iteevali samvatsaraalalo pratyaamnaaya aalochanalu anveshinchabaddaayi.
laingika gurtimpu paramgaa, chaalaa mandhi swalinga samparkulu/lesbian mariyu transgender koumaaradasalo vaari bhavalanu gurtinchadam mariyu ardham chesukovadam praarambhistundi. chaalaa mandhi koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tama jeevitamlo eee kaalamlo oka gurtimpu erpadina tarvaata bayataku raavadaaniki enchukovachhu; chaalaa mandhi itarulu prasninchadam ledhaa tiraskarana kaalam gundaa vellavacchu, indulo swalinga samparkulu mariyu binna linga anubhavaalato prayogaalu undavacchu. 21 ellalopu 194 mandhi lesbian, gay mariyu bisexual yuvakulapai jaripina adhyayanamlo okari laingika dhorani gurinchi avagahana kaligi undatam, sagatuna, 10 samvatsaraala vayassulo sambhavinchindani, ayithe thootivaari mariyu peddalaku vachhe prakriya varusaga 16 mariyu 17 samvatsaraala vayassulo jarigindani kanugonnaru. vividha kaaranaala valla kontamandi yuvataku saanukuula lgbt gurtimpunu pondadam mariyu srushtinchadam kashtam. tama laingikata ledhaa linga gurtimpunu prasnistunna yuvata chuttoo bhinnamaina sahacharulu unnappudu, prati okkari kante bhinnamgaa unna bhavana kaaranamgaa chaalaa baadha kaliginchetappudu thootivaari ottidi oka pedda amsam. bayataku ravadam valla merugaina manasika sardubaatunu kooda prothsahinchagaladu, ayithe daanitoe mudipadi unna pramaadaalu nijamainavi. nijaaniki, bhinnamaina thoti vaataavaranam madhyalo bayataku ravadam tarachugaa bahishkarana, haanikaramaina jokulu mariyu himsa pramaadamtoe kooda vastundi. eee kaaranamgaa, ganankaparamga lgbt koumaaradasalo unnavaarilo aatmahatyala raetu vaari binna linga sahacharula kante naalugu retlu ekkuvagaa undhi, endukante sahacharulu ledhaa kutumba sabhyula nundi bedirimpu mariyu tiraskarana kaaranamgaa.
aatmagouravam.
gurtimpu erpaatulo chivari pradhana amsam aatmagouravam. aatmagouravam anedi okari sweeya bhavana mariyu gurtimpu gurinchi okari aalochanalu mariyu bhavaluga nirvachinchabadindi. aatmagouravampai chaalaa siddhaantaalu, anni lingaalu mariyu vayassulalo, vaari aatmagouravaanni nirvahinchadaaniki, rakshinchadaaniki mariyu penchadaaniki goppa korika undani paerkontaayi. prajaadarana pondina nammakaniki viruddhamgaa, koumaaradasalo aatmagouravam gananeeyamgaa padipovadaaniki anubhavika aadharalu laevu. "barometric aatmagouravam" vaegamgaa maarutuu untundi mariyu teevramaina baadha mariyu aandolanaku kaaranamavutundi, conny praathamika aatmagouravam koumaaradasalo atyanta sthiramgaa untundi. prapanchavyaaptamgaa aatmagourava pramaanaala praamaanikata prashninchabadindi, inca chaalaa mandhi kaumaradasa anubhavam gurinchi marinta nirdishta pramaanaalu velladinchavacchani suuchistunnaaru.
snehitulato sahayaka sambandhaalalo nimagnamainappudu ammayilu adhika aatmagouravaanni aasvaadinche avakaasam undhi, vaariki sneham yokka athi mukhyamaina pani saamaajika mariyu naitika maddatunu andinchagala vyaktini kaligi undatam. snehitula aamodam pondadamlo viphalamainappudu ledhaa ummadi karyakalapalu mariyu ummadi aasaktulanu panchukoovadaaniki evarinainaa kanugonalekapoyinappudu baalikalu takkuva aatmagouravamtho baadhapadataaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, abbayilu tama swaatantryaanni sthaapinchukovadam mariyu nokki cheppadam mariyu adhikaaramtho tama sambandhaanni nirvachinchukovadampai ekkuva shraddha vahistaaru. anduvalla, vaaru tama snehitulanu vijayavantamgaa prabhaavitam cheyagala saamarthyam nundi adhika aatmagouravaanni pondhe avakaasam undhi; marovaipu, srungaara saamarthyam lekapovadam, udaaharanaku, vyatiraeka ledhaa swalinga samparkula aapyaayatanu geluchukovadamlo ledhaa konasaginchadamlo vaiphalyam (laingika dhoranini batti), koumaaradasalo unna abbayilalo takkuva aatmagouravaaniki pradhana kaaranam. srungaara sambandhaanni muginchina tarvaata purushulu mariyu mahilalu iddarikee takkuva aatmagouravam undatam valla, vaaru eee sthithi valla kalige itara lakshanaalaku guravutaaru. niraasa mariyu niraasa anevi vividha lakshanaalalo rendu matrame mariyu mahilalu niraasaku gurayye avakaasam rendu retlu ekkuva mariyu purushulu aatmahatya chesukune avakaasam moodu nundi naalugu retlu ekkuva anie chebutaaru (merns, 1991; ustan & sartorius, 1995).
sambandhaala.
saadhaaranamgaa.
koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tama thotivaaritho, kutumbamtho, vaari saamaajika rangamlooni sabhyulatho kaligi unna sambandhaalu koumaaradasalo saamaajika abhivruddhilo keelaka paatra poeshistaayi. koumaaradasalo unnavaari saamaajika rangam snehitulu mariyu parichayastula madhya thedaalanu veruchesetappudu vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendadamtho, vaaru tarachugaa snehitulalo ekkuvagaa bhavodvegaparamga nimagnamavutaaru. idhi hanikaram kaadu; ayithe, eee snehitulu oka vyaktini haanikaramaina paristhitulaku gurichesthe, idhi thootivaari ottidiki oka amsam. kaumaradasa anedi saamaajika abhivruddhilo oka klishtamaina kaalam, endukante koumaaradasalo vaaru sannihita sambandhaalanu pempondinchukune vyaktulachae sulabhamgaa prabhaavitam cheyabadavachhu. vyaktulu nijamgaa tama sonta nirnayaalu teesukovadam idhe modatisaari, idhi kooda sunnitamaina kaalamgaa chestundi. oka vyakti meeda thootivaari teevra prabhavam undatam valla koumaaradasalo saamaajika abhivruddhilo sambandhaalu chaalaa mukhyamainavi. eee sambandhaalu mukhyamainavi avtayi endukante avi koumaaradasalo unnavaariki vyaktitvaala bhavananu, avi elaa erpadataayi mariyu oka vyaktiki aaa nirdishta rakamaina vyaktitvam enduku undho ardham chesukovadamlo sahaayapadataayi. "manasika polikala vadakam anedi avyakta vyaktitva siddhaantam yokka perugudalaku suuchikagaa mariyu daani srushtiki sambandhinchina oka bhaaga prakriyagaa upayogapadutundi. maroe maatalo cheppalante, oka vyakti vyaktitva lakshanaalanu marokari vyaktitva lakshanaalatoo polchadam dwara, vyaktitvam yokka saadhaarana siddhaantaanni roopondinchadaaniki memu oka frameworknu erpaatu chestaamu (mariyu,... atuvanti siddhaantam nirdishta vyaktulanu ardham chesukovadaniki upayogakaramaina chatramgaa upayogapadutundi)."dheenini okari vyaktitvaanni kaligi unna, mariyu okari abhivruddhilo communication yokka praamukhyatanu, tadwara sambandhaalanu nokkicheppe, okari gurtimpu mariyu sweeya-bhavananu abhivruddhi cheyadamlo saamaajika polikanu upayoginchadamto polchavachhu. saamaajika polikalo manam manasika mariyu gurtimpu abhivruddhi rendintikee sambandhinchi suuchana samuuhaalanu upayogistaamu. eee suuchana samuuhaalu koumaaradasalo unnavaari sahacharulu. dheeni ardham teanage vaaru evarini tama snehitulugaa enchukuntaaru/angeekaristaaru mariyu vaaru tarachugaa evaritho sambhaashistaaru anedi tarachugaa vaari reference groupulanu yerparustundi mariyu anduvalla vaaru evaru avtarane daanipai bhaarii prabhavanni chooputundi. oka vyakti yokka saamaajika abhivruddhipai sambandhaalu atyadhika prabhavanni chuuputaayani parisoedhanalu chuupistunnaayi.
kutumbam.
kaumaradasa anedi kutumbamlo okari paatralo vaegamgaa maarpunu suuchistumdi. chinna pillalu tamanu taamu balavantamgaa nokkicheppukuntaaru, conny kaumaradasa praarambhamayye varaku kutumba nirnayaalapai ekkuva prabhavanni pradarsinchaleru, appudu tallidandrulu vaarini samanamga chuustaaru. koumaaradasalo unnavaadu thana thallidandrulatho shraddhagala sambandhaanni konasagistune swaatantraanni penche panini edurkontaadu. pillalu yuktavayassu vachinappudu, tarachugaa tallidandrulu-pillala sangharshanhalo gananeeyamaina perugudala mariyu takkuva samanvaya kutumba bandham untundi. vaadaalu tarachugaa curfew, aamodayogyamaina dustulu mariyu koumaaradasalo unnavaari gopyata hakku vanti chinna niyantrana samasyalaku sambandhinchinavi, veetini koumaaradasalo unnavaaru gatamlo vaari tallidandrulaku puurti adhikaram unna samasyaluga bhaavinchi undavacchu. snehitulu okarinokaru ekkuva prabhavanni chooputunnanduna, tallidandrula viluvalaku vyatiraekamgaa unde koumaaradasalo kotta prabhavalu chooputunnanduna tallidandrulu-koumaaradasalo asammati kooda perugutundi. koumaaradasalo mariyu tallidandrula vibhedaalalo soshal media kooda perugutunna paatra pooshinchindi. gatamlo soshal media bedirimpula gurinchi tallidandrulu eppuduu aandolana chendanappatiki, idhi pillalaku pramaadakaramaina pradaesamgaa maarindi. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tama swechcha kosam prayatnistunnappatiki, soshal media saitlalo perugutunna mamsaahaarula sankhya kaaranamgaa, soshal media saitlalo tama bidda emi chestunnado tallidandrulaku teliyanivi savaluga unnaayi. chaalaa mandhi tallidandrulaku soshal networking saitla gurinchi chaalaa takkuva ghnaanam untundi, idhi vaari apanammakanni marinta penchutundi. tallidandrulu-kaumara sambandhaalaku oka mukhyamaina savaalu emitante, online communication yokka avakaasaalanu elaa penchaalo ardham chesukovadam, daani pramaadaalanu nirvahinchadam. koumaaradasalo pillalu mariyu tallidandrula madhya vibhedaalu periginappatikee, ivi saapekshamgaa chinna samasyalu. vaari mukhyamaina jeevita samasyalaku sambandhinchi, chaalaa mandhi koumaaradasalo unnavaaru ippatikee vaari tallidandrula maadirigaane vaikharini mariyu viluvalanu panchukuntaaru.
baalyamlo, thobuttuvulu sangharshana mariyu niraasaku muulamgaa alaage maddatu vyavasthagaa untaaru. kaumaradasa thobuttuvula lingaanni batti eee sambandhaanni bhinnamgaa prabhaavitam cheyavachu. swalinga thobuttuvula jantalalo, kaumaradasa praarambhamlo saannihityam perugutundi, appudu sthiramgaa untundi. mishrama-linga thobuttuvula jantalu bhinnamgaa panicheestaayi; thobuttuvulu kaumaradasa praarambhamlo vidipotaru, conny madhya koumaaradasalo praarambhamayye saannihityam perugudalanu anubhavistaaru. thobuttuvula paraspara charyalu pillala modati sambandha anubhavalu, ivi vaari saamaajika mariyu sweeya-avagahananu jeevitaaniki roopondistaayi. saanukuula thobuttuvula sambandhaalanu konasaginchadam koumaaradasalo unnavaariki aneka vidhaluga sahaayapadutundi. thobuttuvulu thotivaarigaa vyavaharinchagalugutaaru, mariyu okarinokaru snehapuurvakamgaa mariyu sweeya-viluva bhavalanu penchukovacchu. pedda thobuttuvulu chinna thobuttuvulaku maargadarsakatvam ivvagalaru, ayithe dheeni prabhavam pedda thobuttuvula karyakalapalanu batti sanukoolamgaa ledhaa pratikuulamgaa undavacchu.
koumaaradasapai sambhaavya mukhyamaina prabhavam kutumbamlo maarpu, mukhyamgaa vidaakulu. vidaakula raetu sumaru 50 saatam varaku unnanduna, vidaakulu saadhaaranam mariyu koumaaradasalo ippatike pedda mottamlo maarpulaku thodpadathaayi. vidaakulu teesukunna ventane custody vivaadaalu tarachugaa tallidandrula madhya niyantrana laeni poraataalu mariyu sandigdhatanu pratibimbistaayi. vidaakulu saadhaaranamgaa koumaaradasalo unnavaariki mariyu vaari samrakshinchani tallidandrulaku madhya takkuva sambandhaaniki daariteestundi. gruhaalalo asthirata mariyu durviniyogam vanti teevramaina sandarbhaallo, intlo takkuva sangharshana kaaranamgaa vidaakulu kutumbaalapai saanukuula prabhavanni chuuputaayi. ayithe, chaalaa parisoedhanalu koumaaradasatoo paatu taruvaati abhivruddhipai pratikuula prabhavanni suuchistunnaayi. vidaakula taruvaata sthiramaina kutumbaalalo perigina thotivaaritho poliste, kaumaradasa chivarilo adanapu kutumba parivartanalanu anubhavinche vidaakula pillalu, kalakramena vaari ganitam mariyu saamaajika adhyayanala paniteerulo takkuva purogati saadhistaarani iteevali adhyayanam kanugondi. maroka iteevali adhyayanam kaumara ghnaanasaastra gaayam siddhaantam anae kotta siddhaantaanni munduku tecchindi, idhi kaumaradasa chivarilo tallidandrula vidaakulu vanti baadhaakaramaina jeevita sanghatanalu vayojana sangharshana pravartanapai jeevitakaala prabhavalanu chuuputaayani, veetini samarthavanthamaina pravartanaa anchanaa mariyu sikshana dwara tagginchavacchani perkondi. baalyamlo ledhaa koumaaradasalo tallidandrula vidaakulu oka vyakti thana iravailalo mariyu mupphaila praarambhamlo unnappudu pratikuula prabhavanni chuuputaayi. eee pratikuula prabhavalalo srungaara sambandhaalu mariyu sangharshana shaili unnaayi, antey peddalugaa, vaaru tappinchukune sailulanu upayoginche avakaasam mariyu sangharshana nirvahanalo potipade avakaasam ekkuvagaa untundi.
koumaaradasalo kutumba paatralu marinappatiki, inti vaataavaranam mariyu tallidandrulu ippatikee koumaaradasalo pravartinche vaari pravartanalu mariyu empikalaku mukhyamainavi. tama thallidandrulatho manchi sambandham unna koumaaradasalo unnavaaru dhumapanam, madyapaanam, poraatam mariyu/ledhaa asurakshita laingika samparkam vanti vividha pramaada pravartanalalo palgone avakaasam takkuvagaa untundi.
adanamgaa, tallidandrulu kaumaradasa vidyanu prabhaavitam chestaaru. adalbzernardotir mariyu blandell (2009) nirvahinchina oka adhyayanamlo, 14 samvatsaraala vayassulo unna koumaaradasalo unna vaari tallidandrulanu adhikaarika vyaktulugaa gurtinche koumaaradasalo unnavaaru 22 samvatsaraala vayassulo madhyamika vidyanu puurti chese avakaasam ekkuvagaa undani chuupimchaaru-endukante aaa tallidandrulanu niraasaparachakundaa undataaniki adhikaarika tallidandrula nundi maddatu mariyu prothsaaham koumaaradasalo paatasaala vidyanu puurti cheyadaaniki prerepistundi.
sahacharulu.
saamaajika mariyu saadhaarana abhivruddhiki thoti samuuhaalu chaalaa avasaram. koumaaradasalo thotivaaritho communication gananeeyamgaa perugutundi mariyu thoti sambandhaalu itara dasala kante marinta teevramgaa mariyu teanage vaariki marinta prabhaavavantamgaa maarataayi, idhi nirnayaalu mariyu empikalu rendintinee prabhaavitam chestundi. aaa snehitula lakshanaalatoo sambandham lekunda adhika naanhyata gala snehaalu pillala abhivruddhini penchavacchu. pillalu vividha vyaktulatoe bandham yerparachukovadam mariyu snehaanni srushtinchadam praarambhinchinappudu, adhi taruvaata vaaru yuktavayasulo unnappudu vaariki sahaayapadutundi mariyu kaumaradasa mariyu thoti samuuhaala kosam frameworknu erpaatu chestundi.
koumaaradasalo thoti samuuhaalu mukhyamgaa mukhyamainavi, idhi thotivaaritho gadipina samayanni natakeeyamgaa penchadam mariyu vayojana paryaveekshanhaloo taggudala kaligi unna abhivruddhi kaalam. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru kooda chinnanati kante chaalaa ekkuvagaa vyatiraeka lingaaniki chendina snehitulato anubandham kaligi untaaru mariyu bhaagaswaamya lakshanaala aadhaaramgaa pedda samuuhaala thotivaaritho gurtinchukuntaaru. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru vividha paristhitulalo snehitulanu edurkovataniki parikaraluga upayoginchadam kooda saadhaaranam. tappinchukovadam, naipunhyam mariyu nirlakshyamtho sahaa snehitulato vyavaharinchae moodu-kaarakaala nirmaanam koumaaradasalo unnavaaru saamaajika ottillanu edurkovataniki snehitulanu upayogistaarani choopinchindi.
thoti samoohaalalo communication koumaaradasalo vaari bhavalanu mariyu gurtimpunu anveshinchadaaniki alaage vaari saamaajika naipunhyaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki mariyu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki anumatistundi. sahacharula samuuhaalu sabhyulaku saanubhooti, bhagaswamyam mariyu naayakatvam vanti saamaajika naipunhyaalanu pempondinchukune avakaasaanni andistaayi. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tamalo taamu kanipinche lakshanaala aadhaaramgaa thoti samuuhaalanu enchukuntaaru. eee sambandhaalanu upayoginchukovadam dwara, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru taamu evaru avtunnamane vishayanni marintagaa angeekaristaaru. samuuha nibandhanalu mariyu viluvalu koumaaradasalo unnavaari swantha sweeya-bhaavanalo chaerchabadataayi. kotta communication naipunhyaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadam dwara mariyu vaari thoti vyaktula abhipraayaalanu, alaage sweeya-abhiprayalu mariyu viluvalanu pratibimbimchadam dwara, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tiraskarana ledhaa teerpu bhayam lekunda bhavodvegalu mariyu itara aandolanalanu panchukovachhu mariyu vyaktam cheyavachu. sahacharula samuuhaalu oka vyaktipai vidya prerana mariyu paniteeru vanti saanukuula prabhavalanu chuupavachchu. ayithe, sahacharulu okarikokaru saamaajika abhivruddhini sulabhataram cheyagaliginappatiki, vaaru kooda daaniki aatamkam kaliginchavacchu. thotivaallu maadakadravyaalato prayogaalanu prothsahinchadam, madyapaanam, vidhvamsaka charya mariyu thotivaalla ottidi dwara dongilinchadam vanti pratikuula prabhavalanu kaligi undavacchu. kaumaradasa praarambhamlo thotivaarilo ottidiki gurayye avakaasam perugutundi, 14 samvatsaraala vayassulo garishta sthaayiki cherukuntundi, aaa taruvaata taggutundi. spanish teenagerlalo saamaajika abhivruddhiki aatamkam kaliginche thootivaari gurinchi marinta aadharalu kanugonabaddayi, ikkada samasyalaku bhavodvega (parishkaram aadhaarita) praticharyalu mariyu bhavodvega asthirata thootivaaripai saareeraka dookudu thoo mudipadi unnaayi. saareeraka mariyu sambandha dookudu rendoo saamaajika tiraskarana valene, aneka shaashwata manasika ibbandulatoe, mukhyamgaa niraasatoe mudipadi unnaayi. eee kaaranamgaa, bedirimpulaku guraina koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tarachugaa marinta baadhitulaku daariteese samasyalanu abhivruddhi chestaaru. bedirimpulaku guraina koumaaradasalo unnavaaru bhavishyattulo bedirimpulaku gurikavadam mariyu itarulanu bedirinchadam rendintikee ekkuvagaa untaaru. ayithe, cyber bedirimpu kesulalo eee sambandham takkuva sthiramgaa untundi, idhi koumaaradasalo saapekshamgaa kotta samasya.
koumaaradasalo unnavaaru chinna sthaayilo "samuuhaalu" mariyu pedda sthaayilo "samuuhaalu" thoo anubandham kaligi untaaru. kaumaradasa praarambhamlo, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tarachugaa vaaru mukhyamgaa sannihitamgaa unna sahacharula samoohaalalo, pratyaekamaina, yeka linga samoohaalalo anubandham kaligi untaaru. samuuhaalu swabhavikamga pratikuula prabhavam kaligi untayane saadhaarana bhavana unnappatikee, avi koumaaradasalo unnavaaru samajikamga alavaatu padataniki mariyu balamaina gurtimpu bhavanni yerparachukovadaniki sahaayapadavachhu. udaaharanaku, adhika athletic purusha-sahacharula samuuhamloo, samuuham viswasaneeyata mariyu pootii yokka balamaina bhavanni srushtinchavachu. samuuhaalu kooda kontavaraku "saamuuhika tallidandrulu" gaa marai.ii. koumaaradasalo emi cheyaalo, emi cheyakudado vaariki cheppandi. yuktavayassu chivaralo, yuvakulu okaritho okaru premalo padatam praarambhinchadamtho samuuhaalu tarachugaa mishrama-linga samoohaalalo vileenam avtayi. saanghikeekarana marinta janta-aadhaaritamgaa maaradamtho eee chinna snehitula samuuhaalu marinta vidipotaayi. pedda ettuna, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tarachugaa "samuuhaalu", ummadi aasakti ledhaa karyakalapalanu panchukune vyaktula samuuhaalatoe anubandham kaligi untaaru. tarachugaa, jaaks ledhaa moorkhulu vanti yuvatanu muusagaa maarchadaaniki gumpu gurtimpulu aadharam kaavacchu. pedda, bahula jaathi unnata paatasaalallo, tarachugaa jatiparamga nirnayinchabadina samuuhaalu untaayi. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru abhivruddhi chendutunna gurtimpulatoe prayogaalu cheyadaaniki mariyu facebook mariyu itara soshal media saitlalo sampaadinchina snehitula sankhyanu penchadam vanti vaari thoti samuuhaalanu vistrutam cheyadaaniki online saanketika parignaanaanni upayogistaaru. kontamandi koumaaradasalo unnavaaru thotivaaritho sambandhaalanu pempondinchadaaniki eee kotta maargaalanu upayogistaaru, ayithe gatamlo cheppinatlugaa cyber bedirimpu mariyu kutumbampai pratikuula prabhavalu vanti pratikuula upayogaalu kooda undavacchu.
srungaaram mariyu laingika karyakalapalu.
srungaara sambandhaala praabalyam kaumaradasa antataa perugutundi. 15 samvatsaraala vayassu natiki, 53 saatam koumaaradasalo unnavaaru gatha 18 nelala kaalamlo kaneesam oka nela paatu konasagina srungaara sambandhaanni kaligi unnaaru. chaanal 4 kosam yugov nirvahinchina 2008 adhyayanamlo, survey chesina 14-17 ellalo 20 saatam mandhi united kingdamlo 13 ledhaa anthakante takkuva vayassu unna vaari modati laingika anubhavanni kaligi unnaarani velladinchaayi. 2002loe jarigina oka american adhyayanamlo, modati laingika samparkam yokka sagatu vayassu purushulaku 17.3 mariyu mahilalaku 17.3 anie 15-44 vayassu galavaaru nivedinchaarani kanugonnaru. sambandhaala saadhaarana vyavadhi yuktavayassu samvatsaraallo kooda perugutundi. deerghakaalika sambandham yokka sambhaavyatalo eee nirantara perugudalanu laingika paripakvata mariyu srungaara bandhaanni konasaaginchadaaniki avasaramaina abhignaa naipunhyaala abhivruddhi dwara vivarinchavacchu (udhaa.zii. samrakshana, tagina anubandham), ayithe eee naipunyaalu kaumaradasa chivari varaku balamgaa abhivruddhi chendaledu. deerghakaalika sambandhaalu koumaaradasalo unnavaariki jeevitamlo taruvaati kaalamlo adhika-naanhyata gala sambandhaalaku avasaramaina naipunhyaalanu pondadaaniki mariyu sweeya-viluva bhavalanu pempondinchadaaniki veelu kalpistaayi. mottammeeda, koumaaradasalo unnavaarilo saanukuula srungaara sambandhaalu deerghakaalika prayojanaalaku daariteeyavachchu. adhika-naanhyata gala srungaara sambandhaalu yuktavayassu praarambhamlo adhika nibaddhatato mudipadi untaayi mariyu aatmagouravam, aatmavisvaasam mariyu saamaajika saamardhyaaniki sanukoolamgaa mudipadi untaayi. udaaharanaku, saanukuula aatmavisvaasam unna koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tamanu taamu marinta vijayavantamaina bhagaswamiga bhaavinche avakaasam undhi, ayithe pratikuula anubhavalu srungaara bhagaswamiga takkuva vishwaasaaniki daariteeyavachchu. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru jaathi, jaathi, prajaadarana mariyu saareeraka aakarshanhaku sambandhinchi tarachugaa vaari janaabhaalone untaaru. ayithe, kontamandi vyaktulu, mukhyamgaa koumaaradasalo unna baalikalu vaividhyaanni korukune lakshanaalu unnaayi. chaalaa mandhi koumaaradasalo unnavaaru daadaapu vaari swantha vayassulo unna vyaktulatoe dating chestundagaa, abbayilu saadhaaranamgaa adhe vayassu ledhaa anthakante takkuva vayassu gala bhaagaswaamulato dating chestaaru; ammayilu saadhaaranamgaa adhe vayassu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna bhaagaswaamulato dating chestaaru.
kontamandi parisoedhakulu ippudu koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tama sonta sambandhaalanu mariyu laingikatanu elaa chustarane daani gurinchi telusukovadampai drushti saaristunnaaru; vaaru koumaaradasalo unna laingikatatoe sambandham unna samasyalapai drushti saarinche parisoedhanaa drukkonam nundi dhooramgaa vellalanukuntunnaru. kalaasaala professor lucia oo 'sullivan mariyu aame sahacharulu nivedinchina grade 7-12 nundi kaumara baluru mariyu baalikala sambandha sanghatanalalo gananeeyamaina linga thedaalu levani kanugonnaru. chaalaa mandhi teanage vaaru tama bhaagaswaamulanu muddu pettukunnaarani, vaaritho chetulu pattukunnarani, tamanu taamu jantagaa bhavinchukunnamani, taamu sambandhamlo unnamani prajalaku cheppaarani chepparu. dheeni ardham, sambandham gurinchi vyaktigata aalochanalu alaage sambandham yokka praja gurtimpu rendoo namuunaalooni koumaaradasalo unnavaariki mukhyamainavi. srungaara sanghatanalu (chetulu pattukovadam) mariyu saamaajika sanghatanalu (samuuha nepadhyamlo okari bhagaswamytho undatam) kante laingika sanghatanalu (laingika sparsha, laingika samparkam vantivi) takkuvagaa undevi. eee phalitaalu mukhyamainavani parisoedhakulu paerkonnaaru, endukante phalitaalu laingika pravartana mariyu daani parinaamaalapai drushti pettadam kante koumaaradasalo unnavaari yokka marinta saanukuula amsaalu mariyu vaari saamaajika mariyu srungaara paraspara charyalapai drushti pedataayi.
kaumaradasa anedi laingika paripakvata samayanni suuchistumdi, idhi saamaajika paraspara charyalalo kooda vyaktamavutundi. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru saadhaarana laingika encounterlalo paalgonavacchu (tarachugaa hookuplu anie pilustaaru), eee abhivruddhi kaalamlo chaalaa laingika anubhavam srungaara sambandhaalalo jarugutundi. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru srungaara sambandhaalanu vetakadaaniki saanketika parignaanaanni mariyu soshal medianu upayoginchavacchu, endukante idhi dating mariyu gurtimpu anveshananu prayatninchadaaniki surakshitamaina pradaesam anie vaaru bhaavistaaru. eee soshal media encounterla nundi, marinta sambandham praarambhamavutundi. muddu pettukovadam, chetulu pattukovadam mariyu kaugilinchukovadam anedi santrupti mariyu nibaddhatanu suuchistumdi. yuva koumaaradasalo, jananendri uddeepanatoo gurtinchabadina "bhaarii" laingika karyakalapalu tarachugaa himsa, niraasa mariyu paelavamaina sambandha naanhyathatho mudipadi untaayi. srungaara sambandhamlo jarige kaumaradasa chivarilo laingika kaaryakalaapaalaku eee prabhavam vartinchadu. prarambha laingika kaaryakalaapaalaku janyuparamaina kaaranaalu unnayani konni parisoedhanalu suuchistunnaayi, ivi neeraaniki pramaada karakalu kooda, prarambha laingika karyakalapalu mariyu bhavodvega baadha rendintikee pramaadam unna oka samuuham undani suuchistunnaayi. ayithe, paatha koumaaradasalo, srungaara sambandhaala sandarbhamlo laingika karyakalapalu vaastavaaniki janyu pramaadaalanu niyantrinchina tarvaata takkuva sthaayi vichakshana pravartanatho sambandham kaligi untaayi, sambandham velupala laingika sambandhaaniki (hook-ups) viruddhamgaa.
kaumara sambandhaalalo dating himsa sambhavinchavachhu. survey chesinappudu, koumaaradasalo unnavaarilo naaluginta oka vanthu nundi moodinta oka vanthu mandhi manasika dookudu anubhavinchinatlu nivedinchagaa, 12-25% oka sambandham sandarbhamlo saareeraka himsanu anubhavinchinatlu nivedinchaaru. eee nivedinchabadina dookudu loe kottadam, vastuvulanu visireyadam ledhaa chempadebbalu untaayi, ayithe eee saareeraka dookudu chaalaa varaku vaidya sandarsanaku daariteeyadu. sambandhaalalo saareeraka dookudu haiskool nundi kalaasaala mariyu yuva vayojanam varaku taggutundi. binna linga jantalalo, vayojana sambandhaala maadirigaa kakunda, maga mariyu aada duraakramanadaarula raetla madhya gananeeyamaina vyatyaasam ledhu.
alpasankhyaaka janaabhaaku chendina mahilaa koumaaradasalo unnavaaru sannihita bhagaswamy himsa (ipv) kuu gurayye pramaadam ekkuvagaa untundi. iteevali parisoedhana phalitaalu yuva pattana mahilalalo gananeeyamaina bhaagam bahula rakaala ipv badhitulayye pramaadam undani suuchistunnaayi. pattana minority teenagelalo maandyaanni nirdhaarinche abhyaasakulu ipv yokka saareeraka mariyu saareerakam kaani roopaala kosam anchanaa veyali, mariyu mundastu gurtimpu jokyam mariyu samrakshana avasaramayye yuvakulanu gurtinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. vayojana baadhitula maadirigaane, kaumara baadhitulu durviniyogaanni takshaname bahirgatam cheyaru, mariyu ipv sanghatanalaku neerugaa sambandham laeni samasyalaku vaidya samrakshananu koravachu. anduvalla, pradhana firyaduto sambandham lekunda koumaaradasalo unnavaariki vaidya chikitsalo screening anedi oka saadhaarana bhaagamgaa undaali. chaalaa mandhi peddalu koumaaradasalo ipv sandarbhaalanu taggistaaru ledhaa chinna vayassulo sambandhaalanu "kukkapilla prema" gaa pariganinchadam valla avi sambhavinchavani nammutaaru, ayithe, tarachugaa palasi venukabadi unnappatikee, koumaaradasalo aipvni peddalu teevramgaa teesukovadam chaalaa mukhyam.
samakaaleena samaajamlo, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru kooda vaari laingikata maaradam praarambhinchadamtho konni pramaadaalanu edurkontaaru. veetilo konni, manasika baadha (durviniyogam ledhaa dopidi bhayam) mariyu hechaivi/aidsto sahaa laingikamgaa sankraminche antuvyaadhulu/vyaadhulu (stiss/estidi) vantivi koumaaradasalo swabhavikamga undavu, ayithe teanage garbham (garbhanirodhakaalu upayoginchakapovadam ledhaa vaiphalyam dwara) vantivi chaalaa paaschaatya samajalalo saamaajika samasyaluga chudabadatayi. laingikamgaa churukuga unna prati naluguru teenagerlalo okariki oka stitis vyaadhi vastundi. united stateslo koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tarachugaa laingika karyakalapala kosam "sambhogam tappa maredainaa" enchukuntaaru, endukante idhi stiss pramaadaanni taggistundani vaaru porapaatuna nammutaaru. desavyaaptamgaa, vaidyulu herpes mariyu human papillomavirus (hetch. pii. vii) yokka perugutunna rooga nirdhaaranalanu nivedistunnaru, idhi jananendri motimalaku kaaranamavutundi, mariyu ippudu teanage janabhalo 15 saatam mandini prabhaavitam chestundani bhaavistunnaaru. 15 nundi 19 yella baalikalu itara vayasula kante ekkuva gonorrhea retunu kaligi untaaru. mottam kotta hechaivi kesulalo naaluginta oka vanthu 21 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unnavaarilo sambhavistaayi. kaijar family foundation nirvahinchina oka marchi survey prakaram, enabhai okka saatam mandhi tallidandrulu tama pillalatho kandomla vadakam mariyu garbhanirodhakaalu gurinchi paatasaalalu charchinchaalani korukuntunnarani multein thana vyaasamlo perkondi. vidyaarthulanu stiss kosam pareekshinchagalagaalani kooda vaaru nammutaaru. antekakunda, upaadhyaayulu tama vidyaarthulatho ituvanti amsaalanu charchinchaalani korukuntaru. conny, desavyaaptamgaa prati 10 mandiloo 9 mandhi laingika vidya bodhakulu paatasaalalo garbhanirodhakaalu gurinchi vidyaarthulaku neerpinchaalani viswasistunnappatiki, naaluginta oka vanthu mandhi paatasaala bordulu mariyu nirvaahakula nundi alaa cheyavaddani spashtamaina suuchanalanu andukuntunnaru. maanava shaastravetta margaret meed prakaram, paaschaatya samaajamlo koumaaradasalo kanipinche gandaragolaniki saareeraka kaaranam kakunda saamskrutika kaaranam undhi; yuvatulu swechchaayuta laingika karyakalapalalo nimagnamaina samajalalo alanti kaumaradasa gandaragolam ledani vaaru nivedinchaaru.
samskruti.
maanava jeevasaastram ledhaa abhignaa nirmaanaala kante samskrutilo ekkuva paatukupoyina kaumaradasa abhivruddhiki konni lakshanaalu unnaayi. samskrutini "viluva kaligina vatiki samaja chatraanni andinche gatam nundi pondina sanketha mariyu pravartanaa vaarasatvam" gaa nirvachinchaaru. samskruti neerchukoobadindi mariyu samajikamga panchukobadindi, mariyu idhi oka vyakti jeevitamlooni anni amsaalanu prabhaavitam chestundi. udaaharanaku, saamaajika baadhyatalu, laingika vyakteekarana mariyu vishwaasa vyavastha abhivruddhi, annee samskrutini batti maaravacchu. antekakunda, dustulu, sangeetam mariyu media yokka itara upayogaalu, upaadhi, kala, aaharam mariyu paaneeyaala empikalu, vinodam mariyu bhaashatho sahaa yuvata yokka pratyeka lakshanaalu, annee yuva samskrutini yerparustaayi. eee kaaranaala valla, koumaaradasalo unnavaari jeevitaallo samskruti prabalamgaa mariyu saktivantamaina unikini kaligi undhi, anduvalla neti koumaaradasalo unna vaari samskrutini adhyayanam chesi ardham chesukokunda manam puurtigaa ardham chesukolemu. ayithe, "samskruti" nii desham ledhaa jaatiki paryaayapadamgaa chudakudadu. yea desamloonainaa, jaathi ledhaa saamaajika aardhika samuuhamloo aneka samskrutulu unnaayi. antekakunda, jaathi kendrikarananu nivaarinchadaaniki, parisoedhakulu vaari swantha saamskrutika nammakaala paramgaa koumaaradasalo samskruti paatranu nirvachinchakundaa jagrattagaa undaali.
1959 joolailo prachurinchabadina thana chinna pustakam "dhi teanage consumer" loe, british market research payineer maark abrams, kotta aardhika samuuham aavirbhavaanni gurtinchaadu. pillalatho poliste, eee vayassu shreniloni vyaktulaku ekkuva dabbu, vaaru daanini elaa kharchu cheyalane daanipai ekkuva abheeshtaanusaaram, mariyu motaru kaaru raaka dwara ekkuva chalanasheelata undhi. peddavaaritho poliste, eee vayassu shreniloni vyaktulaku takkuva baadhyatalu undevi, anduvalla vaari dabbunu elaa kharchu cheyalane daanipai vividha empikalu chesevaaru. eee kotta aardhika samuuham yokka eee pratyeka lakshanaalu prakatanadaarulaku savaallu mariyu avakaasaalanu andinchaayi. maark abrams eee 13-25 vayassu gala viniyogadaarula samuuhaanni vivarinchadaaniki "teenager" anae padaanni roopondinchaaru.
britainlo, rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo, baalya neeraalaku bhayalu unnappudu, yuktavayaskulu modatisaarigaa prajala drushtiki vacchaaru. 1950la natiki, media taraala tirugubaatu paramgaa teenagerlu pradarsinchaaru. raajakeeya nayakulu mariyu paatha taramlo atisayokti naitika bhayandolana saadhaaranamgaa tallidandrulu mariyu pillala madhya taraala sahakaram peragadam dwara khandinchabadindi. kottagaa kanugonna aardhika bhadratanu aasvaadistunna chaalaa mandhi kaarmika-taragati tallidandrulu, tama teanage vaarini marinta saahasopetamaina jeevitaalanu aasvaadinchadaaniki prothsahinchadaaniki aaa avakaasaanni aatrutagaa teesukunnaru. roudy pillala niyantranalo unna pramaadakaramaina blockboard adavulugaa paatasaalalanu tappugaa chitreekarinchaaru. teanage yuvakulanu chaalaa sampannulugaa, mariyu swachchanda, nerasthulaina, prati-saamskrutika tirugubatudaruluga media vakreekarinchadam saadhaarana yuvakula, mukhyamgaa yuvatula vaastava anubhavalanu pratibimbimchadu.
swayampratipatti.
koumaaradasalo unnavaarini svayampratipattigala jeevulugaa gurtinche sthaayi samskrutini batti vistrutamgaa maarutuu untundi, alaage eee abhivruddhi chendutunna svayampratipattini soochinche pravartanalu kooda maarutuu untaayi. manastatvavettalu moodu pradhana rakaala svayampratipattini gurtinchaaruh bhavodvega swaatantryam, pravartanaa swayampratipatti mariyu abhignaa swayampratipatti. bhavodvega swayampratipatti anedi koumaaradasalo itarulatoe unna sambandhaala paramgaa nirvachinchabadindi, mariyu tarachugaa peddalu mariyu thotivaaritho marinta parinati chendina bhavodvega sambandhaala abhivruddhini kaligi untundi. pravartanaa swayampratipatti anedi koumaaradasalo athani ledhaa aame swantha pravartananu niyantrinche, vyaktigata nirnayaalapai vyavaharinchae mariyu sweeya-paalana chese saamarthyaanni abhivruddhi cheyadaanni kaligi untundi. eee vargamlo saamskrutika thedaalu mukhyamgaa kanipistaayi endukante idhi dating, thotivaaritho saamaajika samayam mariyu samaya nirvahana nirnayaalaku sambandhinchina samasyalaku sambandhinchinadi. saamaajika dhruvikaranapai adhika aadharapadakunda swatantra tarkam mariyu nirnayam teesukune prakriyalalo palgone saamarthyaanni abhignaa swayampratipatti vivaristundi. koumaaradasalo abhignaa abhivruddhi, saamaajika sambandhaalanu vistarinchadam, perugutunna vayojanula roopaanni mariyu marinta hakkulu mariyu baadhyatalanu angeekarinchadam nundi kalige prabhavalu koumaaradasalo swayampratipatti bhavalanu penchutaayi. swayampratipatti yokka saraina abhivruddhi manchi manasika aarogyam, adhika aatmagouravam, sweeya-prerepita dhoranulu, saanukuula sweeya-bhavanalu mariyu sweeya-prarambha mariyu niyantrana pravartanalatho mudipadi undhi. antekakunda, swayampratipatti gurinchi vaari bhavalu vaari tallidandrula bhaavaalato daggaragaa saripolinappudu koumaaradasalo unnavaari manasika aarogyam uttamamgaa untundani kanugonabadindi.
koumaaradasalo unnavaaru swayampratipatti sambandhita pravartanalalo nimagnam kaagalarani vyaktulu vishwasinche vayassunu kolavadaniki tean timetable anie piluvabade prasnaapatram upayoginchabadindi. kaumara swayampratipatti gurinchi saamskrutika avagaahanallo thedaalanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki eee prasnaapatram upayoginchabadindi, udaaharanaku, tella tallidandrulu mariyu koumaaradasalo unnavaaru asea santatiki chendina vaari kante mundugaane svayampratipattini aasistaarani kanugonnaru. anduvalla, kaumara swayampratipatti yokka avagaahanalo saamskrutika thedaalu unnayani, atuvanti thedaalu koumaaradasalo jeevanasaili mariyu abhivruddhipai prabhavam chuuputaayani spashtamavutundi. upa-sahara african yuvatalo, kaumaradasa abhivruddhini ardham chesukovadamlo vyaktitvam mariyu swechcha yokka bhavanalu upayogakaramgaa undakapovachhu. badulugaa, balyam mariyu kaumaradasa abhivruddhi gurinchi african bhavanalu sambandham mariyu okadaanipai okati aadharapadi untaayi.
saamaajika paatralu mariyu baadhyatalu.
icchina samskrutilo koumaaradasalo unnavaari jeevanasaili, athanu ledhaa aame chepattaalsina paatralu mariyu baadhyatala dwara lothugaa roopudiddukuntundi. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru kutumba baadhyatalanu enthavaraku panchukoovaalani bhaavistunnaaru anedi pramaana kaumara pravartanalo oka pedda nirnayinche amsam. udaaharanaku, konni samskrutulalo koumaaradasalo unnavaaru inti panulu mariyu baadhyatalaku gananeeyamgaa sahakarinchaalani bhaavistunnaaru. inti panulanu tarachugaa sweeya-samrakshana panulu mariyu kutumba-samrakshana panulugaa vibhajistaaru. ayithe, koumaaradasalo unnavaariki nirdishta gruha baadhyatalu samskruti, kutumba rakam mariyu kaumara vayassunu batti maaravacchu. kutumba pani mariyu nityakrutyaalalo koumaaradasalo paalgonevaaru koumaaradasalo unnavaari sweeya-viluva, samrakshana mariyu itarula patla shraddha yokka bhaavaala abhivruddhipai saanukuula prabhavanni chuuputaarani konni parisoedhanalu choopinchaayi.
inti panulanu panchukovadamtho paatu, konni samskrutulu koumaaradasalo unnavaaru tama kutumba aardhika baadhyatalalo bhaagaswaamulu kaavaalani aasistaayi. kutumba aardhika mariyu aardhika vidya nipunula abhiprayam prakaram, koumaaradasalo unnavaaru dabbu aadaa cheyadam mariyu kharchu cheyadam vanti paddhatula dwara, alaage bhavishyat aardhika lakshyaala kosam mundugaane pranaalika veyadam dwara manchi dabbu nirvahana naipunhyaalanu abhivruddhi chestaaru. aardhika baadhyatala pampinheelo ledhaa bhatyam ketayinchadamlo kutumbaala madhya thedaalu vividha saamaajika nepathya paristhitulu mariyu intraphamilial prakriyalanu pratibimbimchavachchu, ivi saamskrutika nibandhanalu mariyu viluvalatho paatu icchina samajam yokka vyapara rangam mariyu market aardhika vyavastha dwara marinta prabhaavitamavutaayi. udaaharanaku, aneka abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo pillalu yuktavayassuku cherukunnappudu pani praarambhinchadaaniki veelugaa takkuva samvatsaraala adhikaarika paatasaala vidyaku haajaru kavadam sarvasaadhaaranam.
kaumaradasa anedi tarachugaa sraamikasaktiloo palgonadam dwara gurtinchabade samayam ayinappatikee, perigina praapyata mariyu adhikaarika unnata vidya yokka praamukhyata phalitamgaa gatha samvatsaraalato poliste sraamikasaktiloo koumaaradasalo unnavaari sankhya ippudu chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi. udaaharanaku, chainaalo 16 yella pillalalo sagam mandhi 1980loe udyogam pondagaa, adhe samuuhamloo naaluginta oka vanthu kante takkuva mandhi 1990loe udyogam pondaaru.
antekakunda, koumaaradasalo pani mariyu vishraanti karyakalapala kosam gadipe samayam saamskrutika nibandhanalu mariyu anchanaala phalitamgaa, alaage vividha saamaajika-aardhika kaarakaala phalitamgaa samskrutini batti chaalaa maarutuu untundi. aneka itara deshaalalo koumaaradasalo unnavaari kante american teenagerlu paatasaalalo ledhaa paniloo takkuva samayam gaduputaaru mariyu vishraanti karyakalapalapai ekkuva samayam gaduputaaru-veetilo kreedalu adatam, saanghikeekarinchadam mariyu vaari roopaanni chusukovadam vantivi untaayi. eee thedaalu vidya yokka saamskrutika viluvala dwara prabhaavitamavutaayi mariyu koumaaradasalo unnavaaru vaari kutumbam ledhaa samaajamlo entha baadhyata vahinchaalani bhaavistunnaaru.
anduvalla, samaya nirvahana, aardhika paatralu mariyu koumaaradasalo unnavaari saamaajika baadhyatalu vidya rangam mariyu koumaaradasalo unnavaari vrutti abhivruddhi prakriyalatho paatu saamskrutika nibandhanalu mariyu saamaajika anchanaalatho daggari sambandham kaligi unnaayi. aneka vidhaluga, koumaaradasalo unna vaari saamaajika paatralu mariyu baadhyatalatoo anubhavalu vayojana paatralaloki vaari prarambha maargam yokka podavu mariyu naanhyatanu nirnayistaayi.
vishwaasa vyavastha abhivruddhi.
kaumaradasa tarachugaa prapanchampai koumaaradasalo unna avagahana, jeevita gamanam vaipu hetubaddhamaina dhisha mariyu vayojana adhikaranni nissandehamgaa angeekarinchadam kante kotta aalochanalanu churukuga korukovadam dwara vargeekarinchabadutundi. koumaaradasalo unna vyakti saamaajika, kutumba mariyu saamskrutika vaataavaranaalatoe athani ledhaa aame paraspara charya dwara oka pratyaekamaina vishwaasa vyavasthanu abhivruddhi cheyadam praarambhistaadu. vyavastheekruta matam prati koumaaradasalo unnavaari jeevita anubhavamlo tappanisarigaa oka bhaagam kaanappatikee, yuvata ippatikee tama gurinchi, tama chuttoo unna prapancham gurinchi, mariyu vaaru vishwasinche ledhaa nammani unnata saktula gurinchi nammakaala samitini yerparachukovadaniki baadhyata vahistaaru. eee prakriya tarachugaa veduka, aacharam, dhruvikarana ledhaa aacharam dwara yuktavayassuku ardhavantamaina parivartananu andinchaalane uddesamto saamskrutika sampradaayaalato kalisi ledhaa sahaayapadutundi.
laingikata.
aneka samskrutulu koumaaradasalo nirdishta jeeva ledhaa saamaajika mailuraalla dwara vayojana laingikataloki parivartananu nirvachistaayi. udaaharanaku, rutukramam (streeki modati ruthu kaalam), ledhaa veeryasraavam (purushudiki modati skhalanam) aneka samskrutulaku tarachugaa laingikamgaa nirvachinche amsaalu. jeevasambandhamaina kaarakaalato paatu, koumaaradasalo unnavaari laingika saanghikeekarana anedi vaari samskruti koumaaradasalo ledhaa vivaahaaniki mundu laingika karyakalapala patla nirbandha ledhaa anumati vaikharini teesukuntundaa anae daanipai ekkuvagaa aadharapadi untundi. mukhyamgaa united stateslo, koumaaradasalo unnavaariki vaari laingika korikalanu prerepinche "ugramaina harmonelu" unnayani chebutaaru. eee laingika korikalu appudu teanage sex gurinchi natakeeyamgaa chitreekarinchabadataayi mariyu "pramaadam mariyu pramaadam unna pradaesamgaa chudabadatayi; atuvanti pramaadam mariyu pramaadam peddalalo teevra aandolanaku muulam". uslo teenagerlu laingika sambandham kaligi undataaniki sambandhinchi chaalaa takkuva ledhaa etuvanti saadhaaraneekarana ledhu.ess.idhi koumaaradasalo laingika vidya gurinchi elaa bodhinchabadutundane daanipai sangharshanaku kaaranamavutundi. paatasaalallo samyamanam-matrame laingika vidya ledhaa samagra laingika vidyanu bodhinchala vadda anae daanipai nirantaram charcha jarugutondi, idhi bodhinchabadutunna desham anumatitoe kuudinadaa ledhaa anedaanipai aadharapadi untundi. nirbandha samskrutulu avivaahita koumaaradasalo ledhaa koumaaradasalo unnavaaru adhikaarika aacharam paatinche varaku laingika karyakalapalanu bahirangamgaa nirutsaahaparustaayi. eee samskrutulu purushulu mariyu streelanu vaari abhivruddhi antataa vaeru cheyadam dwara ledhaa laingika karyakalapalu jariginappudu bahirangamgaa avamaaninchadam mariyu saareeraka siksha dwara laingika karyakalapalanu parimitam cheyadaaniki prayatninchavacchu. takkuva nirbandha samskrutulalo, kaumara laingikata pradarsanalaku ledhaa bahiranga mariyu private pradaesaalaloo purushulu mariyu mahilala madhya paraspara charyaku ekkuva sahanam undhi. takkuva nirbandha samskrutulu kaumara laingikata yokka konni amsaalanu sahinchagalavu, itara amsaalanu vyatirekinchavachhu. udaaharanaku, konni samskrutulu teanage laingika karyakalapalanu aamodayogyamainavigaa bhaavistaayi, conny teanage garbham chaalaa avaanchaneeyamainadigaa bhaavistaayi. itara samskrutulu teanage laingika karyakalapalu ledhaa teanage garbhadhaarananu, avi vivaham tarvaata sambhavinchinanta varaku, vyatirekinchavu. anumatigala samajalalo, avivaahita teenagelalo bahiranga laingika pravartana aamodayogyamainadigaa bhaavinchabadutundi, konnisaarlu prothsahinchabadutundi kooda. oka samskruti nirbandhamainadaa ledhaa anumatinchadaginadaa anae daanitoe sambandham lekunda, streelu mariyu purushulu tama laingikatanu elaa vyaktam chestaarane daanilo vyatyaasaalu unde avakaasam undhi. eee dwandwa pramaanam entha spashtamgaa undho samskrutulu maarutuu untaayi-konnintiloo idhi chattabaddhamgaa chekkabadi untundi, marikonnintilo idhi saamaajika sampradaayam dwara teliyajeyabadutundi. lesbian, gay, bisexual mariyu transgender yuvata tamalaa kakunda bedirinchadam dwara chaalaa vivakshanu edurkontaaru mariyu taamu swalinga samparkulamani itarulaku cheppadam baadhaakaramaina anubhavamgaa anipinchavacchu. oka samskruti sweekarinche laingika vaikharula paridhi daani koumaaradasalo unnavaari nammakalu, jeevanasaili mariyu saamaajika avagahanalanu prabhaavitam chestundi.
chattaparamaina samasyalu, hakkulu mariyu adhikaralu.
saadhaarana samasyalu.
kaumaradasa anedi vyaktulaku perigina hakkulu mariyu adhikaaraalatho tarachugaa gurtinchabade kaalam. chattaparamaina hakkulu mariyu vaati sambandhita vayassu kosam saamskrutika vaividhyam unnappatikee, samskrutulalo gananeeyamaina sthirathvam kanipistundi. antekakunda, 1989loe pillala hakkulapai samavesam vachinappati nundi (ikkada pillalu 18 ellalopu vaaruga nirvachinchabaddaaru), prapanchamlooni daadaapu prati desham (yuu.ess. mariyu dakshina sudan) anni vayasula yuvata patla vivakshata vyatiraeka vaikharini munduku teesukelladaaniki chattabaddhamgaa kattubadi undhi. indulo pillalanu tanikhi cheyani baala kaarmikula nundi rakshinchadam, sainyamlo namodu, vyabhicharam mariyu asleelata vantivi unnaayi.
aneka samajalalo, oka nirdishta vayassuku cherukunna vaaru (tarachugaa 18, idhi maarutuu unnappatikee) majority vayassuku cherukunnatlu pariganinchabadataaru mariyu vaari charyalaku baadhyata vahinche peddalugaa chattabaddhamgaa pariganinchabadataaru. eee vayassu kante takkuva vayassu unnavaarini mainarlu ledhaa pillaluga pariganistaaru. majority kante takkuva vayassu unna vyakti chattaparamaina vimukti dwara vayojana hakkulanu pondavacchu.
paaschaatya deshaalalo chattabaddhamaina pani vayassu saadhaaranamgaa 14 nundi 16 varaku untundi, idhi pariganinchabade gantala sankhya mariyu upaadhi rakanni batti untundi. aneka deshaalu kaneesa paatasaala vadili vayassu kooda paerkontaayi, dheenilo oka vyakti tappanisari vidyanu vidichipettadaaniki chattabaddhamgaa anumatinchabadataadu. eee vayassu saamskrutikamgaa chaalaa bhinnamgaa untundi, idhi 10 nundi 18 varaku vistarinchi untundi, idhi prapanchavyaaptamgaa samskrutulalo adhikaarika vidyanu vibhina margallo chuudadaanni marinta pratibimbistumdi.
chaalaa prajaasvaamya deshaalalo, oka pourudu 18 samvatsaraala vayassulo ootu vaeyadaaniki arhulu. minority deshaalalo, ootu vayassu 16 (udaaharanaku, brazil) kante takkuvagaa untundi, mariyu okappudu uzbekistanlo 25 kante ekkuvagaa undedi.
laingika kaaryakalaapaalaku sammati vayassu 12 nundi 20 samvatsaraala varaku, alaage prajalu vivaham chesukovadaniki anumatinchabade vayassu madhya vistrutamgaa maarutuu untundi. koumaaradasalo unna nirdishta chattaparamaina vayassu kooda samskrutini batti maarutuu untundi, avi sainyam, joodam mariyu madyam, sigaretlu ledhaa tallidandrula salaha lebullatho vastuvula konugolu.
chattabaddhamaina vayassu ravadam tarachugaa swayampratipatti yokka aakasmika saakshaatkaaraaniki anugunamgaa undadu; chattabaddhamgaa vayojana vayassuku cherukunna chaalaa mandhi koumaaradasalo unnavaaru ippatikee bhavodvega mariyu aardhika maddatu kosam vaari samrakshakulu ledhaa thootivaaripai aadharapadi unnaaru. edemaina, kotta chattaparamaina hakkulu chaalaa mandhi chattabaddhamaina koumaaradasalo unnavaariki adhika swaatantryam ledhaa saamaajika baadhyata yokka dasaku daariteese saamaajika anchanaalanu maarchadamtho kalisipotayi.
madyam mariyu akrama maadakadravyaala vadakam.
praabalyam.
1990la chivaralo 2000la madhyakaalam varaku sthiramaina ksheenata mariyu 2010la praarambhamlo mitamaina perugudala taruvaata, koumaaradasalo akrama maadakadravyaala vadakam dadapuga sthiramgaa undhi.ess. madyam kakunda, koumaaradasalo ganjai anedi atyanta saadhaaranamgaa maadakadravyaala alavaatu. maadakadravyaala durviniyogampai jaateeya samstha sekarinchina dayta prakaram, 2015 mariyu 2018 samvatsaraala madhya, gatha samvatsaram 8va taragati vidyaarthulaloo ganjai vadakam 11.8% nundi 10.5% kii taggindi; 10va taragati vidyaarthulaloo, vadakam 25.4% nundi 27.50% kii perigindi; mariyu 12va taragati vidyaarthulaloo, vadakam 34.9% nundi 35.9% kii koddigaa perigindi. adanamgaa, 2010la praarambhamlo mdma yokka prajaadarana peragadamtho, gatha samvatsaramlo 12va taragati vidyaarthulaloo 2.2% mandhi yuu. ess loe mdmnu upayoginchadamto vadakam sthireekarinchabadindi.ess. paaravasatvam yokka adhika viniyogam rave samskruti yokka perugutunna prajaadaranhatho kaneesam kontavaraku sambandham kaligi untundi.
teanage maadakadravyaala durviniyogam peragadaaniki oka mukhyamaina sahakaram prescription aushadhaala labhyatalo perugudala. vidyaarthulaku pravartanaa mariyu shraddhaatmaka rugmatala nirdhaarana peragadamtho, vinodam kosam vikodin mariyu aderal vanti aushadha mandulanu teesukovadam koumaaradasalo prabalamaina karyakalapamga marindi haiskool seniorlalo 9.9% mandhi gatha samvatsaramlo prescription aushadhaalanu durviniyogam chesinatlu nivedinchaaru.
yuu loe.ess.2000la chivaralo teanage madyam vadakam perigindi mariyu prastutam mitamaina sthaayilo sthiramgaa undhi. yuu yokka pole chesina sareeram nundi.ess. 8va taragati vidyaarthulaloo 8.2% mandhi munupati nelaloo kaneesam oka sandarbhamloonainaa madyam sevinchinatlu nivedinchaaru; 10va taragati vidyaarthulaku, sankhya 18.6%, mariyu 12va taragati vidyaarthulaku, 30.2%. marinta teevramgaa, american middle mariyu haiskool vidyaarthulaloo sigaret dhumapanam chaalaa takkuva prabalamaina karyakalapamga maarindi; vaastavaaniki, ekkuva mandhi teanage ippudu poga sigaretla kante ganjaayini dhumapanam chestunnaru, iteevali adhyayanamlo survey chesina haiskool seniorla sambandhita 23.8% verses 43.6% chuupimchaaru. iteevali adhyayanalu purushulu, chivari koumaaradasalo unnavaaru, streela kante sigaretlu dhumapanam chese avakaasam chaalaa ekkuvagaa undani choopinchaayi. vidyaarthulaloo dhumapanam praabalyamlo spashtamaina linga vyatyaasam undani adhyayanam suuchimchimdi. adhyayanam kanugonna prakaram, praadhamika mariyu unnata paatasaalallo unnappudu mahilala kante ekkuva mandhi purushulu dhumapanam cheyadam praarambhinchagaa, chaalaa mandhi mahilalu unnata paatasaala tarvaata dhumapanam cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. ganjai patla iteevala maarutunna saamaajika mariyu raajakeeya abhipraayaalaku idhi aapaadinchabadavachu; aushadha viniyogam mariyu chattabaddhata vanti samasyalu chaaritraatmakamgaa kante aushadhaanni marinta saanukuula konamlo chithrinche disagaa moggu chupayi, ayithe sambandhita aarogya pramaadaala kaaranamgaa sigaretlu dooshinchabadutunnaayi.
vividha maadakadravyaala alavaatlu tarachugaa okadaanitoe okati chaalaa mukhyamaina paddhatiloo sambandham kaligi untaayi. kaneesam kontavaraku trage koumaaradasalo unnavaaru madyapaanam cheyani vaari kante akrama maadakadravyaalanu upayoginche avakaasam padahaaru retlu ekkuvagaa untundani niroopinchabadindi.
saamaajika prabhavam.
kaumaradasa praarambhamlo pravartananu nirdesinchadamlo thoti vyaktula angeekaaram mariyu saamaajika nibandhanalu gananeeyamgaa ekkuva chetini pondutaayi; anduvalla, teanage yokka madyam mariyu akrama maadakadravyaala alavaatlu ekkuvagaa snehitulu mariyu itara sahavidyaarthula maadakadravyaala vadakam dwara roopudiddukuntaayi. vaastavaaniki, vaastava maadakadravyaala nibandhanala kante, snehitulu mariyu thootivaaru akrama maadakadravyaala vadakam gurinchi oka vyakti yokka avagahana madhya mariyu unnata paatasaalalo maadakadravyaala vaadakamlo athani ledhaa aame swantha alavaatlatho ekkuvagaa mudipadi undani adhyayanalu suuchistunnaayi, eee sambandham kalakramena balapadutundi. madyam vadakam mariyu ganjai vaadakampai saamaajika prabhavalu swalpakaalikamgaa neerugaa panicheestundagaa, madhyamika paatasaalalo sigaretlu dhumapanam cheyadampai thoti mariyu snehitula nibandhanalu unnata paatasaalalo sigaretlu poga traagadaaniki okari swantha sambhaavyatapai teevra prabhavanni chuuputaayi. bahusha madhyamika paatasaalalo thoti prabhaavaaniki, unnata paatasaalalo sigaret dhoomapaanaaniki madhya unna balamaina sahasambandhaanni sigaretla vyasanaparudaina swabhaavam dwara vivarinchavacchu, idhi chaalaa mandhi vidyaarthulu madhyamika paatasaala nundi kaumaradasa chivari varaku tama dhumapana alavaatlanu konasaaginchadaaniki daariteestundi.
janabha karakalu.
kaumaradasa madhya nundi chivari varaku, baluru mariyu baalikalu madyapaana uddeshaalalo saapekshamgaa takkuva vyatyaasaanni chuuputaaru. purushulu mariyu streelu madyam sevinchadaaniki gala kaaranaala madhya thedaalu vayassu 14-15 chuttoo udbhavinchadam praarambhistaayi; mottammeeda, abbayilu madyapaanaanni baalikala kante ekkuva saamaajika konamlo chuustaaru, veeru sagatuna madyaanni tarachugaa upayoginchadaanni oka nivaarana yantraamgaa nivedistaaru. taruvaati prabhavam kaumaradasa chivarilo mariyu yuktavayassu praarambhamlo (20-21 vayassu) maarutunnatlu kanipistundi; ayithe, eee dhorani unnappatikee, vayassu abbayilu mariyu ammayilu iddariloo edurkovadam kante aanandam kosam traagaalane ekkuva korikanu testundi.
madyapaana alavaatlu mariyu vaati venuka unna uddeshaalu tarachugaa oka vyakti vyaktitvamloni konni amsaalanu pratibimbistaayi; vaastavaaniki, vyaktitvam yokka aidu-kaarakaala namuunaa yokka naalugu koonaalu madyapaana uddesyaalato anubandhaanni pradarsistaayi (annee 'nishkaapatyata' tappa). madyam sevinchadaaniki ekkuva merugudala uddeshaalu vyaktulalo adhika sthaayi bahishkarana mariyu sanchalana-anveshananu pratibimbistaayi; atuvanti ananda prerana tarachugaa takkuva manassakshini kooda suuchistumdi, idhi takkuva nirodhakata mariyu dookudu vaipu ekkuva dhoranini vyaktam chestundi. marovaipu, pratikuula bhavodvega sthithulanu edurkovataniki madyapaanam adhika naralavyadhi mariyu takkuva angeekaaramtho balamgaa sambandham kaligi untundi. pratikuula bhavodvega niyantrana yantraamgaa madyam vadakam tarachugaa aandolana, niraasa mariyu takkuva aatmagouravam vanti aneka itara pravartanaa mariyu bhavodvega balaheenatalato mudipadi untundi.
teanage madyam vadakam venuka unna uddesyaalalo vividha samskrutulalo parisoedhanalu saadhaaranamgaa adbhutamaina ekaruupatanu choopinchaayi. pratyeka saamskrutika sandarbhaallo traagaalane kaumaradasa nirnayamlo saamaajika nischitaartham mariyu vyaktigata aanandam chaalaa saarvatrika paatra pooshistunnatlu kanipistundi. argentine, hankong mariyu kenadaalo nirvahinchina sarvelu prati okkati koumaaradasalo madyapaanam aanandam mariyu vinodaaniki sambandhinchina atyanta saadhaarana kaaranaanni suuchimchaayi; argentine teanage loe 80 saatam mandhi aanandam kosam madyapaanam chesinatlu nivedinchagaa, 7 saatam mandhi matrame chedu manasika sthithini meruguparachadaaniki taagaaru. kenadian koumaaradasalo atyanta prabalamaina samadhanalu "party mood loe undandi", 18 saatam; "endukante neenu daanini aasvaadistunnaanu", 16 saatam; mariyu "traagi undatam", 10 saatam. hankanglo, palgone streelu tarachugaa saamaajika aanandam kosam madyapaanam chestunnatlu nivedinchagaa, purushulu tarachugaa madyam prabhavalanu anubhavinchadaaniki madyapaanam chestunnatlu nivedinchaaru.
media.
shareera chitram.
koumaaradasalo unnavaaripai shareera chitram yokka manasika parinaamaalapai chaalaa parisoedhanalu jarigaayi. aadhunika teenagerlu tama munupati taram kante rojuvaareegaa ekkuva mediaku bahirgatamavutunnaaru. anduvalla, aadhunika koumaaradasalo unnavaaru aadarsavantamaina, saamaajika soundaryaaniki sambandhinchina aneka praatinidhyaalaku guravutaaru. oka vyakti thana sonta chitram ledhaa roopamtho asantruptigaa untaadane bhavananu "shareera asantrupti" gaa nirvachinchaaru. yuktavayaskulalo, shareera asantrupti tarachugaa shareera dravyarashi, takkuva aatmagouravam mariyu asaadhaaranamaina aahara vidhaanaalatho mudipadi untundi, idhi aarogya vidhaanaalaku daariteestundi. teanage loe shareera asantruptipai media prabhavalapai panditulu charcha konasagistunnaru.
media samruddhi.
gatha dasaabdamloo mediaku gurikavadam peragadam valla, prajaadarana pondina samskruti yokka vividha maadhyamaalaku praapyata pondadaaniki koumaaradasalo computerlu, sell phonelu, stereoku mariyu televisionla vadakam kooda perigindi. daadaapu anni american gruhaalalo kaneesam oka television undhi, anni kaumara gruhaalalo moodonthula kante ekkuva mandiki internet andubaatulo undhi, mariyu 90 saataaniki paiga american koumaaradasalo kaneesam appudappudu internetnu upayogistunnaru. koumaaradasalo unnavaaru eee parikaraalanu upayoginchadaaniki gadipe samayam phalitamgaa, vaari mottam media exposure ekkuvagaa untundi. gatha dasaabdamloo, koumaaradasalo computerpy gadipe samayam chaalaa perigindi. koumaaradasalo veediyo games (78 saatam koumaaradasalo), email (73 saatam), takshana sandeshaalu (68 saatam), soshal networking saitlu (65 saatam), vaartaa vanarulu (63 saatam), sangeetam (59 saatam), veediyolu (57 saatam) atyadhika viniyoga raetlu kaligina online karyakalapalu.
soshal networking.
2000laloe, soshal networking saitlu vistarinchaayi mariyu adhika sankhyalo koumaaradasalo unnavaaru vaatini upayoginchaaru. 2012 natiki, 73 saatam mandhi 12-17 vayassu galavaaru kaneesam oka soshal networking profile kaligi unnaarani nivedinchaaru; moodinta rendu vantula (68 saatam) teanage yuvakulu pratiroojuu text pamputaaru, sagam (51 saatam) mandhi pratiroojuu soshal networking saitlanu sandarsistaaru mariyu 11 saatam mandhi pratiroojuu kaneesam okasari tweetlanu pamputaaru ledhaa sweekaristaaru. moodinta oka vanthu kante ekkuva mandhi (34 saatam) teanage yuvakulu tama pradhana soshal networking saitnu rojuku chalasarlu sandarsistaaru. prati naluguru teenagelalo okaru (23 saatam) soshal media viniyogadaarulu, antey vaaru pratiroojuu kaneesam rendu ververu rakaala soshal medianu upayoginchaaru.
parisoedhanalu asampuurnamgaa unnappatikee, electronic communication koumaaradasalo unnavaari saamaajika abhivruddhini pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chestundani, mukhamukhi communicationnu bharti chestundani, vaari saamaajika naipunhyaalanu balaheenaparustundani, konnisaarlu aparichitulatoe asurakshita paraspara charyaku daariteestundani konni phalitaalu suuchimchaayi. 2015 sameeksha prakaram "cyber bedirimpulanu edurkovataniki vyuuhaalapai koumaaradasalo unnavaariki avagahana ledhu, idhi nirantaram maandyam yokka perigina sambhaavyatatoo mudipadi undhi."antekakunda, 2020loe, instagramnu upayoginche koumaaradasalo unna baalikalalo 32 saatam mandhi platformnu upayoginchina tarvaata tama shareera chitram gurinchi marinta digajaarinatlu nivedinchaaru. internet koumaaradasalo unnavaari saamaajika paniteerunu pratikuulamgaa prabhaavitam chese vidhanalalo thedaalu unnayani adhyayanalu choopinchaayi. online saanghikeekarana mukhyamgaa baalikalanu haani kaligistundi, ayithe internet cafelalo saanghikeekarana abbayila vidya sadhananu matrame prabhaavitam chestundi. ayithe, internet communication snehitulanu marinta daggara chestundi mariyu samajikamga aandolana chendutunna teanage vaariki prayojanakaramgaa untundani itara parisoedhanalu suuchistunnaayi, vaaru aanlainlo samajikamga sambhaashinchadam sulabham.
yuktavayassuloki parivartana.
koumaaradasanu nirvachinchadaaniki vistruta maargam pillala nundi yuktavayassuku maaradam. hogan & astone (1986) prakaram, eee parivartanalo paatasaalanu vidichipettadam, puurti samayam udyogam praarambhinchadam, muula intini vidichipettadam, vivaham chesukovadam mariyu modatisaarigaa tallidandrulugaa maaradam vanti gurtulu undavacchu. ayithe, eee parivartana kaalaparimiti samskrutini batti teevramgaa maarutuu untundi. united states vanti konni deshaalalo, kaumaradasa daadaapu oka dasaabdam paatu konasaagavacchu, conny itarulalo, parivartana-tarachugaa veduka roopamlo-konni rojulu matrame untundi.
saamaajika mariyu matha parivartana vedukalaku konni udaaharanalu yuu. ess loe kanipistaayi.ess.alaage prapanchavyaaptamgaa itara samskrutulalo, nirdhaarana, baar mariyu byaat mitzwa, quinsaneras, sweet sixteins, cotillions mariyu debutane balls unnaayi. itara deshaalalo, prarambha vedukalu mukhyamaina paatra poeshistaayi, ivi yuktavayassuloki ledhaa koumaaradasaloki pravesinchadaanni suuchistaayi. eee parivartanatho paatu spashtamaina saareeraka maarpulu undavacchu, ivi dustulalo maarpu nundi pachchabotlu mariyu macchalu varaku maaravacchu. antekakunda, yuktavayassuloki parivartanalu kooda lingaanni batti maaravacchu, mariyu nirdishta acharalu purushulaku ledhaa mahilalaku sarvasaadhaaranam kaavacchu. idhi kaumaradasa, kaneesam kontavaraku, oka saamaajika nirmaanam enthavaraku untundo prakaasistundi; idhi saamskrutika sandarbhaanni batti bhinnamgaa aakaram teesukuntundi, mariyu saarvatrika rasayana ledhaa jeeva bhouthika maarpula kante saamskrutika paddhatulu ledhaa parivartanala dwara marinta amalu cheyabadavachhu.
koumaaradasalo saanukuula maarpulanu prothsahinchadam.
vaari jeevitaallo nirnayam teesukune dasalo, yuvata maadakadravyaala vyasanam, laingika vaedhimpulu, thootivaari ottidi, himsaatmaka neeraalu mariyu itara chattaviruddha kaaryakalaapaalaku guravutaaru. developmental intervention sains (diss) anedi developmental mariyu intervention sciences rendinti saahityam yokka kalayika. eee sangham koumaaradasalo aatmagouravamtho paatu saanukuula sweeya-abhivruddhini prothsahistuu pramaadakaramaina mariyu anuchita pravartanalapai drushti pettadam dwara samajam mariyu maanasikamgaa chikkukunna yuvata avasaralaku parasparam sahayapade yuvata jokyaalanu nirvahistundi.
vimarsha.
kaumaradasa bhavananu robbert epstein vanti nipunulu vimarsinchaaru, veeru koumaaradasalo unnavaari chindaravandaraku abhivruddhi chendani medadu pradhana kaaranam kaadani paerkonnaaru. kontamandi kaumaradasa bhavananu vimarsinchaaru, endukante idhi aadhunika samajam srushtinchina maanava charitralo saapekshamgaa iteevali drugvishayam, mariyu american samaajamlo yuvakula shishu roopakalpanagaa vaaru bhaavinche daanipai vaaru teevramgaa vimarsinchaaru. scientific american" kosam oka vyaasamlo, robbert epstein mariyu gennifer ong "prapanchavyaaptamgaa 100 kii paiga samskrutulalo american-shaili tean gandaragolam ledhu, ituvanti allarlu jeevasaastraparamgaa anivaryam kaadani suuchistunnaayi. rendavadi, anubhavaalaku pratispandanagaa medadu kooda maarutundi, koumaaradasalo unna medadu lakshanaalu teanage allarlaku kaaranamaa ledhaa jeevanasaili mariyu anubhavaala falitama anae prasnanu levanettutundi."puurti chitraaniki medadu parisoedhana keelakam, conny idhi tudi vivarananu andinchadani david moshmann kaumaradasa gurinchi kooda paerkonnaadu."
kaumaradasa bhavana yokka itara vimarsakulu medadu perugudala retulo vyaktigata vyatyaasaalanu suuchistaaru, kontamandi (andaruu kakapoyina) prarambha teanage vaariki ippatikee shishu abhivruddhi chendani corpus kaalosamlu unnayani paerkontuu, "prati * koumaaradasalo vayojanulu" chaalaa saadhaaraneekarana anie muginchaaru. eee vyaktulu marinta parasparam anusandhaaninchabadina medadu marinta khachitamaina thedaalanu chestundi (vividha jaatulalo conditioned reflexla gurinchi pavlov yokka polikalanu udaharistuu) mariyu oka ekapakshamaina parimiti undani, dheenilo thedaalu chivariki communication kosam bahya oohalapai aadhaarapadataaniki badulugaa taruvaata anchanaalanu saricheyadaaniki taginanta khachitamainavi avtayi anae bhavanaku maddatu istaaru. saamskrutikamgaa ekapakshamgaa "paripakvata" yokka charyalaku viruddhamgaa, oka vyakti thana kosam ledhaa thana kosam nishpaakshikamgaa matlade saamarthyam kaligi undatame eee parimiti anie vaaru vaadistaaru, idhi tarachugaa eee saamarthyaanni "aparipakvata" kii chihnamgaa pariganistundi, endukante idhi adhikaarulanu prashninchadaaniki daariteestundi. eee vyaktulu puttinarojuna parimitini cherukune takkuva sambhaavyatanu kooda nokki chebutaaru, badulugaa anchanaala tadupari diddubaatu yokka pravesha dwaaram vadda kalakramanusaram laeni vimuktini suuchistaaru. vaaru konnisaarlu "kaumara" pravartana mariyu kz syndrome (jailu shibiraalloni peddalalo khaidi pravartana) madhya saaruupyatalanu udaharistaaru, udaaharanaku durakramana anachiveta dwara vivarinchadaginadi mariyu "aparipakva" aardhika ledhaa itara pramaada pravartana, nirbandhamlo edainaa perugutunna merugudala kante nirbandhamlo unnavaariki marinta viluvainadigaa undatam dwara vivarinchadaginadi, mariyu eee siddhaantam deerghakaalika gaayam dwara majority vayassu cherukunna tarvaata "aparipakva" pravartananu vijayavantamgaa anchanaa vestundani vaadistaaru. eee sandarbhamlo, vaaru oka vyaktiki edhi manchidi ledhaa chedu anae daani gurinchi adhikaarika anchanaala yokka apohanu suuchistaaru, pitruswamya "hakkulu" vyaktiki haani kaliginchavacchani nirdhaaristaaru. polyolithiclo santanotpattini nivaarinchadaaniki oka samuuham nundi maroka samuuhaaniki velladaaniki chaalaa samvatsaraalu pattaledani vaaru vaadinchaaru, parinaamaatmaka manastatvasaastram sudeerghakaalam "aparipakva" pramaada pravartanaku kaaranamani cheppalemu.