
jamindar

bhaarata upakhandamlo oka jameendaaru (hindustani devnagari,; pertian <unk>,) oka provins yokka swayampratipatti ledhaa pakshika swayampratipatti palakudu. eee padam mogalula paalanalo upayogamloki vachindi, taruvaata british vaaru dheenini "estate" kuu sthaanika paryaayapadamgaa upayoginchadam praarambhinchaaru. eee padaaniki pertianlo "bhuswamy" anie ardham. vaaru saadhaaranamgaa vamsapaaramparyamgaa undevaaru, mariyu saamraajya nyaayasthaanaala tarapuna ledhaa sainika prayojanaala kosam pannu vasoolu chese hakkunu kaligi undevaaru.
bhaaratadesamlo british valasa paalana kaalamlo chaalaa mandhi dhanavanthulu, prabhaavavantamaina jameendaarlaku "maharaja", "raajaa/raay", malik, chaudari, "nawab", sardar vanti raacharika, raaja birudulu pradaanam cheyabaddaayi.
moghal saamrajyam samayamlo, jameendaarlu prabhuvulaku chendinavaaru mariyu paalaka varganni erpaatu chesaaru. akbar chakravarthy vaariki mansabs manjuru chesi, vaari puurveekula rajyalanu jagirluga pariganinchaaru. kontamandi jameendaarlu matam prakaram hinduvulu, kulam prakaram braahmanulu ledhaa kaayasthulu ledhaa rajput. valasarajyala kaalamlo, shaashwata sthaavaram "jamindari vyavastha" gaa pilavabadedi ekikrutam chesindi. british vaaru sahayaka jameendaarlanu yuvarajuluga gurtinchadam dwara vaariki bahumati icchaaru. eee praantamlooni aneka samsthaanaalu valasavaadaaniki puurvam unna jamindarla aastulu, ivi ekkuva niyamaavaliki penchabaddaayi. british vaaru aneka puurva-valasavaada samsthaanaalu mariyu adhipatula bhuuswaamulanu kooda tagginchaaru, vaari hodaanu gatamlo unnata sthaayi prabhuvula nundi jameendaarku tagginchaaru.
1950loe thoorpu pakistan (bangladesh), 1951loe bharatadesam mariyu 1959loe paschima paakistaanlo bhuu samskaranala samayamlo eee vyavastha raddu cheyabadindi.
upakhandam yokka praantiiya charitralalo jameendaarlu tarachugaa mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaaru. atyanta mukhyamaina udaaharanalalo okati bhaati praantamloo (baaro-bhuyans) pannendu mandhi jameendaarlu erpaatu chesina 16va sataabdapu samakhya, idhi jesuits mariyu ralf fitch prakaram, naavikaadala yuddhaala dwara moghal dandayaatralanu varusaga tippikottadamlo khyaatini sampaadinchindi. jameendaarlu kooda kalalaku poeshakulugaa undevaaru. tagor kutumbam 1913loe saahityamlo bharatadesapu mottamodati nobel graheeta ravindernath tagornu srushtinchindi, ayana tarachugaa thana estatelo undevaaru. jameendaarlu neoclassical mariyu indo-saracenic nirmaanaanni kooda prothsahinchaaru.
moghal yugam.
baabar uttara bharatadesanni jayinchinappudu, sthaanikamgaa raay, raajaa, raanaa, raav, ravat modalaina vaaru anie piluvabade aneka swayampratipatti mariyu pakshika swayampratipatti kaligina paalakulu unnaaru. vividha pertian vruttaamtaalaloo vaarini jameendaarlu mariyu jameendaarlu anie pilicheevaaru. vaaru tama tama bhuubhaagaalanu ekkuvagaa vamsapaaramparyamgaa paalinchina saamantulu. vaaru saamrajyam yokka aardhika vanarulalo gananeeyamaina bhaganni matrame kakunda sainika saktini kooda niyantrinchaaru. hinduustaannu swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata, daani mottam aadaayamlo aarava vanthu adhipatula bhuubhaagaala nundi vachindani baabar maaku teliyajestaadu. ayana ilaa vraasaaru "ippudu naa vadda unna deshaala aadaayam (1528 eah.dii.) bheeraa nundi beehar varaku, yaabhai rendu kotlu, vivaramgaa telustundi. veetilo enimidi ledhaa tommidi kotlu endudraaksha paraganaala nundi mariyu gatamlo (dhhillee sultaanlaku) samarpinchina raajulu, bhatyam mariyu nirvahana pondutaaru."
akbar palanaku chendina samakaaleena charitrakaarulalo okaraina arif kandari prakaram, chakravarthy aadhipatyamlo balamaina kotala nundi tama bhoobhaganni paalinchina rendu nundi moodu vandala mandhi raajulu ledhaa raaylu mariyu jameendaarlu unnaaru. eee raajulu mariyu jameendaarlalo prati okkaroo saadhaaranamgaa vaari vamsaalatoe kuudina vaari swantha sainyanni, abul fazal manaku cheppinatlugaa vaari dalaala mottam sankhya, 384,558 aswikadalam, 4,277,057 padaatidalam, 1863 enugulu, 4260 tupaakulu mariyu 4500 padavalatho kuudina nalabhai naalugu laksalu.
moghal kaalamlo samsthaanaalu, jamindari estatela madhya spashtamaina vyatyaasam ledhu. samsthaanaala paalaka svayampratipattigala adhipatulanu kooda jameendaarlu anie pilicheevaaru.
madhyayuga bhaaratadesamlo jamindarla praamukhyatapai mana drushtini aakarshinchina modati charitrakaarulalo moreland okaru. athanu jameendaarlanu "saamanta adhipatulu" gaa nirvachinchaadu. mogalula pratyaksha niyantranalo unna praantaalalo jameendaarlu laerani, aapai tama rashtrampai swayampratipatti unna saamanta nayakula bhuubhaagaalu unnayani, conny moghalulache longipoyi, moghal chakravarthiki kappam/nazara chellinchaarani ayana etthi chuupaaru. ayithe irrfan habib thana pustakamaina agririan system off mughal india loe jameendaarlanu rendu vargaluga vibhajinchaaruh tama bhoobhagalalo "saarvabhouma adhikaram" kaligi unna svayampratipattigala adhipatulu mariyu bhoomipai unnatamaina hakkulanu viniyoginchi, bhuu aadaayaanni sekarinchi, ekkuvagaa moghalulache niyaminchabadina saadhaarana jameendaarlu. eee prajalanu jameendaarlu (madhyavartulu) anie pilicheevaaru mariyu vaaru pradhanamgaa raiyat (raitulu) nundi aadaayaanni sekarinchevaaru, dakshinaana mogalula prabhavam takkuvagaa unnanduna uttara bhaaratadesamlo jamindari vyavastha ekkuvagaa undedi.
charitrakaarudu ess. noorul husson jameendaarlanu moodu vargaluga vibhajinchaaruh (i) swayampratipatti kaligina raayu/rajalu ledhaa adhipatulu, (ii) madhyavarti jameendaarlu mariyu (iii) praathamika jameendaarlu.
british yugam.
eest india company modata kalakatta, sultani mariyu govindpur anae moodu graamaalaku jameendaarlu kavadam dwara bhaaratadesamlo tamanu taamu sthaapinchukundi. taruvaata vaaru 24-paraganaalanu swaadheenam chesukuni 1765loe bengaul, beehar, orissa meeda niyantrana saadhinchaaru. taruvaata 1857loe british kireetam saarvabhoumaadhikaaramgaa sthaapinchabadindi.
moghal kaalamlo jameendaarlu yajamaanulu kaadu. vaaru yuddhaalalo paalgonevaaru mariyu porugu rajulanu dochukunevaaru. kabatti vaaru tama bhoomilo merugudalalanu eppuduu chusukoledu. lard cornwallis aadhvaryamlo eest india company, dheenini grahinchi, 1793loe jameendaarlato saasvatamgaa sthirapadindi mariyu oka sthiramaina vaarshika addeku badulugaa vaarini vaari bhoomi yajamanuluga chesi, vaari estatela antargata vyavahaaraalaku swatantramgaa vadilivesindi. eee shaashwata sthaavaram eee roeju manaku telisinatlugaa kotta jamindari vyavasthanu srushtinchindi. 1857 taruvaata, vaari estatelalo policing/digwari/kotwali kosam koddi sankhyalo balagalu minaha, ekkuva mandhi jamindarla sainyam raddu cheyabadindi. jameendaarlu suuryaastamayam varaku adde chellinchalekapothe, vaari estatelalo konni bhaagaalanu swaadheenam chesukuni vaelam vaestaaru. idhi samaajamlo kotta taragatiki chendina jameendaarlanu srushtinchindi. migilina bharatadesam taruvaata eest india company (eic) niyantranaloki vachinanduna, eee praantamlooni paalaka adhikaarulaku sambandhinchi company adhikaaramlo cherela vividha praantaalalo vividha margalu amalu cheyabaddaayi. 
british vaaru saadhaaranamgaa desamloni uttaraana unna zamidari vyavastha aadaaya sekarananu sweekarinchaaru. vaaru moghal prabhutvaaniki viruddhamgaa jameendaarlanu bhuswamulu mariyu yajamanuluga gurtinchaaru mariyu badulugaa vaaru pannulu vasoolu cheyavalasi vachindi. dakshinaana kontamandi jameendaarlu unnappatikee, vaaru antha pedda sankhyalo laeru mariyu british nirvaahakulu raiyatwari (saagudaaru) sekarana paddhatini upayoginchaaru, indulo kontamandi raitulanu bhuu yajamanuluga ennukovadam mariyu vaaru tama pannulanu neerugaa chellinchavalasi untundi.
bengaul abhivruddhilo bengaul jameendaarlu prabhaavavantamgaa undevaaru. 1857 naati bhaarata tirugubaatu samayamlo vaaru keelaka paatra pooshinchaaru.
british vaaru sarvoonnatulaku vidheyata kaligina jameendaarlaku raaja, goppa birudulu ichhe sampradaayaanni konasaaginchaaru. raajaa, maharaja, raay saheb, raay bahadur, raav, nawab, khaan bahadur anae birudulanu samsthaana paalakulu mariyu aneka mandhi jameendaarlaku eppatikappudu pradaanam chesaaru. bharatadesa saamraajya raajapatramlo oka anchanaa prakaram, raaja, maharaja anae raaja birudunu kaligi unna sumaru 2000 mandhi paalaka adhipatulu unnaaru, veerilo raacharika raashtraala paalakulu mariyu aneka pedda adhipatulu unnaaru. itara rajetara conny goppa birudulatoe kuudina jamindar/jagirdar adhipatulanu parigananaloki teesukunte eee sankhya padiretlu perugutundi.
pravesam.
swayampratipatti ledhaa sarihaddu adhipatula maadirigaa kakunda, jamindar taragati yokka vamsapaaramparya hodaanu mogalulu parimitam chesaaru, mariyu varasudu kontavaraku saarvabhoumaadhikaarula anandampai aadharapadi undevaadu. vaarasulu santati ledhaa mataparamaina chattaala dwara dattata teesukunna kaalaala dwara nirnayinchabaddaaru. british saamrajyam krinda, jameendaarlu kiriitaaniki adheenamlo undaali, vamsapaaramparya prabhuvulugaa vyavaharincharu, conny konnisaarlu kutumba rajakeeyaalu vaarasudini niyaminchadamlo gundelo undevi. konnisaarlu, bandhuvunu varasudiga, sannihita kutumba bandhuvulu unde varasudiga paerkonavacchu; paalaka jameendaaru aamenu varasudiga perkonte chattabaddhamgaa vivaham chesukunna bhaarya jameendaareeni vaarasatvamgaa pondavacchu.
raddu.
19 mariyu 31va articleslo chuupina vidhamgaa aasti hakkunu savarinchina bhaarata rajyangam yokka modati savaranatho swatantra bhaaratadesamlo zamidari vyavasthanu srushtinchina ventane raddu chesaaru. thoorpu paakistaanlo, 1950 naati thoorpu bengaul rashtra samuparjana mariyu kaulu chattam vyavasthanu antam cheyadamlo idhe vidhamaina prabhavanni choopindi. jamindari vyavastha kaaranamgaa chinna raitulu aardhikamgaa balopetam kaalekapoyaaru.
prapancha aarogyamlo.
vimarsakulu prapancha aarogya kramasikshananu bhuswamya nirmaanamtho poolchaaru, ikkada adhika aadaaya deshaalalo vyaktulu mariyu samsthalu takkuva mariyu madhya aadaaya deshaala aarogya samasyalapai jamindaarlugaa vyavaharistaayi, tadwara prapancha aarogyam yokka saamraajya swabhaavaanni konasaagistaayi.