tudor kaalam

ingland mariyu vaelsloo, tudor kaalam 1485 mariyu 1603 madhya sambhavinchindi, mariyu elizabeth I (1558-1603) paalanalo elizabeth kaalam kooda indulo undhi. tudor kaalam inglaandlooni house off tudor raajavamsamto samanamga untundi, idhi henry VII paalanatho praarambhamaindi. charitrakaarudu zaan gai (1988) "ingland roman aakramana tarvaata yea samayamloonainaa kante aardhikamgaa aarogyakaramainadi, marinta vistrutamainadi mariyu tudorla krinda marinta asajanakamga undhi" anie vaadinchaaru.
janabha mariyu aardhika vyavastha.
nalla maranam (1348) mariyu 15va sataabdam chivaralo vyavasaya maandyam taruvaata, ingland janabha peragadam praarambhamaindi. praarambhamaindi idhi sumaru 23 laksala mandhi unnaaru. 1600 natiki idhi daadaapu rettimpu ayi 4 millionlaku cherukundi. perugutunna janabha aardhika vruddhini prerepinchindi, vyavasayam yokka vaanijyeekarananu vegavantam chesindi, unni utpatti mariyu egumatini penchindi, vaanijyaanni prothsahinchindi mariyu london vruddhini prothsahinchindi.
15va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 16va sataabdam praarambhamlo kanipinchina adhika vaetanaalu mariyu andubaatulo unna bhoomi samruddhi takkuva vaetanaalu mariyu bhoomi koratato bharti cheyabaddaayi. vividha dravyolbana ottillu, bahusha kotta prapancha bangaaram pravaham mariyu perugutunna janabha kaaranamgaa, dhanikulu mariyu paedala madhya antaram peragadamtho saamaajika tirugubaatuku vedikanu erpaatu chesaayi. idhi graameena janabhalo ekkuva mandiki gananeeyamaina maarpula kaalam, gatamlo andarikee terichi unna graameena bhoomulanu chuttumutte prakriyanu manurial prabhuvulu praarambhinchaaru.
aangla samskarana.
eee samskarana tudor kaalamlo aangla mataanni marchivesindi. aiduguru saarvabhoumaadhikaarulu, henry VIII, henry VIII, edward VIII, maerii I mariyu elizabeth I, puurtigaa bhinnamaina vidhaanaalanu kaligi unnaaru, henry VIII popnu ingland charchiki adhipatigaa bharti chesaaru, conny catholic siddhaantaalanu konasaaginchaaru, edward chaalaa kathinamaina protestantismnu vidhinchaaru, maerii kaathalikkulanu punaruddharinchadaaniki prayatninchaaru, elizabeth ingland yokka chaalaa-nirasanakaarula charchini nirvachinche raajee sthithiki vacchaaru. pope clement VIII manjuru cheyadaaniki niraakarinchina thana vivahanni raddu cheyaalani henry VIII pattubattadamtho idhi praarambhamaindi.
tudor charitra yokka goppa itivruttam samskarana, inglaandnu catholic nundi protestantismku marchadam anie charitrakaarulu angeekaristunnaaru. pradhana sanghatanalu, rajyanga maarpulu mariyu jaateeya sthaayilo aatagaallu chaalaa kaalamgaa telisinavaaru, mariyu vaati gurinchi pradhana vivaadaalu ekkuvagaa parishkarinchabaddaayi. 20va sataabdam chivari varaku charitrakaarulu sthaapinchabadina matam yokka chedulu, avineeti, vaiphalyaalu mariyu vairudhyaalapai vistrutamaina asantrupti ledhaa asahyam kooda kaaranamani bhaavinchaaru, idhi samskaranaku sarainadani soochinche mataadhikaari vyatiraekatanu erpaatu chesindi. zaan wycliffe (1328-1384) yokka deerghakaalika prabhavam mariyu athani "lollardy" samskarana udyamam, martin luther, zaan calvin mariyu khandamloni itara samskartala nundi samskarana grandhaalu mariyu karapatraala pravaham vanti kontamandi aangla samskartala medho prabhavam rendava prabhavam. prabhavam geophrey elton chesina vivarana sanaatana vivaranaku praatinidhyam vahistundi. ayana ilaa vaadinchaaru
1960 taruvaata saamaajika charitrakaarulu sthaanika sthaayilo aangla mataanni parisoedhimchaaru, mariyu asantrupti antha vistrutamgaa ledani kanugonnaru. lollardy udyamam chaalaavaraku mugisindi, mariyu khandantara samskartala karapatraalu cambridge vishwavidhyaalayamloni koddimandi panditulaku minchi cheraledu-king henry VIII luther yokka matavisvaasaalanu teevramgaa mariyu bahirangamgaa khandinchaaru. marinta mukhyamainadi, mukhyamainadi catholic charchi balamaina sthithilo undhi. ingland bhaktito kathalikga undedi, pope kuu vidheyathatho undedi, sthaanika paarishlu balamaina sthaanika aardhika maddatunu aakarshinchayi, mataparamaina sevalu aadivaaram saamuhikamgaa mariyu kutumba bhaktulalo baga prachuryam pondaayi. mathaalu mariyu bishapla gurinchi firyadulu asaadhaaranamainavi. raajulu poplaku maddatu icchaaru mariyu luther sannivesamlo kanipinche samayaniki, ingland sanaatana kaathalikkulaku balamaina maddatudaarulalo okatigaa undedi, mariyu matha viplavaniki atyanta arudaina pradaesamgaa kanipinchindi.
tudor prabhutvam.
henry VII: 1485-1509.
house off tudor vyavasthaapakudu henry VII, boses worth feeled yuddhamlo king richard III nuu oodinchadam dwara ingland raaju ayyadu, idhi gulaabeela yuddhaala paraakaashta. henry aneka paripalana, aardhika, dautya karyakramalalo nimagnamai unnaaru. athanu vivaraalapai chaalaa shraddha chuupi, vipareetamgaa kharchu cheyadaaniki badulugaa, kotta aadaayaalanu penchadampai drushti pettadu. athani kotta pannulu janaadarana pondaledu, henry VIII athani taruvaata vachinappudu, athanu henry VIII yokka iddaru atyanta dveshinche pannu vasoolu chesevaarini uriteesaadu.
henry VIII: 1509-1547.
henry VIII, aadambaramaina, saktivantamaina, sainika mariyu drudamaina, inglaandlooni atyanta kanipinche raajulalo okarigaa migilipoyadu, pradhanamgaa athani aaru vivahalu, ivanni maga vaarasudini utpatti cheyadaaniki roopondinchabaddaayi mariyu aneka mandhi unnata adhikarulu mariyu kuleenulanu uriteeyadamlo athani bhaarii prateekaaram kaaranamgaa. videshee vidhaanamlo, athanu fraansutoe poradadampai drushti pettadu-takkuva vijayamtho-mariyu scatland, speyin mariyu pavitra roman saamraajyamtho vyavaharinchaalsi vachindi, tarachugaa sainika sameekarana ledhaa adhika pannulaku daariteesina vaastavamaina atyanta khareedaina yuddhamtho. pradhana sainika vijayam scatland meeda vachindi. pradhana vidhana abhivruddhi emitante, henry ingland charchini puurtigaa niyantrinchadam. idhi rome nundi ayana viramam taruvaata jarigindi, idhi pope thana asalu vivahanni raddu cheyadaaniki niraakarinchadam valla sambhavinchindi. tadwara henry protestant samskaranalo chaalaa telikapati vaividhyaanni pravesapettaadu. rendu pradhana amsaalu undevi. modati henry popnu inglaandlooni charchiki adhipatigaa tiraskarinchaadu, jaateeya saarvabhoumatvaaniki raaju yokka sampoorna aadhipatyam avasaramani nokki cheppadu. viramanni amalu chesina varusa chattalanu aamodinchadamlo henry paarlamentutho kalisi panicheesaaru. aangleyulu ikapai romnu aakarshinchalekapoyaru. anni nirnayaalu inglandlo, chivariki raaju swayamgaa, mariyu aacharanalo cardinal volsey mariyu thamus cromwell vanti agra sahayakulu teesukoovaali. paarlamentu chaalaa maddatugaa niroopinchabadindi, takkuva asammati thoo. thoo aadhipatya charyatho nirnayaatmaka charyalu vachayi, idhi raajunu rakshakudiga mariyu ingland charchi mariyu mataadhikaarulaku ekaika atyunnata adhipatigaa chesindi. henry bishaplapai bhaarii jarimana vidhinchina taruvaata, daadaapu andaruu angeekarinchaaru. rajadroham yokka chattalu baga balopetam cheyabaddaayi, tadwara moukhika asammati matrame rajadroham. konni swalpakaalika praja tirugubaatlu jarigaayi, avi twaragaa anachiveyabaddaayi. kuleenula paramgaa leag sthaayi mariyu charchi maddatugaa unnaayi. bishop fisher mariyu chhaansalar thamus mornala nundi atyanta spashtamgaa kanipinche pradhana tiraskaranalu vachayi; vaariddarinii uriteesaaru. senior kuleenulalo, khandantara airopalo bahishkarinchabadina reginald pole kuu maddatu icchina pole kutumbam nundi ibbandi vachindi. henry migilina kutumbaanni naasanam chesi, daani nayakulanu uriteesi, daani aastulannintini swaadheenam chesukunnadu. rendava dasalo mataalanu swaadheenam chesukovadam jarigindi. mataparamaina mariyu swachchanda samsthalanu nirvahinche mathaalu moosiveyabaddaayi, sanyaasulu mariyu sanyaasinulaku pinchanu ivvabadindi, mariyu viluvaina bhoomulanu raaju snehitulaku vikrayinchaaru, tadwara henrieki maddatu ichhe pedda, sampanna, kuleena varganni utpatti chesaaru. vedaantasaastram mariyu acharala paramgaa chaalaa takkuva maarpu vachindi, endukante henry kaathalikkula yokka chaalaa amsaalanu unchaalani korukunnadu mariyu martin luther mariyu itara samskartala "matavisvaasaalanu" asahyinchukunnadu.
raayal neeveeki tandri.
jeevitacharitrakaarudu zhe.zhe. henry thana saampradaaya birudaina "aangla naavikaadala pitamahudu" kuu arhudani scarisbrick chepparu."adhi athani vyaktigata aayudhamgaa maarindi. athanu thana tandri nundi edu chinna yuddhanaukalanu vaarasatvamgaa pondaadu, 1514 natiki maroe rendu dozenla yuddhanaukalanu jodinchaadu. inglandlo nirminchina vaatitho paatu, athanu italian mariyu hansiatic yuddhanaukalanu konugolu chesaadu. marchi 1513 natiki, surr edmond howard aadhvaryamlo thana naukaadalam thamus loe prayaaninchadaanni athanu garvamgaa chushadu. idhi aangla charitralo ippati varaku atyanta saktivantamaina naukaadala dalamgaa undih 1600 tannula "henry imperial" netrutvamloni 24 noukalu; eee naukaadalamloo 5000 mandhi yuddha naavikulu mariyu 3000 mandhi naavikulu unnaaru. idhi sankhyaabalam kante ekkuva unna french naukaadalaanni daani odarevulaku tirigi balavantamgaa pampindi, inglish chaanalnu swaadheenam chesukundi mariyu breastnu digbandhinchindi. pannu aadaayam dwara nidhulu samakurche shaashwata paripalana mariyu ravana nirmaanamtho naukaadalaanni shaashwata dalamgaa vyavastheekarinchina modati raaju henry. ayana vyaktigata drushti bhoomipai kendrikrutamai undhi, akkada ayana raaja naukaasrayaalanu sthaapinchaaru, naukaanirmaanam kosam chetlanu nataru, bhuu naukaayaanaaniki chattalanu roopondinchaaru, kotalatho teerapraantaanni kapadukunnaru, naukaayaanam kosam oka paatasaalanu erpaatu chesaaru mariyu adhikarulu mariyu naavikula paatralanu niyaminchaaru. athanu thana yuddhanaukalu mariyu vaati tupaakula nirmaanaanni, vaati roopakalpanalu, vegam, tunnage, aayudhalu mariyu yuddha vyuuhaalanu nisitamgaa paryaveekshinchaadu. athanu thana naukaadala vaastusilpulanu prothsahinchaadu, vaaru ooda nadumu meeda tupaakulanu amarchadaaniki italian saanketikatanu paripuurnam chesaaru, tadwara gurutvakarshana kendraanni tagginchi, daanini merugaina vaedikagaa marcharu. athanu chinna vivaraalanu paryaveekshinchaadu mariyu kotta oodanu praarambhinchadaaniki adhyakshata vahinchadam tappa maremi aasvaadinchaledu. athanu thana khazana sainika mariyu naavikaadala vyavaharalapai kharchu chesi, kotta pannulu mariyu mathaala bhoomula ammakaala nundi vachhe aadaayaanni mallinchaadu.
henry nijamgaa naavikaadalam yokka samstha mariyu moulika sadupaayaalanu nirminchaadani elton vaadinchaadu, conny adhi athani yuddha sailiki upayogakaramaina ayudham kaadu. dheeniki upayogakaramaina vyuuham ledhu. idhi dandayaatraku vyatiraekamgaa rakshana kosam mariyu ingland yokka antarjaateeya pratishtanu penchadaaniki upayogapadindi.
cardinal volsey.
professor saaraa nair james matladutu, 1515 mariyu 1529 madhyakaalamlo, cardinal thamus volsey, "bahusha raaju tappa, inglandlo atyanta saktivantamaina vyakti avutaadani chepparu."charitrakaarudu zaan gai volsey paddhatulanu vivarinchaaduh
raaju yokka drudamaina maddatutoe, mariyu pope icchina charchipai pratyeka adhikaaraalatho, volsey poura vyavaharalu, paripalana, chattam, charchi mariyu videshee vidhaanampai aadhipatyam chelaayinchaadu. ayana adbhutamaina saktivantamaina mariyu suduuramaina vyakti. vijayala paramgaa, athanu tanaku goppa adrushtaanni nirminchukunnadu mariyu kalalu, maanaveeya saastraalu mariyu vidyaku pradhana labdhidaarudu. ayana aneka samskaranalanu anchanaa vaesaaru, conny chivariki aangla prabhutvam peddagaa maaraledu. anni vaagdaanaalaku, gamaninchadagga vijayam chaalaa takkuva. raaju drukpatham nundi, henry VIII simhaasanaaniki tiruguleni varasudiga unde kumarudini ivvadaaniki kotta bhaarya avasaramainappudu vidaakulu teesukolekapovadam athani atipedda vaiphalyam. volsey niraasaparichaadani charitrakaarulu angeekaristunnaaru. chivariki, athanu henry satruvulatoe kutra pannadu, athani sirachchaedam cheyabadataaniki mundhe sahaja kaaranaalatoo maraninchaadu.
thamus cromwell.
1532 nundi 1540 varaku henry VIII mukhyamantrigaa unna thamus cromwell, pope chetula nundi ingland charchi niyantrananu tolaginchadame kakunda, apuurvamaina aadhunika, bureaucratic prabhutvamtho inglaandnu maarchivesaadani charitrakaarudu geophrey elton vaadinchaaru. cromwell (1485-1540) madhyayuga prabhutvam-gruha nirvahana sthaanamlo vachindi. cromwell paripaalanalo samskaranalanu pravesapettaadu, idhi raaju kutumbaanni rashtram nundi varninchi, aadhunika paripalananu srushtinchindi. athanu raajyamlooni cheekati moolallo tudor saktini choppinchaadu mariyu ingland paarlamentu paatranu samuulamgaa marchadu. eee parivartana parivartana jarigindani, dheenini pranaalikaabaddhamaina viplavamlo bhaagamgaa pariganinchaalani elton vaadinchaaru. elton abhiprayam emitante, chromewelku mundu eee rajyaanni raaju yokka private estatega chudavachu, ikkada chaalaa varaku paripalananu pratyeka rashtra karyalayala kante raaju inti sevakulu chesevaaru. eee samskaranalaku suutradhaarigaa vyavaharinchadam dwara, cromwell ingland yokka bhavishyat sthirathvam mariyu vijayaniki punaadulu vaesaadu. cromwell raaju kosam tappu vadhuvunu enchukunnappudu athani adrushtam ayipoyindi; rajadroham kosam athani sirachchaedam cheyabadindi. raaju mariyu itarulu kooda saktivantamaina paatralu pooshinchaarani iteevala charitrakaarulu nokki chepparu.
mathaala radduh 1536-1545.
rajuku vaarshika aadaayam sumaru 100,000 poundlu, conny tirugubaatlanu anachiveyadaaniki mariyu thana videshee saahasaalaku aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki ataniki inca chaalaa ekkuva avasaram. udaaharanaku, udaaharanaku, uttara sarihaddulo sainika kharchulu £25,000 kaga, irelandlo 1534 tirugubaatuku £38,000 kharchu ayindi. punhyayaatranu anachiveyadaaniki £50,000 kharchu ayindi, raaju kotta rajabhavanalu khareedainavi. intalo, customs aadaayam padipoyindi. charchi vaarshika aadaayam sumaru 3,00,000 poundlu; 10 saatam kotta pannu vidhinchabadindi, idhi sumaru 30,000 poundlanu teesukuvacchindi. inca pedda mottaanni pondadaaniki mathaala yaajamaanyamloni bhoomulanu swaadheenam chesukovalani pratipaadinchabadindi, veetilo konnintini sanyaasulu saagu chesevaaru mariyu veetilo ekkuva bhaagam sthaanika kuleenulaku leejuku ivvabadindi. yajamanyam teesukovadam antey addelu rajuku velladam. berasaaraala dharaku aaa bhoomini kuleenulaku vikrayinchadam valla oka saari £1 millionla aadaayam vachindi, mariyu aaa kuleenulaku paripaalanalo vatanu ichindi. gatamlo pope kuu vellina modati pandlu mariyu padava nundi mataadhikaari chellimpulu ippudu rajuku vellaayi. mottamgaa, 1536 mariyu henry maranam madhya, athani prabhutvam 13 laksala poundlanu sekarinchindi; eee bhaarii dabbu pravaham cromwell dabbunu nirvahinchadaaniki kireetam yokka aardhika vyavasthanu maarchadaaniki kaaranamaindi. athanu raddu nundi vachhe aadaayaanni mariyu modati falaalu mariyu padava bhaagaalanu sekarinchadaaniki kotta department off state mariyu kotta adhikaarini srushtinchaadu. vistarinche nyayasthaanam mariyu vibhagala sankhya antey perugutunna adhikaarula sankhya, idhi aadaaya nirvahananu pradhana karyakalapamga maarchindi. cromwell yokka kotta vyavastha munupati kante chaalaa takkuva avineeti ledhaa rahasya chellimpulu ledhaa lanchaalatho atyanta samarthavantamgaa undedi. daani lopam emitante, cromwell ekaika ekikruta agent ayina vibhagala gunakaaram; athani patanam gandaragolam mariyu anischitini kaliginchindi; dheeniki parishkaram bureaucratic samsthalu mariyu kotta prevy council paie marinta ekkuvagaa aadharapadatam.
winchester paatra.
thana tandriki viruddhamgaa, henry VIII britton mariyu fraanslo sainika karyakalapala paramgaa mariyu rajabhavanala goppa netvarknu nirminchadamlo bhaareega kharchu chesaadu. daaniki elaa chellinchaalo anedi teevramaina samasyaga migilipoyindi. perugutunna vibhagala sankhya antey chaalaa mandhi kotta jeetam pondhe bureaucratlu. yuddham, ksheenata, avineeti mariyu asamarthatha kaaranamgaa teevrataram ayina 1540-58 loe marinta aardhika mariyu paripalana ibbandulu unnaayi, ivi pradhanamgaa somerset valla sambhavinchaayi. cromwell patanam taruvaata, lard koshadhikari ayina winchester yokka 1va marcuse ayina vilium palet, erpaatlanu saralikrutam cheyadaaniki marinni samskaranalanu roopondinchaaru, samskaranalu kireetam yokka aardhika vyavasthanu chaalaa varaku khajanalo ekam chesaayi. saadhaarana surveyorla mariyu vruddhula nyaayasthaanaalu kotta vruddhi nyaayasthaanamgaa vileenam cheyabaddaayi, taruvaata idhi modati pandlu mariyu padava vaatitho paatu khajanalo vileenam cheyabadindi.
yuddham yokka prabhavam.
athani paalana mugimpulo, henry VII yokka saantikaala aadaayam sumaru £113,000, indulo digumatulapai sunkaalu sumaru £40,000. takkuva runam undedi, athanu thana kumarudiki pedda khazana vadili vellaadu. henry VIII vastraalu mariyu rajabhavanalu vanti vilaasavantamaina vastuvula kosam ekkuvagaa kharchu chesaadu, conny athani saantikaala budget saadhaaranamgaa santruptikaramgaa undedi. rakshananu nirminchadam, naukaadalaanni nirminchadam, tirugubaatlanu anachiveyadam, scatlandto poradatam mariyu chaalaa khareedaina khandantara yuddhamlo palgonadam vanti bhaarii ottidi yuddhaala nundi vachindi. henry yokka khandantara yuddhalu ataniki takkuva keertini ledhaa dautya prabhavanni, mariyu bhoobhaganni geluchukoledu. ayinappatikee, moodu pedda dandayaatralu mariyu rendu chinna dandayaatralatoo 1511 nundi 1514 varaku jarigina yuddhaaniki £912,000 kharchu ayindi. 1544 naati bologne dandayaatraku £1 1,342,000 kharchu ayindi mariyu skaatlaandku vyatiraekamgaa jarigina yuddhaalaku £954,000 kharchu ayindi; naukaadala yuddhaalaku £149,000 kharchu ayindi mariyu lothattu mariyu teerapraanta kotalanu nirminchadaaniki mariyu nirvahinchadaaniki pedda mottaanni kharchu chesaaru. 1539 mariyu 1547 madhya yuddham mariyu rakshana yokka mottam kharchu £1 kante ekkuvagaa undhi, ayithe accounting vidhanalu khachitamaina mottaanni ivvadaaniki chaalaa praachiinamainavi. veetannintinee kalipi, sumaru 35 saatam pannula nundi, 32 saatam bhoomi mariyu mathaala aastulanu vikrayinchadam nundi mariyu 30 saatam naanheelanu tagginchadam nundi vachindi. edward vi yokka swalpa paalanalo yuddha vyayam maroka £ 1,387,000.
1540 taruvaata, 'rahasya vyavahaaraalaku', mukhyamgaa yuddhaaniki aardhika sahayam cheyadaaniki private khajanalu baadhyata vahinchaayi. naanheelanu tagginchadam dwara aadaayaanni aarjinchadaaniki raaja pudiinaa upayoginchabadindi; 1547-51 loe prabhutva labham £12 laksala. ayithe, regent northumberland aadesaala meraku, edward yuddhalu mugimpuku vachayi. vachayi ksheenata nilipiveyabadina taruvaata pudiinaa adanapu aadaayaanni aarjinchaledu.
edward vi: 1547-1553.
henry 50la madhyalo matrame unnappatikee, unnappatikee athani aarogyam vaegamgaa ksheeninchindi. aaa samayamlo matha samskarananu vyatirekinchina norpolk yokka 3va duke ayina bishop stephen guardiner mariyu thamus howard netrutvamloni sampradaayavaada vargam adhikaaramlo unnatlu anipinchindi, simhaasanaaniki vaarasudaina tommidella baludi palananu niyantrinchadaaniki siddhamgaa undhi. ayithe, raaju maraninchinappudu, samskarana anukuula vargaalu akasmaattugaa edward seamer naayakatvamlo kotta raaju mariyu regency council niyantrananu swaadheenam chesukunnayi. bishop guardiner apakeerti pondaadu, mariyu duke off norphoke kotta raaju paalana anthaa khaidu cheyabaddaadu.
edward VI yokka swalpa paalana inglandlo protestantism yokka vijayanni gurtinchindi. divangata raani jaine seemur (henry (henry vivaham chesukunnadu) yokka annaiah, mariyu raaju edward VII yokka maama somerset vijayavantamaina sainika vruttini kaligi unnaaru. baaludu raaju pattabhishekam cheyabadinappudu, somerset raajyaaniki prabhuvu raksakudu ayyadu mariyu 1547 nundi 1549 varaku inglandnu paripaalinchaadu. seamer scatlandto khareedaina, asampoorna yuddhaalaku naayakatvam vahinchaadu. athani mataparamaina vidhanalu kaathalikkulanu aagrahaaniki guri chesaayi. suddeekarana niraakarinchabadindi kabatti saadhuvulu, avasheshaalu mariyu vigrahaalaku praarthanalu ledhaa mrutula kosam prajala kosam praarthanalu avasaram ledhu. mantraalu anie piluvabade sumaru 2400 shaashwata viraalaalu sthaapinchabaddaayi, ivi mrutula kosam saamuhikamgaa vedukalu jarupukune vaelaadi mandhi poojaarulaku maddatu icchaayi, ledhaa suddheekaranalo aatmaku dayanu sampaadinchadaaniki paatasaalalu ledhaa aasupatrulanu nirvahinchaayi. viraalaalu swaadheenam chesukunnaru (raaju? somerset?) sthaapinchabaddaayi. charitrakaarulu sthaapinchabaddaayi somerset adhikaranni swaadheenam chesukunna saamarthyaanni, aaa taruvaata athani paalanalo asamarthatanu poolchaaru. 1549 saradrutuvu natiki, athani khareedaina yuddhalu oopandukunnaayi, kireetam aardhika vinaasanaanni edurkondi, mariyu desavyaaptamgaa allarlu, tirugubaatlu chelaregaayi. athanu thana maajee mitrudu, northumberland yokka 1va duke ayina zaan dudley chetha padagottabaddadu.
iteevali dasaabdaala varaku, somerset yokka charitrakaarulalo keerti ekkuvagaa undhi, athani aneka prakatanala drishtya, idhi oka atyaasagala bhuswamula taragatiki vyatiraekamgaa saamaanya prajalaku maddatugaa kanipinchindi. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo eee panktini prabhaavavantamaina eah teesukunnaru. eff. pollard, edward vii yokka pramukha jeevitacharitrakaarudu doubleu. keey. jordan. marinta klishtamaina vidhananni m praarambhinchaaru. ell. 1970la madhyalo bush und dayle hoake. appati nundi, somerset tarachugaa ahankaara palakudiga chitrikarinchabaddadu, tudor rashtraanni paalinchadaaniki avasaramaina raajakeeya mariyu paripalana naipunyaalu laevu.
dheeniki viruddhamgaa, vadakam daadaapu diwala teesina paripalananu sweekarinchina taruvaata dudley vaegamgaa kadilaadu. thana agra sahayakudu vilium sesiltho kalisi panicheestuu, dudley france mariyu scatlandto khareedaina yuddhaalanu muginchaadu mariyu aardhika punaruddharanaku daariteesina margallo aardhika vyavaharalanu parishkarinchaadu. marinta tirugubaatlanu nivaarinchadaaniki athanu desavyaaptamgaa policingnu pravesapettaadu, london thoo sannihitamgaa unna lards leftinentlanu niyaminchaadu mariyu nilabadi unna jaateeya sainyanni erpaatu chesaadu. canterbury arch bishop thamus kraamnartho kalisi panicheestuu, dudley dookudugaa protestant matha vidhananni anusarinchaadu. vaaru radikal samskartalanu unnata charchi sthaanaalaku prothsahinchaaru, catholic bishaplapai daadi jarigindi. saadhaarana praarthana pustakam" vadakam vadakam chattamgaa maarindi; praarthanalu laatinlo kakunda aanglamlo undaali. saamuuhika vedukalu ika jaragaledu, mariyu bodhinchadam charchi sevalaku kendra binduvugaa maarindi.
protestantism, prakshaalana anedi grandhaalanu abaddhalu anie piliche catholic moodhanammakam anie prakatinchindi. chanipoyina vaari kosam praarthanalu panikirao endukante vaastavaaniki evaruu suddheekaranalo laeru. aaa taruvaata sadhuvulaku chese praarthanalu, avasheshaalanu poojinchadam, vigrahalanu poojinchadam annee panikiraani muudanammakaalu, avi antam kavalsi vachindi. satabdaalugaa bhaktudaina aangleyudu mantraalu anie piluvabade viraalaalanu srushtinchaadu, idhi vaaru maraninchina taruvaata suddheekarana nundi bayatapadataaniki sahaayapadataaniki dayanu srushtinche manchi rachanaluga roopondinchabadindi. aneka shlokaalu charchila lopala balipeetaalu ledhaa chappels, ledhaa mrutula kosam saamuhikamgaa matlade vaelaadi mandhi poojaarulaku maddatu ichhe viraalaalu. adanamgaa aneka paatasaalalu mariyu aasupatrulu manchi panulugaa sthaapinchabaddaayi. sthaapinchabaddaayi oka kotta chattam 2,374 mantraalanu moosivesi, vaari aastulanu swaadheenam chesukundi. eee chattaniki "swachchanda" prayojanaalaku mariyu "praja sreyassu" kuu velladaaniki dabbu avasaramainappatiki, daanilo ekkuva bhaagam kortu snehitulaku vellinatlu telustondi. charitrakaarudu eah. zii. decons ilaa muginchaaduh
ayithe nalabhai rendu vishwaasa vyasalalo ingland charchiki kotta protestant sanaatanatvam vyakteekarinchabadindi. conny raaju akasmaattugaa maraninchinappudu, thana kodalu jaine grenu kotta saarvabhoumudigaa maarchadaaniki dudley chesina chivari nimishamlo chesina prayatnaalu aame paalanalo kevalam tommidi rojula tarvaata viphalamayyayi. oka samvatsaram kante takkuva kaalam taruvaata speyin raani mariyu phillip II vivaahaaniki vyatiraekamgaa thamus vyaat protestant tirugubaatu chesina taruvaata queen maerii baadhyatalu sweekarinchi, athani sirachchaedam chesi, jaine gray sirachchaedam cheyinchaaru.
maerii i: 1553-1558.
maerii catherine off aragon (modati bhaarya) chetha henry VIII kumarte; aame thana catholic, spanish vaarasatvamto sannihitamgaa gurtinchabadindi. aame simhasana kosam tadupari varusalo undhi. ayithe, ayithe edward VI maranistunnappudu, athanu mariyu northumberland duke thana modati bandhuvu laedii jaine grenu tolaginchi, kotta chakravartigaa cheyadaaniki kutra pannaru. northumberland prabhutvampai niyantrananu konasaaginchaalani, protestantismnu prothsahinchaalani korukundi. edward vaarasatvaanni maarchadaaniki oka pranaalikapai santakam chesaadu, conny adhi chattabaddhamainadi kaadu, endukante paarlamentu matrame thana sonta chattalanu savarinchagaladu. laedii jaennu niyaminchadaaniki edward yokka prevy council athani maranaanni moodu rojula paatu rahasyamgaa unchindi, conny northumberland yuvarani maereeni niyantrinchadamlo nirlakshyam chesindi. aame paaripoyi, maddatudaarula brundaanni erpaatu chesindi, vaaru desavyaaptamgaa thana raanini prakatinchaaru. prevy council northamberlandnu vidichipetti, tommidi rojula jaine gray laaga natinchina taruvaata maereeni saarvabhoumaadhikaarigaa prakatinchindi. queen maerii laedii jaennu khaidu chesi northamberlandlo uriteesindi.
inglandlo kaathalikkulanu tagginchadaaniki edward yokka swalpakaalika crusade taruvaata roman kaathalikkulanu punaruddharinchadaaniki maerii chesina teevramaina prayatnaalaku gurthugaa undhi. protestant charitrakaarulu aame palananu chaalaa kaalamgaa avamaaninchaaru, kevalam aidellalo aame aneka vandala protestantlanu champesi, marian himsaku gurichesaarani nokki chepparu. ayithe, 1980la nundi chaaritraka punarvimarsavaadam panditulalo aame pratishtanu kontavaraku meruguparichindi. maerii paalana yokka matha charitrapai christopher hay yokka saahasopetamaina punarmulyankanam mataparamaina utsavaala punaruddharananu mariyu paatha catholic acharala tirigi raavadamlo utsaaham kakapoyina saadhaarana santruptini chitrinchindi. aame roman kaathalikkulanu tirigi sthaapinchadaanni aame savati sodari, vaarasuraalaina elizabeth I tippikottaaru.
aaa samayamlo protestant rachayitalu aamenu "bloody maerii" gaa abhivarnistuu atyanta pratikuula drukpathaanni teesukunnaru. zaan nox "mahilala rakshasudu regimentku vyatiraekamgaa thana modati baakaa paeludu" (1558) loe aamepai daadi chesaadu, mariyu zaan faaks chetha "acts und manuments" (1563) loe aame pramukhamgaa dooshinchabadindi. maerii raktapipasi nirankusuraalu anie faaks pustakam satabdaalugaa protestantlaku bodhinchindi. 20va sataabdam madhyalo, hetch. eff. emm. maerii marinta nishpaakshikamgaa vrayadam dwara maerii asahanam mariyu nirankusatvam anae sampradaayaanni parishkarinchadaaniki prescott prayatninchaadu, appati nundi scholarship maerii yokka paatha, saralamaina, pakshapaata anchanaalanu ekkuva sandehamto chuudataaniki moggu choopindi.
maerii paalana chivari samvatsaraalu protestant vijayaniki bheekaramaina tayari kaadani, conny catholic balam yokka nirantara ekikarana anie hye teelchi chepparu."zaan lingard vanti catholic charitrakaarulu maerii vidhanalu viphalamayyaayani, avi tappu anie kaadu, vaatini sthaapinchadaaniki aameku chaalaa takkuva paalana unnanduna anie vaadinchaaru. itara deshaalalo, catholic prati-samskaranaku jesuit missionarylu naayakatvam vahinchaaru; maerii yokka pradhana matha salahaadaaru, cardinal pole, inglandlo jesuitlanu anumatinchadaaniki niraakarinchaaru. speyin nuu satruvugaa vistrutamgaa chuusaaru, speyin raaju phillip II thoo aame vivaham chaalaa prajaadarana pondaledu, ayinappatikee aangla prabhutvamlo aacharanatmakamgaa ataniki etuvanti paatra ledhu mariyu vaariki pillalu laeru. france chetilo sainikamgaa kaalisnu kolpovadam aangla garwaniki teevra avamanamga maarindi. pantala viphalamainavi prajala asantruptini penchaayi. maerii paalana chivariki prabhaavavantam kaanappatikee, janaadarana pondakapoyinappatiki, aardhika samskaranalu, naukaadala vistarana mariyu valasa anveshanalaku sambandhinchi aame chesina aavishkaranalu taruvaata elizabeth vijayaluga prasamsimchabaddaayi.
elizabeth I: 1558-1603.
charitrakaarulu tarachugaa elizabeth palananu raajakeeya, saamaajika mariyu saamskrutika abhivruddhi paramgaa mariyu khandantara airopatho poliste aangla charitralo swarna yugamgaa varninchaaru. aamenu "gloriana" anie pilichi, pilichi praarambhamaina britania chihnanni upayoginchi, elizabeth yuganni punarujjeevanamgaa gurtinchindi, idhi shaastreeya aadarsaalu, antarjaateeya vistarana mariyu dveshinchina mariyu bhayapade spanishpy naukaadala vijayam dwara jaateeya garvaanni prerepinchindi.
elizabeth paalana aangla matha charitralo nirnayaatmaka malupu tirigindi, endukante aame paalana praarambhamlo pradhanamgaa catholic desham chivari natiki pradhanamgaa protestantga undedi. elizabeth 250 mandhi catholic poojaarulanu uriteesinappatikee, aame kontamandi teevramaina puritanlanu kooda uriteesindi, mottam meeda aame charchi meeda mishrama raaja niyantrana (prajala paatra lekunda), pradhanamgaa catholic aacharam mariyu pradhanamgaa calvinist vedaantasaastramtho kalipi madhyastamgaa sampradaayavaada sthaanaanni korindi.
scatland mariyu maerii, scots raani.
maerii, scots raani (1542-1587) oka bhaktudaina catholic mariyu elizabeth taruvaata ingland simhasana kosam tadupari varusalo unnaaru. aame hodha inglaandku pradhana desheeya mariyu antarjaateeya samasyaga maarindi. mukhyamgaa mukhyamgaa floaden yuddhamlo king james IV maraninchina taruvaata. simhasana meeda niyantrana kosam samvatsaraala tarabadi poraatam phalitamgaa, namamatramga sisuvu raaju james v (1512-1542, r. 1513-42), 1513-42) ayana vayassu vachhe varaku.
maerii off guys (1515-1560) french simhaasanaaniki daggaragaa unna french mahila. aame thana teanage kumarte queen maereeki rajapratinidhigaa paripaalinchindi, raajapratinidhi mariyu aame kumarte iddaroo kaathalikkulaku balamaina pratipaadakulu mariyu scatlandlo protestantism yokka vegavantamaina vruddhini anachiveyadaaniki prayatninchaaru. maerii off guise protestantism yokka balamaina pratyarthi, mariyu scatland mariyu france madhya sannihita kuutamini konasaaginchadaaniki panicheesaaru, dheenini ald alayans anie pilustaaru. vyavaharinchindi french palanaku vyatiraekamgaa vistrutamgaa scottish satrutvam pakshapaata kaaranaanni balopetam chestondani raajapratinidhi aandolana chendaadu, kabatti aame anadhikara bodhananu nishedhinchindi. conny mandutunna bodhakudu zaan nox thana bodhanatho scatlandnu mantalu rekettinchaadu, saktivantamaina scottish prabhuvula kuutamiki naayakatvam vahinchaadu, tamanu taamu sangha prabhuvulu anie pilichi, catholic charchini padagottadaaniki mariyu daani bhoomulanu swaadheenam chesukovadaniki tirugubaatunu levanettaaru. prabhuvulu elijabetnu aangla sahayam kosam vignapti chesaaru, conny aame chaalaa jagrattagaa vyavaharinchindi. vyavaharinchindi fransto kudirina oppandam saantini koorutuu, daanini ullanghinchadaaniki aame ishtapadaledu, mukhyamgaa aaa samayamlo inglaandku mitraraajyaalu lenanduna. chattabaddhamaina palakudiki vyatiraekamgaa tirugubaatudaarulaku maddatu ivvadam anedi elizabeth yokka anni raajula chattabaddhatapai lothugaa unna vaadanalanu ullanghinchindi. marovaipu, scatlandlo french vijayam uttara sarihaddulo saktivantamaina french satruvu maddatutoe catholic rajyaanni sthaapistundi. elizabeth modata dabbu pampi, taruvaata firangulanu pampi, aapai skaatlaandlooni french naukaadalaanni naasanam chesina naukaadalaanni pampindi. chivaraku aame uttaraana 8,000 mandhi sainikulanu pampindi. maerii off guise maranam ingland, france mariyu skaatlaandlaku skaatlaandlaku edinberg oppandamlo oppandaaniki raavadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi, idhi suduura prabhavanni choopindi. france thana dalaalannintinii scatland nundi saasvatamgaa upasamharinchukundi. idhi scatlandlo samskaranala vijayaniki haamii ichindi; idhi fransto oka sataabdapu saantini praarambhinchindi; idhi scottish dandayaatraku sambandhinchina yea muppunu antam chesindi; mariyu mariyu scottish raaju james VI james I gaa aangla simhasananni vaarasatvamgaa pondhi, stewart sakaanni praarambhinchinappudu rendu raajyaala unionku maargam sugamam chesindi.
eee oppandampai santakam chesinappudu, maerii french raaju rendava frances bharyaga paarislo unnaaru. athanu athanu maraninchinappudu, aame scatland raanigaa skaatlaandku tirigi vachindi. ayithe, elizabeth aamenu aangla simhaasanaaniki varasuraliga gurtinchadaaniki niraakarinchinappudu, maerii edinberg oppandaanni tiraskarinchindi. aame lard darnleytho duradrushtakara vivaham chesukundi, athanu aamenu durviniyogam chesi, aameku ishtamaina italian david rijiyonu hatya chesaadu. darnleyni baavula earl hatya chesaadu. athanu hatya kesulo nirdoshigaa vidudala cheyabaddaadu; aame ventane iddarinee vivaham chesukundi. aaa samayamlo chaalaa mandhi aame vyabhicharam ledhaa hatyalo lothugaa paalgonnatlu bhaavinchaaru; charitrakaarulu sudeerghamgaa vaadinchaaru mariyu nirnayinchukoledu. ayithe tirugubaatu chelaregindi mariyu protestant prabhuvulu prabhuvulu raani dalaalanu oodinchaaru. aame thana sisuvu kumarudu james james anukuulamgaa padavee viramana cheyavalasi vachindi; aame inglaandku paaripoyindi, akkada elizabeth aamenu 19 samvatsaraala paatu gruha nirbandhamlo unchindi. maerii elijabetnu hatya chesi raani kaavadaaniki aneka sanklishtamaina kutralalo nimagnamai undhi. chivaraku elizabeth aame babington kutranu pattukuni pattukuni uriteesindi.
taruvaati samvatsaraallo ibbandih 1585-1603.
elizabeth chivari rendu dasaabdaalu 1603 taruvaata stewarts parishkarinchadaaniki migilipoyina samasyalanu chushai. zaan cromsey, cromsey iteevali scholarshipnu sameekshistuu, vaadinchaaru
elizabeth balamaina nayakudiga konasaagindi, conny aame munupati salahaadaarulandaruu dadapuga maraninchaaru ledhaa padavee viramana chesaaru. robbert sessil (1563-1612) thana tandri lard burgley chalakalamga konasaaginchina pramukha salahaadaaru paatranu sweekarinchaadu. robbert deverex, essex yokka 2 va earl (1567-1601) aame atyanta pramukha general, gatamlo elizabeth jeevitaanni preminche athani savati tandri robbert dudley pooshinchina paatra; mariyu saahasopeta/charitrakaarudu surr walter raalee (1552-1618) sannivesamlo kotta mukham. mugguru kotta vyaktulu interlocking mariyu pratyarthi saktula tribhujaanni yerparuchukunnaru, adhi pravesinchadam kashtam. kashtam raani khaideeni teesukoni adhikaranni swaadheenam chesukovadaniki prayatninchinanduku deverexnu uriteesinappudu modati khaalii erpadindi. elizabeth maraninchina taruvaata kotta raaju thana pradhana salahadaruga sesilnu konasaginchi, raaleeni sirachchaedam chesaadu.
prajaadarana pondina tirugubaatlu.
aneka praja tirugubaatlu jarigaayi; annee raaja adhikaarulache anachiveyabaddaayi. vaatilo atipeddavi
sthaanika prabhutvam.
county sthaayilo panichese sthaanika prabhutvamloni pradhana adhikarulu ("shair" anie kooda pilustaaru) sherief mariyu lard leftinent. madhyayuga kaalam nundi sherief adhikaram ksheeninchindi, conny athanu ippatikee chaalaa pratishtaatmakamainavaadu. raaju yokka prevy council dwara etuvanti punaruddharanalu lekunda oka samvatsaram kaalaaniki niyaminchabaddaadu. ataniki chaalaa chinna pheejulu chellinchabaddaayi, conny vaaru bahusha aatithya paramgaa mariyu athani under-sheriffs mariyu bailiflanu niyaminchukovadam paramgaa sherief kharchulanu teerchaledu. sivil mariyu criminal kesulanu parishkarinchadaaniki sherief prati nelaa kortunu nirvahinchevaaru. ayana ennikalanu paryaveekshinchaaru, jailunu nadiparu, sikshalanu vidhinchaaru. athani sahacharulu shanti nyaayamuurtulaku counteeloo sibbandini andinchaaru.
lard leftinent anedi prati counteeloo raaja saktiki praatinidhyam vahinchadaaniki henry VIII roopondinchina kotta karyalayam. athanu rajuche empika cheyabadenta manchi sambandhaalato rajasabhalo manchi sambandham unna vyakti mariyu tarachugaa dasaabdaala paatu raaju ishtanusaram panicheesaadu. ataniki pratyaksha niyantrana parimita adhikaralu undevi, kabatti vijayavantamaina lard leftinentlu thana deputy leftinentlatho kalisi panicheesaaru mariyu raajee, ekaabhipraayam mariyu pratyarthi vargaalanu cherchadam dwara kuleenulatoo vyavaharinchaaru. rakshana kosam avasaramaite sainika dalaalanu sameekarinche baadhyatanu ledhaa sainika karyakalapalalo rajuku sahayam chese baadhyatanu ayana chepattadu. chepattadu yarkshirelo, lard leftinent huntinton yokka earl, spanish naukaadalam nundi bedirimpu dandayaatranu edurkonenduku atyavasaramgaa rakshananu siddham cheyalsina avasaram undhi. raani yokka prevy council takshaname sainika dalaalanu sameekarinchaalani, purushulu mariyu gurraala labhyata gurinchi nivedinchaalani atanni korindi. aneka mandhi sainikula ayishtata, aayudhaala korata, sikshana pramaadaalu mariyu yea vibhaagaaniki evaru naayakatvam vahistaarane daanipai kuleenulalo asuyanu adhigaminchadam huntington yokka savaalu. vaetagaadu chivari nimishamlo prayatnaalu chesinappatiki, 1588 naati sameekaranam, aayudhaala pilupuku asahyamgaa matrame samadhanam icchina ayishta samajanni velladinchindi. naukaadalam ennadoo digaledu, mariyu sainyam vaastavaaniki upayoginchabadaledu. 17va sataabdam madhyakaalamlo jarigina antaryuddhaala samayamlo, lard leftinent raaju kosam ledhaa paarlamentu kosam thana kounteeni sameekarinchadamlo marinta mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaaru.
prabhutva rojuvaaree pani aneka dozenla mandhi shanti nyaayamuurtula (jp) chetullo undedi. vaaru anni nijamaina saadhaarana pooliisu paripalana vidhulanu nirvahinchaaru, mariyu vaariki swalpa sthaayi rusumu dwara chellinchabadedi. itara sthaanika adhikaarulalo constable, charchi-wardenlu, meyarlu mariyu nagara adhikarulu unnaaru. jp vidhulu chaalaa vraatapanini kaligi undevi-pradhanamgaa laatinlo-mariyu aascharyakaramgaa balamaina abhyardhulanu aakarshinchayi. udaaharanaku, udaaharanaku devancireloni 55 jps karyalayalu
saamaajika charitra.
elizabeth shakam yokka saamskrutika vijayalu chaalaa kaalamgaa panditulanu aakarshinchayi, 1960la nundi vaaru ingland yokka saamaajika charitrapai teevramaina parisoedhanalu nirvahinchaaru. tudor saamaajika charitralo pradhana amsaalalo prema vyavaharam mariyu vivaham, vaaru tine aaharam mariyu vaaru dharinche dustulu unnaayi.
tudor puraanam.
tudor puraanam anedi aangla charitra, charitra mariyu saahityamlo oka pratyeka sampradaayam, idhi 15va sataabdapu kaalanni, gulaabeela yuddhaalatho sahaa, arachakam mariyu raktapaatam yokka cheekati yugamgaa pradarsistundi mariyu 16va sataabdapu tudor kaalanni shanti, chattam, kramam mariyu sreyassu yokka swarna yugamgaa chustundi.
raajulu.
tudor house eee paalanalo paalinchina aiduguru chakravartulanu utpatti chesindi. appudappudu laedii jaine gray jabita cheyabadutundi, aame vaastava paalana yokka swalpathvaaniki konnisaarlu 'tommidi rojula' raani anie pilustaaru.

