
monopsony

aardhika saastramlo, monopsony anedi oka market nirmaanam, dheenilo oke konugoludaarudu chaalaa mandhi ammakandaarulu andinche vastuvulu mariyu sevala pradhana konugoludaarugaa marketnu gananeeyamgaa niyantristaadu. monopsony yokka suukshma aardhika siddhaantam oka vastuvu ledhaa seva yokka ekaika konugoludaarugaa ammakandaarulandaripai oke samsthaku market shakti undani bhaavistundi. idhi guttadhipatya samsthaku samaanamaina shakti, idhi guttadhipatyamlo daani konugoludaarula dharanu prabhaavitam chestundi, ikkada bahula konugoludaarulaku konugolu cheyadaaniki oka vastuvu ledhaa seva yokka oke vikreta andubaatulo untaaru.
charitra.
aardhikavetta john robinson thana pustakam "dhi economics off imperfect competition" (1933) loe monopsony siddhaantaanni abhivruddhi chesaaru. aardhikavettalu "monopsony power" anae padaanni "guttadhipatya shakti" maadirigaane upayogistaaru, konugolu sambandhamlo oka aadhipatya shakti unna drushtaamtaaniki sankshipta suuchanagaa, tadwara shakti pootii parimitulaku lobadi laeni laabhaalanu penchadaaniki dharalanu nirnayinchagaladu. oka konugoludaaru aaa shrama ledhaa vastuvula kosam itara konugoludaarula nundi takkuva pootiini edurkonnappudu monopsony shakti untundi, kabatti vaaru konugolu chestunna kaarmika ledhaa vastuvulaku vaetanaalu ledhaa dharalanu pootii marketlo kante takkuva sthaayilo nirnayinchagalugutaaru. aardhika saahityamlo "monopsony" anae padaanni pradhanamgaa kaarmika marketlanu suchinchetappudu upayogistaaru, ayithe konugoludaarudu ammakandaarulandaripai market saktini kaligi unna edainaa parisrama, vastuvu ledhaa sevaku vartinchavachhu.
oka praamaanika saiddhaantika udaaharana oka maining pattanam, ikkada ganiki yajamani ayina samstha kaarmikulanu niyaminchadamlo itara yajamaanula nundi etuvanti pootiini edurkonanduna vaetanaalanu tagginchagalugutundi, endukante vaaru pattanamlo ekaika yajamani, mariyu bhougolika ontaritanam ledhaa addamkulu kaarmikulu itara pradaesaalaloo upaadhini korukovadanni nirodhistaayi. itara prastuta udaaharanalalo upaadhyaayulaku jillaallo takkuva chalanasheelata unna paatasaala jillaalu undavacchu. atuvanti sandarbhaallo upaadhyaayulanu niyaminchadamlo jilla itara paatasaalala nundi takkuva pootiini edurkontundi, upaadhi nibandhanalanu charchinchetappudu jillaaku adhika adhikaranni istundi. pratyaamnaaya padaalu oligopsony ledhaa monosonistic pootii.
vyutpatti.
monopsony" anae padaanni (greeku nundi "" monos "") "" single "" mariyu "" opsonia "" ("" konugolu ")) modatisaarigaa john robinson thana prabhaavavantamaina pustakam" "dhi economics off imperfect competition" loe 1933loe prachurinchaaru. eee padaanni roopondinchinanduku robinson cambridge vishwavidhyaalayamloni classic scholar bertrand hallwardnu prasamsimchaaru ".
kaarmika marketlo sthiramaina ekaswaamyamu.
kaarmika market yokka praamaanika paatyapustaka monopsony namuunaa anedi kaarmikulandarikee oke vaetanaanni chellinche oke yajamani unna sthiramaina pakshika samatulya namuunaa. yajamani paiki valuga unde "kaarmika sarafara vakrarekha" nii edurkontaadu (saadhaaranamgaa anantamaina saage kaarmika sarafara vakrarekhaku viruddhamgaa), idhi kudivaipuna unna rekhaachitramlo "s" neelam vakrarekha dwara suuchimchabadutumdi. eee vakrarekha chellinchina vetanam, suutram _ 1, upaadhi sthaayi, suutram _ 2kii sambandhinchinadi, mariyu perugutunna function suutramgaa suuchimchabadutumdi. mottam kaarmika kharchulu suutram _ 4 dwara ivvabadataayi. samsthaku mottam aadaaya suutram _ 5 undhi, idhi suutram _ 2thoo perugutundi. samstha labhanni penchadaaniki suutram _ 2nii enchukoovaalanukuntundi, suutram _ 8, idhi ilaa ivvabadutundihi
garishta labha suutram _ 10 vadda, kabatti garishteekarana kosam modati-arder sharatu
ikkada suutram _ 12 anedi suutram _ 13 yokka utpannam.
eee vyakteekarana yokka edama vaipu, suutram _ 15, kaarmikula yokka "upanta aadaaya utpatti" (sumaruga, adanapu karmikudu dwara utpatti cheyabadina adanapu aadaayam) mariyu rekhaachitramlo erupu "mrp" vakrarekha dwara suuchimchabadutumdi. kudi vaipu shrama yokka "upanta vyayam" (sumaruga, adanapu karmikudi kaaranamgaa adanapu kharchu) mariyu rekhaachitramlo aakupaccha "emsi" vakrata dwara suuchimchabadutumdi. mukhyamgaa, upanta vyayam anedi kotta kaarmikudiki chellinche vaetana suutram _ 3 kante "ekkuva".
endukante, samstha adanapu kaarmikudini niyaminchinappudalla, appatike udyogam chestunna kaarmikulandarikee chellinche vaetanaanni penchalsi untundani oohinchavachhu. rekhaachitramlo, idhi kaarmika sarafara vakrarekhaku "paina" unna "emsi" vakrarekhaku daariteestundi.
garishta labham kosam modati-arder sharatu rekhaachitramlooni "a" binduvu vadda santrupti chendutundi, ikkada "mc" mariyu "mrp" vakratalu kalustaayi. idhi labhanni garishtamgaa penche upaadhini kshitija samaantara aksham meeda "l" gaa nirnayistundi. sambandhita vetanam "doubleu" appudu sarafara vakrarekha nundi, point "mea" dwara pondabadutundi.
m" vadda monopsonistic samathoulyaanni pootii paristhitulalo pondhe samathoulyamtho viruddhamgaa cheppavacchu. oka pootii yajamani marketloki pravesinchi, "m" kante ekkuva vaetanaanni andinchaadani anukundam. appudu modati yajamani yokka prati udyogi badulugaa pootiidaaru kosam panicheyadaaniki enchukuntaaru. antekakunda, pootiidaarudu modati yajamani yokka munupati labhalannintini pondutaaru, modati yajamani udyogula vaetana perugudala nundi taggimpu mottam, adanamgaa vaetana perugudala kaaranamgaa marketlo panicheyaalani nirnayinchukunna adanapu udyogula nundi vachhe labham. conny modati yajamani marinta ekkuva vaetanaanni andinchadam, kotta pratyarthi udyogulanu vetaadatam modalaina vaati dwara pratispandistaaru. phalitamgaa, sampoorna pootii samsthala samuuham, pootii dwara, "m" kante "c" nuu kalapadaniki balavantam cheyabadutundi. ammakalanu geluchukovadaaniki, dharalanu tagginchadaaniki mariyu utpattini penchadaaniki pootii ekaswaamyaanni addukunnatle, eee sandarbhamlo yajamaanula madhya udyogulaku pootii vaetanaalu mariyu upaadhi rendintinee penchutundi.
sankshema prabhavalu.
monopsony shakti valla kalige takkuva upaadhi mariyu vaetanaalu, indulo palgonna prajala aardhika sankshemaaniki rendu vibhina prabhavalanu chuuputaayi. modatidi, idhi kaarmikula nundi mariyu vaari yajamani (laku) kuu sankshemaanni tirigi pampinhee chestundi. rendavadi, idhi rendu samuuhaalu kalisi anubhavinche mottam (ledhaa saamaajika) sankshemaanni taggistundi, endukante yajamaanula nikara labham kaarmikulaku kalige nashtam kante takkuvagaa untundi.
kudi vaipuna unna rekhaachitram aardhika migulu bhavana aadhaaramgaa praamaanika vidhananni upayoginchi rendu prabhavalanu vivaristundi. eee bhavana prakaram, kaarmikula aardhika migulu (ledhaa marpidi nundi nikara labham) anedi vaetanaaniki anugunamgaa unde "s" vakrarekha mariyu kshitija samaantara rekha madhya unna praantam dwara, upaadhi sthaayi varaku ivvabadutundi. adevidhamgaa, yajamaanula migulu anedi vetanam mariyu "mrp" vakrarekhaku anugunamgaa upaadhi sthaayi varaku kshitija samaantara rekha madhya unna praantam. saamaajika" migulu appudu eee rendu praantaala mottam.
atuvanti nirvachanaalanu anusarinchi, rekhaachitramlooni buudida deerghachaturasram anedi ekaswamya chattam kinda kaarmikula nundi vaari yajamani (laku) kuu punahpampinii cheyabadina pootii saamaajika migulu loe bhaagam. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, pasupu tribhujam anedi upaadhi yokka ekaswamya parimiti phalitamgaa "rendu" paarteelu kolpoyina pootii saamaajika migulu loe bhaagam. idhi nikara saamaajika nashtam mariyu dheenini "deadwite laas" antaaru. idhi vanarulanu vrudhaa cheyadam dwara monopsony shakti valla kalige market vaiphalyaaniki kolata.
rekhaachitram suuchimchinatlugaa, upanta aadaaya utpatti "mrp" mariyu sarafara vakrarekhapai nirnayinchabadina market vetanam madhya vyatyaasamtho rendu prabhaavaala parimaanam perugutundi. eee vyatyaasam pasupu tribhujam yokka niluvu vaipuku anugunamgaa untundi, mariyu suutram prakaram market vetanamlo nishpattigaa vyakteekarinchavachhuh
nishpatti suutram _ 19 nuu dopidi raetu anie pilustaaru, mariyu idhi samstha edurkontunna kaarmika sarafara vakrata yokka sthitisthaapakata yokka parasparaniki samanamani sulabhamgaa chuupavachchu. anduvalla eee sthitisthaapakata anantam varaku unnappudu, pootii paristhitulalo dopidi raetu sunnaga untundi. vividha maargaala dwara formula _ 19 yokka anubhavika anchanaalu gamaninchina monopsony saktini kolavadaniki ankitamaina anuvartita saahityam yokka saadhaarana lakshanam.
chivaraga, buudida-praantam puna ist pampinhee prabhavanni aardhika vidhanam dwara tippikottavachani gamaninchadam mukhyam (i.ii.yajamaanulaku pannu vidhinchadam mariyu pannu aadaayaanni kaarmikulaku badilee cheyadam), pasupu-praanta deadwaite laas vishayamlo idhi alaa kaadu. market vaiphalyaanni rendu margallo okadaanilo matrame parishkarinchavacchuh anty-trust jokyam dwara monopsonini vibhajinchadam dwara ledhaa samsthala vaetana vidhananni niyantrinchadam dwara. atyanta saadhaaranamaina niyantrana emitante, monopsonistic vetanam kante ekkuva kaneesa vetanam.
kaneesa vetanam.
kattubadi unde kaneesa vaetanaanni chattam dwara ledhaa union sabhyatvam avasaramayye saamuuhika berasaaraala chattaala dwara neerugaa pravesapettavachu. kaneesa vaetana dharala sthaayilu upaadhini taggistaayani saadhaaranamgaa angeekarinchinappatiki, aardhika saahityam monopsony shakti samakshamlo prabhaavaala gurinchi inca ekaabhipraayaanni yerparachukoledu. kaarmika marketlo monopsony shakti unte, prabhavam tiragabadutundani, kaneesa vetanam "upaadhini penchutundani" konni adhyayanalu choopinchaayi.
eee prabhavam kudi vaipuna unna rekhaachitramlo pradarsinchabadindi.
ikkada kaneesa vetanam monosonistic kante ekkuvagaa untundi. kaneesa vetanam mariyu kaarmikula adanapu sarafara yokka bandhinche prabhaavaala kaaranamgaa (monopsony hodha dwara nirvachinchabadinatlugaa), samsthaku kaarmikula upanta vyayam sthiramgaa untundi (kaarmikula korata peragadamtho perugutunna vyayam kante adanapu kaarmikudini niyaminchukune dhara). dheeni ardham samstha kotta upanta vyaya rekha (rekhaachitramlo emsi ') mariyu upanta aadaaya utpatti shreni (maroe unitnu vikrayinchadaaniki adanapu aadaayam) kalise samayamlo labhanni penchutundi. eee samayamlone aaa vastuvunu vikrayinchadam dwara vachhe aadaayam kante adanapu vastuvunu utpatti cheyadam khareedainadi avutundi.
potitatva marketto poliste eee paristhiti ippatikee asamarthamgaa undhi. eah-bii praatinidhyam vahistunna line segment udyogam vetakaalanukune kaarmikulu inca unnaarani choopistundi, conny eee parisrama yokka ekaswamya swabhaavam kaaranamgaa cheyaleru. idhi eee parisramaku nirudyoga retunu suuchistumdi. kaneesa vaetana sthaayilatho sambandham lekunda ekaswamya kaarmika vaataavaranamloo nirjeevamaina baruvu taggutundani idhi vivaristundi, ayithe kaneesa vaetana chattam parisramalo mottam upaadhini penchutundi.
marinta saadhaaranamgaa, oka kattubadi unde kaneesa vetanam samstha edurkontunna sarafara vakrarekha roopaanni savaristundi, idhi avtundi
ikkada suutram _ 3 anedi asalu sarafara vakrarekha mariyu suutram _ 23 anedi kaneesa vetanam. kotta vakrarekhaku kshitija samaantara modati saakha mariyu binduvu vadda oka kink untundi
rekhaachitramlo chuupinatlugaa, "mc 's" (binduvu b kii kudi vaipuna unna nalla vakrarekha) dwara choopabadindi. phalitamgaa vachhe samathoulyam (hetubaddhamaina companylu chese laabhaalanu penchagala empikalu) appudu kaneesa vetanam teesukunna viluva prakaram moodu taragatulalo okadaaniki vastaayi, eee krindi pattikalo choopabadindihi
ayinappatikee, idhi takkuva-vaanchaneeyamainappatikee, monosonistic raetu kante ekkuva kaneesa vetanam emainappatiki upaadhi sthaayini penchutundi. idhi chaalaa visaeshamaina phalitam endukante idhi monopsony kinda matrame anusaristundi. nijaaniki, pootii paristhitulalo, market raetu kante ekkuva kaneesa vetanam vaastavaaniki upaadhini "taggistundi", shaastreeya aardhika namuunaalu mariyu thootivaari sameekshinchina pani yokka ekaabhipraayam prakaram. anduvalla, kottagaa pravesapettina kaneesa vaetana nibandhanala upaadhipai prabhavalanu gurtinchadam anedi aardhikavettalu enchukunna kaarmika marketlalo ekaswamya saktini tagginchadaaniki upayoginche paroksha margalalo okati. eee saanketikata upayoginchabadindi, udaaharanaku american kaarmika marketnu pariseelinchina varusa adhyayanaalalo, vruttiparamaina kreedalu mariyu kalaasaala professorlu vanti aneka pratyeka rangaalalo matrame monopsonylu unnayani kanugonnaru.
vaetana vivaksha.
guttadhipatyavettalage, oka ekaswamya yajamani dharalanu "vivaksha" chesthe daani labhalu garishtamgaa untaayani kanugonavacchu. eee sandarbhamlo company vividha kaarmika samuuhaalaku ververu vaetanaalanu chellistundi (vaari mrp okela unnappatikee), samsthaku vaari kaarmikula sarafaraalo takkuva sthitisthaapakata unna kaarmikulaku takkuva vaetanaalu chellistaaru.
gamaninchina utpaadakata vyatyaasaalanu niyantrinchina tarvaata kooda mahilalu tarachugaa purushula kante takkuva sampaadinche gamaninchina vaetana vyatyaasaalalo kaneesam kontha bhaganni vivarinchadaaniki parisoedhakulu eee vaastavaanni upayoginchaaru. samanamga utpaadaka mahilalu mariyu purushula madhya vaetana vyatyaasaalanu vivarinchadaaniki robinson yokka asalu monopsony (1938) abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. missouriilooni kirana dukaanam golusulo udyogulaku purushula kante mahilala vaetana sthitisthaapakata takkuvagaa undani, saadhaaranamgaa vaetana nirnayamtho sambandham unna itara amsaalanu niyantristundani ransom and oaxaca (2004) kanugondi. mahilalu mariyu purushulu edurkontunna kaarmika market kadalika parimitulalo vyatyaasaala kaaranamgaa mahilaa upaadhyaayulaku purusha upaadhyaayula kante takkuva vetanam labhistundani ransom and lambsson (2011) kanugondi.
kontamandi rachayitalu anadhikarikamga vaadinchaaru, idhi "market" sarafara kosam ayinappatikee, vyaktigata samsthalaku sarafara vishayamlo dheeniki viruddhamgaa undavacchu. mukhyamgaa, britton samaana vaetana chattam vishayamlo, amalu cheyadam valla mahilalaku adhika upaadhi labhinchindani purushulu mariyu itarulu chuupimchaaru. eee chattam mahilalaku samarthavantamgaa kaneesa vaetana chattam kabatti, idhi bahusha ekaswamya vivakshaku lakshanamgaa ardham chesukovacchu.
monopsony yokka dynamic namuunaalu.
monopsony yokka iteevali kaarmika market namuunaalu pootii marketlalo kontha monopsonistic shakti unde avakaasam undani suuchimchaayi. shodhana gharshanala phalitamgaa daani kaaranaanni asampoorna samaachaaramtho mudipettavacchu. pootii market paristhitulalo panichestunna companylu aaa marketlo shodhana gharshanato sambandham unna pootiidaarula chetilo udyogulanu kolpokunda vaetana retlanu taarumaaru cheyadaaniki kontha parimita abheeshtaanusaaram unnayani idhi suuchimchavachchu (antey maroka udyogaanni kanugonadam mariyu bhadraparachadam entha kashtam). alon manning (2003) pratipaadinchina dynamic monopsony yokka eee aadhunika drukpatham kooda paiki vaalu kaarmika sarafara vakrarekhaku daariteestundi, mariyu idhi pootii marketlo bahula yajamaanulanu kaligi undatam valla marinta aacharanaatmakamainadi, adhe samayamlo shodhana gharshanalu mariyu khareedaina shodhanaku kooda anumatistundi.
anubhavapurvaka samasyalu.
kaarmika marketlalo monopsony shakti yokka saralamaina vivarana demand vaipu pravaesaaniki addamkulu. pravaesaaniki ituvanti addamkulu kaarmikula (oligopsony) kosam potipade parimita sankhyalo companylaku daariteestaayi. eee parikalpana saadhaaranamgaa nijamaithe, samstha parimaanam peragadamtho ledhaa marinta khachitamgaa, parisrama ekagrata peragadamtho vaetanaalu taggayani kanugonavacchu. ayithe, aneka ganaanka adhyayanalu samstha ledhaa samstha parimaanam mariyu vaetanaala madhya gananeeyamaina saanukuula sahasambandhaalanu namodu chestaayi. eee phalitaalu tarachugaa parisramala madhya pootii phalitamgaa unnayani vivaristaaru. udaaharanaku, oke okka faast phud utpattidaaru unte, aaa parisrama chaalaa ekikrutam avutundi. ayithe, adhe kaarmika naipunyaanni upayoginchi retail dukaanaalu, nirmaanam mariyu itara udyogaalaku vyatiraekamgaa pootii padutunnatlayithe company monosonistic shakti dwara vaetanaalanu tagginchalekapoyindi. eee aavishkarana sahajamainadi (takkuva naipunhyam kaligina kaarmikulu vividha parisramala dwara marinta dravaroopamlo kadalagalaru) mariyu american kaarmika marketla adhyayanam dwara maddatu ivvabadindi, idhi monopsony prabhavalu vruttiparamaina kreedalu, bodhana mariyu nursing, naipunyaalu parimitam chese rangaalaku parimitam cheyabadindani kanugonnaru, ivi tulanaatmakamgaa chellinche itara parisramalaku marutayi.
ayithe, sarafara vaipu kaarmikula pravesaanni prabhaavitam chese paristhitula kaaranamgaa kooda monopsony power undavacchu (paina perkonna sandarbhamlo vale), idhi samsthalaku kaarmika sarafara yokka sthithisthaapakathanu neerugaa taggistundi. veetilo parisrama gurtimpu ledhaa licensing rusumu, niyantrana parimitulu, sikshana ledhaa vidya avasaralu mariyu udyoga rakshana chattamtho sahaa samsthala madhya kaarmika kadalikanu parimitam chese samsthaagata amsaalu atyanta mukhyamainavi.
monopsony saktiki muulamgaa suuchimchabadina pratyaamnaayam udyoga lakshanaala kante kaarmikula praadhaanyata. atuvanti udyoga lakshanaalalo pani nundi dhooram, pani rakam, sthaanam, pani vadda saamaajika vaataavaranam modalainavi undavacchu. ververu kaarmikulaku ververu praadhaanyatalu unte, yajamaanulu vaari kosam panicheyadaaniki gattiga ishtapade kaarmikulapai sthaanika monopsony adhikaranni kaligi undavacchu.
monopsony shakti yokka anubhavika aadharalu saapekshamgaa parimitam. paina charchinchina parigananalaku anugunamgaa, conny bahusha saadhaarana antar drushti kii viruddhamgaa, samyukta rashtraallo takkuva naipunhyam kaligina kaarmika marketlalo gamaninchadagina monopsony shakti ledhu. abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo pravaesaaniki addankula kaaranamgaa indoneshiyaalo monopsony saktini kanugonna kaneesam oka adhyayanam unnappatikee. monopsony shakti kosam tama drukpathaanni vistarinche aneka adhyayanalu americalo aardhika mariyu kaarmika chalanasheelata vruttiparamaina kreedalu mariyu (konni asammati thoo) nursing minaha gurtinchadagina monopsony prabhavalanu nirodhistundani kanugonnayi. eee rendu parisramalu atyanta pratyaekamaina kaarmika paristhitulanu kaligi unnaayi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa pratyaamnaayam kaadu. kaarmika marketlalo monopsonypy prastutam unna saahityam yokka 2020 sameeksha prakaram, oppanda parimitula kaaranamgaa adhika aadaaya parisramalalo monopsony saktiki konni aadharalu unnaayi (udaaharanaku pootiilu kaanivi), ayithe rachayita paerkonnatlugaa, ekkuva mandhi aardhikavettalu kaarmika marketlapai gurtinchadagina monopsony prabhavalanu aapaadincharu.