
gruha baadhyata vyavastha

gruha baadhyata vyavastha (), ledhaa contract baadhyata vyavastha, chainaalo oka paddhati, idhi modatisaarigaa 1979loe vyavasaayamlo sweekarinchabadindi mariyu adhikarikamga 1982loe sthaapinchabadindi, dheeni dwara kutumbaalu oka samstha yokka labhalu mariyu nashtalaku baadhyata vahistaayi. saamuuhika vyavasayam sthaanamlo vacchina eee vyavastha, bhoomi yokka praja yajamanyanni mariyu konni utpatti saadhanaalanu nirvahinchindi, conny utpattini gruhaala baadhyatagaa chesindi. gruhalu ippatikee rashtra kotalaku dohadam cheyalsi undedi, conny contract bhoomilo emi naataalane daani gurinchi tama sonta nirnayaalu teesukovachhu mariyu bahula-sthaayi dharala vyavastha dwara vikrayinchavacchu, indulo kotaa varaku raashtraaniki chellinchadaaniki athi takkuva dhara, raashtraaniki kotaa kante ekkuva ammakalaku adhika raetu mariyu pantalaku market dharalanu utsavaalalo vikrayinchadaaniki anumatinchadam vantivi unnaayi.
charitra.
1977-1978: tayari kaalam.
1970la chivari natiki, chaina yokka vyavasaya utpatti yokka saamuuhikeekarana mariyu kendrikarana aneka savaallanu edurkondi, veetilo vyavasaya utpattula korata atyanta atyavasaramainadi mariyu teevramainadi. graameena praantaallo karuvula phalitamgaa pattana praantaallo teevramaina aahara sarafara sankshobhaalu talettaayi. chaalaa mandhi raitulu mariyu prajala commune sabhyulu vyavasaya utpattiki kotta maargaala gurinchi aalochinchadam praarambhinchaaru. 1978loe, anhui looni jiyogangloni 18 kutumbaalu oka kotta erpaatutho munduku vachayi, ikkada prati kutumbam vaari labham mariyu utpatti nashtalaku baadhyata vahistundi, dheenini gruha baadhyata vyavastha yokka modati vichaaranagaa pilicheevaaru.
1978 decemberulo, chaina communistu party 11va kendra kamitee moodava pleanary session beijingloo jarigindi. samavesamlo, "vyavasaya abhivruddhini vegavantam cheyadampai chaina communist party kendra kamitee nirnayam aamodinchabadindi", idhi "utpatti unitlaku utpatti baadhyatanu badilee cheyadam" () nuu pratipaadinchindi. ayithe, eee vidhanam ippatikee gruhaalaku utpatti baadhyatanu appaginchadaanni nishedhinchindi.
praarambhamlo, eee vidhanalu raitulu jeevanaadhaaram kosam kashtapadutunna paedha mariyu maarumuula praantaalaku matrame vartinche minahaayimpugaa anumatinchabaddaayi. saamuuhika vyavasayam baga panichesina pradaesaalaloo gruha oppandaanni kooda anumatinchaalaa vadda anae daanipai raajakeeya asammati erpadindi. gruha oppandaaniki vyatiraekulaloo idhi saiddhaantikamgaa venukabadina adugu anie namme nayakulu, alaage gruha oppandam yaantrika vyavasaya utpattini balaheenaparustundani oohinchina praantiiya nayakulu unnaaru.
1979-1981: munduku venukaku pooraadutunnadi.
1979 praarambhamlo, jaateeya vyavasaya mandali sthaapinchabadindi, idhi chaina kendra prabhutvamlo gruha baadhyata vyavasthanu avalambinchala vadda anae daanipai teevramaina charchanu praarambhinchindi. 1979 maarchilo, jaateeya vyavasaya mandali vyavasaya abhivruddhipai edu praavinsulu mariyu moodu kounteela samavesanni nirvahinchindi, eee samayamlo majority pratinidhulu eee pratipaadanaku maddatugaa unnaaru. ayithe, vyatiraeka swaraalu kooda balamgaa undevi. jaateeya vyavasaya mandali adhipati ayina wang renchang, saamuuhika aardhika vyavastha yokka prayojanaalanu nokki chebutuu, aalochananu vyatiraekistuunae unnaaru. chivariki, aaa samayamlo chainees communist party chhairman ayina huwa guffeng, saamuuhika utpatti panichesindani, ayinappatikee kontha vasyata kooda avasaramani nirdhaarinchaaru. alaage, huwa guffeng "maarumuula praantaalalo unna paedha kutumbaalaku, vaari utpattiki baadhyata mariyu hakkulanu vaariki appaginchadam samuchitam" anie angeekarinchaaru."huwa guffeng yokka padaalu chainees communist party kendra kamitee adhikaarika patraalalo vrayabaddayi mariyu gruha baadhyata vyavastha aalochana sisipi kendra kamitee adhikaarika patramlo kanipinchadam idhe modatisaari.
1980 janavarilo peeples communes management meating beijingloo jarigindi. eee samavesamlo, anhui provins vyavasaya kamitee director ayina jou yueli, anhui loe vyavasaya abhivruddhi vyavasthanu pravesapettaaru. 1979 chivari natiki, 51 saatam utpatti brundaalu utpatti unit baadhyata vyavasthanu sweekarinchaayani, 10 saatam gruha baadhyata vyavasthanu sweekarinchaayani, gananeeyamaina utpatti vruddhini saadhinchindani, 25 saatam abhivruddhi chendani praantaalu gruha baadhyata vyavasthanu avalambinchamani korinatlu jou nivedinchaaru. ayithe, jhou aalochana itara praantaala nundi aneka mandhi pratinidhula nundi teevramaina vimarsalanu andukundi mariyu gruha baadhyata vyavastha saraina vidhanama anae daanipai bhaarii charchanu rekettinchindi. chivariki, deng jiaping, gruha baadhyata anedi chaalaa sanklishtamaina mariyu klishtamaina samasya anie, mariyu adhi oka saadhaarana mugimpuku cherukune avakaasam ledani pariseelanatoo charchanu muginchaadu.
kendra prabhutvam eee aalochanatho inca poraadutunnappudu, munduku venukaku velutuu, marinta ekkuva gramalu munduku sagai mariyu gruha baadhyata vyavasthanu avalambinchadam praarambhinchaayi. 1979loe eee vyavasthanu konni praantaalalo matrame vichaaranagaa sweekarinchaaru, conny 1980loe, eee praantaala nundi marinta ekkuva pradaesaalu neerchukunnaayi mariyu vaari swantha gruha baadhyata vyavasthanu abhivruddhi chesaayi. perugutunna dhorani chaina kendra naayakatvam drushtini aakarshinchindi mariyu vyavasaya utpatti vyavasthanu yea vidhamgaa avalambinchaalo nirnayam teesukunevaaru punahpariseelinchadaaniki daariteesindi.
1980 eprillo, sisipi kendra kamitee deerghakaalika pranaalika samavesamlo, deng jiaping ilaa vaadinchaaru "vaayuvya chaina, gijou mariyu yunnan provins vanti abhivruddhi chendani mariyu paedha praantaalalo, gruha baadhyata vyavastha vanti vidhaanaalanu avalambinchaali". mae nelaloo maroka prasangam samayamlo, deng geopoping anhui provinceloni fengyang county mariyu feexi county abhyaasaaniki maddatu icchaaru mariyu eee rakamaina vyavasthanu abhyasinchadam saamuuhika aardhika vyavastha abhivruddhiki aatamkam kaliginchavacchani [s] ome sahacharulu aandolana chendutunnaarani annaru. eee aandolanalu anavasaramainavani neenu bhaavistunnaanu. mana mottam dhisha saamuuhika aardhika vyavasthanu abhivruddhi cheyadame. utpaadakata perige varaku, kaarmika, vastuvula aardhika vyavastha vibhajana abhivruddhi chendutunnanta varaku, mana saamuuhika aardhika vyavastha takkuva sthaayi nundi adhika sthaayiki perugutundi."
deng geopoping yokka gruha baadhyata vyavastha patla saanukuula vaikharitho paatu, jaateeya vyavasaya mandali kooda eee vyavasthanu avalambinchadam yokka prabhavam mariyu savaallanu baga ardham chesukovadaniki haynon, hebby mariyu itara provinceulalo teevramaina kshetra parisoedhananu nirvahinchindi. 1980 nundi 1981 varaku, marinta ekkuva saamuuhika vyavasaya utpatti vyavasthalu gruha baadhyata vyavasthalugaa marchabaddayi. 1981 natiki, aagneya praavinsulu mariyu shandong provinceloni 51 saatam kutumbaalu ippatike gruha baadhyata vyavasthanu sweekarinchaayi.
1982: adhikaarika sthaapana.
1981 decemberlo, jaateeya vyavasaya pani samavesam beijingloo jarigindi, idhi yea vyavasthalanu upayoginchaalo prajalu tamanu taamu enchukune aalochananu nokki cheppindi. 1982loe ventane, sisipi kendra kamitee samvatsaraaniki daani "number 1 document" nuu prakatinchindi, "jaateeya vyavasaya pani samavesam yokka nimishalu", idhi chaina yokka vyavasaya utpattiki gruha baadhyata vyavasthanu adhikarikamga sthaapinchindi.
1983loe gruha baadhyata vyavastha "puurti vijayam" saadhinchindi. eee vyavasthanu avalambinchadaaniki konni praavinsula naayakatvam yokka ayishtatanu raitulu tama sonta utpattiki baadhyata vahinchadaaniki gattiga ishtapadataarani choopinche adhyayanalu adhigaminchaayi, idhi "vaaru utpattini yea vidhamgaa nirvahinchaalanukuntunnaar prajalanu nirnayinchukovadaaniki veelu kalpinchaalane pradhana jhaavo jiang vidhaanaaniki mukhyamaina maddatunu andinchindi." 
eee vyavastha desavyaaptamgaa vaegamgaa sweekarinchabadindi mariyu gananeeyamaina vyavasaya vruddhini chusindi. 20 samvatsaraala saamuuhika vyavasaya utpattilo, vaarshika vyavasaya utpatti 30-50 billion kilograamulu, ayinappatikee 1984 natiki, eee sankhya 400 billion kilograamulaku perigindi. adhe samayamlo, mottam vyavasaya gdp 68 saatam perigindi mariyu raitula sagatu aadaayam 166% perigindi.
gruha baadhyata vyavastha yokka maroka vijayam raitulaku daani dhara sthireekarana prabhavalu. 1984 natiki, dhanyam sarafara enthagaa perigindante, dhanyam kosam rashtram chellinchina dhara mariyu adhika-kotaa sekarana rendoo dhanyam kosam market dhara kante ekkuvagaa undevi. anduvalla, "pranaalikaabaddhamaina dharaku kotanu vikrayinchadam anedi ikapai pannu kaadu, conny raitulaku subsidiga undedi, mariyu kotaku minchina migulu mottaanni raashtraaniki vikrayinchadam valla raitulu padipotunna market dharala mottam bharanni bharinchakunda rakshinchabaddaaru."utpatti perugudala valla market dharalu padipovadam nundi rakshinchabadutuu, vyavasaya utpaadakatanu penchadaaniki raitulanu ekakaalamlo prothsahinchaaru. gruha baadhyata vyavastha yokka bahula-track dharala yokka dhara sthireekarana prabhavalu marketlo rashtra bhagaswamyam dwara vyavasaya utpattini niyantrinchadaaniki uddesapurvaka roopakalpana.
gruha baadhyata vyavastha vijayam chaina aardhika namoonaalo gananeeyamaina parivartananu suuchistumdi mariyu chaina vyavasaya aardhika vyavastha mariyu graameena abhivruddhilo kotta sakaanni praarambhinchindi.
iteevali vislaeshanhalu.
2021 adhyayanam prakaram, gruha baadhyata vyavastha vyaktula taruvaati jeevita aarogyam, vidya mariyu kaarmika market phalitaalanu meruguparichindi, conny idhi pillalalo maanava muuladhana pettubadulanu tagginchindi, tadwara vaaru vidyanu pondhe avakaasam takkuvagaa undhi mariyu vyavasaayamlo undataaniki ekkuva avakaasam undhi.
suuchanalu.
" "life" ":" "chaina" "(du runseng nundi khatalu chaina yokka graameena vyavastha samskaranapai pradhana nirnayaala rikaardu)
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yaan, unxiang. vyakteekaranaku chainees maargam. british journal off sociology, v. 61, enn. 3, p. 489-512,2010.vilae.com/doi/fool/10.1111 j. 1468-4446.2010.01323.x