
oman puraavastu shaastram

prastuta oman sultanet aagneya arabia dveepakalpamlo undhi. omanku vividha nirvachanalu unnaih saampradaaya omanlo prastuta united arab emirates (yuu.eah.ii.), daani charitrapurva avasheshaalu konni amsaalalo marinta pratyaekamgaa nirvachinchabadina oman kudivaipu nundi bhinnamgaa unnappatikee, idhi sultanet yokka prastuta kendra praavinsulaku anugunamgaa untundi. uttaraana, oman dveepakalpam marinta nirdishtamainadi, mariyu idhi hormuz jalasandhiloki pravesistundi. dakshina oman dhofar puraavastu shaastram madhya mariyu uttara oman nundi vidigaa abhivruddhi chendutundi.
vividha yugaalu typological sammelanaalu, paatha raathi (paleolithic) yugam, kotta raathi (neolithic) yugam, raagi yugam, kaamsya yugam, prarambha inupa yugam, chivari inupa yugam "mariyu islam yugamlo pratibimbistaayi. kaalam" anedi konnisaarlu samskrutulatoe mudipadi unna punaraavrutamayye kalakhandala samavesala nundi oohinchina vargeekarana. marovaipu, yugaalu chaalaa pedda sthaayilo unnaayi; avi sampradaayamainavi, conny teedeeni khachitamgaa cheppadam kashtam-paakshikamgaa praantiiya abhivruddhi yokka vividha raetla kaaranamgaa. parivartana yokka barometer anedi parisrama mariyu tayari mottam, mukhyamgaa raagi-slagga tiraskarinchabadindi-mariyu itara loha kalakhandalu. vividha kaalaalaku sambandhinchina khachitamaina teedeelu inca adhyayanamlo unnaayi mariyu madhya mariyu dakshina oman yokka chivari inupa yuganiki samvatsaraalanu ketayinchadam kashtam. pradhana smaaraka chihnalu kooda sahasrabdaluga vividha kaalaalaku chendinavi. (chivari paeraa nundi maarchabadindi)
puravastusastraparanga cheppalante, prastuta yuu praantam madhya thedaalu perugutaayi.eah.ii. mariyu sultanet mukhyamgaa prarambha inupa yugam chivarilo, vividha bhougolika paristhitula dwara sthaanikamgaa niyantrinchabadindi. thema parimaanam aaa praantam yokka mosukelle saamarthyaanni nirdesistundi, andubaatulo unna vanarulanu dopidi cheyadaaniki vividha rakaala jeevanaadhaara vyuuhaalanu upayogistaaru. 1970la praarambhamlo puraavastu kshetra pani praarambhamainappati nundi, aneka brundaalu sultanetlo panicheesaayi.
paleolithic.
puraatana silaayuga yugam 3 millionla nundi sumaru 10,000 samvatsaraala kritam varaku untundi, africa velupala maanava vrutti sumaru 100,000 samvatsaraala kritam praarambhamaindi, vaaritho paatu vaari jeevana vidhaanaalanu teesukuvacchindi. siddhaantaalu nubian sadhana samudaayam (c. 128,000-74,000 samvatsaraala kritam) africa nundi arabic dveepakalpam varaku pleastocene chivarilo erra samudram dwara vyaapinchindi. eee siddhaantaaniki 2010 nundi 2011 varaku dhofar puraavastu project (dop) naayakatvam vahinchindi, vaaru survey chesi levalloisian korlanu kanugonnaru-sanklishtamaina gurtinchadagina rakam-vaadi abyut, central dhofar. nubian samudaayam paschima oman varaku matrame vistarinchindani brundam teerpu ichindi.
konchem iteevali varusa sarvelu, 2007 nundi 2013 varaku nirvahinchina aadam yokka french mission, aadam praantamlooni aneka kondala chuttoo, mukhyamgaa sufrat loyalo chellacheduruga unna aneka lithic kalakhandalanu kanugondi. vaaru akshara dosha saanketika lakshanaala aadhaaramgaa kanugonna vaatini ekkuvagaa madhya mariyu eguva puraatana silaayugaaniki chendinavigaa paerkonnaaru. levalloisian, vaa 'shaa, laminar mariyu biphasial lithic avasheshaalu praathamika sadhana rakalu.
neolithic.
kotta silaayuga yugam holocene praarambhamtho samanamga untundi mariyu vaeta mariyu sekaranaku viruddhamgaa aahara utpatti ledhaa vyavasaya samajam yokka agamananni chustundi; idhi sumaru cree. puu. 500 nundi untundi. arabia dveepakalpamlo eee prakriya koddigaa bhinnamgaa undedi; kristupurvam 5500 loe oman praantamloo pasusamvardhakamu modata udbhavinchindi mariyu prarambha kaamsya yugam varaku vyavasayam udbhavinchaledu. badulugaa, chepalu pattadam marinta vaividhyabharitamgaa maarindi mariyu sadhanalu marinta pratyaekamainavigaa marai; raa yokka all-hamra vadda emukala kuurpuloo daadaapu 80 saatam chepalu, ekkuvagaa valalu mariyu line fishing vanti vaatitho pattukunna pedda chepalatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi-idhi fishhooklu mariyu nett-sinkarla sekarana dwara nirnayinchabadutundi.
paschima teeramloni mukhya pradaesaalaloo raa 's all-hamra mariyu suveh vadda shell middens unnaayi-ikkada konni mother-off-perl fishhooks yokka suuchanalu unnaayi-- raa' s all-hadh, raa 's dahh mariyu maseera. vaari madhyakalalu radiocarbon paddhatulanu upayoginchi sumaru cree puu aidava sahasraabdi madhyakaalam nundi moodava sahasraabdi varaku nativi. aneka pradaesaalu nirmaanaala aadhaaraalanu pradarsinchaayi; post holes, poyyi mariyu madhyakalala dwara varninchabadina pakshika vruttaakaara ledhaa vruttaakaara nirmaanaalu. eee madhyakaalamlo konnintiloo maanava samadhulu kooda undevi, veetilo ekkuvagaa saadhaarana aabharanaalato kuudina samadhi vastuvulu undevi. chippala nundi puusalu yuu. eah. eee. loki teeram paiki krindiki kanipistaayi. yuu. eah. eee. loe sahajamgaa sambhavinchani konni rakaala shellu akkada aabharanaalalo kanipistaayi, idhi omanlooni communitylu, shellu sambhavinchina chota, yuu. eah. eee. looni communityla madhya oka vidhamaina vaanijyam undani suuchistumdi.
2010loe, aadam yokka french mission jabal all-aluyanu kanugonnadi; vividha akaaraalu mariyu kuurpula 127 nirmaana avasheshaalatho kuudina oka inn-land sait, gudise vanti nivaasaalu, poyyi mariyu samadhulu-paina charchinchina vaatitho samanamga undaali. kanugonabadina lithic kuurpuloo, korlu chaalaa arudugaa undevi, ekkuvagaa bladelu mariyu laminar poralu gamaninchabaddaayi. eee pradaesam cree puu 4000 chivari bhaagamtho mudipadi undhi.
dhofar paalanalo unna all-dahariz 2 anae pradaesamloe, venuvu-binduvu lithics unnatlu kanugonabadindi-idhi americaku pratyekamainadani gatamlo bhaavinchina roopam. venuvu saanketikata lithium diguva ledhaa paie nundi teesina pedda, sarala bhaganni kaligi untundi, idhi daani padununi unchagala thelikaina prakshaepakaanni srushtistundi. ayithe, prastuta siddhaantam emitante, lithiyamlu panicheyanivi mariyu vaastavaaniki saamskrutika viluvanu teliyajestaayi mariyu hastakalaakaarula naipunyaanni pradarsistaayi.
raagi yugam.
eee bhougolika pradaesamloe raagi yugam paakshikamgaa huffit kaalamtho (3100-2700 BCE) samanamga untundi, idhi vaastavaaniki uaeloni jabel huffit meeda unna smasaanavaatika pradaesam nundi piluvabadindi, ayithe aapaadinchabadina kalakhandalu sultanet varaku baga vistarinchi unnaayi. chaalaa varaku samadhulu konda vaipula unnaayi, dakshina mesopotamia nundi digumati chesukunna kundala niksheepaalu unnaayi. ituvanti anveshanalu sultanet thoorpu teeramlo raa yokka all-hadh sameepamlo, mukhyamgaa hetch. dii-6 mariyu raa yokka all-ginge sameepamlo namodu cheyabaddaayi. samaadhulalo gemdet nasser kaalaaniki chendina roganirdhaarana kundalu kooda unnaayi. raagi vishayaanikosthe, lohapu jaadalatho kuudina siluvalu, chinna kolimulu mariyu sumaru 300 raagi panimutlu raas all-ginge vadda kanugonabaddayi.
raagi kariginchadam bahusha all-batina vadda praarambhamaindi, ayithe atuvanti khanijalu takkuva slagnu vadilivestaayi mariyu eee prakriyaku pratyeka paristhitulu avasaram ledhu, kabatti puraavastu recordulalo daani unikini suuchimchadaaniki chaalaa takkuva untundi. ippatike eee samayamlo raagi mariyu itara vastuvulalo antarjaateeya vaanijyaaniki sumer nundi vachana aadharalu unnaayi, bahusha oman nundi.
kaamsya yugam.
kaamsya yugam saadhaaranamgaa creepoo 3300 nundi 1300 varaku untundi, idhi huffit kaalam (3100-2700 bce) mariyu umm all-naar (2700-2000 bce) mariyu vaadi suk kaalalu (2000-1300 bce) loe kontha bhaganni kaligi untundi.
prarambha kaamsya yugam.
eee yugamlo, loha utpatti munupati huffit kaalaaniki sambandhinchi gananeeyamgaa perigindi, 1 nundi 2 kilola baruvunna aneka plano-convex raagi kaddiilu kanugonabaddayi. shir vadda unna tower ledhaa theneteegala samadhulu, sumaruga thedhee matrame kaavacchu, mariyu huffit ledhaa umm all-naar kaalaaniki chendinavi kaavacchu. umm all-naar kaalamlo, pedda mataparamaina, swechchagaa nilabade samadhulu aneka samaadhulanu kaligi unnaayi mariyu ivi sarvasadhaaranamgaa undevi. itara samadhulu chinnaviga untaayi mariyu okati ledhaa konni samaadhulanu kaligi undavacchu.
shir vadda unna samaadhulatoe samaanamaina samadhulu shena praantamloo kanipistaayi, idhi ippatike rock-art pradaesaalaku koddigaa prasiddhi chendindi. 2006loe nirvahinchina oka sarvelo nalgava sahasraabdi chivari nundi moodava sahasraabdi prarambham varaku 325 theneteegala samaadhulanu lekkinchaaru. avi thoorpu vaipu mukhamgaa unna chinna, deerghachaturasraakaara pravaesaalatoe ekkuvagaa sunnapurayi ledhaa isukaraayi thoo kuudina oke ledhaa rendu paerchabadina godalanu kaligi untaayi. avanni neerugaa raathi paina nirminchabaddaayi, bhavanam jaragadaniki mundu tavvakam gurinchi etuvanti suuchanalu laevu.
all-khashbah anie piluvabade eee pradaesam, 2015loe tubinjen vishwavidyaalayam nirvahinchina survey project kendramgaa undhi. vividha paadachaarula sarvelalo slaag mariyu loha vastuvulu, kolimi sakalaalu, raathi naalaalu, aabharanaalu, raathi panimutlu mariyu gaaju vastuvulu kanugonabaddayi. vaaru sumaru 200 samadhulu mariyu 10 smaaraka nirmaanaalanu kanugonnaru, ivi kristupurvam 3va sahasraabdi nativi kaavacchu, konni marinta pratyaekamgaa munupati huffit kaalaaniki chendinavi mariyu marikonni taruvaati umm all-naar kaalaaniki chendinavi. eee smaaraka nirmaanaalalo konni raagi prosessingku konni aadhaaraalatho kuudina gopuraalu; kontamandi panditulu shaastreeya guttalu mariyu raallanu kottadam matrame kakunda vividha raathi panimutlu raagi prayojana prakriyaloo mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaayani suuchimchaaru. ayithe, konni itara bhavanalu chikku debbatinna suuchanalu kaligi unnaayi.
1982loe, arabic dveepakalpam yokka thoorpu bhaagamlo unna raas all-ginge vadda indus loya nagarikataku aapaadinchabadina kunda kanugonabadindi. kristupurvam moodava sahasraabdiloo kaneesam teerapraanta oman bhaaratadaesamtoe anusandhaaninchabadindani idhi mylurayi rujuvugaa pariganinchabadindi. akkada kooda dorikina bitumen mukkalu, taadulu, eedlu, chekka palakalatho akattukunnavi, konni sakalaalu ippatikee barnacles kaligi unnaayi; idhi prarambha padava kosam calking anie suuchistumdi.
kristupurvam 3va sahasraabdi naati dhruveekarinchabadina samadhi sandarbhamlo dhofarlo aayudhalu veluguloki vachayi.
kaamsya yugam chivari.
kaamsya yugam chivarilo ekkuvagaa samadhi vastuvulu mariyu tavvakaallo kanugonna sthaavaraalu suuchimchabadataayi. indulo kristupurvam chivari 200,1500 nundi 1300 varaku, vaadi suk kaalam naati samvatsaraalu unnaayi.
all-khashbah kanugonna nirmaanaalalo, kevalam aaru samadhulu, avanni bhoogarbhamlo unnaayi, 2va sahasraabdi mariyu vaadi suk kaalam nativi kaavacchu.
inupa yugam.
 inupa yugam rendu ververu kalaluga vibhajinchabadindi, 'inupa yugam a' (1300-300 bce) mariyu 'inupa yugam b' (325 bce-650 CE).
prarambha inupa yugam.
vividha smasaanavaatikalu mariyu raagi utpatti pradaesaala nundi, mukhyamgaa jabel radhania, lizk mariyu saloot vadda unna koota nundi idhi prasiddhi chendindi. prarambha inupa yugam cree puu 1300 nundi 300 varaku konasaginatluga saadhaaranamgaa angeekarinchabadindi. eee kaalam yuu. ess yokka thoorpu bhaagamlo unna sumaru 142 puraavastu pradaesaala nundi telisindi.eah.ii. alaage oman sultanet yokka madhya mariyu uttara bhagalu. mukhyamgaa oka panditudu madhya omanlooni konni pradaesaalaloo prarambha inupa yugaala nundi chivari varaku oka namoonaga kramamga parivartana kosam khachitamaina vaadananu andinchaadu. ayithe, samadhi vastuvulu rendu kaalaala madhya etuvanti saaruupyatalanu choopinchavu.
saadhaaranamgaa chethitho tayaaru chesina mariyu gattiga kaalchina, lizk koota nundi kundalu all-moyassar (ledhaa all-meysar) mariyu samad all-shaan vadda iteevali prarambha inupa yugam pradaesaala nundi chaalaa pooli untaayi. kundala kalakramam paramgaa, daani prarambhalu aspashtamgaa unnaayi.
chanipoyinavaarini ippatike unna bhoogarbha samaadhulalo ledhaa kotta, gudise lanty swechchagaa nilabade samaadhulalo khananam chestaaru. icchina samuuhamlooni anni samadhulu oka disalo undavacchu, ayithe, vividha samuuhaalu okadaanikokati nundi vaerugaa untaayi. nivaasitulu tama samajanni surakshitamaina samajamga bhaavinchi undaali, endukante vaaru manugadaku takkuva avakaasaalu unna atuvanti kanipinche mariyu haani kaliginche swechchagaa nilabade samaadhulanu nirminchaaru mariyu nirmaana samagri yokka siddhamgaa unna vanarugaa 1980 nundi vaegamgaa adrusyamayyaayi. eee kaalaaniki chendina chekkuchedarani samadhi eppuduu tavvabadaledu.
raagi-mishrama kalakhandala sankhya eee samayamlo garishta sthaayiki cherukuntundi, idhi cree. sha. 9va sataabdamloo matrame adhigaminchabadutundi. kaaranam emitante, marinta samruddhiga unde sulphidic raagi dhaatuvunu kaalchadaaniki saanketikata abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. ibri/selme vadda 500 kante ekkuva raagi mishrama kalakhandala nilva eee samayamlo utpatti gurinchi sarasamaina aalochananu istundi. 2012loe, maroka raagi mariyu inupa lohapu panisaala modata 'all-safah' vadda tappugaa nivedinchabadindi, vaastavaaniki eee pradaesaanni 'ukdat all-bakra' anie pilustaaru. 400 kante ekkuva loha kalakhandalu tarachugaa ibri/selme nundi vacchina vatiki daggari aakaaramlo unnatlu kanugonabaddayi.
bayati prapanchamtho oka mukhyamaina sambandham neo-assyrian raaju assurbanipal yokka cuniform saasanamlo (cree. puu. 640) undhi; athanu kaade desamloni izkilo nivasinche paade anae raaju pampina dhoothalanu prastaavinchaadu. idhi ippati varaku daadaapu 700 loha kalakhandalanu andinchindi. neetipaarudala kosam falaj pravesapettadam anedi pradhana pantagaa kharjuram vaegamgaa peragadamtho samanamga untundi. eee yuganiki kalakramam pooli untundi conny prastuta yuu loe baga telisinadaaniki bhinnamgaa untundi.eah.ii. eee inupa yugamlo viruddhamgaa oman inupa kalakhandalu chaalaa arudu, ayithe poruguna unna iraanlo cree. puu. 1200 taruvaata inupa aayudhalu vilakshanhamainavi. nizwa, izki, rustack mariyu ibri vanti arabic puurva pradaesa paerlu bahusha eee bhasha yokka avasheshaalanu mariyu eee mariyu tadupari yugam matladevarini suuchistaayi.
2019 navambarulo, 45 baga samrakshinchabadina samadhulu, oka chadarapu meterla vistiirnamloo, mariyu inupa yugam prarambham naati oka sthaavaram, all-mudaibeelo oman mariyu heidelberg vishwavidhyaalayaaniki chendina puraavastu saastravettalu kanugonnaru. puraavastu saastravettalu eee pradaesamloe sameepamloni raagi ganula kaarmikulu nivasistunnaarani vishwasinchaaru.
samad chivari inupa yugam.
prarambha inupa yugam chivaralo-khachitamgaa thedhee gala puraavastu sandarbhaalu lekunda konni 200-300 samvatsaraala taruvaata-thermoluminescence mariyu konni bayati kalakhandala polikala prakaram, <100 BCE nundi 300 CE varaku samad chivari inupa yuganiki balaheenamaina aadharalu kanipistaayi. eee samudaayam 30 praantaalalo 13 saadhyamaina mariyu 74 khachitamgaa aapaadinchabadina puraavastu pradaesaala nundi telisindi. thoorpu omanlo eeyaa (prarambha inupa yugam) nundi parivartanaku aadharalu chaalaa arudu mariyu all-moyassar vadda bahula-kaala sait complexes vadda kalakramanusara paristhiti spashtamgaa undhi, ikkada eeyaa, liah (chivari inupa yugam) mariyu madhyayuga kaalaala nundi falaz neeti pradaesaalu netikee manugada saagistunnaayi. satabdaalugaa, mukhyamgaa iteevala, neeti mattam padipoyindi, tadwara falaz neelanu neeti mattam ettuku tagginchaalsi vachindi. eee kaalam teliyani kaaranaala valla janabha gananeeyamgaa taggadaaniki sakshyam. eee kaalamlo raagi utpatti saanketika parignaanam kooda kolpovadam spashtamgaa kanipistundi.
samad liah pradaesaalu paschimaana izkilo, uttaraana rajadhani praantamloo, dakshinaana jalan mariyu thoorpuna teeramlo 17,000 chadarapu kimmy (6,600 chadarapu maillu) sarihaddulugaa chellacheduruga unnaayi. samad kaalaaniki aapaadinchadagina oka samuuham batinalo ledhu mariyu praathamikamgaa sharkia provinsku parimitam cheyabadindi. samad all-shaan mariyu all-akhdhar, all-amkhat, bavshar mariyu all-bustan vanti chinna pradaesaalu eee vraayani janaabhaaku rakam-pradaesaalu, ekkuvagaa chethitho tayaaru chesina kundalu, raagi-misramam mariyu inupa kalakhandalu. punaraavrutamayye kundala vastuvulu mariyu akaaraalu, chinna anveshanalu, alaage konni samadhi nirmaana rakalu samad chivari inupa yugam sammelanaanni nirvachistaayi.
matti taginanta lothugaa unna chota, pratyeka raathi-nirmita samadhulu bhoomilo munigipotayi. ituvanti shaastreeya samadhi samadhulu podavaina akshaniki lambamgaa vaayuvya chivara sameepamlo paikappupai takkuva godanu kaligi untaayi. avi vangina asthipanjaraalanu kaligi untaayi, purushulu saadhaaranamgaa kudi vaipuna mariyu mahilalu saadhaaranamgaa edama vaipuna unchutaaru, vaari talalu saadhaaranamgaa aagneya disagaa untaayi.
konni vicchinna sthaavaraalu-mahalia, all-nazad, nazad madeera, vaadi mahramloni kyariyat all-saih, samad all-shaan saitlu ess1, ess7, umk all-raba, tivi sait tuu2-namodu cheyabaddaayi.
sthaanikamgaa naanhelu mudrinchabadaledu, mariyu eee roeju varaku samad chivari inupa yugam kundalatho sahaa sandarbhaalalo rendu udaaharanalu matrame kanipinchaayi, ayithe saampradaaya oman yokka uttara bhaagamlo kaneesam paakshikamgaa currency aardhika vyavastha undedi, kendra omanlo ledhu.
lialo konni merustunna kundala digumatulu eguva gulph mariyu dakshina mesopotamia nundi pondabaddaayi. oka taragati kundalaina balsamaria chakraluga marutayi mariyu oman yokka rendu praantaalalo chivari islaamik puurva chivari inupa yugam samaadhulalo kooda saadhaaranam. kendra oman kanugonna vaatilo daadaapu moodinta naaluginta oka vanthu samad kuurpuku aapaadinchadaginavi, iteevali islaamik puurva kaalaaniki chaalaa takkuva, mariyu konni nirvachinchadagina kuurpuku aapaadinchabadavu. pertian acamenid, parthian, sassanian aadhipatyam kaligina oman dviteeya saahityamlo drudhamgaa paatukupoyindi; anduvalla, samad sammelanam yokka nirvachanam yokka samagratanu vimarsinchadam sulabham.
parthian, taruvaata sassanian, iraan nundi vacchina aakramanadaarulu konni pattanaalapai rajakeeyamgaa, sainikamgaa tatkalikamga aadhipatyam chelaayinchaaru, conny ravana kaaranaala valla, taruvaati dandayaatrala samayamlo sambhavinchinatlugaa konni pradaesaalanu matrame aakraminchadam saadhyamaindi. pertian unikini tiiraaniki sameepamlo ledhaa sameepamlo unna konni pradaesaala paerlatoe oohinchavachhu (udhaa.zii. all-rustaq) mariyu izkilo vyaktigata paerlu. eee samayamlo, madhya omanlo, aadhunika dakshina arabia bhashalu anie pilavabadevi matladabadevi. prarambha inupa yuganiki idhi chaalaa takkuva khachitamainadi. kristupurvam 500 nundi kristupurvam 500 varaku ledhaa taruvaata, dakshina mariyu madhya arabia nundi valasa tegalu aagneya arabia mariyu iraanlalo sthirapadathaayi, manaku moukhika chaaritraka vanarula nundi telusu. alaa ayithe, kaneesam modata bhaashaasaastraparamgaa atuvanti janabha dakshina arabianlu, arabbulu kaadu. aagneya arabialoni azd tegala girijana maidaanaalu samad chivari inupa yugam pradaesaala kante chaalaa peddavi mariyu vaividhyamainavi. samad raathi samaadhula nundi mariyu vaari aaharam gurinchi aadhaaraala nundi teerpu cheppadaniki, idhi bedouin janabha kaadu, conny raitulanu kaligi undhi.
eee tegalu dakshina arabia, taruvaata arabic, bhasha vaividhyaanni thoorpuna iraanlooni khorasan varaku teesukuvacchaayi. ayithe, omani arabic daani swantha padaalanu kaligi undhi mariyu idhi kevalam madhya arabia nundi digumati chesukoledu. cree. sha. 7va mariyu 8va sataabdaalaloo arab pravaasulu mariyu islam mathamtho paatu shaastreeya arabic prajalu modata metropolitan kendraalaku vacchaarani bhaavistunnaaru. arabia mariyu erra samudra teeramlo wine ravana cheyadaaniki akaba/aylaalo tayaaru cheyabadina pakkatemukala amphoralu sambhavinchadam, akabaku uttaraana unna praantam 400 nundi 1000 varaku phalavantamaina vyavasaya praantamgaa undani choopistundi. marovaipu, daa. fleetman central omanlooni all-huta guha nundi stalagmitelanu adhyayanam chesaaru mariyu mukhyamgaa cree. sha. 530 loe varusa mahaa karuvula gurinchi samacharanni sekarinchaaru. ivi mottam dveepakalpaanni baadhinchi undavacchu.
samad kaani chivari inupa yugam.
aneka chivari inupa yuga pradaesaalu vaati kalakhandala roopaanni mariyu tayari vivaraalanu samad lakshanaala kuurputoe anusandhaaninchavu. udaaharanaku, aayudhalu bavshar vadda oka samaadhilo vale vibhinnamgaa roopondinchabaddaayi. aasaktikaramgaa, gatamlo pedda ratipathaalugaa varninchabadina konni smaaraka chihnalu ippudu 'chinna raathi smaaraka chihnalu' gaa varninchabaddaayi. megalith anae padaanni aneka rakaala ardhaalalo upayoginchaaru mariyu durviniyogam chesaaru; oman loe kanipinche trayam parimaanam mariyu aakaaramlo airopaloni vatiki bhinnamgaa untaayi. atyanta mukhyamaina udaaharanalu trayam (arab). atfiya/attafi)-nitaruga unde pyramidnu roopondinchadaaniki moodu raalla varusa samuuhaalu kalisi untaayi. naalugo raayi paina addamgaa undavacchu. trilitlu saadhaaranamgaa sanchaarula pradhana nivaasa praantamaina vaadeelalo untaayi. aadhunika dakshina arabia bhasha matlade mahra, tritvula madhya sambandhaanni panditulu suuchimchaaru. mehra sthala paerlu mariyu trilitla nundi teerpu cheppadaniki, bedouin tegalu vaarini dakshinam vaipu nette varaku mahri matladevaru uttaraana marinta nivasinchaaru. madhya mariyu dakshina omanlalo ummadigaa unna ekaika kanugonabadina vargam trayam. tritvaalu netikee eee bhasha samuuham churukuga matlade praantaalalo unnanduna, hahri/gibbalito sambandham kooda aamodayogyamainadi.
islam puurva iteevali kaalam sultanet looni vividha pradaesaala nundi telisindi, udaaharanaku bahusha amla/amla, all-fuveda. ituvanti pradaesaalu ekkuvagaa madhya omanlooni samad yokka chivari inupa yuganiki samakaaleenamainavi, mukhyamgaa sharkialo. yuu loe.eah.ii. nanelapai vanti rachanalaku sambandhinchina aadhaaraalanu chuuputaayi. rendinti saapeksha kaalakramaaniki sambandhinchi gananeeyamaina ekaabhipraayam undhi. ayithe, kalakramanni nirminchadamlo oka kashtam emitante, samad kuurpu mariyu eee pradaesaala madhya spashtamaina kalaatmaka samaantaraalu lekapovadam. all-fuveda yokka paakshikamgaa tavvina smasaanavaatika pradaesamloe kalakhandalu, mukhyamgaa kundalu mariyu lohapu pani, yuu. ess nundi samakaaleenamaina vaatini pooli untaayi.eah.ii. samad kante.
dhofar loe inupa yugam.
vividha survey mariyu konni tavvakaalu sultanet yokka dakshina provins yokka puraavastu saastrampai velugunichaayi; atipedda mariyu atyanta prasiddha pradaesam khore rori, idhi kristupurvam 3va sataabdamloo hadramite rajyam sthaapinchina vaanijya koota. eee pradaesam puraatana dakshina arabia rakaniki chendina kalakhandala misramaanni chuupistumdagaa, chuttupakkala graameena praantaalu vividha rakaala kalakhandala misramaanni velladistaayi. khore roarii daani unikiki sugandha dravyaala vyaparam, mukhyamgaa shanaga vyaparam kaaranamgaa runapadi undhi. varninchabadina shered rakam chaalaa samvatsaraalugaa chivari inupa yugamgaa pariganinchabadindi, conny iteevali parisoedhana dheenini madhyayuga kaalaaniki tirigi teliyajestundi.
islaamik yugam.
prarambha islaamik yugam nundi chaalaa takkuva puraavastu aadharalu unnaayi; manugadalo unna mottamodati nirmaana nirmaanaalu madhyayuga kaalam nativi. islam mariyu arabia tegala pravaasula raakato, arabic bhasha omanlo pattubattindi.
telisina 150 kariginche pradaesaala nundi migili unna slaag parimaanam nundi anchanaa vaeyadaaniki raagi utpatti rikaardu sthaayiki cherukundi. 100, 000 tannula slaag, lasail ledhaa marinta sarigga, all-azail, vaadi jijji omanlo atipedda karige pradaesam. kondanu tavvinchi sameepamloni kolimilo proses chesinatlu slaag choopinchindi, paniloo kontha bhaagam bhoogarbhamlo kooda nirvahinchabadindi. chekka aadharalu 40 meterla bhoogarbhamlo bhoogarbha paniki gurtinchabadina aadhaaraalanu kanugonnayi, siddhaantaalu soramgaalu kindaku padipoyayani bhaavistaayi. idhe vidhamaina pradaesam, semda, anagadokkabadindi mariyu atigaa dopidi cheyabadindi, tadwara oka guha sambhavinchindi.