suupar heated neeru

athi vedichesina neeru anedi saadhaarana marige binduvu mariyu klishtamaina ushnograta madhya ushnogratala vadda ottidi unna drava neeru. dheenini "subcritical water" ledhaa "pressurised hott water" anie kooda pilustaaru. marige binduvunu penche adhika peedanam kaaranamgaa ledhaa sealed paatralo thala pradaesamtoe vaedi cheyadam dwara, drava neeru santrupta aaviri peedanam vadda aaviritoe samatulyatalo undatam valla athi vaedi neeru sthiramgaa untundi. nucleation saitlu lekapovadam valla (konnisaarlu microwavelo dravaalanu vaedi cheyadam dwara anubhavinchabadutundi) udakani vaataavarana peedanam vadda daani saadhaarana marige binduvu kante ekkuva neetini suuchimchadaaniki suupar heating anae padaanni upayoginchadam nundi idhi bhinnamgaa untundi.
neeti yokka aneka kramarahita lakshanaalu chaalaa balamaina hydrogen bandham kaaranamgaa unnaayi. athi vaedi ushnograta paridhiloo hydrogen bandhaalu vichchinnamavutaayi, saadhaaranamgaa ushnogratanu penchadam dwara oohinchina daanikante ekkuva lakshanaalanu maarustaayi. neeru takkuva dhruvamgaa maari, methanol ledhaa ethanol vanti sendriya dravakamla pravartistundi. sendriya padaarthaalu mariyu vaayuvula draavaneeyata aneka parimaanaala dwara perugutundi mariyu neeru swayamgaa velikiteeta, rasayana praticharyalu mariyu subhraparachadamtho sahaa paarisraamika mariyu vislaeshanhaatmaka anuvartanaallo draavakam, karakamga mariyu utprerakamgaa panichestundi.
ushnogratato lakshanaala maarpu.
anni padaarthaalu ushnogratato marutayi, conny athi vedichesina neeru ushnograta parigananala nundi matrame oohinchina daanikante ekkuva maarpulanu pradarsistundi. neeti snigdhata mariyu uparitala udriktata mariyu ushnograta perugudalato paatu vyaapti perugutundi.
neeti sweeya-ayaneekarana ushnogratato perugutundi, mariyu 250 masim vadda neeti pii. keey. doubleu. 25 masim vadda marinta suparichitamaina 14 kante 11 kii daggaragaa untundi. dheeni ardham hydronium ayan () yokka gaadata mariyu hydroxide () yokka gaadata perigi, Ph tatasthamgaa untundi. sthiramaina peedanam vadda nirdishta ushna saamarthyam kooda ushnogratato perugutundi, 25 masim vadda 4.187 kj/kilola nundi 350 masim vadda 8.138 kj/kilola varaku. adhika ushnogratala vadda neeti pravartanapai gananeeyamaina prabhavam anedi dialectric sthiraamkam (saapeksha anumati) taggutundi.
asaadhaarana pravartana yokka vivarana.
neeru oka dhruva anuvu, ikkada saanukuula mariyu pratikuula charge kendraalu vaeru cheyabadataayi; kabatti anuvulu vidyut kshethramtho samalekhanam avtayi. neetilo vistrutamaina hydrogen bandham gala network eee amarikanu vyatirekistundi, mariyu amarika yokka sthaayi saapeksha anumati dwara kolustaaru. gadhi ushnograta vadda neeti saapeksha anumati daadaapu 80 untundi; endukante polarity maarpulu anusandhaaninchabadina hydrogen bandhaala dhoranilo maarpula dwara vaegamgaa prasaram cheyabadataayi. ayanla madhya aakarshanheeyamaina vidyut kshetram sumaru 80 retlu taggutundi kabatti idhi neetini lavanaalanu kariginchadaaniki anumatistundi. ushnograta perige koddi anuvula ushna kadalika hydrogen bandham netvarkku antaraayam kaligistundi; kabatti klishtamaina ushnograta vadda ushnogratato saapeksha anumati taggutundi. 205 masim vadda saapeksha anumati anumati padipotundi, gadhi ushnograta vadda methanol maadirigaane untundi. eee vidhamgaa neeru 100 masim mariyu 200 masim madhya neeti-methanol mishramamla pravartistundi. podiginchina hydrogen bandham yokka antaraayam anuvulu marinta swechchagaa kadaladaaniki anumatistundi (snigdhata, vyaapti mariyu uparitala udriktata prabhavalu), mariyu bandhaalanu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki adanapu saktini sarafara cheyali (perigina ushna saamarthyam).
draavaneeyata.
sendriya sammelanaalu.
sendriya anuvulu tarachugaa ushnogratato draavaneeyataloo naatakeeya perugudalanu chuuputaayi, paakshikamgaa paina vivarinchina dhruvanata maarpula kaaranamgaa, mariyu takkuva draavaneeyata kaligina padaarthaala draavaneeyata ushnogratato perugutundi endukante avi draavanam yokka adhika enthaalpeeni kaligi untaayi. anduvalla saadhaaranamgaa "karagani" padaarthaalu superheated neetilo karigipotayi. ii.zii.udaaharanaku, 25°sii nundi 225°sii varaku 5 arderla parimaanamlo pahla draavaneeyata perugutundi mariyu naftaleen 270°sii vadda neetilo 10 saatam doubluty draavanaanni yerparustundi, mariyu ushnogratato purugumandula chlorothalonil yokka draavaneeyata krindi pattikalo choopabadindi.
anduvalla, sampradaaya sendriya draavakaala vaadakamtho poliste gananeeyamaina paryaavarana prayojanaalato aneka sendriya sammelanaalanu proses cheyadaaniki superheated neetini upayoginchavacchu.
lavanaalu.
saapeksha anumati tagginappatikee, klishtamaina binduvu cherukune varaku chaalaa lavanaalu athi vaedi neetilo karigipotayi. udaaharanaku, sodiyam chloride, 300°sea vadda 37 doubluty% vadda karigipotundi.
klishtamaina binduvu sameepistunnanduna, draavaneeyata konni ppm kuu gananeeyamgaa taggutundi, mariyu lavanaalu suupar critical neetilo arudugaa karigipotayi. konni lavanaalu ushnogratato karige saamarthyaanni taggistaayi, conny eee pravartana takkuvagaa untundi.
vaayuvulu.
neetilo vaayuvula draavaneeyata saadhaaranamgaa ushnogratato taggutundani bhaavistaaru, conny idhi mallee perige mundu oka nirdishta ushnogrataku matrame sambhavistundi. natrajani kosam, eee kaneesa ushnograta 74 masim mariyu oxygen kosam 94 masim.
vaayuvulu adhika peedanaala vadda athi vaedi neetilo karugutaayi. klishtamaina ushnograta kante, neeru anni vaayuvulatoe puurtigaa kalushitam avutundi. mukhyamgaa oxygen yokka perugutunna draavaneeyata tadi aakseekarana prakriyala kosam superheated neetini upayoginchadaaniki anumatistundi.
tuppu.
saadhaarana ushnogratala vadda neeti kante athi vaedi neeru ekkuva tiniveyugaa untundi, mariyu 300 masim kante ekkuva ushnogratala vadda itara karigina bhaagaalanu batti pratyeka tuppu nirodhaka misramaalu avasaram kaavacchu. 282 masim vadda 20 samvatsaraalugaa carbon steel paipula nirantara upayogam gananeeyamaina tuppu lekunda nivedinchabadindi,
mariyu steinless steel kanaalu 350 masim varaku ushnogratala vadda 40-50 upayoginchina tarvaata swalpa ksheenatanu matrame choopinchaayi.
thattukogala tuppu yokka sthaayi upayogampai aadharapadi untundi, mariyu tuppu nirodhaka misramaalu kooda chivariki viphalamavutaayi. anhu vidyut kendram vadda jarigina pramaadaaniki ushna vinimayakam loe oka asthira yuu-tube yokka tuppu kaaranamani aaropinchabadindi.
anduvalla, appudappudu ledhaa prayogaatmaka upayogam kosam, steinless steel yokka saadhaarana gradelu bahusha nirantara paryavekshanhatho saripothayi, conny klishtamaina anuvartanaalu mariyu servies parts kosam, materials empikalo adanapu shraddha teesukoovaali.
ottidi yokka prabhavam.
300 masim kante takkuva ushnogratala vadda neeru chaalaa anachiveyabadadu, antey neeti bhouthika lakshanaalapai ottidi takkuva prabhavanni chooputundi, idhi drava sthithini nirvahinchadaaniki saripotundi. eee peedanam santrupta aaviri peedanam dwara ivvabadutundi, mariyu aaviri pattikalalo chudavachu ledhaa lekkinchavacchu. oka maargadarsigaa, 121 masim vadda santrupta aaviri peedanam 200 kpa, 150 masim 470 kpa, mariyu 200 masim 1,550 kpa. 374 masim ushnograta vadda klishtamaina sthaanam 21.7 emm. pii. eah., dheeni paina neeru athi vaedi kakunda athi klishtamgaa untundi. sumaru 300 masim kante ekkuva, neeru daadaapu klishtamaina dravamgaa pravartinchadam praarambhistundi, mariyu saandrata vanti bhouthika lakshanaalu ottiditoe marinta gananeeyamgaa maaradam praarambhistaayi. ayithe, adhika ottidi 300 masim kante takkuva vedichesina neetini upayoginchi velikiteetala retunu penchutundi. neeti lakshanaalanu marchadam kante uparitalampai, mukhyamgaa mokkala padaarthaalapai prabhaavaala valla idhi kaavacchu.
shakti avasaralu.
neetini vaedi cheyadaaniki avasaramaina shakti daanini aaviri cheyadaaniki avasaramaina daanikante gananeeyamgaa takkuvagaa untundi, udaaharanaku aaviri swedanam kosam.
mariyu ushna vinimayakalanu upayoginchi saktini recycle cheyadam sulabham. shakti avasaralanu aaviri pattikala nundi lekkinchavacchu. udaaharanaku, neetini 25°sii nundi 250°sii vadda 1 atm vadda aaviri cheyadaaniki 2869 keje/kejee avasaram. 25°sii vadda neetini vaedi cheyadaaniki, 5 mpa vadda 250°sii vadda drava neetiki 976 keje/kejee matrame avasaram. superheated neeti nundi chaalaa vaedini (75 saatam anie cheppandi) tirigi pondadam kooda saadhyame, anduvalla superheated neeti velikiteeta kosam shakti viniyogam aaviri swedanam kosam avasaramaina aarava vanthu kante takkuvagaa untundi. dheeni ardham, athi vaedi neetilo unna shakti ottidi tagginappudu neetini aaviri cheyadaaniki saripodu. paina perkonna udaaharanalo, 5 emm. pii. eah nundi vaataavarana peedanam varaku ottidi taggithe 30 saatam neeru matrame aaviriga maarchabadutundi.
velikiteeta.
ushnogratato paatu vyaapti raetlu peragadam valla superheated neetini upayoginchi velikiteeta vaegamgaa untundi. sendriya padaarthaalu ushnogratato karige saamarthyaanni penchutaayi, conny annee oke retutho undavu. udaaharanaku, rosemary nundi sugandha tailaalanu velikiteesetappudu
mariyu kottimeera,
hydrocarbonla kante chaalaa viluvaina praanavaayuvu gala terpenlu chaalaa vaegamgaa sekarinchabaddaayi. anduvalla, athi vaedi neetitho velikiteeta empika mariyu vegavantamainadi kaavacchu, mariyu deasle mariyu kalapa poga kanaalanu vibhajinchadaaniki upayoginchabadindi.
charma samrakshana anuvartanaala kosam marsh mallo ruut nundi pindi padaarthaanni velikiteese superheated neetini vaanijyaparamgaa upayogistunnaru.
mariyu adhika-ushnograta nirodhaka polymer nundi takkuva sthaayi lohala tolagimpu.
vislaeshanhaatmaka prayojanaala kosam, athi vedichesina neeru aneka anuvartanaallo sendriya draavakaalanu bharti chestundi, udaaharanaku naela nundi pahlanu velikiteese vidhanam.
mariyu kalushitamaina neelalanu nayam cheyadaaniki pedda ettuna kooda upayoginchavacchu, ontarigaa velikiteeta ledhaa suupar critical ledhaa tadi aakseekaranhatho mudipadi unna velikiteeta dwara.
praticharyalu.
tadi aakseekarana prakriyaloo pramaadakaramaina padaarthaanni aakseekarinchadaaniki suupar critical neetitho paatu suupar heated neetini upayoginchaaru. konnisaarlu dahanam dwara utpatti ayye visha padaarthaala utpatti lekunda sendriya sammelanaalu vaegamgaa aakseekarana chendutaayi. ayithe, oxygen sthaayilu takkuvagaa unnappudu, adhika vaedi neetilo sendriya sammelanaalu chaalaa sthiramgaa untaayi. hydronium () mariyu hydroxide () ayanla gaadata 25 masim vadda neetilo kante 100 retlu peddadigaa unnanduna, superheated neeru balamaina aamlam mariyu balamaina besga panichestundi mariyu aneka rakaala praticharyalanu nirvahinchavacchu. empika chesina praticharyaku oka udaaharana ethylbenzene nundi acetophenone varaku aakseekarana, dheenilo phenylathanoic aamlam ledhaa pyrolysis utpattula erpadataaniki etuvanti aadharalu laevu. neeru praticharya, utprerakam mariyu draavakam vale pravartistunna aneka rakaala praticharyalanu katritzky mariyu itarulu varninchaaru.
triglyzaridelanu 275 masim vadda superheat chesina neeru dwara free fatty ausids mariyu glycerolga hydrolyse cheyavachu.
idhi biodiesilnu tayaaru chese rendu dasala prakriyaloo modatidi kaavacchu.
sendriya padaarthaanni rasaayanaparamgaa indhana utpattulugaa maarchadaaniki athi vaedi neetini upayoginchavacchu. dheenini pratyaksha jalaushna draveekarana mariyu jala pyrolysis thoo sahaa aneka padaala dwara pilustaaru. konni vaanijya taraha anuvartanaalu unnaayi. thermal depolymerisation ledhaa thermal conversion (tii. sii. sii) turkey vyardhaalanu telikapati indhana noonegaa maarchadaaniki 250 masim vadda superheated neetini upayogistundi mariyu rojuku 200 tannula takkuva grade vyardhaalanu indhana noonegaa proses chestundani chebutaaru.
jalavisleshana praticharya nundi prarambha utpatti neeru karakunda chesi, 500 masim vadda podi pagullu dwara marinta proses cheyabadutundi. enertech dwara nirvahinchabade "slerricarb" prakriya decarboxylate tadi biovestku saaruupya saanketikatanu upayogistundi, dheenini bhouthikamgaa neeru traagavacchu mariyu ii-indhanam anie piluvabade ghana indhanamgaa upayoginchavacchu. realto vadda unna karmagaram rojuku 683 tannula vyardhaalanu proses cheyagaladani chebutaaru.
hetch tii yuu ledhaa hydro thermal upgrading prakriya tii sii sii prakriya yokka modati dasha maadirigaane kanipistundi. netherlandslo oka pradarsana karmagaram praarambhinchavalasi undhi, idhi rojuku 64 tannula biomass (podi praatipadika) nuu chamuruga proses cheyagaladani cheppabadindi.
chromatography.
riverse faze hetch. pii. ell. sii. tarachugaa methanol-neeti mishramaalanu mobile fezga upayogistundi. neeti dhruvanata 25 nundi 205 masim varaku oke paridhiloo untundi kabatti, udaaharanaku finals vanti saaruupya vibhajanalanu prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki ushnograta pravanatanu upayoginchavacchu.
neeti upayogam jwaala ayaneekarana detector (fid) nuu upayoginchadaaniki anumatistundi, idhi daadaapu anni sendriya sammelanaalaku dravyarashi sunnitamaina utpattini istundi.
garishta ushnograta sthiramaina dasha sthiramgaa unna daaniki parimitam cheyabadindi. hetch. pii. ell. sii. loe saadhaaranamaina saadhaaranamaina bandha dasalu 200 masim varaku ushnogratala vadda sthiramgaa unnatlu anipistundi, ivi swachchamaina silika kante chaalaa ekkuvagaa untaayi, mariyu polymeric styrene-devenylabenzene dasalu idhe vidhamaina ushnograta sthirathvaanni andistaayi.
neeru 190 nm tarangadairghyam varaku atineelalohita detector vaadakaaniki kooda anukuulamgaa untundi.

