bhougolika jeevasaastram

bhougolika jeevasaastram anedi bhouthika bhoomi mariyu jeevaavaranam madhya paraspara charyalanu anveshinche shaastreeya parisoedhana rangam. idhi saapekshamgaa chinna kshetram, mariyu daani sarihaddulu dravamgaa untaayi. jeevaavarana shaastram, parinaamaatmaka jeevasaastram, suukshmajeevashaastramu, polyontology mariyu mukhyamgaa matti shaastram mariyu jeeva bhuurasaayana shaastram rangaalato gananeeyamaina ativyaapti undhi. jeevasaastram jeevasaastram, bhoogarbha shaastram mariyu matti shaastram yokka suutraalu mariyu paddhatulanu jeevitam mariyu bhoomi yokka saha-parinaamam yokka puraatana charithratho paatu aadhunika prapanchamlo jeevitam yokka paatranu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki vartimpajestundi. bhougolika jeevasastra adhyayanalu suukshmajeevulapai, mariyu lithosphere, vaataavaranam, jalagolam mariyu/ledhaa cryosphere koodalilo unna pedosphere yokka rasayana mariyu bhouthika vaataavaranaanni maarchadamlo jeevitam poeshinchae paatrapai drushti saaristaayi. idhi jeeva bhuurasaayana saastraaniki bhinnamgaa untundi, endukante prapancha rasayana chakraalapai kakunda sthalam mariyu samayam meeda prakriyalu mariyu jeevulapai drushti kendrikarinchabadutundi.
bhuu jeevasastra parisoedhana aadhunika jeevasastra adhyayanaalatho bhuuvignaana rikaardunu samslaeshanha chestundi. idhi prakriyatho vyavaharistundi-jeevulu bhoomini elaa prabhaavitam chestaayi mariyu dheeniki viruddhamgaa-alaage charitra-bhoomi mariyu jeevitam kalisi elaa marai. praathamika avagahana kosam anveshanhalo chaalaa parisoedhanalu aadhaarapadataayi, ayithe chamuru chindulanu subhram chese suukshmajeevula vishayamlo vale bhuu jeevasaastraanni kooda vartimpajeyavachu.
jeevasaastram anedi jeevulu mariyu bhoomi yokka parinaamaatmaka paraspara anusandhananni parisoedhinchadaaniki molecular biology, environmental microbiology, organic geochemistry mariyu geologic recordlanu upayogistundi. idhi jeevitam yokka muulam nundi bhoomi elaa maarindo mariyu maargam venta adhi elaa undavachho ardham chesukovadaniki prayatnistundi. bhuu jeevasaastraaniki sambandhinchina konni nirvachanalu eee kaalaparimiti yokka sarihaddulanu kooda munduku nedataayi-jeevula muulaanni ardham chesukovadaniki mariyu manavjati yugamlo bhoomini roopondinchadamlo maanavulu pooshinchina paatranu ardham chesukovadaniki mariyu konasaaginchadaaniki.
charitra.
charitra laurence baas becking dwara geobiology anae padaanni roopondinchaaru. ayana maatallo cheppalante, geobiology anedi "jeevulaku mariyu bhoomiki madhya sambandhaanni vivarinche prayatnam", endukante "jeevi bhoomilo bhaagam mariyu daani bhaagam bhoomitho mudipadi undhi."biobiologyki baas becking nirvachanam paryaavarana jeevasaastraanni prayogasaala jeevasaastramtho ekikrutam cheyalane korikatho puttindi. ayana daanini abhyasinche vidhanam aadhunika paryaavarana suukshmajeevula jeevaavarana shaastramtho daggaragaa untundi, ayinappatikee ayana nirvachanam anni bhougolika jeevasaastraalaku vartistundi. thana pustakam geobiologylo, baas becking kotta adhyayana rangaanni kanipettaalane uddesam tanaku ledani paerkonnaadu. dutch school off microbiologyki chendina athani guruvu martinus beyirinktho sahaa athani puurveekulu bhougolika jeevasaastrampai baas becking yokka avagahananu baga prabhaavitam chesaaru. itarulalo jeevaavaranamlo bhoomi yokka uparitala vaataavaranaanni jeevitam maarustundani vaadinchina vladimir vernadsky, athani 1926 pustakam mariyu lithotrophic bacterianu kanugonadamlo prasiddhi chendina serge winogradsky unnaaru.
bhougolika jeevasastra adhyayanaaniki adhikarikamga ankitam cheyabadina modati prayogasaala australialoni baas becking geobiological prayogasaala, idhi idhi daani talupulu terichindi. ayithe, bhougolika jeevasaastraaniki drudhamgaa paatukupoyina shaastreeya vibhagamga maaradaaniki maroe 40 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva samvatsaraalu pattindi, kontavaraku jeevarasaayana shaastram mariyu janyusaastramlo purogatiki dhanyavaadaalu, idhi saastravettalaku jeevitam mariyu graham yokka adhyayananni samslaeshanha cheyadam praarambhinchadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.
kalpinchindi, alfred tribes petroliyamlo chlorophyll lanty porphirinlanu kanugoni, daani jeevasambandhamaina muulaanni dhruveekarinchi, tadwara sendriya bhuurasaayana saastraanni sthaapinchi, jeevasaastramlo keelakamaina amsamaina biomarkerla bhavananu sthaapinchaaru. conny raallaloo jeevula rasayana gurtula kosam shraddhaga vetakadaaniki sadhanalu andubaatulo undataaniki mundu aneka dasaabdaalu gadichipoyayi. 1970luu mariyu mariyu, geophrey ellington mariyu roser samanlu vanti saastravettalu zii. sii. emm. ess vanti parikaraalanu upayoginchi rock recordulo lipid biomarkerlanu kanugonadam praarambhinchaaru.
jeevasastra vishayaala vaipu, vaipu, carle vois mariyu georg faaks bhoomipai jeevula jaatiparamaina oka varganni prachurinchaaru, indulo oka kotta domine-archia kooda undhi. undhi, janyusaastram mariyu janyusaastra adhyayanalu sadhyamayyayi, ivi jeevitam mariyu graham yokka paraspara charya yokka daryaaptu paridhini vistrutam chesaayi.
nedu, bhuu jeevasaastraaniki jeevasaastraaniki sthaapinchabadina "geobiology" mariyu mariyu sthaapinchabadina "bio geosciences" vanti daani swantha patrikalu unnaayi, alaage pradhana shaastreeya samavesalalo gurtimpu kooda undhi. idhi idhi daani swantha gordan research conferencenu pondindi, aneka geobiology paatyapustakaalu prachurinchabaddaayi mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa aneka vishwavidyaalayaalu geobiologylo degree prograamlanu andistunnaayi (bahya linklanu chudandi).
pradhana bhougolika jeevasastra sanghatanalu.
bahusha atyanta lothaina bhougolika jeevasastra sanghatana kiranajanya bacteria dwara vaataavaranamloki oxygennu pravesapettadam. bhoomi yokka aadima vaataavaranam yokka eee praanavaayuvu (praanavaayuvu vipattu ledhaa goppa praanavaayuvu sanghatana anie pilavabade) mariyu mahaasamudraala praanavaayuvu uparitala jeeva bhuuraasaayanika chakralanu mariyu parinaamatmakamgaa empika cheyabadina jeevula rakalanu marchai.
tadupari pradhana maarpu bahula kanajaalam yokka agamanam. praanavaayuvu undatam valla eukariotlu mariyu taruvaata, bahula kana jeevulu abhivruddhi chendadaaniki veelu kaligindi.
marinta maanava kendrikruta bhuu jeevasastra sanghatanalalo jantuvula muulam mariyu bhoogola mokkala jeevitam sthaapana unnaayi, ivi khandantara kotha mariyu poeshaka chakralanu prabhaavitam chesaayi, mariyu gamaninchina nadula rakalanu marchai, idhi gatamlo pradhanamgaa allina nadula pravahanni anumatinchindi.
marinta suukshmamaina bhougolika jeevasastra sanghatanalalo avakshepaalanu tippikottadamlo chedapurugulu paatra, calcium carbonate jama cheyadamlo pagadapu dibbalu mariyu taramgaalanu vichchinnam cheyadam, karigina samudra silikanu grahinchadamlo spongelu, nadhi kattalanu ullanghinchadamlo mariyu varadalanu prothsahinchadamlo dinosaurla paatra mariyu poeshakaalanu pampinhee cheyadamlo pedda ksheerada paeda paatra unnaayi.
mukhyamaina bhavanalu.
bhuu jeevasaastram bhoomi mariyu jeevitam yokka adhyayananni ekam chese konni pradhana bhaavanalapai sthaapinchabadindi. jeevitam mariyu bhoomi madhya gatha mariyu prastuta paraspara charyalanu adhyayanam cheyadamlo aspashtamaina aneka amsaalu unnappatikee, aneka mukhyamaina aalochanalu mariyu bhavanalu bhuu jeevasaastramlo ghnaanaaniki aadharaanni andistaayi, ivi jeevitam mariyu graham yokka parinaamam mariyu rendinti saha-parinaamtho sahaa parisoedhana cheyadagina prasnalanu levanettadaaniki oka vaedikagaa panicheestaayi, janyusaastram-chaaritraka mariyu kriyaatmaka drukkonam nundi, anni jeevula jeevakriya vaividhyam, gatha jeevitam yokka avakshepana samrakshana mariyu jeevitam yokka muulam.
jeevitam mariyu bhoomi yokka saha-parinaamam.
jeevasaastramlo oka pradhana bhavana emitante, parinaamam dwara jeevitam kalakramena maarutundi. puurveekula janabhalo janyu maarpula nundi jeevulu ledhaa jaatula pratyeka janabha udbhavinchindani parinaama siddhaantam pratipaadistundi, ivi chalanam mariyu sahaja empika dwara sankraminchaayi.
praamaanika jeeva parinaamtho paatu, jeevitam mariyu graham saha-parinaamam chendutaayi. jeevi nivasinche paryaavarana samuchita sthaanaaniki saripoyevi uttamamaina anusaranalu kabatti, paryaavaranam yokka bhouthika mariyu rasayana lakshanaalu sahaja empika dwara jeevitam yokka parinaamaanni nadipistaayi, conny dheeniki viruddhamgaa kooda nijam kaavachuh parinaamam yokka prati aagamanamtho, paryaavaranam maarutundi.
saha-parinaamaaniki oka uttama udaaharana bhoomi yokka puraatana vaataavaranaanni praanavaayuvu nimpina praanavaayuvu utpatti chese kiranajanya sinobacteria yokka parinaamam. sanobacteria puurveekulu suuryuni saktini upayoginchukovadaaniki mariyu prarambha paleoproterozoic mundu ledhaa samayamlo oxygennu bahishkarinchadaaniki neetini electron vanarugaa upayoginchadam praarambhinchaaru. eee samayamlo, sumaru 2.4 nundi 2.1 billion samvatsaraala kritam, bhoogarbha dayta goppa oxygenation eevent (goo) anie piluvabade vaataavarana oxygen peragadam praarambhinchindani suuchistumdi. cyanobacteria goo kii mundu enthakaalam nundi oxygenic kiranajanya samyogakriya chestondi anedi aspashtamgaa undhi. konni aadharalu agniparvatam vanti praanavaayuvu perugudalanu anachivese bhuuraasaayanika "bufferlu" ledhaa sinklu unnayani suuchistunnaayi, ayithe sinobacteria daanini goo kii mundu utpatti chesi undavacchu. itara aadharalu praanavaayuvu kiranajanya samyogakriya perugudala gotho yaadruchikamgaa undani suuchistunnaayi.
bhoomipai cyanobacteria modati utpatti nundi goo varaku mariyu netikee praanavaayuvu uniki jeevitam mariyu graham yokka parinaama gamananni teevramgaa prabhaavitam chesindi. idhi aakseekarana khanijala erpadataaniki mariyu puraatana pravaham padakala nundi pyrite vanti aakseekarana khanijala adrushyaaniki prerepinchi undavacchu. chinna mottamlo oxygen mahasamudralalo taggina ferrous iron (phe (ii)) thoo pratispandinchi undavacchu, phalitamgaa paschima australia vanti pradaesaalaloo phe (iii) oxide kaligina avakshepaalu nikshepanaku daariteestaayi kabatti banded-iron nirmaanaala (biffs) unikini oxygen perugudalaku oka cluga ardham chesukunnaru. ayithe, iron-oxidising photoautotrophe "rhodopudomonas palestries" vanti suukshmajeevulu andinche daanitoe sahaa edainaa aakseekarana vaataavaranam iron oxide erpadataaniki mariyu tadwara beef nikshepanaku kaaranamavutundi. itara vidhanalalo yuvi kaanti dwara aakseekarana untundi. nijaaniki, bhoomi yokka charitralo pedda bhagalalo beafs sambhavistaayi mariyu oke oka sanghatanatho sambandham kaligi undakapovachhu.
praanavaayuvu perugudalato sambandham unna itara maarpulalo tuppu-erupu puraatana paleosollu, sulfur vanti muulakaala yokka vividha isotope fraction, mariyu global glaciations mariyu snobal erth sanghatanalu, bahusha praanavaayuvu dwara methane aakseekarana valla sambhavinchavachhu, bhoomipai jeevula rakalu mariyu jeevakriya yokka samagra pariseelana gurinchi pratyaekamgaa cheppanakkarledu. praanavaayuvu perugudalaku mundu jeevulu bahusha aneka vaayurahita vaayuvula maadirigaane praanavaayuvu vayuvu dwara vishapuuritam cheyabadi unnappatikee, praanavaayuvu yokka electron-sweekarinche mariyu saktini ichhe saktini upayoginchukune maargaalanu abhivruddhi chesinavi aerobic vaataavaranaanni abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki mariyu valasarajyaluga maarchadaaniki siddhamgaa unnaayi.
bhoomi maarindi.
4. 5 billion samvatsaraala kritam grahalu erpadinappati nundi bhoomi okela ledhu. khandaalu erpaddaayi, vidipoyaayi mariyu dheekonnaayi, kotta avakaasaalanu andinchaayi mariyu jeevitam chedaragottadaaniki addamkulanu andinchaayi. isotope dayta suuchimchinatlugaa vaataavaranam mariyu mahaasamudraala redox sthithi maarindi. carbon dioxide, natrajani, methane mariyu oxygen vanti akarbana sammelanaala hecchutaggula parimaanaalu eee rasayanalanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki kotta jeeva gvakriyalu jeevula parinaamam dwara nadapabadutunnaayi mariyu aaa rasayanalanu upayoginchadaaniki kotta jeevakriya parinaamaanni nadipinchaayi. bhoomi sumaru 3.4 gaa ayaskanta kshetraanni sampaadinchindi, idhi laksala samvatsaraala kramamlo bhuu ayaskanta tirogamanalaku guraindi. uparitala ushnograta sthiramaina hecchutaggulalo untundi, manchu-albido pratispandana kaaranamgaa himanadeeyaalu mariyu manchu-chettu bhoomi sanghatanalalo padipovadam, agniparvata vayuvu kaaranamgaa peragadam mariyu karigipovadam mariyu silicate vaataavarana pratispandana kaaranamgaa sthireekarinchabadutundi.
mariyu bhoomi matrame maaraledu-suuryuni prakaasam kalakramena perigindi. bhoomi praarambhamainappati nundi saapekshamgaa sthiramaina ushnogratala charitranu raallu namodu chestunnanduna, suuryudu chinnavadu mariyu masakaga unnappudu archaeanlo ushnogratalanu penchadaaniki ekkuva greenhouse vaayuvulu undi undaali. bhoomi yokka paryaavaranamloo eee pradhana vyatyaasaalannii mana graham yokka charitra antataa jeevula parinaamampai chaalaa bhinnamaina addamkulanu vidhinchaayi. antekakunda, jeevula aavasalalo marinta suukshmamaina maarpulu ellappuduu sambhavistuunae untaayi, eee roeju manam gamaninchina jeevulu mariyu jadalanu rock recordulo roopondistunnaayi.
janyuvulu bhougolika jeevasastra paniteeru mariyu charitranu encode chestaayi.
parinaama charitranu pariseelinchadaaniki mariyu jeevula saamardhyaalanu ardham chesukovadaniki janyu sanketam keelakam. janyuvulu vaarasatvam mariyu paniteeru yokka praathamika unit mariyu avi parinaamam yokka praathamika unit mariyu jeevakriya venuka unna sadhanalu.
phylogeny parinaamaatmaka charitranu anchanaa vestundi.
phylogeny jeevula nundi janyu kramaanni teesukoni, parinaama sambandhaalanu bahirgatam cheyadaaniki vaatini okadaanitoe okati polchutundi, oka kutumba vruksham vyaktulu vaari suduura daayaadulatoe elaa anusandhaaninchabaddaaro velladistundi. idhi aadhunika sambandhaalanu ardham chesukovadaniki mariyu gatamlo parinaamam elaa jarigindo oohinchadaaniki manaku veelu kalpistundi.
konchem ekkuva samaachaaramtho kalipinappudu phylogeny kontha charitranu istundi. dnloni prati vyatyaasam oka jaatiki mariyu maroka jaatiki madhya vyatyaasaanni suuchistumdi. eee vaividhyam, drift ledhaa sahaja empika dwara ayina, kontha samayam gadichipovadaniki praatinidhyam vahistundi. dna shrenulanu polchadam okkate chivari saadhaarana puurveekula jatijanya dhooram "dating" yokka ekapaksha kolatato parinaama charitra yokka rikaardunu istundi. ayithe, janyu utparivartana raetu gurinchi samacharam andubaatulo unte ledhaa parinaamaatmaka vichalananni kramaankanam cheyadaaniki bhoogarbha gurtulu unte (i.ii. silaajaalu), manaku parinaama kalakramam undhi. akkadi nundi, jeevitam mariyu paryaavaranamloo itara samakaaleena maarpula gurinchi oka aalochanatho, konni parinaamaatmaka margalu enduku enchukunnayo oohinchadam praarambhinchavacchu.
janyuvulu jeevakriyanu encode chestaayi.
molecular biology saastravettalu microbial culturing mariyu mutagenesis upayoginchi janyuvu yokka paniteerunu ardham chesukovadaniki anumatistundi. itara jeevulalo mariyu metagenomic mariyu metatronscriptomic detaalo saaruupya janyuvula kosam sodhinchadam anedi icchina paryaavarana vyavasthalo yea prakriyalu sambandhitamgaa mariyu mukhyamainavi avtayo ardham chesukovadaniki, aaa vaataavaranamlooni jeeva bhuuraasaayanika chakraalapai antardrushtini andinchadaaniki anumatistundi.
udaaharanaku, bhuu jeevasaastramlo oka chamatkaaramaina samasya methane yokka prapancha chakramlo jeevula paatra. methane monooxygenase janyuvu ("pmo") meethennu aakseekarana cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundani mariyu anni aerobic methane-oxidiserlu ledhaa methanotrophelalo untundani janyusaastram velladinchindi. paryaavaranamloo "pii. emm. oo" janyuvu yokka dii. enn. yea. shrenula unikini methanotrophici pratinidhigaa upayoginchavacchu. bacteria mariyu archaealo kanipinche 16la ribosomal rna janyuvu marinta saadhaaraneekarinchadagina sadhanam. eee janyuvu kalakramena chaalaa nemmadigaa abhivruddhi chendutundi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa addamgaa badilee cheyabadadu, kabatti idhi tarachugaa paryaavaranamlooni jeevula yokka vividha vargeekarana unitlanu vaeru cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. eee vidhamgaa, janyuvulu jeevula jeevakriya mariyu gurtimpuku aadharalu. janyusaastram manaku 'akkada evaru unnaaru?' anie adagadaniki veelu kalpistundi.'mariyu' vaaru emi chestunnaru?'eee vidhananni metagenomics antaaru.
jeevakriya vaividhyam paryaavaranaanni prabhaavitam chestundi.
jeevam saktini utpatti cheyadaaniki, jeevasansleshanha cheyadaaniki mariyu vyardhaalanu tolaginchadaaniki rasayana praticharyalanu upayogistundi. eee praathamika avasaralanu teerchadaaniki vividha jeevulu chaalaa bhinnamaina jeevakriya vidhaanaalanu upayogistaayi. manalanti jantuvulu aerobic swaasakriyaku parimitam ayinappatikee, itara jeevulu sulfate sulfate, nitrate (nem. 3-), ferrick iron (phe (iii)), mariyu euranium (yuu (vi)) nuu "oopiri" teesukovachhu ledhaa puliyabettadam nundi vachhe saktini kolpotayi. mokkala vanti konni jeevulu autotroflu, antey avi jeevasansleshanha kosam carbon dioxidenu saricheyagalavu. mokkalu photoautotrophlu, avi kaarbannu saricheyadaaniki kaanti saktini upayogistaayi. suukshmajeevulu oxygenic mariyu anaxygenic photoautotrophy paatu chemoatotrophyni upayogistaayi. suukshmajeevula sanghaalu pratispandana gtsastranni tamaku anukuulamgaa maarchadaaniki syntrophic gvakriyalo samanvayam cheyavachu. oke tudi lakshyanni saadhinchadaaniki aneka jeevulu bahula jeevakriyalanu cheyagalavu; veetini mixotrophes antaaru.
jeeva jeevakriya anedi bhoomipai muulakaalu mariyu sammelanaala prapancha chakramtho neerugaa mudipadi untundi. bhuuraasaayanika vaataavaranam jeevitaaniki indhanam istundi, idhi appudu bahya vaataavaranamloki vellae vividha anuvulanu utpatti chestundi. (idhi jeeva bhuurasaayana saastraaniki neerugaa sambandhinchinadi.) adanamgaa, jeevarasaayana praticharyalu enjaimla dwara utprerakam cheyabadataayi, ivi konnisaarlu oka isotopenu itarula kante ishtapadataayi. udaaharanaku, carbon-13 kante kante ishtapade rubisco dwara oxygenic kiranajanya samyogakriya utprerakam cheyabadutundi, phalitamgaa rock recordulo carbon isotope fraction erpadutundi.
avakshepana raallu oka katha chebutaayi.
avakshepana silalu silaajaalu, biomarkerlu, isotopulu mariyu itara jaadala roopamlo bhoomipai jeeva charitra avasheshaalanu samrakshistaayi. rock record paripuurnamgaa ledhu, mariyu biosignaturelanu samrakshinchadam arudaina sanghatana. yea amsaalu samrakshana yokka paridhini nirnayistaayo mariyu samrakshinchabadina vaati venuka unna ardhaanni ardham chesukovadam anedi jeevitam mariyu bhoomi yokka saha-parinaamam yokka puraatana charitranu vaeru cheyadaaniki mukhyamaina bhagalu. avakshepana namodu saastravettalu kalakramena jeevitam mariyu bhoomilo kuurpuloo maarpulanu gamaninchadaaniki anumatistundi mariyu konnisaarlu vilupta sanghatanalu vanti pradhana parivartanalanu kooda thedhee chestundi.
avakshepana recordulo bhuu jeevasaastraaniki konni praamaanika udaaharanalalo stromatolytes mariyu banded-iron nirmaanaalu unnaayi. eee rendinti moolamlo jeevitam yokka paatra anedi chaalaa charchaneeyaamsamaina amsam.
jeevitam praathamikamgaa rasayana shaastram.
modati jeevitam ajaivika rasayana praticharyala nundi udbhavinchindi. idhi eppudu jarigindi, elaa jarigindi, yea graham meeda jarigindi anedi kooda anischitamgaa undhi. ayithe, jeevitam nirjeeva rasayana shaastram mariyu bhouthika shaastram yokka niyamaalanu anusaristundi mariyu vaati nundi udbhavinchindi. idhi thermodynamics vanti suutraala dwara parimitam cheyabadindi. idhi eee rangamlo oka mukhyamaina bhavana endukante idhi jeevitam mariyu bhoomi yokka samaanatvam kakapoyina, paraspara anusandhanam yokka saraamsaanni suuchistumdi.
tarachugaa khagola jeevasastra rangaaniki appaginchabadinappatiki, jeevitam elaa, eppudu udbhavinchindo ardham chesukovadaniki chese prayatnaalu bhuu jeevasaastraaniki kooda sambandhinchinavi. miller-yoorii prayogamtho "elaa" anae vishayanni ardham chesukovadaniki modati pradhana adugulu, anukarana "aadima suup" nundi amaino aamlalu erpadinappudu. maroka siddhaantam emitante, madhya-mahasamudra vyaapti kendraala vadda hydrothermal vents maadirigaane oka vyavasthalo jeevitam udbhavinchindi. fisher-tropsh samshlaeshanhaloo, vividha rakaala hydrocarbonlu ventlanti paristhitulalo erpadataayi. itara aalochanalalo "rna varald" parikalpana undhi, idhi modati jeeva anuvu rna anie pratipaadistundi, mariyu soura vyavasthalo marekkadaina jeevitam udbhavinchi, bhoomiki teesukuvacchindi anae aalochana, bahusha ulka dwara.
paddati.
bhougolika jeevasaastram anedi vaividhyamaina mariyu vaividhyamaina rangam, idhi vistruta shreni vibhagala nundi aalochanalu mariyu paddhatulanu kaligi undagaa, jeevitam mariyu bhoomi yokka paraspara charya yokka adhyayanaaniki keelakamaina aneka mukhyamaina paddhatulu ikkada highlight cheyabaddaayi.
upa-vibhagalu mariyu sambandhita rangaalu.
daani paeru suuchimchinatlugaa, bhuu jeevasaastram aneka itara adhyayana rangaalato daggari sambandham kaligi undhi, mariyu avi khachitamgaa emi kaligi unnayane daanipai spashtamgaa nirvachinchina sarihaddulu ledhaa khachitamaina ekaabhipraayam ledhu. kontamandi abhyaasakulu daani sarihaddula gurinchi chaalaa vistrutamaina drukpathaanni teesukuntaaru, jeeva bhuurasaayanasaastram, polyontology mariyu suukshmajeevula jeevaavarana shaastram vanti aneka paatha, marinta sthirapadina rangaalanu kaligi untaaru. itarulu marinta irukaina drukpathaanni teesukuntaaru, geomicrobiology vanti ippatike unna eee rangaala madhya vachhe abhivruddhi chendutunna parisoedhanaku ketayistaru. eee krindi jaabitaalo spashtamgaa jeevasaastramlo bhaagamaina rendoo unnaayi, udhaa.zii. geomicrobiology, alaage shaastreeya aasaktulanu panchukunevi conny chaaritraatmakamgaa geobiology yokka upa-vibhagamga pariganinchabadaledu, udhaa.zii. polyontology.
austrobiology.
khagola jeevasaastram anedi itara grahalapai jeevula anveshanaku oka sandarbhaanni sthaapinchadaaniki bhougolika mariyu grahala shaastram dayta kalayikanu upayoginche oka antar-kramasikshanaa rangam. nirjeeva rasayana shaastram mariyu bhoogarbha shaastram ledhaa abiogenesis nundi jeevitam yokka muulam khagola jeevasaastramlo oka pradhana amsam. idhi praathamikamgaa bhoomiki kattubadi unna aandolana ayinappatikee, anduvalla goppa bhougolika jeevasastra aasakti unnappatikee, jeevitam yokka muulaanni telusukovadam anedi jeevitam kosam emi avasaramo, bhoomi gurinchi edainaa pratyekamainadi unte, jeevitam vikasinchadaaniki anumatinchadaaniki emi maari undavacchu, jeevitaaniki edhi sakshyam, mariyu jeevitam kooda edhi anie kooda parigananaloki teesukovadam avasaram. grahaantara jeevula kosam vetukutunnappudu saastravettalu adige prasnalu ivae. adanamgaa, khagola jeevasaastravettalu itara gvakriyalu mariyu muulakaalu, itara grahalu ledhaa antariksha noukapai bhoomi yokka jeevula manugada, grahalu mariyu soura vyavastha parinaamam mariyu antariksha bhuurasaayana shaastram aadhaaramgaa jeevinche avakaasaanni parisoedhistaaru.
jeeva bhuurasaayana shaastram.
jeeva bhuurasaayana shaastram anedi sahaja paryaavaranam yokka praticharyalu mariyu kuurpunu ardham chesukovadaniki jeeva, bhougolika mariyu rasayana prakriyala adhyayananni samslaeshanha chese vyavasthala shaastram. idhi pradhanamgaa natrajani mariyu carbon vanti prapancha muulaka chakralaku sambandhinchinadi. jeeva bhuurasaayanasaastra pitamahudu james lovelock, ayana "gayaa parikalpana" bhoomi yokka jeeva, rasayana mariyu bhoogarbha vyavasthalu bhoomipai jeevulaku maddatu ichhe paristhitulanu sthireekarinchadaaniki sankarshana chendutayani pratipaadinchaaru.
geobiochemistry.
jeeva rasayana shaastram jeeva bhuurasaayana saastraanni pooli untundi, conny bhoomi yokka chakraalapai jeevula paatraku bhinnamgaa, jeevula jeevarasaayana prakriyala abhivruddhipai bhoogarbha shaastram yokka prabhaavaalaku praadhaanyata ivvadam dwara bhinnamgaa untundi. jeevakriya eppudu, elaa abhivruddhi chendindo ardham chesukovadaniki janyuvula parinaamaatmaka maarpulu, janyuvulu, proteinla vyakteekaranalo maarpulanu, ushnograta, peedanam, jeeyarasaayana prakriyala kuurpuloo maarpulatoe anusandhaaninchadam dheeni praathamika lakshyam. jeevakriya utprerakam sheetaleekarana graham dwara chikkukunna saktini vidudala cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi kabatti jeevam anedi grahala pratispandana anae bhaavanapai jeeva rasayana shaastram sthaapinchabadindi.
paryaavarana suukshmajeevasaastram.
suukshmajeevasaastram anedi suukshmadarshini krinda uttamamgaa chudabade aaa jeevitam yokka adhyayanaaniki sambandhinchina vistruta shaastreeya vibhagam. idhi bhougolika jeevasaastraaniki pratyaksha sambandham unna aneka rangaalanu kaligi undhi, mariyu suukshma jeevasastra sadhanalu annee bhuu jeevasaastraaniki sambandhinchinavi. paryaavarana suukshmajeevasaastram mukhyamgaa bhuu jeevasaastramlo chikkukundi, endukante idhi suukshma jeevasaastraaniki saampradaaya prayogasaala aadhaarita vidhaanaaniki viruddhamgaa, prakrutilo sambandhitamaina vaastava jeevulu mariyu prakriyala gurinchi avagahana korutundi. suukshmajeevula jeevaavarana shaastram okela untundi, conny prayogasaala adhyayanalu mariyu oka samaajamlooni jeevula madhya sambandhaalapai, alaage vaati rasayana mariyu bhougolika bhouthika vaataavaranam yokka paryaavarana vyavasthapai ekkuva drushti pedutundi. rendoo vibhina vaataavaranaala nundi namuunaa sekarana, metagenomics, dna sequencing mariyu ganaamkaalu vanti paddhatulapai aadhaarapadataayi.
geomicrobiology mariyu microbial geochemistry.
geomicrobiology saampradayakamgaa suukshmajeevulu mariyu khanijala madhya paraspara charyalanu adhyayanam chestundi. idhi saadhaaranamgaa suukshmajeevasaastra saadhanaalapai aadharapadi unnappatikee, suukshmajeevula bhuurasaayana shaastram raalla konam nundi adhe amsaanni cherukovadaniki bhougolika mariyu rasayana paddhatulanu upayogistundi. geomicrobiology mariyu microbial geochemistry (gmg) anedi suukshmajeevulu, bhoomi mariyu paryaavarana vyavasthala madhya sambandhaanni marinta vistrutamgaa teesukune saapekshamgaa kotta inter disciplinary rangam. geobiology mariyu geochemistry rendinti upasamitigaa perkonna gmg, muulaka jeeva bhuuraasaayanika chakralanu mariyu bhoomipai jeevula parinaamaanni ardham chesukovadaniki prayatnistundi. pratyaekamgaa, suukshmajeevulu ekkada nivasistaayi, vaati sthaanika mariyu prapancha samruddhi, vaati nirmaanaatmaka mariyu kriyaatmaka jeevarasaayana shaastram, avi elaa abhivruddhi chendaayi, jeeva khanijala nirmaanam mariyu vaati samrakshana saamarthyam mariyu rock recordulo uniki gurinchi prasnalu adugutundi. aneka vidhaluga, gmg bhuu jeevasaastraaniki samanamga kanipistundi, conny paridhiloo bhinnamgaa untundih bhuu jeevasaastram anni jeevula paatrapai drushti pedutundi, ayithe gmg khachitamgaa suukshmajeevulu. sambandham lekunda, eee atichinna jeevulu kalakramena ekikrutamaina jeevita charitralo aadhipatyam chelayinchayi mariyu atyanta suduura prabhavalanu chuupinatlu anipistundi.
molecular geomicrobiology.
molecular geomicrobiology bhougolikamgaa sambandhitamaina jeeva prakriyalanu ardham chesukovadaniki yaantrika vidhananni teesukuntundi. idhi dna, protein, lipids ledhaa edainaa metabolite sthaayilo undavacchu. molecular geomicrobiology parisoedhanaku oka udaaharana iteevala srushtinchabadina lava kshetraalu suukshmajeevulachae elaa valasarajyaluga marayo adhyayanam cheyadam. helskinki vishwavidyaalayam prastutam vijayavantamaina prarambha valasarajyala sthaapanaku yea nirdishta suukshmajeevula lakshanaalu avasaramo mariyu suukshmajeevula vaarasatva taramgaalu agniparvata silanu saaravantamaina mattiga elaa maarchagalavo nirnayinchadaaniki parisoedhanalu nirvahistondi.
sendriya bhuurasaayanasaastram.
sendriya bhuurasaayanasaastram anedi avakshepana silalalo shilaja recordulo kanipinche sendriya anuvula adhyayanam. eee rangamlo parisoedhanalu tarachugaa lipid biomarkerluga unde paramaanu silaajaalaku sambandhinchinavi. sterols mariyu hopanoids vanti anuvulu, eucariotes mariyu bacterialo kanipinche pora lipids, varusaga, billion-samvatsaraala kaalaparimitilo rock recordulo samrakshinchabadataayi. vaaru vacchina jeevi maranam mariyu avakshepana taruvaata, avi diagenesis anae prakriyaku lonavutaayi, dheeni dwara lipidla nundi aneka nirdishta kriyaatmaka samuuhaalu kolpotayi, conny hydrocarbon asthipanjaram chekkuchedarakunda untundi. eee shilaja lipidlanu varusaga sterrans mariyu hopens anie pilustaaru. porphirinlu vanti itara rakaala paramaanu silaajaalu kooda unnaayi, veetini alfred ii petroliyamlo kanugonnaru. trebes vaastavaaniki eee kshetra aavishkaranaku daariteesindi. bhuu jeevasaastraaniki sambandhinchina bhuu rasayana shaastram yokka itara amsaalalo isotope bhuurasaayana shaastram, dheenilo saastravettalu rock recordulo isotope fraction kosam sodhistaaru, mariyu magnetite ledhaa suukshmajeeva-varshapaatam kaligina bangaaram vanti jeevakanaala rasayana vislaeshanha.
polyontology.
bahusha eee samuuhamloo atyanta puraatanamaina, silaajaala adhyayanam polyontology. indulo yea rakamaina silaajaalu, suukshmajeevulu ledhaa dainosar, jaada ledhaa shareera silaajaala aavishkarana, tavvakam, thedhee mariyu paleoacological avagahana untaayi. suukshmapraanta shaastram mukhyamgaa bhuu jeevasaastraaniki sambandhinchinadi. praanavaayuvu kiranajanya samyogakriya vanti jeevakriya perugudalaku rujuvugaa sambhaavya bacteria suukshma silaajaalu mariyu puraatana stromatolytelanu upayogistaaru. sterrans mariyu hopens vanti lipid biomarkers vanti molecular silaajaala kosam anveshana kooda geobiology mariyu organic geochemistrylo mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchindi. sambandhita upa-shishyulalo polyoacology mariyu paleobiogioraphy unnaayi.
jeeva bhougolikam.
jeeva bhougolika shaastram anedi kalakramena jeevula bhougolika pampineeni adhyayanam chese shaastram. idhi khandaalalo ledhaa suukshmajeevula madhya jeevula prastuta pampineeni ledhaa kalakramena ledhaa gatamlo jeevula pampineeni chudavachu, dheenini paleobiography anie pilustaaru.
parinaamaatmaka jeevasaastram.
parinaamaatmaka jeevasaastram anedi bhoomipai jeeva vaividhyaanni roopondinchina parinaamaatmaka prakriyala adhyayanam. idhi sahaja empika, vaividhyam, anusarana, vaividhyam, janyu chalanam mariyu jaatula vibhajana vanti amsaalanu vislaeshimchadaaniki janyusaastram, paryaavarana shaastram, jeeva bhougolika shaastram mariyu polyontologyni kaligi untundi.
paryaavarana shaastram.
paryaavarana shaastram anedi neeru mariyu paryaavarana vyavasthala madhya paraspara charyalanu adhyayanam chese oka antar-kramasikshanaa rangam. neeti sthiramaina isotopulu konnisaarlu neeti vanarulanu mariyu bhouthika paryaavaranam mariyu jeevaavaranam madhya pravaaha maargaalanu gurtinchadaaniki upayogistaaru.

