
mundastu (ganana)

computinglo, mundastugaa amalu cheyabadina panini taruvaata tirigi praarambhinchaalanae uddesyamto tatkalikamga antaraayam kaliginche charyanu mundastugaa amalu cheyadam antaaru. eee antaraayam pani nundi sahayam ledhaa sahakaram lekunda bahya schedular dwara jarugutundi. eee mundastu schedular saadhaaranamgaa atyanta pratyaekamaina rakshana valayamlo nadustundi, antey antaraayam mariyu punahprarambham atyanta surakshitamaina charyalugaa pariganinchabadataayi. processor yokka prastutam amalu chestunna paniki ituvanti maarpulanu context switching antaaru.
user mode mariyu kernell mode.
edainaa system designlo, system nirvahinchina konni operations mundastugaa cheyalevu. idhi saadhaaranamgaa kernell functionlu mariyu servies antaraayaalaku vartistundi, ivi puurti ayye varaku amalu cheyadaaniki anumatinchakapothe, resu paristhitulanu utpatti chestaayi, phalitamgaa pratishtambhana erpadutundi. kernell functionlanu proses chestunnappudu schedular panulanu mundastugaa nilipiveyadaanni nirodhinchadam system pratispandananu kolpoyi kernell roopakalpananu sulabhataram chestundi. systemloni pratyeka hakkula sthaayini nirnayinche user mode mariyu kernell mode madhya vyatyaasaanni, oka pani prastutam mundastugaa tolaginchadaginadaa anie gurtinchadaaniki kooda upayoginchavacchu.
chaalaa aadhunika operating sistamlalo mundastu kernels untaayi, ivi kernell modlo unnappudu kooda panulanu mundastugaa tolaginchadaaniki anumatinchela roopondinchabaddaayi. atuvanti nirvahana vyavasthalaku udaaharanalu solaris 2.0/sunos 5.0, vindos enti, linux kernell (2.5.4 mariyu kottadi), ikes mariyu konni bsd vyavasthalu (netbsd, version 5 nundi).
mundastu multy tasking.
mundastu multitasking anae padaanni bahula-pani nirvahana vyavasthanu vaeru cheyadaaniki upayogistaaru, idhi panulanu mundastugaa anumatistundi, sahakaara bahula-pani vyavastha nundi, indulo prakriyalu ledhaa panulanu vyavastha vanarulu avasaram lenappudu phalitaanni ivvadaaniki spashtamgaa programme cheyali.
saralamgaa cheppalante mundastu multitasking anedi prastutam amalu chestunna prakriyanu nilipivese mariyu tadupari yea prakriyanu amalu cheyaalo nirnayinchadaaniki schedularnu aahvaaninche antaraayam kaliginche yantraamgaanni upayoginchadam. anduvalla, anni prakriyalu yea samayamloonainaa kontha CPU samayanni pondutaayi.
mundastu multitaskinglo, operating system kernell scheduling vidhanam yokka praadhaanyata parimitini santrupti parachadaniki sandarbham maarpidini kooda praarambhinchavacchu, tadwara kriyaaseela panini mundastugaa nilipivestundi. saadhaaranamgaa, mundastugaa swaadheenam chesukovadam antey "mundastugaa swaadheenam chesukovadam". aaa sandarbhamlo adhika praadhaanyata gala pani prastutam nadustunna panini swaadheenam chesukunnappudu, daanini mundastu scheduling antaaru.
mundastu multitasking" anae padaanni konnisaarlu uddesinchina ardham marinta nirdishtamgaa unnappudu porapaatuna upayogistaaru, badulugaa "time-shared sheddling" ledhaa "time-sharing" anie piluvabade scheduling vidhaanaala taragatini suuchistumdi.
mundastu multitasking anedi computer system prati prakriyaku operating time yokka saadhaarana "slies" kuu marinta vishwasaneeyamgaa haamii ivvadaaniki anumatistundi. idhi incoming dayta vanti mukhyamaina bahya sanghatanalanu vaegamgaa edurkovadaniki kooda vyavasthanu anumatistundi, dheeniki okati ledhaa maroka prakriya yokka takshana shraddha avasaram kaavacchu.
yea nirdishta samayamlo ayina, prakriyalanu rendu vargaluga vargeekarinchavachuh input ledhaa avtput kosam vechi unnavi ("ii/oo bound" anie pilustaaru), mariyu cpu ("cpu bound") nuu puurtigaa upayogistunnavi. prarambha vyavasthalalo, abhyardhinchina input (disk, keyboard ledhaa network input vantivi) kosam vechi unnappudu prakriyalu tarachugaa "pole" ledhaa "bijeegaa-vechi untaayi". eee samayamlo, eee prakriya upayogakaramaina panini cheyalekapoyindi, conny ippatikee cpupy puurti niyantrananu konasaaginchindi. antaraayaalu mariyu mundastu multitasking raavadamtho, eee ii/oo kattubadi unna prakriyalanu "nirodhinchavacchu" ledhaa nilipiveyavacchu, avasaramaina dayta raaka pendinglo untundi, itara prakriyalu cpunu upayoginchukovadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. abhyardhinchina dayta raaka antaraayam kaligistundi kabatti, nirodhinchabadina prakriyalu sakalamlo amaluku tirigi vastaayani haamii ivvavacchu.
bahula pani paddhatulu modata bahula viniyogadaarulanu oke yantraanni panchukoovadaaniki anumatinchadaaniki abhivruddhi cheyabadinappatiki, viniyogadaarula sankhyatho sambandham lekunda bahula pani upayogakaramgaa undani spashtamaindi. mainframela nundi single-user personnel computerlu mariyu noo-user controll systems (robotic antariksha nowkaloo unnavi vantivi) varaku aneka operating systems vividha kaaranaala valla multitasking maddatu yokka upayogaanni gurtinchaayi. multitasking anedi oke viniyogadaaru oke samayamlo bahula anuvartanaalanu amalu cheyadaaniki ledhaa computer niyantrananu konasaagistuu "nepathya" prakriyalanu amalu cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi.
time slies.
mundastu bahula pani vyavasthalo oka prakriyanu amalu cheyadaaniki anumatinchina kaalanni saadhaaranamgaa "time slies" ledhaa "quantum" anie pilustaaru. amalu cheyavalasina tadupari prakriyanu enchukoovadaaniki schedular pratisaaree okasari amalu cheyabadutundi. system paniteeru verses proses pratispandananu samatulyam cheyadaaniki prati saari mukka yokka podavu keelakam kaavacchu-time slies chaalaa takkuvagaa unte, appudu schedular chaalaa ekkuva prosessing samayanni viniyogistundi, conny time slies chaalaa podavugaa unte, prakriyalu inputku pratispandinchadaaniki ekkuva samayam teesukuntaayi.
operating system kernell vaari samaya mukkalu gaduvu mugisinappudu prakriyala madhya maaradaaniki oka antaraayam schedule cheyabadindi, processor yokka samayanni aneka panula madhya panchukoovadaaniki samarthavantamgaa anumatistundi, idhi eee panulanu samaantaramgaa (ekakaalamlo) nirvahistundane bhramanu istundi. atuvanti roopakalpananu niyantrinche operating systemnu multy tasking system antaaru.
vyavastha maddatu.
nedu, vindos, makolu, linux (androidto sahaa) mariyu ios yokka prastuta vershanlatho sahaa daadaapu anni operating systems mundastu multitaskingku maddatu istunnaayi.
mundastu multitaskingnu kaligi unna inti viniyogadaarulaku andubaatulo unna konni prarambha operating sistamlu synclire cudos (1984) mariyu amigos (1985). ivi rendoo memory management lekunda motorola 68000-family microprocessorlapy nadichayi. amigaa oes oke flat adrus space loe anni prakriyalanu mundastugaa multitask cheyadaaniki marchagala code blackla (amigaa paribhaashalo "hunks") dynamic loadingnu upayoginchindi.
ms-daas mariyu pisi daas vanti prarambha computer operating systems multy taskingku assalu maddatu ivvaledu, ayithe empi/emm-86 (1981) mariyu ummadi sipi/emm-86 vanti pratyaamnaaya operating systems mundastu multy taskingku maddatu icchaayi. minix mariyu pondikaina itara unix lanty vyavasthalu 1980la naati vyaktigata computerlalo mundastu multitaskingnu andinchaayi.
mundastu multitasking/multithreadingku sthaanikamgaa maddatu ichhe taruvaati daas versionlalo ummadi daas, multiuser daas, novel daas (taruvaata caldera opendos mariyu doctor-daas 7.02 mariyu anthakante ekkuva anie pilustaaru) unnaayi. ummadi daash 386 nundi, vaaru virtual daash mesheenlalo ekakaalamlo bahula daash prograamlanu kooda amalu cheyagalaru.
parimitamaina mundastu multitaskingku maddatu ichhe vindos yokka mottamodati version vindos/386 2, idhi virtual 8086 yantraalalo daash applicationlanu amalu cheyadaaniki intel 80386 yokka virtual 8086 modnu upayoginchindi, dheenini saadhaaranamgaa "daash baakslu" anie pilustaaru, veetini mundugaane tolaginchavacchu. vindos 95,98 mariyu naaku, 32-bitt anuvartanaalu prati okkati pratyeka chirunama sthalamlo amalu cheyadam dwara mundastugaa cheyabaddaayi, conny 16-bitt anuvartanaalu venukabadina anukuulata kosam sahakaramga undipoyaayi. vindos 3.1x (rakshita mode) loe, kernell mariyu virtual parikara driverlu mundastugaa nadichevi, conny anni 16-bitt anuvartanaalu mundastugaa laenivi mariyu oke chirunama sthalaanni panchukunnayi.
mundastu multitaskingku ellappuduu vindos enty (anni versionlu), oes/2 (sthaanika anuvartanaalu), unix mariyu unix lanty vyavasthalu (linux, bsd mariyu makolu vantivi), vms, oes/360 mariyu vidya mariyu madhya-nundi-pedda vyapara marketlalo upayogam kosam roopondinchina aneka itara operating systems maddatu istayi.
classic maak oes loe kanipinche sahakaara multitaskingnu mundastu namuunaaku upgraded cheyadaaniki pranaalikalu unnappatikee (mariyu maak oes 9loe mundastu api unikilo undhi, ayithe parimita konamlo), ivi maak oes ex (ippudu macos anie pilustaaru) kuu anukuulamgaa vadiliveyabaddaayi, idhi paatha maak system shaili mariyu tadupari dasha yokka hybridga, maak kernell aadhaaramgaa oka operating system mariyu bsd nundi kontavaraku udbhavinchindi, idhi ellappuduu unix lanty mundastu multitaskingnu andinchindi.