
securityla market paalgonevaaru (united states)

samyukta rashtraallo securityla marketlo paalgonevaarilo securitylanu jaarii chese corporations mariyu prabhutvaalu, securitylanu konugolu chese mariyu vikrayinche vyaktulu mariyu corporations, atuvanti vyapaaraanni sulabhataram chese broker-dealerlu mariyu exchangeelu, aastulanu surakshitamgaa unche byaankulu mariyu marketla karyakalapalanu paryavekshinche niyantrakaalu unnaayi. pettubadidaarulu broker-dealerla dwara konugolu chesi vikrayistaaru mariyu vaari aastulanu vaari executing broker-dealer, custodian byaank ledhaa prime broker chetha nilupukuntaaru. eee lavadevilu equity mariyu equity options exchangeela vaataavaranamloo jarugutaayi, veetini yuu. ess niyantristundi.ess. securitylu mariyu exchange commission (sekanu), ledhaa utpanna exchangeelu, vastuvula futures trading commission (sii. eff. tii. sii) dwara niyantrinchabadataayi. stocks mariyu baandlatoe kuudina lavadevila kosam, badilee agentlu prati lavadevilo yajamanyam prati pettubadidaarudi tarapuna sarigga ketayinchabadi, nirvahinchabadutundani haamii istaaru.
eee lavadevilaku maddatugaa, moodu central securities depositorylu mariyu naalugu clearing samsthalu unnaayi, ivi pedda mottamlo lavadevila parishkaaraaniki haamii istayi. market dayta consolidatorlu pettubadidaarulaku mariyu niyantrakulaku nija samayamlo velampata gurinchi teliyajestaayi mariyu rendu securityla samachara prosessing vyavasthalalo okadaani dwara prati security dharalanu andistaayi. eee lavadevilaku aadharam sweeya-niyantrana samsthalu mariyu rendu securityla kamishanlu, second mariyu cftc dwara niyantrinchabadutundi.
eee vyaasam us marketlalo securitylu mariyu futurelalo vyavaharinchae vaarini cover chestundi. securitylalo eekviteelu (stocks), baandlu (us governament, corporate mariyu munisipal) mariyu vaatipai empikalu untaayi. utpannaalalo futures mariyu vaatipai empikalu alaage marpidi unnaayi. americalo vyatyaasam rendu niyantrakaalanu kaligi undataaniki sambandhinchinadi. itara deshaalalo marketlu rendu niyantrakaalu kakapoyina, securitylu mariyu palgonevari rakalanu pooli untaayi.
lavadevilaku paarteelu.
pettubadi lavadevilaku sambandhinchina paarteelalo equity mariyu runaanni jaarii cheyadam dwara muuladhanaanni sekarinche corporations mariyu prabhutvaalu, pettubadidaarulanu vikrayinchadam mariyu konugolu cheyadam, broker-dealerlu mariyu aaa laavaadaeveelanu nirvahinchadaaniki margalu unna stock exchangeelu unnaayi.
jaarii chesevaaru.
jarichesevaru antey runam ledhaa eekviteeni jaarii cheyadam dwara muuladhanaanni sekarinche corporation ledhaa prabhutvam. runaalu, eekviteelu vividha roopaallo jaarii cheyabadavachhu, runaaniki baandlu, notlu, debentures, eekviteeki saadhaarana ledhaa ishtapade sherlu vantivi. issuelanu pettubadidaarulaku praivetugaa vikrayinchavacchu ledhaa krinda vivarinchina vividha marketla dwara prajalaku vikrayinchavacchu.
pettubadidaarulu.
pettubadidaarudu antey securitylanu konugolu cheyadam mariyu vikrayinchadam dwara pettubadi pette vyakti ledhaa corporate samstha. rendu upa vargaalu unnaih 
"retail" (vyaktulu) mariyu "samsthaagata" (pettubadi nirvaahakulu mariyu headge funds). pettubadi nirvaahakulu mutual funds vanti "pettubadi companylu" ledhaa khaataadaarula kosam pettubadi pette "pettubadi salahaadaarulu".
pettubadidaarulu stock exchangeelalo sabhyulu kakapovachhu. badulugaa vaaru aaa prayojanam kosam tagina niyantrana samsthalo namodu cheyabadina broker-dealerla dwara securitylanu konugolu chesi vikrayinchaali. pettubadidaarulanu khatadaruluga angeekarinchadamlo, broker-dealerlu tama khaataadaarulu tama aardhika baadhyatalanu neraverchalekapoye pramaadaalanu teesukuntaaru. anduvalla retail (vyaktigata) pettubadidaarulu saadhaaranamgaa tama pettubadi aastulanu broker-dealer vadda adupulo unchukoovaali, dheeni dwara vaaru securitylanu konugolu chesi vikrayistaaru. arder kharchunu bharinchadaaniki broker-dealer vadda deposit meeda taginanta nagadu unte tappa broker-dealer saadhaaranamgaa retail clientla nundi konugolu cheyadaaniki aardarnu angeekarinchadu, ledhaa client ippatike broker-dealer adupulo security unte tappa vikrayinchadu.
samsthaagata pettubadidaarulu tama vyaktigata khaataadaarula tarapuna konugolu chestaaru mariyu vikrayistaaru, avi pension funds, endoments mariyu vantivi, ledhaa mutual funds, unit trustlu ledhaa headge funds vanti pooled funds kaavacchu. anduvalla, vaari client aastulu samrakshanaa byaankulu ledhaa broker-dealerlu (pradhana brokerage) vadda surakshitamgaa unchabadataayi. antekakunda, samsthaagata pettubadidaarulu enni broker-dealerla dwara ayina konugolu cheyavachu mariyu vikrayinchavacchu, vaaru niyaminchabadina samrakshakulu mariyu pradhana brokerla vadda atuvanti laavaadaeveelanu parishkaristaaru. pettubadi nirvaahakulu saadhaaranamgaa headge fundla nundi daani pettubadi viewhalalo prati okkaroo entha pramaadaanni vembadistaarane daanipai bhinnamgaa untaaru. udaaharanaku, pettubadi nirvaahakulu saadhaaranamgaa takkuva dharaku ammakam cheyaru, conny headge fundlu ammakam chestaayi.
konugolu mariyu ammakam deergha ledhaa chinnadi kaavachuh
retail clientlu tama broker-dealerlatho nirdishta oppandam prakaram matrame margine khaataa kinda short konugolu cheyavachu ledhaa vikrayinchavacchu, eee sandarbhamlo broker-dealer konugoluku aardhika sahayam chestaaru ledhaa ammakam kosam securityni appuga teesukuntaaru.
samsthaagata pettubadidaarulu tama amalu chese broker-dealerlaku arderlu podavugaa unnaya ledhaa anae vishayanni teliyajeyali, endukante aaa brokerlaku prati securitylo tama clientla sthaanaalu unnayani telusukovadaaniki maargam ledhu.
pettubadidaarulu chinna nagnamgaa (chellinchadaaniki dabbu appu teesukokunda) konugolu cheyagaligithe, ledhaa chinna nagnamgaa (pampinhee cheyadaaniki securitylanu appu teesukokunda) vikrayinchagaligithe, atuvanti paddhatulu sulabhamgaa stock dharala market taarumaaru cheyadaaniki daariteestaayih konugoludaarulu ledhaa ammakandaarulaku nagadu ledhaa securitylanu andinchadamlo samyamanam undadu kabatti, vaaru aparimita konugollu ledhaa ammakalanu kaligi undavacchu, idhi dharalanu paiki ledhaa krindiki nettestundi. swalpakaalika konugolu anedi samasya kaadu endukante samrakshakulu mariyu pradhana brokerlaku laavaadaeveelanu parishkarinchadaaniki vaari khaataadaarulaku dabbu appu ivvadaaniki vaari swantha aardhika vyavastha untundi. nagna short selling oka samasya kaavacchu. aaa prayojanam kosam andubaatulo lenanduna oka pradhana broker stacknu appuga teesukolekapoyinappudu idhi jarugutundi. headge fundlu short sael arderlu amalu cheyadaaniki mundu appuga teesukovachhu stock muulaalanu kanugontaayani bhaavistunnaaru. vaaru alaa cheyadamlo viphalamaithe, mariyu vaari pradhana broker vaari kosam runam teesukoleru, appudu atuvanti lavadevila parishkaram settlement teedeeloo jaragadu. atuvanti "vaiphalyam" vividha paarteela (headge fund, runa samstha mariyu prime broker) madhya paelavamaina samanvayam valla jariginda ledhaa nagna short sael valla jariginda anedi nirnayinchadam asadhyam. USloe, oka viphalamaina short sael kharchunu headge fund pramaadaaniki chaalaa khareedainadigaa cheyadam dwara sekanlu atuvanti sandarbhaalanu samarthavantamgaa muginchaayi. udayam short sael settle cheyadaaniki schedule cheyabadi unte, prime broker securitylanu executing brokerku pampinhee cheyalekapothe, taruvaatadi sherlanu konugolu cheyadaaniki baadhyata vahistundi (vaastavaaniki, delivery cheyadam). konugolu anedi appati prastuta market dhara vadda jarugutundi. idhi headge fund modata securitylanu vikrayinchina dhara kante chaalaa ekkuvagaa undavacchu, phalitamgaa headge fundku gananeeyamaina nashtam sambhavinchavachhu.
broker-dealerlu.
vaelaadi mandhi broker-dealerlu andaruu fina ledhaa jaateeya securityla marpidi ledhaa rendintiloonuu namodu cheyabadaali. commodity brokerlalo futures commission vyaapaarulu, commodity trading salahaadaarulu mariyu commodity pool operatorlu unnaaru, veeru national futures associationlo namodu chesukuntaru. samsthalu broker-dealer mariyu commodity broker gaa namodu chesukovacchu. adanamgaa, prajalatho vyavaharinchae eee samsthalachae niyaminchabadina prati vyakti futures kosam syries 3, options kosam syries 4 mariyu eekviteelu mariyu baandla kosam syries 7 pareeksha vanti parisrama pareekshalalo uttiirnata saadhinchaali. pettubadidaarulu vyaktigata brokerlu mariyu broker-dealerla gurinchi fina brokercheck websitelo telusukovacchu.
stock exchangeelu.
stock exchange anedi brokerlu mariyu dealerlu stacklu (sherlanu kooda pilustaaru), baandlu mariyu itara securitylalo konugolu mariyu vikraya arderlu pampe bhouthika ledhaa digital pradaesam. dharala aavishkarana anedi oka nirdishta samayamlo oka nirdishta bhadrata kosam anni konugolu mariyu ammakapu arderlu unchadam dwara optimize cheyabadutundi.
stock exchangelo vartakam cheyabadina securitylalo jabita cheyabadina companylu, unit trustlu, derivatives, pooled investment products mariyu baandlu jaarii chesina stock untaayi. stock exchangeelu tarachugaa "nirantara vaelam" marketlaga panicheestaayi, konugoludaarulu mariyu vikretalu exchange yokka floor vanti kendra pradaesamloe laavaadaeveelanu puurti chestaaru.
exchangelo trading cheyadaaniki arhata pondadaaniki, listing exchange yokka avasaralanu teerchina securityni modata jabita cheyali. exchangelo vaanijyam anedi exchangelo sabhyulaina brokerlaku parimitam cheyabadindi. iteevali samvatsaraalalo, electronic communication netvarklu, pratyaamnaaya vaanijya vyavasthalu mariyu "dark pools" vanti aneka itara vaanijya vedikalu vaanijya karyakalapalanu saampradaaya stock exchangeela nundi chaalaa varaku dhooramgaa teesukuvellaayi.
eekviteelu, optionlu, futures mariyu derivatives kosam exchangeelalo ivi untayih
america prabhutva runam marpidipai vartakam cheyadu. prabhutvam nundi neerugaa konugolu chesi, itara broker-dealerlu mariyu samsthaagata pettubadidaarulaku tirigi vikrayinche aneka praathamika dealerlu unnaaru.
vaanijya anantara vaataavaranam.
samrakshanaa byaankulu, pradhana brokerlu, badilee agentlu mariyu kendra securityla depositorylu lavadevilu nirvahinchadaaniki mariyu securityla bhadratanu andinchadaaniki oka madhyamanni andistaayi.
samrakshanaa byaankulu.
samrakshanaa byaankulu khaataadaarula securityla portfoliola churukaina bhadratanu mariyu nirvahananu andistaayi. byaankulu bhadrata deposit pettelatho nishkriyaatmaka bhadratanu kooda andistaayi, ayithe eee seva khaataadaarulaku vaari adde nilva pettelanu access cheyadaaniki parimitam cheyabadindi. kriyaaseela bhadratanu (adupu) kaligi untundih
samrakshakula khaataadaarulu saadhaaranamgaa samsthaagata pettubadidaarulu.
pradhana brokerlu.
pradhana brokerlu broker-dealerlu, veeru headge fundlaku custody mariyu itara sevalanu andistaaru. pradhana brokerage saadhaaranamgaa saampradaaya custody kante ekkuva pramaadakaramainadigaa pariganinchabadutundi, endukante pradhanamgaa samsthaagata pettubadidaarula kante headge fundlu ekkuva pramadakaramainaviga pariganinchabaddaayi. antekakunda, samyukta rashtraallo oka headge fund entha mandhi broker-dealerla dwara ayina laavaadaeveelanu nirvahinchavacchu. conny settlement prakriyaloo, aaa lavadevilu pradhana broker yokka lavadeviluga maarataayi, headge fund aaa broker dwara matrame laavaadaeveelanu amalu chesinatlugaa. aaa laavaadaeveelanu parishkarinchadamlo headge fund asamarthatha yokka pramaadam pradhana broker yokkadi avutundi.
eee padam looni "pradhana" anedi modata daani adupu mariyu runa prayojanaala kosam oka broker-dealernu kaligi unna headge fundnu suuchistumdi. 2008 naati sanghatanalatho, chaalaa pedda headge fundlu 2008 loe lehmann brothers eurup vanti pradhana broker vaiphalyam yokka pramaadaalanu parimitam chese prayatnamlo aneka pradhana brokerla madhya tama holdingsnu vaividhyaparichayi.
badilee agent.
badilee agentlu jaarii chese companylaku vividha rakaala sevalanu andistaaru, veetilo vaataadaarulandari registreeni nirvahinchadam, dividendlanu chellinchadam mariyu proxy prachaaraalanu nirvahinchadam. us eekviteelu, corporate baandlu mariyu munisipal baandlalo chaalaa pettubadulu ippudu sartifiketlaku badulugaa book entry roopamlo unchabadutunnaayi, iteevala 1970la praarambhamlo depository trust & clearing corporation (dtcc) karyakalapalu praarambhinchinappudu maadirigaane. anduvalla central depositorylo stock sthireekarananu saadhaaranamgaa aamodinchadamto, registry paniteeru chaalaa varaku dtc yokka naaminee samstha, side & kotho rojuvaaree sthireekarana sthaanaalanu raajee cheyadaaniki maarindi. udaaharanaku, oka company 10 million sherlanu jaarii chesindi. vividha rakaala pettubadidaarulaku 100,000 sherlanu dhruveekarinchabadina roopamlo jaarii chesaaru. badilee agent veeti yokka vivaranaatmaka recordulanu unchutundi mariyu daaniki samarpinchina edainaa dhruvikarana patram yokka chattabaddhatanu dhruveekaristundi. broker-dealerlu (retail), samrakshakulu mariyu pradhana brokerlu (samsthaagata) vadda khaataala dwara book entry roopamlo unchina pettubadidaarulu migilina idi1nii konugolu chesaaru. badilee agent registryloni aaa 9,900,000 sherlaku "yajamani" anedi seed & koo avutundi., dtcc yokka naaminee company.
central securities depository.
samyukta rashtraallo moodu central securities depositorylu mariyu naalugu clearing samsthalu unnaih
clearing samsthalu.
us eekviteelu, corporate mariyu munisipal baandlanu dhruveekarinchabadina roopamlo jaarii cheyavachu, ayithe vaatini unchadaaniki ayye kharchulu mariyu asamarthathala kaaranamgaa eee paddhati ekkuvagaa bharti cheyabadindi. badulugaa holdingsnu "sthireekarinchabadina" ledhaa "veedhi paeru" gaa unchutaaru, laabhadaayaka yajamaanulu vaatini broker-dealerlu mariyu byaankula khatalalo unchutaaru, vaaru currencyla maadirigaane. dtcc naaminee samstha, sed & koo nuu upayogistundi., dheeni paerita dtcc khajanalalo share certificate untundi. pratiroojuu dtcc sambandhita badilee agentto daani sabhya byaankulu mariyu broker-dealerla khatalalo unna vaataala sankhyanu sarichesukuntundi. pratigaa, itara byaankulu mariyu broker-dealerlu dtcc sabhya samsthalalo khaataalanu kaligi untaaru, tadwara laabhadaayakamaina yajamaniki yajamanyam yokka golusunu srushtistaaru.
eee vidhanam yokka goppa prayojanam emitante, pedda mottamlo laavaadaeveelanu parishkarinchadamlo saamarthyam mariyu takkuva kharchu untundi. asoukaryam emitante, jaarii chese corporationku daani yajamaanulu evaro teliyadu, endukante daani badilee agent vadda sthirapadina vatalanni yajamani side & koo gaa namodu cheyabaddaayi. prayojanakaramaina yajamaanulato proxy noteesulanu mariyu itara samachara maarpidini pampe prayojanaala kosam, jaarii chese corporation abhyardhana meraku panichese badilee agent, dtsisiki vichaarananu pamputundi, idhi daani sabhyulaku vichaaranalanu pamputundi mariyu modalainavi golusu krinda.
empikalu, futures mariyu itara utpannaalu dhruvapatraala aadhaaramgaa kakunda oppandaala aadhaaramgaa vartakam cheyabadataayi. vividha clearing brokerlalo book entry sthaanaalanu track chestu, oo. sii. sii. ii. ii. mariyu ice clearing agentlu mariyu repositorylugaa panicheestaayi.
us prabhutva baandlu mariyu notlu dhruveekarinchabadavu (dematerialized), antey dhruvikarana patraalu eppuduu jaarii cheyabadavu. badulugaa, clearing brokerlu tama vividha clientla tarapuna federal reservelo book entry sthaanaalanu unchutaaru.
aardhika sthirathvam paryaveekshanha mandali federal reserve minaha eee samsthalalo prati okkati vyavasthaatmakamgaa mukhyamaina aardhika market viniyogamgaa niyaminchindi.
market dayta consolidatorlu.
market dayta consolidatorlu, trading rojuna yea kshanamloonainaa, edainaa securityki jaateeya uttama velampata mariyu offer, chivari ammakapu dhara mariyu securityki vartakam cheyadaaniki sambandhinchina itara sambandhita samacharam emito telusukovalanukune pettubadidaarulu mariyu niyantrakaala avasaralanu parishkaristaayi. equity mariyu equity options marketlu rendoo bahula exchangeelanu kaligi unnanduna, coatation mariyu chivari lavadevila dayta anninti nundi vyaktigata exchange view kakunda market vyooni andinchadaaniki nija samayamlo ekikrutam cheyali.
rendu bhadrata samachara processorlu (sips) eee daetaanu nija samayamlo ekikrutam chestaih khandantara marpidi (nvise anubandha) mariyu otisi/yutipi pranaalika dwara nadapabade ekikruta coatation vyavastha. prati okkati ticker chihnam aadhaaramgaa atuvanti securitylalo sagam kosam daetaanu proses chestundi. anni equity mariyu equity options exchangeelu tama ullekhanaalu, chivari vaanijyam mariyu itara daetaanu eee samsthalaku nija samayamlo prasaram chestaayi, ivi uttama vaelampaatanu lekkinchi, market paalgonevaariki daetaanu andinchi, punahpampinii chestaayi.
eee samsthala paerlu aneka dasaabdaala kritam udbhavinchaayi, nvise mariyu american stock exchange corporations tama stacklanu jabita cheyadaaniki rendu vaedikalugaa unnappudu. eee jaabitaala nundi daetaanu tape eah (nvise listed) mariyu tape bii (amakes) anie pilustaaru. aaa samayamlo, nasdock anedi oka coatation vyavastha, marpidi kaadu. idhi ippatikee upayogistunna paerunu vivaristundihi tape sii (nasdock) anie piluvabade dayta kosam counter/jabita cheyani vaanijya hakku.
market dayta nundi vachhe aadaayam samvatsaraaniki ara billion dollarlu, prati exchange kuu coat mottam mariyu prati okkati prasaram chese itara dayta aadhaaramgaa vibhajinchabadutundi. securityla parisrama mariyu aardhika marketlu (sifma) thoo paatu nikara boggu pataakam kinda companyla samuuham, exchangeelanu vaati utpatti kharchula aadhaaramgaa dharala market daetaaku balavantam cheyadaaniki prayatninchindi, conny chivariki 2016 loe sekandku mundu vaadananu kolpoyindi.
paryaveekshanha.
securityla marketlanu secondary securities, blue skye chattaala prakaram sthaapinchabadina vyaktigata rashtra securities kamishanlu mariyu secondary securities paryavekshinche sweeya-niyantrana samsthalu paryaveekshistaayi. security futures mariyu security aadhaarita maarpidulaku sambandhinchi sii. eff. tii. sii mariyu enn. eff. eah. laku kooda paatra undhi. pratigaa, sii. eff. tii. sii mariyu enn. eff. eah. derivative marketlanu paryaveekshistaayi.
swayam niyantrana samsthalu.
exchangeelu mariyu clearing samsthalu sweeya-niyantrana samsthalu (esro), alaage moodu ranga samsthaluh
securityla kamishanlu.
securityla vyapaaraanni niyantrinche rendu kameeshanlu unnaayi, yuu.ess. eekviteelu, equity empikalu, corporate baandlu mariyu munisipal baandlanu niyantrinche securitylu mariyu exchange commission (secon) mariyu saadhaaranamgaa derivative marketlalo karyakalapalanu niyantrinche commodity futures trading commission (cftc).
seka anedi united states federal prabhutvam yokka swatantra samstha. samakhya securityla chattalanu amalu cheyadam, securityla niyamaalanu pratipaadinchadam mariyu securityla parisrama, desham yokka stock mariyu options exchangeelu mariyu united statesloni electronic securityla marketlatho sahaa itara karyakalapalu mariyu samsthalanu niyantrinchadam dheeniki praathamika baadhyata. eee sec banking paie yuu. ess. senate kamitee baadhyata kindaku vastundi.
sii. eff. tii. sii. "niyaminchabadina contract marketlu" (dcms) ledhaa exchangeelu, "swap execution facilitylu" (sefs), derivative clearing organisations, swap dayta repository, swap dealerlu, futures commission vyaapaarulu, commodity pool operatorlu mariyu itara madhyavartulanu paryaveekshistundi. sii. eff. tii. sii. senate vyavasaya kamitee paryaveekshanhaloo untundi.