
mexico nagaram yokka sunnitatvam

mexico nagaram thana pattana nirmaanam mariyu janabha saandratanu bhaareega vistaristuu, prapanchamlooni 5va atipedda nagaramgaa avatarinchindi. navaudaaravaada vidhanalu, sanklishtamaina bhougolika sthaanam, saamaajika-aardhika asamaanatalu mariyu asamarthamaina vyuuhaala kalayika nagaramlo sunnitatva prakriyanu prabhaavitam chesaayi. aneka pedda prajectulu mariyu asamarthamaina nagara-pranaalika vyuuhaala kalayika chelaamanilo vaiphalyaalu, samaja ketayimpu mariyu vanarulaku samaana praapyataku daariteesindi. paryavasanamga, madhya mariyu takkuva aadaaya vargaalu pratyakshamgaa ledhaa parokshamgaa paraayeekaranaku gurayyayi mariyu sanklishtamaina mariyu abhivruddhi chendutunna pattana vaataavaranaaniki anugunamgaa maaradaaniki savaalu cheyabaddaayi.
mexico nagaram abhivruddhi charitra.
mexico nagaram yokka charitra 1325 loe nirminchina mexico sthaavaramaina tenochtitlantho praarambhamavutundi.dii mexico loyalo. sarassu meeda krutrima dveepaala shrenigaa abhivruddhi cheyabadina eee graamam, swachchamaina neeti pradhana vanarugaa mariyu anduvalla sthaavaram yokka parinaamaaniki punaadigaa panichesina chapaltepec kaaluva chuttoo unna kaaluvala vyavastha dwara anusandhaaninchabadindi. sumaru 15 chadarapu kilometres parimaanamlo mariyu sumaru oka million nivaasitula janaabhaaku cherukunna parisara bhoomipai niyantrananu pondina taruvaata mexico saamrajyam twaragaa abhivruddhi chendindi. eee prajalu adobto chesina lothaina illalo nivasinchevaaru, saadhaaranamgaa saagu kosam chinampalaku anusandhaaninchabadi undevaaru. aaa nivaasaalu kutumbaala madhya panchukoobaddaayi mariyu praamganamloo samuuhamgaa erpadi, templo mayer chuttoo unna kendra prabhutva bhavanala chuttoo vividha parisaraalanu srushtinchaayi. saamrajyam nirvachinchina pradhana praantaalu (tapiac, tlacopan, koyokan, iztapalapa mariyu texcoco) aadhunika nagaramlo bhaagamgaa konasagutunnayi. kutumba hodha, sampada, vrutti, vayassu mariyu lingam prakaram saamaajika vibhajanalu kooda appatike saamskrutikamgaa prabalamgaa unnaayi mariyu aaa kaalapu vaastusilpam mariyu pattana pranaalikaku prabhaavavantamgaa unnaayi. udaaharanaku, unnatavargaalu (ledhaa european setilarlu) tarachugaa hassendas anie piluvabade pedda nivasalalo nivasinchevaaru, migilina sthaanika samajalu anadhikarikamga nirminchina chinna chinna pradaesaalaloo jeevinchevi.
eee roeju manam gurtinchina pattana vatavaranamga mexico nagaram abhivruddhi, 1519loe spanish vijaeta cartes tenochtitlan raakato aakaram daalchadam praarambhinchindi. moctezuma netrutvamloni aztech saamrajyam padagottabadinappudu, spaniards nagaram yokka pranaalika mariyu samsthapai niyantrananu teesukunnaru. naalugu pradhana veedhula gundaa cherukunna oka kendra plaza chuttoo oka gridlo blackla vibhajana, spaaniyaardulu niyantrananu konasaaginchadaaniki, laatla vibajananu nirvahinchadaaniki mariyu ekikruta shakti yokka aikyatanu nirvahinchadaaniki sahayapade aacharanaatmaka leavutnu srushtinchindi. adhikara bhavanalu, mataparamaina samsthalu mariyu aardhika mariyu saamaajika pradaesaala sthaapana, eee plazanu nagaram yokka bhouthika, saamskrutika mariyu vaanijya prarambha binduvugaa nokki cheppindi. vaastusilpam yokka praamaaneekarana mariyu vibhina sthaavaraala network dwara pattana vastraanni srushtinchadam kooda vijaetalu aakaankshinchina saasvatam mariyu vistarana bhavanni teliyajestundi. kotta pradaesaala nirmaanaanni spanish modati sthiranivaasulaku pattana unnatavargam mariyu raajakeeya shakti hodaanu ivvadam dwara prothsahinchaaru, idhi tarataraalugaa konasaagutundi. roman shaastreeya pranaalika aalochanala nundi prerana pondina praadaesika erpaatlu mariyu kramaanugataala yokka kathinamaina niyamaala samitini anusarinchi, phillip II chae indies ordinancelu kotta prapanchamlo pattanaala sthaapanaku punaadi vaesaayi. eee sampaadinchina sampada vyavasthalo, balavantamgaa sraminchadam, bhoomini swaadheenam chesukovadam, khanija vanarulapai niyantrana, vastuvulu mariyu pannulaku adhika dharalanu vidhinchadam, alaage enkonda mariyu latifundia vanti marinta sanklishtamaina vyavasthalu vanti itara dopidi paddhatulu vachayi, ivi tarachugaa kraistava matam amaluku sambandhinchinavi.
spanish samsthalu spanish kireetam kosam sampadanu srushtinchadamtho, mexican janabha teevramaina asamaanatanu anubhavinchindi, daani aardhika saamarthyam nundi prayojanam pondalekapoyindi. 1821loe swaatantryam nundi 1910loe mexican viplavam varaku, saamaajika samuuhaala madhya asamaanatalu konasagutunnayi mariyu bahula niyantrutvaalu, avineeti mariyu adhikara bhramanaala dwara raajakeeya asthirata pempondinchabadindi. unnatavargaalu naduputunna guttadhipatya samsthalaku prabhutvam maddatu istundi, ayithe janabhalo ekkuva mandiki vidya ledhaa aardhika prothsaahakaalu andubaatulo lekunda asamarthamaina praja sevalu migili unnaayi mariyu desham elaa nadustundane daanipai etuvanti agency ledhu. paarisraamika viplavam vastuvula egumati mariyu bahya pettubadula aadhaaramgaa aardhika vruddhitho deshaaniki adhikaram istundi, ayinappatikee sampada pampinhee kendrikrutamai untundi. idhi nagaram bhouthikamgaa oka pradhana bhaagam chuttoo elaa abhivruddhi chendutondo, janabha saandratanu pempondinchadaanni, alaage daani aakasmika aardhika mariyu saamskrutika prapancha unikini pratibimbimchae bhaarii pattana vistarananu prabhaavitam chestundi.
pattana abhivruddhi.
mexico nagaram 14va sataabdam nundi vistrutamaina metropolitan praantaaniki oka iconic udaaharanagaa undhi, idhi america khandamlo atipedda nagaramgaa maarindi. 1930laloe daani nirantara janabha perugudala mariyu aardhika mariyu raajakeeya shakti kendrikarana prapancha marketlatho desham yokka prameyam jaateeya aardhika parisramaku prayojanam chekurchinappudu vruddhi chendindi. prastutam prapanchamlooni aidava atipedda nagaram, 16 jillaalu mariyu 59 munisipaalitiilaloo nivasistunna 21 millionla mandhi nivaasitulatoe (jaateeya janabhalo%%), pattana praantam pratiroojuu 1,100 mandhi kotta nivaasitulanu pondadam konasagistondi. nagaram yokka vibhajana daani paraspara aadharapadatam dwara anusandhaaninchabadina balamaina samajikamga mariyu aardhikamgaa vaeru cheyabadina janabha nundi udbhavinchindi, idhi murikivaadalatoe paatu vilaasavantamaina praantaalu sahajeevanam chese praadaesika erpaatlalo vyaktamavutundi. ell jokalo" anie piluvabade oka pradhana bhaagam chuttoo daani abhivruddhi kendra plaza yokka chaaritraka, saamskrutika mariyu raajakeeya auchityam, alaage daani samakaaleena aardhika shakti kendrikarana nundi udbhavinchindi, prastutam idhi anni jaateeya samsthalalo 80 saatam kaligi undhi.
2005 nundi, rashtra mariyu private pettubadulache prerepinchabadina jonela punaruddharana mariyu puna iz roopakalpana, chaaritraka praamukhyata, vinoda avakaasaalu mariyu adhika naanhyata gala nivaasa praantaalanu srushtinchindi. eee pattana abhivruddhini unnata vargaalaku andinchadam pradhanamgaa eee samuuham deshaaniki aardhikamgaa maddatu ivvadam valla (mottam jaateeya aadaayamlo 38 saatam agra 10 saatam utpatti chestundi) mariyu pradhanamgaa prai (partido revolutionary institutional) netrutvamloni prabhutvam labha-aadhaarita vidhana drukpathaanni konasaginchadam valla jarigindi. anduvalla, eee parinaamaalu asamarthamaina pattana pranaalika kaaranamgaa janabha, traaphik mariyu kalushyam peragadaaniki daariteeyadame kakunda, takkuva aadaaya kutumbaalanu pedda mottamlo nagara anchulaku nettivesaayi mariyu aardhikamgaa bhoogarbha rangampai aadhaarapadina 1.15 kotla mandhi prajala bhadratanu savaalu chesaayi. eee samasya anadhikaarika sthaavaraalalo nivasistunna janabhalo 40 saatam mandhi, tarachugaa muruguneeti vyavastha mariyu swachchamaina neeru andubaatulo laeni vaari ippatike klishtamaina paristhitini penchutundi. parvata loyalo unna nagaram yokka bhoogarbha shaastram, anaarogyakaramaina jeevana paristhitulaku marinta dohadam chestundi, adhika sthaayi vaayu kalushyanni kendrikaristundi.
prastutam nagaram edurkontunna vaastavikata emitante, avineeti, aardhikamgaa nadiche prabhutvam, alaage balamgaa verucheyabadina sanklishtamaina samajam kaaranamgaa taginantagaa niyantrinchaleni, pranaalika cheyaleni chaaritraatmaka vegavantamaina pattana vruddhi. mexico nagaramlo sunnitatvam yokka pratikuula prabhavalanu adhikarulu vismarinchaaru, idhi anivaaryamaina prakriyagaa pariganinchabadindi mariyu konni sandarbhaallo unikilo ledani vaadinchaaru. ayithe, iteevali samvatsaraalalo, pourulandari hakkulanu ekikrutam chese mariyu gowravinche vidhamgaa nagaranni sunnitamgaa konasaginche maargamgaa aneka pratipaadanalu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi.
kaaranaalu.
nava-udaaravaada vidhanalu mariyu punaruddharanalu.
mexico nagaramlo prajala sthaanabhramsham 70luu mariyu 80laloe pratyaksha (mundastu-conditioned) mariyu paroksha (paryavasanamga) sthaanabhramsham kaliginche sanketha mariyu minahaayimpu sunnitatva roopamlo praarambhamaindi. 1980laloe avalambinchina navaudaaravaada vidhanalu, kotta viniyogadaarulu, nivaasitulu mariyu paryaatakulanu aakarshinchadaaniki, alaage bahula teevramaina pattana punaruddharanalanu prerepinche kotta prapancha muuladhanaanni aakarshinchadaaniki, nagaram yokka moulika sadupaayaalanu punaraabhivruddhi cheyadaaniki private pettubadulaku anukuulamgaa undevi. sthaanika mariyu videshee pettubadulaku nagaranni aardhikamgaa aakarshanheeyamgaa marche market pootiitatvaanni sweekarinchadam dheeni lakshyam. ayithe, eee paristhitula nundi udbhavinchina pattana prajectulu bhoomi, addelu, sevalu mariyu pannula dharalanu gananeeyamgaa penchaayi, bhoomi viniyogaanni teevrataram chesi, marchai mariyu prabhutvaaniki, abhivruddhi chesevaariki mariyu kaneesa unnata janaabhaaku matrame prayojanam kaliginchaayi. takkuva aadaaya janabha eee praantaala yokka vistaranatoe baga prabhaavitamaindi mariyu "parisubhramaina" pattana paryaavaranam kosam master plaanlo bhaagamgaa kondarini bahishkarinchaaru ledhaa marcharu. 1993loe anadhikaarika vaanijyaanni nishedhinchadam dwara aadarsavantamaina pattaneekarana bhavana marinta nokki cheppabadindi. konni sandarbhaallo, prajaadarana pondina vaanijya karyakramam veedhi vyaapaarulanu indor vaanijya plaajaalaloki marchadam, kaarmikula sunnitatvam yokka prabhavanni tagginchadam saadhinchindi. yea vidhamgaanainaa anadhikaarika vaanijya marpidi ledhaa paedarikaanni neerapuuritam cheyadam mariyu sthaanika prajaadarana pondina karyakalapalanu minahaayinchadam vanti adrusyataku vyatiraekamgaa vaadanalu unnaayi.
private pettubadula dwara naduputunna kotta pattana praantaalaku spashtamaina udaaharanalu shanta phay, interlomas mariyu polanco, eee moodu gatha iravai samvatsaraalalo bhaarii parivartanalaku lonavutunnayi, ivi dhanika nivaasaalu, karyalayalu mariyu vaanijya kendraalaku prajaadarana pondina praantalugaa marai. benito juyaarejloni mitika pragatiseela nagaram vanti pedda prajectulu asalu communityla samskrutini prabhaavitam chesaayi mariyu aasti pannulu 500% perigi, sevala kharchu moodu retlu peragadamtho vaelaadi mandhi prajalanu sthaanabhramsham chesaayi. okappudu vaadukalo laeni moulika sadupayala punaravasam valla prabhaavitamaina itara saampradaaya "barrios" loe colonia candesa mariyu roma unnaayi, ivi janabha, janabha maarpu mariyu sabdam, traaphik mariyu himsaku dohadapade praja karyakalapala perugudalanu kaligi unnaayi. eee parinamalalo chaalaa varaku akrama aakramana mariyu bhoomini vikrayinche avineeti sthaayilatho, alaage pannulu prakatinchakundaa prabhutvam prabhutva bhoomini dopidi cheyadam thoo mudipadi unnaayi.
nagaram yokka atyanta prateekaatmaka mariyu mukhyamaina pattana parivartana chaaritraka kendra punaruddharana. 50luu mariyu 60laloe unnata vargaala samuuham nagaram anchulaku taralinchabadina taruvaata, choukaina paarisraamika bhoomini vilaasavantamaina nivaasa praantalugaa marchagaligaru, eee kendram takkuva aadaaya kutumbaalato janabha kaligi undindi mariyu adhika sthaayi anadhikaarika mariyu adhikaarika vaanijyamto nindi undhi, idhi praja moulika sadupayalu mariyu bhadrata paramgaa john vaegamgaa ksheeninchadaaniki kaaranamaindi. 1985 bhookampam vaelaadi nirmaanaalanu dhvamsam chesindi, deenivalla nagaram madhyalo nundi aneka kutumbaalu sthaanabhramsham chendaayi, deenivalla punaraabhivruddhi kosam talupulu terichi unnaayi. eee praantamlooni aneka bhavanalu diguva antastulalo byaankulu, karyalayalu mariyu vaanijyamto nindi unnaayi, conny eguva antastulalo teevramgaa upayoginchabadaledu. noothana udaaravaada vidhaanaalatho, atipedda mexican vyavasthaapakudu carlos thana aardhika samuuham carso dwara sannaga, sumaru 100 chaaritraatmaka barok bhavanalanu punaruddharinchadaaniki 5 million dollarlaku paiga pettubadi pettadam dwara, alaage kotta niluvu nirmaanaalanu nirminchadam dwara nagaram yokka padanirmaana saastraanni samuulamgaa marchadu. biking circuitlu, paadachaarula kaaridaarlu, vinoda karyakalapalu, bhadrata karyakramalu mariyu saanketika moulika sadupayalu vanti itara pattana soukaryaalu amalu cheyabaddaayi. eee john viluva 10 samvatsaraalalo moodu retlu perigindi, aaru samvatsaraalalo bhavanala dharalu sf kuu 100 dollarla nundi 2,66 dollarlaku (2000-2006) perigayi. ippudu eee kendraanni pratiroojuu oka million kante ekkuva mandhi sandarsistunnaaru, idhi oka deshaaniki kendramgaa daani prateekaatmaka, saamskrutika mariyu saamaajika viluvanu tirigi pondindi. mallii, ell jokaalo janabhalo koddi saatam mandiki matrame nivasinchadaaniki mariyu pani cheyadaaniki saadhyamayye praantamgaa maarindi, mukhyamgaa pattana bhoomiki pootiini penchadaaniki kendramlo dharala perugudalaku veelu kalpinche pramaanam 26 srushtinchadamtho.
gruha niyantrana.
1990laloe kotta vidhaanaala tarangamlo rashtram prabhutva gruhalanu prothsahinchadam manesi, gruha utpattiki naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki private samsthalanu anumatinchindi. prabhutvam aastini konugolu cheyadaaniki runaalanu andinchindi, conny gruhanirmaanam anedi demand aadhaaramgaa aardhika utpattigaa maarindi. artical 27 samskarana taruvaata, ijidal bhoomulu (graameena janaabhaaku vaari bhoomulanu pani chese hakkugaa ivvabadina oka rakamaina mataparamaina aasti) ippudu chattabaddhamgaa private aastigaa marchagaligayi. pattana vastraalu vistarinchadamto, choukaina bhuubhaagaala labhyata kaaranamgaa chuttupakkala moulika sadupayalu perigayi mariyu mataparamaina aastulu devalaparlaku chattaviruddhamgaa vikrayinchadam praarambhinchaayi. maroe samasya emitante, eee paridheeya moulika sadupayalu tarachugaa kuppakuulina mariyu varadalaku gurayye asthiramaina prakruti drushyamlo nirminchabadataayi mariyu neeti pampinhee mariyu aarogya sevalu vanti praathamika sevalaku takkuva ledhaa andubaatulo undavu. adanamgaa, nirmaanaanni paryavekshinche nirmaana adhikaram lekunda illu tarachugaa swayam sahayaka paddhatiloo nirminchabadataayi. gatha padeellaloo sumaru 500 vaela sarasamaina gruha nirmaana unitlu nirminchabaddaayi, conny eee unitla naanhyata, sthaanam mariyu praapyata vidichipettabadina gruhaalaku mariyu pattana vistaranaku daariteesindi, idhi chattaviruddham, asurakshitamainadi mariyu asamarthamainadi. ayithe, rojuvaaree prayaanaalu mariyu jeevana lakshanaalu takkuvagaa unnappatikee, kharchulu peragadam valla prati samvatsaram sumaru 100,000 mandhi prajalu ippatikee nagaram anchulaku bayaludaerutaaru. peri-urban pradaesaalu paripalanaparamga savaluga untaayi, endukante adhikara paridhi adhikarikamga sthaanika, rashtra ledhaa samakhya agency yokka pratyaksha baadhyata paridhiloki raadu, tadwara moulika sadupaayaalanu adhyayanam cheyadam mariyu nirvahinchadam sanklishtamaina pani avutundi.
prabhavalu.
gruha bhadrata kolpovadam, udyogaalu, vanarula labhyata, rojuvaaree rakapokalu mariyu saamaajika mariyu saareeraka paraayeekarana vanti takkuva-sthaayi prabhaavaala nundi, perigina himsa, traaphik, kalushyam, asamartha pranaalika, vivaksha mariyu aardhika vaiphalyaalu vanti pedda ettuna phalitaala varaku, nagaramloni prati vyaktini oka vidhamgaa ledhaa maroka vidhamgaa sunnitatvam prabhaavitam chestundi. mexico nagaramlo sunnitatvam yokka prabhavalu pattana mandalaala parivartana mariyu vistarana, alaage pettubadidaarii vidhaanaala sweekarana, perigina viniyogavaadam mariyu desheeya unnata vargaala balamaina taragati aadhipatyam nundi vachayi. vaanijyam mariyu bahiranga pradaesaala santruptata traaphik raddi, sabdam, veedhi parking avasaram, kaalibaatalu mariyu veedhi vibhagala aakramana, bhuu viniyogamlo maarpulu, nivaasitulu, sthaanika prabhutvam mariyu kotta nivaasitula madhya udriktata, pattana himsa, anadhikaarika vaanijya niyantrana mariyu pedda prajectulanu aapadaniki bahula nirasanalu peragadaaniki daariteesindi. 10 ververu pattanaalaku chendina moodu vaela mandiki icchina interview tarvaata, oka adhyayanamlo sagaaniki paiga vaaru modata nivasinchina adhe parisaraallo nivasinchaledani, kontamandi dharalu peragadam valla adhe jillaalo kooda nivasinchaledani kanugonnaru. adhika aadaayaalu mariyu yuva vayassu gala vaanijya plaajaalu mariyu kotta poruguvaari sankhya kooda gananeeyamgaa perigindani adhyayanam velladinchindi. pattaneekarana vistarana adhikaarika mariyu anadhikaarika rangaalalo upaadhi avakaasaalalo maarpulaku kooda kaaranamaindi, idhi dviteeya mariyu trutheeya aardhika rangaalalo perugudalaku mariyu praathamika karyakalapalalo taggudalaku daariteesindi. adhe adhyayanam prakaram, sunnitatvam anedi adhika aadaaya vaividhyam kaligina taatkaalika praantaalaku daariteestundani kanugonnaru. nagaramlo adhikaarika udyogaala avakaasaalanu penchadaaniki kutumbaalu paatasaala nundi pillalanu upasamharinchukovadaaniki marinta sankochistunnanduna, eee marinta pattaneekarana vaataavaranam unnata vidya sthaayilaku kooda kaaranamaindi. veedhi vyaapaarula niyantrana valla marketlu sthaanabhramsham chendaayi mariyu choukaina vaanijyaaniki sanklishtamaina praapyata erpadindi, idhi kaarmika mariyu seva asthiratanu rekettinchindi.
mexico nagaramlo sunnitatvam yokka maroka pedda paryavasanamga, tarachugaa bhookampa praantaalu, varada praantaalu mariyu pramaadakaramaina vaalulu vanti pramaadakara praantaalalo, akrama gruhaala paridheeya mariyu metropolitan abhivruddhi perigindi. 2002loe, prabhutvam deerghakaala uniki unna communityla kosam akrama sthaavaraalanu kramabaddheekarinchindi, endukante mottam 709 akrama sthaavaraalu ippatike pattana vaataavaranamloo bhaagamgaa unnaayi. eee sthaavaraalanu chattabaddham cheyadam anedi sthaanabhramsham tagginchadaaniki oka maargam, conny janabhalo ekkuva mandiki surakshitamaina mariyu aarogyakaramaina gruhalanu nirdhaarinchadaaniki sthaanika prabhutvaala baadhyata nundi swechhanu punarudghaatinchadaaniki kooda oka maargam. saadhaarana raajakeeya vaikharulu pratikuula janabha mariyu graameena valasadaarulu kramarahita sthaavaraala dwara prabhaavitam kavadam ledani, endukante ivi sarasamaina gruha nirmaana prajectula kante vaari avasaralu, saamarthyaalu mariyu gurtimpuku baga spandistaayani, mariyu sweeya-nirmaana karyakalapalu sannihita samajalanu mariyu pedda mottamlo aardhika prameyaanni utpatti chestayane aalochananu kaligi unnaayi.
paelavamaina seva moulika sadupayalu mariyu praja ravaanaatoe sarasamaina oke kutumba unitla bhaarii utpatti adhika rojuvaaree prayaanamthoo takkuva jeevana lakshanaalaku daariteesindi, idhi adhika sthaayi vaayu kalushyam, saamaajika vibhajana mariyu gruhaala parityaagam kaliginchindi. adanamgaa, illu kaneesa parimaanamlo untaayi mariyu tarachugaa gopyata lopistaayi. vegavantamaina nagara perugudala mariyu saraina bhuu nibandhanalu lekapovadam valla parirakshana mandalaala ksheenata kooda iteevali aandolana, endukante bhoomi mariyu neeti dopidi kaaranamgaa paryaavarana ottidi azusco mariyu jochimilko vanti mukhyamaina paryaavarana vyavasthalanu prabhaavitam cheyadam praarambhinchindi, ivi 1800 jaatula mokkalu mariyu jantuvulaku aavasamga undatame kakunda, vaataavaranaanni niyantrinchadaaniki, varshapu neetini vadapotha cheyadaaniki mariyu sundaramaina viluvanu kaligi untaayi.
mexico nagaramlo jarugutunna saamaajika vibhajana mariyu pattana vibhajanaku sambandhinchinadi sunnitatvam yokka maroka prabhavam. saamaajika vibhajana prakriya mukhyamgaa pedda prajectula nirmaanam kaaranamgaa balavantamgaa sthaanabhramsham chendina sthaanika samajalanu prabhaavitam chestundi. chaalaa saarlu veetini etuvanti sampradimpulu lekunda pranaalika chestaaru. idhi aarogyam, aaharam mariyu jeevanam paramgaa durbalatvaanni penchutundi, idhi mahilalu mariyu sthaanika prajala saadhaarana nyaayaparamaina nirlakshyaaniki kooda anugunamgaa untundi. eee vibhajana prakriyanu edurkovataniki saraina gruha paristhitulanu erpaatu cheyadam mariyu vidya, pani mariyu samskruti paramgaa samaikyatanu srushtinchadam avasaram. 
inca, pattana himsa, asthirata mariyu bhayam kaaranamgaa bahiranga sthalam ksheeninchadam valla mexico nagaramlo pattana vibhajana jarugutondi. gated parisaraalu, corporate mariyu vaanijya kendraalu unnatavargaala kosam bahiranga sthalaanni praivaeteekarinchi, mahanagaranni mukkalu chestaayi. [1] prastutam unna prabhutva vidhanalu mariyu attadugu vargaala nirlakshyam kaaranamgaa eee abhivruddhi mukhyamgaa perigindi. idhi praadaesika asamaanata mariyu nivaasa vibhajana prakriyalanu srushtistundi, alaage ekikruta pattana nirmaanam nundi vidipoyina chellacheduruga unna nagara namuunaanu punarutpatti chese bhuubhaagam yokka pattaneekarana yokka kotta roopaalanu srushtistundi. 
prastuta mariyu pratipaadita parishkaralu.
sammilitam mariyu manastatvam.
metropolitan praantaalu saamaajika, raajakeeya, aardhika mariyu saamskrutika kendraalugaa marai, ivi deshaala aatmagaa viluvaina baruvunu kaligi unnaayi. vaastavaaniki, prapancha janabhalo 54 saatam mandhi ippatike pattana praantaallo nivasistunnaaru mariyu 2050 natiki eee sankhya 75 saataaniki perugutundani anchanaa vestunnaru. sevalu mariyu avakaasaala yokka bahulatvam pattana pradaesaalaku saatileni mariyu pratyaekamaina saamaajika viluvanu istundi, conny vruddhi mariyu sammilitam yokka savaallanu kooda andistundi. mexico nagaram vishayamlo, ippatike aardhikamgaa saktivantamaina samuuhaaniki prayojanam chekurche vegavantamaina vruddhi kaaranamgaa janabha hakkulu neraveradam ledhu. eee nagaram janavasalu kaligi, ekikrutam ayi, daani muulaalaku anugunamgaa undi, samarthavantamgaa, saralamgaa, sammilitamgaa vichchinnam ayye vidhamgaa srujanaatmaka parishkarala kosam sunnitatva savaalu pilupunistundi. pattana abhivruddhi niyantrana mariyu andulo nivasinche vaari niyantrana anedi maanavataavaada vidhaanaala vaipu payanistondi, idhi communityla sajatiya bhagaswamyanni nirdhaaristundi mariyu naanhyata, vaividhyam mariyu sthaanika anusarana paddhatula dwara samarthavanthamaina vanarula ketayimpu mariyu pootiitatvamtoe sthaanika prabhutvaalanu balopetam chestunna samuuhaalaku agencyni tirigi istundi.
nagara bhavishyattunu nirvachinche prajectula pranaalika mariyu financinglo samanamga ponduparachabadina samajanni srushtinchadaaniki saamaajika udyamaalu mariyu bottom up planning prakriyala dwara prajala saadhikaarata chaalaa mukhyam. sthaanikulu mariyu prabhutvaala madhya sannihita sambhaashana anedi sammilita praantaalanu pempondinchaali, nivaasaalu, vaanijyam mariyu seva empikala sarasamaina mariyu srujanaatmaka erpaatlatho prapancha bahirgatam yokka aadhunikata mariyu saampradaaya vyayamala pratyaekatanu militam chese pattana sphuurtini nirdhaarinchadaaniki. telikapati sunnitatvam vishayamlo prajala punaravasam aaa vargaala avasaralu mariyu korikalaku anugunamgaa sthalaala erpaatuku samanamga vivaekavamtamgaa undaali. kontamandi pattanavaasulu nagaraniki pratyaekamaina saamskrutika mariyu saamaajika paristhithulatho samakaaleekarinche drushtini amalu cheyaalani pratipaadinchaaru, matam mariyu aadhyaatmikata yokka nirmaanaalanu marinta sthiramaina vaataavaranaaniki anukuulamgaa, prajalu sthalam gurinchi chuse mariyu aalochinche vidhananni punarnirvachinchadaaniki saadhanalugaa upayoginchukuntaaru. pattana samasyalanu parishkarinchadaaniki kalalu saadhanamgaa upayoginchagala itara saamaajika vidhanalu, ikkada samsthalu vinootna roopakalpana aadhaarita parishkaralanu (roopakalpana aalochanaa tatvasaastram) roopondistaayi, pratyaekamaina pratipaadanala dwara vistruta prajalanu nimagnam chestaayi. diguva manhatannu saamskrutika kendramgaa tirigi kanugonadaaniki 70laloe eee rakamaina vidhananni upayoginchaaru. eee rakamaina vidhanam plays making, aarogyakaramaina raajakeeya mariyu saamaajika sambhaashanhaku dohadapade vidhamgaa aardhika vijayanni saadhinchadaaniki sthalaanni kanugonadam, chuttupakkala samajalu kotta anubandham ledhaa nischitaartham yokka bhavanni pempondinche vidhamgaa maarpulanu sahajataram cheyadam vanti vaatini kooda chustundi. prati praanthamtho matlade vistruta shreni avakaasaalatoe utsaahabharitamaina mariyu open minded pradaesaalanu srushtinche pratibhaavantulaina vyaktulanu nagara branding aakarshinchagaladani sebastian jenkar vaadinchaaru.
sthirathvam.
1992loe mexico nagaram prapanchamlone atyanta kalushitamaina nagaramgaa pariganinchabadindi, pradhanamgaa ravana kalushya kaarakaala kaaranamgaa, pattana jeevana naanhyata paramgaa sunnitatvaanni prabhaavitam chesindi. ayithe, appati nundi, nagaram sourashakti, smart nirmaanaalu, merugaina praja ravana mariyu pradaesaalu mariyu recycling/dahana vyavasthalatho anusandhaaninchabadina vyardhaala pratyeka sekaranato sahaa aneka rakaala prajectulalo pettubadulu pettindi. nagaramloni praja ravana vyavasthalalo telikapati pattalu, sabvelu, bassulu mariyu taxilu unnaayi, ivi vistrutamgaa andubaatulo unnaayi, conny tarachugaa paelavamaina lakshanaalu, takkuva viswasaneeyata mariyu adhika demand kaligi untaayi. ekobisi, bike sharing network, (2009) vanti prajectulu 85 stationlu mariyu 300 kimmy bike laenlatoe uttara americalo atipedda vyavasthagaa maaradam dwara vijayavantamayyaayi. adanamgaa, chaaritraka kendram vanti mandalaalo vividha paadachaarula veedhulu mariyu paatha microbusla sthaanamlo sunna udgaara margalu gala bassulu unnaayi. toluka vanti bayati praantaalanu nagaram yokka pradhana bhaagaaniki anusandhaaninche vegavantamaina railu pattalanu nirminche prajectulu kooda prastutam jarugutunnaayi. licenses plaetla aadhaaramgaa drivingnu parimitam chese "eee roeju, meeru drive cheyaru programme" anedi maroka iteevali karyakramam.
prabhutva paarkulu, paikappu thotalu, rakshita praantaalu, prabhutva moulika sadupayalalo vrukshasampada ledhaa private thotalu vanti pattana prajectulalo pacchani pradaesaalanu amalu cheyadam gaalini shubhraparachadaaniki, maanava sreyassunu meruguparachadaaniki, sabdaanni tagginchadaaniki, raddiigaa unna samaajaala aakarshananu penchadaaniki mariyu saamaajika samoohaalalo paraspara charyanu pempondinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundi. samarthavanthamaina shakti viniyogam, takkuva driving dhooraalu, taggina atyavasara pratispandana samayam, gruhalu, sevalu mariyu udyogaala mishramtho kriyaaseela pradaesaalanu srushtinchadaaniki nokkicheppabadina niluvu thoo kuudina sanklishtamaina abhivruddhi maroka vidhanam. vaataavarana maarpulanu aapadaniki, samajam nimagnam cheyadaaniki, sthaanika vaividhyam mariyu swayam samruddhini srushtinchadaaniki, giraakeetho kuudina mariyu parasparam anusandhaaninchabadina gruhalu, paatasaalalu, paarkulu mariyu sevalatho pani chese sthiramaina nagaralaku parishkaramga nagaraala nadavagalige saamarthyam undani jeff speck vanti gouravaneeyamaina pattanavaadulu vaadinchaaru. kotta aasakti kendraalanu srushtinchadam dwara udyogaalu mariyu soukaryaalanu vikendrikarinchadam dwara ippatike kendreekrutamaina paridhulaku anugunamgaa maaradam pattaneekarana yokka itara suuchanalu. laa mexicana paarkunu erpaatu cheyadam, chapaltepec public paarkulooni vibhaagaalaku punaruddharanalu, peripherico mariyu reforma vanti pradhana rahadaarulalo harita moulika sadupayalu mariyu infonavit (kaarmikula jaateeya gruhanirmaana samstha) dwara kathinamaina anumatulu mariyu gruha runaala dwara pattana vruddhini parimitam chese bando 2 vidhananni avalambinchadam vanti iteevali prajectulanu shanta phelo chudavachu. regina seyint vanti saamskrutika carridarla nirvachanam kooda nivaasa mariyu vaanijya abhivruddhi mishramamlo vibhina samuuhaalu sahajeevanam chese oka manchi udaaharana.
vistarananu kolustundi.
iteevala, mexican prabhutvam pattana mariyu gruha vidhaanaala kosam nirnayam teesukune prakriyaku marinta utpaadaka maargamlo maddatu ivvadaaniki prayatninche jaateeya pattana vyavasthalu anie piluvabade pattana gatiseelata yokka kolata vyavasthanu srushtinchindi. pattaneekarana mariyu daani parinaamaalanu track cheyadamlo sahayapade charyalu 1948loe abhivruddhi cheyabadina shannon entropy, ivi ververu samaya vyavadhilo vibhina praantaala vegam mariyu vistarananu paryaveekshinchagalavu mariyu lekkinchagalavu. abhivruddhi yokka paridhini praadhaanyata ivvadaaniki mariyu vistarinchadaaniki, samarthatanu penchadaaniki mariyu vividha samuuhaalaku avasaramaina saamarthyaalu, vanarulu mariyu karyakalapalanu parigananaloki teesukoovadaaniki sthiramaina jeevanopaadhi vidhanam maroka goppa sadhanam. maanava kendrikruta roopakalpana savaallanu edurkonenduku saanketikatalanu punarnirminchadaaniki, ellappuduu prajala chuttoo aavishkaranalu cheyadaaniki mariyu aneka abhiprayalu, avasaralu mariyu demandla netrutvamloni anni samuuhaala vyaktigata mariyu saamuuhika anubhavanni penche vidhamgaa parimita vanarulanu ketaayinchadaaniki marinta sahaayapadutundi.
sthaanikulanu aalinganam chesukondi.
vyaktigata paadamudralu mariyu saamaajika samuuhaala samishti samskrutini mariyu sanketha bhouthikathanu kaligi untundi, idhi dynamic pattana vaataavaranaanni balamgaa puurti chestundi. pattana prajectulu appudu saagevigaa mariyu nirantara parivartanalaku, sammilita praantaalanu srushtinchadaaniki vinootna maargaalaku, saamaajika sambandhaalu mariyu praadaesika anubhavanni saktivantam chese sthaanika lakshanaalaku praatinidhyam vahinchadaaniki siddhamgaa undaali. nagaranni andamgaa teerchididdam mariyu aadhuneekarinchadam anedi prapancha samavesalaku saripoyela daani jaateeya mariyu sthaanika "sparsha" nuu kolpoye kharchutho rakudadu, conny saamaajika demand mariyu parimitulaku vyatiraekamgaa sthiramaina mariyu samarthavanthamaina prajectulu prerepinchabade vidhamgaa mariyu sajatiya samajam sahajeevanam cheyagala vidhamgaa munduku saagaali. nirmaana prajectulu mariyu prakruti drushyaalu, saamskrutika, kalaatmaka, vidya mariyu vruttiparamaina vinodaaniki taginanta avakaasaalatoe aarogyakaramaina vaataavaranaalatoe kuudina gouravapradamaina jeevana lakshanaalanu pondadaaniki veelu kalpinche kathinamaina naitika chatramlo sthalaalu, avakaasaalu mariyu aardhika pettubadulanu penchadaaniki munduku saagaali. mexico nagaram daani punaraabhivruddhi mariyu punah pranaalika vyuuhaalanu prasninchaalsina dasalo undhi mariyu bahula-saamskrutika deshaaniki kendramgaa daani nijamaina avasaralaku anugunamgaa punarnirminchaalsina avasaram undhi. alaa cheyadam dwara, pattana praantaala manasika sthithini maarchadaaniki, samavesalanu savaalu cheyadaaniki mariyu prajalu nivasinchadaaniki goppa vaataavaranaanni srushtinchadaaniki unna saktiki eee nagaram asaadhaarana prapancha udaaharanagaa upayogapadutundi.

