intel 8080

intel 8080 ("enabhai-avit") anedi intel roopondinchina mariyu tayaaru chesina rendava 8-bitt microprocessor. idhi modatisaarigaa april janavari kanipinchindi mariyu idhi munupati 8008 design yokka podiginchina mariyu merugaina roopaantaram, ayithe binary anukuulata lekunda undhi. prarambha nirdishta gadiyara raetu ledhaa pounahpunya parimiti 2 mhz, 4,5,7,10 ledhaa 11 chakralanu upayoginche saadhaarana suuchanalatoe. phalitamgaa, processor sekanuku aneka laksala suuchanalanu amalu cheyagaladu. rendu vegavantamaina rakalu, 8080a-1 (konnisaarlu 8080b anie pilustaaru) mariyu 8080a-2, taruvaata varusaga 3.125 mhz mariyu 2.63 mhz gadiyara pounahpunya parimitulatoe andubaatuloki vachayi.
vachayi chaalaa anuvartanaallo panicheyadaaniki rendu maddatu chips avasaramh i8224 gadiyara generator/driver mariyu i8228 bus controller. idhi enn-rakam metal-oxide-semiconductor logic (nmos) loe naan-saturated enhancement mode traansistarlanu lodlugaa upayoginchi amalu cheyabadutundi, tadwara pradhana transister-transister logic (ttl) anukuulamaina + 5 vii kii adanamgaa + 12 vii mariyu a − 5 vii voltage demand chestundi.
munupati microprocessorlu saadhaaranamgaa calculatorlu, nagadu registerlu, computer terminals, paarisraamika robotlu mariyu itara anuvartanaalu vanti bhaarii-utpatti parikaraalalo upayoginchinappatiki, 8080 vistrutamaina anuvartanaalalo ekkuva vijayanni saadhinchindi mariyu microcomputer parisramanu praarambhinchina ghanata ekkuvagaa undhi. aneka amsaalu daani prajaadaranaku dohadapaddayi daani 40-pinn packagy 18-pinn 8008 kante interfacenu sulabhataram chesindi, mariyu daani dayta bassunu marinta samarthavantamgaa chesindi; daani nmos amalu pii-rakam metal-oxide-semiconductor logic (pmos) 8008 kante vaegamgaa traansistarlanu ichindi, adhe samayamlo dheenini ttl-anukuulamainadigaa cheyadam dwara interfacingnu sulabhataram chesindi; vistrutamaina rakaala maddatu chips andubaatulo unnaayi; daani instruction sett 8008 kante meruguparachabadindi; mariyu daani puurti 16-bitt adrus bus bus 14-bitt okadaaniki vyatiraekamgaa) 64 kebi memarini access cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi, idhi 8008 yokka 16 kebi paridhi kante naalugu retlu ekkuva. eee paatralo Z80 dwara bharti cheyabade varaku idhi altair 8800 mariyu tadupari S-100 bus vyaktigata computerlalo upayoginchabadindi mariyu idhi gaarii kildall abhivruddhi chesina CP/M operating systems kosam asalu lakshyam CPU.
8080 taruvaati x86 nirmaanaanni neerugaa prabhaavitam chesindi. intel 8086 nuu daani assembly bhasha 8080 maadirigaane undela roopondinchindi, chaalaa suuchanalu okadaanikokati neerugaa mapping chestaayi, 8080 assembly kodnu 8086 loe amalu cheyavachu.
charitra.
microprocessor viniyogadaarulu viniyogadaarulu sweekarinchadaaniki ishtapadaledu, endukante single addressing mode, takkuva gadiyara vegam, takkuva pinn count mariyu chinna aann-chip stock vanti parimitulu software yokka sthaayi mariyu sanklishtatanu parimitam chesaayi. 8080 kosam aneka pratipaadita namuunaalu unnaayi, anedi kevalam stock suuchanalanu jodinchadam nundi munupati anni intel nirmaanaala nundi puurtigaa nishkramana varaku. tudi roopakalpana pratipaadanala madhya raajee.
1972 praarambhamlo 8080 nirmaanaaniki moolakarta ayina federico faggin, intel nirvahanaku chipnu pratipaadinchi, daani amalu kosam munduku sagaru. chivaraku aaru nelala taruvaata daanini abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki anumati pondaadu. faggin thanatho kalisi 4004 roopakalpanaku sahayapadina masatoshi shimanu 1972 novemberlo japan nundi niyaminchukunnaadu. faggin 4000 kutumbam kosam roopondinchina silicon gettho yaadruchchika tarkam kosam roopakalpana paddatini upayoginchi, faggin darsakatvamlo shima vivaranaatmaka roopakalpana chesindi. 
8080 spashtamgaa pedda sankhyalo viniyogadaarula kosam saadhaarana prayojana microprocessorga roopondinchabadindi. 8008 yokka anubandha chips yokka kaaryaacharanalanu oke packagelo ekikrutam cheyadaaniki abhivruddhi prayatnamlo ekkuva bhaagam kharchu cheyabadindi. 8080 anedi binary-anukuulata kaligi undakudadani abhivruddhi praarambhamlo nirnayinchaaru, badulugaa transpiler dwara okasari runn ayinappudu soars anukuulatanu enchukunnaaru, kotta software 8008 maadirigaane parimitulaku lobadi undataaniki anumatinchaledu. adhe kaaranamtho, alaage stock-aadhaarita nityakrutyaalu mariyu antaraayaala saamardhyaalanu vistarinchadamto, stock bahya memareeki taralinchabadindi. 
mainframe vyavasthalalo prograamarlu saadhaarana-prayojana registerlanu pratyaekamgaa upayoginchadaanni gamaninchina stanley majar, chip architect, 8080 registerlu pratyaekamainavigaa untaayani, register jatalaku ververu upayogaalu untaayani nirnayinchaaru. idhi injaneerlaku itara prayojanaala kosam traansistarlanu marinta samarthavantamgaa upayoginchadaaniki kooda veelu kalpinchindi. 
shima 1973 augustulo leavutnu puurti chesindi. nmos fabrication niyantrana taruvaata, 8080 yokka namuunaa janavari janavari puurtayimdi. indulo lopam undhi, praamaanika ttl parikaraalatoe driving cheyadam valla ground voltage perigindi endukante irukaina rekhaloki adhika current pravahinchindi. shima namuunaanu vargeekarinchadaaniki mundu intel ippatike 8080 yokka 40,000 unitlanu ammakaala vibhagam disalo utpatti chesindi. takkuva-shakti gala scotky ttl (ls ttl) parikaraalu avasaramani idhi vidudala cheyabadindi. 8080eah eee lopaanni sarichesindi.
intel compile chesina pl/emm prograamlanu amalu cheyadaaniki 8080 paeru gala interp/80 kosam instruction sett simulatornu andinchindi. idhi gyaarii kildall intel kosam salahadaruga panichesetappudu raasaaru.
vivarana.
prograaming namuunaa.
intel 8080 anedi anedi varasudu. idhi 8008 maadirigaane praathamika suchanaa samiti mariyu register namuunaanu upayogistundi, ayinappatikee idhi soars code anukuulamgaa ledhaa daani puurveekulatoo anukuulamaina binary code kaadu. 8008 looni prati bodhanaku 8080 loe samaanamaina bodhana untundi. 8080 daani bodhana samitilo 16-bitt karyakalapalanu kooda jodistundi. 8008 daani 14-bitt memory sthalaanni parokshamgaa access cheyadaaniki hchl register jatanu upayoginchaalsina avasaram undagaa, 8080 daani puurti 16-bitt memory sthalaaniki pratyaksha accessnu anumatinchadaaniki addressing modlanu jodinchindi. 8008 yokka antargata 7-sthaayi push-down coll stock sthaanamlo pratyaekamaina 16-bitt stock-pointer (sp) register bharti cheyabadindi. 8080 yokka 40-pinn dip packaging 16-bitt adrus bus mariyu 8-bitt dayta basnu andinchadaaniki anumatistundi, idhi 64 kib (216 baitlu) memareeki praapyatanu anumatistundi.
registerlu.
praasesarku edu 8-bitt registerlu (a, b, c, d, e, h mariyu l) unnaayi, ikkada a anedi praadhamika 8-bitt sanchayakam. itara aaru registerlanu pratyeka suuchanalanu batti vyaktigata 8-bitt registerlugaa ledhaa moodu 16-bitt register jatalalo (bisi, dii, mariyu hchl, intel documentlalo bii, dii mariyu hetch anie suuchistaaru) upayoginchavacchu. konni suuchanalu hchl register jatanu (parimita) 16-bitt sanchayakamgaa upayoginchadaaniki kooda veelu kalpistaayi. hchl suuchimchina dereferenced memory sthaanaanni soochinche suudoe-register emm, itara registerlanu upayoginchagala daadaapu ekkadainaa upayoginchavacchu. anedi memareeki 16-bitt stock pointer undhi, idhi 8008 yokka antargata stock sthaanamlo mariyu 16-bitt programme counternu kaligi undhi.
jendaalu.
processor antargata flag bits (sthithi register) nuu nirvahistundi, idhi ankaganitam mariyu taarkika suuchanala phalitaalanu suuchistumdi. konni suuchanalu matrame jendaalanu prabhaavitam chestaayi. gendalu
carry bitnu nirdishta suuchanala dwara sett cheyavachu ledhaa puurti cheyavachu. sharatulatho kuudina-saakha suuchanalu vividha flag sthithi bitsnu pareekshistaayi. jendaalanu sanchayana yantraaniki samuuhamgaa coppy cheyavachu. sanchayakam mariyu jendaalanu kalipi psdablue register ledhaa programme sthithi padam anie pilustaaru.
aadesaalu, suuchanalu.
aneka itara 8-bitt processorla maadirigaane, anni suuchanalu saralata kosam oke baitlo encode cheyabadataayi (register sankhyalatho sahaa, conny takshana daetaanu minahayinchi). konnintiki okati ledhaa rendu baitla dayta anusarinchavacchu, idhi takshana operand, memory chirunama ledhaa port number kaavacchu. marinta adhunaatana processorla maadirigaane, idhi bahula-sthaayi vidhana calls mariyu returns (jumps vanti sharatulatho amalu cheyagala) kosam automatic coll mariyu rett suuchanalanu kaligi untundi mariyu yantram stacklo edainaa 16-bitt register jatanu save cheyadaaniki mariyu punaruddharinchadaaniki suuchanalanu kaligi untundi. sub rutainla kosam enimidi vann-bite coll suuchanalu () 00h, 08h, 10h, anae sthira chirunamalalo unnaayi..., 38 gamm. sambandhita antaraayam kaliginche seva dinacharyanu praarambhinchadaaniki ivi bahya hardware dwara sarafara cheyadaaniki uddesinchabaddaayi, conny tarachugaa vegavantamaina system kalsga kooda upayoginchabadataayi. nemmadigaa amalu chese suuchana emitante, idhi stock pointer suuchimchina chirunama vadda nilva chesina viluvatho register jatha hclnu marpidi cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi.
8-bitt suuchanalu.
rendu aaparendlatho kuudina anni 8-bitt karyakalapalu 8-bitt sanchayana yantram (oka register) loe matrame nirvahinchabadataayi. itara operand takshana viluva, maroka 8-bitt register ledhaa 16-bitt register jatha hchl dwara sambodhinchabadina memory bite kaavacchu. increments mariyu taggimpulanu edainaa 8 bitt register ledhaa hchl-addrused memory bite meeda cheyavachu. edainaa rendu 8-bitt registerla madhya mariyu edainaa 8-bitt register mariyu hchl-addrused memory bite madhya pratyaksha kaapeeki maddatu untundi. bodhana yokka kramam tappakunda encoding kaaranamgaa (andubaatulo unna apcode sthalamlo naaluginta oka vanthu upayoginchadam), registernu daanilo coppy cheyadaaniki anavasaramaina sankethaalu unnaayi (, udaaharanaku), ivi alasyam tappa, takkuva upayogapadataayi. ayithe, statistic apcode badulugaa halt () instruction nuu encode cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi, bahya reset ledhaa antaraayam sambhavinche varaku amaluni nilipivestundi.
16-bitt operations.
8080 saadhaaranamgaa 8-bitt processor ayinappatikee, idhi 16-bitt karyakalapalanu nirvahinchadaaniki parimita saamardhyaalanu kaligi untundi. moodu 16-bitt register jatalalo edainaa (bisi, dii, ledhaa hchl, intel documentlalo bii, dii, hetch anie suuchistaaru) ledhaa ess pii nii takshana 16-bitt viluvatho (upayoginchi), penchadam ledhaa tagginchadam (upayoginchi), ledhaa hchl (upayoginchi) kii jodinchavachhu. hclnu jodinchadam dwara, oka suuchanatoe 16-bitt ankaganita edama shift maadirigaane phalitaanni saadhinchadam saadhyamavutundi. edainaa jendaanu prabhaavitam chese 16-bitt suuchanalu, floating-point ankaganitam amalu cheyadaaniki avasaramaina programme cheyabadina 24-bitt ledhaa 32-bitt ankaganitam (ledhaa peddadi) nuu anumatinchadaaniki saie (carry) jendaanu amarchutundi. oka stock framenu 'mariyu' upayoginchi ketayinchavacchu. ganinchina pointerku oka saakhanu amalu cheyavachu. neerugaa adrus chesina memory nundi hchl nii load chestundi mariyu adevidhamgaa hchl nii store chestundi. bodhana anedi hchl mariyu dii register jatala viluvalanu marpidi chestundi. stock meeda chivariga unchina vastuvunu hchl thoo marpidi cheyandi.
input/avtput pathakam.
input avtput port space.
8080 256 input/avtput (ii/oo) portulaku maddatu istundi, port chirunaamaalanu aaparendlugaa teesukoni pratyeka ii/oo suuchanala dwara access cheyabadutundi. eee ii/oo mapping pathakam oka prayojanamgaa pariganinchabadutundi, endukante idhi processor yokka parimita chirunama sthalaanni khaalii chestundi. aneka cpu nirmaanaalu badulugaa memory-mapp cheyabadina ii/oo (mmio) anie pilavabade vaatini upayogistaayi, dheenilo raam mariyu paridheeya chips rendintikee oka saadhaarana chirunama sthalam upayoginchabadutundi. idhi pratyaekamaina ii/oo suuchanala avasaranni tolagistundi, ayithe atuvanti designlalo oka lopam emitante, vechi unna sthithulanu choppinchadaaniki pratyeka hardwarenu upayoginchaali, endukante paridheeyaalu tarachugaa memory kante nemmadigaa untaayi. ayithe, konni saadhaarana 8080 computerlalo, i/o anedi vaastavaaniki memory sels laaga, "memory-mapp cheyabadina" gaa sambodhinchabadutundi, idhi i/o aadesaalanu upayoginchakundaa vadilivestundi. i/o addressing konnisaarlu processor adhe 8-bitt port adrasnu diguva mariyu adhika adrus bite (i.ii., 16-bitt adrus bassulo 0505h chirunamanu unchutundi). ilanti ii/oo-port pathakaalu venukabadina-anukuula jilag 1979loe mariyu intel 8085, mariyu daggari sambandham unna x86 microprocessor kutumbaalalo upayoginchabadataayi.
pratyeka stock space.
processor state vard looni bits loe okati (krinda chudandi) processor stock nundi daetaanu access chestondani suuchistumdi. eee signalnu upayoginchi, pratyeka stock memory sthalaanni amalu cheyadam saadhyamavutundi. eee lakshanam arudugaa upayoginchabadutundi.
antargata sthithi padam.
marinta adhunaatana vyavasthala kosam, daani working loop yokka oka dasalo, processor daani "antargata sthithi bite" nuu dayta bassulo sett chestundi. eee bite memory ledhaa ii/oo port access cheyabadinda mariyu antaraayam kaliginche panini nirvahinchadam avasarama anie nirnayinche flaglanu kaligi untundi.
antaraayam vyavastha sthithi (enable ledhaa disable) kooda pratyeka pinpai avtput avutundi. saadhaarana vyavasthala kosam, antaraayaalu upayoginchani chota, eee pinn adanapu single-bitt avtput portga upayoginchina sandarbhaalanu kanugonadam saadhyamavutundi (udaaharanaku soviet unionlo tayaaru chesina pramukha pramukha computer).
udaaharana code.
eee krindi 8080/8085 assembly soars code anedi icchina parimaanamlo dayta baitla blacknu oka pradaesam nundi maroka pradaesaaniki coppy chese subrutin kosam. dayta block oka samayamlo oka bite coppy cheyabadutundi, mariyu dayta kadalika mariyu looping logic 16-bitt karyakalapalanu upayogistundi.
pinn vadakam.
adrus bassuku daani swantha 16 pinlu unnaayi, mariyu dayta bassulo 8 pinlu unnaayi, ivi yea multiplexing lekunda upayogapadataayi. rendu adanapu pinlanu (signals chadavadam mariyu vrayadam) upayoginchi, saadhaarana microprocessor parikaraalanu chaalaa sulabhamgaa sameekarinchadam saadhyamavutundi. processor pinn sankethaalanu decode cheyadaaniki pratyeka ioo space, antaraayaalu mariyu dmaku matrame adanapu chips avasaram. ayithe, pinn load saamarthyam parimitam; saadhaarana computerlaku kooda tarachugaa bus amplifierlu avasaram.
praasesarku moodu shakti vanarulu (−5, + 5, mariyu + 12v) mariyu rendu ativyaapti kaani adhika-amplitude samakaaleekarana sankethaalu avasaram. ayithe, kaneesam chivari soviet version κr580vm80a oke + 5v power soars thoo pani cheyagaligindi, + 12v pinn + 5v kii mariyu −5v pinn ground kii anusandhaaninchabadi undhi.
chip yokka anubandha documentation nundi pinn-avt table, pinlanu eee krindi vidhamgaa vivaristundihi
chips maddatu.
8080 vijayaniki keelaka amsam emitante, andubaatulo unna vistruta shreni maddatu chips, seeriyal communicationlu, counter/timing, input/avtput, direct memory access mariyu prograamable antaraayam niyantrana vanti itara vidhulanu andistaih
bhouthika amalu.
8080 integrated circuit naan-saturated enhancement-load nmos getlanu upayogistundi, adanapu voltagelanu (load-gate bayas kosam) demand chestundi. idhi 6 micrometers kaneesa feature saijnu upayoginchi silicon gate prakriyaloo tayaaru cheyabadindi. roopakalpanalo sumaru 4,500 traansistarlanu anusandhaaninchadaaniki oke pora lohanni upayogistaaru, ayithe konni paraspara anusandhaanaalaku adhika voltage avasaramayye adhika nirodhakata gala polycylicon pora transister getlatho amalu cheyabadutundi. dye parimaanam sumaru 20 20.
paarisraamika prabhavam.
darakhaastulu mariyu vaarasulu.
8080 aneka prarambha microcomputerlalo upayoginchabadutundi, veetilo mitts altair 8800 computer, processor technology soal-20 terminal computer mariyu imsai 8080 microcomputer vantivi unnaayi, ivi sipi/emm operating systemnu nadipe yantraalaku aadharam (taruvaata, daadaapu puurtigaa anukuulamaina mariyu marinta samarthavanthamaina, jilag 1979loe processor dheenini pettubadiga teesukuntundi, 1979loe mariyu sipi/emm 1976 nundi 1983 varaku kaalamlo aadhipatya cpu mariyu oes kalayikaga marai, alaage oka dasaabdam taruvaata pisi kosam x86 mariyu daas kooda).
kooda), 1979loe mariyu 8085 praasesarlanu pravesapettina taruvaata kooda, 8080 yokka aidu tayaareedaarulu nelaku 500,000 unitlanu sumaru $3 nundi $4 dharaku vikrayistunnaaru.
micro-1 mariyu "daina-micro"/mmd-1 (chudandi single-board computer) vanti modati single-board microcomputerlu intel intel aadharapadi undevi. 8080 yokka prarambha upayogaalalo okati 1970la chivaralo shaan diago, california yokka cubic-westran dayta dwara tayaaru cheyabadindi, prapanchavyaaptamgaa saamuuhika ravana vyavasthala kosam roopondinchina daani svayamchaalaka chaarjeela sekarana vyavasthalalo. 8080 yokka prarambha paarisraamika upayogam datagraphics auto-com (computer avtput microfish) utpattula shreni yokka "medadu" gaa undhi, idhi reel-tuu-reel tape nundi pedda mottamlo viniyogadaaru daetaanu teesukoni daanini microfishlo chitristundi. auto-com parikaraalalo mottam automated film cutting, prosessing, washing mariyu endabettadam upa vyavastha kooda unnaayi.
aneka prarambha veediyo arcade atalu 8080 microprocessor chuttoo nirminchabaddaayi. microprocessornu cherchina mottamodati vaanijyaparamgaa andubaatulo unna arcade veediyo game "gunn fait", idhi 1975 novemberlo vidudalaina taito yokka vivikta-taarkika "westran gunn" yokka 8080-aadhaarita punahprarambham, (motorola 6800 praasesarnu kaligi unna pinball yantram, "76" yokka sphuurti, munupati nelaloo ippatike vidudala cheyabadindi.) 8080 taruvaata madhya arcade veediyo gamelalo mariyu taito yokka 1978 "space invadors" loe upayoginchabadindi, idhi anni arcade veediyo gamelalo atyanta vijayavantamaina mariyu prasiddhamainadi.
jilag, jilag pravesapettindi, idhi anukuulamaina yantra bhasha bodhana samitini kaligi undhi mariyu praarambhamlo 8080 maadirigaane adhe assembly bhashanu upayoginchindi, conny chattaparamaina kaaranaala valla, jilag Z80 kosam vaakyanirmanaparamgaa-bhinnamaina (conny code anukuulamaina) pratyaamnaaya assembly bhashanu abhivruddhi chesindi. intel vadda, 8080 taruvaata anukuulamaina mariyu vidyut paramgaa marinta sogasaina 8085 vachindi.
taruvaata, intel 16-bitt 8086 assembly-longuage competitive (conny binary-competible kaadu) nuu jaarii chesindi, aapai aapai praarambhinchabooyae daani kotta computer kosam ibm empika chesina 8/16-bitt 8088nuu vidudala chesindi. taruvaata enisi 8080 anukarana modku kooda maddatu ichhe enisi enisi (intel 80186 instruction sett competibilitytho kuudina 8088 clone) nuu tayaaru chesindi. dheeniki enisi yokka yokka (adevidhamgaa merugaina 8086 clone) kooda maddatu istundi. aaa vidhamgaa, 8080, daani instruction sett architecture (isa) dwara, computer charitrapai shaashwata prabhavam choopindi.
intel intel anukuulamgaa unde aneka processorlu thoorpu kootamilo tayaaru cheyabaddayi soviet unionlo kr580vm80a (praarambhamlo kr580ik80 gaa gurtinchabadindi), polandlo unitra semee tayaaru chesina mcy7880, chekoslovekialo tesla tayaaru chesina mhb8080a, hangareelo tungsram/mave tayaaru chesina 8080apc, mariyu romanialo microlectronica bucharest tayaaru chesina mmn8080.
8080 ippatikee lansdale semiconductorlalo utpattilo undhi.
parisramalo maarpu.
8080 computerlu elaa srushtinchabaddaayi anedaanni kooda maarchindi. 8080 pravesapettinappudu, computer vyavasthalanu saadhaaranamgaa digital parikaraala corporation, hevelet-packered ledhaa ibm vanti computer tayaareedaarulu roopondinchaaru. tayaareedaaru processor, terminals mariyu compilerlu mariyu operating system vanti system softwaretho sahaa mottam computernu utpatti chestaaru. 8080 puurti computer vyavastha minaha daadaapu yea application kosam roopondinchabadindi. hevelet-packered 8080 chuttoo hetch. pii. 2640 shreni smart terminallanu abhivruddhi chesindi. hetch. pii. 2647 anedi anedi praathamika prograaming bhashanu nadipe terminal. microsoft vyavasthaapaka utpatti, microsoft basic, modata 8080 kosam programme cheyabadindi.
8080 mariyu 8085 8085 daariteesindi, idhi 8080 yokka podigimpu, binary anukuulata laenappatikee, anukuulamaina soars kodga roopondinchabadindi. eee design, taruvaata, x86 chips kutumbaaniki janmanichindi, ivi intel yokka praadhamika praasesarlugaa konasagutunnayi. 8080 yokka pradhana yantra suuchanalu mariyu bhavanalu chaalaa varaku vistrutamaina x86 vedikalo manugada saagistunnaayi. udaaharanalalo "a", "b", "c", mariyu "d" anae paerlatoe kuudina registerlu mariyu sharatulatho kuudina jumpsnu niyantrinchadaaniki upayoginche aneka jendaalu unnaayi. 8080 assembly kodnu ippatikee x86 suuchanalalooki neerugaa anuvadinchavacchu, endukante daani pradhana amsaalu annee ippatikee unnaayi.

