
phylogenetic naamakaranam

phylogenetic naamakaranamu anedi jeevasaastramlo taxacu naamakarana paddhati, idhi krinda vivarinchina vidhamgaa taxon paerlaku phylogenetic nirvachanaalanu upayogistundi. idhi saampradaaya vidhaanaaniki viruddhamgaa untundi, dheenilo vargeekarana paerlu oka "rakam" dwara nirvachinchabadataayi, idhi oka namuunaa ledhaa takkuva rank yokka vargeekarana kaavacchu mariyu padaalaloo vivarana kaavacchu. phylogenetic naamakaranamu prastutam "phylogenetic naamakaranamu yokka antarjaateeya code" ("filacode") dwara niyantrinchabadutundi.
nirvachanalu.
jatijanya naamakaranam paerlanu vamsaalatoe, puurveekulu mariyu daani vaarasulandarito kuudina samuuhaalatoe mudipettutundi. eee samuuhaalanu samanamga monophilatic anie pilustaaru. puurveekulanu paerkonadaaniki konchem bhinnamaina margalu unnaayi, ivi krinda charchinchabaddaayi. puurveekulu paerkonabadina tarvaata, paeru yokka ardham sthiramgaa untundih puurveekulu mariyu daani vaarasulu ayina anni jeevulu anae vargeekaranalo chaerchabadataayi. eee jeevulannintini jabita cheyandi (i.ii. puurti circomscription andinchadaaniki) puurti phylogenetic chettunu telusukovali. aacharanalo, saraina chettu gurinchi okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva parikalpanalu matrame unnaayi. ververu parikalpanalu anae vargeekaranalo ververu jeevulu chaerchabadataayani bhaavinchadaaniki daariteestaayi, conny paeru vaastavaaniki yea jeevulaku vartistundo prabhaavitam cheyavu. eee konamlo paeru siddhaanta savarana nundi swatantramgaa untundi.
clade paerla yokka phylogenetic nirvachanalu.
jatijanya naamakaranam paerlanu vamsaalatoe mudipettutundi, idhi kevalam oka puurveekulu mariyu daani vaarasulandarito kuudina samuuhaalu. anduvalla, oka vamsaanni paerkonadaaniki kavalasindallah puurveekulanu soochinchadam matrame. deenni cheyadaaniki aneka margalu unnaayi. saadhaaranamgaa, puurveekulu spashtamgaa perkonna rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva "specifierlu" (jaatulu, namuunaalu ledhaa lakshanaalu) thoo daani sambandham dwara suuchimchabadataaru. rekhaachitram deenni cheyadaaniki moodu saadhaarana maargaalanu chooputundi. gatamlo nirvachinchina cladelu a, b, mariyu c kosam, cladelanu x ilaa nirvachinchavacchuh
samagramgaa undataaniki etuvanti prayatnam laenappatikee, "phylocodelo" aneka itara pratyaamnaayaalu andinchabaddaayi (krinda chudandi).
jatijanya naamakaranam anedi puurveekula "sambandhaala" nuu matrame kakunda, unikilo unna "aasti" nii kooda upayoginchadaaniki anumatistundi. udaaharanaku, neornithes (aadhunika pakshulu) nuu perkone aneka margalalo okatih
neornithes anedi oka kireetam vamsam, dheeni kosam daani prastuta sabhyula chivari saadhaarana puurveekudu kooda daani sabhyulandarikee chivari saadhaarana puurveekudu.
paraphylletic mariyu polyphylletic taxa paerla puurveekula aadhaarita nirvachanalu.
phylocodelo", oka cled matrame "phylogenetic nirvachanam" nuu pondagaladu, mariyu eee parimiti prastuta vyaasamlo gamaninchabadindi. edemaina, jaatula ledhaa namuunaalapai aadhaarapadina puurveekula sambandhaalanu matrame upayogistaarane ardhamlo jaatijanyamaina itara samuuhaala paerlaku nirvachanaalanu roopondinchadam kooda saadhyamavutundi. udaaharanaku, ksheeradaalu mariyu pakshulu (pakshulu) eee paddhatiloo nirvachinchabaddaayi anukundam, sareesrupaalanu "ksheeradaalu mariyu pakshulu mariyu ksheeradaalu mariyu pakshulu minaha daani vaarasulandarikee iteevali saadhaarana puurveekudu" gaa nirvachinchavacchu. idhi oka paraphylletic samuuhaaniki oka udaaharana, oka clade mainus okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva adheena clades. rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva upa samoohaalalo ekakaalamlo parinaamam chendina lakshanam kaligina polyphylletic samuuhaala paerlanu adevidhamgaa bahula cladela mottamgaa nirvachinchavacchu.
ryaankulanu.
jantusastra naamakaranam yokka antarjaateeya code mariyu algay, sileendhraalu mariyu mokkala kosam antarjaateeya naamakaranam yokka code vanti saampradaaya naamakaranam sankethaala krinda, ryankto spashtamgaa sambandham laeni taxanu adhikarikamga paeru pettalemu, endukante taxonku paeru yokka darakhaastu rakam mariyu rank rendintipai aadharapadi untundi. rank avasaram anedi saampradaaya mariyu jatijanya naamakaranaala madhya pradhana vyatyaasam. idhi aneka parinaamaalanu kaligi untundih idhi paerlanu vartimpajeyagala samuuha sthaayila sankhyanu parimitam chestundi; oka samuuham daani ranknu maarchinatlayithe, daaniki khachitamgaa oke sabhyulu unnappatikee (i.ii. adhe circumscription); mariyu idhi anni taxalu monophilaticga undataaniki taarkikamgaa asthiramgaa untundi.
mukhyamgaa iteevali dasaabdaalalo (phylogeneticslo purogati kaaranamgaa), vargeekarana saastravettalu aneka "samuuha" vargaalaku (i.ii. itara taxalalo unde taxalu). prati vamsaaniki paeru pettadaniki yea naamakarana vyavastha prayatninchadu; idhi saampradaaya naamakaranamlo mukhyamgaa kashtamgaa untundi, endukante prati perugala vargeekaranaku adhi goodu kattina edainaa perugala vargeekarana kante takkuva rank ivvali, kabatti samuuha vargeekaranalo ketayinchagala paerla sankhya saadhaaranamgaa gurtinchabadina ryaankula sankhya kante ekkuvagaa undadu. gouthier mariyu itarulu. (1988) sareesrupaalaku daani saampradaaya taragati rank ketayinchinatlayite, appudu jaatiparamaina vargeekarana pakshulaku jaathi ranknu ketaayinchaalani suuchimchimdi. atuvanti vargeekaranalo, telisina 12,000 jaatula unikilo unna mariyu antarinchipoyina pakshulanu eee jaatilo cherchavalasi untundi.
rank aadhaarita naamakarana sankethaalanu unchutuu vividha parishkaralu pratipaadinchabaddaayi. patterson mariyu rosen (1977) herrings yokka clednu vargeekarinchagaligela kutumbam mariyu suupar family madhya tommidi kotta ryaankulanu suuchimchaaru, mariyu mckenna mariyu bell (1997) ksheeradaala vaividhyaanni edurkovataniki pedda sankhyalo kotta ryaankulanu pravesapettindi; veetini vistrutamgaa sweekarinchaledu. vrukshashaastramlo, prastutam vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadutunna pushpinche mokkala vargeekaranaku baadhyata vahinche angiosperm phylogeny samuuham, vaerae vidhananni enchukundi. vaaru bodhanalo mariyu vargeekarana madhya sambandhaalanu adhyayanam cheyadamlo viluvainaviga bhaavinchi, kutumbam mariyu kramam yokka saampradaaya ryaankulanu konasaaginchaaru, conny adhikaarika ranklu lekunda paerlatoe kuudina cladelanu kooda pravesapettaaru.
prastuta sankethaalu kooda avi vartimpajese pannu yokka ranknu batti paerlaku konni mugimpulu undaali anie perkone niyamaalanu kaligi unnaayi. oka samuuham ververu vargeekaranalalo ververu ryaankulanu kaligi unnappudu, daani paeru vaerae pratyayaanni kaligi undaali. ereshefsky (1997:512) oka udaaharana icchaaru. 1963loe simpson mariyu 1981loe vilae "homo" jaatito kuudina adhe jaathi samuuhaanni oka vargeekaranalo unchaalani angeekarinchaarani ayana paerkonnaaru. simpson eee vargeekarananu oka kutumbamgaa pariganinchi, daaniki "hominidae" anae paerunu ichchaaru "homo" nundi "homin-" mariyu "-iday" anevi jantusastra sankethamlo mugise kutumbamgaa unnaayi. vilae dheenini tega hodaalo unnatlu bhaavinchi, daaniki "hominini" anae paerunu icchaadu, idhi tega mugimpugaa undhi. vilae yokka tega hominini athanu "hominidae" anie piliche kutumbamlo oka bhaagam matrame. anduvalla, jantusastra niyamaavali prakaram, sarigga oke chuttukolata kaligina rendu samuuhaalaku ververu paerlu ivvabaddaayi (simpson yokka hominidae mariyu vilae yokka hominini) mariyu adhe paerutoe unna rendu samuuhaalaku ververu chuttukolatalu unnaayi (simpson yokka hominidae mariyu vilae yokka hominidae).
jatijanya naamakaranamlo, vargeekarana paerla spellingpy ryaankulaku etuvanti sambandham undadu (ii chudandi.zii. gouthier (1994) mariyu "filacode"). ayithe, jatijanya naamakaranam loe ranklu puurtigaa nishedhinchabadaledu. avi kevalam naamakarana nundi vidadeeyabaddaayih avi yea paerlanu upayoginchavachho, yea vargeekaranalu yea paerlatoe mudipadi unnayo, yea paerlu samuuha vargeekarananu soochinchavachho prabhaavitam cheyavu.
saampradaaya rank-aadhaarita naamakarana suutraalu anni vargeekaranalu khachitamgaa monophilaticga undadamtho taarkikamgaa ananukuulamgaa untaayi. udaaharanaku, prati jeevi oka jaatiki chendinadi ayi undaali, kabatti ksheeradaalu mariyu pakshula yokka prati ummadi puurveekulaku oka jaathi undaali. atuvanti jaathi monophilatic kavalante, indulo class ksheeradam mariyu class aves rendoo undaali. ayithe, rank-aadhaarita naamakaranamlo, taragatulu generationnu kaligi undaali, dheeniki bhinnamgaa kaadu.
tatvasaastram.
jatijanya mariyu saampradaaya naamakaranaala madhya sangharshana vargeekarana yokka adhibhouthika shaastram mariyu ghnaanasaastrampai vibhina abhipraayaalanu pratibimbistumdi. phylogenetic naamakaranaanni samardhinchevaariki, taxon anedi oka vyakti, idhi samayam gadichekoddi lakshanaalanu pondutundi mariyu kolpotundi. paripakvata, vruddhaapyam ledhaa smrutibhramsamu, avayavam kolpovadam ledhaa linga maarpu vanti marinta samuulamaina maarpula dwara athani ledhaa aame lakshanaalu marinappudu oka vyakti marokaru kakapovadam maadirigaane, oka vargeekarana yea lakshanaalu pondaalo ledhaa kolpoina adhe astitvamgaa untundi. phylogenetic naamakaranaaniki maddatudaarulu chesina gamanimpabadani entiteelaku sambandhinchina balamaina adhibhouthika vaadanalanu batti, vimarsakulu vaari vidhananni muulam essentialism anie paerkonnaaru. 
yea vyaktikainaa, daani taatkaalika dasalanu anusandhaaninche edho okati undaali, daani kaaranamgaa adhi adhe vidhamgaa untundi. oka vyaktiki, sareeram yokka spatiotemporal konasagimpu sambandhita sambandhaanni andistundi; balyam nundi vruddhaapyam varaku, sareeram prapanchavyaaptamgaa nirantara marganni vetukutundi mariyu idhi sisuvunu mariyu octogenarian nuu kalipe vyakti yokka yea lakshanaala kante eee maargam. idhi thesius ooda yokka prasiddha taatvika samasyanu pooli untundi. oka vargeekarana kosam, lakshanaalu sambandhitamgaa lekapothe, appudu adhi kevalam puurveekula sambandhaalu matrame kaavacchu, ivi devonian "rhineognatha hirstee" nii aadhunika chakravarthy seethaakokachilukatho pratinidhulugaa kaluputaayi, 400 million samvatsaraala paatu, vargeekarana purugu yokka. pratyarthi shibiram aaa silogism yokka aavarananu prasninchindi, mariyu ghnaanasaastra drukpatham nundi, vargeekarana sabhyulu vaari paatrala aadhaaramgaa matrame anubhaavikamgaa gurtinchadaginavaarani, mariyu saadhaarana puurveekula parikalpanalu kramabaddheekarana yokka phalitaalu, praadhaanyata aavarana kaadu anie vaadinchindi. silaajaanni vargeekarana samuuhaaniki chendinadigaa gurtinchadaaniki saastravettalanu anumatinche aksharalu lekapothe, adhi kevalam vargeekarinchaleni raathi mukka matrame.
oka vargeekarana konasaagimpuku puurveekulu saripotundi ayithe, appudu oka vargeekarana sabhyudi vaarasulu andaruu kooda vargeekaranalo chaerchabadataaru, kabatti anni praamaanika vargeekaranalu monophylletic; paraphylletic samuuhaala paerlu adhikaarika gurtimpuku arhamainavi kaavu. pelixosoria" anedi konni permian tetrapodlanu kaligi unna oka paraphylletic samuuhaanni suuchistumdi, conny vaati prastuta vaarasulu kaadu, dheenini chellubaatu ayye vargeekarana paerugaa angeekarinchalemu. mallii, monophilatic samuuhaalaku matrame paeru pettaalane bhaavanatho ekibhavinchanappatiki, anubhavagnulaina vyavasthaavaadulu eee puurveekula aavasyakatanu vyatiraekistuu, plycosourlu sinapomarphylu mariyu symplesiomarphyla kalayikanu pradarsistaayi kabatti avi itara plycosourla kante ksheeradaalato marinta daggari sambandham kaligi unnayani suuchistaayi. silaajaala kuurpu yokka bhouthika uniki mariyu oka cledga daani hodha oke samasya kaadu. monophilatic samuuhaalu shraddha mariyu naamakaranaaniki arhamainavi endukante avi aasaktigala lakshanaalanu panchukuntaayi-sinapomarphylu-ivi saadhaarana puurveekula anumatini anumatinche aadharalu.
charitra.
jatijanya naamakaranam anedi parinaama samayamlo saakhala yokka saadhaarana angeekaaram yokka ardha vistarana, idhi zeane-baptist lamarc mariyu charless darwin mariyu ernst hakel vanti taruvaati rachayitala rekhaachitraalalo soochinchabadindi. 1866loe, aaa samayamlo aamodinchabadina jeevana vargeekarana aadhaaramgaa mottamodatisaarigaa hakel anni jeevula oke chettunu nirminchindi. eee vargeekarana rank aadhaaritamainadi, conny heckel polyphylleticga pariganinchabade taxanu kaligi ledhu. indulo, hakel filum yokka ranknu pravesapettindi, idhi daani paeruloe monophili yokka ardhaanni kaligi undhi (aksharala "kaandam" anie ardham).
appati nundi, "sankhya vargeekarana" (phenetics) nundi "parinaamaatmaka vargeekarana" (gradistics) nundi "phylogenetic systematics" varaku abhipraayaalatho, jeevitam yokka phylogeny yokka avagahananu daani vargeekaranaku aadhaaramgaa yea vidhaluga mariyu enthavaraku upayoginchaalo charchinchabadindi. 1960la nundi, rank laeni vargeekaranalu appudappudu pratipaadinchabaddaayi, conny saadhaaranamgaa saampradaaya naamakarana suutraalu mariyu saadhaarana bhashanu moodu aalochanaa vidhanalu upayoginchaayi.
ayithe, jatijanya naamakaranaaniki sambandhinchina chaalaa praathamika siddhaantaalanu (tappanisari shrenulu lekapovadam, mariyu jatijanya nirvachanaalaku daggaragaa unnavi) 1916loe edwin goodrich 40 samvatsaraala kritam tii dwara nirminchina saropsida paerunu ardham chesukunnappudu gurtinchavacchu. hetch. pakshulu (pakshulu) alaage sareesrupaalalo bhaganni chaerchadaaniki huxley, ksheeradaalato paatu sareesrupaalalo maroka bhaganni chaerchadaaniki theropsida anae kotta paerunu roopondinchaaru. eee vargeekaranalu saampradayakamgaa jantusastra naamakaranam niyamaalachae palinchabade sthaayila kante ekkuvagaa unnanduna, manchi dhanavanthudu ryaankulanu nokki cheppaledu, conny vividha samuuhaalaku chendina silaajaalanu gurtinchadaaniki mariyu vargeekarinchadaaniki avasaramaina roganirdhaarana lakshanaalanu ayana spashtamgaa charchinchaaru. udaaharanaku, venuka kaalu yokka aidava metatorsal gurinchi ayana matladutu, "vaastavaalu mana abhipraayaaniki maddatu istayi, endukante eee prarambha sareesrupaalu vaati ubhayachara puurveekula maadirigaane saadhaarana metatorsals kaligi untaayi. appudu, icchina jaathi theropsidon ledhaa surropsidon parinaama rekhaku chendinada anie nirnayinchadamlo maaku sahaayapadataaniki ikkada viluvaina dhruvikarana paatra undani spashtamavutundi."goodrich thana kaagitaanni muginchaaduh" eee paatrala swaadheenam anni sajeeva sareesrupaalu surropsidon samuuhaaniki chendinavani choopistundi, ayithe paadam yokka nirmaanam asampuurnamgaa telisina aneka shilaja jaatula anubandhaanni nirnayinchadaaniki mariyu konni antarinchipoyina kramaalu matrame thropsidon saakhaku chendinavani nirdhaarinchadaaniki veelu kalpistundi."sareesrupaala jaativyavastha baga telisina tarvaata sareesrupaala paeru vadiliveyaalani goodrich abhiprayapaddaru.
clades matrame adhikarikamga paeru pettaalane suutram 20va sataabdam rendava bhaagamlo konni sarkillalo prachuryam pondindi. idhi clades (claudistics) nuu kanugone paddhathulatho kalisi vyaapinchindi mariyu phylogenetic systematicslo antarbhaagamgaa undhi (paina chudandi). adhe samayamlo, naamakarana saampradaaya vyavasthalalo bhaagamaina tappanisari ranklu samasyalanu srushtinchaayani spashtamaindi. kontamandi rachayitalu vaatini puurtigaa vidichipettaalani suuchimchaaru, villie hennig ryaankulanu bhougolika vayassu taragatulugaa nirvachinchaalane thana munupati pratipaadananu vidichipettadamtho praarambhinchaaru.
oka prachuranalo phylogenetic naamakaranaanni modati sariga 1986 naatidigaa cheppavacchu. phylogenetic naamakarana suutraalanu vivarinche saiddhaantika patraalu, alaage phylogenetic naamakarana (ekkuvagaa sakasherukaalaku) yokka anuvartanaalanu kaligi unna marinni prachuranalu, tvaralo anusarinchabaddaayi (saahitya vibhagam chudandi).
kramabaddhamaina samaajamlo vibhedaalanu nivaarinche prayatnamlo, "gouthier ii. sii. jedd. enn. looni iddaru sabhyulaku zoological code dwara palinchabade adhikaarika vargeekarana paerlanu cladelaku matrame vartimpajeyaalani (kaneesam suprospecific taxacu) mariyu linnion ryaankulanu vidichipettaalani suuchimchaaru, conny eee iddaru sabhyulu ventane eee aalochanalanu tiraskarinchaaru". saampradaaya naamakaranamlo paerla aavarana, chivariki, rakam namuunaalapai aadharapadi untundi, mariyu samuuhaala chuttukolata anedi nirdishta samuuhaalapai panichese vyavastheekrutulu chesina vargeekarana empikagaa pariganinchabadutundi, naamakaranampai sankethaalaloni praadhaanyata niyamaala aadhaaramgaa teesukunna naamakarana nirnayam kakunda. vargeekarana circomscriptionlanu naamakarana sahaja nirvachanaalalo vileenam cheyalane korika kevin dii quiroz mariyu vrukshashaastragnudu phillip cantino jatijanya naamakaranaanni niyantrinchadaaniki vaari swantha naamakarana code, "filacode" nuu roopondinchadam praarambhinchadaaniki daariteesindi.
vivaadam.
villie hennig maargadarsaka rachana jatijanya naamakaranaaniki viruddhamgaa linnion vargeekarana ledhaa parinaamaatmaka vargeekarana yokka sambandhita vidhanam yokka saapeksha yogyatala gurinchi utsaahabharitamaina charchanu rekettinchindi, idhi ippati varaku konasaagindi. 19va sataabdam nundi dustulu dharinchevaaru nimagnamaina konni charchalu jarugutunnaayi. vividha vargeekarana pathakaalu vividha prayojanaala kosam upayogapadatayani hennig nokkicheppinappatiki, thana vyavasthalooni vargaalaku padanirmaana shaastra-aadhaarita vargeekaranala "kaalaatiita saaraamsaalaku" viruddhamgaa "vyaktitvam mariyu vaastavikata" unnayani paerkontuu thana swantadaaniki praadhaanyata icchaadu.
claudistic reasoning aadhaaramgaa adhikaarika vargeekaranalu vivaranaatmaka lakshanaala vyayamtho puurveekulanu nokki chebutayani chebutaaru. edemaina, eee roeju chaalaa mandhi vargeekarana saastravettalu linnion vargeekaranalo idhi saadhyamani bhavinchinappudalla paraphylletic samuuhaalanu nivaaristaaru; polyphylletic vargeekarana chaalaa kaalamgaa fyaashan nundi bayataku vachindi. chaalaa mandhi vastradhaarana nipunulu jantusastra mariyu vrukshashaastra naamakarana saampradaaya sankethaalu vastradhaarana vidhaanaalaku puurtigaa anukuulamgaa unnayani, 250 samvatsaraalugaa baga panichesina paerla vyavasthanu tirigi kanipettaalsina avasaram ledani abhiprayapaddaru. 
phylogenetic naamakarana antarjaateeya code".
icpn" ledhaa "phylocode" anedi phylogenetic naamakaranaaniki niyamaalu mariyu sifaarsula code.
phylocoid" nuu vistrutamgaa sweekarinchadaaniki maddatudaarula sankhya inca takkuvagaa undhi, mariyu adhi entha vistrutamgaa anusarinchabadutundo anischitamgaa undhi.
marinta chadavandi.
soochanalalo udaharinchani konni prachuranalu ikkada udaharinchabaddaayi. phylogenetic naamakaranaaniki sambandhinchina prachuranala samagra jaabitaanu international society pharr phylogenetic naamakarana websitelo chudavachu.