
hoog ess. gibson

hyoog simens gibson (aagashtu 16,1883-december 12,1954) oka american doutyavetta. 1925 nundi 1932 varaku niraayudheekarana charchalalo churukuga palgonnadu. thana kereer mottamlo, vyaktigata sampada ledhaa raajakeeya prabhavam kante yogyata aadhaaramgaa vruttiparamaina videshee sevanu sthaapinche udyamamlo pramukha pratipaadakudigaa konasagaru.
1919 nundi 1924 varaku astavyastamaina yuddhaanantara samvatsaraallo polandku modati american mantrigaa, athanu maranahomam mariyu polish yoodula durviniyoga nivedikalanu daryaaptu chestunnappudu punarutpatti rashtram yokka teevramaina samasyalaku pratispandinchadaaniki piluvabaddadu. eee atyanta sunnitamaina amsampai ayana nivedinchadam vivaadaalatoe chuttumuttabadindi, conny chivariki american yoodu samaajamlooni mukhyamaina vyaktula aamodaanni pondindi.
gibson modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo mariyu taruvaata airopalo karuvu sahaya panulalo churukuga unnadu mariyu rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo mariyu taruvaata eee prayatnaalanu konasaginchadu. herbert hoovartho athani sannihita sneham eee sandarbhamlo praarambhamaindi. 1938loe videshee seva nundi padavee viramana chesina ayana, yuddham modati rendu samvatsaraalalo belgium (crb) loe upasamanam kosam commission kosam londonlo panicheesaaru. aaa taruvaata athanu united statesku tirigi vacchi, rendoroju prachuranalo panicheesaadu, yuddham mugisina taruvaata, joseph gobels, galiazo siano mariyu ulrich vaan hassel yokka patrikalanu prachurinchaadu.
thana chivari samvatsaraallo ayana geneevaalo european valasa kosam antar prabhutva kamiteeni nirvahinchaaru.
jeevita charitra.
hyoog simens gibson aagashtu 16,1883naa californialoni laas angelslo frances (fraank) asbury gibson mariyu maerii kellog simens kumaruduga janminchaadu. athanu december 12,1954naa switzerlandloni genthode, geneevaalo maraninchaadu.
athanu 1907loe paarislooni pratishtaatmaka ekol librey dess sciences politics nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu mariyu thana iravaila chivaralo united states farrin sarveesloki pravesinchaadu. athanu juulai 1908loe hondurasloni tegusigalpalo legation kaaryadarsigaa niyaminchabaddaadu; 1909-1910 loe landanlooni american rayabara kaaryaalayaaniki rendava kaaryadarsigaa; 1910-1911 loe state huntington vilsonku private kaaryadarsigaa; 1911-1913 loe legation kaaryadarsigaa, hawanah, cuba; mariyu legation kaaryadarsigaa, brassels, belgium, 1914-1916, dheeni phalitamgaa german sainyam desampai daadi chesinappudu athanu hajarayyadu.
gibson 1916 mae 16naa landanlooni american rayabara kaaryaalayaaniki kaaryadarsigaa niyaminchabaddaadu. athanu united states kuu niyaminchabaddaadu.ess. fibravari 28,1917naa department off state; 1917 april nundi juun varaku united states paryatana samayamlo british videsanga vyavahaaraala karyadarshi thoo anubandham; 1917 juun nundi augustu varaku united states paryatana samayamlo belgian waar mission thoo anubandham; mariyu marchi 1918loe paarislooni american rayabara kaaryaalayaaniki modati kaaryadarsigaa niyaminchabaddaaru.
athanu 1918 november nundi 1919 april varaku upasamana director general herbert hoovartho kalisi panicheesaadu mariyu maajee austria-hangerian saamrajyam, december 1918-janavari 1919 deshaalaku paraspara anubandha missionloo sabhyudiga unnadu.
gibson yuu gaa thana niyaamakamtho unnata sthaayi dautya padavini pondaadu.ess. 1919 april 16naa polandku puurti adhikaram kaligina mantrigaa, 1924 mae varaku aaa padaviloe konasagaru, aaa samayamlo athanu switzerlandku mantrigaa niyaminchabaddaadu. gibson belgiumlo rayabariga mariyu 1927loe luxemberglo mantrigaa niyaminchabaddaadu, 1933 varaku mariyu mallee 1937-1938 loe padavulanu bharti chesaadu. madhya samvatsaraallo athanu U gaa panicheesaadu.ess. brazillo rayabari.
1920luu mariyu 1930laloe, thana rayabara mariyu mantri niyaamakaalato paatu, gibson 1925loe geneevaalo aayudhalalo antarjaateeya rakapokala paryaveekshanha kosam jarigina antarjaateeya samavesaniki american pratinidhi brundaaniki vais chairmanga panicheesaaru; yuu. ess. chairman.ess. saadhaarana niraayudheekarana samavesam kosam sannahaka commissionku pratinidhi brundam, 1926-1932; U yokka chair.ess. pratinidhi brundam mariyu 1927loe geniva navika samavesaniki adhyakshata vahinchina pratinidhi brundam; 1927loe aayudhaala private tayaareepai samavesaniki pratinidhi; 1927loe naukaadala aayudhaala parimiti kosam samavesaniki america pratinidhi brundam mariyu sadassu chairman; 1930loe london navika samavesaniki pratinidhi; mariyu taatkaalika chairman, yuu.ess. general niraayudheekarana samavesamlo pratinidhi brundam, geniva, 1932-1933.
franklin dii. 1933 nundi 1937 varaku brazillo gibson rayabariga roosvelt niyaminchabaddaadu, eee kaalamlo gibson yuu. ess. gaa kooda panicheesaaru.ess. 1935loe buenous airslo samavesamaina chaako yuddhanni muginchadaaniki madhyavartitva samuuhamloo pratinidhi, alaage aaa samvatsaram chivarlo jarigina chaako shanti samavesaniki pratinidhi.
1938loe roosvelt berlinku gibson raayabaarini niyaminchaalani anukunnadu. germanylo paristhiti dautya saamardhyaaniki minchinadani bhaavinchina gibson thana raajeenaamaanu samarpinchaaru. 1940loe athanu airopa commission pharr polish releaf mariyu belgiumlo commission pharr releaf director general ayyadu, belgiumlo commission pharr releaf mariyu belgian american educational foundation director; mariyu chinna prajaasvaamyaalaku aahaarampai jaateeya kamitee chhairman ayyadu. ayana rashtrapati atyavasara karuvu kamitee gourava chairmanku sahayakudiga kooda panicheesaaru.
gibson maajee adhyakshudu herbert hoover thoo kalisi marchi nundi juun 1946 varaku eurup, asea mariyu dakshina americalo aahara paristhitini anchanaa vaeyadaaniki prapanchavyaapta prayaanaalalo palgonnadu mariyu fibravari 1947loe germany mariyu austriaku adhyakshudi aardhika missionloo bhaagamgaa panicheesaadu.
chivaraku 1951 nundi 1952 varaku airopa nundi valasadaarula kadalika kosam taatkaalika antar prabhutva kamiteeki directorga panicheesaaru; adhyakshudu dwite dii. niyaminchina hoover commissionlo sabhyudiga panicheesaaru. 1953loe karyanirvahaka vibhaagaalanu punarvyavastheekarinchadaani isenhover; mariyu european valasa kosam antar prabhutva kamitee director, 1952-1954.
kutumba nepathyam mariyu vidya.
hoog ess. scottish santatiki chendina methodist mantri ayina gibson taata (hyuu gibson kooda) nuu bharatiya agentga californiaku pampaaru. yuki bharatiya bhoobhaagamlo round valley reservationku ketaayinchina athanu, athani bhaarya, vaaru janabhanu kanugonna paristhitiki bhayapaddaru, mariyu kutumba sampradaayam prakaram, vaari paripalana vidhulaku minchi, vaari pillalaku chadavadam, vrayadam neerpadaaniki mariyu vaariki bayati prapancham gurinchi kontha avagahana ivvadaaniki oka paatasaalanu erpaatu chesaaru.
hoog ess. gibson tandri frances ashbury (fraank) gibson oka vyaapaaravaetta mariyu banker. paatasaala upadhyayuraliga sikshana pondina athani bhaarya maerii simens kooda "thana kaalaaniki mundu unna mahila" anie diane sii chepparu. kalapa (p. 36-37), oka raajakeeya mariyu vidya kaaryakarta, "janana niyantrana, laingika samaanatvam, bhaarata vidhana samskarana mariyu prapancha shanti yokka kolatanu vishwasinchaaru."aame mahilalaku ootu hakkulaku anukuulamgaa sainika charyalanu chesindi (aame kumarudilage); theodor roosvelt kosam pracharam chesindi; mariyu, california commission off immigration und housing sabhyudiga, aame mahilala brundaaniki nayakuralu, 1915 california home teacher act dwara erpaatu cheyabadina kotta karyakramanni praarambhinchindi, lobbying chesindi mariyu nirvahinchindi, californialo valasa vacchina mahilalaku aanglam mariyu american jeevana vidhananni neerpadaaniki paatasaala vidyanu andinchadaaniki."
gibson pillalalo mugguru baalyamlone maraninchaaru. hugg kooda sunnitamaina pillavadu. naalugu samvatsaraala vayassulo aayanaku poliyo vachindi, conny etuvanti shaashwata parinaamaalu edurkoledu. ayithe, thana chinnanati aarogya samasyala phalitamgaa, 1900loe rendu samvatsaraalu pomona kalaasaalaku velle varaku ayana thana adbhutamaina talli mariyu private tuterla dwara ekkuvagaa vidyanu abhyasinchaaru.
gibson kutumbam dhanikulu kaaru. ayinappatikee maerii thana kodukuku saadhyamainanta uttamamaina vidyanu andinchaalani nischayinchukundi. aame kutumba intini ammivesi, aaa aadaayamtho 18 yella baaludini eurup paryatanaku teesukellindi, aaa samayamlo vaaru baggiiloo italeeni sandarsinchi berlin mariyu paarislo ekkuva kaalam basa chesaaru. aaa vidhamgaa, hugg german mariyu french rendintinee neerchukunnaadu mariyu chivaraku pratishtaatmaka ekol librey dess sciences politics loe cheraadu, akkada athanu 1907loe unnata gowravaalatho pattabhadrudayyaadu. athanu mariyu athani talli united statesku tirigi vacchaaru, mariyu hugg videshee sevalo pravesam kosam prayatninchaaru. videshee seva pareekshalo ippativaraku yea darakhaastudaaru ayina pondina atyadhika gradelatho athanu pravesam pondaadu mariyu 1908loe hondurasloni tegusigalpalo american legation kaaryadarsigaa niyaminchabaddaadu.
prarambha vrutti.
gibson aaa taruvaata londonlo, washington dii. sii. loe, cubalo varusaga niyaminchabaddaadu. aaa taruvaata athanu belgiumlo american legationku kaaryadarsigaa niyaminchabaddaadu, idhi oka "nissabda padavi", athanu haamii ivvabaddaadu, athanu 1914 eprillo cherukunnadu. naalugu nelala taruvaata modati prapancha yuddham praarambhamaindi mariyu rendu millionla mandhi german sainikulu desamloki kavaatu chesaaru. tatastha shakti pratinidhulugaa, american legation sibbandi itara deshaala nundi paryatakulu mariyu prayaanikulatoe paatu german jaateeyulanu taralinche paniloo nimagnamai unnaaru.
gibson, tatastha pariseelakudigaa, belgium chuttoo prayaaninchaadu (athanu louvain sanchiki sakshyam icchi, chitraalu teesaadu), yuddha rekhala gundaa vellaadu mariyu grate britanku upasamana sambandhita missionlaku pampabaddaadu. aaa vidhamgaa athanu american ambasider walter heins paejee yokka london karyalayamlo unnadu, appudu paejee mariyu belgium yokka iddaru pratinidhulu aakramita belgium kosam aahara upasamanaanni nirvahinchadaaniki thana laabhadaayakamaina injaneering karyakalapalanu pakkana pettamani herbert hoovarnu oppinchaaru. idhi belgium (crb) loe upasamanam kosam commission erpaatuku daariteesindi, idhi tvaralo belgianiki matrame kakunda uttara fraanslooni aakramita praantaalaku kooda aaharaanni ravana cheyadam praarambhistundi. crb chivariki 9.5 laksala mandiki aaharam andinchindi.
gibson hoover mariyu crb thoo kalisi panicheesaaru mariyu nirvahakudiga hoover pratibhanu goppaga mecchukunnaru. juun 20,1915naa, gibson mariyu crb staffer (taruvaata rayabari) gilchrist bii. gibson house buklo stackton eee krindi vidhamgaa namodu chesaru "gilchrist bii. stackton mariyu hugg gibson garishtamgaa padihenu samvatsaraalalopu herbert hoovarnu white houseku pampe uddesyamto 'hoover pharr president club' nuu kanugonnaru. eee disagaa avasaramaite republican kuu ootu vaeyadaaniki gilchrist stackton kattubadi untaadu. club iddariki parimitam cheyabadindi-vaarini lekkinchandi, tii-doubleu-oo-sabhyulu, asalu hoover purushulu anie cheppukune itarulu mosagallu mariyu bahusha pramaadakaramainavaaru."
gibson 1915 augustulo british narsu edith kaavelnu rakshinchadaaniki chesina prayatnaala phalitamgaa gananeeyamaina apakeertini pondaadu, aame swayamgaa angeekarinchinatlugaa, belgium nundi tappinchukovadaaniki mariyu inglaandlooni vaari regimentlaku tirigi raavadaaniki 200 mandhi british sainikulaku sahayam chesinanduku maranasiksha vidhinchabadindi. gibson mariyu spanish mantri, 2 va maark dii villalobar, german adhishtananni oppinchadaaniki viphala prayatnam chesaaru, "eee hatya anni nagarika deshaalanu bhayanakamga mariyu asahyamgaa kadilistundi."
gibson 1916 maeloe landanlooni american rayabara kaaryaalayaaniki niyaminchabaddaadu. decemberulo, athanu british pradhana mantri 19 yella kumarte elizabeth askvitnu vivaham chesukovadaniki nischitaartham chesukunnadu. ayithe, gibson thana talliki raasina lekhallo alanti nischitaarthaanni khandinchaadu. gibson appudu washingtonloni state departmentku niyaminchabaddaadu. aaa taruvaata athanu washington mariyu paarislo vividha padavulalo panicheesaadu, mukhyamgaa 1918loe american releaf administration, warmistise taruvaata airopa upasamanam mariyu punarnirmaanam kosam hoovers organization thoo panicheesaadu. athanu austrian yuddha viramana santakam chesina taruvaata paatha austro-hangerian saamrajyam deshaalanu sandarsinchina modati paraspara-mitraraajyaala missionloo american sabhyudu. 1919loe, vudro willson aayananu kottagaa punaruddharinchabadina polandlo mantrigaa niyaminchaaru. athanu polish swaatantryam vacchina modati aidu samvatsaraalalo rendava polish republicklo panicheesaadu.
"oka bleath aatma".
gibson yokka atyanta vilakshanhamaina paatra lakshanaalalo okati khachitamgaa ikkada namodu cheyali, endukante idhi ellappuduu athanitho kalisi panichesina vaarini aakattukundi mariyu santrupti parachindi mariyu tarachugaa athani correspondencelo mariyu athani adhikaarika nivedikalalo kooda kanipinchindi. gibson 1911loe panichesina sahaya karyadarshi huntington willson maatallo cheppalante, gibson "oka blith spirit (evaru) oka vichitramaina hasyanni prasarimpajaesaaru, idhi department daani vyapara anuvartanamlo chaalaa avasaram."aaa haasyam athani vruttiparamaina ledhaa athani prabhavanni eppuduu raajeepadinatlu anipinchaledu, conny udrikta paristhitulalo vishayalanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki upayogapadindi.
udaaharanaku, idhi 1927 juun 28naa naukaadala niraayudheekarana samavesam yokka udrikta samayamlo kanipinchindi. british demandlaku japan pratinidhi brundam pratispandana gurinchi kontha aandolana undhi, marinta udriktatanu nivaarinchadaaniki samavesanni vichchinnam cheyadam gibson korinadigaa bhaavinchaaru.
kathalo unna hugg willson nivedinchinatlugaa, gibson thana pratinidhi brundam sabhyulatho kalisi gambheeramaina mukhaalato gadiloki pravesinchi, "eee roeju neenu meetho chaalaa teevramaina sambhaashana cheyavalasi undhi" (paatrikeyulandaruu gamanikalu teesukovadam praarambhistaaru) anie "kontavaraku eee krindi vidhamgaa" vilekarulato prasanginchaaru. america pratinidhi brundam clishta paristhitiloo undhi mariyu vaaru intaku mundu manaku chaalaa samruddhiga choopinchina adhe maddatu mariyu saanubhooti kosam neenu america vilekharulaku vignapti cheyalanukuntunnanu. ikkada unna itara deshaala pratinidhula nyaayamaina aata mariyu nyayam yokka bhavanni neenu vignapti cheyalanukuntunnanu. (meeru pinn drop vinee untaaru.) japan pratinidhi brundam nundi naaku ippude oka pratipaadana vachindi. idhi vivarinchadaaniki kontha kashtamgaa undavacchu kabatti neenu anusarinchadaaniki uttama maargam mimmalni atyanta spashtatato vyavaharinchadam mariyu meeku pratipaadananu chadavadam anie neenu bhaavistunnaanu.
gibson thana jebulo nundi eee krindi vidhamgaa raasina oka lekhanu teesadu
"saareeraka niraayudheekaranaku mundu undaalsina naitika samarasyam yokka prayojanaanni drushtilo unchukuni mariyu mana rendu deshaala madhya merugaina avagahananu prothsahinchadaaniki, geneevaalooni japanese press mariyu pratinidhi brundam oka baseball jattunu nirvahinchi, eee jattuku mariyu mea gowravaneeyulu haajaraina americanla madhya nirvahinchagala yea jattuku madhya aadavalasina aata kosam mea gowravaneeyulaku oka savaalunu samarpinchaayi. banthi parimaanam, byaat podavu, aata samayam mariyu pradaesam saanketika charchalaku lobadi untaayi. gouravamgaa, hannishida ito."
"aascharyamtho oopiri peelchukundi", anie hugg willson gurthuchesukunnaru, "aaa tarvaata oka garjana bhavanamnu kadilinchindi. eee samavesam prahasanamgaa maarindi."oka british pratinidhi taruvaata ilaa prakatinchaadu," yea samavesamlo kooda, vilekharulu intha sarigga undatam ayana chudaledu."juulai 27naa jarigina eee aatalo japan 28-8thoo vijayam saadhinchindi.
joseph sii. 1911loe state departmentlo 28 yella gibsonnu "crackerjack" mariyu "wild indian" gaa gurthuchesukunnaru, mariyu willson vellipoyina taruvaata sanivaaram madhyahnam, (gibson chusinappudu) anni bell batanlapai sabdaalu vaayinchadam gurinchi thana ghnaapakaalalo gurthu chesukunnaru, idhi beuros adhipatulandarinii secretory off state gadiki pilichindi, aapai yuddha maargamlo apachi laaga aaa sedate paatha vibhagam yokka carridar nundi paaripoyindi."
aaa khyaatini dhruveekaristuu, belgiumloni commission pharr releaf vadda gibson sahacharulu ayana maraninchina koddikaalaanike 163 paejeela vaalyuumnu prachurinchaaru, idhi kluptamgaa ayana jeevita panini sangrahinchindi mariyu athani vyaktitvamloni aaa amsaanni vivaristuu snehitulu mariyu sahacharulu pampina athani correspondence mariyu ghnaapakaalu nundi sekarinchina ullekhanaalanu sekarinchindi (note 8 chudandi).
polland.
1919 vasantakaalamlo gibson warsa cherukunnappudu, desham thana bhuubhaagampai puurti niyantranalo undataaniki chaalaa dhooramlo undedi. konni nelala kritame moodu vibhajana saktula aadhipatyam nundi vimukti pondina polandku ippatikee khachitamaina sarihaddulu laevu, 1923 varaku nirvachinchabadaledu. daani aardhika vyavastha astavyastamgaa undhi, mariyu gatha 123 samvatsaraalugaa eee maajee saktulu (russia, russia mariyu austria) tarachugaa anachivethatho naduputunna daani paripalana koolipoyindi. vairudhya raajakeeya paarteela madhya cheelipoyina jaateeya vidhanam asthiramgaa undipoyindi. 1919 fibravarilo polish-soviet yuddham prarambhamainappudu kotta mariyu ippatikee pelusugaa unna prabhutvam daani bearinglanu kanugonalekapoyindi.
anni vaikalyalu unnappatikee, paris shanti samavesamlo polandku praatinidhyam vahinchina pradhana mantri ignacy zaan paderevsky, rashtra adhipati joseph pilsudsky maargadarsakatvamlo, dhruvalu twaragaa bolshiviklanu oodinchi, jaateeya aikyata prabhutvaanni sthaapinchi, anni desheeya kalahalu unnappatikee hangareeki viruddhamaina viplavaniki balaipoledu.
madhya airopalo paristhiti chaalaa asthiramgaa undindi. iteevali otami unnappatikee, polandku paschimaana unna germany khaliga undipoyindi, ippatikee thana sonta intiki yajamaniga undhi mariyu saanketikamgaa polandto yuddhamlo undhi. intalo, thoorpuna unna bolshevik russia, polandlo bhaagamgaa unna ukrain mariyu lithuveniyaaloni stambhaalato kuudina kanikaramleni antaryuddhamlo undhi.
eee asaantini drushtilo unchukuni, america prabhutvam yokka pradhana praadhaanyata yuddham mariyu poura asaantini niyantrinchadam, mariyu gibson, daanini drushtilo unchukuni, airopa yokka sthirathvaanni nirdhaarinchagala balamaina polland sthaapanaku anukuulamgaa undatam jaateeya prayojanamlo undani state departmentloni thana unnathaadhikaarulanu koraru, mukhyamgaa, russia yokka prastuta asthiratanu drushtilo unchukuni, "bolshivijaaniki vyatiraekamgaa oka rakshanagaa panicheyadam"."
ayithe, aaa atyavasara paristhitula madhya, sainyam sibbandi chaalaa takkuvagaa undevaaru. karuvu nivaarinchadaaniki, daani parisramanu punaruddharinchadaaniki, nirudyogaanni tagginchadaaniki, jaathi udriktatalanu saantaparachadaaniki, daani sarihaddulanu nirvachinchadaaniki, daani padubadina intini kramamlo unchadaaniki gibson mariyu athani mugguru sahacharulu kotta polish prabhutvaaniki puurti sahayam cheyalsi undhi. intalo, united statesku valasa velladaaniki veesa kosam darakhaastu chestunna vaelaadi polish yoodulanu chusukovadaniki legation avasaram. eee legation, veetannintinee edurkovadaniki prayatninchinappudu, mugguru clerklu matrame unnaaru, vaarilo okaru, gibson raasaaru, "russialo pondina aangla bhasha gurinchi chaalaa takkuva aalochana unna oka yuvata."gandaragolam madhyalo, gibson polland mariyu poruguna unna rashyaalooni paristhitulapai kramam tappakunda, grahanaseela nivedikalanu pamputaarani bhaavistunnaaru. legation teevramgaa podiginchabadindi, mariyu daadaapu rendu nelala taruvaata, gibson "manamandaram vichchinnam kabotunnamu" anie firyadu chesi, marinta clerical sibbandiki ketaayimpulu twaragaa cheyakapothe, athanu chhaansareeni moosiveyavalasi untundani ledhaa atitakkuva pani nundi kolukovadaniki thana sibbandini aasupatriki pampaalani prakatinchaadu.
polish yoodulapai mitimeerina charyalapai gibson chesina parisoedhanalanu kluptamgaa matrame enduku parishkarinchavachho mariyu vaatini marinta puurtigaa daryaaptu cheyadaaniki oka kamishannu pampadaaniki gibson enduku aasaktigaa unnado vivarinchadaaniki idhi chaalaa dhooram velutundi.
yoodula prasna.
polandlo 14 saatam yoodulatho sahaa aaru ververu minoritylu nivasinchaaru, mariyu puurvapu saamraajya russia bhoobhaagamlo jarigina maranahomam yokka nivedikalu american patrikala modati paejeelanu taakadam praarambhinchaayi. athanu vacchina ventane, gibson daryaaptu cheyamani aadesinchaaru. 1919 juun loe, ayana mariyu daa. boris dii. american yoodu ummadi pampinhee kamitee (jdc) yokka european releaf operations general director ayina bogen mariyu/ledhaa legation sibbandi sabhyulu, aneka polish nagaralaku (vilno, lvo, sestochova, craco mariyu pinsktho sahaa) vellaaru, akkada ituvanti sanghatanalu jariginatlu nivedinchabadindi.
vilno (ippudu vilnius, lithuvania) loe vaari daryaaptu samayamlo gibson mariyu bogen chesina oka pariseelana 1919 mae 27 naati "newyork times" vruttaamtampai sahetukamaina sandehaanni rekettinchindi. yoodu samaajamlooni mugguru sabhyulu rubenstein, shahbe mariyu joff, chivari vaaru pramukha rachayita, vaarini apaharinchi, kottaru mariyu himsimchaaru. ayithe, sandarsakulu yoodu samaja pratinidhulanu vaari paristhiti gurinchi adiginappudu, vaarini ventane pilipinchi, vaaru kottarani ledhaa himsimchaarani khandinchaaru.
gibson yokka correspondence mariyu athani nivedikalu velladinchinatlugaa, athani vichaarana samayamlo athani modati aandolanalu vaastavaanni pukaarla nundi mariyu russian ledhaa german muulaala nundi veluvade uddesapurvaka tappudu samacharam nundi vaeru cheyadam; america prabhutvam dautya charyalaku pilupunicche edainaa charyalaku polish prabhutvaanni yea vidhamgaanainaa baadhyata vahinchavachaa anie nirnayinchadam; mariyu vaati punaraavruta pramaadaalanu anchanaa veyadam.
kalakramena, gibson mariyu athani brundam aneka vaartaapatrika khaataalu penchabaddaayi ledhaa vinootna kathanaalu mariyu/ledhaa gandaragolampai aadharapadi unnayani nirdhaarinchaaru. idhi mugisinappudu, american presslo nivedinchabadina konni kathanaalu praarambhamlo sweeden nundi panichestunna soviet agency ledhaa lithuveniyaaloni kovno kendramgaa unna daani german counter dwara naatabadinatlu kanipinchaayi, idhi ippatikee german aakramanalo undhi. rendu deshaalu tama sarihaddulalo kotta mariyu saktivantamaina rajyam perugutundani bhayapadi, paris shanti sadassulo palgonevari drushtilo daanini apakeerti cheyadaaniki aasaktigaa unnanduna idhi puurtigaa aamodayogyamainadi.
ayinappatikee, henry morgenthou sr prakaram, yoodulapai aneka himsaatmaka charyalu 200 nundi 300 sandarbhaalalo jarigaayi.'nivedika.
ayithe, gibson drushtilo, soviet-polish yuddhamlo konni asthiramaina frontlinelo sambhavinchinanduna, mariyu aneka mandhi yoodulu sarigga ledhaa tappugaa bolshevikla sniparlu ledhaa saanubhuutiparulugaa bhaavinchabaddaaru kabatti eee charyalannintini uddeshapoorvakamgaa yoodu vyatiraeka charyalugaa bhavinchalemu. aahara allarla samayamlo itara sanghatanalu jarigaayi (sestochovalo vale), inca pedda sankhyalo kraistava dukaanaalu kooda dochukunnatlu telustondi. chivaraku, haller aarmeeki chendina yuva (pradhanamgaa american) sainikulaku yoodulapai aneka himsaatmaka kesulu vivaadaaspadamayyaayi, veetipai polish prabhutvaaniki pratyaksha niyantrana ledhu, conny sainika adhikarulu kalakramena sambandhita sainikulaku siksha vidhinchaaru.
polish yoodula vyatiraekata ekkuvagaa saamraajya palanala phalitamani gibson nammadu, idhi "antargata vibhedaala dwara aadhipatyam chelaayinche vyavasthalo bhaagamgaa yoodulapai prajala bhavanni rekettinchi, konasaaginchindi."khachitamgaa cheppalante, paalanalu padagottabaddayi, conny paraspara agraham mariyu dvesham yokka vishapuurita vaarasatvaanni vadili vellaayi.
edhi emainappatiki, pramukha american geonistlu gamaninchaaru mariyu charya teesukunnaru. appudu geonistlu american yoodulalo koddi saatam matrame praatinidhyam vahinchaaru, conny madhya airopa nundi udbhavinchina anni yoodula maadirigaane, russia niyantranalo unna praantaalalo 19va sataabdapu maranahomam charitranu gurthunchukondi mariyu iteevali sanghatanalu oochakotha dwara polland yokka yoodula janabhanu tagginchadaaniki uddesapurvaka prayatnaanni suuchistaayani bhaavinchi, vaaru kotta (kevalam rendu nelala) polish rashtraanni baadhyata vahinchaalani nischayinchukunnaaru. shanti sadassu samayamlo paarislo vaari unikini mariyu felix frankfurter (taruvaata yuu. ess. supreme court yokka associate justice) vudro vilsonku (mae 22,1919) "polish prabhutvaanni bedirinchi, daani nirmuulana mariyu himsa vidhananni vidichipettela bedirinchaali" anie vraasina vaastavaanni idhi vivarinchindi."
polish prabhutva naayakulatoe appatike baga telisina gibson, atuvanti dushta vidhanam undani nammaledu mariyu thana nivedikalalo eee abhiprayanni teesukunnadu. rashtra saakhaku ayana "samsayaaspadamaina nivedikalu"... [supreenkortu nyaayamuurti] luis brandies drushtiki vachindi. 1919 juun 14naa, gibsonnu kalnal edward house nyaayamuurti mariyu athani anucarudu felix frankfurtertho samavesaniki pilicharu. gibson brandies hodha kaaranamgaa pratikuula paristhitiloo unnadu, conny polandlo rayabariga athani niyamakanni us senate inca dhruvikarinchaledu. gibson maatallo cheppalante, iddaru geonistlu "gatha sataabdamloo nivasinchina vaarevarikante neenu yoodula jaatiki ekkuva allarlu chesaanu" anie cheppi yuva doutyavetta taruvaata "prosecution" anie piliche daanini praarambhinchaaru. anie vaaru chepparu... yoodula prasnapai naa nivedikalu prapanchavyaaptamgaa vyaapinchi, vaari panini raddu chesayani... yoodulapai mitimeerina charyala kathalu atisayokti anie neenu cheppanani vaaru chivaraku chepparu, daaniki neenu khachitamgaa anie, yea yoodudainaa daanini telusukunte santoshistaarani neenu anukuntanu anie samadhanam icchaanu."
yoodula vishayaalaku sambandhinchi vibhaagaaniki nivedinche hakku gibsonku ledani, vaati gurinchi saadhaarana pariseelanalu kooda cheyagaligentagaa neenu telusukolekapoyanani, anduku niraakarinchavalasi undani "frankfurter" paerkonnaadani nef jatachestaadu."gibson thana nivedikalanu konasagiste, senate dwara polandku rayabariga athani dhruvikarananu geonistlu addukuntaarani frankfurter appudu suuchimchaadu."
brandis mariyu frankfurterlanu kalisina moodu rojula tarvaata 1919 juun 27naa gibson thana talliki raasina oka lekha, aaa samayamlo thana manasika sthithipai oka aasaktikaramaina velugunistundihi "neenu yoodula prasnapai levis strass [herbert hoover yokka private secretory] thoo rendu ghana gantalu gadipina sahayaka paripalanaku vellaanu. chaalaa mandhi prajalu atigaa pani chestunnarani, yoodulapai mitimeerina charyala gurinchi atisayoktigaa cheppe prati noolunu vaaru teliyakundaane nammalanukune dasaku cherukunnarani neenu kanugonnanu. meeru edainaa kathanu prashninchinatlayithe, adhi ekkadi nundi vachindo ledho vaariki teliyakapoyina, adhi stambhaalapai kesu petti, yoodulu baadhapadutunnaarani choopinchinanta varaku vaaru daanini pakshapaatamgaa teesukuntaaru. vaaru chedu paristhitiloo unnaaru, conny rogiki athanu badhapadani oka vyaadhiki chikitsa cheyadam dwara meeru ataniki sahayam cheyaleru. rendu gantala chivarilo neenu yoodula vaetagaadu kaadani, polish prabhutvaanni nallaga kapadadamlo pradhanamgaa unna athani saralamaina paddhatiloo kakapoyina neenu nijamgaa sahayam cheyalanukuntunnani, daani muulam, punaadi ledhaa prerana emainappatiki, edainaa nivedikalo kanugonabadutundani neenu anukuntunnanu. polish prabhutvampai oke paeludu dwara tama prajala anni rugmatalanu nayam cheyalane aalochananu vadulukovadaaniki siddhamgaa undataaniki mundu american yoodula madhya maatlaadataaniki vipareetamaina roogi untaarani neenu chudagalanu. vaaru prabhutvaaniki vyatiraekamgaa kakunda, prabhutvamtho avisraantamgaa panicheyaalani nirnayinchukovaali, mariyu vaaru alaa chesthe vaaru goppa panulanu saadhinchagalarani naaku nammakam undhi."
gibson nivedika "nelala tarabadi tama panini raddu chesindi" anae kontha aascharyakaramaina aaropanaku sambandhinchi, polandpai minorityla oppandaanni vidhinchadaaniki nijamgaa kashtapadi panichestunna geonistulaku, yoodulapai duraagataala gurinchi vaari kaaranaanni marinta penchadaaniki kanugonagaliginanni kathanaalu avasaramani idhi spashtamgaa suuchimchimdi. gharshana jarigina konni rojula tarvaata minorityla oppandam santakam cheyabadinappatiki, gibson nivedika vaari prayojanaalaku viruddhamgaa undhi.
american yoodu kamitee adhyakshudu luis marshal kooda paarislo unnaaru, polish prabhutvamtho kathinamgaa vyavaharinchadaaniki kooda anukuulamgaa unnaaru, mariyu polandnu rakshinchadaaniki gibson mottam vishayanni uddeshapoorvakamgaa taggistunnadani vaikharini teesukunnaru. 1919 juun 14naa american presslo polandloni american raayabaariki vyatiraekamgaa ayana praarambhinchina daahaka pracharam desavyaaptamgaa aneka patrikala dwara prasaram cheyabadindi mariyu american prajaabhipraayampai saktivantamaina mariyu deerghakaalika mudra vesindi.
paina perkonnavi suuchimchinatlugaa, pourulandarikee chatta paalana mariyu samaanatvaanni sthaapinchadaaniki saanukuula vidhanam mariyu balamaina prothsaaham polandku mariyu thoorpu airopa sthirathvaaniki frankfurter mariyu americaloni itara geonist nayakulu sifaarsu chesina "bedirimpu mariyu broubeating" kante marinta sahaayapadutundani gibson viswasinchaadu.
nijaaniki, geonist vidhanam modatlo atanni gandaragolaniki gurichesindi, vaaru vembadistunna lakshyalapai athanu gandaragolaanni vyaktam chesaadu. polish yoodula takshana bhadratanu nirdhaarinchadame vaari pradhana aasakti anie ayana bhaavinchaaru. konnisaarlu, american patrikalalo jarugutunna polish vyatiraeka pracharam vaastavaaniki polish yoodulanu pramaadamloo padestundani ataniki nammakam unnanduna geonistlu atanni koopaginchaaru, pradhanamgaa polish mariyu yoodu patrikalalo shatru vaadanalannii ventane nivedinchabaddaayi, akkada vaaru ippatike asthiramaina paristhitini matrame rekettinchi, marinta himsa mariyu kramaraahityaanni pempondinchagalaru.
morgenthou mission.
geonistlu tama agendaanu kaligi unnaaru mariyu gibson yokka teermaanaalanu savaalu cheyadam konasaaginchaaru, conny aneka mandhi samanamga pramukha american yoodulu vaaritho ekibhavinchaledu mariyu rayabari abram I nii chaerchaaru. elcus, daa. boris dii. gibsontho ippatike eee vishayanni parisoedhimchina bogen, mariyu henry morgenthou, sr., oka maajee yuu.ess. tarkeeki rayabari (mariyu paris shanti samavesamlo geonist vyatiraeka kamitee sabhyudu), taruvaata adhyakshudu vudro willson polandku velli, juulai 13 nundi september 13,1919 varaku akkade undi, aaropanalanu daryaaptu cheyadaaniki vichaarana commissionku naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki niyaminchabaddaaru, gibson swantadaaniki bhinnamgaa adhikaarika polish suuchanalaku sambandhinchi teermaanaalu chesaaru.
morgenthou nivedikalo, polandlo yoodula vyatiraeka karyakalapalu paakshikamgaa desham yokka asthiramaina paristhiti phalitamgaa unnaayi. polland gundaa thana rendu nelala 2500 mailla prayaanamloo, morgenthou marinta mukhyamaina mitimeerina charyalu jarigina enimidi nagaralanu sandarsinchaaruh keyles, nove. 11, 1918; lemberg (lwow/lviv); november. 21-23,1918, pinsk, april 5,1919; lida, april 17,1919; vilno (vilnius), april 19-21,1919, kolbusova; mae 7,1919; sijestochova, mae 27,1919; mariyu minsk, augustu 8,1919. gibson mariyu athani sibbandi vaari sankshipta sandarsanala samayamlo saadhyamainanta ekkuva samacharanni sekarinchaaru, conny athani teermaanaalu geonist vibhaganni santrupti parachaledu, idhi nivedikanu polish prabhutvam yokka "white wash" gaa prakatinchindi, anduvalla charcha chelaregindi. eee vishayanni gibson elaa nirvahistunnaro professor andrage kapiszevsky samagramgaa pariseelinchaaru, polish yoodulu tamanu taamu samskarinchukovali, jattu aatagaallu kaavaali mariyu paschimaana kalisipoyina yoodula maadirigaane tama dhesha pourulatho kalisipovali anae gibson oohanu gamaninchaaru.
gibson "mottam janabha kosam, mukhyamgaa yoodula kosam kaadu, sahaya charyalalo ekkuvagaa paalgonnaadani kapiszevsky (1991) kooda paerkonnaadu. rendu vargaala madhya satrutvam vibhajana saktula rajakeeyaala vaarasatvam anie, mukhyamgaa russia, desham saadhaarana sthithini saadhinchinappudu taggutundani athanu viswasinchinanduna polish-yoodu sambandhaala bhavishyattu gurinchi kooda athanu bhayapadaledu."(puu. 50)
1954loe gibson thana kodukutho jarigina sambhaashanhalo polandpai vidhinchina adhe minority oppandaaniki germany sabhyatvam pondaalsina avasaram lekapovadam entha vicharakaram anie etthi chuupaaru, endukante adhi inca chaalaa mandhi praanaalanu kapadi undavacchu.
nirantara aaropanalu.
paarislo gibsontho sudeergha charchalu jaripina taruvaata geonist naayakatvam gibson arhatalapai thana vaikharini bahirangamgaa tippikottinappatiki, daani prarambha aaropanalanu kontamandi american vidyaavaettalu ippatikee samarthinchaaru, vaaru neel pease maadirigaane, gibson thana yoodula vyatiraekataku pratyekamainadani, ledhaa charitrakaarudu karol fink laaga, gibson yoodula "saamaajika, aardhika, saiddhaantika atikramanalaku" praadhaanyata icchaadani, maranahomam baadhitulanu "dopideedaarulu" gaa abhivarninchaarani prakatinchaaru."polandloni yoodulu tamanu taamu samskarinchukovalani" mariyu saadhaarana polish samaajamlo kalisipovalani gibson abhiprayanni vyaktam chesaarani kooda aame khandinchaaru.
itara rachayitalu vaerae abhiprayanni kaligi unnaaru. udaaharanaku, donald nef, eee vivaadam gurinchi thana vruttaamtamloo, gibson yoodulaku vyatiraekamgaa etuvanti satrutvam valla prerepinchabadaledani, airopalo shanti mariyu sthirathvaanni teesukuraavaalsina avasaram valla prerepinchabaddadani suuchimchaadu. brandis mariyu frankfurterlatho gharshana jarigina rojuna gibson thana sahacharulaku raasina lekhaloni oka bhaganni kooda ayana utamkimchaaru, idhi polandloni yoodula paristhitini chaalaa ghoramgaa maarchadaaniki "geonistlu spruhaleni mariyu krooramaina pranaalikanu" neraverchadaaniki prayatnistunnaaru anae anumananni vyaktam chestundi."ikkada sambandhita amsam geonistla antima uddeshaalanu taakina oohagaanaalu kaadu, conny polish yoodula sreyassu gurinchi gibson perkonna aandolana.
prachurinchabadina eee samasyapai samagra charchaku rachayita ayina andrage kapiszevsky eee aaropanala nundi spashtamgaa dhooramgaa unnaaru. paarislo brandies mariyu frankfurterlatho bhetee ayina koddikaalaanike, 1919 juulai 6naa gibson sahaya karyadarshi vilium phillips kuu pampina lekha yokka puurti paatham athani pustakamlo undhi. ayana yoodula paristhitini kontha vivaramgaa pariseelinchi, charitranu parigananaloki teesukovadamlo viphalamaithe prastuta paristhitini ardham chesukolemani nokki chepparu. gibson swayamgaa warsa loe adugu pettadaniki kevalam aaru nelala mundu kuppakuulina "saamraajya saktula vishapuurita vaarasatvam" nuu kooda athanu prerepinchaaduh
"neenu ikkadiki vachhe varaku [yoodula patla paatha russian vivaksha] entha dhooram vellindo naaku ardham kaaledu. idhi meeru oohinchagaliginanta challani raktamtho mariyu picchigaa undhi... [endukante] yoodulanu unnata vidya, vruttulu mariyu sainyam nundi nishedhinchadam dwara, mariyu vaarini 'pavitra russia' nundi dhooramgaa unchadam dwara [adhi] vaarini anni rakaala vankara panulaku mariyu jeevanopaadhi pondadaaniki avamaanakaramaina maargaalaku balavantam chesindi. ippudu jarugutunnadaanilo chaalaa varaku paatha russian prabhutvampai tappu sarigga unchaali, conny prajalu tatvavettalato roopondinchabadaledu, mariyu oka yoodu aahara oohagaanaalu chesevadu ledhaa akrama ravaanaadaarudu ledhaa dongilinchabadina vastuvulanu sweekarinchevaadugaa pattubadinapudu, romanoff kutumbam gurinchi alochinchakunda janasamuuham athanitho vyavaharistundi. idhi nyayam kaadu mariyu meeru yoodula patla saanubhooti chuuputaaru... pratichota meeru mottam samasyanu chaalaa gandaragolamgaa chese dushta vruttaanni kanugontaaru."
viramamlo, khachitamgaa cheppalante, gibson "maaku undhi" anie jatachestaadu... paatha vyavasthanu daani anachivethatho padagottadu. chattabaddhamaina vivaksha poyindi. conny memu inca paatha paalana yokka dharmalatho mariyu daani lopaalu lekunda prabhutvaanni erpaatu cheyaledu. durabhipraayaalu, dveshaalu manugada saaginchaayi. prastutaaniki manam chesinadanta, intaku mundu unna praja kramaanni kooda konasaaginchadaaniki etuvanti balamaina adhikaranni staapinchakundaa, pented pyaashan mariyu dvesham yokka varadanu vidudala cheyadam. phalitamgaa chattaparamaina vivaksha mariyu asamaanata tolaginchabadi, yoodulu siddhaantaparamgaa chattam mundu samanamga nilabadinappatikee, vaaru intaku mundu laeni sthaayilo saareeraka himsaku balaipoyaru... naaku chaalaa mukhyamainadigaa anipinchina amsaalalo okati, polish adhikarulu yoodulapai mitimeerina charyalanu sahinchara mariyu neenu yoodula nundi dheenini vichaarinchadaaniki prati avakaasaanni upayoginchukunnaanu."
pelli.
fibravari 1922loe, gibson oka pramukha belgian kutumbaaniki chendina kumarte ayina yanees raintiansnu vivaham chesukunnadu. aame tandri, majer robbert rainteans, king leopold II kii sahayakudiga unnaaru, mariyu aame talli, anita dii eraaju vai dii rubeo dii tejada, spanish. yennes inglaandlooni boarding paatasaalaku vellaadu. aame aneka bhashalu matladedi, sangeetam mariyu nrutyaanni ishtapadedi, naipunhyam kaligina gurrapu swarry chesedi mariyu aneka creeda karyakalapalalo nimagnamai undedi. 1922 navambarulo, yennes vaari modati biddaku, oka chinna ammayiki janmanichindi, aame puttina konni sekanla tarvaata maraninchindi. rendava bidda 1929loe janminchindi.
washington loe.
1924 janavarilo, gibson videshee vyavaharalapai house kamitee mundu rosers billu yokka yogyatalapai sakshyam ivvadaaniki washingtonlo unnadu. dautya mariyu consular sevalanu vileenam cheyaalani mariyu samarthavanthamaina mariyu vruttiparamaina videshee seva nirvahanaku anukuulamaina paristhitulanu srushtinchaalani idhi pratipaadinchindi. gibson atuvanti samstha sthaapanaku churukaina pratipaadakudu mariyu idhi american prayojanaalanu uttamamgaa rakshinchagaladani nammadu. aaa paristhitulalone ayana videshee sevalo avaanchaneeya amsaalanu "tellati spotlu unna abbayilu, tii taagevaaru, cookie pasharlu" gaa abhivarninchaaru mariyu vaari sthaanamlo merugaina purushulu ravachani suuchimchaaru, vaaru billu aamodam phalitamgaa marinta anukuulamaina paristhitula dwara aakarshinchabadataru. adhe samvatsaram, rosers billu chattamgaa amalu cheyabadindi.
1920loe gibsonku raashtraala under secretory padavini icchaaru, athanu eee pratipaadananu pratighatinchinappudu athanu polandlo marinta upayogakaramgaa undavacchani bhaavinchaadu, mariyu 1924loe, athanu thana aadaayam saripodani nirnayinchinanduna daanini tiraskarinchaadu. tatphalitamgaa athanu switzerlandku mantrigaa tirigi niyaminchabaddaadu. 1927loe ayana belgianiki rayabariga tirigi vacchaaru. aaa viramamlo, 1925loe "pedda rayabari" gaa varninchabadina hodaalo, athanu saadhaarana niraayudheekarana mariyu naukaadala niraayudheekaranaku pratyamnaayamgaa ankitam cheyabadina samavesalalo palgonnadu. prapanchamlooni pradhana saktulanu sameekarinche samavesalu, daadaapu padeella paatu aayananu akraminchayi, eee samayamlo ayana ekkuva samayam samavesa adhyakshudiga panicheesaaru.
gibson taruvaata tananu taanu leag off nations mariyu antarjaateeya nyaayasthaanaaniki teevramaina maddatudaarugaa kaneesam saantini kapadadamlo prayogaalugaa prakatinchukunnadu. thana taramlooni chaalaa mandhi maadirigaane, athanu versiles oppandam yokka asthirapariche prabhaavaala gurinchi baga telusu mariyu french dautyam yokka pravartana gurinchi teevramgaa aandolana chendaadu, idhi ardhamayye bhayamtho chaitanyam pondindi, conny avaastavikamgaa germanyni naasanam cheyadaaniki mariyu avamaaninchadaaniki prayatninchindi. idhi konnisaarlu fraansku spashtamaina prayojanam laeni paristhitulanu vidhinchadaaniki daariteesindi, conny germanylone teevravaada aandolanakaarulaku mandugundu saamagrini andinchindi. 1942loe paristhitini sameekshinchina gibson (herbert hoovartho kalisi rachinchina "shaashwata shanti samasyalu" loe) 1920luu mariyu 1930laloe french dautyam yokka mottam korsunu "briand yokka aadhipatyam yokka konni viramalalo tappa, nammasakyam kaanidigaa prakatinchaaru. manaku ikkada sataabdaala naati bhayam mariyu dvesha saktulu aatmahatyalanu chettagaa chestunnayi."gibson drushtilo, versiles oppandam dwara germanypai vidhinchina vidhvamsaka nashtaparihara bharanni tirigi pariseelinchadaaniki france niraakarinchadam, germanyni puurtigaa chuttumuttina deshaala kuutamini erpaatu cheyadamlo daani chorava, niraayudheekarana vishayaalalo daani spashtamaina adugujaadalato german chhaansalar heinrich branning yokka prajaasvaamya palananu balaheenaparachadam dwara rendava prapancha yuddhaaniki vedikanu erpaatu chesindi, adhi 1933loe naajeela daadiki mundhe kuppakoolindi.
ayithe, itara amsaalu kooda niraayudheekarana prakriya vaiphalyaaniki dohadapaddayi, gibson swayamgaa padhi samvatsaraala taruvaata ilaa perkonnaduh
"geneevaalo jarigina anni samvatsaraala charchalo, aayudhaala taggimpuku pratyaksha vidhanam anedi vyaadhi kante lakshanaalanu parishkarinche prayatnam matrame anie niroopinchabadindi... manushulu, noukalu, tupaakulaku parimitam chesina charchala dwara mukhyamaina phalitaalu saadhinchalemani twaralone spashtamaindi. itara vidhaanaalanu kanugonadaaniki vividha prayatnaalu jarigaayi... eee vidhaanaalaku vaati prayojanaalu unnaayi, conny avi... oka praathamika samasyanu vismarinchaaru. sudeergha kaalamlo aneka goppa saktulu bhaarii sainika samsthala aadhaaramgaa jaateeya jeevanam mariyu jaateeya aardhika vyavasthanu nirminchaayi. nirudyoga samasyanu parishkarinchadaaniki ivi gurtimpu pondina maargamgaa marai. praarambhamlo, pedda sankhyalo sainika dalaalalo cherchabadina purushulu unnaaru. veetiki anubandhamgaa prabhutva aayudhagaaraalu, maroe sraamikula sainyam, inca ekkuva sankhyalo samagri, aaharam, dustulu mariyu ravaanaanu andinchadamlo panicheesaaru. eee vyavastha kinda nivasistunna yea prabhutvam mottam jaateeya aardhika vyavasthaku antaraayam kaliginchakundaa aayudhalanu gananeeyamgaa tagginchalekapoyindi. eee praathamika samasyanu edurkovadaniki deshaalu siddhamgaa unde varaku vicchinnamaina mariyu praantiiya taggimpulu tappa marokati undadane vaastavaanni kooda manam gurtinchavacchu."
kereer mugimpu.
franklin D. 1932loe roosvelt adhyakshudiga ennikayyaaru, gibson, aacharam prakaram, thana raajeenaamaanu pampaaru. kotta raajakeeya sandarbhamlo hoovartho gibson sannihita sambandham oka avarodhamgaa unnappatikee, athanu brazillo rayabariga niyaminchabaddaadu. buenous airslo jarugutunna chaako shanti samavesaniki pariseelakudigaa kooda atanni pampaaru. graan chaako anedi bolivia mariyu parague chetha paerkonabadina vadulugaa nirvachinchabadina sarihaddulato kuudina bhuubhaagam, mariyu deshaaniki parague nadiki mariyu atlantic mahaasamudraaniki pravesam kalpinchadaaniki bhoobhaganni pondaalani koorutuu bolivia chetha chaako yuddham praarambhamaindi. chivariki 1938loe oka oppandam kudirindi, idhi vivaadaaspada bhoomilo ekkuva bhaganni paaraaguiki ichindi.
gibson 1937loe belgianiki rayabariga tirigi vacchaadu. 1938loe, ataniki germanyki rayabari padavini icchaaru, conny 1924loe maadirigaane, aaa sthaayi padavini konasaaginchadaaniki tanaku vyaktigata sampada ledani, rajinama cheyadaaniki ishtapadataarani paerkonnaadu. 1924loe videshee vyavaharalapai house kamitee mundu icchina thana vaangmoolamlo, athanu thana sonta paristhitini, "vividha odarevulaku pilavaalani, saraina vyaktulanu vinodam andinchaalani, thana sonta jeetam nundi thana ooda kosam erpaatlatho sahaa anni kharchulanu chellinchaalani" suuchanalatoe, prapanchavyaaptamgaa paryatanaku pampina admiral paristhithitho polchadu."thana kereer mottamlo, paristhitini savarinchadaaniki ayana anni prayatnaalu chesaaru, konnisaarlu dautya anubhavam laeni dhanavantulanu sunnitamaina padavulalo mission adhipatulugaa niyaminchadam avasaram ayyindi.
rendava prapancha yuddham praarambhamaina taruvaata, maajee hoover abhyardhana meraku, german dalaalu aakraminchina bhoobhagalalo poura janaabhaaku aahara upasamanam kosam adhikaranni charchinchadaaniki gibson britainlone undipoyaaru. 1914loe upasamanaanni vyatirekinchina winston churchill 1940loe eee aalochanaku vyatiraekamgaa konasagaru ("eee aalochana talaku pattadam kante hrudayaaniki ekkuva gowravam istundi" anie ayana cheppinatlu nivedinchabadindi). german adhikarulu pampina aaharaanni teesukuntaarani british vaaru bhayapaddaru.
gibson 1944loe aaa vaadanaku oka udaaharana dwara pratispandinchaaru. 1941loe, badhapaduthunna greekulaku aaharaanni pampadaaniki anumati kosam turkey prabhutvam british videsanga karyalayanni abhyardhinchindani ayana chepparu. dheeniki samadhanamga, gibsonku 1940-1941 loe chesina adhe abhyantaraanni andukundi. "conny turkish prabhutvam, greekula chetulanu kadukkovadaniki badulugaa, nirdishta teedeena konni greeku naukaasrayaalaku paerutoe niyaminchabadina konni noukalanu pamputunnatlu videsanga kaaryaalayaaniki teliyajeyadam dwara maanava karunaku oka udaaharanagaa nilichindi. idhi digbandhanaanni balavantam cheyadaaniki samanam, conny idhi greekulaku aaharaanni andinchindi. itara anubandha saktulu eee paniloo paalgonaalani nirnayinchukunnaayi, aaa roeju nundi ippati varaku greesku aaharaanni nirantaraayamgaa pampaaru. greeku karyakalapalanu samarthinchadaaniki mana sonta prabhutvam likhitapuurvakamgaa spashtamgaa namodu chesindi, aaharam greeku janaabhaaku cherutundani, naajii adhikarulu daanini teesukoledani, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa greeku upasamanaaniki maddatugaa munduku saagutuu, mana mitraraajyaalalo itara baadhitula tarapuna munduku vacchina vaadanalu vyardhamayyaayi."
1940 janavarilo, gibson naajii muppu (enbisiloo "wake up america") gurinchi prajala abhiprayanni apramattam cheyadaaniki aneka radeo prasaralu chesaaru. 1941loe, athanu united statesku tirigi vacchi prachuranaloki vellaadu (double day, dorran und koo. ink.). yuddham taruvaata, itara vishayaalatoepaatu, joseph gobels, galiazo siano mariyu ulrich vaan hassel yokka patrikalu prachurinchabaddaayi.
marchi 1946loe, adhyakshudu harry ess. prapanchavyaaptamgaa karuvunu nivaarinchadaaniki prapancha aahara vanarulapai akkadikakkade anchanaa veyamani truman maajee hoovarnu koraru. gibson mariyu itarulu hoovartho vellaaru. janta injin gala douglus sii-54 loe moodu nelala prayaanamloo, vaaru prapanchaanni chuttumuttaru mariyu 44 nagarallo aagaru (gibson vaari prapancha paryatana yokka atyanta chadavagalige jarnalnu unchaaru, idhi hoover samstha aanlainlo andubaatulo undhi. sahaya karyakramanni erpaatu cheyadaaniki adhyakshudini prerepinchina nipunula nivedika anchanaa prakaram, 800 millionla mandhi prajalu appudu aahara koratato bedirinchabaddaaru. athanu mariyu athani brundam prapanchavyaaptamgaa andubaatulo unna anni aaharaanni pariseelinchi, avasaramaina deshaalaku daani badileeni samanvayam chesaaru. alaa cheyadam dwara, vaaru prapanchamlooni aneka praantaallo karuvulanu nivaarinchaaru. rendava, moodu vaaraala prayaanam, 1947loe germany mariyu austriaku adhyakshudi aardhika mission, aaa deshaalalo aardhika paristhitulanu anchanaa vaeyadaaniki hoover mariyu athani brundaanni germany, austria mariyu italeeki tirigi teesukuvellindi. sandarsana nundi tirigi vacchina hoover, henry morgenthou juuniyarnu vimarsinchaaru.'germanyni "pacchika bayallu" cheyalane pranaalika. eee pranaalikaloo 25 millionla mandhi germanlanu tolaginchadam ledhaa vaarini desham nundi bayataku taralinchadam avasaramani hoover abhiprayapaddaru. chivariki aaa pranaalikanu vadulukunnaru.
thana jeevitamlooni chivari samvatsaraallo, gibson geneevaalo european valasa kosam antar prabhutva kamiteeki directorga unnaaru. yuddham kaaranamgaa nirmoolinchabadina sumaru 11 millionla mandhi prajalaku punaravasa deshaalanu gurtinchadaaniki european prabhutvaalaku sahayam cheyalane aadesamto, 1950laloe daadaapu 1 million valasadaarulaku ravaanaanu erpaatu chesindi. gibson maranam taruvaata, maajee german chhaansalar heinrich brooning (1930-1932) ilaa prakatinchaadu, "athanu... rendu taraalalo americaku unna goppa doutyavettalalo okaru, conny ayana thana abhipraayaalaku pracharam pondadaaniki chaalaa niraadambaramgaa undevaaru."
gibson 1954 december 12naa geneevaalo maraninchaadu mariyu aaa nagaram velupala unna genthode smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaadu. 1983 augustu 16naa ayana janminchina shatabdi sandarbhamgaa geneevaalooni aikyaraajyasamiti bhavanam velupala pacchika bayallalo oka chettunu nataru mariyu kaamsya smaaraka falakaanni erpaatu chesaaru.
gibson november 26,1923; juulai 18,1927; mariyu fibravari 8,1932 sanchikallo "time" mukhachitramlo unnaaru.
muulaalu.
hyuu gibson rachanalu
hugg gibson gurinchi ledhaa athani gurinchi prastaavinchina pustakaalu mariyu vyasalu
sinimaalu

