
paalastiinaapai mangol daadulu

pradhanamgaa 1260 mariyu 1300 loe siriya meeda mangolu tatkalikamga vijayavantamaina dandayaatrala taruvaata crusadela mugimpulo paalastiinaalooki mangolu daadulu jarigaayi. eee dandayaatralalo prati okkati taruvaata, konni nelala kaalamlo mangolu dakshinaana paalastiinaalooki daadulu cheyagaligaaru, gaja varaku cherukunnaru.
mangol sainyamlo saapekshamgaa chinna bhaagam daadulanu nirvahinchindi, ivi dopidi, champadam mariyu naasanam cheyadaaniki munduku sagai. edemaina, mangolulaku, yea sandarbhamloonainaa, paalastiinaanu mangolula paripalana vyavasthalo vileenam cheyalane uddesam ledani, syrian dandayaatrala taruvaata konni nelala taruvaata, mamluk dalaalu eejipt nundi tirigi vacchi, takkuva pratighatanatho eee praantaanni tirigi aakraminchukunnatlu kanipinchindi.
1260 naati mangol dandayaatralu.
1258loe, nayakudu hulaagu aadhvaryamlo unna mangolu, mangol saamrajyaanni marinta vistarinchaalanae vaari anveshanhalo, islaamik prapanchamlo adhikara kendramaina baghdad nagaranni vijayavantamgaa swaadheenam chesukuni, abbasid raajavamsaanni samarthavantamgaa naasanam chesaaru. baghdad taruvaata, gatamlo swaadheenam chesukunna ledhaa samarpinchina georgia, silician armenia mariyu antioch bhuubhaagaalaku chendina kontamandi kraistavulatoe sahaa mangol dalaalu ayyubid raajavamsam yokka domine ayina syrianu jayinchayi. mangolu aleppo nagaranni swaadheenam chesukuni, marchi 1,1260naa damascusnu jayincharu.
baghdad mariyu damascus yokka islaamik shakti kendraalu poyadamtho, mamlukla aadhvaryamlo kairo islaamik saktiki kendramgaa maarindi. mangolulu bahusha paalastiinaa gundaa eejipt vaipu tama purogatini konasaginchi undavacchu, conny turkeylo antargata sangharshana kaaranamgaa vaaru tama dandayaatranu apalsi vachindi. sulaagu thana dalaalalo ekkuva bhaagamtho bayaludaeraadu, syrialo thana nestorian christian general kitbuka aadhvaryamlo 10,000 mandhi mangol gurrapu sainikulanu matrame vadili, swaadheenam chesukunna bhoobhaganni aakraminchaadu.
ballbeck, all-subaiba, azlun nagaralu, kotalanu swaadheenam chesukuni, mangolula daadi chese paarteelanu paalastiinaalooki pampi, ascalone, bahusha jerusalem varaku cherukoni, kitbuka daadini konasaaginchindi. sumaru 1,000 mandhi mangol sainikulanu gajalo unchaaru. kushlu khaan aadhvaryamlo oka mangol dalaalu nagaram velupala naabulu dalaanni pattukunnayi. ayyubid commanderlu, mujeer all-dhin ibn abii zakari mariyu noor all-dhin 'allie ibn' suza 'all-dhin all-akta' iddaroo champabaddaru. appudu mangolu nablaslanu moharinchaaru. nablas yokka samaritan samajampai vaari daadi yokka vidhvamsam "tolidah" loe namodu cheyabadindi. chaalaa mandhi purushulu, mahilalu mariyu pillalu champabaddaru mariyu pradhana poojaari amram benn itamar kumarudu ujjeeni bandhinchi damascusku teesukuvacchaaru. taruvaata atanni samajam vimochinchindi.
mangolulu jerusalemnu kraistavulaku pampinchaarani cheppi fraansuku chendina luis Ix rajuku kooda hulaagu oka sandesaanni pampaadu. ayithe, eee samayamlo jerusalem kaneesam oka mangol daadiki gurainappatikee, adhi aakraminchabadaledani ledhaa adhikarikamga jayinchabadaledani aadhunika charitrakaarulu vishwasistunnaaru.
madhyapraachyamlo mamluklapai mangol daadi samayamlo, chaalaa varaku maamluklu kipchaaklatho tayaaru cheyabaddaayi mariyu bangaaru samuuham yokka kipchakla sarafara mamluk sainyanni tirigi nimpindi mariyu mangolsto pooraadataaniki vaariki sahaayapadindi.
ine jalat yuddham (1260).
siriya nundi kairoku tirogamanam taruvaata, eejiptu maamluklu jerusalem yokka ramp raajyamlooni fraanklatho ekaramlo charchalu jaripaaru, muslim maamluklu crusaderlaku saampradaaya satruvulugaa unnappatikee fraanklu maamluklu mariyu mangols madhya nishkriyaatmaka tatasthatanu avalambinchaaru. aaa samayamlo, fraanklu muslimla kante mangolsnu ekkuva muppuga bhaavinchinatlu telustondi. aaa vidhamgaa, mamluk dalaalu yuddha yodhula bhuubhaagam gundaa etuvanti haani lekunda velladaaniki anumatinchabaddaayi, mariyu vaaru 1260 septembarulo galilayaloni chaaritraatmaka ine jalat yuddhamlo mangol sainyam avasheshaalanu edurkovadaniki gananeeyamaina balagalanu sameekarinchaaru. maamluklu oka pedda vijayanni saadhinchaaru, idhi eee praantaaniki mukhyamainadi, conny mangol sainyam pedda otamini chavichusina modatisaari kooda. eee yuddham taruvaata, mangolu mallii syriapy aneka dandayaatralu prayatninchinappatikii, vaaru 1300 varaku vijayavantam kaalekapoyinaa, vaaru mallii konni nelala paatu matrame bhoobhaganni kaligi untaaru.
saidan sanghatana (1260).
thana samakaaleenulu baadhyataaraahityam mariyu telikapati thala anie varninchina sidon mariyu beaufort prabhuvu ayina crusader juuliyan dii grenier, 1260loe iteevala mangol bhoobhagamgaa maarina becca praantampai daadi chesi dochukune avakaasaanni teesukunnadu. mangol general kitbuka thana menalludini parishkaram pondadaaniki oka chinna dalamtho pampinappudu, vaaripai juuliyan merupudaadi chesi champadu. koota swaadheenam chesukonidiga unnappatikee, kitbuka sidan nagarampai daadi chesi, godalanu dhvamsam chesi, kraistavulanu champadam dwara balavantamgaa pratispandinchindi.
edward I yokka crusade (1271) samayamlo mangol daadulu.
1269loe, aangla yuvaraju edward (bhavishyat edward I), thana mamaiah kathala nundi prerana pondhi, richard dhi lionhart mariyu french raaju luis VII yokka rendava crusade, tommidava crusade, thana sonta crusadelo praarambhinchaadu. crusadelo edwardtho paatu vacchina nites mariyu retainerla sankhya chaalaa takkuvagaa undhi, bahusha 230 nites, 13 naukala floatillaaloo ravana cheyabadina mottam 1,000 mandhi vyaktulatoe. edward dandayaatralo athani bhaarya castile yokka eleanor, athani sodarudu edmond mariyu almainku chendina athani modati bandhuvu henrytho sahaa chaalaa mandhi sannihita snehitulu mariyu kutumba sabhyulu unnaaru.
edward chivaraku 1271 mae 9naa ekaraaniki cherukunnappudu, athanu ventane mangol palakudu abakaku rayabara karyalayanni pampaadu.
muslim nayakudu biberlapy daadi cheyadaaniki mangolula sahayanni upayoginchadame edward pranaalika. rayabara kaaryaalayaaniki reginald russell, godfrey wells mariyu zaan parker naayakatvam vahinchaaru.
edward abhyardhanaku abaka 1271 septembaru 4 naati oka lekhalo sanukoolamgaa spandinchaadu. charitrakaarulu steven ransiman mariyu rene grouset madhyayuga french "estoire dii 'eracles" nuu utamkimchaaru, idhi pannendava sataabdapu latin kaala charitra vilium off tyre yokka konasagimpu
1271 aktobaru madhyalo, edward abhyardhinchina mangol dalaalu syriaku cherukuni aleppo nundi dakshinam vaipu bhoomini dhvamsam chesaayi. turkeylo itara sangharshanhalache aakraminchabadina abaka, seljuk anatolialoni aakramana sainyam nundi general samagar aadhvaryamlo 10,000 mandhi mangol gurrapu sainikulanu mariyu sahayaka seljukid dalaalanu matrame pampagaligindi, conny vaaru dakshinaana kairo varaku muslim janabha (gatamlo jarigina kitbuka dandayaatralanu gurthunchukunna vaaru) vale valasa velladaaniki prerepinchaaru. mangolu alepponu rakshinchina turcoman dalaalanu oodinchi, aaa nagaramlo mamluk rakshana dalaanni eguravesi, marat ann-neuman mariyu apemiyaku tama purogatini konasaaginchaaru.
november 12naa baibarlu eejipt nundi edurudaadi chesinappudu, mangolu appatike euphrates daati venakki taggaaru, puurti mamluk sainyanni edurkolekapoyaru.
1299-1300 yokka mangol pracharalu.
1299 vesavilo, gajan aadhvaryamlo unna mangolu uttara nagaramaina alepponi vijayavantamgaa swaadheenam chesukuni, 1299 december 23 ledhaa 24naa vaadii all-khajander (3va homes yuddham anie kooda pilustaaru) yuddhamlo maamluklanu oodinchaaru. mangol general mulay aadhvaryamlo mangols samuuham ghazan sainyam nundi vidipoyi, venakki taggutunna mamluk dalaalanu gaja varaku vembadinchi, vaarini eejiptuku tirigi nettivesindi. ghajan dalaalalo ekkuva bhaagam appudu damascusku vellaaru, idhi december 30,1299 mariyu janavari 6,1300 madhya kontakaalam longipoyindi, conny daani koota pratighatinchindi. bahusha vaari gurralaku pasugraasam avasaramavadam valla, fibravarilo ghajan thana dalaalalo chaalaa varaku venakki taggadu. egyptupai daadi cheyadaaniki novemberlo tirigi vastaanani kooda gajan vaagdaanam chesindi.
tadanugunamgaa, fibravari nundi mae 1300 varaku sumaru naalugu nelala kaalam undhi, mangol ill-khaan pavitra bhoomiki vaastava prabhuvuga undevaaru. mulay aadhvaryamlo sumaru 10,000 mandhi gurrapu sainikulatoe kuudina chinna dalam dakshinaana gaja varaku daadulaloo nimagnamai, marchi 1300 loe damascusku tirigi vachindi, konni rojula taruvaata, uphrates meedugaa gajaannu anusarinchindi.
eejiptu maamluklu tirigi vacchi 1300 maeloe etuvanti yuddham lekunda mottam praantaanni tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnaru.
1300loe jerusalem yokka vidhi.
madhyayuga muulaalu 1299 mariyu 1300loe daadula paridhi gurinchi aneka vibhina abhipraayaalanu andistaayi, veetilo edhi atyanta nammadaginadi mariyu edhi alankarinchabadi undavacchu ledhaa kevalam abaddham kaavacchu anae daanipai aadhunika charitrakaarulalo bhinnabhiprayalu unnaayi. mukhyamgaa jerusalem yokka vidhi charchaneeyaamsamgaa konasagutondi, kontamandi charitrakaarulu mangol daadulu nagaramloki chochukupoyi undavacchani, marikondaru nagaranni swaadheenam chesukoledani ledhaa muttadi cheyaledani chepparu.
eee vishayam gurinchi ekkuvagaa udaharinchabadina adhyayanam daa. sylvia skeen thana 1979 vyaasam "gesta dii purr mangolos" loe. aame ilaa muginchindi, "pavitra bhoomini tirigi pondaarani aaropinchina sanghatana eppuduu jaragaledu."ayithe, thana 1991 pustakamlo, skeen oka sankshipta futnotnu kaligi undhi, mangolu jerusalemnu jayinchadam" "dhruvikarinchabadindi" "endukante vaaru 1300 loe raathi gopuram yokka bangaaru dwaranni tolaginchi, daanini damascusku badilee chesinatlu namodu cheyabadindi". idhi 14va sataabdapu poggibonsi poojaari nikolo nundi vacchina vruttaantam aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi, athanu jerusalem gurinchi vivaranaatmaka nirmaana vivarananu icchaadu mariyu dwaaram meeda mangols charyalanu prastaavinchaadu. mangolu dwaranni naasanam cheyadaaniki, anagadokkadaaniki, tagalabettadaaniki ledhaa tolaginchadaaniki prayatninchaaru, conny vijayam saadhinchalekapooyaarani, mariyu maamluklu tirigi vachinappudu, vaaru dwaranni godalu kattinchaarani poggibonsi vruttaamtaanni maroe panditudu denis pringle varninchaadu.
thana 2007 pustakam, "less templiers" loe, alen demerger mangolu damascus mariyu jerusalemnu swaadheenam chesukunnarani, mariyu ghajan general mulay kooda 1299-1300 loe jerusalemlo "samarthavantamgaa unnaadani" paerkonnaadu. frederic lucetto prakaram, mangol dalaalu "jerusalem mariyu hebranloki chochukupoyi akkada vaaru aneka oochakotaku palpaddaru."" "crusaders und dhi crusader states" "loe, andrew jotishki skeen yokka 1979 vyaasam mariyu taruvaata 1991 pustakaanni upayoginchaaru," "jerusalemnu kluptamgaa mariyu ekkuvagaa prateekaatmakamgaa aakraminchina taruvaata, gajan parshiyaku upasamharinchukunnaadu".
1987loe "paalastiinaapai mangol daadulu" anae thana vyaasamlo, riven amitay ilaa paerkonnaadu, "appudu mangolu ontarigaa paalastiinaapai daadi chesinatlu anipistundi. mangol dalaalu gaja varaku prayaaninchi, dopidi chesi champai, vaaru jerusalentho sahaa aneka pattanaalloki pravesinchaaru. chivariki, daadi chesina vaarandaruu damascus praantaaniki tirigi vacchaaru... 1300 marchi madhyalo."
jerusalem gurinchi european pukaarlu.
nijam emainappatiki, mangolu munduku saagadam aaa samayamlo airopalo adavi pukaarlaku daariteesindi, bahusha mangolu jerusalemnu swaadheenam chesukuni daanini europeanlaku tirigi ivvabotunnarani. 1300 marchi nundi praarambhamaina eee pukaarlu bahusha cyprus nundi ippude vacchina venetian vyaapaarula khaataalapai aadharapadi undavacchu. aaa vruttaantam syrialo mangol vijayala gurinchi ekkuva ledhaa takkuva khachitamaina chitraanni ichindi, conny aaa samayaniki mangolu pavitra bhoomini "bahusha" swaadheenam chesukunnarani cheppadaniki vistarinchindi. aaa taruvaata pukaarlu aasaajanakamaina aalochanatho, mariyu jubely kosam romlo gumigudina pedda janasamuuham yokka pattana puraana vaataavaranam dwara vistrutamgaa penchabaddaayi. mangolu eejiptunu swaadheenam chesukunnarani, mangol ghajan thana sodarudini akkada kotta rajuga niyaminchaadani, mangolu taruvaata barberry mariyu tyoonilanu jayinchabotunnarani katha (tappugaa) cheppadaniki perigindi. damascus mariyu egyptulo bandeelugaa unchabadina kraistavulanu gajan vidudala chesindani, aaa khaideelalo kondaru appatike cypressku vellaarani kooda pukaarlu perkonnaayi.
april 1300 natiki, pope boniface VIII "pratyeka aanandamto jarupukovalasina goppa mariyu santoshakaramaina vaarta" nuu prakatistuu oka lekhanu pamputunnadu, mangol gajan pavitra bhoomini jayinchi, daanini kraistavulaku appaginchaalani pratipaadinchaadu. romlo, 1300loe jubely vedukallo bhaagamgaa, pope "pavitra bhoomini tirigi pondadaanni jarupukovadaniki" ooregimpulanu aadesinchaadu mariyu kottagaa kolukunna praantaaniki vellamani prati okkarinee prothsahinchaadu. ingland raaju edward I thana prajalanu kooda pavitra sthalaalanu sandarsinchadaaniki vellamani prothsahinchamani koraru. pope boniface thana eddu "asculta phili" loe mangols nundi pavitra bhoomini tirigi pondadaanni kooda prastaavinchaadu.
jubely samvatsaram (1300) vesavilo, pope boniface VIII vividha raajulu mariyu yuvarajula nundi pampabadina dozenu mandhi raayabaarulanu andukunnaru. eee samoohaalalo okati 100 mandhi mangols, ill-khaan rayabari ayina florentine giscard bastari netrutvamlo undedi. samakaaleena moolaalalo samruddhiga prastaavinchabadina rayabara karyalayam, jubely vedukalalo paalgondi. gajan vaariki tirigi ivvaboye bhoobhagalalo frankla punahstaapananu paryaveekshinchadaaniki gajan niyaminchina vyakti kooda rayabari anie bhaavistunnaaru.
kontakaalam paatu goppa aanandam kaligindi, conny pope tvaralo syrialo nijamaina paristhiti gurinchi telusukunnadu, vaastavaaniki, ghajan fibravari 1300loe thana dalaalalo ekkuva bhaganni upasamharinchukunnaadu, mariyu mae natiki maamluklu tirigi pondaaru. ayithe, pukaarlu kaneesam september 1300 varaku konasagayi.